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- 2 updates
Bambi the ten-year-old Welsh Cob pony who was shot in the face with a crossbow, is now recovering in a buttercup meadow in Barnsley.
Bambi, who was shot with a crossbow in Barnsley, was spotted by a member of the public on Monday at around 7pm.
RPSCA Inspector Joanne Taylor was not able to get near Bambi without causing her further distress.
A note was left for the owners, and they returned to the field later that evening - they managed to catch Bambi and she was examined again by a vet and the arrow was cropped.
She was taken to the Churchfield Veterinary Centre's equine unit at Penistone the next day.
Bambi was x-rayed and the arrow had four inches deep into her sinus. It was removed and her puncture wound stitched up.
Her owners, who do not wish to be named, said they were horrified by what had happened.
RSPCA inspector Taylor said: "This was horrific and deliberate act of animal cruelty on a defenceless animal.
"The arrow had caused Bambi so much distress, every time she moved she banged it causing her more pain and it really unnerved her, you could tell she was terrified by what had happened."
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Daniel Charles Gerould (March 28, 1928 - February 13, 2012) was the Lucille Lortel Distinguished Professor of Theatre and Comparative Literature at The Graduate Center, CUNY and Director of Publications of the Martin E. Segal Theatre Center.
Witkiewicz, and was largely responsible for introducing English-language audiences to the writings of the Polish playwright through original translations of Witkiewicz’s plays. A beloved teacher, mentor, colleague, and friend, Daniel Gerould inspired several generations of scholars through his pioneering work and visionary teaching style.
A scholar, teacher, translator, editor, and playwright, Gerould was a specialist in American melodrama, Central and Eastern European theatre of the twentieth century, and fin-de-siècle European avant-garde performance. Gerould was also one of the world’s most recognized scholars of the work of Polish playwright, novelist, painter, and philosopher Stanisław Ignacy
The Teaching Collection incorporates materials associated with Daniel Gerould’s teaching practice, including course hand-outs, syllabi, notes written for courses, and his signature lecture notes, which are hand-written on index cards.
The Daniel Gerould Archives are brought to you by:
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Reality Defines Itself ( it’s in the habit of coughing loudly when you think you have it all sewn up)
I did not intend to post today. But we have all( perhaps) been rudely interrupted in our collective wailing. The time a reader speaks, and times his entrance perfectly. Lest you misunderstand ( and for those who came late to the discussion) I will simply summarize so that you can pick up the thread.
We, a group of writers ( who write un-commercial books) were making a mountain out of a mountain. The welter, the scrabble, the noise, the heartlessness and the impossibility of finding the odd reader who would value what we write. None of us expect to be mobbed or recognised in the street, no paparazzi called for, just a slim chance of ‘cutting through’.
All of a sardine a perfect reader is netted, and he is called George like the future King: that’s his second name and he writes an article in Mythos Media about my ‘never to be discovered books’.(sniff sniff)
Not so much never to be discovered; more leaving no stone unturned, no quote unquoted, no link unobserved between them and no value undisclosed. So that’s me done. Thy servant can depart in peace according to his final word. Just came to kneel at confession and say Sorry Sir, I occasionally forget that time is not only on Your side but under Your control and you have tripped me up.
We all know that pride comes before a fall, only we seldom expect to fall UP, and be seen clearly from below.
Here is a link and the start of the post.
On Listening to the Call: From “A Shadow in Yucatan” to “Involution: An Odyssey Reconciling Science to God”
“I used to envy the father of our race, dwelling as he did in contact with the new-made fields and plants of Eden; but I do so no more, because I have discovered that I also live in creation’s dawn.”—John Muir
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SIdereal, I agree with you that we have progressed enormously in knowledge since the absurd superstitions of early civilization thanks to science. But I believe, as you mentioned, we lack a holistic understanding of the world and our place in it while early cultures did not, and science, a cornerstone of the modern worldview, is partly responsible. The compartmentalization of different facets of knowledge within science is part of this, but also the hubris science instills in man. It makes man feel he is the arbiter of his own destiny, that he is the master of nature, when in reality it is nature who is master of him. This hubris also makes man feel as though all the mysteries of the universe are unraveled, thus killing a reverential understanding of reality.
Are there nubmers 'in' nature... or do we represent nature with numbers which just happens to work?
It's kind of both. The universe is made of patterns and numbers symbolize those patterns. Our minds, being part of the universe, manifest those patterns symbolically, using numbers, among other symbols. Animals have basic quantity measuring ability
so it seems our multiplicitous universe caused us to evolve the capacity for numbers which we in turn observe in our environment
I'm curious, in which book/paragraph does Aristotle say so?
It's just what I was taught in my critical thinking class. However, some searching turned up this: The Nicomachean Ethics
scroll down to The Supreme Good
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In mid-September, I went to Singapore to meet with some of our collaborators on the MIT-Singapore GAMBIT games lab and to speak to the Games Convention Asia about “Games as Transmedia Entertainment.” In the course of the weekend, I gave an interview to a very thoughtful young reporter from the Philippines Daily Inquirer in which I was asked about the implications of the concept of convergence culture for the developing world. To be honest, I didn’t think much more about the interview until some of my comments about “piracy” began to surface in western blogs within the gamer realm. The story spread through news portals focused on Asia to the gamer world, which is often keeping a close eye on developments in the Asian games sector and often gains prestige by being early importers of Asian-produced games before they are legally on offer here in the west.
One American blogger even “pirated” one of my portraits, which was doctored to depict me as a pirate. I figured that “pirating” it back is only fair game.
Indeed, the time lag between the interview appearing in a Manila-based newspaper and its surfacing on western blogs could be counted in a matter of hours, rather than days. At no other time in human history would such a flow of information have been imaginable. In the past, an American academic giving an interview in Singapore would in all likelihood have been locked down in a very localized context. And so in many ways, the circulation of this story demonstrates in pretty powerful ways what I saw as the central thrust of my comments — that media companies can no longer realistically lock down their content into predictable zones and roll it out on their own time table. The moment content emerges anywhere in the world, it creates a hunger around the planet among potential consumers which will be met illegally if it is not met legally.
When I was in Shanghai last January, I learned a good deal about how fans of popular western programs such as Prison Break operate: within a day of an episode appearing on American television, it has been digitized, translated into various Chinese languages by an army of dedicated fans, and begins circulating throughout the Chinese hinterland and across the Chinese diaspora. In many cases, this is content which would never have been commercially available in China as a result of nationalistic and protectionist policies limiting the amount of American media that can be marketed to their country. And if this content was made available commercially, then few Chinese locals outside of the most wealthy and cosmopolitan cities would be able to afford it. So, in what sense can Hollywood be said to have lost markets that it could not have reached and could not have sold to in the first place?
Yet, it is clear that exposure to American media in the developing world often awakens desires and fantasies that can only be satisfied by more such content; it is part of the process of westernization and modernization which is impacting many sectors in Asia at the present time. A growing number of researchers are finding that these same tendencies are operating in reverse across America and Europe, exposing western consumers to Asian-produced media (Bollywood films, Anime, K-Drama, and the like), and gradually creating viable commercial markets where they didn’t exist before. In many cases, those fans who have taken these materials without permission, done the hard work of translating them into English from their original language, taken on responsibility for educating consumers about the contexts from which they came and the conventions under which they operate, have gone a long way to open up markets which would previously have been closed to Asian media producers. Here, “piracy” becomes “promotion.”
Does it make sense to refer to such practices as “piracy”? It’s a debatable proposition but for the moment, many in the media industries are inclined to think of such consumer practices through a language of copyright theft and piracy. If we adopt that framework, then yes, I think there’s a solid case to be made that “pirates” actually expand markets, over time, even if they cause short term “losses” for the initial rights holders. That said: I recognize that not all “piracy” follows such a pattern. There are a significant number of people out there who are exploiting the intellectual properties of others for their own financial gain and there are some who buy these materials because they don’t want to pay the price being asked for this content. Nothing we say is going to change this basic dynamic, but the media industries could reduce some forms of “piracy” by better understanding what motivates it and reading it as symptomatic of the marketplace reasserting demand in the face of failures in supply.
For example, should we be surprised that protectionist policies surrounding media imports no longer work effectively in a global networked culture? Whatever gets stopped by customs the border will spread easily online and reach geographically dispersed consumers. Should we be surprised that consumers no longer want to wait to view content that they know is already available in other markets and is being actively discussed by others in their online communities?
For example, relatively few hardcore American fans of Doctor Who or Torchwood are willing to wait the six to nine months it is taking these episodes to cross the Atlantic and get aired on the Sci-Fi Channel. Many of them are seeking online channels, mostly illegal, to gain access to this material in something close to the same time frame as British fans are consuming it. This has not necessarily reduced sales of the DVDS or viewership of the cable airings of this content here, but it has pushed many hardcore fans to step outside of the law in order to access content they would most likely willingly pay to access if it was made available to them in a timely, accessible, and legal manner.
In my heart of hearts, I think most people would prefer to work within legal structures if they are available to them and I’d suggest that the relative success of iTunes in the face of readily available “free” sources for much of this content points to a deep desire to behave “honestly” when media companies do not create strong incentives to behave otherwise.
We can also understand this piracy as part of a breakdown of the moral economy between producers and consumers. Here’s what I mean by a moral economy: Underlying all economic transactions are certain social understandings between buyers and sellers that reflect their sense that exchanges are just and fair to both sides. We can call this a moral economy.
When the rules of exchange shift, they are accompanied by certain social disruptions as both sides seek to legitimate their new practices and thus secure a higher ground in the emerging moral economy. We can see the deployment of terms like “piracy” or “sharing” as different bids to legitimate these evolving practices. It’s a kind of rhetorical war for moral legitimation, which reflects the fact that both sides want to see themselves as behaving fairly. When there is a perception of unfairness, then there is a much higher likelihood that parties will step outside of established mechanisms and adopt practices which the other side sees as illegitimate. And clearly over the past few years, technological and cultural shifts, not to mention the legal battles that have emerged around them, have gone a long way to undermine the existing moral economy and thus create a crisis of trust between producers and consumers. Until media companies find a way to restore the balance, they are going to find themselves increasingly subject to behaviors which undercut their perceived economic interests and such behaviors are likely to be increasingly labeled as “piracy.”
Such “piracy” is a global phenomenon, but it occurs in particularly overt ways in much of the developed world, which has historically been used as a final dumping ground for media goods that have played out in the rest of the world. As more and more young people in the developing world go online, have access to information about such content, and desire stronger connections with their counterparts elsewhere, these inequalities of access to media content becomes more and more frustrating. And “piracy” is emerging as the “great equalizer” to insure they have a chance to participate more fully in our emerging media landscape. Such young people, long term, represent the most likely market for western produced media, and this early, often illegal exposure is part of what will make them a desiring market for such materials over time. Framed in these terms, the debate about “piracy” becomes about short term losses versus long term gains for the media industries.
“Piracy” enters the developing world in another way as well: the production of local knock-offs of western media properties. Consider, for example, almost twenty years of the production and circulation of “Black Bart” T-shirts in intercity and impoverished neighborhoods around the world. These appropriations of The Simpsons have been a source of revenue for the small scale entrepreneurs who produce and sell them and they have been another way of connecting to the larger media franchise. Throughout much of the developing world, the images of western media are being translated into local folk art practices and then sold back to visiting tourists from the West. When I visited Shanghai, for example, I came back with hand-woven Chinese New Year decorations which deployed Mickey Mouse to signify the “year of the rat.” Such goods were clearly not authorized or licensed by the Disney corporation. Yet, they represent another way that those in the developing world were attaching themselves to Western media franchises and do represent a form of grassroots convergence.
I am not making a moral argument here. I certainly understand why many media companies would feel that all of this represents a serious threat to their livelihood and that it constitutes another example of how they are “losing control” over their content in a networked culture. All I am arguing is that current inequalities of access to media content and the fraying of the moral economy between producers and consumers work together to create a context where more and more consumers, not only in the developing world but here in the west, are stepping outside of legal mechanisms to acquire access to content. We can call this “piracy” or not. But it will continue to be a reality until the media companies develop a more sophisticated understanding of what factors motivate such behavior and the ways that such practices reflect breakdowns in the market mechanisms surrounding the creative economy.
So, in conclusion, I just want to say “Aargh!”
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What are varicose veins?Varicose veins appear as twisting, "rope like" cords of bulging veins under the skin, anywhere along the legs from the ankles to the thighs. If you close your eyes and can feel your veins by running the back of your hand along your legs, these are varicose veins. The smaller, red and blue thin lines on legs are commonly known as spider veins; a subset of varicose veins.
What are some of the causes of varicose veins?Occurring in about 40% of women and 25% of men, varicose veins have a multitude of causes including age, hereditary, pregnancy, hormonal imbalances, weight fluctuations, age, prolonged standing, and trauma. It is not surprising to have only one leg affected. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to identify any one reason as to why you have or do not have varicose veins.
What are some of the common symptoms?Heaviness, ache, swelling, fatigue, itching, tingling, tenderness around a visible vein are some of the more common symptoms. Pain is usually described as a dull fullness, ache, or cramping sensation. Varicose veins do not routinely cause sharp, stabbing pains.
What are some of the potential serious complications?If one is experiencing symptoms and does not seek treatment, varicose veins have the potential to get worse and cause such things as inflammation (phlebitis), blood clots (DVTs), bleeding, discoloration/hardening of the skin (stasis dermatitis) and ankle or calf sores (ulcers).
How do varicose veins occur?In the body, arteries carry blood from the heart to the feet. Veins are responsible for returning blood from the feet back to the heart. Veins have to work against gravity. Because of this, veins have one way valves in them that normally only allow blood to travel toward the heart. These valves close and prevent blood from "reversing flow" back down the leg. There is a deep venous system, within the muscles and a superficial venous system, outside the muscle, deep to the skin. When valves in the superficial system start to malfunction, blood does not completely empty out of the veins and start to "collect" or "pool" in your leg. In other words, blood that should be moving toward your heart start to move backwards or simply remaining your leg. The path of least resistance for this flow reversal is through branches of the superficial system, in essence the varicose veins which develop in one's legs. Think of a freeway system. The superficial venous system is the freeway and when flow starts to "back up" or be impeded, it starts to back up onto the on-ramps, the varicose veins.
Can varicose veins be prevented?Unfortunately, "curing" varicose veins is usually not possible because of the underlying conditions described above. One can try to "control" or relieve symptoms by various things such as wearing compression stockings, avoiding standing and sitting for long periods of time, controlling your weight, and elevating your legs about 10 to 20 minutes every few hours above the level of your heart. Because these measures do not treat the underlying cause, varicose veins have the propensity to enlarge and worsen over time.
What test can be done to evaluate the venous system?Historically, a good physical exam and history was all that was necessary. Plethysmography had been used in the past but is not in much use today. The best, objective test is a full venous duplex evaluation of the legs looking at the deep system, the superficial system, the perforators for not just thrombus (clots) but also the function/integrity of the one way valves and whether or not flow reversal is identified within the veins.
What treatment options do I have for varicose veins?As mentioned, varicose veins can't necessarily be cured, but they can be controlled. Conservative measures mentioned above can be tried with compression stockings and leg elevation being the most effective in "controlling" the symptoms of the varicose veins. The elastic compression stockings squeeze the veins and attempt to prevent blood from reversing flow and pooling within the veins.
If despite these maneuvers, one still continues to experience the symptoms mentioned above, there are a few invasive techniques to be considered.
If it can be identified that the cause of the varicose veins is "reflux" or "incompetency" of the valves in the superficial system (the freeway) then treatment should be aimed at the superficial system first before treatment of the actual varicose veins (the on ramps). This is because the cause is the superficial system while the "effect" are the visible varicose veins.
Historically, surgeons have tried to repair the faulty valves with delicate surgery. There has also been attempts at transplanting a valve from the arm or inserting a tissue valve grown in a lab or a man made valve. Unfortunately, these have not had promising long term results; sometimes the patient is even worse off within a few years then if they had nothing done.
Then there was "vein stripping". This is when the superficial vein (greater saphenous vein) is removed in the leg by making small incision in the groin and calf and running a wire inside the vein and literally "pulling it out". This required a general anesthetic and treatment in an operating room.
Recently, minimally invasive technology has replaced vein stripping. This is known as endovenous ablation. This can be done either with a laser or high speed radio frequency.
The general principle is that this can be done in the office with only local anesthetic. With the assistance of an ultrasound, the superficial vein is located within the leg. A needle is introduced into the vein to "cannulate" the vein. This is followed by a guide wire and laser fiber and advanced toward the groin.
The portion of the vein be treated is then "anesthetized" with an anesthetic that is injected into the surrounding tissue of the leg. The laser fiber is then activated and causes a general "destruction" of the vein wall, forcing the vein to seal off and prevent further flow within it. This prevents "flow reversal" or pooling of blood in the leg. The circulatory system "resets" or "re routes" the blood to your heart through the remaining good veins in the leg that do not have faulty valves within them.
The procedure is done in an office setting. Takes roughly 20-40 minutes. One can walk out of the office and resume normal activity immediately. It will feel as if one were "kicked" really hard in the thigh. There will be some bruising along the thigh that will resolve with time. One has to wear a compression stocking for thirty days after the procedure to help with the bruising and swelling.
What is the success rate and some potential complications?The physicians of Las Vegas Surgical Associates have performed over 1100 of these procedures. We have a 97% success rate where the vein closes and within six weeks patients have relief of their heaviness, ache and discomfort. Pre existing sores (ulcers) on the calves also now have a chance to heal and not recur because the"pressure" from excess blood within the veins has been removed.
Additionally, 80% of the time, the varicose veins that were present on one leg's will disappear to the client's satisfaction. 20% of the time, despite resolution of heaviness, ache and discomfort, the client may still have some unsightly veins, of which a second procedure can be offered to help remove the remaining unsightly veins.
The most serious potential complication is a deep venous thrombosis or DVT. This is when a vein in the deep system clots in addition to closure of the vein that was treated in the superficial system. There is a theoretical 2% chance of this happening. Fortunately at LVSA, our personal experience has seen a less than 0.5% chance. If this were to happen to you, you would have to be placed on a blood thinner such as "coumadin" for three months.
Some less dangerous and usually temporary adverse effects of laser vein treatment include a tightness or pulling where the vein is, bruising, scarring, redness in the overlying skin (ecchymosis), hematoma, tingling, or numbness. Fortunately, these are usually temporary and short lived (a few days to a few weeks)
Don't I need my superficial veins?When the superficial veins have valves that malfunction or become faulty, they actually interfere with normal return of blood to the heart. By closing or removing these veins, blood is diverted to other veins in the leg that have good, functional valves. This results in improved circulation and relief of symptoms.
Yes the superficial vein could be used as a vein for future heart bypass surgery or lower leg bypass surgery. However, since faulty valves usually cause the superficial vein to become "hard" or "scarred", they are no good to the vascular or cardiac surgeon and an alternative "conduit" would be used for bypass surgery if one were to need it.
What options do I have to treat my varicose veins if they are still present after treatment of the malfunctioning superficial vein?If you fall in the 20% of patients that still have varicose or spider veins that have not resolved to your satisfaction, options include sclerotherapy and stab phlebectomy.
For very small spider veins, sclerotherapy is an in office procedure where using small needles, a sclerosing agent or detergent is injected directly into the vein causing the vein to collapse on itself. The same effect can be done with a different type of laser from the one used to treat the superficial vein where the laser is used directly on the vein, causing the vein to collapse.
For remaining varicose veins that you can still feel, phlebectomy can be considered. This is done in an operating room where many small, 0.5 cm incisions are made over the veins and the veins are removed under direct vision.
A newer technique of phlebectomy is done similar to "liposuction". But rather than remove fat, it is done to remove the veins. It involves fewer incisions and has an overall better result than traditional phlebectomy. This newer technique is called transilluminated powered phlebectomy.
Your physician at Las Vegas Surgical Associates can work with you to develop a thorough treatment plan to help you achieve the best resolution of symptoms and cosmetic results.
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Understanding The Basics (Intentions)A Lesson by McBear
In this lesson I will explain a little about intentions of the person writing a review and how to take reviews into constructive purposes. :)
This was taken from my Poison/Cyanide Talks Series :)
Passion: The word we use to describe something we enjoy to do. The word we use when someone questions us about why we enjoy doing something so much. This addition of Poison/Cyanide talks will be a mixture of a “how-to” and general information.
I have a large passion for writing; I enjoy to write poems, stories, and novels. Even though I have never finished a complete novel, I am working on that as a goal. Oh and before I continue, I have a passion for electronics, which I will get to another time, heh.
People often tell me that they enjoy my writing and see improvement. Have any of you ever wondered how I got this far? Or anyone else? I call it “Passion Building” Wanna know the first step to making a passion stronger and better? Practice at what you do. If you like to find glitches and bugs in video games, go find a new game and test it. If you like to write, write!
Hold on, though. There is something very important you need to know first. In order to get better at something, you need to show people and have people show you. When someone gives you critique, they are in the standpoint of helping you so you can get better, regardless if they care or not, they are still using time to help you get better and to most likely help them too!
Now, I understand taking critique isn’t easy. It can be stressful. I put this simple step by step guide to help you :)
2. Read the critique again using their tone so you can see what they are seeing more clearly.
3. Think about what they said and how you can reflect it upon your writing. You do not have to but it might be an idea :) Ask others for opinions too!
4. See your skills grow.
Here's a silly side note: I am not very good at cooking but I came better at watching my brother who has been watching my mom for quite some time when I wasn’t too interested. (He is younger) I try and explain to him (After he won’t show me) that when you get older and want to become a professional chef, you will need to show people to prove your skill/ work at your place. He still doesn’t believe me, lol.
Well, that’s about it guys. Hope I helped you in some way or provided some knowledge!
Have a good day all :) If you haven’t, make sure you read the other issues of cyanide/ Poison talks!
Added on January 20, 2016
Last Updated on January 20, 2016
AboutHello, everyone! I am McBear. A 18 year old man from Pennsylvania. I love to talk and also help others. I have helped many people and will continue to do so. Just drop me a message! I love ..
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AI in the News
Clustering and Manifolds - Outlier Detection
- No parameters to determine: All parameters -- Kernel-sigma, alpha and the number of clusters can be automatically determined.
- Competitive results with existing methods such as K-Means and Spectral Clustering.
- Assigning points to Clusters with respect to the underlying intrinsic structure of the data.
- Outlier Detection: The method automatically determines outliers in the data set. This can lead to additional insights. In the paper we compare our method with Spectral Clustering.
- Out-of-sample:New data-points can be assigned to an existing cluster model without rebuilding the model.
- Successfully applied to real world data: handwritten digits (USPS), Yale Face Database B, Robot Data. The algorithm works well for image data that has an underlying intrinsic structure.
Outlier Detection with Yale Face Database B: PCA-projection of the photographs (1200 dimensional). The outliers the algorithm identified have been marked and are at the most outside points of the blobs.
- Feature selection - If too much noisy features are present, the underlying intrinsic structure might not be found.
- Scalable - The current method is slow though it's abilities for clustering should be applicable to practical Data Mining tasks.
- Clustering Through Ranking On Manifolds , ICML 2005
- Clustering with Local and Global Consistency - Available as Technical Report CU-CS-973-04
The Matlab code from our paper is available here.
Links to other interesting clustering stuff on the web.
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Economics, geography, infrastructure – it’s the background stuff that, like concrete breeze blocks, comes off as the dull, uninteresting graft of world creation. But what makes it come alive and make sense for the reader? What makes people care, and what makes a fictional culture viable?
Edward Cox, Al Robertson, Stephanie Saulter, Chris Wooding, Genevieve Cogman, James Barclay
I’ve talked about world building before. It’s one of my favourite parts of storytelling. This panel covered a fair amount of familiar ground. I’ll recount most of it but I won’t go into in depth discussion because I’ll just end up repeating myself. Also, for the most part the panellists didn’t offer tips so much as a list of questions the writer needs to ask themselves.
Will your world be similar to something the reader is already familiar with – either based on an existing culture, or an AU version of history? Or will it be something completely new?
When setting up a culture, all the details should interconnect. It needs to be internally consistent. Remember that every detail will have ramifications on the rest. For example, the language in Germany and Japan fosters a culture of listening, because their grammar structure means sentences don’t make sense until the end.
Scarcity of resources is very important, and the work-arounds of your cultures to this scarcity is what makes the world different. Scarce resources impacts trade, economy, social structure and status, international relations, and so on. As one panellist said:
Writing fantasy worlds is about logistics.
Also, and this is a point Dr. Nick made in our panel later, don’t muck about with physics. If you’re going to break natural laws, break one, make it explicit, explain it, think about the ramifications, and then leave it alone.
The world as a character
Creating worlds is not that different from creating characters, and they are intrinsically linked as the characters should be a product of their environment. Similarly, both should have some kind of growth arc, especially if the plot focuses on momentous events.
One of the panellists suggested that your plot is an inevitable consequence of your world and character building. The world influences the character, the character reacts to the world, and that’s your plot. I’m not wholly on board with this idea, as it smacks a little of the plot progression also being inevitable and therefore predictable. It also raised questions in my mind about character agency and free will.
Place names is a good way to give character/flavour/insight to the local culture. It tells a lot about what people consider to be important or notable, without having to actually spell it out. One of the most valuable skills in epic fantasy, according to the panel, is learning how to transmit information without explaining it. It’s all about implication and evocation.
Think about clever, different and powerful ways to impact information, in a way readers don’t realise they’re being told about history or economics. Preferably a way that also advances the plot. For example, Stephanie Saulter had to explain that there was an economic slump in her culture, leading to a shortage of jobs, so she set a scene in a job centre where people were literally fighting over work.
To map or not to map?
The panel diverted into quite a long discussion about the value of providing maps for the reader. Several of them were quite strongly against publishing maps, on the basis that it locks the writer down into inflexibility. As Saulter (I think) said:
The author reserves the right to have a better idea.
One panellist suggested that, if a map is provided, people can just look at it. If there’s no map, the reader has to visualise the journey and that means they are immediately more intimately engaged with the fictional landscape.
On the other hand, maps can help avoid unnecessary exposition. When the characters need to get from Point A to Point B, they don’t need to have a clunky discussion about where Point B is or how to get there. The reader can just look at the map.
If you’re using a real place as your setting, make sure you use a map as a writing resource. If you get details wrong, knowledgeable readers will notice and immediately switch off.
And, one final point on the subject of providing maps for your readers: remember that maps can be in-character inaccurate! If you can have an unreliable narrator (of which, more on that in a few weeks), there’s no reason why you can’t have unreliable resources.
Next week: the development and role of SF&F.
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Note from EarthTechling – In this recent video Wall Street Journal post…it will be interesting to see how this technology continues to evolve. Imagine holding your smartphone to your water heater and getting information about your homes efficiency. Or holding your tablet to your car and getting information on how to adjust your commute to lower your overall energy foot-print. The possibilities seem endless, but there’s are many possible benefits for the green-tech space.
Articles appearing under this byline come from a news syndication network or related service EarthTechling editors curate for relevant stories for our readers. They may also be articles submitted to us for publication by others we feel could offer value.
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Weighty Waiting Options
We often find that the Torah’s description of even simple actions of our great forefathers impart to us a treasure trove of hanhaga, hashkafa, and even halacha. Sometimes though, it is the exact opposite; a halacha is gleaned from the acts of those far from being paragons of virtue. In our parshiyos hashuva we learn fascinating halachic insights from people whom we would not consider role models by any stretch of the imagination.
Parshas Shelach details at length the grave sin of the Meraglim, the spies whose evil report about Eretz Yisrael still echoes, with repercussions continuing to be felt until today. Of the twelve spies sent, only two remained loyal to Hashem: Yehoshua bin Nun and Calev ben Yefuneh. The other ten chose to slander Eretz Yisrael instead, and consequently suffered immediate and terrible deaths. Due to their vile report, the Jewish people were forced to remain in the desert an additional forty years, and eventually die out, before their children ultimately were allowed to enter Eretz Yisrael.
Hashem called this rogues’ gallery of spies an ‘eidah’, literally a congregation. The Gemara famously derives from this incident that the minimum requirement for a minyan is a quorum of ten men, since there were ten turncoat ‘double-agents’ who were contemptuously called a congregation. If ten men can get together to conspire and hatch malevolent schemes, then ten men can assemble to form a congregation for ‘devarim shebekedusha’. This exegesis is duly codified in halacha, and all because of the dastardly deeds of ten misguided men.
Another prime example of halacha being set by the actions of those less than virtuous, is the tragic chapter of the rabble rousers who lusted after meat, and disparaged Hashem’s gift of the Heavenly bread called manna (munn), chronicled at the end of Parshas Beha’alosecha. The pasuk states that “the meat was still between their teeth” when these sinners met their untimely and dreadful demise. The Gemara extrapolates that since the Torah stressed that point, it means to show us that meat between the teeth is still considered tangible meat and one must wait before having a dairy meal afterwards.
There are actually several different ways to understand the Gemara’s intent, chief among them are Rashi’s and the Rambam’s opinions. The Rambam writes that meat tends to get stuck between the teeth and is still considered meat for quite some time afterward. Rashi, however, doesn’t seem to be perturbed about actual meat residue stuck in the teeth, but simply explains that since meat is fatty by nature, its taste lingers for a long time after eating.
Yet, the Gemara itself does not inform us what the mandated set waiting period is. Rather, it gives us several guideposts that the Rishonim use to set the halacha. The Gemara informs us that Mar Ukva’s father would not eat dairy items on the same day that he had partaken of meat, but Mar Ukva himself (calling himself ‘vinegar the son of wine’) would only wait ‘m’seudasa l’seudasa achrina’, from one meal until a different meal. The various variant minhagim that Klal Yisrael keep related to waiting after eating meat are actually based on how the Rishonim understood this cryptic comment.
This, the most common custom, was first codified by the Rambam. He writes that meat stuck in the teeth remains “meat” for up to 6 hours, and mandates waiting that amount. This is the halacha according to the Tur and Shulchan Aruch, as well as the vast majority of authorities. The Rashal, Chochmas Adam, and Aruch Hashulchan all write very strongly that one should wait six hours. The mandated six hours seemingly comes from the many places in Rabbinic literature where it mentions that the ‘meals of a Torah scholar’ are six hours apart. Therefore, this fits well with Mar Ukva’s statement that he would wait from one meal until the next after eating meat, meaning six hours.
Five Hours and a Bit
The idea of waiting five hours and a bit, or five and a half hours, is actually based on the choice of words of several Rishonim, including the Rambam and Meiri, when they rule to wait six hours. They write that one should keep “k’mosheish sha’os”, approximately six hours. Several contemporary authorities maintain that “six hours” does not have to be an exact six hours; waiting five and a half (or according to some even five hours and one minute) is sufficient, as it is almost six hours. However, it should be noted that not everyone agrees to this, and many maintain that the six hours must be exact.
Waiting four hours is first opined by the Pri Chadash, who comments that the six hours mandated are not referring to regular “sixty minute” hours, but rather halachic hours, known colloquially as “sha’os zmanios”. This complicated halachic calculation is arrived at by dividing the amount of time between sunrise and sunset into twelve equal parts. Each of these new “hours” are halachic hours and are used to calculate the various zmanim throughout the day. The Pri Chadash asserts that at the height of winter when days are extremely short, it is possible that six hours can turn into only four halachic hours! Although several authorities rule this way, and others say one may rely on this exclusively in times of great need, nevertheless, his opinion here is rejected out of hand by the vast majority of desisors, who maintain that the halacha follows six true hours. The Yad Efraim points out that if one follows “sha’os zmanios’ in the winter, then he must also follow it during the summer, possibly needing to wait up to eight hours!
Waiting only hour between meat and dairy, a common custom among Jews from Amsterdam, is codified by the Rema, citing common custom, based on several great Ashkenazic Rishonim including the Maharil and Maharai. The Rema himself, though, concludes that it is nevertheless proper to wait six hours.
Interestingly, and shocking to some, the common German custom of waiting three hours does not seem to have an explicit halachic source. In fact, one who delves into the sefarim of great Rabbanim who served throughout Germany, from Rav Yonason Eibeshutz to Rav Samson Raphael Hirsch, will find that they all recommended keeping the full six hours! Yet, there are several theories explaining how such a widespread custom came about. One, by the Mizmor L’Dovid, is that it is possibly based on the Pri Chadash’s opinion of sha’os zmanios. Another hypothesis, by Rav Binyomin Hamburger - author of Shorshei Minhag Ashkenaz, is that their original custom was to wait only one hour like the basic halacha cited by the Rema, following the majority of Ashkenazic Rishonim. Yet, when the six hours mandated by the Rambam and other Rishonim became more widespread, those in Ashkenaz decided to meet the rest of the world halfway, as a sort of compromise. According to this explanation, it turns out that waiting three hours is intrinsically a chumra on waiting one hour.
Bentch and Go
Another opinion, and one not halachically accepted, is that of Tosafos, who posit that “from one meal to another” means exactly that. As soon as one finishes his meat meal, clears off the table and recites Birkas HaMazon, he may start a new dairy meal. Some add that this includes washing out the mouth and palate cleansing (kinuach and hadacha). This is actually even more stringent than Rabbeinu Tam’s opinion, that all one needs is kinuach and hadacha, and then one may eat dairy - even while part of the same meal! It is important to realize that his opinion here is categorically rejected by all on a practical level.
A Day Away
The most stringent opinion is not to eat meat and milk on the same day (some call this a full 24 hours, but it seems a misnomer according to most authorities’ understanding). First mentioned by Mar Ukva as his father’s personal custom, several great Rabbonim through the ages have been known to keep this. Interestingly, this custom is cited by Rav Chaim Falag’i as the proper one, and in his opinion, only those who are not able to stick to it can rely upon a ‘mere’ six hours.
Just Sleep On It
Another remarkable, but not widely accepted, custom is that of sleeping after eating a meat meal. The proponents of this, including Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv zt”l, maintain that sleeping causes the food to digest quicker, thereby lessening the required waiting period. It is told that the Chasam Sofer wanted to start relying on this leniency, but upon awakening, every time he tried drinking his coffee it would spill. He concluded that this hetter must not have been accepted in Heaven. The majority of contemporary authorities as well, do not rely on sleeping as a way of lessening the waiting time. The Steipler Gaon zt”l is quoted as remarking that this leniency is the exclusive domain of Rav Elyashiv zt”l, as most people sleep six hours a night and he only slept three hours nightly.
Although there are many different and widespread opinions about the proper amount of time one is required to wait after eating meat, and “minhag avoseinu Torah hi”, nevertheless, it is interesting to note that the core requirement of waiting is based on the actions of those with less than perfect intentions. As it is stated in Pirkei Avos “Who is wise? One who learns from every one.”
L'zechus Shira Yaffa bas Rochel Miriam v’chol yotzei chalatzeha for a yeshua teikif umiyad.
For any questions, comments or for the full Mareh Mekomos / sources, please email the author: email@example.com.
Rabbi Yehuda Spitz serves as the Sho’el U' Meishiv and Rosh Chabura of the Ohr Lagolah Halacha Kollel at Yeshivas Ohr Somayach in Yerushalayim.
See Mishna Taanis 26b and following Gemara on 29a, that this, the first of five tragedies, occurred on Tishah B’Av.
Calev’s father’s real name was actually Chetzron. See Divrei HaYamim (vol. 1, Ch. 2, verse 18) and Gemara Sota 11b.
Bamidbar (Shelach) Ch. 14, verse 27.
Gemara Megilla 23b, Brachos 21b, and Sanhedrin 74b. See Rashi al HaTorah ad loc. s.v. l’eidah.
Rambam (Hilchos Tefilla Ch. 8, Halacha 5), Tur & Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chaim 55, 1 & 69, 1), Aruch Hashulchan (55, 6), and Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (15, 1). Many authorities cite this as the source for this law, including the Bach (Orach Chaim 55, 1), Taz (ad loc. 1), Levushei Srad (ad loc 1), Chida (Birkei Yosef ad loc 3), Shulchan Aruch HaRav (ad loc 2), Mishna Berura (ad loc 2), and Kaf Hachaim (ad loc 6).
For a full treatment of the Meraglim and their intentions, see relevant commentaries to Parshas Shelach, as well as Rabbi Moshe M. Eisemann’s excellent “Tear Drenched Nights - Tish’ah B’Av: The Tragic Legacy of the Meraglim”.
Another interesting example of this is a potential halacha we glean from Bilaam. The Gemara (Brachos 7a) explains that Bilaam knew the exact millisecond that Hashem got angry and knew how to properly curse during that time. Tosafos (ad loc. s.v. she’ilmalei and Avodah Zarah 4b s.v. rega) asks what type of curse was it possible for him to utter in such a limited time frame (a fraction of a second!) and gives two answers: 1) the word ‘kaleim’, ‘destroy them’ 2) once Bilaam started his curse in that exact time frame, he ‘locked it in’ and can continue as long as it takes, since it is all considered in that exact time. The Aruch Hashulchan (Orach Chaim 110, 5) takes the second approach a step further and applies this idea to Tefilla B’Zmana. As long as one starts his Tefilla before the Sof Zman, it is considered that he ‘made the zman’ even if the majority of his Tefilla actually took place after the Sof Zman. Although not everyone agrees with this [indeed, many poskim, including the Magen Avraham (Orach Chaim 89, 4 and 124, 4),Pri Megadim (Orach Chaim 89, Eshel Avraham 4 and 110, Eshel Avraham 1), andMishna Berura (58, 5 and 89, end 5), are makpid that one must finish his Tefilla before the Sof Zman], nevertheless a similar logic (based on Bilaam) is presented by the Machatzis HaShekel (Orach Chaim 6, end 6), quoting the Bais Yaakov (Shu”t 127) in the name of the Arizal regarding Tefillas HaTzibbur. If such design worked for one as despicable and reprehensible as Bilaam to enable him to curse us, how much more so should it work for us regarding Tefilla B’Tzibbur which is an eis ratzon!
An additional example of a halacha gleaned from the wicked actions of Bilaam is that of Tzaar Ba’alei Chaim, causing living creatures unnecessary pain. Although the Gemara (Bava Metzia 32a-b) debated whether this halacha is D’Oraysa or DeRabbanan, according to most authorities, including the Rambam (Hilchos Rotzeach Ch. 13, 13), Rif (Bava Metzia 17b), Rosh (ad loc. 30), Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzva 451, end s.v. kasav), Tur (Choshen Mishpat 272, 11), Rema (ad loc. 9), Bach (ad loc. 5), Gr”a (ad loc. 11), SM”A (ad loc. 15), Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (191,1), and Aruch Hashulchan (Choshen Mishpat 272, 2), as well as the mashmaos of the Gemara Shabbos (128b), Tzaar Ba’alei Chaim is indeed D’Oraysa. According to the Rambam (Moreh Nevuchim vol. 3, end Ch. 17) and Sefer Chassidim (666) this can be gleaned from Bilaam’s actions of hitting his donkey. In fact, they maintain that since Bilaam remarked that if he had a sword in his hand he would have killed his donkey on the spot, that is why he eventually was slain b’davka by sword! Thanks are due to Rabbi Shimon Black of the London Beis Din for pointing out several of these sources.
Bamidbar (Beha’alosecha) Ch. 11.
Ad loc. verse 33.
Gemara Chullin 105a, statements of Rav Chisda.
For example, the Kreisi U’Pleisi (Yoreh Deah 89, Pleisi 3) and Chochmas Adam (40, 13) posit that the waiting period is actually dependant on digestion.
Rambam(Hilchos Ma’achalos Asuros Ch.9, 28).
Rashi, in his glosses to Gemara Chullin 105a s.v. asur.
Although the Aruch Hashulchan (Yoreh Deah 89, 4) maintains that the waiting period starts from when one finishes theseudah that he partook of meat, nevertheless, most authorities, including many contemporary decisors, follow the Dagul Mervavah (ad loc. 1), and are of the opinion that the waiting period starts immediately after one finishes eating the actual meat product and not the entire seudah. These poskim include the Erech Hashulchan (ad loc. 3), Darchei Teshuva (ad loc. 4), Atzei HaOlah (Hilchos Basar Bechalav, Klal 3, 1), Shu”t Moshe HaIsh (Yoreh Deah 16), and the Kaf Hachaim (ad loc. 9), as well as Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv (cited in Piskei Halachos, Yoreh Deah, Basar Bechalav 8, pg. 54), Rav Shmuel HaLevi Wosner (Kovetz m’Bais Levi on Yoreh Deah, Basar Bechalav 2, pg. 33), the Debreciner Rav and Rav Asher Zimmerman (both cited in Rayach HaBosem on Basar Bechalav Ch. 3, Question 28), Rav Chaim Pinchas Scheinberg (cited in Shu”t Divrei Chachamim, Yoreh Deah Ch. 1, Question 6), Rav Chaim Kanievsky (cited in Doleh U’Mashkeh pg. 257), Rav Menashe Klein (Shu”t Mishna Halachos vol. 5, 97, 2), the Rivevos Efraim (vol. 5, 516), and Rav Shalom Krauss (Shu”t Divrei Shalom on Yoreh Deah, 25).
For an elucidation of what exactly Mar Ukva and his father disagreed upon see Toras HaAsham (76, s.v. v’kasav d’nohagin).
Tur and Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh Deah 89, 1).
The Rashal (Yam Shel Shlomo, Chullin Ch. 8, 9; quoted l’maaseh by the Shach - Yoreh Deah 89, 8) writes that anyone who has even a “scent of Torah” would wait six hours. The Chochmas Adam (ibid.) writes that whoever doesn’t wait six hours violates “Al Titosh Toras Imecha” (Mishlei Ch. 1, verse 8). The Aruch Hashulchan (Yoreh Deah 89, 7) writes that whoever doesn’t wait six hours is in the category of “HaPoretz Geder” who deserves to be bitten by a snake (Koheles Ch. 10 verse 8).
See, for example Gemara Shabbos 10a, Ritva (Chullin 105a s.v basar bein), Rashba (ad loc.), Rosh (ad loc. 5), Baal HaItur (Shaar 1, Hilchos Basar BeChalav 13a-b), Lechem Mishna (on the Rambam ibid.), Biur HaGra (Yoreh Deah 89, 2), and Mor U’Ketzia (Orach Chaim 184 s.v. v’chein).
Rambam (ibid.), Meiri (Chullin 105a s.v. v’hadar), Agur (223), Kol Bo (106, s.v. v’achar basar), Orchos Chaim (vol. 2, Hilchos Issurei Ma’achalos pg. 335, 73 s.v. v’achar).
Several authorities make this diyuk, including the Minchas Yaakov (Soles L’Mincha 76, 1), Butchatcher Gaon (Daas Kedoshim - Yoreh Deah 89, 2), and the Aruch Hashulchan (Yoreh Deah 89, 2). Contemporary authorities who rely on not needing a full six hours include the Divrei Chaim zt”l (cited in Shu”t Divrei Yatziv, Likutim V’Hashmatos 69; see also Shu”t Yashiv Yitzchak vol. 5, 14), Rav Chaim Brisker zt”l (cited in sefer Torah L’Daas vol. 2, Beha’alosecha pg. 229, Question 5), the Matteh Efraim (Ardit; pg. 28, 4), Rav Aharon Kotler zt”l (cited in Shu”t Ohr Yitzchak vol. 1, Yoreh Deah 4), Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach zt”l (Kovetz Moriah, Teves 5756 pg. 79), Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv zt”l (Shu”t Yissa Yosef Orach Chaim vol. 2, 119, 5), and Rav Ovadia Yosef zt”l (Shu”t Yabea Omer vol. 1, Yoreh Deah 4, 13 & vol. 3, Yoreh Deah 3).
Including Rabbeinu Yerucham (Sefer HaAdam, Nesiv 15, vol. 2, 27, pg. 137), Chamudei Daniel (Taaruvos vol. 2, 15), Shu”t Ginas Veradim (Gan HaMelech 154), Perach Shoshan (1, 1), Mikdash Me’at (on Daas Kedoshim ibid., 2), Yalkut Me’am Loez (Parshas Mishpatim pg. 889 - 890 s.v. shiur), Yad Yehuda (89, Pirush HaKatzer 1), Chofetz Chaim (Nidchei Yisrael Ch. 33), Rav Yisrael Yaakov Fischer zt”l (Shu”t Even Yisrael vol. 9, 126, 5), and Rav Chaim Kanievsky shlit”a (cited in sefer Doleh U’Mashkeh pg. 257). Several other contemporary authorities maintain that one should strive to keep the full six hours l’chatchila,but may be lenient in times of need, including Rav Moshe Feinstein zt”l (cited in Shu”t Divrei Chachamim Yoreh Deah 1, 1; and in private conversation with Rav Moshe’s grandson Rabbi Mordechai Tendler), Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv zt”l (cited in Shu”t Avnei Yashpei vol. 5, 101, 3 & 4 and Ashrei HaIsh Orach Chaim vol. 3, pg. 441, 10), Rav Shmuel HaLevi Wosner shlit”a (Kovetz M’Beis Levi on Yoreh Deah pg. 34, 3, & footnote 3) and Rav Menashe Klein zt”l (Shu”t Mishneh Halachos vol. 5, 97, 3).
Pri Chadash (Yoreh Deah 89, 6). Others who rely on his opinion include the Gilyon Maharsha (ad loc. 3), Ikrei HaDa”t (Ikrei Dinim 10, end 5) and Minchas Yaakov (Soles L’Mincha 76, end 1).
Including the Yad Efraim (Yoreh Deah 89, 1), Yeshuos Yaakov (ad loc., Pirush Hakatzer 1), Maharsham (Daas Torah ad loc.) and the Zeicher Yehosef (Shu”t end 196), who allow one to rely on the Pri Chadash only if one is sick or in times of great need.
Including the Pri Megadim (Yoreh Deah 89, Mishbetzos Zahav 1), Pischei Teshuva (ad loc. 3), Knesses HaGedolah (Haghos on Tur, ad loc. 6 - 7), Kreisi U’Pleisi (ad loc. Pleisi 3), Chochmas Adam (40, 12), Chida (Shiyurei Bracha - Yoreh Deah 89, 3 - 4), Zivchei Tzedek (ad loc. 2), Ben Ish Chai (Year 2, Parshas Shelach 9), and Chaguras Shmuel (Yoreh Deah 89, 8).
Rema (Yoreh Deah 89, 1), Maharai (Haghos Shaarei Dura 76, 2), Maharil (Minhagim, Hilchos Issur V’Hetter 5, s.v. achal), Issur V’Hetter (40, 4). Although the Rashal (ibid.) and Taz (Yoreh Deah 89 2) cast aspersions on this custom, the Gr”a (Biur HaGr”a ad loc. 6) defends it as the Zohar’s minhag as well to wait an hour between all milk and meat meals. Relevant to the proper custom in Amsterdam see seferMinhagei Amsterdam (pg. 20, 24 & pg. 52), Shu”t Yashiv Yitzchak (vol. 13, 25) and Shu”t Shav V’Rafa vol. 3, 114).
There is no mention of a three hour wait in any traditional halachic source, save for one. And, although in Rabbeinu Yerucham’sKitzur Issur V’Hetter (39) found at the end of his main sefer, it does mention waiting ‘Gimmel Shaos’, it is an apparent misprint, as in the full sefer itself (Sefer HaAdam, Nesiv 15, vol. 2, 27, pg. 137) Rabbeinu Yerucham states unequivocally that one “must wait at least six hours”! Additionally, the source cited for his three hour quote is Rabbeinu Peretz, who also actually mandates waiting six hours (Haghos on SMa”K 213). Moreover, it seems likely that Rabbeinu Yerucham is not the author of the Kitzur Issur V’Hetter attributed to him (see Rabbi Yisrael Ta Shma’s article in Kovetz Sinai,Shevat - Adar 5729). For more on the topic of Rabbeinu Yerucham and three hours, see Rav Moshe Sternbuch’s Orchos HaBayis (Ch. 7, note 45), Rav Chaim Kanievsky’s opinion cited in Kovetz Nitzotzei Aish (pg. 860, 32), and Rav Asher Weiss’s Shu”t Minchas Asher (vol. 1, 42, 2, s.v. u’mkivan). Renowned Rabbonim who served throughout Germany who wrote to keep six hours include Rav Yonason Eibeshutz zt”l (Kehillas AH”U - Kreisi U’Pleisi 89, 3), the Pri Megadim (Kehillos in Berlin and Frankfurt - Yoreh Deah 89, Mishbetzos Zahav 1), Rav Yosef Yuspa Haan zt”l (Noheg K’Tzon Yosef - Minhag Frankfurt, Hilchos Seu dah pg. 120, 4), and Rav Samson Raphael Hirsch zt”l (Chorev vol. 4, Ch. 68, pg. 30).
Mizmor L’David (Yoreh Deah 89, 6). Rav Hamburger’s explanation is found in a letter written to mv”r Rav Yonason Wiener. See Shu”t Nachlas Pinchas (vol. 1, 36, 7) for a similar assessment. For other sevaros, see Rabbi Yaakov Skoczylas’ Ohel Yaakov (on Basar BeChalav, 89, end footnote 1, quoting Rav Shimon Schwab zt”l) and Shu”t Mishna Halachos (vol. 16, end 9).
Tosafos (Chullin 105a s.v. l’seudasa), Ravyah (1108, cited by the Rosh and Haghos Ashiri to Chullin Ch. 8, 5), Rema (Yoreh Deah 89, 1).
Rabbeinu Tam’s opinion is found in Tosafos (Chullin 104b s.v. oif).
Kaf Hachaim (Falaj’i; Ch. 24, 25 - 26). This was also known to be the Arizal’s custom (Taamei HaMitzvos of Rav Chaim Vital, Shaar HaMitzvos, Parshas Mishpatim). See also Shulchan HaTahor (173, 2), Ben Ish Chai (Year 2, Parshas Shelach 15), Shu”t Torah L’Shma (212) and Shu”t Shraga HaMeir (vol. 7, end 105). Some say (see Piskei Teshuvos end 494) that based on his writings on Parshas Mishpatim (s.v. lo sevashel), the Noam Elimelech must have also kept this stringency. However, it is known that there were several Gedolim who held this to mean to wait an actual 24 hours from eating meat before allowing milk products, including the Shla”h (cited by his chaver Rav Yosef Yuspa Haan in his Yosef Ometz,137; interestingly, he writes that he personally could not keep it and instead waited a mere 12 hours!) and the Reishis Chochma (in his sefer Totzaos Chaim, Shaar 2, Hanhaga 45, pg. 32). Thanks are due to Rabbi Eliezer Brodt, author of Bein Kesseh L’Assor and Lekutei Eliezer for pointing out these sources.
See Daas Kedoshim(Yoreh Deah89, 2), VaYaas Avraham (of Tchechnov; pg. 333, 51 & Ateres Zekainim ad loc. 155), Piskei Teshuva (vol. 3, 285), Piskei Halachos of HaGri”sh Elyashiv shlit”a (Yoreh Deah,Basar Bechalav pg. 53, 6; see also Shu”t Yissa Yosef - Orach Chaim vol. 2, 119, 6 and Ashrei HaIsh - Orach Chaim vol. 3 pg. 442, 15, who claim that Rav Elyashiv zt”l only meant to be lenient after chicken and not actual meat).
The story about the Chasam Sofer is cited in Zichron L’Moshe (pg. 79), Shu”t Divrei Yisrael (vol. 2, pg. 28, footnote) and in Shu”t Siach Yitzchak (399).
Including Shu”t Siach Yitzchak (ibid.), Shu”t Teshuvos V’Hanhagos (vol. 1, 431), Kovetz M’Beis Levi (on Yoreh Deah pg. 34, 5; citing the opinion of Rav Shmuel HaLevi Wosner), Shu”t Beis Avi (vol. 3, Yoreh Deah beg. 108), Shu”t Mishna Halachos (vol. 7, 70), Shu”t Shulchan HaLevi (vol. 1, 22, 10, 1), sefer Doleh U’Mashkeh (pg. 257 - 258 and footnote 15; citing the opinion of Rav Chaim Kanievsky, as well as his father, the Steipler Gaon). This leniency is also conspicuously absent from the vast majority of earlier authorities.
Tosafos (Menachos 20b s.v. v’nifsal).
Avos (Ch. 4, Mishna 1).
Disclaimer: This is not a comprehensive guide, rather a brief summary to raise awareness of the issues. In any real case one should ask a competent Halachic authority.
L'iluy Nishmas the Rosh HaYeshiva - Rav Chonoh Menachem Mendel ben R' Yechezkel Shraga, Rav Yaakov Yeshaya ben R' Boruch Yehuda, and l'zchus for Shira Yaffa bas Rochel Miriam and her children for a yeshua teikef u'miyad!
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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http://ohr.edu/5206
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It’s important to avoid using multipurpose compost that contains peat, because of the large amount of carbon dioxide that’s released into the atmosphere when peat bogs are drained in order to extract the peat.
Peat bogs are also important for biodiversity, as they’re unique habitats that support a range of rare plants and other wildlife.
Until recently, peat-free composts tended to be more expensive, and sometimes less reliable; but this is changing as manufacturers adjust their formulations and improve their supply chains. The one real difference for ordinary gardeners is that many peat-free composts hold more water, for longer, than the old peat-containing multipurpose composts, so we have to be careful not to over-water seeds and seedlings (the top may look dry, while the compost underneath is still wet enough). This can be very useful in drought! – but it’s something to be aware of when starting seeds off.
There’s likely to be far less difference in price between peat-free and the older peat-based multipurpose composts, as an increasing number of countries ration licences for peat extraction, or ban it completely. Ireland was our main supplier (the UK has already exhausted most of its peat bogs), but they’ve banned peat extraction now.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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http://southbedsfoe.co.uk/?p=1458
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Multiple antenna systems in a mobile-to-mobile environment
MetadataShow full item record
The objective of this dissertation is to design new architectures for multiple antenna wireless communication systems operating in a mobile-to-mobile environment and to develop a theoretical framework according to which these systems can be analyzed. Recent information theory has demonstrated that the wireless channel can support enormous capacity if the multipath is properly exploited by using multiple antennas. Future communication systems will likely evolve into a variety of combinations encompassing mobile-to-mobile and mobile-to-fixed-station communications. Therefore, we explore the use of multiple antennas for mobile-to-mobile communications. Based on the characteristics of mobile-to-mobile radio channels, we propose new architectures that deploy directional antennas for multiple antenna systems operating in a mobile-to-mobile environment. The first architecture consists of multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) systems with directional antennas, which have good spatial correlation properties, and provides higher capacities than conventional systems without requiring a rich scattering environment. The second one consists of single input and multiple output (SIMO) systems with directional antennas, which improve signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) over conventional systems. We also propose a new combining scheme to select the outputs of optimal combing (SOOC) in this architecture. Optimal combining (OC) is the key technique for multiple antenna systems to suppress interference and mitigate the fading effects. Based on the complex random matrix theory, we develop an analytical framework for the performance analysis of OC. We derive several important closed-form solutions such as the moment generating function (MGF) and the joint eigenvalue distributions of SINR with arbitrary-power interferers and thermal noise. We also analyze the effects of spatial correlations on MIMO OC systems with arbitrary-power interferers in an interference environment. Our novel multiple antenna architectures and the theoretical framework according to which they can be analyzed would provide other researchers with useful tools to analyze and develop future MIMO systems.
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<urn:uuid:985ad863-0f20-488a-be15-9b162780308a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/14062
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| 0.876791
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Admit you may be wrong.
This is the first step to moving forward as an autism advocate. Embrace the humility to admit that the ways you are advocating might not be the best for those closest to you as well as the general autistic community. If you admit to the fact that you make mistakes, this sets up the right mindset for effective change by making you more welcome to the ideas and advice coming from the autistic community. Advocates are servants. Advocates who are not part of the disability community they are advocating for can benefit by engaging with that community in order to be knowledgable about their most pressing needs. Once you accept the humility of a servant, you’ll be ready for Goal #2.
It’s incredibly common to assume cognitive impairment in someone who is not verbally fluent. Autistic writer and advocate Maxine Share discussed this in a recent interview. Adequately supporting nonverbal autistics requires an investment in educating the public on their needs (as well as the misconceptions or ableism so common in homes, schools, workplaces, and the general public).
Whether an autistic person is verbal or not, presuming competence is an integral part of treating them as human beings. Presuming competence means eliminating ableist attitudes. To begin this process, be open to change. Read what other disabled people have written on the topic of ableism and try to assess how your views and behaviors align or don’t align with their recommendations.
Constantly try to see the world from the autistic perspective.
Autistic people fundamentally perceive the world differently than you do. Sometimes it’s easy to view autism as a collection of behaviors to understand, and once they are managed, supported, or accommodated for, life is good for everyone. But there are infinite ways to perceive life, and supporting people on the spectrum requires a serious ongoing effort to see the world from the autistic perspective.
This begins simply with keeping lines of communication open with the autistic people in your life. Let them know that you are interested in learning more about their needs and supporting them. Let them know that you make mistakes and want to do better.
Beyond communicating with the autistic people closest to you, make an effort to regularly review resources about autism and the lives of autistic people that are authored by people on the spectrum. Look for books, podcasts, blogs, and speaking events that prioritize #ActuallyAutistic input.
Commit to learning more about autism and supporting those in your life in different ways on an ongoing basis. Help the world make positive progress to embrace and support those on the autism spectrum in 2020. Happy New Year!
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.learnfromautistics.com/3-autism-acceptance-goals-for-neurotypicals-for-the-new-year/
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- Careers & Placement
Fashion is both being and not being, it is always on the watershed between past and future and gives us, until it is flourishing, a sense of the present so strong to overcome in this sense every other present. (George Simmel)
The Fashion, and even more the High Fashion has the power to communicate a precise moment, a sophisticated and perceptible innovation to the connoisseur who starts from the raw material, thread and fabric. The first project of the year is held in collaboration with one of the most interesting companies in the fashion and high fashion industry of the Made in Italy, a printing company known all over the world for the quality of its fabrics and its productions:
“The Tessitura Stamperia Luigi Verga is a place where the Como silk tradition meets the decades of experience in the textile industry, craftsmanship, attention to trends, creativity and technique. Customers all over the world appreciate our work and our fabrics. Designers, together with us, turn their ideas into reality and they are able to give to fabrics new life and new form. For three generations, with pride and passion, we weave, print and export traceable fabrics Made in Italy. “Tessitura Stamperia Luigi Verga” was founded in 1940 by Mr. Luigi Verga as a weaving company, today it is run by his daughters Adriana and Mariella Verga who proudly carry forward the tradition of the Como textile supply chain, which has made the “ Made in Italy” famous throughout the world.
This project has multiple objectives: to put students in direct contact with the raw material of their own work in order for them to develop the ability to discern and recognize quality fabric, (first identity of a high fashion garment), to develop a conceptual research that considers the trend as a large area of investigation that relates to society and lifestyle, to elaborate several jacquard proposals, outline a first high fashion capsule collection. The project involves the participation of the students in team of 4 each and the ability to relate professionally with their colleagues which it will be decisive for the success of the work as a whole.
On the occasion of the launch of the project at the company, students will have the opportunity to get to know the jacquard processing and production closely. On the same occasion it will be possible to see 3 macro trends developed by Li Edelkoort among which it will be possible to choose from and which it will be the starting point for the development of research and experimentation. The project focuses on four fundamental aspects: the definition of a research interpretation of a macro-trend, the development of variants in the jacquard, the definition of a day wear High Fashion Capsule Collection
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<urn:uuid:930b15ab-91a9-48f8-8c20-1c5cfef39ed0>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.accademiacostumeemoda.it/en/projects/luigi-verga-industry-project-2/
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Si Gross makes collectable Pop Art based on people featured in headline news stories. It is a world full of truth and lies that he captures with a combination of sincere and satirical illustrations, drawn from real life situations. Si creates his designs through a process of photographs, digital or ink drawings, silk screen printing, spray cans and paint pens, switching between stark monochrome or painterly colours that are bold and dramatic. Another method he commonly employs is the layering of paint onto a photographic background, essentially planting a cartoon world into a real life situation. Each print has slight variations, and comes in limited editions on various surfaces. We speak with Si.
A: You often use vivid colours in your work, how does this complement the themes in your art?
SG: I use vivid colours to encompass the drama of the situations displayed. Those colours also bring out the eccentric and bold personalities of the people illustrated in the picture.
A: What is it about celebrity culture that you find interesting?
SG: All the truth and lies in stories, jumbled up together. Fame as a propaganda tool can be used by public figures to manipulate the general public into buying into their brand, mostly administered by PR companies. It’s absurd that people are now a brand. I prefer to concentrate on stories about iconic public figures. People that have a significant control over their own image, like the Queen. The fanatical drama surrounding famous people keeps celebrity culture ticking over. Before I photographed the news I worked in security. I watched and chuckled, as a celebrity refused to go outside because there weren’t enough fans waiting for them. As a photographer, I was swept up while recording a wild scene, where ecstatic fans ran amok in a shopping centre, after they got wind of a backdoor exit. Without devoted fans, fame withers away.
A: You focus on photography with the use of silk screen, paint and ink. What is it about this combination that interests you as an artist?
SG: It’s the transformative process of turning something digital into something I can touch. I use my digital camera as a journal, collecting a lot of photos. Sometimes certain images jump out for further inspection and transformation. I start sketching digitally on an iPad. Aferwards it becomes a large scale drawing made in Photoshop. Then I like to see my designs embossed on a surface. I’m drawn to silk screen, paint and ink because it allows repetition of motif and gives fast, simple colour changes that deliver a tactile hand finish. I’m not convinced by my work if it’s just on the flat surface of a digital print.
A: What issues in society do you attempt to expose through the satirical nature of your practice?
SG: To bring the underbelly of society to the surface. I want to follow up on interesting investigations forgotten by the press. From working in the media, I see that breaking a story can sometimes take over from a more thorough investigation. This in effect can kill off a story. On the flip-side, I draw to celebrate the eccentric dreamers. I believe good news and bad news should come in equal measures.
A: What are your key artistic influences, and how do you hope your work will evolve in the future?
SG: I’m influenced by headline news, ancient culture, criminal investigations and patterns in nature; combination of subjects that should keep me busy for many years to come. What I’m looking at now, is the way headline news is buried under less damaging but still sensational stories. I see a smoke-screen to protect the interests of another entity. Specifically I’m making a series on the mounting evidence of organ harvesting in China. Former Police Chief Wang Lijun, disguised as an elderly lady, attempted to seek sanctuary and entered a US Embassy in Chengdu. He ratted out his boss Bo Xilai, leaking all kinds of confidential information. Bo had tracked him down using Wang’s mobile phone and surrounded the Embassy. Wang was handed over and then debriefed. The story that rose to the top in the West was Bo Xilai’s wife, Gu Kalai murdering businessman Neil Heyward. This avoids the bigger picture. That being, both Bo and Wang Lijun were believed to be key pioneers and perpetrators in organ harvesting of prisoners of conscience such as Falun Gong and Tibetans. Their faction boss was former Chinese leader Jiang Zemin. I’m illustrating this from a book called The Slaughter – Mass killings, organ harvesting, and China’s secret solution to its dissident problem by Ethan Gutmann. Some stories involve a deeper investigation that doesn’t fit into a 24 hour news cycle. They get lost in the system. I want to help uncover and make sense of this story with macabre illustrations and fitting propaganda style slogans.
View more of Si’s work at www.sigross.com.
Follow us on Twitter @AestheticaMag for the latest news in contemporary art and culture.
1. Si Gross, Flowerclava II, 2015. Courtesy of the artist.
2. Si Gross, The Liz Gang, 2015. Courtesy of the artist.
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As Larry Quinlan, Global CIO, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited explains,
CIOs need the courage to make the investments that reduce technical debt — and the knowledge and the team to know where and when to make those investments.
Yet, despite the advances that give IT management proper visibility into the cost and quality of their application development, one issue still remains unresolved: accuratetechnical debt estimation. The issue resides in how technical debt is calculated and communicated to management.
In most cases, only the changes to the code itself were factored in, while the validation effort was left out. Meaning when management asked for the finished product, IT kept telling them they needed more time to validate the changes in the code so it didn’t break any standing features. This is frustrating to management, who use estimation to plan future projects, manage resources, and dictate budgets.
Past estimations also didn’t take into account the size of an application, its interdependencies, and all the technologies connected to it. If you’re fixing a local violation in a line of code, it’s an easy fix. However, the order of magnitude to correct an issue increases tremendously when it involves multiple teams and technologies.
Split & sum remediation efforts to gain visibility
With so many variables, how can management ever get accurate estimates to address and reduce technical debt? How can they reduce the gap between estimation from development teams and the final cost for the defect correction delivery? It’s all about split and sum (split efforts into categories: code remediation, unit testing, integration testing and complete validation overhead – sum = sum of your efforts).
If development teams have structural quality tools that can be configured to model the cost of remediation and validation more accurately, they can generate realistic estimates of technical debt.
Validation effort, the underestimated part of debt
This is done by associating technical debt effort to each vulnerability identified, so each time a quality check is run, management receives a realistic estimate of the time to remediate and validate the code based off of past performance. For example, to correct a complex system-level defect, the code remediation effort would be 60 minutes, unit testing another 60 minutes, but integration testing and complete validation effort would more likely take hours, even days. Now management has a reliable, repeatable roadmap from which to make IT investment decisions.
This is great news for the industry, which up until this point viewed technical debt as an interesting notion, but far from an actionable metric. As a result development teams over-budgeted for new features, and under-budgeted code remediation and validation projects hoping that it all worked out in the end.
But that’s not the attitude data savvy CIOs can afford to have with shrinking IT budgets, and increased scrutiny from management and regulators.
Equipped with real-world estimates of technical debt — including the remediation and validation of code defects — management can proactively prepare their planning, resource management, and realistic budgets for future projects.
If your organization is interested in better understanding technical debt estimation, and other disruptive trends that are transforming business, government, and society in the next 18 to 24 months, download the Deloitte Tech Trends 2014, Inspiring Disruption:
“Technical debt is a way to understand the cost of code quality and the impacts of architectural issues. For IT to help drive business innovation, managing technical debt is a necessity. Legacy systems can constrain growth because they may not scale; because they may not be extensible into new scenarios like mobile or analytics; or because underlying performance and reliability issues may put the business at risk. But it’s not just legacy systems: New systems can incur technical debt even before they launch. Organizations should purposely reverse their debt to better support innovation and growth—and revamp their IT delivery models to minimize new debt creation.”
– Deloitte Tech Trends 2014
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<urn:uuid:ccce0231-38df-4452-aa7e-4513d14f6ccc>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://dzone.com/articles/technical-debt-management-only
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en
| 0.931813
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You need a Twister spinner that comes with the game and you need a space like a gym or fellowship hall.
You take one of the colors and tape it on the wall and so forth with the rest of the colors on the Twister board (one wall is red, one is blue, one is green and the final wall is yellow). You have all of the students stand in the middle of the room and you spin the spinner and yell out, for example, “right foot green” and they need to run to the green wall and place their right foot on the wall and the last one to make it to the wall is out.
Go until one individual wins and play and play again until your students are tired. It’s a great game and good way to tire out the students. Our students really have really enjoyed this game.Read more
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<urn:uuid:61ec5c7e-de6a-42c6-89ae-e3bc72d56f89>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://egadideas.com/author/elimjustin/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00068.warc.gz
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en
| 0.96517
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| 1.734375
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WASHINGTON — The economic and societal harm from motor vehicle crashes amounted to a whopping $871 billion in a single year, according to a study released today by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
The study examined the economic toll of car and truck crashes in 2010, when 32,999 people were killed, 3.9 million injured and 24 million vehicles damaged. Those deaths and injuries were similar to other recent years.
Of the total price tag, $277 billion was attributed to economic costs — nearly $900 for every person living in the U.S. that year. Harm from loss of life, pain and decreased quality of life due to injuries was pegged at $594 billion.
The safety agency produces such calculations about once a decade.
“While the economic and societal costs of crashes are staggering, today’s report clearly demonstrates that investments in safety are worth every penny used to reduce frequency and severity of these tragic events,” Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx said in a statement.
The study comes as Foxx is pressing Congress to increase the amount the government can fine automakers for safety violations.
These penalties currently are capped at $35 million. Foxx is urging that the lid be increased to $300 million, and some senators have endorsed eliminated the limit entirely.
The study cites several behavioral factors that contributed to the enormous price tag, including drunk driving, speeding, and distracted driving.
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<urn:uuid:43f6cc92-b210-4f68-b0d1-2109825f5870>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.butlereagle.com/article/20140528/NEWS12/705299841
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en
| 0.966722
| 284
| 2.203125
| 2
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Ithumba has received a lot of rain during the course of the month which has seen many of the natural waterholes, as well as all the cracks and crevices, being filled with fresh clear rain water. The Orphans have had a lovely time slipping and sliding in the water soaked earth and have often forgone their usual mudbath in favour of one of the many natural ones found along the way. The Tsavo landscape has transformed into a lush green haven and the orphans have been spoilt for choice of places to browse. The abundance of vegetation and water means that even the wild elephants have ample places to feed and quench their thirst and as such they have not been visiting the Stockade water trough as the did during the drought when it was not unusual for large groups of wild elephants to visit during the course of the day.
Kora and Lualeni continue to enjoy spending time out with Wendi’s group. On the 6th Naserian also took the plunge and spent her first night away from the safety of the stockade in the company of Wendi’s group. This has left the milk dependent group with three males and five females, one of whom will eventually take over Naserians’ Matriarchal duties.
Yatta’s Group has been rejoined by Mgeni, after an absence of several months, and seems to have another wild bull in their midst who accompanied them to the Stockades on several occasions. Perhaps the newcomer is a friend of Mgeni’s.
On the 27th Yatta, Kinna, and Nasalot caused unrest in the young group as they tried to steal Meibai who is a favourite of Loijuks. The two are inseparable and are often found browsing next to one another. Yatta, Kinna, and Nasalot attempted to kidnap Meibai by surrounding him and cutting him off from Loijuk. She realized what was going on and tried to prevent them from taking Meibai but was pushed aside. Upon realizing she was out numbered Loijuk rumbled loudly calling for the Keepers assistance who came to the rescue and returned her precious “baby” to her.
Sian continues to be somewhat weaker than the rest of the group, and often chooses to avoid any rough play distancing herself from the others during mudbaths and other physical games. She is often the first to enter the mudwallow leaving as the others join in watching their antics from the sidelines. She is however feeding well and takes the lead when the orphans are on the move.
Kenze and Zurura, the older remaining bulls in the Junior Group, continue to engage one another in strength testing and pushing games. Meibai who is the youngest of the milk dependent group and much smaller than Kenze and Zurura wisely chooses to stay near the girls who love to baby him. On the 28th Kenze joined Naserian, Lualeni and Kora for a couple of hours before rejoining his group. On the 29th Naserian tried to entice Zurura to spend the night out but he was having none of it and is obviously not ready for such a big step.
On numerous occasions Makena has taken to leading the Junior Group home to the stockades in the evening and seems to enjoy being in this Matriarchal role which the older orphans do not seem to mind relinquishing to her.
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<urn:uuid:71ae9417-a90a-4cef-b904-ee0daa5014d9>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.sheldrickwildlifetrust.org/keepers-diaries/march-2010/ithumba-unit
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00068.warc.gz
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en
| 0.984709
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Advanced Security Audit Policy Settings
Updated: June 15, 2009
Applies To: Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012
This reference for provides information about one collection of auditing settings available in Windows operating systems beginning with Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 and the audit events that they generate.
The 53 security audit policy settings under Security Settings\Advanced Audit Policy Configuration can help your organization audit compliance with important business-related and security-related rules by tracking precisely defined activities, such as:
A group administrator has modified settings or data on servers that contain finance information.
An employee within a defined group has accessed an important file.
The correct system access control list (SACL) is applied to every file and folder or registry key on a computer or file share as a verifiable safeguard against undetected access.
These 53 settings allow you to select only the behaviors that you want to monitor and exclude audit results for behaviors that are of little or no concern to you, or behaviors that create an excessive number of log entries. In addition, because Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 security audit policy can be applied by using domain Group Policy, audit policy settings can be modified, tested, and deployed to selected users and groups with relative simplicity.
Audit policy settings under Security Settings\Advanced Audit Policy Configuration are available in the following categories:
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<urn:uuid:1b321ea9-489c-45f0-981c-40582fff556e>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd772712(WS.10).aspx
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00554-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.871313
| 282
| 1.578125
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Divorce courts mirror society as more women pay alimony
By Patricia Reaney
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Tables have turned in U.S. divorce courts with more women paying their former husbands alimony and child support than ever before, according to U.S. lawyers.
As women climb higher up the career ladder and outpace their exes in salary, when love goes wrong and marriages break up they are being compelled to contribute to the livelihood of their former spouses.
And some are not happy about it.
More than half, 56 percent, of divorce lawyers across the United States have seen an increase in mothers paying child support in the last three years and 47 percent have noted a hike in the number of women paying alimony, according to the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers.
"It shows that women have really moved up financially and that in many instances they are the major bread winners in a lot of families," said Alton Abramowitz, the president-elect of the academy.
"The glass ceiling has been pierced and more and more women have taken over the financial responsibilities and have been saddled with them as well. It is a fact of the way our society has evolved over the last number of years."
Abramowitz, who has been practicing law for 39 years, described the findings of the survey and the changed role of women in the workforce as a sea change.
In his graduating law school class of 135, there were just six women. Data from the Digest of Education Statistics show that the number of men and women receiving medical degrees in the U.S. is almost equal, unlike 1980 when only about a third of medical degrees were awarded to women. Continued...
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50 years have passed since an up-and-coming Pop provocateur named Andy Warhol sparked a minor scandal at the 1964 New York World’s Fair. As part of a prominent set of public commissions for the Philip Johnson-designed New York State Pavilion’s exterior, Warhol chose to enlarge mug shots from a NYPD booklet featuring the 13 most wanted criminals of 1962. Forming a chessboard of front and profile views, 13 Most Wanted Men was installed by April 15, 1964, and painted over by Fair officials’ direction with silver paint a few days later. When the Fair opened to the public, all that was visible was a large silver square. Later in the summer of 1964, Warhol produced another set of the Most Wanted Men paintings with the screens he had used to make the mural and nine of these are assembled in New York for the first time since their creation, forming the core of the 175 or so objects in the exhibition.
The exhibition takes Warhol’s 13 Most Wanted Men as its single subject, addressing its creation and destruction and placing it in its artistic and social context by combining art, documentation, and archival material. Parallel to the striking, somber Men canvases, materials in the exhibition are organized in strict chronological order so the viewer can appreciate the interrelations of underground and establishment; art, protest, and gay life; painting, sculpture, and film in a key year for Warhol; fine art and mainstream culture; and the lives and careers of the major players. A sampling of paintings and sculpture from that year; artists’ and photojournalists’ documentation of the Fair and of the Factory; and never-before-displayed materials from the Andy Warhol Museum archives unwind the mystery behind who ordered the painting-over of the Men and people and places that shaped the work and the incident.
Queens Museum Website
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How to Turn on a Bosch Gas Stove
Seasonal shutdowns and interruptions of hot water during repairs force the installation of water heaters. After installing the equipment, it is important to understand how to turn on the gas column. it depends on the type of construction. How to start the device correctly, read the article.
Each user should know the principle of operation of the equipment that is installed in his home. This ensures correct and safe operation.
The column consists of a metal casing and:
- gas unit;
- water node;
- radiator (heat exchanger);
- sensors monitoring work.
The principle of operation of all columns "Electrolux", "Neva", "Beretta" is the same:
- When turned on, water begins to flow into the system.
- Under pressure, the membrane stretches and opens the gas supply valve.
- The burner ignites and heats up the liquid that circulates through the heat exchanger.
- Combustion products are discharged through ventilation and a chimney.
It is believed that the installation of geysers in an apartment or house is not safe. So it was in the days of models with manual ignition. Today, manufacturers equip the equipment with sensors that monitor the presence of traction, water heating, to prevent an emergency. But still, do not neglect the safety rules.
If you smell gas:
- Shut off the gas supply immediately.
- Ventilate the room.
- Do not connect electrical appliances until the room is fully ventilated.
- Contact the gas service.
When you turn on an open speaker, this guide will help you:
- During installation, it is important to make ventilation.
- The appliance cannot be started if there is poor draft in the chimney or it is completely absent.
- The burner must not be left unattended.
- It is forbidden to make design changes yourself.
- It is not allowed to leave the valve open when the burner is not ignited.
Important! The transfer and reinstallation of equipment can only be performed by a specialist.
Before lighting an open column, be sure to check for traction. It will not be if the chimney is clogged with soot and debris. In this case, carbon monoxide can extinguish the burner and enter the room. The latest models of Bosch, Junkers, Vaillant are equipped with a security system. It disables the equipment or does not allow starting in the absence of traction.
To do a self-test, do this:
- Light a match or candle and bring it to the control window. The flame deflects. there is craving. Steady on. no.
- If there is no window, remove the casing of the device and bring the fire to the chimney. The result is described above.
It happens that everything is in order with the chimney, but there is no draft. The reason for this is the lack of natural ventilation in the room. If you have plastic windows installed, install a special ventilation valve.
There are several ways to light a gas column burner.
Used in rare instances of the old model. Not too convenient and safe.
- The faucet opens on the water pipe, which is connected to the column.
- The gas supply valve opens.
- The wick is fired using matches.
- The main fuel valve is turned on.
It is important that in this case the device will not turn off as soon as you close the tap. You need to disable it manually.
Semi-automatic device without batteries. To set the burner on fire, you need to get a spark. For this:
- Open the fuel supply.
- Press the piezo ignition key.
- After the wick ignites, set the desired values on the thermostat.
Do not forget to supply water to the system, otherwise the heat exchanger will burn out.
In a similar way, the Bosch device is launched:
- The supply of water and gas opens.
- The regulator on the case is set to the “On” position.
- Then it is translated to the pointer "Piezo ignition".
- After the contacts are activated, a spark is cut out.
- The start button is held with your finger until the flame flashes normally. Then released and set the required power.
The wick burns constantly. When the mixer is opened, the column starts heating. To turn off the burner, the regulator is set to the “Off” position.
The disadvantage of this system is the high fuel consumption with constant burner operation.
The latest models of Beretta, Ariston, Bosch and others are equipped with such ignition. Batteries are inserted into a special compartment. The gas valve opens. To operate it is enough to open the mixer. Then the batteries give a spark, ignition occurs.
A similar ignition is carried out with an installed water turbine. When the mixer is opened, water rotates the turbine, which generates electricity to ignite the burner. The disadvantage of such a system is that at reduced pressure in the line the turbine will not start or will give weak heating.
This starts the column. Observe safety during operation, and trust the installation to professionals.
How to ignite a Bosch Therm 4000 O WR 10/13 / 15.2 P.
The difference between these models is the amount of heated water per minute. A device equipped with piezo ignition is indicated by the letter P at the end of the name. Has the ability to adjust two parameters, water and combustion power. To turn on the column, you need to move the slider to the ignition position, drown it.
Press the piezo ignition button several times until a flame appears on the ignition burner. Wait ten seconds, release the slider and move it to the desired power position. When the slider moves to the right, the power increases, and to the left it decreases. The column is in standby mode all the time, if you need to get hot water, you just need to open the hot water valve.
When you need to turn it off, slide the slider all the way to the left. After a couple of seconds, the ignition flame will go out. Turn off the gas tap and water taps.
In the video below, see the inclusion instructions:
Therm 4000 S WTD 12/15/18 AM E23 / 31.
Open the gas valve and water valves. Connect the device to the power supply.
The set temperature of the water by the manufacturer is 42 degrees, this is the optimum temperature.
To turn on the device, you just need to press the power button and open the tap with hot water. To regulate the temperature, press the "" or "-" button and select the temperature you need. Until the temperature you have selected is reached, the display will flash.
If it does not reach this value within thirty seconds, the icon of the water tap is displayed on the monitor, which indicates the need to increase or decrease the water flow. If you press the P button, a programmed constant temperature of 42 degrees will appear. Setting the minimum temperature reduces energy consumption, and makes it possible to reduce the formation of limescale in the heat exchanger.
Video: How to Turn on a Bosch Gas Stove
But if you know how to turn on the column, but have encountered malfunctions (the flame goes out, it does not light up), then read this article, which describes the causes and methods for eliminating them.
When to turn on the column
It all depends on what type of gas water heater is installed. The instructions for use indicate:
Flowing gas water heaters, regardless of type, have a common drawback: time passes from the moment the DHW valve is opened to the supply of hot water to the user. It takes several minutes before heating to the set temperature.
Rules for turning on gas water heaters
When using the column, it is important to observe safety precautions. The ignition of the wick or main burner is carried out in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
- Modern speakers have several levels of protection and work mainly in automatic mode, without requiring special precautions. Ignition and switching on occurs when the hot water tap is opened.
- Problems and difficulties arise when using old speakers that need to be set on fire with matches or models with a built-in piezoelectric element.
How to turn on an old column with matches
There are two main types of water heaters that differ in the ignition device. All models, without exception, are equipped with an ignition wick that burns constantly. The first residents of the "Stalin" and "Khrushchev" had to use a column with levers. Later, water heaters with a built-in piezoelectric arsonist appeared.
Use an old-style gas column carefully. Failure to comply with the rules described in the operating instructions can cause an explosion, gas leakage and equipment failure. When switching on a gas-fired instantaneous water heater, the following rules must be observed:
Checking the presence of traction. before switching on, make sure that carbon dioxide can freely leave the room. Air circulation is checked using a strip of paper or a lit match.
A revision hole is provided in the column body. The sheet of paper brought to it should adhere to the body of the water heater. The flame tongue should draw into the hole.
It is not so difficult to light an old geyser. Shutdown is carried out in the reverse order. First, the main burner turns off, after which the water shuts off.
How to light a piezoelectric column
The classic speakers with control by means of levers were replaced by models with mechanical switches in the form of handles. The case provided for piezo-ignition of the wick, allowing you to ignite the gas column without matches. The ignition procedure is as follows:
- The solenoid valve is clamped. usually enough for 15-20 seconds, so that enough gas accumulates on the wick for ignition.
- It will take 2-3 times to press the piezoelectric element. With a correctly set and serviceable module, it is enough to “click” the piezoelectric element once to ignite the wick.
Further steps are the same as in the case of a column ignited by matches. If the piezoelectric element is faulty, ignition is carried out from matches.
How to light an electric ignition column
Those who used automatic gas flow and storage water heaters know that the user does not need to carry out complex manipulations, as is the case with old-style models. Automation is installed in modern gas water-heating equipment, which gives a signal to turn it on when the hot water tap is opened.
The spark appears due to the triggering of automatic ignition, operating on batteries or mains. Provided that the water heater is in good condition, a few seconds are enough to start the burner device and hot water will be supplied to the consumer.
Why the column turns on by itself
In each water heater, regardless of the year of manufacture, there is an automatics designed to prevent the device from igniting on its own. For this reason, situations where the gas column itself turns on without water are excluded. The water frog regulator is responsible for this.
If there is a spontaneous inclusion of a geyser without water, the problem may be that somewhere in the hot water pipe, possibly passing through the wall, a leak has occurred. After repairing the leak, the problem will disappear.
often, users are faced not with the fact that the column turns on by itself without water, but with the fact that after the crane is shut off, it continues to work. The reason lies in the diaphragm coarse from hard water located inside the water regulator. After turning off the hot water, the membrane is in no hurry to return to its place, continuing to press on the stem, which opens the gas supply. You can fix the problem by replacing the diaphragm.
Is it possible to turn on cold water when the column is working
Doing this categorically is not recommended for several reasons:
- Manufacturers prohibit the inclusion of cold and hot water at the same time, as explicitly stated in the operating instructions. It is necessary to initially set a comfortable temperature, which allows dispensing with a mixture. Opening the HVS tap affects heating and causes a quick failure of the water heater.
- The main reason why you can not turn on cold water when the gas column is working is that this disruption of operation leads to a rapid increase in scale in the heat exchanger.
For ease of use, modern automatic gas flow columns have a winter-summer mode. The function helps to quickly change the heating temperature and reduce gas consumption.
Do I need to turn off the column at night
It all depends on what kind of water heater is used. In columns with a constantly burning wick, such a measure is desirable. As a result of shutdown at night, gas consumption is significantly saved.
CO leakage is not related to the operation of the water heater, but to improper installation and violation of the operating rules. Experiencing that an accident may happen at night is not worth it. The technique is safe.
Under the conditions of operation of a gas instantaneous water heater with automatic ignition, it is not said that it is necessary to turn it off at night. Typically, the equipment has several degrees of protection against accidental ignition of the burner device.
Turning off the water heater is only necessary if there are obvious signs that indicate a breakdown: burner failure to turn off when the DHW valve is shut off, malfunctioning, manifested in a long turn on, the presence of pops and self-shutdown during water heating. In these cases, shut off the gas and call the emergency service.
There are many types of devices for heating water. But in most houses there are still Soviet units, the kindling of which requires certain knowledge. Turning them on is difficult. This is done using manual ignition, requiring maximum effort and attention.
Columns manufactured over the past few years have an automatic system and do not require special skills from the person operating them.
How to check traction
- Remove the front panel, take a small strip of paper and bring it as close as possible to the chimney. If he will tighten it, then there is a craving.
- Move the lit match to the inspection window. If it draws in flame, then this indicates the presence of traction.
How to Kindle a Column
Geysers with a closed chamber, easy to run. Things are more complicated with devices with an open camera. Before igniting the column, the igniter must be turned on.
The sequence of work on columns with piezo ignition is as follows:
- Turn the gas tap and press the manual piezo ignition button.
- Set the desired temperature of the produced water.
- Ensure that there is water in the heat exchanger.
The sequence of work with the electronic ignition of the column:
- Insert batteries in the hole.
- Open the hot water tap.
It is also necessary to eliminate the air plug (if any). To do this, several times in a row to kindle a gas column. The main thing is to comply with all recommendations and not allow the device to overheat.
Manual Ignition Method
Such a method of ignition is only on gas columns of the old model. In modern models, it is not used. Manual ignition of the column is done using matches. But before, the following manipulations are done:
- Turn the water tap connected to the column to the working position.
- Unscrew the valve responsible for the flow of fuel into the ignitor.
- Ignite the wick with a fired match.
- Start the main gas supply valve.
The disadvantage of such a column is that it is very difficult to use. Hot water will be only if it is lit by a person who knows how to do it right.
With piezo ignition
Columns operating with piezo ignition can be called a semiautomatic device. To ignite the wick located in the combustion chamber, simply press the button. As a result, a spark occurs that helps the filter catch fire. But this method of ignition requires compliance with certain conditions:
- First turn on the main fuel supply regulator, and only then light the main burner.
- Even when the regulator returns to its original position and the water is turned off, the filter will continue to light.
The disadvantage of this system is the significant use of fuel. The most popular models of geysers using piezo ignition are Bosch WR 10–2 P miniMAXX-2, Nevalux 5111, Junkers WR 10–2 P.
Such an ignition system is suitable for beginners who are afraid to ignite a gas column on their own. After all, the automatic mode allows you to do everything safely and easily. Modern manufacturers use the Hydropower system, which simplifies the launch of the device.
The model "Bosh Therm 2000 O" with the flow of water, activates the turbine. She is responsible for automatically starting the igniter system. the wick and the main burner.
Bosh Therm 2000 O and Bosh Therm 4000 O operate with batteries. But they periodically require replacement.
The Bosh AM1E model is made with a built-in digital panel showing all the alleged wrong actions.
But in such a convenient system there is a significant minus. Low water pressure negatively affects the normal functioning of the turbine. This leads to frequent breakdowns.
Before proceeding with the launch of any equipment, you should carefully read the operating instructions. This also applies to the gas column. Basically, they work on the same principle, but all of them should apply the following security measures:
- Perform regular maintenance and cleaning. This will lead to safe operation.
- To do the cleaning correctly, you need to find in the instructions for the unit a specific section on this topic.
- Monitor heat exchanger heating.
- Periodically check flue leads. Make sure that they do not clog.
- If any malfunctions are noticed, call the gas service immediately.
In no case can you fix the breakdown yourself.
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The REM will provide fast and direct service to Montréal-Trudeau Airport. It will take about 25 minutes to get there from downtown. This station is still under development by Aéroports de Montréal (ADM).
Type of station
YUL-Aéroport-Montréal-Trudeau station will be connected to the air terminal.
- Start of construction: Work is being carried out by ADM
- Depth of the station: 35 m
- Length of each platform: 80 m
- Universal accessibility to the station’s platforms via elevators
- Airport: Direct connection to the air terminal
- Kiss-and-ride: To be determined by ADM
Frequency once the network is fully commissioned
- Peak hours: 10 minutes
- Off-peak hours: 15 minutes
- Brossard: 43 minutes
- Central Station: 26 minutes
- McGill: 24 minutes
- Édouard-Montpetit: 21 minutes
- Anse-à-l’Orme: 31 minutes*
- Deux-Montagnes: 31 minutes*
*To get to this station, you must transfer at Bois-Franc station. We’ve added a conservative 10-minute connection time to our calculations.
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Sanjay Gangal is the President of IBSystems, the parent company of AECCafe.com, MCADCafe, EDACafe.Com, GISCafe.Com, and ShareCG.Com.
A House Of The Artist As A Young Man in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil by Arquitetura da Vila
February 1st, 2011 by Sanjay Gangal
The project is for the home of a young couple, in a terraced house constructed in the beginning of the 20th century, in Jardim Botanico, Rio de Janeiro, and aims at establishing harmony among the existing set, the interventions made, and the environment, preserving the guidelines of its historical heritage. The goal was to fulfill the needs of its future residents. The factory-hand terraced houses form a set of 8 houses with practically the same kind of occupation of the allotment [50%] and dimensions of [4.5m o- façade per 18m -depth]. It is a preserved area by the historical heritage, and definitions draw the guidelines for the project. Firstly, the volumetric analysis and characteristics of the existing set of houses should be maintained, formed by the main façade towards the street [preserving the proportions and existing voids], the roof in ceramic tile, and the internal façade [which can be altered for new interspaces, but preserving the original structure].
Furthermore, the guidelines for occupation of the allotment establish that: if there is forecast of a new floor within the original set, the paving-stone has to follow a minimum distance of the main façade; a non-constructed area corresponding to 20% of the total allotment shall be maintained; and, if there is a new structure, it shall be apart from the original set.
As of these conditions, it was possible to establish the premises for space distribution, in order to obtain a better relation among all ambiences of the house. This insight becomes clearer through the diagram beside, where darker areas represent horizontal closings [floors] and vertical [walls] of each floor, and lighter areas represent the voids, interconnected by the floors [lower floor, catwalk level and terrace]. This reading, which primarily conveys the idea of a division in four linear-shaped almost equal squares, in fact represents a greater integration among ambiences, mainly shown by the voids created. There is a gradual occupation of the spaces, in each floor, where the ground floor bears a bigger area of occupancy, which becomes smaller throughout the other two floors; the idea was that the voids become present without having a physical and limited definition of each space.
Spaces are defined by voids, as in the double-height of the living room, going over to the mezzanine, as in the prism of the inner courtyard, which relates to all ambiences, even if non-edified areas; the void space enables the insight that there is, in fact, the occupation of these areas, evidencing their interconnection. This is shown in closings used and in the opening of windows and doors facing voids, as the master bedroom window, opening towards the emptiness of the living room, and the windows and doors to the inner courtyard, dynamically allowing a significant diversity of the relation and occupation of ambiences. This continuity occurs even when there is partial delimitation of ambiences, either by the small difference in levels, as in going from the living room to the pantry, or by the change of materials.
SPACES AND USES
The second floor, with intimate ambiences of the house, shelters the master bedroom, erected in the mezzanine, in the original volume, and the home-office, in the back. Both rooms with floor-to-ceiling doors and windows, facing the courtyard, and the master bedroom also bears a window facing the living-room double-height ceiling.
The terrace, in the new construction, houses some elements of infrastructure, being also a great leisure area, enabling the enjoyment of the beautiful surroundings shaped by the Botanical Garden and by Christ the Redeemer.
Contact Arquitetura da Vila
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Cinema 4D: Animate Growing Foliage with X-Particles
Here's an excerpt from Rob Redman's tutorial:
Modelling a static plant that has the appearance of having grown in situ isn’t too hard, but creating a rig that will animate that growth is a little more complicated. Of course, the system that I’ll show you here for creating plant and foliage 3D art can be used and frozen to generate static plants too, and there is something to be said for using this method. As it’s procedural, it means you can adapt and iterate, using settings to create endless variations, rather than having to manually adjust vertices.
So how can it be done? You could use any number of tools, but in my opinion, the best tool for the job is X-Particles, which has a huge number of useful tools and options for you to play with.
Posted by Kim Sternisha
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These reflections on the Eucharist range from deep theological consideration to practical advice on the imperative of living the Mass through consistency between worship and daily living. Some given as homilies, others published in such journals as Irish Theological Quarterly, the reflections were prepared and refined over many years of Cardinal Daly’s life as a priest, bishop and cardinal.
Cardinal Daly, who died in 2009, was a theological and spiritual giant whose published work included learned philosophical books, his thoughts on peace and violence in Ireland and his insights into moral issues. During the months before his death, an abiding desire of the Cardinal was that the theological reflections contained in this new book be published in advance of the Eucharistic Congress in Ireland in 2012.
Cardinal Cahal Daly
Over a cup of tea following a school function one evening some years ago the late Cardinal Daly remarked to me that ‘there is no one quite as dead as a dead bishop!’ I cannot be certain whom the Cardinal had in mind but thanks largely to his great written legacy it seems likely that his own ministry will live on for some time to come. Shortly before his death in 2009 he had already been thinking ahead to the forthcoming Eucharistic Congress and had prepared a number of theological reflections which he desired to be published beforehand.
Thanks to the editorial skills of Gemma Loughran (the literary executrix of his estate ) Bread of Life: Reflections on the Eucharist is now to hand as Dr Daly wished. Six chapters over almost one hundred pages offer a rich resource for prayer, contemplation and understanding of this central mystery of the Catholic faith. Included also is practical advice on how to integrate the Sunday act of worship with the world of work and daily living. This is a particularly apt, erudite publication on the eve of the Congress from the pen of one whose life and thought was devoted to celebration of the Eucharist.
- Fr Paul Clayton-LeaClogherhead, Co Louth
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The convenors of Voices against Bigotry (VAB) have called on the Turnbull government to refuse to issue a visa to anti-Muslim Netherlands politician Geert Wilders. The VAB network was established by academic researcher Susie Latham and Human Rights Professor Linda Briskman to challenge increasing Islamophobia in Australia. “Through demonising the Muslim community, the Abbott government rolled out the red carpet for far-right political extremism,” said Susie Latham. “If the Turnbull government is serious about leaving this era behind, it should not allow Wilders into this country to incite hate against Muslims and sow division in our community.”
Wilders is on the Department of Immigration’s Movement Alert List which lists applicants of potential risk to the Australian community. Under Australian law, visitors who intend to incite discord or vilify part of the Australian community can have their visa refused.
The purpose of Wilders’ visit to Australia is to launch a new anti-Muslim political party that advocates policies that discriminate against Muslims including: banning permanent residency for visa applicants from 57 countries with significant Muslim populations (unless they come from a persecuted non-Muslim minority), imposing severe restrictions on mosques and Islamic schools and prohibiting face coverings in public.
Wilders has declared that Islam is not a religion, but the “greatest sickness we've had during the last century” and the “ideology of a retarded culture.” He says he does not hate Muslims, but has advocated for: Muslim immigrants being paid to leave the Netherlands, a tax on women who wear headscarves and an end to Muslim immigration. He has called Moroccans, who constitute a significant proportion of Muslims in the Netherlands, “scum” and promised an audience he had asked if they wanted fewer Moroccans that he would “take care of that.” He is currently being prosecuted for discrimination and hate speech in his homeland as a result.
Wilders was a guest of honor at the Texas Mahommad cartoon drawing competition organised by fellow Islamophobe Pamela Geller, after which two Islamic extremists who attacked it were shot dead by police. He agreed to attend a similar competition in London before it was cancelled due to security concerns and aired the Texas cartoons on Dutch television.
Professor Briskman said, “By any objective measure Wilders fails the character test. We urge the Turnbull government to refuse his visa, just as it has recently refused visas to those who hold similarly offensive views.”
Voices against Bigotry
P: 0412 641 695
M: 0412 641 695
Linda BriskmanW: www.voicesagainstbigotry.org
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Seneca Valley School District Haine, Rowan students in 'Recycle Bowl'
While the Ravens and 49ers will test the weight of their teams in the Super Bowl next week, students from the Seneca Valley School District will be testing the weight of recycled garbage for the Recycle-Bowl — a competition between schools to see who can gather the most recyclables.
Students on the “Green Team” from Haine Middle School — a group organized to promote waste reduction by Allison Stebbins, the fifth grade purpose teacher — spend time one day a week going through 40 classrooms collecting garbage.
Pennsylvania's statewide competition will only be judged based on results from a four-week period starting in October of last year when the students gathered about 3,100 pounds of recyclable material. Winners will receive $1,000 and be entered to participate in a national competition with a grand prize of $2,500 awarded to the winning school. The winners of the Pennsylvania competition will be revealed in early February.
The administration and the students wanted to continue the project past the dates of the statewide initiative and sustained the competition between Rowan Elementary and Haine Middle School.
Every two weeks the classroom that collected the most will receive the “Golden Can” signed by their teacher.
The classroom with the most signatures by Earth Day in April will win a field trip, possibly to a recycling plant so students can see what happens to their gatherings.
“The kids are really competitive,” said Steve Smith, superintendent at Haine Middle School, who is proud of the way the students have really taken an interest in this project.
“They're very passionate about it,” he said. “You (even) hear them at lunchtime talking about it.”
He said that the ultimate goal is to have the cafeteria included in this project where approximately 1,400 students visit each day.
This goal might not be too far off as recycling gains interest with the students and the recycling bins start to fill up more quickly.
“The kids walking down the hall, they really make a conscious effort (to recycle),” Smith said.
The project's values have transferred from outside the school walls where parents have said that their family has begun to recycle due to the work that's being done at their child's school.
“This is something where the adults are looking at the kids and we're learning from the kids,” Smith said.
Matt DeFusco is an intern with Trib Total Media
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Redevelopment of three housing estates including the demolition of more than 1,000 homes could see the creation of a further 950 households, raising fears social housing will be marginalised to promote high end accommodation.
Circle Housing Merton Priory (CHMP) took control of Merton Council’s housing stock in 2010 and announced plans to completely redevelop High Path, Eastfields, and Ravensbury estates last November, following a summer consultation process with residents.
Residents were given a questionnaire in the summer with general questions about who they are and what they would like to see on their estate.
Further consultation included informal exhibitions and workshops, though residents have complained these were often held during working hours.
In November residents received notice their homes could be knocked down and rebuilt, leaving owners the option of shared ownership or being bought out by CHMP, while social tenants will have to be rehoused during the process.
The Guardian has learned, from information in a job advert for an independent residents advisor to be appointed by CHMP in May with an annual salary of up to £100,000, the company could increase the number of homes from 1,300 to 2,250 across the estates.
This figure has never been mentioned to residents of the three estates.
A spokesman for CHMP said: “The total number of new homes will in part be determined by the design stage work so no figures have been fixed.
"We arrived at this 2,250 figure based on existing planning policy for the areas which anticipates future growth.”
In the job description CHMP said the new homes will include properties for open market sale, market rent, affordable renting, shared ownership and shared equity.
There is no guarantee the total number of homes for social renting will excede current levels.
The news comes after Eastfield Residents Assocaition (ERA) complained the summer consultation was misleading and did not properly address the future of their estate.
Sally Pannifex, chairwoman of ERA said: “It certainly did not attempt to convey the gravity of regeneration or ask residents if they were happy to have their homes demolished and to endure a decade of disruption and uncertainty waiting to be decanted into a ‘better’ home.”
Paul Grant, ERA member who has lived at Eastfields for 12 years, said: “I feel that if there is to be regeneration of our community then it must be planned by our community for the benefit of our community and that absolutely no-one should profit at our expense.”
Paul Quinn, director of regeneration at CHMP, said: “We would like to reassure residents that our consultation with local people is still ongoing.
"A vital part of this next phase will be to understand residents’ needs and offer choices to those involved.
“Merton Council would also need to approve any plans, so there is a long way to go.”
Architects have already been hired to redesign the three estates in consultation with residents from May to December this year.
CHMP said a residents’ vote on whether the regeneration should go ahead at all would not be appropriate given the “long-term” nature of the regeneration and “diverse needs” of residents.
Merton Council declined to comment.
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Update: Good Vibrations by Radovan Semančík. Lot's of interesting questions about how Wave works, scalability, security, RESTyness, and so on.
Google Wave is a new communication and collaboration platform based on hosted XML documents (called waves) supporting concurrent modifications and low-latency updates. This platform enables people to communicate and work together in new, convenient and effective ways. We will offer these benefits to users of Google Wave and we also want to share them with everyone else by making waves an open platform that everybody can share. We welcome others to run wave servers and become wave providers, for themselves or as services for their users, and to "federate" waves, that is, to share waves with each other and with Google Wave. In this way users from different wave providers can communicate and collaborate using shared waves. We are introducing the Google Wave Federation Protocol for federating waves between wave providers on the Internet.
Here are the initial white papers that are available to complement the Google Wave Federation Protocol:
- Google Wave Federation Architecture
- Google Wave Data Model and Client-Server Protocol
- Google Wave Operational Transform
- General Verifiable Federation
The Google Wave APIs are documented here.
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A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure difference is produced between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blade, and a fluid (such as air or water) is accelerated behind the blade. Propeller dynamics, like those of aircraft wings, can be modelled by either or both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law. A marine propeller of this type is sometimes colloquially known as a screw propeller or screw, however there is a different class of propellers known as cycloidal propellers - they are characterized by the higher propulsive efficiency averaging 0.72 compared to the screw propellers average of 0.6 and the ability to throw thrust in any direction at any time. Their disadvantages are higher mechanical complexity and higher cost.
- 1 History
- 2 Propeller theory
- 3 Types of marine propellers
- 4 Protection of small engines
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 External links
The principle employed in using a screw propeller is used in sculling. It is part of the skill of propelling a Venetian gondola but was used in a less refined way in other parts of Europe and probably elsewhere. For example, propelling a canoe with a single paddle using a "pitch stroke" or side slipping a canoe with a "scull" involves a similar technique. In China, sculling, called "lu", was also used by the 3rd century AD.
In sculling, a single blade is moved through an arc, from side to side taking care to keep presenting the blade to the water at the effective angle. The innovation introduced with the screw propeller was the extension of that arc through more than 360° by attaching the blade to a rotating shaft. Propellers can have a single blade, but in practice there are nearly always more than one so as to balance the forces involved.
The origin of the screw propeller starts with Archimedes, who used a screw to lift water for irrigation and bailing boats, so famously that it became known as Archimedes' screw. It was probably an application of spiral movement in space (spirals were a special study of Archimedes) to a hollow segmented water-wheel used for irrigation by Egyptians for centuries. Leonardo da Vinci adopted the principle to drive his theoretical helicopter, sketches of which involved a large canvas screw overhead.
In 1784, J. P. Paucton proposed a gyrocopter-like aircraft using similar screws for both lift and propulsion. At about the same time, James Watt proposed using screws to propel boats, although he did not use them for his steam engines. This was not his own invention, though; Toogood and Hays had patented it a century earlier, and it had become a common use as a means of propelling boats since that time.
By 1827, Czech-Austrian inventor Josef Ressel had invented a screw propeller which had multiple blades fastened around a conical base. He had tested his propeller in February 1826 on a small ship that was manually driven. He was successful in using his bronze screw propeller on an adapted steamboat (1829). His ship "Civetta" with 48 gross register tons, reached a speed of about six knots (11 km/h). This was the first ship successfully driven by an Archimedes screw-type propeller. After a new steam engine had an accident (cracked pipe weld) his experiments were banned by the Austro-Hungarian police as dangerous. Josef Ressel was at the time a forestry inspector for the Austrian Empire. But before this he received an Austro-Hungarian patent (license) for his propeller (1827). He died in 1857. This new method of propulsion was an improvement over the paddlewheel as it was not so affected by either ship motions or changes in draft as the vessel burned coal.
John Patch, a mariner in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia developed a two-bladed, fan-shaped propeller in 1832 and publicly demonstrated it in 1833, propelling a row boat across Yarmouth Harbour and a small coastal schooner at Saint John, New Brunswick, but his patent application in the United States was rejected until 1849 because he was not an American citizen. His efficient design drew praise in American scientific circles but by this time there were multiple competing versions of the marine propeller.
Although there was much experimentation with screw propulsion until the 1830s, few of these inventions were pursued to the testing stage, and those that were, proved unsatisfactory for one reason or another.
In 1835, two inventors in Britain, John Ericsson and Francis Pettit Smith, began working separately on the problem. Smith was first to take out a screw propeller patent on 31 May, while Ericsson, a gifted Swedish engineer then working in Britain, filed his patent six weeks later. Smith quickly built a small model boat to test his invention, which was demonstrated first on a pond at his Hendon farm, and later at the Royal Adelaide Gallery of Practical Science in London, where it was seen by the Secretary of the Navy, Sir William Barrow. Having secured the patronage of a London banker named Wright, Smith then built a 30-foot, 6-horsepower canal boat of six tons burthen called the Francis Smith, which was fitted with a wooden propeller of his own design and demonstrated on the Paddington Canal from November 1836 to September 1837. By a fortuitous accident, the wooden propeller of two turns was damaged during a voyage in February 1837, and to Smith's surprise the broken propeller, which now consisted of only a single turn, doubled the boat's previous speed, from about four miles an hour to eight. Smith would subsequently file a revised patent in keeping with this accidental discovery.
In the meantime, Ericsson built a 45-foot screw propelled steamboat, Francis B. Ogden in 1837, and demonstrated his boat on the River Thames to senior members of the British Admiralty, including Surveyor of the Navy Sir William Symonds. In spite of the boat achieving a speed of 10 miles an hour, comparable with that of existing paddle steamers, Symonds and his entourage were unimpressed. The Admiralty maintained the view that screw propulsion would be ineffective in ocean-going service, while Symonds himself believed that screw propelled ships could not be steered efficiently. Following this rejection, Ericsson built a second, larger screw-propelled boat, the Robert F. Stockton, and had her sailed in 1839 to the United States, where he was soon to gain fame as the designer of the U.S. Navy's first screw-propelled warship, USS Princeton.
Apparently aware of the Navy's view that screw propellers would prove unsuitable for seagoing service, Smith determined to prove this assumption wrong. In September 1837, he took his small vessel (now fitted with an iron propeller of a single turn) to sea, steaming from Blackwall, London to Hythe, Kent, with stops at Ramsgate, Dover and Folkestone. On the way back to London on the 25th, Smith's craft was observed making headway in stormy seas by officers of the Royal Navy. The Admiralty's interest in the technology was revived, and Smith was encouraged to build a full size ship to more conclusively demonstrate the technology's effectiveness.
Archimedes had considerable influence on ship development, encouraging the adoption of screw propulsion by the Royal Navy, in addition to her influence on commercial vessels. Trials with Smith's SS Archimedes led to the famous tug-of-war competition in 1845 between the screw-driven HMS Rattler and the paddle steamer HMS Alecto; the former pulling the latter backward at 2.5 knots (4.6 km/h).
She also had a direct influence on the design of another innovative vessel, Isambard Kingdom Brunel's SS Great Britain, then the world's largest ship and the first screw-propelled steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean in 1845. Propeller design stabilized in the 1880s.
The twisted aerofoil shape of modern aircraft propellers was pioneered by the Wright brothers. While some earlier engineers had attempted to model air propellers on marine propellers, the Wrights realized that a propeller is essentially the same as a wing, and were able to use data from their earlier wind tunnel experiments on wings. They also introduced a twist along the length of the blades. This was necessary to ensure the angle of attack of the blades was kept relatively constant along their length. Their original propeller blades were only about 5% less efficient than the modern equivalent, some 100 years later. The understanding of low speed propeller aerodynamics was fairly complete by the 1920s, but later requirements to handle more power in smaller diameter have made the problem more complex.
Alberto Santos Dumont, another early pioneer, applied the knowledge he gained from experiences with airships to make a propeller with a steel shaft and aluminium blades for his 14 bis biplane. Some of his designs used a bent aluminium sheet for blades, thus creating an airfoil shape. They were heavily undercambered, and this plus the absence of lengthwise twist made them less efficient than the Wright propellers. Even so, this was perhaps the first use of aluminium in the construction of an airscrew.
In the second half of the nineteenth century, several theories were developed. The momentum theory or disk actuator theory—a theory describing a mathematical model of an ideal propeller—was developed by W.J.M. Rankine (1865), Alfred George Greenhill (1888) and R.E. Froude (1889). The propeller is modelled as an infinitely thin disc, inducing a constant velocity along the axis of rotation. This disc creates a flow around the propeller. Under certain mathematical premises of the fluid, there can be extracted a mathematical connection between power, radius of the propeller, torque and induced velocity. Friction is not included.
The blade element theory (BET) is a mathematical process originally designed by William Froude (1878), David W. Taylor (1893) and Stefan Drzewiecki to determine the behaviour of propellers. It involves breaking an airfoil down into several small parts then determining the forces on them. These forces are then converted into accelerations, which can be integrated into velocities and positions.
Theory of operation
1) Trailing edge
6) Leading edge
A propeller is the most common propulsor on ships, imparting momentum to a fluid which causes a force to act on the ship.
The ideal efficiency of any size propeller (free-tip) is that of an actuator disc in an ideal fluid. An actual marine propeller is made up of sections of helicoidal surfaces which act together 'screwing' through the water (hence the common reference to marine propellers as "screws"). Three, four, or five blades are most common in marine propellers, although designs which are intended to operate at reduced noise will have more blades. The blades are attached to a boss (hub), which should be as small as the needs of strength allow - with fixed-pitch propellers the blades and boss are usually a single casting.
An alternative design is the controllable-pitch propeller (CPP, or CRP for controllable-reversible pitch), where the blades are rotated normally to the drive shaft by additional machinery - usually hydraulics - at the hub and control linkages running down the shaft. This allows the drive machinery to operate at a constant speed while the propeller loading is changed to match operating conditions. It also eliminates the need for a reversing gear and allows for more rapid change to thrust, as the revolutions are constant. This type of propeller is most common on ships such as tugs where there can be enormous differences in propeller loading when towing compared to running free, a change which could cause conventional propellers to lock up as insufficient torque is generated. The downsides of a CPP/CRP include: the large hub which decreases the torque required to cause cavitation, the mechanical complexity which limits transmission power and the extra blade shaping requirements forced upon the propeller designer.
For smaller motors there are self-pitching propellers. The blades freely move through an entire circle on an axis at right angles to the shaft. This allows hydrodynamic and centrifugal forces to 'set' the angle the blades reach and so the pitch of the propeller.
A propeller that turns clockwise to produce forward thrust, when viewed from aft, is called right-handed. One that turns anticlockwise is said to be left-handed. Larger vessels often have twin screws to reduce heeling torque, counter-rotating propellers, the starboard screw is usually right-handed and the port left-handed, this is called outward turning. The opposite case is called inward turning. Another possibility is contra-rotating propellers, where two propellers rotate in opposing directions on a single shaft, or on separate shafts on nearly the same axis. Contra-rotating propellers offer increased efficiency by capturing the energy lost in the tangential velocities imparted to the fluid by the forward propeller (known as "propeller swirl"). The flow field behind the aft propeller of a contra-rotating set has very little "swirl", and this reduction in energy loss is seen as an increased efficiency of the aft propeller.
An azimuthing propeller is a propeller that turns around the vertical axis. The individual airfoil-shaped blades turn as the propeller moves so that they are always generating lift in the vessel's direction of movement. This type of propeller can reverse or change its direction of thrust very quickly.
Fixed-wing aircraft are also subject to the P-factor effect, in which a rotating propeller will yaw an aircraft slightly to one side because the relative wind it produces is asymmetrical. It is particularly noticeable when climbing, but is usually simple to compensate for with the aircraft's rudder. A more serious situation can exist if a multi-engine aircraft loses power to one of its engines, in particular the one which is positioned on the side that enhances the P-factor. This power plant is called the Critical engine and its loss will require more control compensation by the pilot.
Marine propeller cavitation
Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles in water near a moving propeller blade in regions of low pressure due to Bernoulli's principle. It can occur if an attempt is made to transmit too much power through the screw, or if the propeller is operating at a very high speed. Cavitation can waste power, create vibration and wear, and cause damage to the propeller. It can occur in many ways on a propeller. The two most common types of propeller cavitation are suction side surface cavitation and tip vortex cavitation.
Suction side surface cavitation forms when the propeller is operating at high rotational speeds or under heavy load (high blade lift coefficient). The pressure on the upstream surface of the blade (the "suction side") can drop below the vapor pressure of the water, resulting in the formation of a vapor pocket. Under such conditions, the change in pressure between the downstream surface of the blade (the "pressure side") and the suction side is limited, and eventually reduced as the extent of cavitation is increased. When most of the blade surface is covered by cavitation, the pressure difference between the pressure side and suction side of the blade drops considerably, as does the thrust produced by the propeller. This condition is called "thrust breakdown". Operating the propeller under these conditions wastes energy, generates considerable noise, and as the vapor bubbles collapse it rapidly erodes the screw's surface due to localized shock waves against the blade surface.
Tip vortex cavitation is caused by the extremely low pressures formed at the core of the tip vortex. The tip vortex is caused by fluid wrapping around the tip of the propeller; from the pressure side to the suction side. This video demonstrates tip vortex cavitation. Tip vortex cavitation typically occurs before suction side surface cavitation and is less damaging to the blade, since this type of cavitation doesn't collapse on the blade, but some distance downstream.
Cavitation can be used as an advantage in design of very high performance propellers, in form of the supercavitating propeller. In this case, the blade section is designed such that the pressure side stays wetted while the suction side is completely covered by cavitation vapor. Because the suction side is covered with vapor instead of water it encounters very low viscous friction, making the supercavitating (SC) propeller comparably efficient at high speed. The shaping of SC blade sections however, make it inefficient at low speeds, when the suction side of the blade is wetted. (See also fluid dynamics).
A similar, but quite separate issue, is ventilation, which occurs when a propeller operating near the surface draws air into the blades, causing a similar loss of power and shaft vibration, but without the related potential blade surface damage caused by cavitation. Both effects can be mitigated by increasing the submerged depth of the propeller: cavitation is reduced because the hydrostatic pressure increases the margin to the vapor pressure, and ventilation because it is further from surface waves and other air pockets that might be drawn into the slipstream.
The blade profile of propellers designed to operate in a ventilated condition is often not of an aerofoil section and is a blunt ended taper instead. These are often known as "chopper" type propellers.
Forces acting on a foil
The force (F) experienced by a foil is determined by its area (A), fluid density (ρ), velocity (V) and the angle of the foil to the fluid flow, called angle of attack (), where:
The force has two parts - that normal to the direction of flow is lift (L) and that in the direction of flow is drag (D). Both can be expressed mathematically:
Each coefficient is a function of the angle of attack and Reynolds number. As the angle of attack increases lift rises rapidly from the no lift angle before slowing its increase and then decreasing, with a sharp drop as the stall angle is reached and flow is disrupted. Drag rises slowly at first and as the rate of increase in lift falls and the angle of attack increases drag increases more sharply.
For a given strength of circulation (), . The effect of the flow over and the circulation around the aerofoil is to reduce the velocity over the face and increase it over the back of the blade. If the reduction in pressure is too much in relation to the ambient pressure of the fluid, cavitation occurs, bubbles form in the low pressure area and are moved towards the blade's trailing edge where they collapse as the pressure increases, this reduces propeller efficiency and increases noise. The forces generated by the bubble collapse can cause permanent damage to the surfaces of the blade.
Taking an arbitrary radial section of a blade at r, if revolutions are N then the rotational velocity is . If the blade was a complete screw it would advance through a solid at the rate of NP, where P is the pitch of the blade. In water the advance speed is rather lower, , the difference, or slip ratio, is:
where is the advance coefficient, and is the pitch ratio.
The forces of lift and drag on the blade, dA, where force normal to the surface is dL:
These forces contribute to thrust, T, on the blade:
From this total thrust can be obtained by integrating this expression along the blade. The transverse force is found in a similar manner:
Substituting for and multiplying by r, gives torque as:
which can be integrated as before.
The total thrust power of the propeller is proportional to and the shaft power to . So efficiency is . The blade efficiency is in the ratio between thrust and torque:
showing that the blade efficiency is determined by its momentum and its qualities in the form of angles and , where is the ratio of the drag and lift coefficients.
This analysis is simplified and ignores a number of significant factors including interference between the blades and the influence of tip vortices.
Thrust and torque
The thrust, T, and torque, Q, depend on the propeller's diameter, D, revolutions, N, and rate of advance, , together with the character of the fluid in which the propeller is operating and gravity. These factors create the following non-dimensional relationship:
where is a function of the advance coefficient, is a function of the Reynolds' number, and is a function of the Froude number. Both and are likely to be small in comparison to under normal operating conditions, so the expression can be reduced to:
For two identical propellers the expression for both will be the same. So with the propellers , and using the same subscripts to indicate each propeller:
For both Froude number and advance coefficient:
where is the ratio of the linear dimensions.
Thrust and velocity, at the same Froude number, give thrust power:
When a propeller is added to a ship its performance is altered; there is the mechanical losses in the transmission of power; a general increase in total resistance; and the hull also impedes and renders non-uniform the flow through the propeller. The ratio between a propeller's efficiency attached to a ship () and in open water () is termed relative rotative efficiency.
The overall propulsive efficiency (an extension of effective power ()) is developed from the propulsive coefficient (), which is derived from the installed shaft power () modified by the effective power for the hull with appendages (), the propeller's thrust power (), and the relative rotative efficiency.
- / = hull efficiency =
- / = propeller efficiency =
- / = relative rotative efficiency =
- / = shaft transmission efficiency
Producing the following:
The terms contained within the brackets are commonly grouped as the quasi-propulsive coefficient (, ). The is produced from small-scale experiments and is modified with a load factor for full size ships.
Wake is the interaction between the ship and the water with its own velocity relative to the ship. The wake has three parts: the velocity of the water around the hull; the boundary layer between the water dragged by the hull and the surrounding flow; and the waves created by the movement of the ship. The first two parts will reduce the velocity of water into the propeller, the third will either increase or decrease the velocity depending on whether the waves create a crest or trough at the propeller.
Types of marine propellers
One type of marine propeller is the controllable-pitch propeller. This propeller has several advantages with ships. These advantages include: the least drag depending on the speed used, the ability to move the sea vessel backwards, and the ability to use the "vane"-stance, which gives the least water resistance when not using the propeller (e.g. when the sails are used instead).
An advanced type of propeller used on German Type 212 submarines is called a skewback propeller. As in the scimitar blades used on some aircraft, the blade tips of a skewback propeller are swept back against the direction of rotation. In addition, the blades are tilted rearward along the longitudinal axis, giving the propeller an overall cup-shaped appearance. This design preserves thrust efficiency while reducing cavitation, and thus makes for a quiet, stealthy design.
A modular propeller provides more control over the boat's performance. There is no need to change an entire prop, when there is an opportunity to only change the pitch or the damaged blades. Being able to adjust pitch will allow for boaters to have better performance while in different altitudes, water sports, and/or cruising.
Protection of small engines
For smaller engines, such as outboards, where the propeller is exposed to the risk of collision with heavy objects, the propeller often includes a device that is designed to fail when overloaded; the device or the whole propeller is sacrificed so that the more expensive transmission and engine are not damaged.
Typically in smaller (less than 10 hp or 7.5 kW) and older engines, a narrow shear pin through the drive shaft and propeller hub transmits the power of the engine at normal loads. The pin is designed to shear when the propeller is put under a load that could damage the engine. After the pin is sheared the engine is unable to provide propulsive power to the boat until a new shear pin is fitted.
In larger and more modern engines, a rubber bushing transmits the torque of the drive shaft to the propeller's hub. Under a damaging load the friction of the bushing in the hub is overcome and the rotating propeller slips on the shaft, preventing overloading of the engine's components. After such an event the rubber bushing may be damaged. If so, it may continue to transmit reduced power at low revolutions, but may provide no power, due to reduced friction, at high revolutions. Also, the rubber bushing may perish over time leading to its failure under loads below its designed failure load.
Whether a rubber bushing can be replaced or repaired depends upon the propeller; some cannot. Some can, but need special equipment to insert the oversized bushing for an interference fit. Others can be replaced easily. The "special equipment" usually consists of a funnel, a press and rubber lubricant (soap). If one does not have access to a lathe, an improvised funnel can be made from steel tube and car body filler; as the filler is only subject to compressive forces it is able to do a good job. Often, the bushing can be drawn into place with nothing more complex than a couple of nuts, washers and a threaded rod. A more serious problem with this type of propeller is a "frozen-on" spline bushing, which makes propeller removal impossible. In such cases the propeller must be heated in order to deliberately destroy the rubber insert. Once the propeller is removed, the splined tube can be cut away with a grinder and a new spline bushing is then required. To prevent a recurrence of the problem, the splines can be coated with anti-seize anti-corrosion compound.
In some modern propellers, a hard polymer insert called a drive sleeve replaces the rubber bushing. The splined or other non-circular cross section of the sleeve inserted between the shaft and propeller hub transmits the engine torque to the propeller, rather than friction. The polymer is weaker than the components of the propeller and engine so it fails before they do when the propeller is overloaded. This fails completely under excessive load, but can easily be replaced.
A cleaver is a type of propeller design especially used for boat racing. Its leading edge is formed round, while the trailing edge is cut straight. It provides little bow lift, so that it can be used on boats that do not need much bow lift, for instance hydroplanes, that naturally have enough hydrodynamic bow lift. To compensate for the lack of bow lift, a hydrofoil may be installed on the lower unit. Hydrofoils reduce bow lift and help to get a boat out of the hole and onto plane.
- Azimuth thruster
- Kitchen rudder
- Ducted propeller
- Paddle steamer
- Pleuger rudder
- Bow/stern thruster
- Folding propeller
- Modular propeller
- Supercavitating propeller
- Foil propulser
Materials and manufacture
|Construction of Wooden Propellers 1 2 3, NASA Langley|
- Paul Augustin Normand, La Genèse de l'Hélice Propulsive (The Genesis of the Screw Propulsor). Paris: Académie de Marine, 1962, pp. 31-50.
- Mario Theriault, Great Maritime Inventions Goose Lane Publishing (2001) p. 58-59
- "Patch's Propeller", Scientific America, Vol. 4, No. 5 (October 10, 1848) p. 33, featured in The Archimedes Screw website retrieved 31 January 2010
- Smith, Edgar C. (1905). A Short history of Naval and Marine Engineering. University Press, Cambridge. pp. 66–67.
- Bourne, p. 84.
- In the case of the Francis B. Ogden, Symonds was correct. Ericsson had made the mistake of placing the rudder forward of the propellers, which made the rudder ineffective. Symonds believed that Ericsson tried to disguise the problem by towing a barge during the test.
- Bourne, pp. 87-89.
- Bourne, p. 85.
- The emphasis here is on ship. There were a number of successful propeller-driven vessels prior to Archimedes, including Smith's own Francis Smith and Ericsson's Francis B. Ogden and Robert F. Stockton. However, these vessels were boats—designed for service on inland waterways—as opposed to ships, built for seagoing service.
- "The type of screw propeller that now propels the vast majority of boats and ships was patented in 1836, first by the British engineer Francis Pettit Smith, then by the Swedish engineer John Ericsson. Smith used the design in the first successful screw-driven steamship, the Archimedes, which was launched in 1839."—Marshall Cavendish, p. 1335.
- "The propeller was invented in 1836 by Francis Pettit Smith in Britain and John Ericsson in the United States. It first powered a seagoing ship, appropriately called the Archimedes, in 1839."—Macauley and Ardley, p. 378.
- "In 1839, the Messrs. Rennie constructed the engines, machinery and propeller, for the celebrated Archimedes, from which may be said to date the introduction of the screw system of propulsion ..."—Mechanics Magazine, p. 220.
- "It was not until 1839 that the principle of propelling steamships by a screw blade was fairly brought before the world, and for this we are indebted, as almost every adult will remember, to Mr. F. P. Smith of London. He was the man who first made the screw propeller practically useful. Aided by spirited capitalists, he built a large steamer named the "Archimedes", and the results obtained from her at once arrested public attention."—MacFarlane, p. 109.
- Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. Oklahoma City: U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. 2008. pp. 2–7. FAA-8083-25A.
- Ash, Robert L., Colin P. Britcher and Kenneth W. Hyde. "Wrights: How two brothers from Dayton added a new twist to airplane propulsion." Mechanical Engineering: 100 years of Flight, 3 July 2007.
- Illustrations of skewback propellers
- Godske, Bjørn. "Energy saving propeller" (in Danish) Ingeniøren, 23 April 2012. Accessed: 15 March 2014. English translation
- Godske, Bjørn. "Kappel-propellers pave the way for success at MAN" (in Danish) Ingeniøren, 15 March 2014. Accessed: 15 March 2014. English translation
- "Kappel agreement secures access to major market" 30 August 2013.
- "KAPRICCIO Project" European Union. Accessed: 15 March 2014.
- "Industry Pays Tribute to Innovation Awards Winners" Marine link, 3 October 2002. Accessed: 15 March 2014. Quote: "Winner: the energy-saving Kappel propeller concept from the European Commission-funded Kapriccio propulsion research project. Blades curved towards the tips on the suction side reduce energy losses, fuel consumption, noise and vibration"
- Getchell, David, The Outboard Boater's Handbook
- Admiralty Manual of Seamanship
- US 5484264, Karls, Michael & Daniel Lindgren, "Torsionally twisting propeller drive sleeve and adapter", published March 8, 1994, issued January 16, 1996
Solas Propeller by Steve Evans
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Propellers.|
- Titanic's Propellers
- Theory calculation propellers and wings: detailed article with blade element theory software application
- "What You Should Know About Propellers For Our Fighting Planes", November 1943, Popular Science extremely detailed article with numerous drawings and cutaway illustrations
- Archimedes Screw History: The story of marine propulsion
- propellers history: The story of propellers
- : Wartsila Marine Propellers
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June 29, 2012
Entered without comment
Thursday, 28 June 2012 19:06
Release from Office of Governor Mary Fallin
Governor Mary Fallin today joined officials from the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate (DHS S&T) and the Oklahoma National Guard in announcing that Oklahoma has been chosen as the test site for the DHS Robotic Aircraft for Public Safety (RAPS) Program. The program will research and test Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (SUAS), focusing on possible applications for first responders, including search and rescue scenarios, response to radiological and chemical incidents and fire response and mapping.
Work is expected to begin this fall at Oklahoma State University’s Multispectral Lab (UML) test site near Lawton, Oklahoma. The program will be operated by UML and takes advantage of the restricted airspace around Fort Sill, a U.S. military base also near Lawton. The Oklahoma National Guard will be a key partner with both DHS S&T and the UML as the RAPS program develops.
RAPS is expected to represent a $1.4 million investment in Oklahoma in the first year of operations with potential for significant growth in future years. The program is expected to last at least three years.
Fallin said the announcement represents an exciting development for Oklahoma, and a major success for the Unmanned Aerial Systems Council assembled by her in 2011 and headed by Secretary of Science and Technology Stephen McKeever.
“Aerospace is one of the most important sectors of Oklahoma’s economy, supporting over 150,000 jobs around the state and accounting for more than $12.5 billion in industrial output each year,” Fallin said. “Within that industry, unmanned aircraft systems represent the fastest growing part of the aerospace sector. For that reason, Oklahoma is committed to becoming the number one place for UAS operations, research, experimentation, design and testing in the country. Today’s announcement represents a big step in that direction.”
“Not only does UAS research attract investment and jobs to the state of Oklahoma, but it allows us to be part of an exciting new technology that will help our first responders as they work to save lives and keep our citizens safe. My thanks go out to all the parties involved in this exciting new project, especially Dr. McKeever and the other members of the Unmanned Aerial Systems Council.”
Dr. John Appleby of DHS S&T, a senior program manager at the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency Science and Technology Directorate and the director of RAPS, said that he was impressed with the potential for UAS development in Oklahoma.
“After visiting more than a dozen sites in various southwestern and western states, I have selected Oklahoma as the venue for the Robotic Aircraft for Public Safety Program, with the intent to begin flying at Fort Sill as soon as possible,” said Appleby. “I continue to be impressed by the quality of UAS ideas and approaches in Oklahoma, the high level of experience and subject matter expertise concerning this technology and the breadth of available resources in the state needed for the program.”
Adjutant General Myles Deering of the National Guard said UAS technologies have the potential to provide invaluable assistance to guard members in first-responder scenarios.
“Whether it’s responding to severe wildfires, floods or other state emergencies, the ability of the National Guard to react quickly to events on the ground is one of the most important factors in preventing loss of life,” said Deering. “The use of unmanned aerial systems can help the Guard to gain quick tactical awareness, locate individuals who may be in immediate danger and respond accordingly. It also allows us to do all this at a fraction of the cost of manned aircraft and without putting Guardsmen in danger.”
McKeever said today’s announcement was a precursor to more work in the field of UAS.
“Our hope is that today’s announcement is just the beginning,” McKeever said. “When it comes to UAS technology, the possibilities are nearly endless. We expect UAS to be the wave of the future in the aerospace industry, and Oklahoma will continue to be on the cutting edge of this exciting new technology.”
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The Collaborative International Dictionary
Usage examples of "gled".
He pro jected the vision of three persons with limbs so entan gled they resembled an Oriental fetish, each caricatured face wearing an expression of mixed intransigence and skepticism.
Wide-eyed, she watched as he strug gled to his feet, then reeled from boulder to boulder to get away from the smoldering wreck.
The fetid wind, a noxious combina tion of overheating metal, grease, and the acrid stink of electricity, roared down across her body, and she an gled her face down.
Then, gaining entrance through the ventilator hatch, she dan gled from the ceiling to the excited clamor of young voices.
Tiamak awakened and promptly threw up, then strug gled to catch his breath.
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The Danish National Gallery has three main collections The Royal Collection of Painting and Sculpture, The Royal Collection of Graphic Art and The Royal Collection of Plaster Cast.
The Gallery’s collections can be traced back to the 16th century, to King Christian II and the royal collections housed at the Kunstkammer – the Cabinet of Art – at Christiansborg Palace. The Danish monarchs bought and were given works of art from all over Europe. Up until the late 18th century the collections clearly show that most of the artists painting for Danish kings were summoned from abroad. However, the establishment of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in the mid-18th century created an environment conducive to a distinctly Danish art; this vein of art first becomes evident in the Gallery’s collection of Danish Golden Age art.
The royal collections became accessible to the public in 1827, i.e. at an early stage of the Golden Age. In 1849 the collections became the sole property of the Danish state as a result of democratic developments and the abolition of absolute monarchy in Denmark. The collections did, however, remain at Christiansborg Palace until the palace fire in 1884, after which they were without a fixed abode for a number of years.
European Art 1300 -1800.
500 years of art history. A treasure trove featuring works by some of the greatest figures from art history, including Mantegna, Cranach, Titian, Rubens, Rembrandt and many more.
Danish and Nordic Art 1750 - 1900
From the birth of Danish painting, to the famous painters of the Golden Age, through to the dawn of modernism. We present the museum's large collection of Danish and Nordic art in a new display, where 150 years of art unfolds.
Danish and International Art after 1900
In the modern collection you find the newest art from 1900 to present day, both from Denmark and abroad.
French Art 1900 -1930
The French collection includes some of the museum's most famous works, featuring paintings, sculptures, drawings and ceramics by artists including Picasso, Braque, Modigliani Derain and Matisse.
Royal Graphic Art collection
More than half of it consists of drawings, watercolors, etchings, woodcuts, lithographs, photographs and other forms of art on paper.
The more than 240,000 works are wide-ranging, from ancient art in 1400s to the latest in contemporary art. The works are exhibited infrequently since they are very light sensitive.
Tuesdays-Sundays 10 a.m.-5 p.m.
Wednesdays 10 a.m.-8 p.m.
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Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek is a museum of ancient and modern art in the centre of Copenhagen with more than 10,000 works of art.
The Louisiana Museum of Modern Art has a collection of 3,000 works after 1945 by artists like Picasso, Giacometti, Dubuffet, Yves Klein, Warhol, Moore
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Resource Treatment Center is committed to providing the best care in the least restrictive setting possible and offers a broad continuum of care designed to meet the needs of every child and family based on the individual needs and risks of each situation.
Resource offers 2 group homes in the Indianapolis area that can provide step-down services to residents after they complete the treatment program to help them integrate either back into a caregiver environment, family or to independent living.
In all of our group homes, positive reinforcement, decision-making skills and a family environment are nurtured. Holidays and birthdays are celebrated when possible and family visits are encouraged. Outings and positive incentives are utilized to help guide residents into a positive and productive life in society.
Polaris Group Home
- Opened in 1997, can accommodate 10 residents, offers single rooms
- Ages are typically 14 to 17
- Students attend Wayne Township Schools/Ben Davis High School
- Therapy is continued here, individually and in the family therapy formats
- Daily living skills and responsibility are emphasized in the home setting
Carina Group Home
- Final step-down group home setting, usually our older clientele reside here
- There is an independent living coordinator to help transition youth to a productive, safe environment in society
- Single rooms are offered
- Therapy is provided as needed
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Creating a marble texture in Maya is as simple as adding a single node. But you can use a more advanced node network to further improve the look of the material. This tutorial will show you how to assign a simple marble texture to an object and then build on that simple texture by adding additional nodes.
In preparation for this tutorial, I created a very simple scene: a polygon sphere (radius: 1.000), a camera pointed at the sphere (focal length: 55), a key light off to the left of the camera and a fill light (40% intensity) from the right of the camera.
Creating the Basic Marble Texture
First, you need to assign a new material to the object and bring up the node network so we can edit it.
- With the object selected, right-click on the object and select “Assign New Material”.
- Select the “PhongE” surface node.
- Open the Hypershade window (Window->Rendering Editors->Hypershade).
- Select the phongE1 material. Right click on the node and choose “Graph Network”.
- In the attribute editor, edit the phongE1 settings so that the Diffuse is turned up to 1.000 and the Highlight Size is set to 0 (specularity is turned off).
Now that the object has its own material assigned, we can very easily give it a marble texture.
- On the left pane of the Hypershade window, select the “3D Textures” category (under the “Maya” section) and click the “Marble” button to add a new node to the network. (You might need to zoom out the Work Area to see the new nodes.)
- In the Work Area of the Hypershade, middle-click the marble1 node and drag it to the phongE1 node. Select “color” to connect the output of the marble node to the material.
- Edit the marble1 node’s attributes to select the colors, vein thickness, and other parameters that you want for your marble.
With just this one simple node, you already have a very convincing marble texture applied to the object.
Adding a Second Color
We can improve the look of the marble by adding a second color to the texture.
- In the Hypershade window, add another marble node from the left pane.
- Middle-click and drag the output of marble2 to marble1 and select “Filler color”.
- In the Attribute Editor, change the colors of marble 2. You can also change the vein/diffusion settings, if you want.
- Select the place3DTexture2 and edit the rotation values in the Attribute Editor. This is necessary so that the second marble texture will not line up with the marble1 veins.
Adding a Bump Channel
Let’s add some roughness to the sphere using a bump map derived from the marble nodes.
- In the Hypershade window, middle-click and drag the marble1 node to phoneE1. Select “Bump Map” to connect the marble1 node to the material’s bump channel.
- Select the new bump3d1 node and edit the attributes in the Attribute Editor. Lower the Bump Depth to 0.100.
Limiting the Bump Channel
Using the latest node network, bumpiness has been added to the entire sphere based on the marble texture. Let’s modify the bump channel so it only affects the veins from marble1.
- Select the marble1 node in the Hypershade window.
- From the menu, choose Edit->Duplicate->Without Network.
- Select the place3DTexture1 node. Middle-mouse drag it to the new marble3 node and choose “Other”. In the connections panel that appears, choose “worldInverseMatrix” on the left side (outputs) and connect it to “placementMatrix” on the right. Now close the connections panel.
- Select the marble3 node. Edit the settings so that the vein color is more contained to the strong vein areas. You can do this by turning down the diffusion and contract values.
- Middle-mouse drag the marble3 node to bump3D1 and choose “Other”. In the connections panel, connect the outAlpha on the left to bumpValue on the right.
Now, because marble1 and marble3 have the same noise settings and share a placement node, the veins and diffusion patterns are in identical spots. Marble3 has been modified to eliminate most of the diffused vein color, so the bump should only affect the strong veins running through the marble. Try a render and take a look!
The material can be further improved by enabling reflections on the material or faking them with specularity settings. You can also use sub-surface scattering to add additional realism, especially if the object is a sculpture or other object that varies in thickness. But using this tutorial will give you an excellent head start on creating a convincing, realistic marble material to use in your scenes. Good luck!
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The Directory Server Failover Data Service runs on a single node in a cluster. However, nodes can have multiple CPUs for scalability. A fault monitor periodically monitors this failover service.
The Resource Group Manager (RGM) manages data services as resources. When a CMM changes a cluster's membership, the RGM might request changes to the cluster's online or offline resources. The RGM starts and stops failover data services.
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I’ve just returned from a week in Idaho where I had the privilege to do a series of talks for the Idaho Department of Health (DOH) about using social media to communicate about vaccines. The best part of the week was all of the education I received. I traveled around the state (see those photos!), witnessed the DOH at work, connected with Idaho physicians & politicians & advocates & volunteers, and talked with many Idahoans about changing the understanding of vaccine science. Three times I heard Dr Melinda Wharton from the CDC present on vaccine safety. And more, in a matter of 4 days we talked with a clinician, nurse, or medical assistant from every single office in the state that provides vaccines to children. I mean, that’s a wow–a sincerely networked community circa 2012.
If all states had the opportunity to convene like they do in Idaho we’d really improve understanding, communication, and opportunities in health care surrounding vaccine safety and decision-making.
After arriving home to my boys, I’m compelled to share 3 things I learned in Idaho:
I think it’s essential that we talk about the risks associated with vaccines when we give them–each and every time. Dr Wharton discussed known risks to vaccines and the science to support those risks. She also talked about inferred risks that aren’t backed up with science (autism, for example).
Take fainting: we know teens faint after shots sometimes. However we also know that infants & toddlers don’t. It’s not the fainting that’s really worrisome (no longterm side effect other than the terrible memory!), rather the injuries that arise from a fall when a teen faints. If you know your teen is concerned, anxious, or worried about the shots, the likelihood of fainting increases. So, ask to wait in the exam room or waiting area for 15 minutes after the shots are done. Monitor for any wooziness or dizziness. We can better prepare to avoid the risks (injuries) from vaccines by controlling the side effect (fainting). While most of the risks Dr Wharton reviewed were known to me, a few were new. And it got me thinking, we must update, list out, and discuss risks of immunizations, just like we discuss the benefits. We can’t be scared to detail what we know. We all need an annual update like they get in Idaho.
Over the years, I’ve heard physicians, nurses, and assistants discussing their opinion that detailing risks and side effects from vaccines only scares families. I tend to disagree. Dr Wharton stated, “Vaccine safety is a shared responsibility.” She asserted it’s our (physicians’) responsibility to share what we know, to have clinicians and staff observe protocol and carefully store and dose vaccines, and the family’s responsibility to discuss side effects, allergies, and family history/medical conditions. Together we improve safety.
It’s when we have an open, informed discussion about vaccines that we increase trust in our partnerships. Yesterday in clinic I listed out more risks than I typically do when helping families with immunization decisions. This is because of my week in Idaho. I think it’s these risks, coupled with the nod to the profound benefit of vaccinations, that allows families to make truly informed decisions. As a mom, I also sincerely believe this is when we feel good about immunizing our children.
Idaho is exceptionally beautiful. The land is arid in Southern Idaho, but brushed with snow-trimmed mountaintops in the distance. There is space to breathe and a pace to roam. After a talk in Idaho Falls, we traveled across the state by car on a small highway. On our way to Boise, we stopped at Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, we spotted elk and antelope, we ate pickles from a small town diner, and we traveled through many rural communities. Again, I was reminded how the world looks very different in each of its corners. Travel is education.
Vaccine-preventable diseases still occur. On Friday I got to hear Dr Jean Prince, a pediatrician in Coeur d’Alene, present 3 cases of vaccine-preventable diseases she’d seen in her own personal practice. She discussed a 6 week-old baby hospitalized in the ICU with pertussis (whooping cough), an infant in the ICU with rotavirus and severe neurologic complications, and a 1 year-old with meningitis.
She had a parent from her practice, Greg, tell Maddy’s story. Maddy is a little girl who died of meningococcal septicemia, a deadly complication to bacterial meningitis. Her father told the story of her getting sick the day after Christmas and essentially dying later that night. Although the story was agonizing to hear, it was empowering to see a father tell the story of his beloved little girl. I was once again reminded that those stories, those of horrific disease, need to shared, too. I’m fortunate I’ve only seen meningococcal septicemia once in my lifetime. Thanks in part to immunization, I have limited experience with meningococcal disease.
But it was a father’s love for truth and celebration that sticks with me today. Midway through his story, Greg provided the true staccato to his talk, “Oh, I love to talk about Maddy.”
It’s those moments that define unconditional love and remind us of the enduring power of stories and great luxury to raise our children in a time of vaccines. Like so many who have endured unthinkable illness, he wants no parent to suffer the loss he did. By telling Maddy’s story he changes the odds. We immunize for meningococcal infections at age 11 years and then again at age 16. All of us have improved protection when our adolescents get vaccinated.
So I wonder, will you travel to Idaho? Does your pediatrician list out side effects to shots? Does your state have an annual forum for sharing vaccine information like Idaho? Let’s make this happen nationwide…
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Reindent a source file
You have a source file that you want to work with but it mixes tabs and spaces. The interpreter eats the file but it’s a nightmare to work with. How to correct it?
Fortunately, the standard installation comes with a handy utility called “
reindent.py“. You can find it with “
It will make a backup (
bad.py.bak) of the original file and overwrite
bad.py. The new
bad.py will be indented correctly with 4 spaces everywhere.
If you don’t find
reindent.py, it is located here:
You might have to install the package “python-examples” to have it.
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How do I get a mobility dog?
By law, someone requesting a mobility service dog must have a developmental, physical or psychiatric disability. Whether you have difficulty upholding your balance, walking from one place to the next or need medical assistance during emergencies, you can partner with an assistance dog.
Can old people get a service dog?
Animal lovers who suffer from age-related ailments often ask if they would be eligible to have a service dog to help manage their symptoms. Thankfully, the answer is yes; you can absolutely get a service dog for numerous physical and mental conditions as a result of aging.
How big does a mobility dog need to be?
As a rule, a dog should stand a minimum of 22″ and weigh a minimum of 55 lbs. for wheelchair assistance work, if pulling a child or a small woman. For adults weighing over 130 lbs., the dog should be 60 lbs or larger in size.
What is a balance service dog?
Counterbalance is when a mobility assistance dog uses its body weight to brace against their handler or a balance harness to help their owner maintain balance while walking. This is extremely important for people who have trouble walking but can’t use a cane or other device, or people whose legs frequently give out.
What can mobility dogs do?
Mobility service dogs can be trained to perform a variety of tasks, including: Pressing the button on automatic doors. Retrieving dropped items. Retrieving out-of-reach objects (like a ringing phone)
What is the best dog for a handicapped person?
5 Of The Best Service Dog Breeds For Those With Disabilities Or Medical Conditions
- 1/5. Labrador Retriever. (Picture Credit: Faba-Photograhpy/Getty Images)
- 2/5. German Shepherd Dog. (Picture Credit: Purple Collar Pet Photography/Getty Images)
- 3/5. Golden Retriever.
- 4/5. Standard Poodle.
- 5/5. Pomeranian.
Are there service dogs for dementia?
Service dogs can provide a helping hand for anyone suffering from dementia. They can be taught hundreds of small tasks that can really make a big difference to dementia and Alzheimer’s disease patients, giving them back some autonomy, allowing them to get more out of life and taking some of the burden from caregivers.
Are Bernese mountain dogs good for seniors?
Bernese mountain dogs, known as “Berners” to their fans, are beloved for their sweet, calm, easygoing nature and their devotion to their families, including small children….Bernese Mountain Dog.
|life span||7-10 years|
|breed size||large (61-100 lbs.)|
|good with||children seniors dogs cats families|
What is a good dog for a disabled person?
Golden retrievers are extremely loyal, highly intelligent, and easy to train for a variety of tasks. Their size and stature makes them great at supporting those who need help with balance and walking. Golden retrievers are also great with children and other animals, and are active without being overly energetic.
How much is a service dog?
Trained Service Dog Costs According to the National Service Animal Registry, the average cost of a service dog is around $15,000-$30,000 upfront. Some can even cost upwards of $50,000 depending on their specific tasks and responsibilities.
What is heavy mobility service dog?
Brace and Mobility Support Dogs (BMSDs), also known as Mobility Assistance Dogs, are highly trained Service Dogs partnered with individuals who have a physical impairment, disability or disorder that affects their mobility, ambulation or maneuverability.
What is the best breed for a service dog?
10 Best Service Dog Breeds
- Labrador Retriever. Labrador retrievers are one of the most popular pet breeds, and they make fantastic service dogs too.
- Golden Retriever.
- German Shepherd.
- Great Dane.
- Border Collie.
What do mobility assistance dogs do?
How to get a service dog for free?
– On GTU Hour 2 this morning – Should you bring your dog to that next holiday party? – Plus, if you’ve been itching to redecorate your home, you aren’t alone. – And while 2022 may throw a few curveballs, the beginning of the new year is always a perfect time to focus on career growth.
How to train your dog to become a service dog?
Work on socializing the dog from its birth. Service dogs must interact easily with humans and other animals.
How do dogs help people with disabilities?
Mobility impairments and balance disorders
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Virtual tour: A visit to the city of firsts: Rishon Le-Zion (First to Zion) is a city in Israel, located along the central Israeli coastal plain eight kilometres (5 mi) south of Tel Aviv.
Founded in 1882 by Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire who were part of the First Aliyah, it was the second Jewish farm settlement established in Ottoman Syria in the 19th century, after Petah Tikva.
We will see the old city and will visit in the museum of the Hebrew language.
To register, please email firstname.lastname@example.org
Sponsor: JNF Ottawa, Vered Israel, SJCC
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"Playing Will Always Be More Important Than Raw Numbers"
Recent reports strongly suggest that Nintendo's next home console, the Wii U, will not be more powerful than the PS3 or Xbox 360 in terms of raw graphics potential - let alone their next-gen successors. Nintendo has now spoken out to discuss the issue... and may have tacitly confirmed it.
“We do not focus on technology specs,” Nintendo told Digital Trends in a small statement. “We understand that people like to dissect graphics and processing power, but the experience of playing will always be more important than raw numbers.”
I can't help but notice that this statement isn't a denial - if anything, it's a tacit acknowledgement that the Wii U's specs won't be particularly powerful (though where they are in relation to the Xbox 360 and PS3 remains to be seen). Here's hoping that Nintendo's eye for enjoyable game design, stylish art direction and the new tablet controller will help to enhance "the experience of playing." The Wii did much the same at launch, and it worked well for the enormous casual fanbase that flocked to Nintendo in droves while alienating many core gamers in the process. Will the Wii U take the same tack?
Tuesday's rumours stated that the Wii U "is not up to the same level as the PS3 or the 360," citing a number of development sources in the process.
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With APA style research papers you can present all your information in an organized way
Most of you might wonder why it is so important to use a particular kind of style of format while writing a research paper. Just take a moment to think this through. If you did not have a format to follow, you not be able to make a proper presentation of the info that you have collected. Also, there would be no uniformity in the papers that are submitted between you and your peers. Doing an APA style research paper gives you the opportunity to follow the rules of the American Psychological Association and also ensures that the info you present is highlighted appropriately.
Usage of the APA format
Most research papers that fall within the purview of the social sciences follow the APA format. For instance, a paper on Abnormal Behavior or Learning Disorders in Psychology could follow this style. Similarly, if you are discussing a problem in Sociology, such as Social class and structure, APA could be the most suited citation style to use. If you are keen on learning more about APA and its guidelines, please get in touch with us. We can give you all the info that you want and also clarify any doubts you may have on the subject. So call us when you have APA style research papers to write.
Some important guidelines
These rules pertain to the general appearance of the research paper. Irrespective of what the research paper topic is, you need to ensure that the whole paper is typed in double-line spacing. The font to be used is generally between 10 and 12 and should be a simple one like Times New Roman. The whole paper or dissertation is to be typed on A4 size paper. In other words, it is 8.5inches x 11inches.
Main components of an APA paper
Whether you are working on an APA dissertation or research paper, these are the sections that you have to include:
1/- Title Page
4/- Developmental context (if necessary)
5/- Literature Review
8/- Results and findings
9/- Assessments and evaluation
12/- Appendix (if any)
When you prepare your APA style research paper, please make sure that you are aware of what each of these components should contain. If you have any clarifications of any of these sections mentioned above, please get in touch with us. Our team of experienced writers will be able to take you through any issue, quite easily.
Citing another research paper
In the course of your writing, you are bound to come across a situation wherein you need to cite another writer’s paper, article or dissertation. It is therefore necessary for you to know the rules of how to cite research paper in your own work. Give us a call to find out more on this.
Working on APA style research papers could be challenging if you don’t have a firm like us to guide you through. Preparing the outline according to the research paper outline rubric could be easy; but you need someone to guide you through this too. Call us when you need our help.
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Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
Pregnancy complication of the extreme along with persistent nausea and vomiting.
Around 1-1.5% of pregnant women suffer from Hyperemesis Gravidarum
- Also called Normal Hyperemesis Gravidarum
- Women having a history of mild HG in their family are at a greater risk of being affected.
- It is caused by hormonal imbalance, deficiency of vitamin B or trophoblastic disease. However, actual reasons are still unknown.
- There is no known prevention for this but can be managed in different ways.
Mild HG symptoms generally appear between the 4th and 6th week of pregnancy and get better by 20th week (but not always). Excessive vomiting during pregnancy leads to dehydration.
- Persistent vomiting and nausea are the most common symptoms.
People may experience:
- Loss of appetite
- Loss of weight (5% of body weight due to vomiting and nausea)
- Food Aversions
- Dizziness and extreme fatigue
- Low Blood pressure Also, common: Jaundice, fainting, rapid heart rates, confusion, salivation, depression
Self-Care: Rest is essential to manage the condition, intake of ginger and taking small meals have been known to help.
Medications: All the medications should be taken only after the prescription from doctors. Receiving fluid through Intravenous fluids (IV) and tube feeding as per a doctor’s recommendation.
Specialists: For more information and consultation, contact the doctor. mfine can also help you to deal with it. At mfine, you can connect with a doctor without having to wait in long queues. Check out the app today!
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and for the Four Aces Club
and it looks like curtains for the oldest surviving circus entrance in England
where Sir Robert Fosset's circus performed in its first season 1886
The Council is finally to achieve its objective. In 1995 the Council declared the Dalston Theatre a site for redevelopment. In 1997, despite a petition of 25,000 signatures and 12 deputations, the Council still decided to evict the Four Aces, Labrynth and community organisations from the buildings so that it could sell the site to a developer. The development didn't materialise. Then in 2003, after the buildings had remained boarded up and on death row for 5 years, the Secretary of State gave outline approval on appeal for their demolition and redevelopment. Since December 2005 OPEN has obtained court injunctions to stay the Council's hand and urged the authorities to consider reusing at least some of the buildings. But the decision to fund New Dalston's Olympic bus station, by demolishing historic Dalston and selling the land for towerblock developments, had already been taken before the recent public consultation started. The Council, the Greater London Authority and the Secretary of State have refused to change the plans. Next they will implement the demolition plans for Dalston Lane north. All these decisions have contributed to the planned destruction of old Dalston.
Noun: the natives or inhabitants of ancient Philistia
Adjective: those who pursue only material gain and who place no value on beauty, culture or artistic creations;
Philistinism: the vandalism of our heritage and culture as justified by institutional policy.
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Orchid compost mix, 5 litre
Orchids require a very different compost mix to most other houseplants. They are generally 'epiphytes', or plants that don't grow in soil. They prefer a mix that has plenty of aeration and space and almost no nutrients, similar to what they would have in the wild. This is a blend of fine orchid bark, sphagnum moss for humidity retention, coco husk for stability and activated carbon for its antibacterial and salt-absorbing properties. 5 litre ziplock bags.
Generally but not always available in our Monkstown and Clare Street shops.
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IAC is asked to establish a Committee of experts from relevant fields to conduct the review and to present recommendations on possible revisions of IPCC processes and procedures. In particular the IAC Committee of experts is asked to recommend measures and actions to strengthen the IPCC’s processes and procedures so as to be better able to respond to future challenges and ensure the ongoing quality of its reports
InterAcademy Council: Mobilizing the world's best science to advise decision-makers on issues of global concern
Expert Advice. The InterAcademy Council (IAC) is a multinational organization of science academies created to produce reports on scientific, technological, and health issues related to the great global challenges of our time, providing knowledge and advice to national governments and international organizations. Sound scientific, technological, and medical knowledge is fundamental to addressing critical issues facing the world today – economic transformation and globalization; sustainable use of natural resources; reduction of poverty, hunger, and disease.
Sharing Knowledge. At the United Nations in February 2004, the IAC released its first report, Inventing a Better Future – A Strategy for Building Worldwide Capacities in Science and Technology. A second IAC report, commissioned by the U.N. Secretary-General and published in June 2004, was titled Realizing the Promise and Potential of African Agriculture – Science and Technology Strategies for Improving Agricultural Productivity and Food Security in Africa. A third report was published in June 2006, Women for Science. A fourth report was published in October 2007, Lighting the Way: Toward a Sustainable Energy Future. Planned IAC studies will also address critical global issues – such as enhancing global surveillance of emerging infectious diseases; improving global water quality and availability; and scientific ethics and responsibilities. On 10 March 2010, the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the IPCC Chairman requested IAC to undertake a review of the processes and procedures of the InterGovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
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| 0.925513
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To ease gout symptoms drink less alcohol, eat less meat, and limit high-purine foods.
Drinking more water and eating more low-fat dairy foods is also helpful.
... are best to avoid with gout. Find out what foods cause gout attacks so you can
create a safe, low purine diet. ... Shopping List for Gout. What to put in your cart ...
Learn which foods to avoid with gout, including which foods are considered high
... by trial and error what their personal limit is and which foods cause problems.
Jul 17, 2015 ... And long before the cause of gout was understood, doctors had ... The list of
foods to avoid was long, which made the diet difficult to follow.
If you're prone to gout, the foods you eat, and don't eat, play a key role in keeping
your joints pain-free. Here are eight foods to avoid. To track down gout causes, ...
Jul 21, 2012 ... Diet plays a major role in the prevention and treatment of gout, which is a form of
arthritis. We tell you what foods you can eat, and which to ...
Gout is a particularly painful type of arthritis caused by high levels of uric acid in
the blood. The uric acid eventually causes crystals to form around joints in the ...
Although the correlation between gout and diet may not seem obvious, many
foods can be directly responsible for causing a gout flare-up. ... Although this list
may seem discouraging if you have gout, many of these foods can still be
A diet rich in purines from certain sources can raise uric acid levels in the body,
which sometimes leads to gout. ... Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments of Gout.
While diet is critical, don't overlook other important factors that affect gout. ... are
just so many clear trigger foods for gout. ... can trigger gout but i keep to myself as
a list to ...
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As we get older, we may find that our joints and muscles become stiffer, less flexible, or even painful for various reasons. Sometimes it could be arthritis-related, trauma from a past injury, chronic pain, or just the result of aging.
Unfortunately, as we age, it can be difficult to properly stretch or strengthen these parts of our bodies without causing more harm.
Luckily, chair yoga is an excellent and accessible practice for anybody, especially those struggling with mobility and chronic pain. Not only could these exercises and stretches decrease stress and stretch and loosen muscles, but they can also improve circulation, reduce anxiety, lower blood pressure, and more!
There are so many potential benefits to regularly practicing chair yoga. Here’s how to get started.
What is Chair Yoga?
Chair yoga is just what it sounds like: practicing yoga while sitting or getting support from a chair. Chair yoga involves many of the same poses and muscle groups targeted in typical yoga but provides extra security for those who might need that additional support.
Chair yoga is much more gentle on the body than typical yoga, so those with physical disabilities and mobility challenges benefit from it.
Chair yoga is also ideal for people looking to start soft so they can get stronger without fear of injury. Perfect for injury recovery, too!
Chair Yoga for Seniors: Why It’s Beneficial
Exercises of all kinds are highly recommended for people of all ages to stay healthy and fit, but seniors, in particular, can benefit significantly from them. Cardio, for example, is said to improve overall health and the effects of several health conditions.
However, whether it’s the result of an illness, injury, or decreased mobility, many of these beneficial exercises are inaccessible for some senior citizens.
Chair yoga is the perfect choice for getting that daily activity in and potentially strengthening those muscles to take on more challenging tasks in the future.
One of the best things about chair yoga is the level of safety and comfort it provides. These movements are unlikely to cause any amount of pain outside of feeling some minor stretching, and you’re unlikely to overexert yourself or get injured.
Because you’re seated, you won’t have to worry about balance or excessive strain on your muscle. Instead, you can continue doing specific stretches or exercises for extended periods, strengthening those areas further.
Chair yoga gives you much control over what you’re doing, making you more confident as you get stronger.
Benefits of Chair Yoga
More than just strengthening and loosening muscles, the yoga of all kinds can promote joint lubrication so your joints can move easier with less pain and stiffness.
Checking in with your body regularly, even if you are just sitting down, can help you take stock of how you’re feeling. For example, reminding yourself to roll your shoulders and stretch out your back is always good for fixing posture and alleviating pain.
Another significant part of yoga is the relaxing practice of meditation. Even if it’s just closing your eyes and focusing on your breath at the end of the class, meditation has shown to be hugely beneficial for reducing stress, anxiety, and focus. It’s also rewarding to clear your mind and be with yourself in the quiet, without anything else distracting you or clogging up your brain.
Another great thing about this type of yoga is that you can do it practically anywhere, even outside of class, as long as you have a chair. So keep track of what poses feel the best or what poses stretch the muscles you want to focus on more.
Whether you want to get more robust, flexible, or just more relaxed, chair yoga is an excellent option for senior citizens to get active and stay healthy!
To find more activities to do to enrich your mind, body, and soul, visit our Activities page for Symphony Senior Living here!
Symphony Senior Living is dedicated to providing comfort, assistance, and care to older Canadians, whether they join us in Assisted Living or Memory Care. We strive to provide kindness, care, and dignity to every resident who comes through our doors and reassurances to the people who love them. To learn more, visit us at https://www.symphonyseniorliving.com.
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In this era we all desire to be fashionable and stylist. However we are not sure whether fashion and style are the same things. What are they? Do they always go together? It's hard to say. In fact fashion tends to be the general style or custom of clothing worn at any given time or clothing that makes the people feel comfortable by wearing that cloth. The word "fashion" has originated from the years when people used to describe a woman who dressed well as a "fashion plate". Fashion is likely to play an increasingly important role in an individual's life because it is considered as a means of self-expression. Along with the woman fashion, the men fashion are also quite popular now a day.
Every person is likely to develop a natural desire of looking good and feel accepted in the socio-economic circle. The garments and accessories that are worn by the men and women in the society help them to identify their lifestyle, profession, a religion or an attitude. But have you wondered why the fashion trends tend to different from one person to another? It is simply because every zodiac sign tends to possess own fashion styles. For example, the red, black, white colour tends to suit the Aries people while the colours for Taurus people tend to be pink, peach and blue. If you can use astrology predictions to predict your future, health and personality then why not your fashion styles which are also predicted according your zodiac signs. Sometimes you also become confused about what to wear to make the best impression either at your work place or while travelling or at the first meeting with your loved ones.
Since your style tends to be a reflection of your personality and it can reveal much about your character. So with the help of Our Fashion Astrology application you will be able to follow the new fashion trends and will help you to navigate the fashion trends to pick that are right for you according to your astrology signs. Our application will not only help you to enhance your clothing style but also will help you to know what to wear at your workplace, at night party or while going for a casual day, which colour is likely to suit your better, your preferences etc. Our Fashion Astrology application is full of fashion tips which will prove to be a good fashion guide for you at every step of your life.
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|
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| 0.965335
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A good to do day is about to happen. With data arriving from other places and family migrating all over the places, it is time to crack the whip and dig deeper to see what can be delved.
YDNA has brought a kink in the armor of the family name. Definitely not to toss it out but the migratory pattern is a wee different than most of us have thought. If you speak one language and live that lingo and the papers say that is where you were from. Obviously you were from some where else before that to have the YDNA response that was given.
I recently gave a talk on Migration from the early beginnings of man to a late 1830s for most part.
It was done in two parts. I had studied Ancient History long ago. I find it totally fascinating and full of riddles and quizzes just like genealogy. Not understanding how anyone can do Genealogy with out
knowing the history of the place, the country, the migratory patterns used to get to there and leave there
I thought I should share some of those views with others.
Does the lack of historical knowledge slow down genealogical research, absolutely. It reminds me of the puzzle Dad used to give us and say, " Now put all the states in the right places," then he would say," what is the capitol of that state?" He did not stop there, he would ask if we knew what the states products were. if we knew if the Oregon Trail went across that state and all kinds of history questions.
Because we traveled to Wyoming, Oregon, and New Mexico and Colorado on different years we covered many of the western states. It was after marriage that I was exposed to the mid west and many years later finally arriving east.
So why these comments with the heading? It is simple, I am going to sort the name variants and the claims and see if there is a pattern to the strange assortment of spellings. I am also going to delve into the migratory pattern of the lineage in Europe mid 1600's and see if there was a backward migration time that happened.
If that did not happen then some things become obvious very fast as to the combination of genes in the line.
If as data suggests and tells us we were in Germanic region of Europe 1600-1700's then by mid 1750's we migrated to the Colonies speaking one language and carrying the customs of that language, how did the Scot Irish English get so heavy into the lineage.
The next heavy lineage is Danish, now that is not so far off from Germanic in region relations.
The Danes actually controlled a good portion of Schleswig-Holstein for several years.
Wonder what armies of Caesar invaded Scotland, Ireland and England? Back to ancient history and Rome and it's warring parties events. Benninghoff, Penticuff, Penycope, Bennycope Bennigoff, and the variants continue on.
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en
| 0.977512
| 605
| 2.203125
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04 June 2018
Gates, fountain and
parish rooms are part
of the legacy of Ardfert
Many of the surviving monuments in the south transept of Ardfert Cathedral, which I visited yesterday afternoon, were to the Talbot Crosbie family.
The Crosbie family were granted land in the Ardfert area by Elizabeth I in the late 16th century, and John Crosbie became Bishop of Kerry in 1600.
So, it seemed obvious that many of the prominent architectural sites I should see in Ardfert as I went to lunch later in the afternoon are legacies of the Talbot Crosbie family, including the Glandore Gates, the Talbot Crosbie Memorial Fountain and the Ardfert Parish Room.
Ardfert Abbey was the seat of the Crosbie family, later the Earls of Glandore. Over the generations, the Crosbie family was influential in local and national politics, including MPs, Privy Councillors and Governors of Kerry.
Maurice Crosbie (1690-1762) became first Baron Brandon (1758). His son, William Crosbie (1716-1781), became Viscount Crosbie (1771) and Earl of Glandore (1776).
When John Crosbie, 2nd Earl of Glandore, died in in 1815 the titles of viscount and earl died out and the title of Lord Brandon passed to his cousin, William Crosbie (1771-1832) as the fourth Baron. He was the son of the Very Revd Maurice Crosbie, Dean of Saint Mary’s Cathedral, Limerick. Lord Brandon was also a priest in the Church of Ireland, and was Rector of Castleisland, Co Kerry. The titles died when he died in 1832.
Ardfert Abbey eventually passed to the descendants of the second earl’s sister, Lady Anne Crosbie, who in 1775 married William John Talbot, a descendant of the Talbot family of Mount Talbot, Co Roscommon, and Templeogue Castle Co Dublin.
In the mid-19th century, William Talbot Crosbie was living at Ardfert Abbey. By the end of that century, it was the home of Colonel John Darnley Talbot Crosbie in 1894. In 1906, it was the property of Lindsay Talbot Crosbie.
The imposing entrance was built ca 1815 by John Crosbie, Earl of Glandore, at one of the entrances to the Crosbie mansion, and was relocated to its present position in the 1880s.
The house was burnt during the Civil War in 1922, but the elaborate entrance gate in the heart of Ardfert is now a private dwelling and remains as a reminder of the influence of the family.
The Glandore Gates comprise a pair of limestone ashlar piers with a lancet arch to the centre that has a battlemented parapet over, and cast-iron gates and a curved screen wall to north.
There is an attached, two-bay, single-storey, flat-roofed Gothic Revival gate lodge to the south, comprising a single-bay linking bay with lancet arch openings and a single-bay advanced end block that has a battlemented parapet and a curved screen wall to south.
The iron double-leaf gates display the crests of the Crosbie family (left) and the Talbot family (right).
Across from the gates, the Talbot Crosbie Memorial Fountain is a free-standing Hiberno-Romanesque memorial fountain, erected in 1901.
This fountain has a limestone ashlar plinth on a square-plan with shaft, with Romanesque sawtooth carving on the red sandstone arches on the corner pillars, and an inscribed cast-iron plaque and pyramidal capping with corbelled eaves. The bronze plaque reads: ‘1901 The Ardfert Water Supply was provided by Lieut Colonel Talbot-Crosbie and this fountain erected to his memory and for the public good by his brother Lindsay Talbot-Crosbie of Ardfert Abbey.’
To the east of Ardfert Cathedral, the Ardfert Parish Room is a detached three-bay single-storey meeting hall with dormer attic, built around 1915. It was built with red-brick English garden bond walls and with a projecting plinth by the local landlord Lindsey Talbot-Crosbie, and it is currently undergoing restoration.
This building has a single-bay single-storey crow-stepped gabled projecting porch to left, crow-stepped gable ends and single-bay single-storey recessed end bay to east.
There is a pedimented limestone name plaque on the west gable. There are timber, multiple-pane, casement windows with limestone sills, lintels and mullions and chamfered brick reveals.
The projecting gabled porch has a round-headed doorway with a brick arch. There is a square-headed doorway at the east end with a limestone lintel.
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How to Cite the Second Amendment in APA
The U.S. Bill of Rights, passed into law in late 1791, made a number of revolutionary claims. Those first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution set the foundation for the United States, and the list wouldn't be complete without the Second Amendment, which guarantees the right to keep and bear arms. For centuries, that amendment has been a hot-button issue, so don't be surprised if you need to cite it in APA style.
Deference to the Bluebook
While APA style includes rules for the citation of government publications, there is no specific entry for constitutions included in the sixth edition (second printing) of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. In this case, APA style defers to The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, which sets the bar for legal citations. The Bluebook is described as the nation's definitive legal citation style guide and is used by lawyers and judges, as well as scholars and law students.
Making the Citation
If you make a brief reference to the U.S. Constitution, there is no need to actually cite it. However, if you are using a specific section of the document, such as the Second Amendment, to back up your argument, you are required to cite it. According to the 19th edition of The Bluebook, all references to the U.S. Constitution should begin "U.S. Const." Following that, include the relevant section -- in this case, the Second Amendment, which would be identified as "amend. II."
The Final Product
Ultimately, your final citation will read like this: U.S. Const. amend. II. The reference is the same whether used as an in-text citation or in a reference list at the conclusion of the document.
- Cornell University Law School: U.S. Constitution: Second Amendment
- Purdue Online Writing Lab: Reference List: Other Print Sources
- American Psychological Association: APA Style: How to Cite the U.S. Constitution in APA Style
- The Bluebook
- Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition; American Psychological Association; 2010
- Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
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Maglaj Fortress is a medieval citadel located in Maglaj, Zenica-Doboj canton of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Location: Maglaj, Zenica-Doboj canton Map
Maglaj Castle was constructed in the 14th century. Much of the castle is in ruins and little work was done to preserve the castle as well as uncover its history. Virtually no archeological digs were undertaken either due to financial restrains or to various wars in the region.
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When considering graduate degree options, students are often faced with the difficult decision of determining exactly which degree path is best for them. A Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree shares some common curricular characteristics with a number of similar graduate options, however, each is uniquely designed to produce professionals with specialized skill sets.
What is an MPA?
Designed for those seeking leadership roles in the public or nonprofit sector, North Carolina Central University’s MPA helps students develop skills in project and program management, policy implementation, public financial management, and human resources. Students complete a curriculum that revolves around core principles of public administration:
Public Organization Management
Public Finance and Budgeting
Political and Legal Processes
Upon graduation, students emerge prepared for careers in government, criminal justice, nonprofit management, urban planning, analysis, government affairs, advocacy, and national security.
MPA vs. MPP
Professionals who aspire to obtain careers in government have two major options for graduate education: an MPA or a Master of Public Policy (MPP). Both degree paths help students understand global concepts from social, economic, and political contexts, emphasizing ethical policy communication.
How does an MPP differ from an MPA?
Aimed at students interested in analyzing, evaluating, and solving policy-related issues, an MPP degree focuses heavily on concepts such as data management, statistical analysis, policy analysis and creation, and financial modeling. Unlike an MPA—which prepares students for leadership-focused careers—MPP graduates tend to be more qualified for analytical roles in fields such as health policy, advocacy, environmental policy, government, nonprofits, and consulting.
MPA vs. MBA
Both an MPA degree and a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree focus heavily on leadership and operations management; and many aspiring public service leaders are unsure which path to pursue.
How does an MBA differ from an MPA?
Designed for aspiring business leaders, MBA programs focus on skills such as human resource management, strategic thinking, business expertise, financial analysis, and consumer targeting.
Depending on their specialization, MBA graduates tend to be prepared for careers in fields such as marketing, financial advising, entrepreneurship and consulting, whereas MPA graduates from North Carolina Central University learn to apply their leadership skills toward careers in public service.
MPA vs. MPH
Those interested in the dynamic and quickly growing field of public health often weigh two options: an MPA or a Master of Public Health (MPH).
How does an MPH differ from an MPA?
MPH programs prepare students to work administratively and on the ground in key areas of public health. This degree option is suited for those who feel certain they want to pursue a career in public health and healthcare and who want to work closely with a community or population to address and prevent public health problems.
MPH programs typically place greater emphasis on theoretical exploration of population health, health policy, epidemiology, and patterns of disease. MPA programs focus more heavily on program implementation and management within these fields. For individuals who have a more general interest in public service, the MPA degree is a more versatile choice, as it can lead to a wider range of career options.
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It’s been 18 months since this project started and it’s a pretty good time to check in on progress so far. The aim is to get to zero energy costs, so if they’re measurably less than they were, then that’s progress. If you remember from the first post, the first step to reducing something is measuring it, so I’ve been measuring our bills in Electricity, Heating and Transport on the same day every month since then – not waiting for bills which are often estimated, but reading the meters on the last day of each month and recording the values so I can compare them over time. The picture is good. When I started measuring monthly energy costs in January 2014, our yearly total cost was €2,725.22 per year. As of March 2016, it was €745.92 per year. We’re now saving €1,979 a year from where we were.
The impact of the investments I’ve made over time are easy to see:
Another way of looking at our energy costs with each component highlighted (electricity, heating, transport):
Switching to an electric car took a huge chunk out of our transport costs. It went from costing €246 per month (petrol, tax) down to €24 (electricity). It has been nice having €222 extra in our pockets each month after that. Adding the wood burning stove has also clearly eaten into our gas costs each month. We pay €0.06 per kWh for gas, and about €0.01 per kWh for wood, so each night that the wood burning stove is on and heating the house, we’re saving 83% of the cost of heating the house that night. The reduction is pretty clear when comparing March 2015 with March 2016. Switching all of our light bulbs to LEDs is saving €87.29 per year, which is why our electricity bill hasn’t increased much when we switch to the electric car, even though it also includes all of our transport costs now too.
Just like when I started this project, at any time, I want to identify the next best investment to make which will save more money than it costs. For this, it makes sense to compare where my money is going on energy (then and now):
By March 2015, we had eaten into the transport costs by replacing our petrol car with an electric car. The total energy spend run rate was €2,056.75:
By March 2016, our total energy spend run rate was €745.92:
Good Progress on the Path to Zero Energy Costs
Heating and Transport energy costs are way down. It’s pretty obvious – our electricity costs are the next target. For this, I believe Solar PV will be the answer to attempt to bring this cost down towards zero. The price of panels have been plummeting, and efficiency in overcast countries like Ireland has increased a lot.
All in all, progress has been fantastic. Saving €2,000 ($2300) per year is considerable – given a marginal tax rate of 51% in Ireland, it’s the same as getting a raise of roughly €4,100 per year in work. This money has been stacking up to invest in further energy investments, and once our energy costs are down to zero, it’s going to stack up in a retirement fund pretty quickly. Most of the investments have also increased our quality of life too – the electric car is both more powerful and much nicer to drive than the previous petrol car, the wood burning stove has literally brought the family together in winter evenings, the energy monitor in the kitchen gives us something to talk about and is a great educational tool for my son for both energy and finance. Last but not least, as of this month, our energy savings have so far resulted in 8,170kg of CO2 not being released into the atmosphere. Eight Tonnes! It shows how a little effort can yield pretty decent results. We’re 72% of the way there now. Onwards and upwards!
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MBBS in Russia | MBBS in Moscow | Study in Russia | Study in Moscow | Education in Russia | Education in Moscow | I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University | FMSMU | MBBS Admission in I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University | MBBS Fee in I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University | Direct Admission in I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University | Apply for MBBS Admission in I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University | How to Get Direct Admission in MBBS in I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University | Study in I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University | About I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University | Tuition Fee in I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University | About Moscow
The opening in Moscow on October 22, 1896 of the best in Europe, equipped with a high-level clinic for diseases of the ear, nose and throat was a major event not only for the medical faculty of Moscow University, but also for the Russian public health. The clinic was built with donations from a wonderful Russian woman, widely known for her charity work, Yulia Ivanovna Bazanova. The University Council decided to express the deepest gratitude to Yu. I. Bazanova for her generous gift and secure her disinterested activity for the benefit of the oldest Russian university “as an instructive example to posterity” and the clinic was named after Yu. I. Bazanova.
The department has implemented and maintains the Quality Management System, all employees are informed about the main provisions of the ISO standard.
The main scientific activities of the department:
– optimization of surgical care for patients with ear pathology: radiation diagnostics in otiatry, ear microsurgery – all types of surgical rehabilitation of patients with hearing loss, including operations on the middle and inner ear structures;
– cochlear implantation;
– optimization of the surgical treatment of Meniere’s disease;
– surgical treatment of tumors of the middle, inner ear, as well as the base of the skull, glomus tumors (paragangliomas), neurinomas of the VIII pair of Cranial nerves (vestibular schwannoma);
– optimization of the surgical treatment of facial paralysis: decompression of the facial nerve, various types of neuroanastomoses;
– Early diagnosis of pharyngeal and laryngeal neoplasms with the help of NBI – endoscopy, optimization of the treatment of patients with this pathology, high-tech methods of surgical interventions;
– development of methods for complex conservative treatment of laryngeal paralysis of various etiologies, laryngoneuroses and functional dysphonia using reflex therapy, respiratory and orthophonic training;
– development of diagnostic and surgical rehabilitation methods for paralytic and combined laryngeal stenosis, phonosurgical interventions, including medial laryngoplasty for unilateral laryngeal paralysis;
– functional and aesthetic rhinosurgery; endoscopic surgery of the nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses, the nasopharynx, the auditory tubes, the lacrimal system and the orbit; advanced endonasal interventions, including skull base surgery;
– The use of balloon dilatation methods in the treatment of various pathologies of the upper respiratory tract;
– modern high-tech methods of surgical treatment of patients with various pathologies of the upper respiratory tract and ear on the basis of laser radiation of various wavelengths, electrosurgical effects (radio wave, cobalt surgery);
– diagnosis and treatment of cochleovestibular disorders;
– diagnosis and treatment of olfactory disorders;
– rational drug treatment of pathology of upper respiratory tract.
Detailed information can be found on the website of the clinic for diseases of the ear, nose and throat.
Admission 2021-2022 is open now. Join to thousands of happy students in First Moscow State Medical University
Admission office for international students.
Adfress: 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya street, house 8, building 2, Russia
Phone: +7 (969) 283-48-20
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While 2009 saw the world economy come close to imploding, 2011 growth, while not stellar, will begin to recover, said Craig Alexander, senior vice president and chief economist at TD Bank Group, on Friday at the TD Ameritrade Institutional national conference in San Diego, California.
The recovery seems to be going at two different speeds: while the emerging markets are growing strongly, the developed markets are recovering slowly. For example, interest rates in India and Brazil have increased 2%-3%, said Alexander. While the stock market sees efforts to tamper growth as negative, there is no question emerging market economies will be stronger. “Developing nations will represent two-thirds of world output in 2050,” Alexander said. “You can’t call them developing when they’re the lions share of growth. And remember with economic power comes political influence.”
While emerging markets have a great rate of return, the reality is those returns come with great risk. In Europe Alexander anticipates 1.5% growth over the next couple of years. He also forecasts Europe will raise taxes, cut spending and take back entitlements.
He expects debt restructuring in Europe as well. “These are the legacies of a financial crisis induced recession and the legacy stays with you,” Alexander explained. “With a financial crisis induced recovery, the impacts are twice as long, twice as deep and the speed of recovery is twice as slow.”
Alexander predicts housing will remain weak indefinitely and the job market will recover slowly as well. The reality is that the unemployment rate may be falling, but that’s because job seekers are leaving the market, not because they found jobs. “If we factor in discouraged and underemployed individuals, the true unemployment rate is 16%,” he said. “This year I expect two million jobs will be created. But even at two million jobs the unemployment rate won’t come down. It will rise.”
Yet that doesn’t mean investors shouldn’t invest in the stock market. Unemployment is on of the worst lagging indicators. It tells you where the economy has been, not where it’s going, said Alexander.
Alexander expects the U.S. economy to grow at 3% for the next couple of years -- possibly 3.5%. And he doesn’t anticipate interest rates rising until mid-2012.
For now he expects volatility so hold on for the ride.
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Between the 1990s and 2000s, the US version of the McDonald's Monopoly prize draw was hijacked by the Mafia. This is a scandal so great that it’s been made into a HBO docu-series, McMillions, as well as a film that’s been in production since 2018. But what exactly happened between McDonald’s, Monopoly and the US Mafia?
McDonald’s Monopoly began in 1987, with customers peeling off the stickers from the side of their McDonald’s food items to reveal either a classic square from the Monopoly board - such as Old Kent Road - or an instant win of usually some kind of food item available at McDonald’s. If players manage to collect three of the same kind of Monopoly square, they win the prize indicated by the square.
You can definitely see the marketing benefit of this tactic for McDonald’s. If people are lucky, they could win a prize. However, in order to win those prizes customers will need to spend much more than they normally would on McDonald’s food, making The Golden Arches a lot of money.
In order to pull off a marketing campaign like this you would need an excellent marketing team. In the 1980s, Simon Marketing was McDonald’s’ choice. Marketing was the driving force behind McDonald’s Monopoly, as well as other themed contests, such as one themed around Who Wants to be a Millionaire? To make sure that all of this was done fairly, it even had a role devoted to looking after the winning stickers - head of security, Jerome P. Jacobson.
As head of security, it was Jacobson’s job to oversee the distribution of the Monopoly stickers, making sure they were spread equally across the US without interference from any untoward parties. However, no-one could have suspected that he was, in fact, the one they should have been watching out for. Jacobson was formerly a police officer in Florida until he left the force due to a wrist injury, it was then that he decided he would move out to Georgia with his wife and start making his way in security. According to a truck driver who worked for Simon Marketing, he appeared to be extremely strict: “He inspected workers' shoes to check they weren't stealing McDonald's stickers.” Despite this, Jacobson had fully set out to make a fool of McDonald’s.
In 1989, Jacobson stole a winning Monopoly sticker worth $25,000 and handed it to his brother. According to court documents (via CNBC), this first sting was just about proving himself. “I don't know if I just wanted to show him I could do something,” Jacobson said. Of course, the head of security wasn’t able to submit those winning stickers, as it would have been way too obvious. The way the security head accrued his money was by taking an upfront payment in return for one of the winning Monopoly stickers.
Jacobson’s actions were moderated by an external auditor that didn’t let him out of her sight the entire time. Additionally, he was meant to deliver the winning stickers via cases with tamper-proof seals. So, how exactly did he manage to get winning stickers to the people of his choice? Thanks to a supplier error, the seals meant to keep the winning stickers intact were delivered directly to Jacobson, meaning that all of a sudden he had a way of opening and then sealing the cases containing winning stickers. In order to avoid his auditor, Jacobson went to the men’s bathroom, removed the winning stickers from the case and replaced the original contents of the case with stickers that weren’t prize winners. He was then able to reseal the case with his own supply of seals, making it look as though it had been untouched. Following that, he and the auditor would then continue to make their way to the McDonald’s packaging centre.
It was then up to Jacobson’s friends and family to enlist people they trusted to ‘win’ the prizes, paying tens of thousands of dollars to walk away with them. Jacobson would exchange stickers that were worth $200,000 with people he knew for $45,000, including his own nephew. Eventually, he had built up a network of people who were involved but they were told they couldn’t claim the prizes themselves, spreading them to different states so as not to arouse suspicion.
Though Jacobson had taken great care with instructing his network of people handing out the winning stickers across the United States, the FBI began to notice patterns. In 2000, it received an anonymous tip concerning a $1 million winner William Fisher, who was the father-in-law of one of Jacobson’s connections in Atlanta. Despite the fact that Fisher went to New Hampshire to claim his prize, the authorities were still easily able to trace him back to Jacksonville, Florida. As the FBI looked into the case, it started seeing a large number of winners of the McDonald’s Monopoly were curiously clustered both in Georgia and Florida. Georgia being the state in which Jacobson lived and Florida being where he had worked as a police officer. As of the launch of yet another McDonald’s’ Monopoly competition loomed in 2001, the FBI had wiretaps on recent winners as well as Jacobson, all of whom were living in clusters in Florida and Georgia.
Jacobson was eventually arrested along with seven of his accomplices, all of whom were charged with felony conspiracy to commit mail fraud. However, that was just the beginning of the convictions. Soon, the authorities uncovered at least 50 people who were involved in the scam.
After confessing to all nine of his charges, Jacobson said that he stole up to 60 winning game stickers, charging between $45,000 and $50,000 for each one - allowing him to take home at least $3 million. He was ultimately sentenced to 37 months in prison and was forced to pay over $12.5 million in restitution.
These arrests were a win for the FBI, but resulted in major backlash for both McDonald’s and Simon Marketing. To distance itself from the scam, McDonald’s not only launched a legitimate $10 million cash giveaway, but also cut all ties with Marketing immediately - which then led to both companies suing one another for breach of contract. Marketing won the court battle, but ultimately couldn’t come back from the terrible image it was now sporting thanks to Jacobson - eventually liquidating the company in 2002.
There happened to be some rather unsavoury characters involved in Jacobson’s fraud network. Some of whom were allegedly members of the US Mafia. One of which included Gennaro Colombo, who was the owner of an underground gambling ring and may have been linked to the mob. Colombo had given Jacobson ties to even more interesting characters who, according to Ranker, included “mobsters, psychics, strip club owners, convicts, drug traffickers and even a family of Mormons".
Jacobson alleged that he was fighting back against a system that was already corrupt, claiming that he became disillusioned with the game when he discovered that Simon Marketing had declined to allow prize-winning stickers to be printed in Canada. The company said that it wanted to keep the competition within the United States. Jacobson is quoted as saying: "I knew what we were doing in Canada was wrong. Sooner or later, somebody was going to be asking questions about why there were no winners in Canada."
On November 12th 1995, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital received a winning sticker that was worth $1 million. McDonald’s did eventually award the money to the hospital, but Jacobson claims that he was feeling philanthropic and had sent this winning sticker to the hospital anonymously. Investigators have stated that they believe he only sent it to the hospital as a last-ditch solution because no-one had paid him for the ticket. He had hoped that this revelation would make his sentencing a little more lenient, but it didn’t.
According to the Radio Times, some of the fake winners were interviewed for the McMillions docuseries - and not all of them were the heinous criminals you might imagine. For example, a few people were seemingly in over their heads and looking for some kind financial relief. Gloria Brown, a single mother from Jacksonville, and George Chandler, a single father from South Carolina, didn’t know what they were getting into according to one of the directors of McMillions, James Lee Hernandez.
“You can look at it as black-and-white; there's the FBI and there's criminals, and criminals get what they deserve,” Hernandez said. “But when you look underneath the hood you see that really these are good people who just made bad decisions. Every single person in their life has made at least one decision - probably once a week - that they regret and most of the time it doesn't lead to being a federal criminal.”
This scandal has not been covered as extensively as you might expect. The trial against Jacobson and his accomplices started on September 10th 2001, just a day before 9/11. A lot of people say that the coverage of the trial suffered due to the fact that this tragic attack was, rightfully, the media’s main focus at the time.
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Look to science for climate facts
In both method and motive, Rich Lowry’s “The new deniers on climate change” (April 3) is a classic example of propaganda.
Mr. Lowry (a writer and editor, not a scientist) has taken isolated data and created just enough misinformation to sow doubts in the minds of readers. Peer reviewed scientists can successfully rebut his arguments, but he can create the propaganda at a faster rate, making it difficult to “keep up.”
Lowry is the editor of National Review, a famously conservative publication whose director is Jeff Sandefer. Mr. Sandefer is also the president of Sandefer Capital, a Texas based energy investment firm. Arguably, the continued consumption of coal and oil is Sandefer’s vested interest.
Lowry seems to suggest that it is acceptable to burn coal and oil at the current rate. Given that significant amounts of peer reviewed scientific evidence indicates that atmospheric carbon compound pollution is ever increasing, global warming is an imminent (if not immediate) threat, and the finite natural resources of coal and oil are ever decreasing, I have one question: How can Lowry justify his stance to the future generations of United States and world citizens? - Ed Resovsky, Rancho Peñasquitos
Thanks for printing the Rich Lowry piece. It shows how out-of-touch actual deniers like him are! The bottom line is that earth is out of radiative balance, taking in more energy from the sun than it radiates back into space because of the buildup of long-lasting greenhouse gases, like CO2. This means that long term, the earth must get warmer. That science is settled. The details of how this happens are what climate research is all about and remains unsettled.
Denigrating Jim Hansen with “Is that all (he wants)?” because Hansen points out that we need a follow-on to the failed satellite that would have given us basic understanding of how explosive growth in aerosols keeps us cooler is beneath even the deniers. Hansen is one of the meekest, most mild-mannered, and well-intentioned, not to mention capable, climate scientists I have ever met (and I have met most of them, having worked at Scripps Institution of Oceanography since 1970, the days of “Long-Ranger” Jerry Namias, the pioneer of long-range weather and climate prediction).
Don’t believe Lowry. Pay attention to Hansen. Business as usual continues to make lots of short-term profits for oil and coal industries at the expense of our children’s and grandchildren’s futures. - R.E. Flick, Scripps Ranch
A different plan
To save money and reduce government redundancy, I recommend we absorb North Korea rather than fighting them. We would then replace two dictators with one, streamline bureaucracy and the military by outsourcing and use theirs who are paid very small sums and do not question their leaders, and add their population to our welfare rolls that adds to the voter base of those who push government subsidies as a way of life. China would then continue to loan us money, no questions asked. Win-Win for all. - Jack Porath, La Jolla
Quadriplegic inventor of robotic device
The front page article on the artificial exoskeleton reported an amazing advancement in medicine and technology that gives promise to people who previously had no hope (“Robotic legs bring hope-filled steps,” April 5). Unfortunately, the writer failed to mention that the device was invented by Dr. Amit Goffer, an Israeli who is a quadriplegic himself. The ReWalk device by Argo Technologies was made available for the first time for private use to Claire Lomas in London in April 2012. - Hillary Liber, San Diego
Credible concerns over gun confiscation
In reply to Ivan O. Pour’s article “Controversy good for NRA, firearms dealers,” (April 5), it is a credible concern by the NRA and legal gun owners to believe the military could “fan out” across the U.S. and down “Main Street” to confiscate all firearms. Our military leaders receive their orders from their civilian, political appointee superiors. Military leaders and their subordinates must obey all legitimate orders whether they like the particular order or not. Be careful and informed when voting. - Mike James King, El Cajon
Water problems need modern solutions
“The great water debate,” presented in the U-T (San Diego In Depth, March 31) exemplifies government solving modern water delivery problems using horse and buggy rather than super highway technology. Presenting Southern California water delivery solutions by advocates who have done little since the peripheral canal was built allows for more future water crisis than solutions for Californians. The billions proposed to add 35 miles of twin 40-foot aqueduct tunnels from the Sacramento Delta area could be applied to a bigger undersea coastal aqueduct. One with many times more capacity and reliability than anything we have today. One that could deliver excess runoff fresh water normally emptying into the ocean from the delta but also, at some future time, from other west coast areas. Building a flexible seabed fresh water tube tunnel has many other benefits. It would tremendously reduce present peripheral canal’s evaporation/seepage losses, damage vulnerability, and the huge electrical energy requirements to pump aqueduct water over mountain ranges between Northern and Southern California. - Ernest Bellantoni, San Diego
Saving the sea lions
Regarding “Seaworld treating sea lion that jumped into car” (April 4) and “Seaworld profit rises 300 percent” (March 29), clearly we can see the danger of allowing motorized vehicles in an area where sea lions want to go. I propose we ban motor vehicles from West Mission Bay Drive and let the sea lions roam free! Isn’t that what they did in La Jolla? Oh, and thank you Sea World for spending some of your Manta Ray inspired profits to “Save the Sea Lions.” - Chris Olson, Pacific Beach
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Federico Piutti, Innovation Manager at Bormioli Pharma, believes track-and-trace technologies will be far more effective when applied directly to primary packaging, and with information being traced throughout the supply chain
Track-and-trace is more effective when applied from the factory to the end-user
Beyond industry applications, track and trace technologies could be also important — in a patient-centric way — for the final user. Patients would be able to directly access information about the drug they’re going to use. Bormioli Pharma is investigating a comprehensive approach in this area, testing several technologies that aim to facilitate the development of digital-ready primary packaging.
The pharmaceutical industry is destined to change radically during the next decade. As stated by international consultancy giant, McKinsey, several drivers will transform the industry, making it considerably different from the one we currently know.1
First of all, modern drugs will reach many more patients than today; thanks to the emergence of a new middle-class in several developing countries, approximately one billion new patients will gain access to state-of-the-art medications. To serve those who cannot afford medicines, innovative private-public partnerships will create new models.
At the same time, unconventional channels will be put in place to overcome inadequate healthcare infrastructures to reach patients in remote areas.
In developed markets, the vast majority of medical needs will be addressed with generic drugs will be produced and distributed at scale and with great efficiency. Alongside these drugs, integrated solutions that combine diagnostics, devices and drugs will create new business models.
Distribution channels and patient services will also further emerge and expand, especially for geriatric and chronic disease applications, as well as a broad range of new players in home and hospital care delivery, services and nursing. Moreover, the number of partners and handover points will significantly increase.
Alongside these drugs, integrated solutions that combine diagnostics, devices and drugs will create new business models
A key role will be played by technology, innovation and their strategic management. The combination and cross-pollination of new inputs will allow the creation of novel solutions such as comprehensive tracking systems throughout the supply chain, which could provide relevant information for everyone involved, including final users.
To tackle these new challenges, a quantum leap is required; supply chain operators will have to build the necessary infrastructure to make this new scenario both effective and practicable. It will rely on the integration of business and industrial systems, with consumer devices being used to “close the loop.”
Serialisation will be one of the breakthroughs in this new era and is already one of the hottest topics in pharma companies worldwide. The process is also being driven by regulatory and compliance issues. This push comes as a result of rising drug-related criminal activities and supply chain inefficiencies, and aims to address drug counterfeiting and unauthorised parallel supply chains, as well as improving supply chain visibility and facilitating potential product recalls.
In our vision, serialisation could be far more efficient — and ensure an even higher level of safety — when applied to primary packaging.
This will indeed create a closer link between packaging and the available information. Direct serialisation could be the key to enhanced traceability and a more effective way to tackle counterfeiting; primary packaging is the only container that cannot be modified along the supply chain until it reaches the end-user, and is then disposed of or recycled to create a circular economy.
Federico Piutti, Innovation Manager, Bormioli Pharma
Primary packaging serialisation allows tracking to begin at vial or bottle production, providing information throughout the supply chain, from primary packaging producers, manufacturers, distributors, pharmacies, hospitals and other institutions to the end-user.
Multiple benefits can be realised; first, the packaging manufacturer is able to detect anomalies during production, eliminate them and optimise the process; pharmaceutical companies then have access to better packaging, improving their own operations. Moreover, there is a reduced risk of counterfeiting and tampering during distribution, with pharmacies and other institutions being able to track the use of the drug.
From a patient-centric perspective, the progressive implementation of track-and-trace technologies could also ensure considerable end-user benefits
Furthermore, introducing primary packaging serialisation infers the creation of cross-functional teams of packaging, engineering, IT, quality assurance and regulatory affairs experts to ensure seamless implementation. Such a process would necessitate a certain amount of physical intervention, such as packaging line upgrades and additional equipment, as well as modifications involving risk evaluation, mitigation strategy and the subsequent adaptation to inherent risks.2
From a patient-centric perspective, the progressive implementation of track-and-trace technologies could also ensure considerable end-user benefits. Indeed, patients would be more aware and better informed about the therapies they’ve have been administered and have access to more information about the drugs they’re using.
New serialisation technologies should complement global trends such as blockchain, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, etc. Moreover, considering serialisation in an Industry 4.0 context, further added value could be linked to the development of brand-new business models.
Such innovation also requires a flexible and agile approach; to face these changes, Bormioli Pharma is reviewing its centralised model and working with both internal and external partners — such as start-ups, research centres and universities — to create a productive environment in which to generate new value.
Through product marking, we’re working on the construction of an advanced, non-editable, anticounterfeit tracking solution that can be recognised by both industrial systems — possibly by adapting the manufacturer’s production process to the client’s ones — and by consumer appliances and devices. The complex codes we’re developing are also able to supply a wide range of information, all along the supply chain, right up the end-user.
The technology that we’re experimenting with enhances the marking process and provides higher levels of antitampering and anticounterfeiting compliance
Focusing on ultra-fast pulse laser writing, an innovative technology that has not yet been deeply explored in the pharmaceutical packaging environment, and working in collaboration with the Center for Nano Science and Technology (CNST) at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) — a research institute that promotes excellence in basic and applied research — our laser marking process will enable us to modify the structure of transparent and semitransparent elements in a highly accurate way. This will mark the drug container with a unique code that provides multilayer information throughout the supply chain.
The technology that we’re experimenting with enhances the marking process and provides higher levels of antitampering and anticounterfeiting compliance. Using this technology, the mark itself is written into the material of the container and not just on the surface.
It takes advantage of the whole volume of the item being mark — whether glass or plastic — allowing the creation of 3D codes that are both compliant with current regulations and, at the same time, can also “hide” more complex information and anticounterfeiting marks, all in the same platform.
These invisible 3D codes and marks could be customised in terms of geometry and response to different sources of illumination, and can be detected using specific light sources or user-friendly vision systems. At the same time, a more common code, such as a QR code or a data matrix, is visible and readable by common industrial code scanners or consumer devices, such as smartphones, to guarantee product information access.
As a result of this process, no external agent can cancel or alter the mark, and the risk of micro-cracks or changes in glass strength is eliminated as the marking process doesn’t produce particulates. Moreover, the technology is highly accurate and reliable.
Laser marking tests have been done with different types of materials, from glass to polymers (PE, PP, PET, COC, COP, etc.), and we’ll continue to evaluate the feasibility of other applications/materials in the future. Laser treatment experiments are currently taking place with Type I and III glass — both amber and flint — and with PET plastic containers.
Driven both by compliance and digitalisation, pharma packaging manufacturers are investing considerable resources into the development of different track-and-trace technologies, looking for the most suitable solution. We are still at the beginning of the journey; the real breakthrough will emerge from an immersive and distributed approach to innovation.
Only by doing so, in a forum of open dialogue with pharma companies, will it be possible to find a more effective and integrated solution that combines primary packaging, data management platforms and the needs of everyone involved in the supply chain.
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As a participant in the civil rights movement, I have attended innumerable rallies. In this one, there were the traditional trappings: handmade signs expressing grievances, informational leaflets, petitions, a coffin representing the death of democracy, and singing (a la "Raging Grannies" style). But this rally was different.
As the demonstrators were assembling in the Old Courthouse plaza, a group of about 30 third-graders who had been visiting a museum in the Old Courthouse, came out on to the plaza to have lunch. One of the rally organizers went to an adult in the group, presumably a teacher or chaperone, and offered leaflets on the event. The adult was quite emphatic in declaring that he didn't want the class to have "any of that stuff," and said that the students "...wanted to have a quiet lunch."
In my opinion, the teacher or chaperone missed an important civics lesson. Two weeks prior, a tragic event happened in Tucson, Arizona, where Rep. Gabrielle Giffords was shot, and others killed and wounded. One of those slain was Christina Green, a third-grader. Christina was heralded for her interest in public service, having been elected to a position in her school. In fact, this honor prompted her to attend the "Congress on Your Corner" event organized by Rep. Giffords.
In this case, a much broader issue than solely the Citizens United case per se was taking place. The critical issue was not just "why" the demonstrators were there, but "how" they were able to be there.
What was so evident right before these students' very eyes were important human rights and principles of a democracy in force: to assemble and to petition the government when citizens feel government is not serving their best interests. To ignore such an important lesson for the youngsters in favor of "a quiet lunch" was sad, if not plain irresponsible — and certainly short-sighted.
Hopefully, one day, these young students will be taught that it is their civic duty to engage in these events when warranted. In a democracy, they will always be warranted.
Henry Organ lives in Menlo Park.
This story contains 463 words.
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Full profile →'">
The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer.
John Breslin strides through a warren of offices and hallways in an abandoned building that was once a Guinness storehouse and more recently offices for the bus transit firm CIE. Frankly, it's a dump, smelling of mildew, the floors strewn with pallets, chipped-off masonry, drink coasters, and broken office furniture.
Standing in the dilapidated building in Ireland's city of Galway last summer, I found it hard to envision this as the startup mecca that it’s intended to become by March. But after its current renovation is complete, PorterShed will house up to 75 people working for startups and growth companies, serving as a co-working space where entrepreneurs can collaborate, get help from law firms and venture capitalists, and participate in coding competitions. “It’s not the best building,” Breslin, one of the founders of the project, told me apologetically when he gave me a pre-construction tour. “But it has a lot of potential.”
Breslin, an electronic engineering professor at the National University of Ireland Galway and an entrepreneur who started Ireland’s biggest social media website, might as well be talking about Galway. The city of 75,000 in the west of Ireland, sixth largest on the island and its fastest-growing, is home to a variety of tech companies, notably the medical device maker . But after Galway lost Airbnb and other companies looking for city-center lodgings in recent years, a group of local entrepreneurs and business people decided to do something about it.
Galway’s experience in trying to attract fast-growing startups is a window into the challenges of jumpstarting technology development in areas outside Silicon Valley. In an era when startups can become multibillion-dollar giants in the space of a few years, creating their own ecosystems of support companies and jobs, it’s more critical than ever that cities and regions figure out how to attract their own.
Galway already has a budding community of small tech companies and multinational outposts, attracted to NUI Galway’s strong engineering school and the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology. Some of the companies sprouted after Digital Equipment Corp. closed a large manufacturing plant in the 1990s, prompting many people laid off to found companies and demonstrating the region's entrepreneurial bent.
The city also has a thriving arts culture, lively downtown, and coastside location, all attractive to young tech workers. But that hasn’t been enough so far to draw large numbers of new startups, which continue to flock to the much bigger and better-known Dublin with its dozens of incubators.
There’s another impetus for getting more companies to come to the West of Ireland, apparent in the child seat in Breslin’s car as he ferried me through the maze of narrow streets of Galway: These folks want their kids to have the option to stick around and work here rather than hive off to Dublin, or for that matter the San Francisco Bay Area, Boston, or another stateside tech center.
In the view of Breslin and other PorterShed partners such as David Cunningham, CEO of startup accelerator StartX6, OnePageCRM CEO Michael FitzGerald, and Ex Ordo CEO Paul Killoran (the last two of which will move their companies to the PorterShed), the Galway area would serve as a more livable alternative to larger cities, like Boulder, Colo., or Bend, Ore. “A lot of the university graduates want to do more than just work for the big guys,” says John McArdle, who runs the European, Middle East and Africa operation of Somerville (Mass.)-based software firm SmartBear from Galway.
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It is impossible to understand the world today without knowing what the ESF is and what it has been doing. Officially in charge of defending the dollar, the ESF is the government agency which controls the New York Fed, runs the CIA’s black budget, and is the architect of the world’s monetary system (IMF, World Bank, etc).
ESF financing (through the OSS and then the CIA) built up the worldwide propaganda network which has so badly distorted history today (including erasing awareness of its existence from popular consciousness). It has been directly involved in virtually every major US fraud/scandal since its creation in 1934.
“Bull markets are born on pessimism, grown on skepticism, mature on optimism, and die on euphoria,” he said. “The time of maximum pessimism is the best time to buy, and the time of maximum optimism is the best time to sell.” ~ John Templeton
On January 22, 2016 SGT Report published an interview with macroeconomic analyst Rob Kirby from Kirby Analytics where he exposes what he calls a more closely guarded secret than the lack of gold in Fort Knox, more guarded than the U.S. Nuclear secrets, referring to a secret NWO fund which is controlling the “financial universe.”
The fund is called the Exchange Stabilization Fund and is run at the sole discretion of the Secretary of Treasury, with no congressional oversight, subject to no laws, and is involved with everything from the drug trade, to arms dealing, murder-for-hire and regime changes, just to name a few projects where these “dark dollars” are manipulating world events in what Kirby calls a “very wicked game” going on right now “at the very, very highest of levels.”
Via the U.S. Treasury:
The ESF can be used to purchase or sell foreign currencies, to hold U.S. foreign exchange and Special Drawing Rights (SDR) assets, and to provide financing to foreign governments. All operations of the ESF require the explicit authorization of the Secretary of the Treasury (“the Secretary”).
The Secretary is responsible for the formulation and implementation of U.S. international monetary and financial policy, including exchange market intervention policy. The ESF helps the Secretary to carry out these responsibilities. By law, the Secretary has considerable discretion in the use of ESF resources.
- Hyperinflation Coming In 2016: Analysis By The Numbers.
- The New Iraq & Middle East: Exit America Enter Russia
Kirby states “We are talking about something here that is extremely dark. This is a very dark entity. This is one of the most closely guarded secrets that America has,” as he continues on to explain how this secret fund functions, its purpose which is to prop up the dollar, despite multiple countries including China and Russia dumping the dollar, where Kirby contends “a lot of things are in motion right now,” and that 2016 is going to be an “epic” year.
According to Kirby, everything from the plunging oil prices to the EFS buying up all the U.S. securities that other countries have been pitching, is all being done for one purpose only, to prop up the dollar, to make it appear as if the dollar is strong when in reality the “dollar is worthless” and has “no value” anymore.
The significance of China establishing a physical gold price is that it would become the only real physical market remaining in the global market system. For the past two and a half years, the current benchmark in London and New York has refrained from any physical deliveries, and is simply acting as a derivatives market, and a conduit to protect the dollar by smashing down gold prices with naked short contracts.
The coming new global financial system that will replace Bretton Woods and dollar hegemony is accelerating at a rapid pace, and will inevitably be backed by a gold based trade note or currency. And these are the final days for people to get out of their dollars and paper assets and get into physical gold before the ongoing shortages make it impossible to prepare yourself for what will evolve.
- The Illegal ~ Pump Plunge Protection Team
- U.S. Treasury Department’s Exchange Stabilization Fund
- Every Icelander To Get Paid In Bank Sale: 26 Bankers Behind Bars!
- From Obscurity to Notoriety: A Biography of the Exchange Stabilization Fund
- China announces that in April they will open gold market to new Yuan benchmark
- Flag This! 2008 – $550 Billion USD Absconded From Federal Reserve Within 30 Minutes.
- Presenting The Exchange Stabilization Fund In 5 Parts: Is This The Real “Plunge Protection Team”?
- Gold Backed Russian Ruble, Chinese Yuan Primed to Destroy U.S. Dollar As Global Reserve Currency
5 Part Video Of The ESF By Eric deCarbonnel:
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Wilderness Medicine Elective
The course is organized into three different parts or “evolutions”: alpine, swift water, and desert. In each environment we teach how to travel and live in that setting while maintaining safety and comfort. We believe that, in order to be able to care for patients in a wilderness setting, you must first understand how to care for yourself, to quote the pre-hospital provider maxim: “a dead rescuer saves no one.” We then learn about medicine that is specific to that environment via daily lectures by faculty and students (each student prepares and gives one lecture with faculty guidance) and scenarios designed to reinforce topics covered in the previous days.
Wilderness travel skills that are covered include (but are not be limited to): ice axe/crampon use, climbing techniques, avalanche awareness/avoidance, topography/orientation, boat-based/swift water rescue, and drinking water management.
Medical topics to be covered will include: altitude, hypothermia, frostbite, orthopedics of the upper and lower extremities, lightning injuries, submersion, wound care, traveler’s diarrhea and water treatment, eye injuries, heat injuries or burns, and stings and bites. There is significant one on one teaching as well as realistic mock scenarios that utilize students, faculty, and river-guides as patients which incorporate moulage and other tools.
When: The course runs for 3 weeks during the spring semester. Given that we are together 24 hours a day for 3 weeks, we actually get more teaching time into a 3 week course than you would usually find in a 4 week elective.
The 2012 Elective dates are April 27 - May 16 or 17, 2013.
Students fly into Salt Lake City; here we congregate, have a day of lectures and prepare. Preparation includes packing bags for the first evolution, storing gear for the other evolutions, and readying to hike out.
Alpine Evolution: The alpine evolution lasts approximately 6 days and takes place on the flanks of Mt. Pfeifferhorn in Red Pine Canyon. Red Pine is a side canyon of the Little Cottonwood Canyon in the Wasatch Range. This will be the most difficult/strenuous portion of the trip as we portage all supplies for the week (except water which we boil from snow or obtain from a water source). While this is not easy, everyone will be capable of doing it, as mentioned previously one goal of the course is to involve all members of the group regardless of experience or ability.
Water Evolution: The water portion is 5 days of rafting on the Green River in Desolation Canyon (it’s much better than the name implies, really). This part is guided by a professional service but still features teaching by our faculty.
Break: We then spend 2 days in Moab, UT. This time is used to reorganize from the water evolution and prepare for the desert evolution. For the desert evolution, students are expected to work together to plan a menu and purchase necessary supplies. The time in Moab also allows students to experience a few of the numerous activities in the area: mountain biking, road biking, hiking, rock climbing, off-roading, etc.
Desert Evolution: This is a 4 day segment in the Needles section of Canyonland National Park. In the desert we camp in groups of 10 or less that are each a mile apart in order to minimize impact on the fragile environment. Daytimes in the desert are largely spent reading or relaxing to avoid the intense heat. Group learning activities and hiking occur early or late in the day when the temperature is cooler.
Course Director: J. Matthew Sholl, MD – Maine Medical Center, Director of EMS, UVM Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine.
The course is taught by faculty of Mountain Aid Training International (MATI) who have experience with hiking and traveling internationally as well as teaching wilderness medicine. MATI teaches wilderness medicine to the first responder level, wilderness EMT level, college courses, and medical school courses.
Back to Wilderness Elective Main
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NVIDIA GeForceFX chipsets
In the Tech Files section in the June 2003 issue (on page 99) we reviewed a selection of the latest graphics cards available from NVIDIA, which are based on their new family of FX chipsets. These new chipsets support Microsoft's Direct X 9.0 application programming interface (API), which means the graphics cards have the ability to run games written for Direct X 9.0.
The FX card range spans the high-end to the low-end with the FX5800 Ultra, FX5600, FX5600 Ultra, FX5200 Ultra and the FX5200. The PC World Test Centre is yet to test an FX5200 Ultra or FX5600 Ultra-based card; but we plan to bring you reviews of FX5600 based cards in the coming months.
All cards feature an 8X AGP bus, and the flagship FX5800 Ultra distinguishes itself from the 5600 and 5200 models by offering much higher clock speeds for the memory and main chips. Indeed, the GeForceFX 5800 Ultra chip itself clocks in at around 500MHz, with its memory chips clocking in at 1GHz. The lower end GeForceFX 5600 clocks in at around 350MHz for the main chip and 700MHz for the memory, and the GeForceFX 5200 clocks in at approximately 250MHz for the main chip and 400MHz for the memory.
But the new chipsets do not only offer speed improvements, as NVIDIA has introduced a few new technologies designed to greatly improve image quality. This image improvement is achieved using the CineFX engine, which according to the vendor provides 128-bit colour processing technology for programmers, and allows game developers to provide real-time pixel shading effects for more realistic details and more vivid colours. Direct X 9.0 also supports new pixel shading techniques and NVIDIA say these features will provide greater 'cinematic detail'. Currently games based on Direct X 9.0 are not available.
Picture quality and detail levels are enhanced further by the technology called Intellisample, which is incorporated into the FX range of chips (with the exception of the 5200 version). It uses up to 6X anti-aliasing sampling (for less jagged lines), gamma adjusted sampling (for better lighting and colour quality) and more advanced anisotropic filtering (for greater texture quality).
NVIDIA GeForceFX 5800
Asus V9900 Ultra TD
Description: Based on the NVIDIA GeForceFX 5800 Ultra chipset, this card employs extraordinary cooling measures that make it heavy and loud. Large heatsinks draw heat away from the memory chips and the main chipset and the fan that cools the chipset is powerful and noisy, while encased in a plastic shroud.
The card's mounting bracket is twice the width of a regular graphics card and apart from providing extra mounting support, it also provides more room for the exhaust system. The left side of the bracket is used to suck air into the shroud with the right side used to extract the warm air that is generated.
A supplemental power port resides on the graphics card and requires a standard hard drive type power connector. The card will run without it, but at an underclocked setting speed.
When the graphics card is required to process 3D graphics, the aforementioned fan spins vigorously and makes a very loud noise. Thankfully, in periods of idle time, the fan slows to a level where only a slight whir is noticeable.
A standard VGA port, a DVI port and a connection to a TV screen can be made via the S-Video out port.
With 128MB of DDR2 memory, this card has a bandwidth of 16GB per second and can display at resolutions up to 2048x1536x32-bit colour depth at an 85Hz refresh rate. In order to reach the maximum display setting you will also require a monitor with this capability.
Contents: In addition to the graphics board, this package includes games and applications. Included is an AsusDVD software DVD player, CyberLinks Medi@Show SE 2.0 slideshow creation software.
Five games are bundled too including, The ElderScrolls III Morrowind, Rainbow Six - Rogue Spear Black Thorn, Worms Blast, Battle Realms and IL2 Sturmovik.
Driver features: For multiple monitor usage, the NVIDIA drivers that ship with the card support nView and can be used to clone the desktop image over two screens, or to span the desktop image across two screens either vertically or horizontally. Image orientation can also be manipulated by the inclusion of NVRotate, that allows you to turn your desktop onto its side. This is very useful if you have a large LCD that has a pivoting screen, but trying this setting out on a CRT is definitely not recommended.
For more advanced users, the IntelliSample quality settings can be affected via the driver, as can anti-aliasing and anisotropic filtering settings. Overclocking tools are not supplied with the driver, but a temperature gauge is present and shows the current temperature of the card and overall ambient temperature near the graphics chip.
Performance: This card performed almost identically to the Leadtek 5800 Ultra-based card in Unreal Tournament 3 for all the tested resolutions, suggesting that for high-end gaming, this card is ideal. Its Quake III results are not as impressive as the Leadtek cards, its result of 197 frames per second at a resolution of 1600x1200 means that this card is lacking some grunt at high resolutions. The heatsink warmed up to 47 degrees in our tests.
Target user: The limited availability of this product and its price tag, means this card is definitely aimed at the very keen enthusiast seeking the latest in graphics card technology. A keen game player who doesn't want to spend as much money for great performance and Direct X 9.0 compatibility should perhaps consider the ATI Radeon 9700-based cards instead.
Distributor: Achieva Technology Australia
Phone: (02) 9742 3288
Leadtek WinFast A300 TD Ultra
Description: Unlike the large and heavy cooling implementation of the Asus card, the Leadtek sports a design that is a lot quieter, not as bulky, yet it emits the same amount of heat in a PC enclosure. In this design the entire circuit board of the card is completely cocooned in a heatsink (both sides of the board are covered) and two fans are employed to disperse the warm air that is generated by the main chip as well as the memory chips.
It has a regular width mounting bracket, which leaves the adjacent PCI slot bracket empty and it also has a standard VGA port, DVI port and a MyVIVO port, which provides video-in and video-out connection. A power supplement using a standard hard drive type connector needs to be attached during installation.
Its 128MB of DDR2 memory capacity provides resolutions up to 2048x1536x32-bit colour depth at a 75Hz refresh rate, which means users with large monitors - at least 19in and above - will benefit from this card.
Contents: In addition to the card and its associated cabling, the A300 TD Ultra ships with a comprehensive software bundle that includes Ulead VideoStudio6 SE DVD. This movie editing software allows for the creation basic creation of video clips, as well as transitions and title sequences. The card also ships with a software DVD player and games including Gun Metal and Big Mutha Truckers.
A DVI to VGA adapter, and My ViVO cable, provide output for S-Video and RCA connectivity, and both types of cables are provided in the box.
Driver features: For multiple monitor usage, the NVIDIA drivers that ship with the card support nView and can be used to clone the desktop image over two screens, or to span the desktop image across two screens either vertically or horizontally. Image orientation can be further manipulated using NVRotate, which allows you to turn your desktop onto its side. This is very useful if you have a large LCD that has a pivoting screen, but trialling this setting on a CRT is not recommended.
For more advanced users, the driver can be employed to alter the IntelliSample quality settings, as well as the anti-aliasing and anisotropic filtering settings. The Leadtek card also ships a program called WinFox, which monitors the card's temperature. For video capturing, the bundled software supports MPEG 1 and MPEG 2 formats, in addition to MPEG 4.
Performance: As the fastest NVIDIA based card we have seen to date, the A300 TD Ultra performed admirably at high resolutions, and its Open GL performance in Quake III was also the fastest in the field. It scored identically to the Asus card in the Unreal Tournament Direct 3D tests. Its heatsink also attained the same level of warmth as the Asus card, which held steady at 47 degrees during our testing.
Target user: This card provides is ideal enthusiast users who desire one of the fastest NVIDIA GeForceFX 5800 boards on the market. Its performance, video capture features and innovative cooling implementation come at a price, with this card priced at almost $1100.
Distributor: BCN Technology
Phone: (02) 9648 0888
NVIDIA GeForceFX 5200-based cards
Sparkle FX 5200
Description: This budget-oriented card has specifications a lot slower than the top of the line NVIDIA GeForceFX 5800-based cards. It does not boast any extreme cooling measures or require a supplemental power source to be plugged into it. The card features a basic heatsink and fan cooling assembly atop the main chip and the memory chips are left bare, with no heatsinks at all.
The mounting bracket of the card has, in addition to a regular analogue VGA port, a DVI port and a video out port.
The card has 128MB DDR memory and runs at a speed of 400MHz while the main chip cruises at 250MHz.
This card supports Direct X 9.0, as well, but does not feature the Intellisample technology, and it is offered at a price point similar to the GeForce4 MX440 based cards in the market.
Contents: This budget-based package merely comes with the essentials, that include a DVI to VGA adapter and an S-Video cable.
Driver features: NVIDIA's reference drivers offer Open GL and Direct3D tweaks for experienced users in addition to NVIDIAs Nview functionality, for connecting more than one display device. NVRotate is a cool little feature that can display the desktop in portrait mode, but only if you have a large LCD monitor (17in and above) and are willing to mount it vertically.
Performance: In terms of grunt, this card did not show too much promise. Its 3D Mark 2003 scores in particular were very low and the Inferno map in Unreal Tournament was barely playable. For current low level gaming though, the Quake III scores were good and if you're a gaming enthusiast and not too fussed about high resolutions and image detail settings, you will find it adequate.
Target user: This card is designed for those seeking a budget, low-end graphics solution, yet still needing connectivity and wanting Direct X 9.0 support. For basic computer systems that won't be used for high level graphics and gaming pursuits, this card is ideal.
Distributor: Australia IT
Phone: (03) 9543 5855
CPU: AMD Athlon XP 2000+
Motherboard: Asus A7N8X
AGP mode: 8X
Memory: 2x 256MB Corsair PC3200 modules (in a dual channel configuration)
Hard drive: 120GB Western Digital Caviar WD 1200 Special Edition with 8MB cache
Hard drive interface: Parallel ATA
To view the complete list of our graphics cards reviews, check out the PC World test results table.
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Illustrated By Sydney Hass.
When it comes to Mondays, we're with Garfield. There's something about the start of the week that throws a wrench in our usually focused, productive work habits. Despite our good intentions, there's always some new distraction (read: funny corgi video) that just can't possibly wait until later. But, what if focus and concentration were as simple as flipping a switch in your brain?
Such a sci-fi quick fix may not yet exist, but a new study suggests we're well on our way. Psychologists at Simon Fraser University claim to have made a key discovery about how our brains focus. In a study published this week in The Journal of Neuroscience, 56 undergrads participated in three experiments designed to challenge their focus. During each experiment, researchers presented the students with a series of red, yellow, and green shapes. They instructed the participants to be on the lookout for a specific color or shape — for example, a green diamond — and to ignore the others. Researchers then measured subjects' brain waves to see how their brains responded to distracting stimuli (i.e. the shapes they had been instructed to ignore).
Historically, prevailing wisdom has held that our brains perceive our surroundings as a whole, picking out elements that require our attention (like reading Where's Waldo?). But, this study showed the reverse: Researchers found that respondents' brains actively suppressed perceptions of the distracting stimuli, rather than highlighting the shapes they were supposed to notice.
More research is needed to determine exactly what factors help our brains shut out distractions. Still, this new discovery could change the way we treat attention disorders — not to mention cases of "the Mondays."
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| 0.95903
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| 3.140625
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Loyola student awarded Rhodes scholarship
Loyola press release - December 7, 1998
As Rhodes scholar, Franks will study for two years at Oxford University in England, and is hoping to be accepted into the universityís philosophy program, a highly competitive curriculum. Franks is also vying for a Fulbright scholarship, which will be awarded in the spring.
Franks, an English literature and philosophy double major and a classics minor, had not even considered applying for the scholarships until the new dean of arts and sciences, Frank E. Scully, proposed the idea to her in a meeting in which she introduced herself as the president of the philosophy club. Upon hearing the news that Franks was awarded the scholarship, Scully said, "Of the many outstanding students at Loyola, Mary Anne Franks is just exceptional."
Franks says that she came to Loyola "partly because of the allure of New Orleans and its unique culture, but also because of the schoolís warmth and the appeal of a Jesuit education." She credits her professors for both inspiring and challenging her. She claims that Assistant Professor of Philosophy Erik Vogt, Ph.D. has a remarkable way of thinking which has given her new perspectives and eradicated her notion that literature and philosophy are two separate entities. She also credits Associate Professor of English William T. Cotton and says that "his reputation precedes him. He was the most intimidating professor and my most difficult class, but he prompts his students to strive for excellence." Cotton also speaks highly of Franks, who he says is "probably the most brilliant student Iíve encountered at Loyola."
Franks is involved in many activities at Loyola and currently serves as the president of the philosophy club and editor-in-chief of ReVisions, the Loyola University literary magazine. Franks also has been published in several magazines, including Quarter After Eight and has received numerous awards and scholarships including a Loyola University Ignatian Scholarship and the Dawson Gaillard Awards for Excellence in Writing. She was a finalist in the Elie Wiesel Prize in Ethics Essay Contest.
Upon graduating in May, Franks will travel to England and begin her studies in the fall and hopes to eventually work in psychoanalysis and "areas where I can be most influential, like in philosophy and literature."
Franks was chosen from among 909 applicants endorsed by 310 colleges and universities for the scholarship. Ninety-six applicants from 67 schools reached the final stage of the competition.
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By Raluca Dragusanu, Daniele Giovannucci, and Nathan Nunn
The Economics of Fair Trade
Fair Trade is a labeling initiative aimed at improving the lives of the poor in developing countries by offering better terms to producers and helping them to organize. Whether Fair Trade can achieve its intended goals has been hotly debated in academic and policy circles. In particular, debates have been waged about whether Fair Trade makes "economic sense" and is sustainable in the long run. The aim of this article is to provide a critical overview of the economic theory behind Fair Trade, describing the potential benefits and potential pitfalls. We also provide an assessment of the empirical evidence of the impacts of Fair Trade to date.
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We Were On A Break is a famous recurring line by Ross Geller that has its roots in the fifteenth episode of the third season of Friends, titled "The One Where Ross And Rachel Take A Break". The phrase is first coined by Rachel Green in the next episode ("The One With The Morning After") and is heard in arguments between Ross and Rachel throughout the series. It is one of the most used running gags of the series.
The phrase has its roots in the fifteenth episode of the third season of Friends, titled "The One Where Ross And Rachel Take A Break", when a rift between Ross Geller and Rachel Green (a couple at the time) came to a head. At the time, Ross mistakenly suspected that Rachel was having an affair with a co-worker of hers, Mark Robinson, and had subsequently frequently complained about how much time she had been spending away from him and with Mark. Eventually Rachel (who in reality only ever considered her relationship with Mark to be platonic and was unaware that he did indeed have a crush on her until he admitted as much to her in a later episode) became so frustrated with the amount of arguments she and Ross had been having over something that seemed so trivial to her that a fateful row with him ended with the following dialog:
- Rachel: ...Maybe we should just take a break!
- Ross: Ok, fine. Fine. Let's take a break. Let's cool off. Let's get some frozen yogurt or something.
- Rachel: No! ...a break from us.
The couple separate immediately afterwards. Both Ross (in the same episode) and Rachel (at the beginning of the next episode) separately confess that the conversation construed a "breakup" and that their relationship is effectively ended.
After the breakup, Ross retreats to a bar, and eventually decides to telephone Rachel at her apartment and reconcile with her. However, by then Mark had called her and, hearing that she was upset after her fight with Ross, offered to come round her apartment and provide her with comfort. Overhearing his voice in the background, Ross mistakenly thinks he is there to have sex with her and angrily hangs up, convinced now his suspicions about her affair with Mark were right and his relationship with her is now over. Then the sum of his emotional vulnerability, alcohol and a promiscuous woman named Chloe causes Ross to have an affair. He does not learn that he had been mistaken in thinking Rachel had sex with Mark until the following morning, when he hears a message she left on his answering machine telling him she wants to reconcile with him. His one-night stand with Chloe, however, does not remain a secret and causes Ross and Rachel's attempt to renew their relationship in "The One With The Morning After" to turn into a very awkward fight which eventually results in them breaking up once again. Rachel asserts that Ross's one-night stand with Chloe was an act of cheating while Ross maintains that since they had broken up, no cheating had occurred. Rachel briefly attempts to contradict the "breakup" interpretation of their previous fateful dialog by turning it into "we were on a break" (thus differentiating between "break" and "breakup"). This unsuccessful attempt, which is never repeated, coins the phrase.
The running gag
Starting with episode 17 of season three ("The One Without The Ski Trip") Ross recurrently repeats the phrase "we were on a break" in the recurring rows with Rachel as well as on occasions when the audience least expects it. Rachel also repeats her alternative version ("we were NOT on a break") albeit it is far less frequent. Ross emphasizes that he and Rachel had broken up and thus he was free to strike a partnership with any other woman while Rachel maintains that somehow they had not been on a break and so Ross actually cheated on her.
The truth however is that both Ross and Rachel made a number of mistakes that resulted in their break-up after his drunken affair with Chloe, but both are seemingly unwilling to, even to themselves, admit their respective errors out of stubbornness stemming from anger at each other. Rachel's conversation with Monica at the beginning of The One With The Morning After (prior to learning of the affair) proves (as she says so) that she had indeed broken up with him when she suggested they "take a break." As Ross pointed out while arguing with her later in the same episode, in doing so she effectively "bailed on (their relationship) just when things got a little rough." However, it seems as though her rage and anger at Ross for breaking her heart causes her to stubbornly blame the whole fiasco on him; she responds to his statement about her bailing on their relationship by saying "that is neither here nor there" and refuses to take any blame for anything at all that went wrong with their relationship, later revealing that she expects him to take full responsibility for all that went wrong. Ross in turn is so infuriated by precisely this that he, somewhat ironically, adopts a similar attitude himself by stubbornly refusing to admit to his own mistakes and the truth behind his affair with Chloe-which is that out of paranoia he had mistakenly believed at the time that she had been having an affair with Mark and his relationship with her was already over.
The phrase puts the friends in painful situations as they try not to take side with either of them, lest their friendship is jeopardized. They regard the whole affair utterly childish. In addition to making no comment on the issue, Phoebe occasionally asks Ross to confess his love for Rachel openly, when he least expects the matter to come up. Ross, however, does not comply until the very last episode, "The Last One, Part 2". Chandler, on the other hand, is so deeply affected by the whole state of affair that resumes smoking and, for the first time in his life, cries. (See "The One With Rachel's Sister".)
Unsuccessful with their friends, Ross and Rachel both attempt to indoctrinate their own points of view on Ben and Emma, Ross's children, resulting in hilarious scenes. Also in "The One With Ross' Wedding, Part 2", in a flight to London, Rachel succeeds in eliciting a response from a third-party (a passenger to London played by Hugh Laurie), although to her utter dismay, the verdict is "it seems to be perfectly clear that you were on a break!"
- The first time it was said, David and Jennifer both cried after the break-up.
- The phrase to be on a break is also used by Paget Brewster in an interview titled "Friends of Friends Part II", featured on Friends: The Complete Series Collection.
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| 0.988114
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Suimu Shrine is one of the old shrine in Kiso, Nagano prefecture. It was established in the middle of 13th century. In 1357, Kiso clan built main hall.
There are many thousand years old Hinoki tree.
Inside the hall, there are many valuable Giant Ema.
Day: July 23.
Legend said, Minashi Shrine of Hida moved here from Hida to avoid the war. The god was carried by Mikoshi. Mikoshi escaped passing from Hida to Shinano. However, Mikoshi was attacked and fell down to valley.
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| 0.959719
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The first genus, Microsporum,1 and the first species, Microsporum Audouini, of the ringworm fungi were described by Gruby2 in 1843. His description was based on the parasitic aspect of the fungus in porrigo decalvans or pelade, and the organism was given the name Microsporum because of the extremely small spores which made up the sheath around the infected hairs. Gruby, however, was in error in diagnosing the lesion as pelade. He was dealing not with pelade but with herpes tonsurans, and attempts by others to find his fungus in lesions of pelade were of course futile. The situation was not entirely clear until 1894, when Sabouraud3 rediscovered Gruby's fungus in lesions of herpes tonsurans and clarified the earlier confusion in the clinical identification of the disease for which M. Audouini had been described as the etiologic agent. Subsequently the genus Microsporum has been distinguished
CONANT NF. STUDIES IN THE GENUS MICROSPORUM: III. TAXONOMIC STUDIES. Arch Derm Syphilol. 1937;36(4):781–808. doi:10.1001/archderm.1937.01480040098007
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| 0.953392
| 308
| 3.625
| 4
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Self-improvement is an essential trait a person can possess. The urge to become better will be able to get you far and progress in our life.
We all know that we aren’t perfect, but there’s always room for improvement. We should always try to be the best version of ourselves.
Here are some guidelines to enter the path of personal growth and self-development.
- Know and embrace yourself
Know who you are and who do you aspire to be. Always try to be yourself, focus on yourself and what you want. It is sometimes quite challenging to be just ourselves in a world that expects us to fit in and conform. However, it is better to avoid conforming to the standards, expectations, and ideals of other people because usually, they aren’t realistic, and aspiring to these can make us miserable. Don’t care what people think of us because we’ll be judged regardless. Embrace yourself as it is better to be hated for who you are than it’s to be loved for something you aren’t.
- Get out of your comfort zone
Getting out of your comfort zone and putting yourself out there means that you’ll grow as a person. So, take risks and aim to do something different, such as learning a new hobby or skill.
- Take criticism well
You cannot please all of the people all the time, and certain people are just haters who always find a way to put you down, judge you, and belittle you.
Unfortunately, these kinds of people are part of our lives. The best thing to do is to take criticism well. Treat their jealous and bitter comments as water off a duck’s back.
- Know how to assert yourself
We often go through challenging situations in life. Knowing how to assert yourself is one of the most essential skills you’ll ever need. Stand for yourself and make your feelings known.
- Adopt good habits
Are you often getting problems with your time on your tasks? Learn to complete tasks earlier. Are you having tough times staying organized? Write down or make a note of your to-do lists and deadlines. Are you struggling to keep yourself motivated? Remember why you started on your goals and remember to focus on them. Adopting good habits will help you go even further.
- Make a plan and create a list of goals
Know your ambitions and write them down so that you have a clear view of your goals.
- Be kind and generous
Everyone is fighting a battle, and the world runs better on kindness and generosity. Help those who are in need, and if you can’t in any capacity, then at least don’t hurt them. There’s nothing to be gained from being spiteful, horrible, nasty, and bitter to others. Genuine acts of kindness will take you further.
- Remember the simple yet the most essential things in life
It’s easy to overlook the little things in the daily grind of life, but you need to remember they are the essential aspects of life. Go out on a walk in the park to get some fresh air, spend time with a best friend, pick up the phone to call a sibling, smell the beautiful flowers, or smile and say hi to a neighbor when you walk past them in the street.
- Keep learning new skills
Learning does not end when you finish school. It is a lifelong journey. Take up a new hobby, whether it’s learning to play a musical instrument, coding, crafting, taking up a new sport, designing, and among others. Adding more skills will show that you’re a well-rounded person.
- Be happy!
Life is too short to live in misery. Don’t waste your time dwelling on the negatives instead see the positives.
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Students’ Needs to Develop English Writing Materials
Keywords:Need Based Analysis, Writing Material Development
This research explored sophomore students’ needs in learning English writing at the Faculty of Education for Language and Arts, IKIP Mataram. To achieve this purpose, classroom observation, questionnaire, and documentation were conducted to collect data. Data were then analyzed descriptively, and triangulation of data analysis was also carried out. Based on the result of the questionnaire survey, the findings show that the students’ proficiency level is at the elementary level. Moreover, the students’ needs in learning writing include picture-enriched materials, academic writing, tourism-related topics, cooperative learning in use, and theories-driven writing materials. The findings are used as foundation knowledge to develop writing materials for students.
Brown, H. D. (2004). Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practices. New York: Longman.
Defazio, J., Jones, J., Tennant, F., & Hook, S. A. (2010). Academic literacy: The importance and impact of writing across the curriculum: A case study. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 10(2), 34 – 47.
Dudley-Evans, T., & St John, M. J. (2011). Developments in ESP: A multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gillies, R. M., & Ashman, A. F. (2003). An historical review of the use of groups to promote socialization and learning. London: Routledge.
Hutchinson, T., & Waters, A. (1987). English for Specific Purposes: A Learning-centered Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harding, K. (2007). English for Specific Purposes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kaewpet, C. (2009). A Framework for Investigating Learner Needs: Needs Analysis Extended to Curriculum Development. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 6(2), 209-220.
Kayl, H. (2008). Developing an ESL Curriculum Based on Needs and Situation Analysis: A Case Study. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 4(1), 30-49.
Kuo, Y. C., Chu, H. C., & Huang, C. H. (2015). A Learning Style-based Grouping Collaborative Learning Approach to Improve EFL Students’ Performance in English Courses. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 18(2), 284–298.
Nation, I. S. P., & Macalister, J. (2010). Language Curriculum Design. New York: Routledge.
Petrova, I. (2008). Needs analysis as a starting point for designing a syllabus for English for specific purposes course. Master Thesis. Estonia: University of Tartu Department of English Language and Literature.
Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum Development in Language Teaching. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Tomlinson, B. (2008). English language learning materials: A critical review. London, UK: Continuum.
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All articles published Open Access will be immediately and permanently free for everyone to read and download. We are continuously working with our author communities to select the best choice of license options, currently being defined for this journal as follows: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC BY-SA)
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https://journal.binus.ac.id/index.php/Lingua/article/view/1504
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| 0.856667
| 942
| 3.21875
| 3
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Saudi Arabia have admitted that they created ISIS in response to the U.S. support for the Da’wa – the Tehran-aligned Shia Islamist ruling party of Iraq – in a stunning admission that has gone virtually unreported in the mainstream press.
As Saudi-U.S. relations continue to deteriorate amid threats to de-classify 28-pages of the official 9/11 report, the FT have written an article that reveals yet another blow to diplomatic relations between the two countries.
As US President Barack Obama arrives on a valedictory visit to Saudi Arabia this week, that 70-year-old bargain looks frayed by fractious relations with a ruling House of Saud that is coming under unpredictable new management. The shale-based energy revolution meanwhile shows the potential to liberate the US from dependence on Saudi and Gulf oil. Mr Obama’s main foreign policy achievement, the nuclear deal struck last year between international powers and Iran, is abhorrent to Saudi Arabia, whose virulently sectarian Wahhabi interpretation of Sunni Islam abominates the Shia Islam of Iran and its Arab network of co-religionists from Baghdad to Beirut.
But it was not just Iran.
“Even when the Iran deal was only at an interim and fragile stage in 2013, the Saudis were so affronted they rejected a seat for which they had vigorously lobbied on the UN Security Council. But differences between Washington and Riyadh had been steadily accumulating — starting with the fact that it was mainly Saudi terrorists, on orders of the Saudi Osama bin Laden, who struck America on 9/11.”
However the real reason for Iraqi fury at Obama goes further back. In fact, it appears that all current events are shaped by the disastrous foreign policy of Obama’s early years, namely the US intervention behind the Arab Spring:
The Saudis could never reconcile themselves to the US-led invasion of Iraq, not because it toppled Saddam Hussein but because it led to Shia majority rule in an Arab country. When Hosni Mubarak was toppled by Egypt’s popular revolt in 2011, Riyadh accused Mr Obama of betraying a US ally. Saudi perceptions of US complacency in the face of Iran’s advances in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Yemen are a grievance far outweighing western perceptions of Isis jihadism as the main threat in and from the Middle East.
But the punchline: Saudi’s admission that it itself created Daesh, or ISIS. As for the twist: as the late Saudi foreign minister says, the Saudis only created ISIS in response to Obama’s disastrous policy in the region.
After the Iraqi city of Mosul fell to a lightning Isis offensive in 2014, even the late Prince Saud al-Faisal, the respected Saudi foreign minister, remonstrated with John Kerry, US secretary of state, that “Daesh [Isis] is our [Sunni] response to your support for the Da’wa” — the Tehran-aligned Shia Islamist ruling party of Iraq.
And there you have it, and as a reminder, the person who was in charge of US foreign policy during this entire period was none other than…
But that is just part of the story.
As we revealed last year courtesy of leaked CIA documents, according to investigative reporter Nafeez Ahmed the “leaked document reveals that in coordination with the Gulf states and Turkey, the West intentionally sponsored violent Islamist groups to destabilize Assad, despite anticipating that doing so could lead to the emergence of an ‘Islamic State’ in Iraq and Syria (ISIS).
“According to the newly declassified US document, the Pentagon foresaw the likely rise of the ‘Islamic State’ as a direct consequence of the strategy, but described this outcome as a strategic opportunity to “isolate the Syrian regime.”
In other words, the Saudis may have created ISIS in response to US foreign policy, but this had been known all too well to the US from the beginning, who not only were “in on it”, but actively groomed the terrorist organization, ostensibly through a clandestine spy organization whose name is conveniently abbreviated to just three letters.
Which ultimately means that just like Al Qaeda was funded, i.e., created, by Saudi Arabia, so its replacement on the global bogeyman scale, the Islamic State terrorist are nothing more than conveniently puppets, played from day one by the interplay of Saudi and US national interests,(asipress) reported.
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Helen Thomson, biomedical news editor
A good-looking robot is seriously hard to find. Robots can be pretty, some even handsome, but as soon as they get too realistic they start to creep us out. A new system for helping robots to generate more realistic expressions might go some way to help.
Many years ago, roboticists realised that as you morph an abstract robot into a human you generate a peak of unease - the "uncanny valley principle" - that makes people feel uncomfortable when a robot looks realistic but not realistic enough. Some say it's because they remind us of a corpse. However, research has shown that if you manipulate the robotic images so that they are more attractive, you can bypass this feeling of unease.
To create a robot we are more likely to accept, life-like expressions are vital. That's why Nicole Lazzeri at the University of Pisa, Italy, and her colleagues have designed a "Hybrid Engine for Facial Expressions Synthesis" (HEFES) - a facial animation engine that gives realistic expressions to a humanoid robot called FACE.
FACE's appearance is modelled on one of the team's wives. "It's really realistic," says Lazzeri, who presented the work at BioRob in Rome last month. See for yourself in the video above.
To mimic the myriad expressions that facial muscles are capable of achieving, the team placed 32 motors around FACE's skull and upper torso that manipulate its polymer skin in the same way that real muscles do.
To create expressions they used a combination of motor movements based on the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) - a system created over 30 years ago which codes facial expressions in terms of anatomic muscle movements.
HEFES is used to control FACE's expressions. It is essentially a mathematical programme that creates an "emotional space" which a person can use to choose an expression for FACE that exists anywhere between one or more basic emotions, including anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. The algorithm then works out which motors need to be moved to create that expression or transition between two or more.
The team evaluated the accuracy of their expressions by asking five autistic and 15 non-autistic children to identify a set of expressions performed first by FACE and then by a psychologist. Both groups were able to identify happiness, anger and sadness but less able identify fear, disgust and surprise.
So is it more attractive? I'm not convinced. But FACE's ability to smoothly transition between one emotion and another is pretty remarkable. And not too creepy.
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An increasing number of international research and governmental institutions are challenging several gene patents, arguing that the patent holders’ absolute control of diagnostic methods is not in the public's best interests. Most notably, the Institut Curie, a cancer research centre in Paris, is leading the fight against Myriad Genetics, a US biotechnology company that plans to install a monopoly on all genetic work associated with the breast and ovarian cancer predisposition gene brca1. The critics of Myriad's wide‐ranging patent rights maintain that the company's absolute control not only prohibits further research on the diagnosis of and therapies against breast cancer, but also has a detrimental effect on public health.
Physician examining mammographs.
Critics of Myriad's wide‐ranging patent rights maintain that it not only prohibits further research on diagnostics and therapies but also has a detrimental effect on public health
Since the European Commission adopted a directive allowing human genes to be patented in July 1998, many such patents have been granted and indeed challenged, including the battles over the insulin, relaxin and hematopoietin genes. In 2001, seven years after Myriad Genetics first identified the sequence of brca1, the European Patent Office (EPO) granted the company three patents covering all potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications based on the gene's sequence. Several European research centres and associations quickly contested the first two patents in an attempt to fight Myriad's monopoly. More recently, in August 2002, the Institut Curie, the Institut Gustave‐Roussy, the Assistance‐Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris together with almost all European genetics societies and many scientific institutions and governments turned up the heat and filed a joint opposition notice to the third patent. As this protects the isolated gene and the corresponding protein, and includes all imaginable future therapeutic uses, such as gene therapy and screening of drugs or transgenic animals, the opponents aim to block the company's apparently singular control over diagnosis and therapeutic applications. ‘No company should own this genetic information. This monopoly is an abuse of power,’ explained Gilbert Lenoir, head of the research department at the Institut Gustave‐Roussy, during a press conference at the Institut Curie in September, concerning the patent opposition.
The potential market for diagnosis and therapeutics based on the genetic predisposition to cancer is big; and so are Myriad's plans. The company refuses to give any licences and demands that all DNA samples are sent to its testing laboratories in Salt Lake City, UT. Nevertheless, seventeen laboratories in Europe are still performing diagnostic tests based on the brca1 sequence, which puts them at risk of being sued for patent infringement, regardless of the detection method they use. ‘Theoretically, we can be sued,’ said Jacques Warcoin, the opponents’ legal consultant at the Cabinet Regimbeau. But many think that this is a risk worth taking in light of the effects that Myriad's monopoly on genetic testing would have on health care. In June 2001, the Oncological Genetics Unit at the Institut Curie, headed by Dominique Stoppa‐Lyonnet, demonstrated that the direct sequencing technology used by Myriad Genetics and their approach of only focusing on the detection of point or small‐sized genetic abnormalities, failed to detect 10–20% of all expected mutations.
Opponents might also opt for the ex officio licence, a French legislation that allows anyone to override drug patents if they are contrary to public health
A further effect of the monopoly is that physicians and research scientists in Europe would lose their expertise in this field, as Myriad's patents do not allow them to improve on or develop new diagnostic methods. And the cost of the test poses another barrier to health care—the mutation searches performed by Myriad have a price tag of €2744, as opposed to an estimated cost of €914 for the test performed in French laboratories. Myriad's monopoly would thus dramatically increase the cost of screening the population and put additional pressure on many European countries’ social and medical systems. Such a commercial approach to health care also goes against the holistic way in which European countries view public health, as it would separate biological research and clinical investigation from patient care. ‘It is often very important to have a global approach and to take into consideration the tests and the patients’ perception of the tests,’ said Stoppa‐Lyonnet.
Finally, the collection of DNA samples by Myriad would constitute the only sample bank in the world and thus give the company ultimate control over the raw material. Critics fear that Myriad would gain another monopoly concerning future research on other breast cancer predisposition genes and enable it to file even more patents as a result of such discoveries. ‘Giving the war treasure of research—that has been put into our hands by patients—to an industrial group, so that it can patent it, is a unpleasant track to follow,’ said Thomas Tursz, head of the Institut Gustave‐Roussy.
Since the Institut Curie started the initiative to denounce this ‘abuse of power’, many other European institutions have supported them. The Institut Gustave‐Roussy, the Assistance‐Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris, the Belgian human genetics society, the Belgian and Dutch human genetics centres and the German, Danish and British genetics societies, now all oppose Myriad's first patent. Concurrently, the European Parliament has passed a resolution supporting the French initiative and has invited ‘other institutions of the European Union and the governments of the Member States to do likewise.’ In February 2002, the Belgian Ministries of Health, Social Affairs and Scientific Research, the Dutch Ministry of Health and the German League against Cancer also declared their opposition to this patent. And after several European institutions filed a notice against the third patent in August, the Dutch and the Austrian Ministry of Health and the Swiss Social Democrat Party joined the movement.
To block these patents the opponents focus on three points. The first is a lack of priority and absence of novelty, because the gene sequence was already available in the scientific databases when the third patent was filed. The second argument is the lack of inventiveness for the same reason. The third point claims that the therapeutic uses, in particular gene therapy methods, were not sufficiently described for the purpose of implementing them effectively.
The EPO has already responded to the three opposition notices and is re‐examining Myriad's patents, but it will take at least four years until the office eventually makes a decision. Opposition to a patent is a common occurrence—about 6% of all patents are challenged—and around two‐thirds of these are successful, with the patent either revoked or muted to a limited form. Myriad, though, is not worried about the opposition. ‘Myriad is confident in the validity of its issued patents,’ said William A. Hockett from the company's Corporate Communications department. ‘In general, it is routine for patents with commercial potential to be opposed in Europe. Genentech's tissue plasminogen activator patent was opposed. Amgen's was opposed. Both of these patents were upheld and are major contributors to revenues,’ he said. ‘In the past, there have been cases with a lot of opponents and patents have been granted anyway,’ Lenoir acknowledged.
Although nobody is able to predict the outcome of the challenge at this stage, the patent opponents are confident that they will prevail. A revocation of any of Myriad's patents on brca1 would set a precedent for future challenges of monopolies on other genes patented by biotech companies. For instance, the US company Bio‐Rad holds the hemochromatose gene (HFE) patent—another potentially huge market for diagnosis and therapies as genetic hemochromatose is the most common of all hereditary diseases—and is willing to apply the same industrial and commercial principles as Myriad Genetics. ‘It is not only about breast cancer but about hundreds of gene patent applications. If nothing is done, it will be almost impossible to practice genetic analyses properly in the future,’ said Gert Matthijs from the Belgian Centres for Human Genetics.
European countries might be the forerunners in the debate about gene patents and ensuing monopolies
In case the EPO does not revoke any of Myriad's patents, opponents might then opt for another solution called ex officio licence (‘licence d'office’), a French legislation that allows anyone to override drug patents if they are contrary to public health. Roger‐Gérard Schwartzenberg, former French Minister for Research, and Bernard Kouchner, former French Minister for Health, both declared last year that they would support extending the French ex officio system to genetic diagnosis. If this provision were backed by other EU Member States, it would protect laboratories testing for brca1 mutations, while not challenging Myriad's patent.
European countries may thus be forerunners in the increasingly important debate about gene patents and the ensuing monopolies. Indeed, other countries are already getting involved. Canada and Australia have both shown an interest in introducing legislative measures equivalent to the French ex officio system. In the USA, Representative Lynn Rivers of Michigan introduced a Bill in Congress in March 2002 to limit the claims of patent holders in the field of genetic diagnosis. The ultimate goal is to put the diagnostic tools at the disposal of the entire healthcare system while enabling physicians and researchers to perform research in order to improve and perfect the testing techniques.
Nevertheless, this alternative would not resolve the recurring problem arising from how patents are currently issued. ‘The specific nature of DNA as a carrier of genetic and private information requires special considerations, but actual patent law and the current interpretation by the EPO do not sufficiently reflect this special status,’ said Matthijs. According to the EC directives that govern patentability, the mere discovery of an element of the human body, including the sequence or a partial sequence of a gene, cannot constitute a patentable invention. ‘The human body can't be patented itself but when something is isolated from it, if there is something inventive about it, it can be patented. A function associated from a gene for a specific use is a good example,’ said Siobhan Yeats, a biotechnology expert at the European Patent Office, explaining the office's interpretation of this directive. She defended the EPO in that its role is only to grant patents based on criteria that do not include the prevention of monopolies on genetic diagnosis. ‘The EPO is not responsible for what happens after we grant a patent,’ Yeats said. ‘The European Union and the European Parliament encourage filing patents for biotechnologies. We just conform to the law. We don't have an opinion on it,’ she said. But she pointed out that the EPO has recently raised the requirements for such patents, which could be seen as a sign of stricter control on gene patent deliveries.
A change in the law in favour of public health can only be achieved by the intervention of EU institutions, but the European Commission has not been forthcoming on this issue. ‘The EPO will not react personally. The only institution that can have an influence on the EPO is the European Commission,’ said Matthijs. ‘We would like to discuss with the EPO to make more modern interpretations of the European Patent Convention but they are not accessible this way. The European commission should organise forums where views could be exchanged on the issue of gene patents.’
- Copyright © 2002 European Molecular Biology Organization
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Measuring Civic Writing: The Development and Validation of the Civically Engaged Writing Analysis Continuum
- Author(s): Friedrich, Linda;
- Strother, Scott
- et al.
As youth increasingly access the public sphere and contribute to civic life through digital tools, scholars and educators are rethinking how civically engaged writing is taught, nurtured, and assessed. This article presents the conceptual underpinnings of the National Writing Project's Civically Engaged Writing Analysis Continuum (CEWAC), a new tool for assessing youth's civically engaged writing. It defines four attributes of civically engaged writing using qualitative analysis of expert interviews and literature: employs a public voice, advocates civic engagement or action, argues a position based on reasoning and evidence, and employs a structure to support a position. The article also presents reliability and validity evidence for CEWAC. The study finds that CEWAC has a moderate to high level of exact agreement and a high level of exact or adjacent agreement. Covariation analyses showed that, even with similar scoring patterns, CEWAC's attributes hold at least a moderate level of independence. This evidence, coupled with robust qualitative evidence around reliability and validity, establish CEWAC's strong technical properties. The findings suggest that CEWAC can be used both in research and in the classroom to make visible attributes of civically engaged writing often overlooked in traditional assessment frameworks.
Keywords: public writing, civic engagement, writing assessment, rubric, reliability
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A Justice Site
Mazur's Dictionary of Critical Sociology
Local Hub Sites
Created: June 20, 1999
Latest update: December 26, 2000
- Where to Start with Text for a Claim
- Texts from Learning
- Freedom Lives! Adam L. Gruen's Webwork, which bears a distinct similarity to our intertextuality. Look it over. We are probably on the verge of a whole new way to publish. Link added on February 28, 1999. jeanne
Critical Psychology and the Formation of Texts
A critical psychology conference on many of the intertextuality issues.
Deadline for abstracts: April 31, 1999.
New link for N.J. Fox's Intertextuality and Social Research
Where to Start with Text for a Claimby jeanne curran and Susan R. Takata
copyright June 1999, "Fair Use" encouraged
The problem with stating a claim is that most of us have little practice at doing so. Crtitical response to issues of the day is a skill that goes best where public discourse is practiced. As many theorists (on site, try Craig Calhoun and Jurgen Habermas, Blalock from non-critical perspective) remind us there is reason to fear that we have lost some of the traditional skills of public discourse. Now we shout rhetoric at one another in sound bites.
Critical sociology that blames the victim. Whoa!
- Blalock complains that we do not measure up.
- Duncan Kennedy complains that students do not rebel against the paternalistic bureaucracy.
- Gray-Shellberg complains that students lack integrity.
This site, in the spirit of promoting academic discourse, will continuously reflect on the "blaming of the victim," and will try to listen in good faith to the student-initiated claims, as well as our own claims in the complex world of institutionalized higer education in 1999-2000. To that end, we use a reflexive methodology. We question our own assumptions.
And perhaps that is where the making of a validity claim must start. By finding some forum, if no more than a college or K-12 classroom, where someone is willing to listen in good faith to what you "sense" or "feel," even if you cannot state it eloquently. As in more traditional negotiation, you need to find someone, somewhere, with some kind of authority, with whom you can begin by agreeing on something.
The role of your mentor (this person willing to share your ideas in good faith) is to help you state the claim, in words and/or some other medium that others in positions of authority will be willing to hear in good faith. When your goal is discourse, with a meaningful voice in decision-making for the community involved, shouting rhetoric is counter-productive. You want the other (who has some decision-making authority) to either take your claim into consideration or grant you some decision-making power to do so.
When you want a piece of the power, alienating the one with the power does not make sense, unless you want to challenge the illegitimacy of the power to start with. That is a viable goal also, but it is a goal governed by sovereign power. The right of one person to simply tell another what to do. Such power is not usually based on . . .
more later . . .
Texts, Respectable Texts, from Learningby Jeanne Curran and Susan Takata"The decision that we wanted to prepare our students for discourse meant that we had to pay particular attention to sociological logocentrism. Logocentrism displays a view of the world in which some "truth" or "reality" to which the academy lays claim is privileged at the expense of other voices, other perspectives. This is most often seen in the determination of what is included in the canon (or the curriculum) and what is not. Intertextuality therefore concerned us, for Habermas would have to be read, not alone, not as the sole authority on discourse and its possibilities, but with other textual references to clarify, expand, situate within the range of contexts available."
Curran and Takata, "Playing with Habermas" copyright 1998.
We began by preparing a handbook to guide our students by providing additional annotations and references to other texts. That fit with the traditional academic approach to intertextuality. Only as we worked with our students on their essays, encouraging them to record their own narratives, did we begin to realize the extent to which the academy has failed to welcome into the canon the production of alternative texts. Our students' writings, read together with Habermas, brought new meaning to Habermas' concerns for public discourse, brought new challenge for us not to create within the academy an "administered" auto-poietic subsytem. The establishment of this site, the Internet version of what we had been trying to accomplish in hard copy, is the result of our attempt to reclaim these texts. The summer volume, which we are calling in retrospect, Volume 3, represents the first formal steps towards the creation and dissemination of the informal texts of learning and learned discussion within and across institutions of the academy.
Volume 2, which we are archiving in the same navigable form as this summer volume, grew like Topsy, on its own. In May 1998, students were used to the dialog created and began to check the site almost daily. Unprepared and untutored for site management, we simply put up daily signs, and, as they multiplied alarmingly, we added two such signs. We added the date of inclusion. But mostly, we just piled entry upon entry, leaving ourselves overwhelmed. "We'll restructure in the summer", we said. "Hah!" So much for one summer!
Many tortured conversations later the agony of a table of contents is but a memory. The sections defined themselves as we cleared away the rubble. Our first rule of thumb is that these are texts, created in the process of learning, amongst students, faculty, and staff. They are texts that need to be read, for these are the folks who will engage in public discourse. These are the folks whose validity claims must be heard if our system of law is not to be auto-poietic non-learning. This is the public Habermas feared had lost the skill of public discourse. They said the same thing about letter writing. Maybe we didn't lose the skill; maybe it is being transformed for the media and the messages of a new age.
Because we mean for Dear Habermas to be the forum for the creation and dissemination of texts, we have taken particular care to listen in good faith, and to provide as broad a forum as we can. We also mean for it to teach by example. Come and write with us. For only in writing, only in actively participating, will we learn to carry on the needed dialog. Come and teach with us. For only in helping those who are not able to express their own claims do we guarantee that their claims will be heard, and that the system of law which shapes our community will remain a learning system, in which each of us is heard, in good faith.
Our second rule of thumb is that these texts are important to intertextuality, or the reading of traditional texts with all the gloss of literature and scholarship added by all the many other texts. Because these are the thoughts, the texts, of those of our fellow citizens who think on these matters, they must be accessible. So there are links, links galore, links so you can find phrase, "Inshallah, bokra, malesh," even though you can't remember where you saw it. We hope you'll never be far from an index or a navigation spot that will locate whatever you are trying to recall, or whatever you think you'd like to find. To that end, let us know on the site if you're lost. Of course that will happen. But less and less often as we learn to navigate.
Volume 1, from hardcopy in 1996-97, is presently available as it was included in our very first web site, set up by Richard Moncure. You'll find it under Curran on the Sociology Homepage. It will be archived, but it's the last of our priorities this summer. Volume 1 has the unique importance of having been put together intuitively, with none of us aware of the intertextuality that was asserting itself. We are pleased that we were all open enough to the good faith hearing of validity claims that Dear Habermas could happen.
"Playing with Habermas," Paper to be presented at the National Meetings of the American Society of Criminology in November 1998, in Wshington, D.C.
A copy of the Sociology of Law Handbook , Curran and Takata, is available on the Web. Just not yet on our site. February 28, 1999.
Fox's article, below.
- LINK to Reclaimed Text from Student Work: "I Think I Learned Something"
- Narratives Become Text: Accretion or Parology?
We found Nicholas J. Fox's article on intertextuality a great help in conceptualizing our work with our students and the recognition that such work held the power to challenge the "administering" of the academy. We have provided a link to the article that inspired us.
by N.J. Fox, "Intertextuality and the Writing of Social Research" Link not presently working. February 28, 1999. jeanne
Critical Psychology and the Formation of Texts
Critical Psychology and Action Research Conference
A Look at How Professional Conferences on the Edge of Theory are Formed
This is not a student conference. Should any of our students wish to participate please see jeanne for further information on how to connect with faculty who are likely to participate.
CRITICAL PSYCHOLOGY & ACTION RESEARCH
13-16 JULY 1999
"This conference has three aims, and the final call for papers is for three different kinds of work: (i) to bring together critical psychologists, and for this we invite critical psychologists working practically and/or theoretically to submit proposals; (ii) to bring together good examples of action research, and for this we invite action researchers working with the theory and/or practice of action research to submit proposals; and (iii) to expore connections between critical psychology and action research, and for this we invite psychologist working at the interface of critical perspectives and action research to present their work."
"We have papers so far from Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Finland, Mexico, Portugal, South Africa, United States and Venezuela. The final deadline for abstracts is 31st April 1999 (100-150 words for papers)."
"The conference is designed to provide an overview of key themes in critical psychology and action research, and the links between the two, and so the structure takes us through conceptual / practical / historical foundations, theoretical / cultural / institutional resources, arenas in which action research has been developed, and threads of debate and difference between perspectives."
"The conference will provide a forum to discuss ways of changing the world through varieties of action research, and to critically reflect on how psychology needs to change to be up to the task. There will be keynote talks, individual papers, symposia and workshops. The conference will encompass theories, methods and examples of action research. Sessions will focus on issues of conscientization, cultural destabilization, education inclusion campaigns, feminist research, mental health intervention, practical deconstruction and radical therapeutic activities. Abstracts of successful submissions will be published at the conference, and selected papers published in Annual Review of Critical Psychology."
"Further information on the conference is on the Bolton Institute Psychology Website."
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On this page:
Definition of the noun adiantum tenerum
What does adiantum tenerum mean as a name of something?
- tropical American fern with broad pinnae; widely cultivated
- lexical domain: Plants - nouns denoting plants
- synonyms of Adiantum tenerum: brittle maidenhair / brittle maidenhair fern
- more generic terms: maidenhair / maidenhair fern = any of various small to large terrestrial ferns of the genus Adiantum having delicate palmately branched fronds
- more specific terms: Adiantum tenerum farleyense / Farley maidenhair fern / Barbados maidenhair / Farley maidenhair / glory fern = named for a country house in Barbados where it was discovered
Phrases with Adiantum tenerum
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Printed dictionaries and other books with definitions for Adiantum tenerum
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by John Wilkes (of Milland House, Sussex)
Adiantum tenerum, or tender ...
Containing the Best and Newest Methods of Cultivating and Improving the Kitchen, Fruit and Flower Garden ...
Adiantum tenerum. Tender Maidenhair. Swartz prodr. 135. Brown. jam. 88. 7. phyt. t. 254. f. 1. Frond superdecompound, pinnules alternate rhombterdge- shaped blunted gafled, frustifications interrupted. Pluk. Striated Maidenhair. Small-leaved ...
by Christopher Brickell
See Adiantum tenerum. Broad buckler fern. See Dryopteris dilatata.
by Frederic Gomes Cassidy, Robert Brock Le Page
'955 WIMJ 79, Adiantum tenerum Sw. Maidenhair Fern; Black-stick Maidenhair. This species of maidenhair fern . . is used to make tea for colds. BLACK SWEETWOOD sb bot; cf OED sweetwood, 'A name for various trees and shrubs, chiefly ...
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Brittle Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum tenerum 'Farleyense')
Missouri Botanical Garden
Photo credit: aarongunnar
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Go to the thesaurus of Adiantum tenerum to find many related words and phrases!
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[kah-pruh, kap-ruh] /ˈkɑ prə, ˈkæp rə/
a tiny cosmopolitan beetle, Trogoderma granarium, that is a pest of stored grain and other dried organic matter.
[kuh-reef] /kəˈrif/ noun 1. (in India) a crop sown in early summer for harvesting in the autumn. /kəˈriːf/ noun 1. (in Pakistan, India, etc) a crop that is harvested at the beginning of winter Compare rabi
[kahr-uh-jahyt] /ˈkɑr əˌdʒaɪt/ noun, Islam. 1. a member of an ultraconservative, sometimes fanatical, sect emphasizing the importance of strict adherence to Muslim principles of conduct, and advocating the killing of anyone seriously violating those principles.
[kahr-kawf, -kof; Russian khahr-kuh f] /ˈkɑr kɔf, -kɒf; Russian ˈxɑr kəf/ noun 1. a city in NE Ukraine: former capital of Ukraine. /Russian ˈxarjkəf/ noun 1. a city in E Ukraine: capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1917–34); university (1805). Pop: 1 436 000 (2005 est)
[kahr-toom] /kɑrˈtum/ noun 1. a city in and the capital of the Sudan, at the junction of the White and Blue Nile rivers: besieged 1885; retaken by the British 1898. [soo-dan] /suˈdæn/ noun 1. a region in N Africa, S of the Sahara and Libyan deserts, extending from the Atlantic to the Red Sea. 2. […]
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Faulty Tire Changes Can Have Serious Consequences
Cars can be great to have when they run perfectly, but when things go wrong the good times can end with a quickness. One such issue that is common to almost every driver is the problem of flat tires. Most drivers who operate vehicles for any length of time will experience a flat tire, and how they deal with this issue can impact their future safety. Thankfully, drivers who follow a few simple steps can quickly, easily, and safely get themselves and their vehicles back up and running.
During a tire blowout, one of the first things that drivers should do is to move their vehicles to safe areas. For example, drivers who break down in the middle of busy highway traffic should quickly move their vehicles to shoulders or other safe areas. Driver should also seek to park their vehicles on flat and stable surfaces if possible.
Next, drivers should collect the tools that they will need to complete the jobs. For most drivers, this will mean taking time to find their spare wheel, lug nuts, floor mats, jacks, and any other technology that might come in handy.
Before attempting to lift a vehicle, drivers should always loosen the lug nuts. By doing so, they can take advantage of the friction provided by the weight of the vehicle and use this to help them to remove lugs.
Once the lugs are in place, drivers are then free to jack up their cars just far enough to slip their tires off of the supporting structures. Vehicle operators can then mount the replacement tire on their wheels, replace the lugs on the bolts, and tighten them with their fingers.
Finally, drivers should lower their cars to the ground and tighten the lug nuts in the proper sequences and to the proper tightness with the provided tools.
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What is a One wall kitchen?
One-wall kitchens are the smallest and most compact of any type of kitchen layout. They include all kitchen furniture and appliances arranged within one simple, linear line. Taking up minimal floor space, the one wall kitchen layout is ideal when space is at a premium, yet they can also work for larger spaces too. One wall kitchens are also sometimes referred to as a ‘single wall kitchens’, ‘single line kitchens’, ‘Pullman kitchens’ or ‘straight kitchens.’ With some clever design techniques to maximise space, style, and an efficient workflow, here’s all you need to know for creating a successful one wall kitchen design.
How much space do you need for a one wall kitchen?
When it comes to kitchen design there is no rigid formula for how to design, and one wall kitchens are a layout that can afford a degree of flexibility– depending on the space you have available and how you want to use it. However, to ensure a suitable fit for your furniture, worktop, and basic appliance requirement, the minimum size of a one wall kitchen should be 8 feet. This could be less should you have space for an island with extra storage and appliance housing, but otherwise 8 feet is the minimum to facilitate user requirement.
What are the advantages of a one wall kitchen?
- One of the key advantages of the single wall kitchen is it will cost less than other layouts because there are fewer cabinets and worktop required. This also means a smaller installation cost as there is less materials and labour involved. So, a well-planned kitchen layout will save you money, or alternatively free-up extra budget to spend elsewhere.
- What’s more, taking up minimal floor space allows you to make use of the extra space outside the kitchen, which is why this layout is popular for modern open plan living. The kitchen’s small footprint creates a sociable space large enough to accommodate a kitchen island or dining table, and in which the cook can integrate with family or guests.
- Having fewer kitchen cabinets looks less cluttered but can also help streamline your workflow with everything you need for cooking in near and easy reach. Their simplistic design also makes for quicker and easier cooking as well as cleaning up.
- Most single-wall kitchens only have enough space for one person to cook at a given time. This makes it safe and convenient for everyone present, yet in a well-planned layout, I.e., with a fridge on the end of the run of cabinetry, it is still possible for others to safely access the kitchen when they need something such as snacks or drinks.
What are the disadvantages of a One Wall Kitchen
Of course, there are some obvious disadvantages of a one wall kitchen, the main one for many people being the compact size of the kitchen itself. This restricts use to one cook, limits prep space and storage capacity (not ideal if you have lots of clutter or struggle with tidiness) and reduces the possibility of luxury extras such as an added steam oven or microwave within your kitchen.
Whilst open plan is beneficial, it’s not for everyone and there are some extra considerations to consider for this setting, such as noise and odour reducing appliances. Similarly, whilst it’s a more social arrangement the user typically faces into a wall and away from family and houseguests during cooking.
These aspects are important to consider when planning to ensure you achieve a kitchen that suits user lifestyle and needs. With this in mind, here’s further one wall kitchen ideas for making a success of this compact kitchen style…
Ensure the best one wall kitchen layout
It is essential to plan a practical kitchen design as much as one that suits the look of your open plan decor. A single-wall kitchen usually has a fridge at one end of the kitchen. The sink would be located next to this, with storage underneath. The hob and oven are typically located to the other side, ensuring hot and cold areas are kept separate. To ensure food safety after cooking, you will need generous worktop space for setting food down. You could also have tall cabinets that bookend the kitchen, provided they don’t block any light sources. This would typically include an oven with tall housing and a refrigerator-freezer on each side.
There are usually several upper wall units located above the run of base cabinets, which can extend the full length of the wall. Alternatively, and depending on requirement you could include a tall cabinet at one or both ends. If applicable, this run of wall cabinets is also where your extractor can be located.
2. Maximise your single wall kitchen storage
Single-wall kitchens have fewer cabinets than other layouts and so it is important to ensure ample cupboard space for all your needs. But you should also consider storage potential in other areas of your kitchen. For example, a lift–up bench at your dining table or bespoke living room furniture to match your kitchen for a seamless look. This is a popular choice for open-plan living spaces where homeowners desire continuity between the kitchen and living areas. Another possibility is open shelving, breaking up the continuity of a run of wall units, or else on the wall to either the left or the right of your kitchen. This will be both decorative and functional too, although whether open shelving will work for you depends on how much storage you require for your kitchenware.
3. Create a one wall kitchen with island
A hugely popular option for enhancing this layout is to create a one wall kitchen with kitchen island. This is an effective approach for making this layout work for larger kitchen spaces because it effectively transforms the space into a galley kitchen (the one wall is often referred to as a single galley kitchen, and a double galley kitchen when an extra run of units is present). Even the smallest of kitchen islands require space and clearance so whether this will work for you depends on the size of space you have and the use of it. However, a kitchen island can provide an additional site for appliances, storage, work surfaces and an extra seating area– all of which are extremely beneficial.
4. Best Appliances for One Wall Kitchens
Appropriate appliances should be chosen for one wall kitchens based on their size and functionality. Fortunately, modern kitchen appliances have been specifically designed to fit small spaces. You can find compact dishwashers with integrated microwave ovens, steam ovens, warming drawers, and compact ovens. It is important to select your appliances carefully and choose quieter models in an open-plan space. If your washing machine or exhaust fan are on, this will cause less objections from those who are reading or watching TV in the adjacent space.
5. Break up a Single Wall Kitchen Space
A popular option for open plan spaces is to create a marked distinction between the area you use for cooking, and the area you use for relaxing or socialising. This is easily achievable with a table or island, creating the illusion of two distinct spaces. Or alternatively, a change in lighting, décor, flooring, or colour scheme can all prove effective methods of defining your separate spaces for work and play.
6. Create a statement feature
Given the single-wall kitchen is already likely to be the main focal point in an open plan setting, why not draw further attention to it? …For example, adding a splash of colour to your cabinets can easily create a contrast with the rest of the room, as well as creating a vibrant and inviting feel for your kitchen. Alternatively, you could incorporate a unique backsplash, statement shelving or creative lighting effects. Adding a statement feature is a great way of bringing personality into the setting, and a talking point for visitors too!
7. Lighting for one wall kitchens
Whether itis an open plan or enclosed one wall kitchen, ensuring sufficient lighting is essential for facilitating use of your space. Track lighting is a great option for this type of kitchen layout, running the length of the cabinetry. This can also be adjusted to focus light over the worktop or adjoining dining area as required. Ambient lighting is especially important for this type of kitchen, and especially when open plan, but equally accent lighting, whether statement pendants or colour changing LEDS, are important for setting the tone you want for your living space.
One Wall kitchen ideas and planning
No matter your taste, a single wall kitchen design is worth looking into if you have limited space and want to find the best layout for maximising on this. Small in stature but highly versatile, there are many options for making a single wall kitchen layout work, and it is always recommended to speak to an expert kitchen designer to help you in this regard.
For help in finding an experienced kitchen designer near you contact the Kitchen Experts today
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The power formula expresses fundamental relationships among power, current, and voltage. On occasion, you may be asked to calculate any one of the three variables in this equation, given the other two. As a result, good mnemonics to remember is the PIV triangle.
PIV triangle for the Electrical Power formula (Diagram)
How to use the PIV Triangle for the Electrical Power formula?
If the two variables you know are across from one another, then multiplying them will get you the third. If you know the current (I) and the voltage (V) in a given circuit, you can calculate the electrical power (P) by multiplying the current and the voltage.
If the two variables you know are above and below one another, then you can get the third variable by dividing the one above by the one below. For instance, if you know the power and the current in a given circuit, you can calculate the voltage by dividing the power by the current.
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New Orleans Humane Law & Rescue Frequently Asked Questions
The frequently asked questions below are intended for Orleans Parish residents only.
Where does the Louisiana SPCA provide animal control services?
We are a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization and have a contract with the city of New Orleans to provide animal control services in Orleans Parish. In addition to enforcing New Orleans’ animal laws, we act as the City’s official animal shelter. We are not the animal control provider for any other parish.
What do I do if I see an animal in distress?
Call our Humane Law & Rescue team immediately at 911. If you call us after hours or on the weekend our call center will dispatch the Humane Officer on call.
What do I do if I find a stray animal?
Call us at 311, option 1. If you have the stray animal in your possession follow our found pet process here.
What is the stray-hold period?
A stray-hold period is a pre-determined amount of time that an animal shelter must hold an animal before assuming legal custody. This window of time is designed to give the pet parent time to find their lost pet.
In New Orleans, the stray-hold period is 3 days. This varies parish-to-parish.
What do I do if I see an animal left in a car?
If you find an animal trapped in a hot car follow these steps carefully to make sure you are acting in accordance with the law:
- First, call out for the animal’s owner. Explore in a 30-foot radius around the car to search for the owner.
- If you can’t find the owner call 911.
- Enter the vehicle with as little damage as possible and remove the animal.
- Once the animal is safe in your care, write a note to leave for the vehicle owner letting them know that appropriate authorities have been contacted. Leave your contact information, your reason for entry into the vehicle, and the location of their animal.
- Once you have completed these steps, remain in a safe location with the animal while you wait for emergency personnel to arrive.
Louisiana’s Good Samaritan Law, also known as Act No. 360, went into effect on August 1, 2018, and protects you from civil liability in the event of a necessary rescue of an animal or minor left alone in a car. It provides immunity from liability for property damage or trespass to a motor vehicle if the damage was caused while rescuing a minor or animal in distress. We encourage you the read the entirety of the law here.
What do I do if I need to dispose of animal remains?
The sanitation contractor in your neighborhood (with the exception of Waste Management) can dispose of your pet’s remains. If you see a deceased animal on Orleans Parish public roads, notify the Orleans Parish Sanitation Department at 504.658.3800.
Richard’s Disposal also services a portion of Orleans Parish. For a map of their route please click here. Richard’s instructions for animal removal are: “Dogs, cats and other small animals will only be collected from households and small businesses if the animal is put in a bag and brought to the curb for collection with solid waste. Richard’s Disposal will not go on private property for collection of dead animals. If you notify Richard’s Disposal of your need before noon they will remove the animal the same day.”
Another option is Metro Disposal. Their instructions are: “Dogs, cats and other small animals weighing less than 25 pounds will only be collected from households and small businesses if the animal is put in a plastic bag and brought to the curb for collection. In the event that animals are discovered on City streets, contact 311 to have the animal removed.” Click here to view their service area.
What do I do if I have a wildlife issue?
We do not respond to calls for wildlife. We recommend first calling Wildlife & Fisheries at 800.442.2511 for dispatch or 504.284.2023 for their local office.
Wildlife is considered to be any species that has not been domesticated; this includes raccoons, opossums, birds, snakes, foxes or coyotes.
Roto-Rooter will rescue pets and wildlife stuck in pipes or drains for free. Their technicians use state-of-the-art machinery, drain/sewer video cameras and even industrial excavation equipment. They will event tour your home or business to see if drains or pipes are easily accessible to pets or wildlife and help you find solutions to keep your animals safe.
How do I get a feral cat(s) removed from my property?
Orleans Parish laws allow cats to roam freely, so our Orleans Humane Law & Rescue team is only allowed to pick-up sick or injured cats. Please visit our Feral Cat FAQs for more information feral cats.
If you see a sick or injured feral cat, call our Humane Law & Rescue team immediately at 911. If you call us after hours or on the weekend our call center will dispatch the Humane Officer on call.
What pets are legal and illegal to own in Orleans Parish?
Domestic dogs and cats are legal to own in Orleans Parish, in addition to ferrets, rabbits, box or aquatic turtles, laboratory rats and skunks which have been bred and raised in captivity which have never known the wild, and pocket pets or rodents including, but not limited to, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, chinchillas, sugar gliders or hedgehogs. Certain snakes, reptiles and other herps are also permissible to own in Orleans Parish. You may not own any venomous or constricting snake, or any snake that will grow to an adult size of greater than 3 feet.
Wild or exotic animals are illegal to own in Orleans Parish. Wild or exotic animals includes any live monkey (nonhuman primate), raccoon, skunk, wolf, squirrel, coyote, fox, leopard, panther, tiger, lion, lynx, serval cat, or any other warm-blooded mammal not otherwise defined; any venomous or constricting snake, any snake that will grow to an adult size of greater than 3 feet; any tarantula which can normally be found in the wild state; any member of crocodilian, including, but not limited to, alligators, crocodiles, caimans and gharials; any exotic animal hybrid; or any rooster, cockerel, cock or chanticleer.
How often should I vaccinate my pet against rabies?
Your pet must visit a licensed veterinarian each year to receive all vaccines determined necessary by the veterinarian, including the rabies vaccine. If your veterinarian administers a 3-year rabies vaccine, it is the pet parent’s responsibility to keep the license and tag updated annually and have the current tag attached to the pet’s collar at all times.
Does my dog have to be on a leash?
What happens to stray animals that are picked up by Humane Law & Rescue?
Stray animals picked up by our Humane Law & Rescue team or brought to our New Orleans campus by Good Samaritans will be held for 3 days to allow the owner time to claim them. This is called a stray hold period and it’s different in every parish. If the animal is wearing an identification collar and a tag with the owner’s name and address we are required by law to extend the hold period to 7 days.
Once the stray hold period is done, the animal legally becomes ours.
What happens if I lose my pet and you find it?
To reclaim your pet follow our reclaim instructions here.
Can I keep my dog in my yard on a chain?
No. It’s illegal to tether (tie up/chain) a dog.
What is considered adequate shelter for my dog that lives outside?
Dogs that live outside must have a shelter made of 5 solid sides (4 walls and a roof) to provide protection against heat, cold and rain. The shelter should be placed in an area free of debris, feces (waste/poop), and standing water. The shelter must be elevated so that no standing water enters.
A shelter should also be large enough for the animal to stand, turn around, and lie down on the inside without touching the sides or top of the shelter.
A kennel or crate intended for indoor use is not considered adequate outdoor shelter for an animal.
What are the requirements for keeping a horse or mule within Orleans Parish?
Horses or mules that are housed or stabled within Orleans Parish must file the following information with our Humane Law & Rescue team:
- Name of the owner
- Number and kind of animals housed or stabled on the premises
- Address of place (street and number) where the animals are stabled
- Proof of annual negative Coggins’ test result
- Proof of annual vaccinations including Eastern and Western Encephalitis, West Nile virus, and rabies
- Any other information as NOHLR may deem necessary for the enforcement of proper sanitary regulations on the premises
This information is required for equines residing in Orleans Parish and any equine exhibited or used for transportation in parades.
What does the law say about mule carriages?
Mules can only work for 4 hours at a time, and must take 15 minute breaks in between tours to rest and hydrate. When the National Weather Service declares a heat advisory, all owned animals must be brought inside, and working animals must cease work until the advisory ends. When the temperature is above 95 degrees or the heat index is 105 or more, carriage operation must be suspended.
These laws are enforced through a partnership between the Louisiana SPCA and Department of Safety and Permits.
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| Teradyne is a supplier of automation equipment for test and industrial applications. Co. designs, develops, manufactures and sells automatic test systems used to test semiconductors, wireless products, data storage and electronics systems in the consumer electronics, wireless, automotive, industrial, computing, communications, and aerospace and defense industries. Co.'s automatic test equipment and industrial automation products and services include:semiconductor test systems; storage test systems, storage and system level test systems, defense/aerospace test instrumentation and systems and circuit-board test and inspection systems; wireless test systems; and industrial automation products. |
When researching a stock like Teradyne, many investors are the most familiar with Fundamental Analysis — looking at a company's balance sheet, earnings, revenues, and what's happening in that company's underlying business. Investors who use Fundamental Analysis to identify good stocks to buy or sell can also benefit from TER Technical Analysis to help find a good entry or exit point. Technical Analysis is blind to the fundamentals and looks only at the trading data for TER stock — the real life supply and demand for the stock over time — and examines that data in different ways. One of these ways is called the Relative Strength Index, or RSI. This popular indicator, originally developed in the 1970's by J. Welles Wilder, looks at a 14-day moving average of a stock's gains on its up days, versus its losses on its down days. The resulting TER RSI is a value that measures momentum, oscillating between "oversold" and "overbought" on a scale of zero to 100. A reading below 30 is viewed to be oversold, which a bullish investor could look to as a sign that the selling is in the process of exhausting itself, and look for entry point opportunities. A reading above 70 is viewed to be overbought, which could indicate that a rally in progress is starting to get crowded with buyers. If the rally has been a long one, that could be a sign that a pullback is overdue.
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Widgets dropped in sidebars (widget areas) created via the Sidebar & Widget Manager can be arranged vertically or horizontally depending on what you choose form the settings for each sidebar you create.
- Vertical widget alignment
This is the default WordPress widget alignment. The widgets in sidebars (widget areas) with vertical alignment are arranged in a column bellow each other.
- Horizontal widget alignment
The widgets in sidebars (widget areas) with horizontal alignment will be arranged in a row next to each other (lined up on the same line). Such widget areas are fluid and very flexible. The widget area width will be equally divided between all widgets in this widget area. Horizontal alignement is usually used in widgetized pages or footer widget areas, but can practically be used anywhere.
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A leading Cochrane researcher has suggested that European governments should sue the drug firm Roche and that doctors and others boycott the company’s products until it published all its data on oseltamivir (Tamiflu).
Peter Gøtzsche, head of the Nordic Cochrane Centre in Copenhagen, was responding to an open letter to Roche from the BMJ’s editor in chief, Fiona Godlee.
His plea came the same week as Godlee and other campaigners met with the health minster Lord Howe to discuss missing data, European Union clinical trial regulation, and the role of regulators.
Afterwards Sarah Wollaston, the Conservative MP who last month asked in parliament for a meeting on the issue,1 said she hoped to have a full day’s event to discuss further what could be done.
She told the BMJ, “Few would buy a car without comparing fuel economy and safety, yet the NHS pays for drugs without insisting on seeing all the data. We have many levers to insist on sharing this data, and we should use them.”
In October Godlee wrote to Roche as part of the BMJ’s open data campaign, saying that researchers were still being denied access to raw data on oseltamivir despite a promise from the company nearly three years ago to make trial data available for independent scrutiny.2
She wrote, “Billions of pounds of public money have been spent on [Tamiflu] and yet the evidence on its effectiveness and safety remains hidden from appropriate and necessary independent scrutiny.”
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Discuss the Article : 10 Ways To Improve Your English Speaking
<a href='/article/107/10-ways-to-improve-your-english-speaking-fluency' target='_blank'>10 Ways To Improve Your English Speaking</a>
Going abroad isn’t always a realistic option to become fluent in a language, so here are some tips to practice more English speaking, and increase your fluency at home...
I am a native American English speaker as well, and I think all of these bullet points are important, not only for learning English but for learning any language. I am still trying to break myself out of the final bullet point though, "translation." I need to stop doing this with Japanese and other languages. Hehehe So hard not to think in English first and then translate your thoughts. Ugh! I wonder if there are any tips out there for making this easier to get over. Hmmm. Anyhow, thanks for posting this article. :)
There are absolutely ways to beat this translating! It's best to try and put yourself in more situations where time is an issue (so there's no time to translate!) Check out this: http://bit.ly/appstolearn
These are apps for English practice, but I am sure you can find some in Japanese (or other languages, too!)...and the key point here is that they force you to think quickly in the target language!
That's a way to start :)
I couldn’t agree more with the last item on the list!
When I was beginning to learn English as a young adult, I’d translate almost every English word into my own native language. Like Shawn and many other fellow language learners, I needed a reference point and I found translation in some way physiologically comforting. I kept my old English-Chinese Dictionary with me until one day my ESL teacher told me it was time for me to move on to using learners’ dictionaries (dictionaries with explanations written from a limited set of English vocabulary). I was expected to bring to the class a new dictionary the next day and I wasn’t so thrilled about the idea then. Because the word definitions in an English-English dictionary often contained words I hadn’t already learned, it actually took me much more effort and longer time to figure out the meaning of a given word. From the get-go I felt somewhat like a baby without a pacifier or a non-swimmer without a swim ring, but as the time went by, I felt less need to chain myself to the translation and I felt free. Now whenever I look back, I am always thankful for the teacher who first got me used to learning without translation.
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Appealing a Decision of Beis Din: A Contradiction of Terms? Part 2
In Part 1 of this series, we began examining a talmudic precedent for the possibility of appealing a decision of a beis din. We noted a few potentially relevant sources in the Gemara and Rishonim, some of which appeared to indicate that appealing a decision would not be recommended or permitted, while others may have supported the idea, at least when one of the litigants had been forced to go to a specific beis din against his will. We concluded with the citation of the Noda Byehuda who argued that even if a litigant received a summons to go to beis din, this too may qualify as being “forced” to go, and he may be allowed to question or appeal the decision afterwards.In Part 2, we will analyze whether it may be easier to permit appealing in later generations for some reason, and the practical opinions of poskim today on the subject.
Are the Decisions of Later Generations More Liable to be Mistaken?
The Noda B’yehuda mentioned that in his generation, it was especially important to allow the review of decisions, since forgetfulness is common, and many errors are made by dayanim. This point is actually subject to a major dispute, which will play an important role in the halachic development of this issue through modern times. Although as we mentioned, the Beis Yosef, and many authorities after him, rule that one beis din should not reexamine the conclusions of another, a number of authorities argue that in later times, this principle is no longer operable. The Radbaz (printed by Rav Karo himself in Teshuvos Avkas Rochel Siman 21) was the first to adopt this position, and claims that even in his time, one beis din can reexamine the conclusions of another, because they are not as expert as in previous times. The Radbaz points to a number of passages in responsa of the Rashba and claims that the Rashba too supports this. It should be noted though that the Beis Yosef there (in the glosses) argues with the Radbaz and claims the case of the Rashba was “zar,” meaning it was unusual, and no proof may be drawn from there. The Shoel UMeshiv explains that to mean that that case was of a little known halacha, and only for that reason did the Rashba allow appealing that ruling, but in general, appeals are not permitted.
The Mabit (2:173), another contemporary of the Beis Yosef, cites the Tzror HaKesef (a student of the Rashba), who also agrees with the Radbaz that even in his time, many dayanim were not experts, and therefore the rule of lo dayki does not apply. The third source that adopts this position is the Maaseh Chiya, who adds that this is especially true in small towns. He explains further that even though the Gemara says there is no concern of a beis din to’eh, a beis din that errs, today everyone, even great Torah scholars, are less knowledgeable in Torah.
Despite the logic of the Radbaz, it seems that the majority of acharonim accept the opinion of the Beit Yosef and reject the opinion of the Radbaz. For example, the Shach says explicitly that even today, one beis din may not reexamine the conclusion of another, and this is the conclusion of Rav Refael Yitzchak Mayo as well.2 He writes that the Beit Yosef was doche dichui gamur, rejected the other opinions entirely. Therefore, since the Rosh, Rambam, and Beit Yosef and others all cite the rule of beis din lo daykei, and do not distinguish between earlier and later generations about this issue, we accept this principle for all future generations as well. He adds that the principle is quite logical even today, as if the losing litigant is allowed to appeal any decision that he wishes, it will have disastrous results, and cause degradation of the system. The
Chikrei Lev responds that the Radbaz is not a lone opinion, and as mentioned, a few other authorities agree with him. However, even the Chikrei Lev appears to nevertheless accepts the conclusion that the halacha is in accordance with the majority opinion.
Another authority who rules that reexamining decisions is never permitted is the Shoel Umeshiv. He too rules like the Beit Yosef, and cites the many other acharonim that agree with him. He acknowledges the arguments of the Radbaz, but says that we still reject them.3 The Chacham Tzvi also takes for granted that one cannot appeal a decision of beis din, though his argument is not focused on the consequences and lack of dignity for the first beis din; but rather with the fact that it is unfair to the winning litigant to be forced to have to undergo another case. Rav Chaim Palaggi also authored a large teshuva about this topic (in Semicha Lchayim), where he cites all of the above literature, including those that agree with the Radbaz. He concludes as well that the consensus is that we do not reopen the case.
Rav Meir Melamed, (in the Mishpat Tzedek), also discusses this question, and notes that even if we accept that the Gemara’s rule of lo dayki is prescriptive, as the Rosh appeared to say, perhaps it only applies when the beis din is composed of great scholars, and this is what the Rosh noted that in his case, they were noted chachamim. However, he responds that the Chazeh Tenufa held that it did not matter, and therefore the rule should apply in this way in all cases. This is accepted by later acharinm.
Rav Mayo also cites this ruling of the Mishpat Tzedek that there is no difference in cases based on how great the dayanim were on the first beis din. However, the Chikrei Lev had mentioned that the Maharit held that certain complex and lesser-known halachos about which dayyanim might err we can only rely on the first beis din if it consists of experts. The Chikrei Lev also tries to argue that this may be the position of the Yad Ramah in Bava Basra. Thus, just like the Beit Yosef conceded that the Rashba held one could review the decision of a beis din, but claims that case was different and “strange,” so too the Chikrei Lev also says that some cases may be different from the usual rule, and in those where a mistake is likely, then even the Beit Yosef would agree in today’s times. However, the Choshen HaEfod follows the Mishpat Tzedek and Rav Mayo, and argues that one beis din may never second-guess another, regardless of the case.
What if Beis Din Just Happened to See the Case?
Even if the rule is accepted that there may be no second-guessing or review, there is one exception mentioned by Rav Chaim Palaggi: He says that although the second beis din does not reopen a case intentionally, and they should rely on a chazaka, halachic presumption,that no error was made, if they do happen to see the ruling, and believe that it is incorrect, then their critique of the decision is accepted. He explains that in this case, the second beis din can’t simply pretend that they didn’t see the ruling; rather once they have seen it, they must evaluate it as they see fit. Rav Palaggi adds that this situation is a common occurrence, and is included in the Gemara’s case of to’eh bdvar mishna, a court that makes a clear error on an explicit Mishna or halacha, where of course the ruling must be retracted. He says we don’t presume it is incorrect, but if we know that it is, then it can be overturned. Moreover, he says that the first beis din themselves would be happy to have their psak overturned if they knew it was wrong, similar to the Gemara (Bava Metzia 59b) where Rabbi Eliezer demonstrated that his opinion about a particular issue was clearly correct and that even Hashem agreed with him. Nevertheless, the majority of chachamim there rejected it and said that the halacha is not determined in heaven, and the Gemara comments that Hashem was smiling at that time, and declared that “my sons have bested me,” meaning He was happy that the Sages did not rule in “His” favor if they felt it was incorrect.
Appeals in Beis Din in Modern Times
During the modern era, this issue of halachic appeals has become even more relevant, as most western democracies have a formal system of appellate and review. Consequently, many modern poskim have needed to confront this question in this context.4
The Choshen HaEfod
The earliest responsum on the subject is that of the Choshen HaEfod (mentioned above), which was written in the early 1900s. In Sofia, Bulgaria, there was a large meeting of roshei kehillos, heads of communities from Bulgaria, where they voted to establish a type of central beis din that could serve as the address for litigants who were unhappy with the ruling received by one of the local batei din. Following that decision, a case arose where the loser wanted to appeal, but the winner responded that it was not permitted, as that is not the halacha. The winner retorted that in their country, this is the accepted custom, and the loser must go with him, while the loser responded again that it does not matter, as the halacha does not sanction such a practice of compelling him to be retried. So the Choshen HaEfod was asked the question, and elaborates on the matter, focusing on zilusa d’beis din, degradation of the beis din, and he leans strongly to the side that the case may not be reheard, both due to this factor, as well as because of the unfairness to the winner.
In the middle of his discussion, though, he changes his direction entirely, and claims that all of the poskim who ruled that a case may not be reheard were referring to standard cases. However, in his case there was a takana, an actual enactment, and it was designed to function as a regular system. Given this, he concludes that it certainly must be done, and this type of takana is no different than any other takana discussed in the laws of Choshen Mishpat, which are permitted. He adds that even though it also involves a potential prohibition of zilzul beis din, nevertheless once this has become the official policy of the community, the consideration of zilzul is no longer relevant. Finally, he says since it is adaata dhachi, everyone who uses the system is aware in advance of the possibility of appeal, including the litigants, the witnesses, and the dayanim, and they accept this completely. Therefore, he concludes that there is no problem.
Rav Kook and the Rabbanut in Israel
In contemporary times, the most common example of such an appeals system is that of the Rabbanut in Israel, which utilizes a beit din l’irurim, a beis din of appeals, where unhappy litigants that were previously judged in a regional beis din can appeal their case. It was begun in 1920 when Palestine was under the control of the British, who may have pressured them to introduce this appellate system based on the western legal system. The rabbanim at that time argued about it, but Rav Avraham Yitzchak Kook, the chief rabbi of Palestine, felt that they could and should establish it.5 He doesn’t enter into all of the details of the sugya, but simply claims that this is a takana, and therefore it is valid, which is consistent with the approach of the Choshen Haefod. Rav Kook also gives several examples of other takanos that went against rules given by the Gemara.
The Tzitz Eliezer
Rav Eliezer Waldenberg (Tzitz Eliezer 16:67) also discusses this question in the context of the Israeli beit din l’irurim, and notes that although the sugya of appeals is complex, this situation is totally different. He cites and expands on the same premise given by the Choshen HaEfod, that everyone who utilizes the system knows and agrees to the rules. He adds that even the charedim kitzonim, extremist charedi elements who do not accept the state, also use it for appeals, as he knows from his own experience.6 He also notes that such an institution existed in earlier times in other places, such as in Turkey. Moreover, he notes that because the beis din gives a summons to appear before them, the issue of lo dayki does not apply, as that is only when they appear voluntarily. However, if we issue a summons, then the litigant can ask for an explanation to bring to another beis din for review, which is based on the Noda B’Yehuda above. Rav Waldenberg concludes by assuring the questioner that in a case of such a modern system of appeals, “ein makom l’arer klal,” there is no reason to protest whatsoever.7
The Mishpetei Uziel
Rav Ben-Zion Uziel, the first Sephardic chief rabbi of Palestine also has a long teshuva discussing this issue (Mishptei Uziel C.M. 1). He essentially attempts to defend the practice, against the objections of other rabbanim such as Rav Chaim Hirschenson (the author of the responsa Malki B’kodesh). He first argues that the expression of bei dina lo dayki in the Gemara only means that it was common practice not to do so, but it was never meant to be an actual issur, prohibition, and it is permitted for one beis din to review the decision of another. On the other hand, though, he agrees that this never existed in the times of the Gemara. Although they did have higher batei din (the beis havaad referred to in the Gemara Sanhedrin 31b), appeals was not its primary function. However, he insists that this is not because Chazal were against it, but rather because they wanted anyone who went to any beis din to rely on it and trust its decision, not expecting to appeal afterward. Therefore, if a mistake was suspected, then even in the time of Chazal it could be reviewed.8
Rav Uziel then segues into some more non-halachic considerations, stating his opinion that if the people desire it (which he assumed was true, as opposed to saying the British imposed it), then we don’t have the right to block the halachically legitimate demand of the people, and we must listen and give them what they want. He invokes the idea that when the non-Jews have a positive idea, it can be used within the Torah world as well, as well as a Midrash that says that the people tell dayanim what to do, meaning that they must satisfy the demands of the people if they are legitimate, and this will bring them closer to Torah. If they will appreciate this institution, and it will give people more respect for the Torah system, then that itself is a reason to do it.
Rav Uziel then returns to halachic considerations, and argues that if one would argue against the appeals system that a dayan is not allowed to invent new practices, we can respond with the argument given above in the Choshen HaEfod that since this is a takana and all accept it as being the normative system, it is justified. Thus, the Mishpetei Uziel agrees with many of the other modern poskim that defended its existence, but adds in some interesting additional thoughts along the way.
Rav Ovadia Yosef also discusses this question (Yabia Omer 9:CM 2) with regard to the system that existed in Egypt when he was the rabbi there, as well as regarding the system in Israel. He first says, like the Mishpetei Uziel, that lo dayki means that they just didn’t do so in the times of the Gemara. Interestingly enough, Rav Ovadia does not cite the earlier Rishonim who argued with this in his usual encyclopedic style. He does cite the Chazeh HaTenufah, though, and argues that many cases involve being forced to submit to a decision, where kefiya would be a factor. In that case, he argues that one would be allowed to engage in appeals, based on the Noda B’yehuda. He continues to argue that as for the issue of the kavod of the beis din, they are allowed to waive it. He also mentions the point that once it is already an accepted custom, it is permissible. Rav Ovadia therefore rules that this system is very worthwhile to institute, since it will give legitimacy to all rabbinic rulings issued the batei din, and the government will cooperate with the system of batei din more because of it.
Rav Ovadia also claims that he believes this idea should be viewed as actually explicit in many of the poskim. He explains that when an appellate overrules an earlier decision, it is often due to sources that they discovered of which the first beis din was unaware, or did not apply correctly. Therefore, says Rav Ovadia, this case is one of to’eh b’dvar mishnah, making an error regarding an explicit ruling, which all agree should be corrected by others. He adds that many rabbanim did indeed review and find mistakes with earlier rulings, since today forgetfulness is common. He then cites the Radbaz discussed above and claims that even though the Beis Yosef rejects it, maybe today, all would agree with the Radbaz, due to the notion of yeridas hadoros, the deterioration of the spiritual level of the generations. Therefore, he says, although the practice was controversial, it has already been adopted as the widespread custom, and is permissible. It should be noted though that with regard to his point that many overturned rulings should be considered to’eh b’dvar mishna, the truth is that many cases are unclear, and the decision might be based on logic and different perspectives rather than simply different sources quoted.
Let’s summarize the main points of what we have seen here:
The Gemara comments that one beis din does not investigate the conclusions of another. It is unclear whether this is a descriptive statement, or a halakhically binding one that must be followed. Many commentaries feel that it is indeed instructive. If so, two reasons are offered for it:
The right of the victorious one not to have to reargue his case
Respect for the first dayan
The Gemara writes elsewhere that the losing litigant may ask the beis din in writing for an explanation of why they judged him in the manner that they did. The acharonim explain that this may be due to the right he has to appeal the decision. Some commentaries held that this is only allowed where he was forced to appear before that local beis din that issued the decision, while the first passage in the Gemara is where both willingly appear.
The consensus opinion is that in principle, the rule of lo dayki, not reviewing a case in another beis din, does apply, even if the dayanim are not great Talmidei chachamim, though some, such as the Radbaz, disagreed.
Some poskim held that if the halacha in question was complex and not well-known, we may suspect a decision in error, and review the case. Rav Ovadia felt today that everyone would agree with this assessment, as we are on a very low level of Torah knowledge.
Many modern poskim argued that even if we accept that the rule of lo dayki applies in all cases, this is only true where no universally accepted system of appeals exists, and only ad hoc review takes place. However, if the community and its leaders establish a system, takana, enactment, or minhag, custom, to introduce this system, and everyone participates and enter with full understanding of how the system works, then many (though not all) argue that this is completely permitted. No degradation to the beis din exists, and it does not violate the rights of the litigant. Finally, as noted by the Tzitz Eliezer and Yabia Omer, this system has already been in place in Israel for a while, many gedolim even sat on it, and it is the common custom today.
OTHER ARTICLES IN THIS SERIES:
APPEALING A BEIS DIN DECISION- PART I
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Cartier was founded in Paris, France in 1847 by Louis-François Cartier and remained under family control until 1964. The company maintains its headquarters in Paris, although it is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Compagnie Financière Richemont SA in Switzerland.
Cartier is well known for its jewelry and wristwatches, including the “Bestiary” (best illustrated by the Panthère brooch of the 1940s created for Wallis Simpson), the diamond necklace created for Bhupinder Singh the Maharaja of Patiala, and the “Santos” wristwatch of 1904.
Cartier has a long history of sales to royalty and celebrities. For example, Kate Middleton, the Duchess of Cambridge, has been seen wearing the Cartier Ballon Bleu timepiece. King Edward VII of England referred to Cartier as “the jeweller of kings and the king of jewellers.” For his coronation in 1902, Edward VII ordered 27 tiaras and issued a royal warrant to Cartier in 1904.Similar warrants soon followed from the courts of Spain, Portugal, Russia, Siam, Greece, Serbia, Belgium, Romania, Egypt, Albania, Monaco, and the House of Orleans.
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Free personalized metal finishing help!
Acid vs. Alkaline Etch before Anodizing or Chem-Filming Aluminum?
(-----) June 16, 2021
Q. I need some opinions on etching before anodizing/chem film. What are the advantages of an acid etch compared to a caustic etch? What are the drawbacks of each type?? And your choice?
Pretreatment for anodizing for MIL-A-8625 Type I II or 3 generally is mild alkaline clean-rinse-caustic etch-rinse- deoxidize-rinse-anodize. I know several of the major companies in aerospace don't give much leeway on this sequence or products used, but if a company had design authorization to specify the sequence and materials what would you use for chromic anodizing? What are your thoughts on using an acid cleaner/etch and eliminate the caustic etch and deoxidizer? That would mean acid etch-rinse -anodize?
Drew Nosti, CEF
Ladson, South Carolina
July 19, 2021
A. As I know, caustic etch has two major drawbacks:
1. Caustic etches aluminum, but leaves other metal inclusions, like copper and zinc. The following deoxidation step should dissolve them, but this dissolution could be not completed and this will cause incomplete anodizing and failure by corrosion/pitting in salt spray and in service.
2. Also caustic etch causes intergranular corrosion/etching much more than acid etch (deoxidation). IGC will reduce the mechanical strength of the part and promote cracks formation and progress.
Possibly, these are the reasons for aerospace companies not to allow caustic etch on their parts. It is not safe enough. Their process is mild alkaline clean (non-etching)-rinse-deox-rinse-anodize. It is proven for decades as good and safe process.
Plating Process Engineer (retired) - Jerusalem
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All known visual pigments in Neuralia (Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Bilateria) are composed of an opsin (a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor), and a light-sensitive chromophore, generally retinal. Accordingly, opsins play a key role in vision. There is no agreement on the relationships of the neuralian opsin subfamilies, and clarifying their phylogeny is key to elucidating the origin of this protein family and of vision. We used improved methods and data to resolve the opsin phylogeny and explain the evolution of animal vision. We found that the Placozoa have opsins, and that the opsins share a common ancestor with the melatonin receptors. Further to this, we found that all known neuralian opsins can be classified into the same three subfamilies into which the bilaterian opsins are classified: the ciliary (C), rhabdomeric (R), and go-coupled plus retinochrome, retinal G protein-coupled receptor (Go/RGR) opsins. Our results entail a simple scenario of opsin evolution. The first opsin originated from the duplication of the common ancestor of the melatonin and opsin genes in a eumetazoan (Placozoa plus Neuralia) ancestor, and an inference of its amino acid sequence suggests that this protein might not have been light-sensitive. Two more gene duplications in the ancestral neuralian lineage resulted in the origin of the R, C, and Go/RGR opsins. Accordingly, the first animal with at least a C, an R, and a Go/RGR opsin was a neuralian progenitor.
|Journal||Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|
|Publication status||Published - 2012|
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California Travel Articles
Discover Norton Simon Museum In Pasadena California
The Norton Simon Museum sits on 9.5 acres, is housed in an 85,000 squrare foot structure and is located in the beautiful city of Pasadena, California at 411 W. Colorado Blvd. right across the street from where the television cameras are set up every year for the Rose Parade. Therefore millions of people view the front of the museum each year as they watch the Rose Parade. What most of these viewers do not know is that "The Norton Simon Museum of Art holds one of the world's finest and most prestigious private collections of European, American and Asian art."
The collection, which includes works by van Gogh, Picasso, Rembrandt, Rodin and Fragonard consists of over 1,000 works, including paintings, etchings (by Rembrandt, Goya, etc.), sculptures, photographs (Ansel Adams) and other mediums spanning a period of over 2,000 years. The museum also hosts lectures, gallery talks, family programs, musical performances, dance performances, films and tours.
The museum provides both private tours and monthly free public tours of their collection conducted by Museum Educators.
The museum's store features a large selection of books on American, Asian and European art along with posters, prints, slides and stationery goods as well as books on photography, gardens and architecture.
The museum is closed on Tuesdays, New Year's Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas. It's hours are 12:00 noon - 9:00pm on Fridays and 12:00 noon - 6:00pm all other days. Admission fees are adults $8.00, seniors $4.00 and patrons under 18 years of age, students with valid id and museum members free.
For more information about the city of Pasadena, California see http://pasadena.usacitydirectories.com, a directory of links to city of Pasadena, California guides and directories listing hotels, restaurants, churches, physicians, attorneys, information, resources, services, things to do, places to go, art galleries, service organizations, auto dealers, nursing homes, convalescent hospitals, antique dealers and more.
About the Author
by David G. Hallstrom, Sr.
David G. Hallstrom, Sr. is a retired private investigator and is currently the publisher of several internet directories, including www.usacitydirectories.com/ a directory of national, state, county and city guides and directories listing local guides, directories, web sites and web pages providing resources, services and information.
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There are several types of lighting fixtures available in the market. These include Chandeliers, Pendant lights, and Recessed Lighting. However, there is an essential difference between these types. While each type has its advantages and disadvantages, it is best to choose the correct one for the place. Read the following sections to know more about the different types. These articles will provide you with essential information on the different types of lighting fixtures.
Accent lighting, also known as special lighting,’ draws attention to a particular object or area of a room. It’s useful for highlighting artwork, sculpture, or architectural features. It can also be used to highlight a plant in an outdoor layout. A wide array of accent lighting fixtures Bedford Park, IL, are available. If you’re unsure which style to choose, consider adding accent lighting to an entryway, desk, or another place where you’d like to draw attention.
Recessed lighting fixtures require special wiring, a transformer, and a professional electrician. If you do not have much experience installing electrical fixtures, you should hire an electrician. Additionally, many municipalities require that you obtain a permit before installing recessed lighting. Before you begin, consult the manufacturer’s manual for installation instructions. Also, be sure to check the wiring diagram for proper spacing.
The different pendant lights are categorized according to their shapes, materials, and functions. While pendants are great for task lighting and eye candy, certain design specifications are more appropriate for different rooms. These lights are versatile, so you can get several types to fit your needs.
Traditionally, chandeliers were large ceiling lights, but many different styles are available today. These lighting fixtures can be found in most home rooms, from simple to formal. Choosing the right one depends on the type of lighting you want to create, the size of your room, and your budget.
Several types of wall sconces exist, including wall sconces with multiple lights. The style of a sconce can be determined by several factors, including its shape, finish, and shade. In addition to the shade, a wall sconce can also be made with reflective materials or colors. However, some designs do not include a shade.
Flush-mount ceiling lights
If you’re shopping for a new ceiling light fixture, it’s essential to understand the different types and styles of these fixtures. Flush-mount ceiling lights sit directly against the ceiling and look best in rooms with lower ceilings. These fixtures are also available in several types to complement any existing design scheme. Flush-mount lights also feature updated sizes, styles, finishes, and design elements. You may also wish to consider globe-style lights for rooms with low ceilings. For example, you can find globe-style flush-mount fixtures with contemporary brass detailing. Or, you may prefer a lantern-style flush-mount fixture with four lights.
There are several types of track lighting. The most popular are two-wire and three-wire. The two-wire system is less expensive and easier to install, but the three-wire track is more common and required by code in some areas. The third wire is used for grounding. If you’re installing track lighting in a commercial building, you’ll want to ensure that the track head matches the fixture. Some bulbs won’t fit in track lighting fixtures, and you may end up with an electrical fire if you use an incandescent or LED bulb.
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Updated: Mar 2
Simply put, visual acuity is how well you see. An eye doctor might define it as the clearness or sharpness of a person’s vision. When you hear people refer to their vision and 20/20, 20/40, or something similar, they are referring to their visual acuity.
As your eye care professionals serving University Place, Tacoma, and Lakewood, we want your visual acuity to be as close to 20/20 as possible, and we have the expertise to get you there.
What is it
Visual acuity is one of the first things we assess during an eye exam. This is the common exam where we place you 20 feet away from the Snellen vision chart (the one with all the letters of different sizes). We cover each eye and assess how well you can see.
What does it mean?
We know that someone with 20/20 vision has “perfect” vision, but what does it mean? Let’s clarify a few things first. The first, or top number is the distance in feet from the Snellen vision chart. The second, or bottom number is the distance at which a person with normal eyesight can read the same line. So, a person with 20/20 vision can see what an average person can see on an eye chart when they are standing 20 feet away.
A person with 20/30 vision can see at 20 feet, what “normal” people see at 30 feet, meaning their vision is slightly worse than 20/20 vision. But you can have better than 20/20 vision. If you have 20/15 vision, you can see a line in the eye chart at 20 feet that the average person can only see when they are 15 feet away.
Fun fact, some occupations require you to have 20/20 vision. Read more here.
Why is it Important
Visual acuity is a basic but important assessment that helps ophthalmologists and optometrists gain an understanding of how your visual system is functioning.
While it can’t tell us everything about your vision, it can help indicate whether or not you need glasses or contacts.
And as you see you routinely see your eye professional, they will use your visual acuity to track whether or not your vision is getting worse over time.
At your next eye exam, we would be happy to go into further detail about your visual acuity and what it means for your vision needs. Contact us today to schedule your comprehensive eye exam
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"A kakas a tyúkok között sétál és kukorékol."
Translation:The rooster is walking among the hens and is crowing.
16 CommentsThis discussion is locked.
LOL! I've never heard that! I did have trouble translating the verb "to crow" when I was in Hungary. The neighbors' rooster had kept me awake half the night crowing every few hours. When I tried to explain to my host that the rooster had been crowing all night I think my online translator gave me the word for the noun "crow", which would explain why he looked at me so funny. Eventually, he understood what I was trying to say. Now I will always remember the Hungarian for "to crow".
This is where we have a problem with the difference between genuine English and American English (sorry, deliberate wind-up and just a joke). I put "the cockerel walks between the chickens and crows." You don't like cockerel and chickens and want rooster and hens. So far I've survived with pavement rather than sidewalk but I'm waiting for hood and trunk rather than bonnet and boot!
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CHURDAN, Iowa, May 1, 2022 — When the Greene County Historical Society gathers this Friday, May 6, at the Churdan Public Library in Churdan, members and guests will learn about “Mining Digital Treasures from the Archives.”
Created in 2012 and growing impressively ever since, those “Greene County Archives” are available free online 24/7 and worldwide, from the website of the Jefferson Public Library. They are a collaboration by the county’s six libraries, the local newspapers, local government agencies and donors.
“We receive usage statistics every month, and it’s always fun to look at how many users we’re getting from countries all over the world,” said Jane Millard, the Jefferson library director. “You always wonder, ‘Who are these people and how have they become interested in some part of our history in Greene County?’ ”
The largest volume of material in the archives are the digitized newspapers of the county – all of them. The oldest archive on the site is the 1856 U.S. Census report on Greene County.
“We’ve built the archives in two phases, with lots of public support,” Millard said. “In fact, writing the grants and finding matching money for both phases has been the easiest fundraising I’ve ever done. That tells you how much public support there is for having archives that are as accessible as ours are. If you can do a Google search, you’ll easily be able to use our archives.”
She will lead the presentation on Friday, but it’s been developed with all the libarians in the Greene County Librarians Association. Those include Millard, Shari Minnehan in Churdan, Diane Kafer in Grand Junction, Wendy Johnson in Scranton, Cara McCoy in Rippey and Kimberly Bohnet in Paton.
The Churdan library has special equipment that will allow the presenters to use the library website while projecting it on a large screen, so the audience can see and follow along when Millard shows how to access specific documents.
The event Friday will open with a lunch at the library at 12 noon, provided by the members of St. Columbkille Catholic Church. Cost of that is $10 and members should RSVP to their historical society community contacts. Others are welcome for lunch, too, and should make a reservation with program director Margaret Hamilton at 515-386-4408.
The free program will begin at 12:45 p.m.
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