text stringlengths 181 608k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 3 values | url stringlengths 13 2.97k | file_path stringlengths 125 140 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 50 138k | score float64 1.5 5 | int_score int64 2 5 |
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|Sample size for a study comparing means|
|Example 1: We wish to test the
effects of a low-fat diet on serum cholesterol levels. We will
measure the difference in cholesterol level for each subject
before and after being on the diet. Since there is only one
group of subjects, all on diet, this is a one-sample test. Our
null hypothesis is that the mean of individual differences in
cholesterol level will be zero; i.e., mdiff = 0mg/100ml. If the
effect of the diet is as large as a mean difference of
-10mg/100ml, then we wish to have power of 95% for rejecting the
null hypothesis. Since we expect a reduction in levels, we want
to use a one-sided test with alpha = 2.5%. Based on past
studies, we estimate that the standard deviation of the
difference in cholesterol levels will be about 20mg/100ml.
To compute the required sample size, we enter 0 and -10 in the "Mean 1" and "Mean 2" fields, 20 in the "Standard deviation 1" field (leave "Standard deviation 2" blank), "Power" is 95, "Alpha risk" is 2.5, and we check both check boxes for one-sided and one-sample test. Sampsize returns an estimated sample size of n = 52.
Note: One example of the use of the cluster design options is available here.
Example 2: We are doing a study of the relationship of oral contraceptives (OC) and blood pressure (BP) level for women ages 35-39. From a pilot study, it was determined that the mean and standard deviation BP of OC users were 132.86 and 15.34, respectively. The mean and standard deviation BP of OC users were 127.44 and 18.23. Since it is easier to find OC nonusers than users in the country were the study is conducted, we decide that n2, the size of the sample of OC users, should be twice n1, the size of the sample of OC users; that is, r = n2/n1 = 2. To compute the sample sizes for alpha = 5% (two-sided) and the power of 80%, we enter 132.86, 127.44, 15.34 and 18.23 in the first four fields, 80 in the "Power" field, 2 in the "Ratio n2/n1" field, and leave both check boxes unchecked. Sampsize returns an estimated sample size of n1 = 108 and n2 = 216.
|Power determination: means|
|Example 1: We decide to
conduct the cholesterol study with n = 60
subjects, an we wonder what the power will be at a one-sided
significance level of alpha = 1%. We type 0 and -10 in the "Mean
1" and "Mean 2" fields, respectively, 20 in the "Standard
deviation 1" field, we leave the "Standard deviation 2" field
blank since this is a one sample comparison of mean, we enter 60
in the "Sample size n1" field, 1 in the "Alpha risk" field, and
we check both "One-sided test" and "One-sample test" check
boxes. Sampsize returns an estimated power = 93.9%.|
Example 2: We now find that we only have enough money to study 100 subjects from each group for the oral contraceptives study. We can compute the power for n1 = n2 = 100 by entering 132.86, 127.44, 15.34 and 18.23 in the first four fields, 100 in the "Sample size n1" field, 1 in the "Ratio n2/n1" field, and leave both check boxes unchecked. Sampsize returns a power = 62.4%. | <urn:uuid:0fee1556-bb9c-46ba-95fa-6c90688a717d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sampsize.sourceforge.net/iface/s2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00426-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916666 | 812 | 3.59375 | 4 |
TWiki provides an intuitive way for people to meet and collaborate, that aspires to the Zen ideals known as WabiSabi. It finds beauty in the imperfect and ephemeral and constantly evolving. (When it comes down to it, that's all you need.)
Wiki wiki means "quick" in Hawaiian. The shuttle at Honolulu Airport is called the wiki wiki bus, which is where the original Wiki web got its name.
TWiki is short for TakeFive Wiki, the name of the company where its founder Peter Thoeny worked. (It was later discovered that Twiki is also the name of an AI robot that co-starred in the Buck Rogers movie and TV series from 1979.) | <urn:uuid:e68e3ddc-9654-45e5-a167-712eab268d50> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://netscale.cse.nd.edu/twiki/bin/view/TWiki/TWikiSite | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00425-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97366 | 144 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Activated carbon (AC) is commonly used in faucet and pitcher filters for lead (Pb(II)) removal in homes. This study evaluated the Pb(II) removal performance of AC and metal oxides (e.g. Fe(OH)3 and TiO2), as well as the co-existing ions' effect on Pb(II) removal. Results showed that metal oxides had higher adsorption capacity (28.9-51.5 mg/g) than AC (21.2 mg/g). Pb(II) was inner-spherically adsorbed onto both AC and metal oxides surfaces. Among various metal ions, calcium (Ca(II)) demonstrated dramatic effects on Pb(II) removal ability of AC, while it had no effect on Pb(II) adsorption by metal oxides. This difference resulted from the inner- and outer-sphere adsorption of Ca(II) on AC and metal oxides, respectively. The presence of orthophosphate (orth-P) and sulfate enhanced Pb(II) removal by those three adsorbents, whereas carbonate and silicate had negligible effect on Pb(II) adsorption. Interestingly, while the orth-P was usually used as corrosion inhibitor because of the formation of lead-phosphate coprecipitate, we found that the enhanced effect of orth-P on Pb(II) removal was mainly due to the synergistic adsorption. This study provides valuable information for the selection of effective adsorbents for Pb(II) removal and is helpful for understanding the roles of co-existing ions on it. | <urn:uuid:72c111b7-c19e-4e9b-b7e1-5a2fa284b657> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.siftdesk.org/index-article/Evaluation-of-metal-oxides-and-activated-carbon-for-lead-removal:-Kinetics--isotherms--column-tests--and-the-role-of-co-existing-ions-/94191/40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.946284 | 347 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Cleaning up a coffee maker with bleach isn’t an excellent concept. Bleach is a harsh chemical and risky for intake. Even extremely diluted bleach and water services used to sterilize meals in business settings need to air dry for total effectiveness, and this can’t happen inside a coffee maker. Instead, you risk of bleach being maintained in the developing systems, triggering damage to the maker, and ending up in your early morning cup.
But if you have no other choice than to use bleach, you could follow the steps below.
Dilute three tablespoons of bleach in a cup of water. Pour the mix in the machine through the filter. Now, pour some more water and run a drip cycle. Let the mix cool down and then thoroughly rinse with plain water up until there is no trace of bleach.
You will see some of the stains coming out the immediate you pour in the mixture. For tougher discolorations, you can scrub with a sponge. Nevertheless, to avoid such persistent discolourations in the first place, you should clean your coffee maker more often.
Without cleaning, there may be numerous health risks developing therein. Bleach, nevertheless, might have its risks. While explaining the right approach to clean up a coffee maker with bleach, it is important to discuss required safety measures and possible risks.
So, let’s start with why cleaning your coffee machine is so essential that you may need to resort to using bleach for it.
You think its coffee discolorations and residues; however, it might very well be a nest of bacteria. That could be more germs than there are on your restroom doorknobs. These facts originate from a real study of coffee tanks in American houses. Numerous coffee makers even had mold in it while some were plagued with roaches.
Hard water further contributes to the cause, and now you have mineral buildup to deal with. That’s what makes cleansing even trickier.
Mold and mineral accumulation isn’t something that can be easily cleaned by detergent and warm water. You require a cleaner harsh enough for that persistent buildup, specifically when you have allowed it to sit there for a while.
Bleach is tough enough to get rid of the accumulation that is too stubborn for your dishwashing liquid. As we stated, however, bleach has its downsides and risks. You need to be mindful about two things: how typically you use bleach to clean your coffee machine, and how you use it.
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- How To Clean A Coffee Maker Without Vinegar Or Lemon Juice
The Right Time to Clean Your Coffee Maker
Regrettably, many people wait on the strange acidic taste in their coffee to signal a cleaning day. Sorry to break it to you, that odd taste, means you are currently rather late.
That taste originates from the particles and accumulation that may currently have become a breeding ground of bacteria. There might even be mildew by that time. Let all of it sit for a bit longer, and your machine will block and pass away.
A regular cleansing schedule can avoid all of it.
Professionals think that the case with cleaning your coffee device is similar to that of flossing. You need to do it more often than you already are.
The frequency of extensive cleaning need to depend upon how much you use your coffee device, but you require to do some cleaning after every use and likewise every day.
Here is what you can do to make sure your coffee device isn’t slowly developing into a scary world of gunk:
Every Use: Throw out the unclean filter and grounds after every use. Utilize a moist cloth to clean the basket and tank. And leave it to air dry before the next usage.
Every Day: Wash all the detachable elements with warm water and dishwashing liquid every night. Wipe with a dry cloth and enable to air dry for the next day.
Every month: Go for an internal cleanses to decalcify all elements. You can get a decalcifying option for this function; however, there are several alternatives. Bleach is among one of those alternatives.
Securely Use Bleach to Clean a Coffee Maker
Fact is, despite its use of sanitizing homes, bleach isn’t the safest alternative for anything that touches your food or beverage for that matter. If not washed effectively, it can leave residues that can be very hazardous.
If you are not able to correctly clean your machine with a routine cleaning agent and truly want to give bleach a shot, ensure you follow these instructions.
- Never run bleach straight into your coffee device. Mix a percentage (2 to3 tablespoons) into a lot of water (1 cup).
- Do not let the solution be in the pot for too long, however, wait till it’s cold before rinsing.
- Run tidy water through the device at l.
- Clean 5 times to get rid of all traces of bleach.
- Let all the elements correctly air dry before the next usage.
- If you have actually accidentally used more bleach or want to make certain there are no traces left; you can get bleach option food dealing with test strips and check the water you’ve run through the coffee machine. The strip will show if there is any bleach in the brew.
A Safer Alternative
We will say it once again; bleach isn’t the safest chemical to clean your coffee maker with.
Individuals choose bleach because of its easily available. It conserves you from spending money on decalcifying options or commercial coffee maker cleaners.
Do you understand there is an option that is inexpensive and equally common?
It’s white vinegar.
White vinegar is a fantastic cleaner. It doesn’t simply clean the surface area; it can also break down the sediment buildup and calcium deposits brought on by hard water.
What’s much better: the process of cleaning a coffee machine with vinegar is just as simple as cleaning it with bleach:
- Take equal parts of water and white vinegar.
- Fill the reservoir with the option and run the longest brew cycle.
- Now put plain water and run another cycle.
- Repeat the last step until you can’t smell the vinegar.
- For better results, you can let this mix sit in the tank and the carafe for around 15 to 30 minutes.
Other more secure alternatives include lemon juice and baking soda. These safe remedies work just as excellent as bleach unless you have left the mess to relax your coffee machine for way too long. | <urn:uuid:bd106836-42a1-4837-a06f-4f5c18cbaeb7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cafechinohouston.com/how-to-clean-coffee-pot-with-bleach.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.926164 | 1,405 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Recently, I was looking through the pencil museum in Keswick, on the site where the modern pencil (including the coloured pencil) was perfected for mass production.
(Aside, I browsed a book on the history of pencils and their manufacture, and there were many references to Henry David Thoreau and his family. Before reading this, I never knew whether to believe that HDT really was as good at pencil design and manufacture as his biographers stated - but now I am convinced.)
You would have thought that after the pencil was perfected in the mid 19th century, there would have been a renaissance of drawing - but there wasn't. Probably more people drew; but the best were no better than in the past, indeed were probably worse. Pre-19th century technology was not, it seems, a constraint on artistic perfection.
And then I thought about musical instruments. The modern classical orchestra did not arrive until the late 19th century, when the design of woodwind and brass eventually settled-down (all kinds of brass instruments were used in the 19th century classical music - keyed brass, saxhorns, cornets where we now use trumpets etc).
You would have thought that this would have led to a renaissance of orchestral music, particularly in terms of orchestration - but it did not; indeed classical music died (or rather split into popular and professional sub-genres).
Or one would imagine that typewriters and word processors would lead to better novels, or more productive writers - but not really.
Indeed, it is remarkable how little technology affects the quality of artistic production.
Clearly all arts depend on some minimal level of technology, but it is amazing how little major technological breakthroughs affect artistic quality: certainly they seldom improve it. | <urn:uuid:34d096e6-7ba5-4ac5-83ae-535fed3468b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://charltonteaching.blogspot.com/2012/09/technology-and-arts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00405-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985157 | 363 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Environmental related variation in growth and life-history traits of non-native sailfin catfishes (Pterygoplichthys spp.) across river basins of South China.
Plasticity in growth and life-history traits is an important attribute of non-native (NN) fishes, facilitating their adaptation to novel environments. Few studies have investigated geographical variations in multiple biological traits and the factors affecting the variations. In this study, variations in multiple biological traits of NN sailfin catfishes Pterygoplichthys spp. were investigated in the main river basins of the Guangdong and Hainan provinces of South China. The impacts of environmental factors on the biological traits were analysed using general linear modeling and an informationtheoretic approach. Among-basin differences in population growth was observed, with richness of competitor fishes negatively affecting growth, maturity and reproductive traits - this suggests biotic resistance was mediated by competition with native fishes. These traits were positively affected by total phosphorus concentration, which is indicative of bottom-up effects, mediated by inorganic nutrients, potentially playing an important role in the invasion success of NN fish. In population level, a bet-hedging strategy was observed in sailfin catfishes under unfavourable environment conditions (e.g. Nangdujiang), whereas a "master-of-some" strategy was found under favourable conditions (e.g. Pearl River Delta and Western Basin). The results suggested that plasticity in multiple biological traits of sailfin catfishes is an important strategy to overcome changing environmental conditions in different rivers, and habitat-specific variations across river basins would reflect trade-offs amongst traits at the population level. Therefore, habitat-specific management measures, adapted to the invaded ecosystem's features and the life-history strategy of the NN species, could provide an effective means to control invasive species. | <urn:uuid:2629fd4b-76b7-4ada-b713-c8a876ee7bf8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/20220089664 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.938038 | 387 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Immunology - (Jul/14/2010 )
I am trying to express a protein in Dendritic cells and see the immune responses. I am failing to see the immune response. I would like to determine whether the protein is getting expressed or not. I could detect the mRNA by RT-Q-PCR. Now, I would like to know if the protein is being processed and being presented. Is there a way to show this? Can anyone please help?
Thanking you in advance.
If you have or can get antibodies against your protein of interest, you can use flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence, Westernblotting or even ELISA.
If you don't and can't have antibodies but your protein is characterized, you can try proteomic approach - eg. LC-MS/MS or 2D PAGE followed by MS. | <urn:uuid:8580a89f-3bad-4507-9973-a9142eafb964> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.protocol-online.org/biology-forums-2/posts/15940.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00221-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966171 | 181 | 1.8125 | 2 |
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Those in search of affordable housing should consider moving into a flat share or house share. Living in a house or flat share allows individuals to enjoy quality dwellings at reduced prices. Individuals may choose to live in several types of shared housing including apartments, townhouses, freestanding homes. Rentals can be found to fit nearly any cost or personal preference. Whether individuals are seeking a temporary or permanent place to live, flat shares and house shares in the Southern Suburbs should be considered.
For young adults, students, and professionals seeking straightforward flat shares, apartments may be ideal. Individuals may choose flat shares based on a number of factors including the gender of fellow occupants, smoking preferences, and location. Vacant double and single rooms in apartments can easily be found across the Southern Suburbs. Apartment flat shares typically provide tenants access to kitchen, eating, and living areas. People may also opt to stay in furnished or unfurnished shares.
Townhouses are another worthwhile consideration for people seeking modest flat shares. Rooms in shared townhouses are typically inexpensive and provide a measure of additional living space. Shared townhouses are often fully furnished. Standard conveniences, like individual bedrooms and kitchen access, is typically offered. Depending upon price and location, individuals may choose to live in townhouses that have separate living quarters, designated parking spaces, and private bathrooms.
Individuals who are seeking long-term living arrangements should check out house shares. Many people are seeking stable tenants and offer rooms for rent in traditional freestanding homes. In addition to private bedrooms and bathrooms, tenants often have access to outdoor areas, like gardens and patios. Many house shares also allow individuals to utilise amenities like garages, security systems, and laundry facilities. Monthly rent varies depending upon the location and accommodations provided by the house share.
Whether individuals are seeking a rental dwelling for weekly commute purposes or a long-term housing solution, it can be worthwhile to find flat shares and house shares in the Southern Suburbs. Apartments and townhouses can be optimal for students, business professionals, and individuals seeking modest rooms. Those interested in more permanent shared living arrangements should consider living in a traditional house share. No matter what type of shared housing individuals prefer, there are many worthwhile options to consider in the Southern Suburbs of South Africa. | <urn:uuid:f852ca92-acda-4452-9cef-1057525dec42> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.gumtree.co.za/s-house-shares-flat-shares-offered/western-cape/v1c9000l3100001p1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717963.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00373-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933101 | 488 | 1.890625 | 2 |
The United Nation’s top court ruled Monday, saying that Britain’s continued occupation of the Indian Ocean archipelago is illegal.
The islands, which are home to the strategic U.S. military base, Diego Garcia, were separated from the former British territory of Mauritius during decolonization in 1968.
However, The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has ruled that the separation was illegal under international law.
Also, it had not been based on a “free and genuine expression of the people concerned”.
“This continued administration constitutes a wrongful act,” said the president of the ICJ, Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf while delivering judgement.
“The UK has an obligation to bring to an end its administration of the Chagos archipelago as rapidly as possible.
Moreso, all member states must co-operate with the United Nations to complete the decolonization of Mauritius.”
Mauritius was a British colony from 1810 until 1968, when it achieved independence and became a republic.
Furthermore, Ahead of this independence, the UK held talks with the U.S. on the “strategic use of certain small, British-owned islands in the Indian Ocean” for defense purposes, the court said.
“During these talks, the United States expressed an interest in establishing a military communication facility on Diego Garcia,” the court added.
During the decolonization process, London decided that the Chagos archipelago would be separated from the rest of Mauritius.
And incorporated into a separate colony, referred to as the British Indian Ocean Territory, according to a CNN report.
The separation, according to Mauritius in a submission to the court, was carried out “without any regard to the will of the people of Mauritius, including those who lived in the Chagos Archipelago.”
Mauritius had argued in court last year that it was coerced into giving up the Chagos Islands.
According to its lawyers, the separation was at variance with a UN resolution passed in 1960 which banned the breakup of colonies before independence.
As part of the separation process, the entire population of Chagos Islands (about 1,500) were deported and never allowed to return home.
The island was leased to the U.S. for the airbase in 1971.
The airbase serves as a landing spot for bombers that fly missions across Asia, including over the South China Sea, said a CNN report.
In the 1980s, the UK paid an estimated $5.2 million to more than 1,300 evicted islanders.
The condition was to sign or place a thumbprint on a form renouncing their right to return to the Chagos archipelago, the report added.
Many of these natives can now be found in several countries including Seychelles, Mauritius and the United Kingdom.
Following the ICJ ruling, the UN general assembly would now have to deal with the question of the resettlement of the Chagos Islanders who have been expelled.
Furthermore, The ruling could also force Washington to negotiate with Mauritius over the future of the Diego Garcia base, according to analysts.
The majority decision by the court is, however, advisory, as the matter of who holds sovereignty over the Islands will now return to the United Nations General Assembly for debate.
A Foreign Office spokesperson said: “This is an advisory opinion, not a judgment.
Of course, we will look at the detail of it carefully.
The defence facilities on the British Indian Ocean Territory help to protect people here in Britain and around the world from terrorist threats, organised crime and piracy.”
The Mauritian government, which embraced the ruling, said that it was a “historic moment in efforts to bring colonialism to an end and to promote human rights, self-determination and the international rule of law”.
Namira Negm, who represented the African Union in the court case, said: “The full decolonization of Mauritius, and of Africa, is long overdue.”
“The ICJ made it clear that this must be accomplished today and not tomorrow. Only then the Africans can be free and the continent can aspire to live free of colonialism.” | <urn:uuid:391063f9-80e4-43f2-b3ed-a068e52af805> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://howafrica.com/court-orders-britain-to-rapidly-return-an-island-to-its-former-african-colony/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.959842 | 890 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
Year: 2016, Volume: 9, Issue: 10, Pages: 1-5
P. Tirumala Rao1*, S. Koteswarao Rao2 , G. Manikanta1 and S. Ravi Kumar1
1Department of ECE, Vignan's Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam - 530049, Andhra Pradesh, India; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of ECE, K L University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur District - 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India; [email protected]
*Author for Correspondence
P. Tirumala Rao Department of ECE, Vignan's Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam - 530049, Andhra Pradesh, India; [email protected]
The problem of the heart are normally monitored by ECG. ECG waveform comes in the slope of P-Q-R-Spattern. Q-R-S is the most critical part of the waveform. In this study of ECG signals and examination of different conditions, two must required parameters are Q-R-S duration and heart rate. Abnormal condition results in artificial arrhythmia in which there will be a remarkable change in these parameters. The aim of this work is to determine whether arrhythmia exist are not. Extraction of Q-R-S complex is done by Pan–Tompkins algorithm. ECG signal is made to pass through a LPF and HPF filters. There the signal is made to pass through derivation squaring, integration to compare it with a set of slopes case of abnormality are studied. Thus, the method serves as easy technique for studying cardiac abnormality.
Keywords: Abnormal, ECG Signals, High Pass Filter, Low Pass Filter, R-R Intervals, Q-R-S Pattern
Subscribe now for latest articles and news. | <urn:uuid:01c02d91-4bd2-4598-bbfc-ff61cf7619cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://indjst.org/articles/distinguishing-normal-and-abnormal-ecg-signal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.870365 | 418 | 2.421875 | 2 |
There’s certainly nothing wrong with bacon and eggs for breakfast. It’s even healthy if you want to eat them everyday, while following a Paleo diet. In fact, this is just what my daughter eats every morning — washed down with a small cup of heavy whipping cream. She wakes up excited every day for us to start cooking. On the special occasions when we make something different for breakfast, like Sweet Potato Waffles, she insists on having eggs and bacon too.
If you are contemplating transitioning over to a Paleo type of eating, breakfast is the easiest place to start. There are so many egg recipes to choose from, including omelets filled with vegetables a or a frittata made the night before that can be taken with you on the road.
There are many options for Paleo breakfasts that don’t feature eggs. Breakfast might look a little different, like in the form of leftovers, but it will taste great and keep your energy high until your next meal. Check out the following resources for protein-rich options that go beyond eggs for breakfast. Some of them make great lunches and dinner too! | <urn:uuid:24c5f00c-ca88-4029-b67d-b553e1f91408> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.primarilypaleo.com/2013/01/paleo-breakfasts-beyond-eggs-and-bacon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00237-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955959 | 232 | 1.507813 | 2 |
- 1 Why was St Peter the most important disciple?
- 2 What did Peter and Paul do?
- 3 What happened to Peter after he denied Jesus?
- 4 What was Jesus personality like?
- 5 Why did Jesus name Peter the Rock?
- 6 What did Peter and Paul disagree on?
- 7 How did Jesus restore Peter?
- 8 What law is Paul talking about in Galatians?
- 9 Who was the only apostle to die a natural death?
- 10 Who is Peter in heaven?
- 11 Why did Peter denied Jesus 3 times?
- 12 What is the rarest personality type?
- 13 Does God laugh in the Bible?
- 14 What traits did Jesus have?
Why was St Peter the most important disciple?
In Acts, Peter is portrayed as a model disciple for others to emulate. He is also important because the gospels describe Jesus as calling Peter his “rock” upon which the future church would be built. He was the first to begin preaching to the gentiles. The Importance of Peter the Apostle (Simon Peter ) to Christianity.
What did Peter and Paul do?
According to church tradition, Peter and Paul taught together in Rome and founded Christianity in that city. Eusebius cites Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth as saying, “They taught together in like manner in Italy, and suffered martyrdom at the same time.” This may indicate their reconciliation.
What happened to Peter after he denied Jesus?
Following his resurrection, Jesus took special care to rehabilitate Peter and assure him he was forgiven. At Pentecost, the Holy Spirit filled the apostles. Peter was so overcome that he began to preach to the crowd. Acts 2:41 tells us 3,000 people were converted that day.
What was Jesus personality like?
If the conclusions I’ve drawn are correct, Jesus had preferences for INFJ or perhaps INTJ, INFP or INTP. This might explain why he stood out so much from the crowd, aside from the fact that, for those who believe in him, he was the son of God.
Why did Jesus name Peter the Rock?
“I think that Jesus was telling Peter that he ( Peter ) was the rock because his name means ‘ rock,'” says Hillary, 12. The rock upon which Jesus would build his church could refer to Peter, since Jesus changed Peter’s name to “petros” meaning ” rock.” This would make Peter the foundation of the church.
What did Peter and Paul disagree on?
Paul had a disagreement with a rule of the early church that a gentile must first become Jewish before joining The Way. Some way church leaders agreed ad some disagreed. Both sides presented their arguments at the 1st Jerusalem Council. Peter listened to both sides, discerned, and then made his decision.
How did Jesus restore Peter?
After they had eaten, Jesus said to Simon Peter, “Simon, son of John, do you love me more than these?” “Yes, Lord,” he answered, “you know that I love you.” Jesus said to him, “Take care of my lambs.” Peter had denied Jesus and didn’t get a chance to make amends before Jesus was killed.
What law is Paul talking about in Galatians?
Contents. This epistle addresses the question of whether the Gentiles in Galatia were obligated to follow Mosaic Law to be part of the Christ community.
Who was the only apostle to die a natural death?
The Church Fathers identify him as John the Evangelist, John of Patmos, John the Elder and the Beloved Disciple, and testify that he outlived the remaining apostles and that he was the only one to die of natural causes.
Who is Peter in heaven?
Peter was one of the 12 Apostles of Jesus. Roman Catholic tradition holds that Jesus established St. Peter as the first pope (Matthew 16:18). Jesus also gave him “the keys of the kingdom of heaven ” (Matthew 16:19), which is why he is often depicted at the gates of heaven in art and popular culture.
Why did Peter denied Jesus 3 times?
In the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter, Jesus denies Peter ” three times in this night” as not ready for inner sight, 72,5.
What is the rarest personality type?
In our deep-seated desire to learn more about ourselves, most of us have probably spent too much time taking personality quizzes. I’m something called an INFJ, the rarest personality type in the U.S., with about 1.5 percent of the population fitting that category.
Does God laugh in the Bible?
Three times in the Book of Psalms (Psalm 2:4; 37:13; 59:8) we read that God shall laugh. God laughs, he sees their coming destruction and says, “A little that a righteous man has is Better than the riches of many wicked.” The last time we find that God laughs is Psalm 59:8.
What traits did Jesus have?
Here are six ways Jesus is different from the leaders of today, and what those differences teach us.
- Jesus always speaks the truth.
- Jesus asks for more and offers more.
- Jesus values us more.
- Jesus values all of us.
- Jesus is motivated by compassion.
- Jesus forgives. | <urn:uuid:0a072c45-9452-47c1-ad30-49e7ec8ff41e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://stmauriceparish.org/questions-about-the-saints/what-did-saint-peter-do.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.974575 | 1,151 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Men approaching the injured pilots and carrying them aboard HH-43B Huskie in Vietnam.
Vietnam Date:1965, December 9 Duration:2 min 5 sec Sound:NO SOUND
Activities of the United States Air Forces (USAF) personnel in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. United States Air Forces HH-43B Huskie pilot at controls of an airbrne helicopter. Helicopter approaches a downed pilot at a field. Injured pilot setting off locater flare. He is being carried aboard the helicopter. Injured pilot being hoisted into a hovering HH-43B.
This historic stock footage available in HD and SD video. View pricing below video player.
Have a correction or more info about this clip? Edit Now
Be the first to correct or edit this clip's info! Edit Now | <urn:uuid:30f3dc8c-08a9-42b7-8477-d7dbb1dd1647> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675061989_HH-43B-Huskie_helicopter-in-flight_approaching-injured-pilots_carry-pilots-aboard-helicopter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00242-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883669 | 167 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Coinbase status stays alert to market situations and aggressive across the cryptocurrency trading market The status both of the positioning and its forex are naturally important to its investors and merchants. But legal legal responsibility typically turns not on what D seen, however on what \(D\) failed to note—on circumstances that would have prompted an inexpensive particular person to chorus from doing what \(D\) did. Nonetheless, earlier than 1960, the legal actions against medical errors had been much less. The next level is the city or city government.
Place a fraud alert and get your credit score reports. In some states, house owners can promote the subsurface rights to their land, so that one proprietor may personal and dwell on the floor, while another has the suitable to mine minerals below the surface. Overview your bank card and checking account statements. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2015, Briefing Paper: Decriminalisation of Drug Use and Possession for Personal Consumption”.
Criminal legislation distinguishes crimes from civil wrongs reminiscent of tort or breach of contract Prison regulation has been seen as a system of regulating the habits of people and groups in relation to societal norms, whereas civil legislation is aimed primarily at the relationship between private individuals and their rights and obligations under the regulation.
Because different bodies of law typically punish, and because punishment sometimes—maybe essentially—expresses censure (Feinberg 1970), the expressive perform is no less than partly shared. The concept of an official state faith is just like that of a nation-state, in that law enforces the moral norms and traditions of a folks. Sidley is a world drive with over 2,000 legal professionals spread over 20 places of work.
Economic Growth & Immigration: Bridging the Demographic Divide. For consumers in search of a service that covers a number of frequent types of id theft at once and for a single value, Identification Guard® is an excellent different. In 2001 a case helped set up the fashionable which means of requirements of look after sufferers. As an illustration, if a patient dies of most cancers, the household may consider that the medical team was negligent not directly, but it may be tough to determine whether or not it was the cancer or negligence that led to the death. | <urn:uuid:55d7dfa4-d123-4209-883e-edcf923d8df3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rocmecmines.com/how-to-the-repair-the-msn-issues.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.952019 | 455 | 1.640625 | 2 |
template <class charT, class OutputIterator = ostreambuf_iterator<charT> > class num_put;
Facet to format numeric values
The num_put standard facet formats numeric values as sequences of characters. Its member put is called by standard output streams (such as ostream) to format numerical values inserted with the insertion operator (operator<<).
The num_put class template has a protected destructor: Programs shall only construct objects of derived classes, or use those installed in locale objects (through use_facet).
All standard locale objects support at least the following facet instantiations of the num_put class template (as part of the numeric category):
|facets in locale objects||notes|
|narrow characters (used by ostream)|
|wide characters (used by wostream)|
- Character type: the type of the characters in the sequence to write.
Aliased as member char_type.
- Output iterator type that points to the elements in the character sequence to write.
Defaults to ostreambuf_iterator, which is an iterator that can be implicitly converted from basic_ostream objects.
Aliased as member iter_type.
|char_type||The first template parameter (charT)||Character type|
|iter_type||The second template parameter (OutputIterator)||Iterator type.|
The class contains a public static constant of type locale::id that uniquely identifies facets with num_put semantics.
Public member functions
- num_put constructor (public member function
- Put numerical value (public member function
Virtual protected member functions
- Put numerical value [virtual] (protected virtual member function
- num_put destructor (protected member function
At least the following specializations and partial specializations of this template are provided in all library implementations:
template <class OutputIterator> num_put<char,OutputIterator>
template <class OutputIterator> num_put<wchar_t,OutputIterator>
Where OutputIterator shall be a type that satisfies the requirements of an output iterator able to iterate over elements of the specified character type. | <urn:uuid:5189adfa-9d19-4952-987e-9fe0415b1de6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cplusplus.com/reference/locale/num_put/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.743916 | 568 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Character sketches, combining the best of biography with the finest of narrative - short and illustrative.
e witnessing of these free scenes had a tonic as well as toxic effect on me. As I view myself now, I was a poor, spindling, prying fish, anxious to know life, and yet because of my very narrow training very fearsome of it, of what it might do to me, what dreadful contagion of thought or deed it might open me to! Peter was not so. To him all, positively all, life was good. It was a fascinating spectacle, to be studied or observed and rejoiced in as a spectacle. When I look back now on the shabby, poorly-lighted, low-ceiled room to which he led me "for fun," the absolutely black or brown girls with their white teeth and shiny eyes, the unexplainable, unintelligible love of rhythm and the dance displayed, the beating of a drum, the sinuous, winding motions of the body, I am grateful to him. He released my mind, broadened my view, lengthened my perspective. For as I sat with him, watching him beat his drum or play his flute, noted the gayety, his love of color and effect, and feeling myself low, | <urn:uuid:11a07dbf-c34c-4a29-b427-95c5e8955342> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://manybooks.net/titles/dreisert14711471714717-8.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.980838 | 276 | 1.59375 | 2 |
A Health Aide is not the same as a skilled medical worker like a nurse or therapist. The Health Aide is trained to provide ongoing support with Activities of Daily Living (ADL's) such as bathing, dressing, transferring, eating, toileting, or continence.
The other type of work listed in the survey was a Homemaker, which provides companion type assistance that could include light housekeeping, meal preparation, transportation, and companionship. This type of care is often appropriate for those with Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia who may be physically healthy but require supervision.
|Virginia||Health Aide || Homemaker Aide
(Home Care or
|Northern VA||20 /hr||18 /hr|
|Richmond||19 /hr||18 /hr|
|Rest of State||18 /hr||17 /hr|
|State Average||19 /hr||17 /hr|
Homemakers and companions are not trained to provide hands-on assistance with ADLs such as bathing and dressing.
Health aide and home care services (homemakers), are usually provided in two-to-four-hour blocks of time referred to as "visits." They generally cost more in the evening, on weekends, and on holidays.
For more information about the levels of workers, see: Home Health Care Nurses, Aides and Homemakers.
Home Health Care Costs Depend On Where You Live in Virginia
In Northern VA, for example, the average cost of a Health Aide was $20 per hour. In Richmond it was $19. In the rest of the state, it was $18 per hour.
The Highs and Lows of Costs in the State
The rates for a Health Aide ranged from a low of $13 to a high of $25. The 2012 average was the same as the 2011 average of $18per hour. Homemaker aides usually cost less than health aides. The average cost in 2012 for a homemaker was $17 per hour. The range of rates reported was $13 to $22. The average rate in 2011 was reported as $17 per hour.
Virginia ranked 41st highest for the cost for Home Health Care in the United States. The United States average cost for a Health Aide was $21 per hour. A Homemaker Aide was $20.
Comparing Costs in Virginia Against Nearby States
You can look up the costs for any state at Home Health Care Costs Across The Nation
Compare Costs Of Home Health Care Against Other Long Term Care
For comparison, the average daily cost for a private room in a nursing home in this state was $226 ($82,490 annually). The monthly private-pay base rate in an assisted living facility with one-bedroom apartments or private rooms with private baths was $3,815 per month ($45,780 for 12 months). The average cost of Adult Day Services (Adult Day Care) was $60 per day ($21,900 for 365 days).
The averages given here do not include the costs of a skilled medical worker like a nurse or therapist. You must add those expenses (and any other) to the costs shown here to estimate the full cost of Home Health Care.
Data was compiled using hourly/daily cost averages as published in the MetLife Mature Market Institute Market Survey of Long-Term Care Costs.This survey information came from the MetLife Mature Market Institute. The full report is available at the Institute's website.
Explanatory note about the survey:
"MetLife provides a "State Average" for each type of long-term care service in each state -the average of all rates for all sampled services in the state. In the states where MetLife includes average rates for one or more cities or areas within a state, these averages are specific to those areas." | <urn:uuid:274d7aae-07fc-4559-9f77-d69a6643b70e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dibbern.com/home-health-care-costs/cost-for-virginia-home-health-care.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.952731 | 802 | 2.75 | 3 |
Fruita on path for new rec trails
The city of Fruita may have re-opened the decades-long debate over the proximity of recreational hiking and biking trails to irrigation canals in this valley through a parks master plan the City Council approved last week.
Good for them. It’s a debate worth re-engaging. And Fruita is attacking it in a manner that should be less threatening to those who own property along irrigation canals and the organizations that manage those canals.
To begin with, Fruita’s plan will apply only to new developments along irrigation canals. There is no plan to try to force those who already own property bordering canals to open their lands to recreational trails, unless they seek to develop that land. If they do, they would be asked to dedicate 20 feet of right of way adjacent to the canal easement.
Additionally, unlike many earlier proposals, Fruita is not suggesting that the canal companies open their access roads for use as recreational trails. The city’s plan is to create a separate recreational trail on lands set aside from property to be developed, not on the canal roads.
Even so, at least one represenative of a canal organization — the president of the Grand Valley Irrigation Co. — expressed concern about having recreational trails so close to canals.
Since the late 1980s, proponents of recreational trails in the Grand Valley have explored the idea of utilizing canal roads for hiking and biking. They have pointed to similar efforts in other communities where recreation has coexisted successfully with canal management.
But those efforts have been stymied continually by the opposition of managers and members of canal organizations. They point to potential liability issues with people hiking and biking near canals, and cite the possibility of damage to private property adjacent to the canals.
Those aren’t trivial concerns. They need to be taken seriously and any proposals for recreation along canals need to find ways to ameliorate those concerns.
Fruita’s plan appears to be a good first step toward that end. It will not create recreational trails on canal property, and it will only establish small sections of trail at a time. But those small sections could be a proving ground to show that recreation near canals need not be a disaster. | <urn:uuid:fae5ece7-0a10-4ff3-8492-2b41e45fdca1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gjsentinel.com/special_sections/articles/fruita_on_path_for_new_rec_tra | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00533-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960939 | 473 | 1.742188 | 2 |
WEST HAVEN >> Two patients who underwent surgery at the Veterans Affairs hospital in West Haven may have been exposed to a fatal brain disease.
A spokeswoman for the hospital says it was notified on Aug. 29 that leased surgical equipment from New Hampshire had been used on a patient who was later diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Spokeswoman Pamela Redmond says both Connecticut patients have been notified.
The disease is characterized by rapidly progressive dementia which can cause death within months after symptoms first appearing. It has no treatment or cure.
Authorities have said eight patients in New Hampshire and five in Massachusetts may also have been exposed to the disease.
Connecticut Health Department spokesman William Gerrish says no other hospitals in the state are known to have received the potentially contaminated equipment. | <urn:uuid:552519a6-7dfd-41dd-9545-ffb0c1946c4b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.registercitizen.com/general-news/20130906/patients-possibly-exposed-to-brain-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00575-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980062 | 159 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Repeated liver stiffness measurements (LSM) in the first year following liver transplant (LT) could discriminate between slow and rapid "fibrosers", a recent study by doctors from the Hospital Clínic in Barcelona, Spain has determined.
LSM were extremely accurate, particularly at the 6-month post LT point, in detecting severity of fibrosis. Determining those at risk for a recurrence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) allows for early-stage administration of therapies that could prevent LT or graft failure. The full findings are published in the January 2010 issue of Hepatology, a journal of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
AdvertisementFrom August 2004 to January 2008, 84 LT patients with HCV recurrence and 19 patients transplanted for reasons other than HCV were included in the study led by Miquel Navasa, M.D. The cause of LT in the non-HCV control group included: alcoholic cirrhosis (n=10), primary biliary cirrhosis (n=2), Caroli's disease (n=2), familial amyloid polyneuropathy (n=2), autoimmune hepatitis (n=1) and cryptogenetic cirrhosis (n=2). Liver stiffness was measured using FibroscanŪ on the right lobe of the liver with repeated measurements during the first year after LT.
Results indicate that LSM did not significantly increase during the first year after LT for all control participants. There were 53 patients deemed slow "fibrosers" with median LSM at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months at 6.9, 6.9, 7.5, and 6.6 kilopascals (kPa-a standard unit of pressure), respectively, without significant increase during the follow-up year. The remaining 31 participants were rapid "fibrosers" who had median LSM at months 3, 6, 9, and 12 of 7.5, 9.9, 9.5 and 12.1 kPa, respectively. "Our study clearly shows two different speeds of liver fibrosis progression during the first year after LT," said Dr. Navasa. "Slow "fibrosers" progressed at the same rate as non-HCV LT patients, while rapid "fibrosers" showed significant fibrosis and portal hypertension very early in the follow-up."
Researchers also conducted univariate and multivariate analyses to identify the variables associated with the presence of significant fibrosis (F≥2) one year post LT. The univariate analysis identified 6 variables associated with rapid fibrosis progression: Cytomegalovirus infection, ALT level, bilirubin level and HCV-viral load (at three months), bilirubin level and LSM (at six months). The multivariate analysis showed that only two variables at six months were independent predictors of fibrosis: LSM and bilirubin level. "Using non-invasive detections such as LSM or bilirubin levels at 6 months can accurately predict the risk to develop significant fibrosis in LT patients, concluded Dr. Navasa. "Our results will need to be validated by other transplant centers, but we believe these models could be widely used in clinical practice to adopt appropriate therapeutic interventions at first signs of HCV recurrence.
In the U.S. the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) recorded that 4,747 Americans underwent LTs during 2009. According to a report by the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR), the graft and patient survival rates were 82.4% and 87.1% respectively for deceased donor LTs and 84.8% and 89.9% respectively for living donor LTs. These statistics are based on transplants conducted between 2005 and 2006. Past studies have shown a recurrence of HCV is the first cause of graft loss and reduction in patient survival in most liver transplant programs. | <urn:uuid:09530012-e77e-4bb6-8086-72fc24b28e32> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.medindia.net/news/Patients-With-Rapid-or-Slow-Fibrosis-Identified-by-Liver-Stiffness-Measurements-63311-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00220-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940074 | 818 | 1.875 | 2 |
To dream of the Pope is to adhere to a type of sacred belief system that can provide spiritual and emotional advice when one has begun to feel lost.
This is also reflected in a hierarchical society with structures that need to be focused.
The Pope is the highest ranking member of the multi-infamous Catholic Church. If you have dreams in which you are the Pope this reflects your desire to be communicating directly with God as the Pope, in this religion the direct representative of him and of all his glory.
Being the Pope in your dream is how you allow yourself to communicate in this direct way. You find that with this energy you are perfectly confident in asking God to tell you all the questions you have. God, of course, often finds it ironic that you have to put yourself in such a high position to communicate, because of course you can at any time, but many of us feel that we are too humble to speak to God directly. While you probably won’t have a problem with this, the fact is: You need to talk to God to get this advice to help you move forward in your life.
In this dream you can have
- The Pope thus has the ability to communicate directly with God to find the answers that are most useful to him in his personal life.
- The pope has instructed others on how to communicate with God, showing his belief in the almighty connection we can all share with a higher energy source.
- Blessed by the Pope, making you feel reverent and secure in your position within a sense of religious and spiritual renewal.
- He was angry and argued with the Pope about the way he runs the Catholic Church, thus showing his desire to focus on the malaise of the world’s religions.
Positive changes are afoot if
- His conversation with the Pope ended up being relatively polite and comforting.
- Like the Pope, you had conversations with God in which you received divine assistance for waking life problems.
- You advised others in a humble and peaceful way.
- You found yourself in the peace and quiet of the Papal Chamber, thus giving you time to reflect on all that you wish to achieve in your life.
The detailed meaning of sleep
If you dream that the Pope refers to you, then this is a symbol of your respect in the higher orders of the world and the Universe.
When you are afraid of religion and in the presence of the Pope, you will find that your anxiety is trickling into your waking life as a result of feeling infringed upon by authority figures around the world or in your particular area. In general, the Pope represents a person who is regaining faith in him or experiencing a certain level of spiritual awakening.
This dream is associated with the following scenarios in your life
- religious confusion.
- Angry with religious leaders.
- Lack of faith.
- The desire to communicate with the divine freely.
Feelings you may have encountered during a Pope dream
Welfare. Clarity. religious conviction. Certainty. Understanding. Lack of communication. divine assistance. Inspiration. Happiness. Renewal. Spirituality. Contemplation. | <urn:uuid:815bc17f-200a-49fd-862d-d49b9e762add> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dreamsrack.com/dream-of-the-pope/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.965018 | 646 | 1.710938 | 2 |
American Sign Language
American Sign Language (ASL) is the language of the Deaf community in the United States and much of Canada. ASL is estimated to be the fourth most commonly used language in the United States.
Skills & InterestHelping People
Why choose American Sign Language?
Knowing another language and culture will –
- Increase your career opportunities
- Broaden your horizons
- Enrich your life in ways you never imagined
Taking one or two years of a second language can –
- Fulfill university course requirements
- Greatly increase your chances of getting a rewarding and better-paying job
- Enhance travel
- Open up a new world of friendships and understanding
ASL is a fully developed language with its own systems of forming words, sentences and meaning. Learning ASL helps you discover a deeper understanding of Deaf Culture and people.
What will you learn?
Convey information through –
- Manual signs
- Facial expressions
- Body movements
- Deaf Culture
What will you do?
- ASL/English Interpretation
- Hospitality & Tourism
- Social Services
Where to Start
Have you studied American Sign Language before?
If you are a true beginner and have not studied ASL before (or in a very long time) or have had up to two years of ASL in high school, take ASL111.
If you have had three or more years of ASL in high school, or are unsure, contact program chair for ASL diagnostic interview. | <urn:uuid:f31db88f-411d-4e4a-8724-0e67dc906ab9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tps.chemeketa.edu/programs-classes/program-finder/american-sign-language/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.922453 | 347 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Aduki Beans (Phaseolus)
Aduki Beans (Phaseolus angularis)
Aduki beans (Phaseolus angularis) are known as azuki, adsuki and asuki. They have been grown and eaten in both China and Japan for millennia, and they are known as ‘King of Beans.’
The English name – aduki – comes from the Japanese, ‘azuki,’ meaning good health.
The beans are dark red with a thin white line down the ridge. They have a nutty flavour, and can be prepared fresh, dried or mashed into a candied paste.
Ground aduki beans remove dead skin cells when used on the skin as an exfoliating powder. They polish the skin, leaving it healthy and renewed.
We use aduki beans dried, whole, or ground.
Ground aduki beans absorb excess dirt and oils from the skin in our Mask of Magnaminty face and body mask.
In our Wiccy Magic Muscles massage bar, the aduki beans are like firm fingertips working to relieve muscle pain and tension. They help to stimulate areas where circulation is slow and work well with the warming effects of the other ingredients. | <urn:uuid:9d492baf-e7d7-488b-afa6-4317514223de> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.lushusa.com/on/demandware.store/Sites-Lush-Site/en_US/Lushopedia-Start?iid=10020 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720941.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00518-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903495 | 254 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Ravindran, K. and Srinivasan, J and Marathe, AG (1995) Finite Element Solution Of Surface-Tension Driven Flows In Laser Surface-Melting. In: Mechanics Research Communications, 22 (3). pp. 297-304.
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Lasers are very efficient in heating localized regions and hence they find a wide application in surface treatment processes. The surface of a material can be selectively modified to give superior wear and corrosion resistance. In laser surface-melting and welding problems, the high temperature gradient prevailing in the free surface induces a surface-tension gradient which is the dominant driving force for convection (known as thermo-capillary or Marangoni convection). It has been reported that the surface-tension driven convection plays a dominant role in determining the melt pool shape. In most of the earlier works on laser-melting and related problems, the finite difference method (FDM) has been used to solve the Navier Stokes equations . Since the Reynolds number is quite high in these cases, upwinding has been used. Though upwinding gives physically realistic solutions even on a coarse grid, the results are inaccurate. McLay and Carey have solved the thermo-capillary flow in welding problems by an implicit finite element method . They used the conventional Galerkin finite element method (FEM) which requires that the pressure be interpolated by one order lower than velocity (mixed interpolation). This restricts the choice of elements to certain higher order elements which need numerical integration for evaluation of element matrices. The implicit algorithm yields a system of nonlinear, unsymmetric equations which are not positive definite. Computations would be possible only with large mainframe computers.Sluzalec has modeled the pulsed laser-melting problem by an explicit method (FEM). He has used the six-node triangular element with mixed interpolation. Since he has considered the buoyancy induced flow only, the velocity values are small. In the present work, an equal order explicit FEM is used to compute the thermo-capillary flow in the laser surface-melting problem. As this method permits equal order interpolation, there is no restriction in the choice of elements. Even linear elements such as the three-node triangular elements can be used. As the governing equations are solved in a sequential manner, the computer memory requirement is less. The finite element formulation is discussed in this paper along with typical numerical results.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Additional Information:||Copyright of this article belongs to Elsavier.|
|Department/Centre:||Division of Mechanical Sciences > Mechanical Engineering|
|Date Deposited:||24 Mar 2009 05:55|
|Last Modified:||19 Sep 2010 05:29|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:6c06dea5-d6a8-49c5-9af8-1ada40806cd7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/19549/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00203-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874133 | 611 | 2.34375 | 2 |
If she's going to draw the strange posture a downy woodpecker takes at our bird feeder, she needs to notice exactly how his feet and wings are placed. That sets her up to discover (from our bird book) information about how his wings differ from the birds we're more used to seeing. Observation, drawing, and research all reinforce each other.
This is a shame for so many reasons. One that I think about a lot is that it leads to a poorly educated audience for art. Learning to draw means learning to look. An audience of people with basic drawing skills is much more appreciative of art than an audience of people with no serious art skills.
The library she was working in wouldn't let her make Xeroxes, so she had to painstakingly copy each character. As she copied, she suddenly became able to tell where each one began and ended & to recognize each letter as well (I think that's how the story went).
I think this principle probably works with sentences, reading, and grammar, btw. If a student copies a sentence word-for-word, I **think** he or she is going to start to see the chunks.
That would be an interesting experiment, actually.
This does assume they are also doing narration, telling Mom or Dad what to write about something they've read. | <urn:uuid:83bc3163-9079-44d7-b68d-8daff0ac65f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://oilf.blogspot.com/2012/12/favorite-comments-of-12-rivka-fedupmom.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00143-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986754 | 276 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Sykes No Bloat
An aid in the prevention and treatment of Bloat in cattle.
Why Sykes No Bloat?
- Used as a preventative and or a treatment for bloat in cattle
- Can be administered as a drench, a flank application, as a pasture spray or diluted in troughs
- Contains Vegetable Oil and Paraffin Oil, known for its effectiveness in treating bloat in cattle
- Made with emulsifiers to mix freely with water | <urn:uuid:2b63c24d-769a-40ec-99d2-ff3bd658e980> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sykes.net.au/product/sykes-no-bloat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.945904 | 100 | 1.703125 | 2 |
H. P. Lovecraft - The Moon-Bog Audiobook with text and subtitles
"The Moon Bog" is a short story by American horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft, written in or before March 1921 and first published in the June 1926 issue of Weird Tales. The main character is Denys Barry, an Irish-American who reclaims an ancestral estate in Kilderry, a fictional town in Ireland. Barry ignores pleas from the local peasantry not to drain the nearby bog, with unfortunate supernatural consequences.
Instructions for subtitles see:
Not registered yet? We'll like you more if you do! | <urn:uuid:9193ad9e-483b-4aa1-916c-c98697bceede> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://englishtips.org/1150814420-h.-p.-lovecraft-the-moon-bog.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00163-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932822 | 126 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Suggestions for a district design review panel to further grow New Plymouth into a viable and vibrant city is still under consideration.
Proposals for a New Plymouth District Design Review Panel was discussed at the council's regulatory committee meeting yesterday, but councillor Gordon Brown said the panel was a luxury the council could not afford.
The panel would consist of three to four members from a variety of backgrounds such as planning, architecture, and surveying and engineering.
Panel members would be paid a meeting fee of $150 per hour capped at a maximum of two hours or $300 per meeting.
Meetings would be "critique sessions" to inform stakeholders about a proposed project's positive aspects and also areas where improvements could be made.
Benefits of having a panel included reducing the risk of poor quality design outcomes and was also seen as a cost-effective method of improving design proposals at an early stage.
It was recommended a three-year trial for a New Plymouth panel.
A budget of $9600 would also be set aside in the council's future annual plans, which would pay for up to eight meetings a year.
John McLeod said he would like to have the committee but there was no way the council could afford it.
He said while the annual expenditure may seem like a small amount, it would eventually add up.
"Pennies make pounds," Mr McLeod said.
NPDC environmental strategy and policy manager Colin Comber said he did consider whether pro bono was a possibility, but potential members were professionals and it was about acknowledging their contributions.
The recommendation would be put forward to the full council for a decision.
- Taranaki Daily News
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Get your South Taranaki news online | <urn:uuid:92118201-8b83-420b-b2ca-a30d1fef105a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/9483771/Lukewarm-response-to-design-review-panel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00066-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979603 | 389 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Sex offender registry
A sex offender registry is a system in various countries designed to allow government authorities to keep track of the residence and activities of sex offenders, including those who have completed their criminal sentences. In some jurisdictions in the United States, where sex offender registration began, registration is accompanied by residential address notification requirements. In many jurisdictions, registered sex offenders are subject to additional restrictions, including on housing. Those on parole or probation may be subject to restrictions that do not apply to other parolees or probationers. Sometimes, these include (or have been proposed to include) restrictions on being in the presence of underage persons (under the age of majority), living in proximity to a school or day care center, owning toys or items targeted towards children, or using the Internet. Sex offender registries exist in many English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland. Sex offender registration does not exist outside of the Anglosphere, however. The United States is the only country with a registry that is publicly accessible; all other countries in the Anglosphere have sex offender registries only accessible by law enforcement.
Three differing systems exist in determining offenders' inclusion in the registry: risk-based, sentence-length-based, and offense-based. In risk-based systems, the offender is screened against a scientifically validated screening tool, and determination of inclusion is made according to the results. In sentence-length-based systems, offenders receiving sentences exceeding some determined length are included. In offense-based systems, registration is required when a person is convicted under one of the listed offenses requiring registration.
Risk-based registries reflect the determined dangerousness of registered offenders, while sentence-length-based registries reflect the severity of the crime. Offense-based registries reflect neither the dangerousness of registrants, nor the severity of their crimes. UK, Canada, and Australia have adopted either risk-based- or sentence-length-based registry schemes. In the United States, the vast majority of the states are applying offense-based registries, leaving the actual risk level of the offender and severity of the offense uncertain. The few U.S. states applying risk-based systems are pressured by the U.S. federal government to adopt offense-based systems in accordance with Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act. Studies has shown that actuarial risk assessment instruments consistently outperform the offense-based system mandated by federal law. Consequently, the effectiveness of offense-based registries have been questioned by professionals, and evidence exists suggesting that such registries are counterproductive.
Some aspects of the current sex offender registries in the United States have been widely criticized by civil rights organizations Human Rights Watch and ACLU, professional organizations Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers and Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, reformist groups Reform Sex Offender Laws, Inc., Women Against Registry and USA FAIR, and by child safety advocate Patty Wetterling, the Chair of National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. Virtually no studies exist finding U.S. registries effective, prompting some researchers to call them pointless, many even calling them counterproductive, arguing that they increase the rate of re-offense.
- 1 Sex offender registries by country
- 2 Application to offenses other than felony sexual offenses
- 3 Public disclosure of sex offender information
- 4 Additional restrictions beyond public notice
- 5 Effectiveness and consequences
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Sex offender registries by country
The Australian National Child Offender Register (ANCOR) is a web-based system used in all jurisdictions. Authorized police use ANCOR to monitor persons convicted of child sex offences and other specified offences once they have served their sentence. Offenders are monitored for eight years, 15 years or the remainder of their life (four years or 7½ years for juvenile offenders). On 1 March 2011, there were 12,596 registered offenders across Australia.
Canada's National Sex Offender Registry (NSOR) came into force on 15 December 2004, with the passing of the Sex Offender Information Registration Act (SOIR Act). The public does not have access to the registry.
Since 2001, the Province of Ontario operates its own sex offender registry concurrently with the federal registry. Unlike the federal registry which has an opt-out provision if an offender can convince a judge they are not a threat, the Ontario registry has no such provision. As a result, individuals who have been convicted of a designated offence at any time after 2001, and relocate to Ontario, are obligated to register for a period of at least 10 years. The registration period begins on the day the ex-offender relocates to Ontario.
Under the 2001 Sexual Offenders Act, all those convicted of certain sexual offenses are obliged to notify the police within 7 days their name and address. They must also notify the police of any changes to this information or if they intend to stay somewhere other than their registered address for more than 7 days (including if they are traveling abroad). Individuals are subject to these registration requirements for varying durations, based on a sliding scale of the severity of the sentence they received. This scale is as follows:
|Suspended or non-custodial||5 years|
|6 months or less||7 years|
|6 months to 2 years||10 years|
|More than 2 years||Indefinitely|
The New Zealand government has plans to introduce a sex offenders register by the end of 2014. It will be managed by the New Zealand Police and information will be shared between the Police, Child, Youth and Family, the Department of Corrections, the Ministry of Social Development, and the Department of Building and Housing—government agencies which deal with child safety. Like the Australian and British registers, the New Zealand sex offenders register will not be accessible to the general public but only to officials with security clearance. It will also include individuals who have been granted name suppression. This proposed register has received support from both the ruling National Party and the opposition Labour Party. However political lobby group the Sensible Sentencing Trust has criticised the proposed register for its lack of public access.
On 4 August 2014, the New Zealand Cabinet formally approved the establishment of a sex offenders register. According to the Minister of Police and Corrections Anne Tolley, Cabinet has agreed to allocate $35.5 million over the next ten years for the technology component of the register and initial ICT work is underway as of 14 August 2014. The sex offenders' register is expected to be operational by 2016 once enabling legislation is passed and changes are made to the Corrections Act to enable information sharing.
The National Register for Sex Offenders was established in terms of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007. It records the details of anyone convicted of a sexual offence against a child or a mentally disabled person. The public does not have access to the registry; it is available to employers of people who work with children or mentally disabled people, to authorities responsible for licensing institutions that care for children or mentally disabled people, and to those responsible for approving foster care and adoptions. People listed on the register are prohibited from working with children or mentally disabled people, from managing institutions that care for children or mentally disabled people, and from being foster parents or adoptive parents.
Trinidad and Tobago
The Sexual Offences Act Chapter 11:28 Part III provides for Notification Requirements for Sex Offenders. This Sex Offenders Registry is only accessible to the Police Service and other branches of government. There are several gaps in this policy noted by members of the Caribbean Committee against Sex Crimes, most notably that the registry only deals with offenses committed within the Jurisdiction of Trinidad and Tobago. Persons who are registered Sex Offenders from other jurisdictions are not registered when they immigrate or are deported to Trinidad and Tobago.
In the United Kingdom, the Violent and Sex Offender Register (ViSOR) is a database of records of those required to register with the Police under the Sexual Offences Act 2003, those jailed for more than 12 months for violent offences, and unconvicted people thought to be at risk of offending. The Register can be accessed by the Police, National Probation Service and HM Prison Service personnel. It is managed by the National Policing Improvement Agency of the Home Office.
Sex offender registries in the United States consists of federal and state level systems designed to collect information of convicted sex offenders for law enforcement and public notification purposes. All 50 states and District of Columbia maintain registries that are open to public via sex offender registration websites, although some registered sex offenders are visible to law enforcement only. According to NCMEC, as of 2015 there were 843,260 registered sex offenders in the United States. Registrants have to periodically appear in person to their local law enforcement for purposes of collecting their personal information, such as photograph, fingerprints, name, scars, tattoos, living address, place of employment and vehicle information.
Information pertaining to names, addresses, physical description and vehicles are made public via official websites. In addition, registrants are often subject to restrictions that bar loitering, working or living within exclusion zones that sometimes cover entire cities and have forced registrants into encampments, such as Julia Tuttle Causeway sex offender colony.
Anthropology professor Roger Lancaster has called the restrictions "tantamount to practices of banishment" that he deems disproportional, noting that registries include not just the "worst of the worst", but also "adults who supplied pornography to teenage minors; young schoolteachers who foolishly fell in love with one of their students; men who urinated in public, or were caught having sex in remote areas of public parks after dark." In many instances, individuals have pleaded guilty to an offense like urinating in public decades ago, not realizing the result would be their placement on a sex offender registry, and all of the restrictions that come with it.
Depending on jurisdiction, offenses requiring registration range in their severity from public urination or children and teenagers experimenting with their peers, to violent predatory sexual offenses. In some states non-sexual offenses such as unlawful imprisonment may require sex offender registration. According to Human Rights Watch, children as young as 9 have been placed on the registry for sexually experimenting with their peers. Juvenile convicts account for as much as 25 percent of the registrants. Federal Adam Walsh Act encourages states to register juveniles by tying federal funding to the degree to which state registries comply with the law’s classification system for sex offenders.
States apply differing sets of criteria dictating which offenders are made visible to public. Some states scientifically evaluate the future risk of the offender and hide low-risk offenders from public. In other states, offenders are categorized according to the tier level related to statute of conviction. Duration of registration vary usually from 10 years to life depending on the state legislation and tier/risk- category. Some states exclude low tier offenders from public registries while in others, all offenders are publicly listed. Some states offer possibility to petition to be removed from the registry under certain circumstances.
Majority of states apply systems based on conviction offenses only, where sex offender registration is mandatory if person pleads or is found guilty of violating any of the listed offenses, regardless the nature of the offense or offender. Under these systems, sentencing judge does not sentence convict into sex offender registry and cannot usually use judicial discretion to forgo registration requirement, even if he thinks the registration would be unreasonable taking account mitigating factors pertaining to individual cases. Instead, registration is mandatory collateral consequence of criminal conviction. Due to this feature, laws target a wide range of behaviors and tend to treat all offenders the same. Civil right groups, law reform activists, academics, some child safety advocates, politicians and law enforcement officials think that current laws often target wrong people, swaying attention away from high-risk sex offenders, while severely impacting lives of all registrants, and their families, attempting to re-integrate to society.
The Supreme Court of the United States has upheld sex offender registration laws twice, in two respects. Several challenges to some parts of state level sex offender laws have succeeded, however.
Application to offenses other than felony sexual offenses
Sex offender registration has been applied to crimes other than rape, child molestation, and child pornography offenses and is sometimes applied to certain non-sexual offenses.
In Connecticut, those with state convictions for certain misdemeanors have to register, including: Public Indecency, in violation of C.G.S. § 53a-186, provided the court finds the victim was under 18; and Sexual Assault, 4th Degree, in violation of C.G.S. § 53a-73a.
In New York and various other states, crimes that society does not necessarily view as sexual in nature are also considered to be registerable sex offenses, such as kidnapping, "sexual misconduct", unlawful imprisonment, and in some cases "sexually motivated offenses" (such as assault, burglary, etc.) that are not categorized as sexual offenses unless the court determines that the offense was committed pursuant to the offender's own sexual gratification. In New York specifically, kidnapping and unlawful imprisonment are registerable offenses only if the victim is under 17 and the offender is not a parent of the victim.
In Kentucky, all sex offenders who move into the state and are required to register in their previous home states are required to register with Kentucky for life, even if they were not required to register for life in their previous residence.
A few states have also created separate online registries for crimes other than sex offenses. Montana, for example, has a publicly accessible violent offender registry that includes crimes such as aggravated assault, robbery, assaulting a police officer, both deliberate and non-deliberate homicide and a third conviction for domestic violence. Kansas has publicly accessible registries of people convicted of both serious drug offenses and people convicted of crimes involving a weapon. Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Montana all have publicly accessible registries for those convicted of murder. Florida requires all felons, regardless of the crime, to register with law enforcement for 5 years after release, although the Florida felon registry is not available to the general public. If a felon in Florida is convicted of enough non-sexual felonies in a certain period of time, however, they are required to register for the rest of their life on a "Habitual Offender" registry that is available to the general public. Ohio even has a publicly accessible registry for people convicted 5 or more times of drunken driving.
In 2014, a murder registry was proposed in Rhode Island and an animal abuser registry was proposed in Pennsylvania. A bill to create a publicly accessible registry for domestic violence offenders passed the Texas House of Representatives in 2013, but was not voted on in the Texas Senate.
Public disclosure of sex offender information
Currently, only the United States allows, and more often than not, requires public disclosure of offender information, regardless of individual risk. Other countries do not make sex offender information public, unless the risk assessment has been conducted and the offender has been determined to pose high risk of re-offending.
In the United States
In some localities in the United States, the lists of all sex offenders are made available to the public: for example, through the newspapers, community notification, or the Internet. However, in other localities, the complete lists are not available to the general public but are known to the police. In the United States offenders are often classified in three categories: Level (Tier) I, Level II, and Level III offenders, Information is usually accessible related to that level (information being more accessible to the public for higher level offenders). In some US jurisdictions, the level of offender is reflecting the evaluated recidivism risk of the individual offender, while in others, the level is designated merely by the virtue of conviction, without assessing the risk level posed by the offender.
In general, in states applying risk-based registry schemes, low-risk (Tier I) offenders are often excluded from the public disclosure. In some states only the highest risk (Tier III) offenders are subject to public disclosure, while some states also include moderate-risk (Tier II) offenders in public websites.
In SORNA compliant states, only Tier I registrants may be excluded from public disclosure, but since SORNA merely sets the minimum set of rules that states must follow, many SORNA compliant states have adopted stricter system and have opted to disclose information of all tiers. Some states have disclosed some of Tier I offenders, while in some states all Tier I offenders are excluded from public disclosure.
Just like states differ with respect to disclosure of information regarding different Tiers/Levels, they also differ with respect to classifying offenses into tiers. Thus, identical offenses committed in different states could produce very different outcomes in terms of public disclosure and registration period. Offense classified as Tier I offense in one state with no public disclosure, might be classified as Tier II or Tier III offense in another, leading to considerably longer registration period and public disclosure. These disparities in state legislation have caused unexpected problems to some registrants when moving from state to another, finding themselves subject to public disclosure on their destination state's sex offender website, and longer registration periods (sometimes for life), even though they originally were excluded from public registry and required to register for a shorter period. Some states appear to apply "catch-all" statutes for former registrants moving in to their jurisdiction, requiring registration and public posting of information, even when the person has completed their original registration period. At least one state (Illinois) reclassifies all registrants moving in the state into the highest possible tier (Sexual Predator), regardless of the original tier of the person, leading to a lifetime registration requirement and being publicly labelled as a "Sexual Predator". As noted previously, Kentucky requires lifetime registration for all currently registered individuals who move into the state.
Determining the Tier level and whether or not a person would be subject to public disclosure, when relocating to another state might be close to impossible to tell without consulting an attorney or officials responsible for managing registration in the destination state, due to constantly changing laws and vagueness in some states legislative language.
While these disparities in level of public disclosure among different states might cause unexpected problems to registration, they have also caused some registrants to move into locations where public disclosure of lower level offenders is not permitted, in order to avoid public persecution and other adverse effects of public disclosure they were experiencing in their original location.
Additional restrictions beyond public notice
Sex offenders on parole or probation are generally subject to the same restrictions as other parolees and probationers.
Sex offenders who have completed probation or parole may also be subject to restrictions above and beyond those of most felons. In some jurisdictions, they cannot live within a certain distance of places children or families gather. Such places are usually schools, worship centers, and parks, but could also include public venues (stadiums), airports, apartments, malls, major retail stores, college campuses, and certain neighborhoods (unless for essential business). In some states, they may also be barred from voting after a sentence has been completed and, at the federal level, barred from owning firearms, like all felons.
Some states have Civil Commitment laws, which allow very-high-risk sex offenders to be placed in secure facilities, "in many ways like prisons", where they are supposed to be offered treatment and regularly reevaluated for possible release. In practice, most states with Civil Commitment centers rarely release anyone. Texas has not released anyone in the 15 years since the program was started. In 2015, in response to a class action lawsuit, a Federal judge ruled Minnesota's Civil Commitment program to be unconstitutional, both for not providing effective treatment and for not fully releasing anyone since the program was started in 1994.
The state of Missouri now restricts the activities of registered sex offenders on Halloween, requiring them to avoid Halloween-related contact with children and remain at their registered home address from 5 p.m. to 10:30 p.m., unless they are required to work that evening. Regardless of whether they are at work, offenders must extinguish all outside residential lighting and post a sign stating, "No candy or treats at this residence - sex offender at this residence".
In the United Kingdom, anyone convicted of any criminal offense cannot work in the legal, medical, teaching, or nursing professions. List 99 includes people convicted of sex offenses barred from working in education and social work, though it also includes people convicted of theft, fraud, corruption, assault, and drugs offenses.
Facebook and Instagram prohibit any convicted sex offender from accessing or contributing to their websites.Template:Https://help.instagram.com/131932550339730
Effectiveness and consequences
The vast majority of sexual offense victims are known to the offender, either relatives, family friends, or other adults such as teachers; this is contrary to media depictions of stranger assaults or child molesters who kidnap children unknown to them. Thus, despite the public awareness of the whereabouts of convicted sex offenders, there has been no evidence shown that mandatory registration has made society safer. According to ATSA, only in the states that utilize empirically derived risk assessment procedures and publicly identify only high risk offenders, has community notification demonstrated some effectiveness. The majority of U.S states do not utilize risk assessment tools when determining ones inclusion on the registry, although studies have shown that actuarial risk assessment instruments, which are created by putting together risk factors found by research to correlate with re-offending, consistently outperform the offense based systems.
Studies almost always show that residency restrictions increase offender's recidivism rates by increasing offender homelessness and increasing instability in a sex offender's life. According to a Department of Justice study, 5.3% of sex offenders who were released from prison in 1994 were arrested for a new sex offense after 3 years. Robbers, arsonists and property crime committers (all of which have a recidivism rate of 60–70 percent after 3 years) were the most likely to re-offend group. Despite the public perception of sex offenders as having high recidivism, sex offenders had the second lowest recidivism rate, after only murderers. A later study done by the Department of Justice showed an even lower sex offender recidivism rate of about 2.1 percent after 3 years. However, since sex crimes are the most under-reported crimes, whether or not the Department of Justice's 5.3% sex offender recidivism rate is deceptively low is unclear. Recidivism rates only measure how many people return to prison or are arrested for a new offense and do not measure how many people actually commit a new criminal offense (some criminals commit new offenses after release from prison but do not get caught.) In the late 2000s, a study showed that Indiana sex offenders have recidivism of about 1.03% after 3 years. Studies consistently show sex offender recidivism rates of 1–4% after 3 years, recividism is usually at about 5–10% after a long follow up (such as a 10–25 year follow up.)
A study done by professors from Columbia University and the University of Michigan found that having police-only sex offender registries (such as the registries in Britain, Canada and Australia) significantly reduces sex offender recidivism, but making information about sex offenders publicly available significantly increases recidivism rates. This is because making sex offender information public increases offender stress and also makes the thought of returning to prison less threatening, as some sex offenders may feel returning to prison is not significantly worse than being on the public registry. Some sex offenders may come to view their central identity as being that of a sex offender due to the registry, and the more a sex offender views themselves as being a criminal the more likely they are to reoffend. However, the study also found that making sex offender registration publicly available may deter some potential first time sex offenders from committing an offense that would get them on the registry in the first place. The thought of getting on the sex offender registry may or may not deter non-sex offenders from committing sex crimes.
A 2008 study found no evidence that New York's registry or notification laws reduced sexual offenses by rapists, child molesters, sexual recidivists, or first-time sex offenders.
A study by University of Chicago graduate student Amanda Agan compared sex offender recidivism rates in states where sex offenders were required to register in 1994 with states where they were not required to register in 1994. The results of the study were that sex offender recidivism was, in fact, slightly lower in states where sex offenders were not required to register. This made Agan question whether creating sex offender registries was a rational idea. The study also showed that blocks in Washington DC where sex offenders lived did not have higher molestation rates than blocks where sex offenders did not live.
In at least two instances, convicted sex offenders were murdered after their information was made available over the Internet. The spouse, children and other family members of a sex offender often have negative consequences as a result of having a family member on the registry. For example, residency restrictions will make it harder for a sex offender's spouse and children, not just a sex offender themselves, to find housing. Residency restrictions may even cause a sex offender's family to be homeless. Sex offenders' spouses and children can also face harassment and financial hardship as a result of their loved one's sex offender status. More than half of the children of sex offenders say that fellow students treat them worse due to a parent's RSO status.
Registration and homelessness
People who are registered in offender databases are usually required to notify the government when they change their place of residence. This notification requirement is problematic in cases where the registered offender is homeless.
The state of Washington is among those that have special provisions in their registration code covering homeless offenders, but not all states have such provisions. A November 2006 Maryland Court of Appeals ruling exempts homeless persons from that state's registration requirements, which has prompted a drive to compose new laws covering this contingency.
News reports in 2007 revealed that some registered sex offenders were living outside or under the Julia Tuttle Causeway in Miami, Florida because Miami-Dade County ordinances, which are more restrictive than Florida's state laws, made it virtually impossible for them to find housing. The colony at the causeway grew to as many as 140 registrants living there as of July 2009, but eventually became a political embarrassment and was disbanded in April 2010, when the residents moved into acceptable housing in the area. However, many have lapsed back into homelessness, sleeping alongside railroad tracks.
As of 2013 Suffolk County, New York, which had imposed onerous restrictions on sex offenders exceeding those required by New York state law, was faced with a situation where 40 sex offenders were living in two cramped trailers located in isolated locations. This situation had been created by the county in 2007 as a solution to the problem of housing sex offenders.
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- "Work begins on child sex offenders register". One News. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
- "FAQ: National Register for Sex Offenders (NRSO)". Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- "Map of Registered Sex Offenders in the United States" (PDF). National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Retrieved 2015-08-21.
- "State Supreme Court overturns sex offender housing rules in San Diego; law could affect Orange County, beyond". The Orange County Register. 2 March 2015.
- "Miami sex offenders limited to life under a bridge". Tampa Bay Times. 14 August 2009.
- Flatov, Nicole (23 October 2014). "Inside Miami's Hidden Tent City For 'Sex Offenders'". Think Progress.
- "Court keeps man on sex offender list but says 'troubling'". Toledo News. 28 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
- "When Kids Are Sex Offenders". Boston Review. 20 September 2013.
- Lehrer, Eli (7 September 2015). "A Senseless Policy - Take kids off the sex-offender registries.". The Weekly Standard. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
- "Megan's Law by State". Klaas Kids Foundation. Retrieved 2015-08-21.
- Harris, A. J.; Lobanov-Rostovsky, C.; Levenson, J. S. (2 April 2010). "Widening the Net: The Effects of Transitioning to the Adam Walsh Act's Federally Mandated Sex Offender Classification System". Criminal Justice and Behavior. 37 (5): 503–519. doi:10.1177/0093854810363889.
- Jacobs, Deborah. "Why Sex Offender Laws Do More Harm Than Good". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
- Lovett, Ian (1 October 2013). "Restricted Group Speaks Up, Saying Sex Crime Measures Go Too Far". The New York Times.
- Ulmer, Nick (21 February 2014). "Taking a Stand: Women Against Registry responds to our 14 News investigation". 14News. NBC.
- Levenson, Jill (6 August 2015). "Does youthful mistake merit sex-offender status?". cnn.com.
- "RE: Pending Sex Offender Registry Legislation (HR 4472)" (PDF). 8 August 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2015.
- Wright, Richard (16 March 2009). Sex Offender Laws: Failed Policies, New Directions. New York: Springer Publishing Company. pp. 101–116. ISBN 978--0-8261-1109-8. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- Meloy, Michelle; Curtis, Kristin; Boatwright, Jessica (23 Nov 2012). "Policy-makers' perceptions on their sex offender laws: the good, the bad, and the ugly". Criminal Justice Studies: A CriticalJournal of Crime, Law and Society. 26 (1). doi:10.1080/1478601.2012.744307.
Therefore, state-level policy-makers from across the country, who sponsored and passed at least one sex offender law in their state, (n = 61) were interviewed about sex offenders and sex crimes. Policy-makers believe sex offender laws are too broad. The laws extend to nonviolent offenses, low-risk offenders, and thus dilute the law enforcement potency of sex offender registries.
- "Board wants to remove low-risk sex offenders from registry". SFGate. 25 May 2014.
- Levenson, J. S. (1 February 2005). "The Effect of Megan's Law on Sex Offender Reintegration". Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 21 (1): 49–66. doi:10.1177/1043986204271676.
- Tewksbury, R. (1 February 2005). "Collateral Consequences of Sex Offender Registration". Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 21 (1): 67–81. doi:10.1177/1043986204271704.
- Mercado, C. C.; Alvarez, S.; Levenson, J. (1 June 2008). "The Impact of Specialized Sex Offender Legislation on Community Reentry". Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 20 (2): 188–205. doi:10.1177/1079063208317540.
- Levenson, Jill S.; D'Amora, David A.; Hern, Andrea L. (July 2007). "Megan's law and its impact on community re-entry for sex offenders". Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 25 (4): 587–602. doi:10.1002/bsl.770. PMID 17620324.
- Balko, Radley (28 August 2015). "The collateral damage of sex offender laws". The Washington Post.
- Yoder, Steven (27 August 2015). "Collateral damage: Harsh sex offender laws may put whole families at risk". Al Jazeera America.
- "Man seeks new trial for vigilante justice in Sterling Heights". Toledo News Now. 28 March 2015.
- "Registration of Sexual Offenders", Justia U.S. Laws: Connecticut Code, Chapter 969, Section 54-250, Definitions.
- "New York State Sex Offender Registry, Registerable Offenses", New York State, Division of Criminal Justice Services
- "Frequently Asked Questions". Kentucky State Police Sex Offender Registry. Kentucky State Police. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
- "Michigan's sex offender registry would put more crimes involving minors online under advancing legislation". Mlive. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- "Frequently Asked Questions". Illinois sex offender information. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- "Portland: Sex offender magnet?". Portland Tribune. 14 February 2013.
- Unsigned, "The State of Texas", 6 April 2015, Texas Monthly, http://www.texasmonthly.com/the-daily-post/the-state-of-texas-april-6-2015/
- Monica Davey, "Minnesota’s Holding of Sex Offenders After Prison Is Ruled Unconstitutional", New York Times, 18 June 2015, http://mobile.nytimes.com/2015/06/18/us/minnesotas-holding-of-sex-offenders-after-prison-is-ruled-unconstitutional.html
- , Missouri Senate bill modifies various provisions relating to sexual offenses
- "Statement of Rights and Responsibilities". Facebook. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
- "Sexual Offender Residence Restrictions". atsa.com/. Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers. 5 April 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
There is no research to support that adult sex offenders’ proximity to schools or parks leads to recidivism.
- "New study finds federal sex offender law not effective". lynn.edu. Lynn University. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
- "Bureau of Justice Statistics Press Release: Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from Prison in 1994".
- according to National Research Council[full citation needed]
- Sandler, Jeffrey C.; Freeman, Naomi J.; Socia, Kelly M. (2008). "Does a watched pot boil? A time-series analysis of New York state's sex offender registration and notification law.". Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 14 (4): 284–302. doi:10.1037/a0013881.
- Agan, Amanda Y. (February 2011). "Sex Offender Registries: Fear without Function?". The Journal of Law and Economics. 54 (1): 207–239. doi:10.1086/658483. JSTOR 10.1086/658483.
- Ahuja, Gitika (18 April 2006). "Sex Offender Registries: Putting Lives At Risk?". ABC News. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
- Michael Schwirtz (4 February 2013). "In 2 Trailers, the Neighbors Nobody Wants". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- Corey Kilgannon (17 February 2007). "Suffolk County to Keep Sex Offenders on the Move". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
Now officials of this county on Long Island say they have a solution: putting sex offenders in trailers to be moved regularly around the county, parked for several weeks at a time on public land away from residential areas and enforcing stiff curfews.
- US Dept. of Justice sex offender registry
- Sex offender registry by state on PublicRecordsWire.com
- Reform Sex Offender, Laws Inc. RSOL
- Reports & Papers on Sex Offenses
- Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers
- Registry inaccuracies
- Sex Offender Accused of Falsely Registering Family's Address
- Sometimes 'sorry' doesn't cut it Police raid apartment long after sex offender has moved out
- Sex Offender Community Notification in Scotland (Briefing Paper) | <urn:uuid:bcef3db0-e788-43db-9e77-a22b8336fcf5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_offender_registry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00142-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923066 | 8,150 | 2.75 | 3 |
Just Why Is The Republican Party Referred To As The GOP?
Ever wonder why the Republican Party is sometimes referred to as the GOP, aside from the fact that it fits better in a newspaper headline? The definition and origin of the term are surprisingly murky.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary simply defines GOP as an abbreviation of "Grand Old Party."
USHistory.org traces its roots to Southern Democrats using the term up until 1888 when the Republican party adopted it. Following a Republican presidential victory, the Chicago Tribune reportedly wrote: "Let us be thankful that under the rule of the Grand Old Party ... these United States will resume the onward and upward march which the election of Grover Cleveland in 1884 partially arrested."
CBS News wrote an article in 2002 about how the Wall Street Journal was considering dropping the usage of "GOP" because it felt that not enough readers knew what it stood for. CBS points out that GOP did not always stand for "Grand Old Party," but at one time meant "Gallant Old Party" at an earlier date in 1875. It also gained another popular meaning as "Get Out and Push," referring to the proliferation of early automobiles.
Magazine USA confirms the original definition of "Gallant Old Party" in 1875 as stated in a Congressional Record. Reportedly, the abbreviation was then picked up by the Boston Post and New York Herald in 1884. The term was then used as a Republican Party slogan "The Go-Party" in its battle against Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 before being reinstated as "Grand Old Party" in the 1970s. | <urn:uuid:76fed472-1fe1-4851-8624-054d2226a4c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.faithfamilyamerica.com/just_why_is_the_republican_party_referred_to_as_the_gop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00223-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962449 | 323 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Health information technology, care coordination, and cost containment have increasingly become entwined in health care policy. Medicare and Medicaid both have electronic health record (EHR) incentive programs to encourage physicians, hospitals, and other providers to use them. Electronic patient communication also is part of care coordination models, such as patient-centered medical homes (PCMH).
Washington State Adopts EHR Best Practices for Emergency Rooms:
Last year, the Washington State Legislature took a big step to promote electronic health records as a means to save money in the Medicaid budget. The legislature directed the state Health Care Authority, which runs the Washington Medicaid program, to establish seven best practices that would reduce emergency room expenditures by 12 percent. Hospitals serving Medicaid enrollees would help to craft and would be expected to adopt the practices.
The best practices included:
- Establish an electronic health records system through which emergency department physicians could see patient emergency visits, including the diagnoses and treatments, at all hospitals within the past year.
- Adopt a program to educate Medicaid enrollees about when and when not to visit the emergency room.
- Create a process to share information among hospital staff about frequent emergency department visitors.
- Implement a process to help those frequent users with their care plans and to schedule follow-up visits with primary care physicians soon after the patient went to the emergency room.
- Adopt strict guidelines for prescribing pharmaceutical narcotics.
- Enroll 75 percent or more of emergency department prescribers in an online Prescription Monitoring Program, which tracks data on patients who received prescription drugs that are controlled substances.
- Assign hospital staff to review and respond to emergency department usage data.
EHRs Save Medicaid Money, Reduce Emergency Room Visits:
The Washington Health Care Authority recently gave the legislature a progress report on the Medicaid EHR program. Though the report is careful to say the program has not been in place long enough to draw final conclusions, the initial results are very promising.
The most important finding is that the electronic health records program led to annual Medicaid savings of about $33 million: $23 million in Medicaid managed care and another $10 million for fee-for-service Medicaid, though estimating FFS savings are always more difficult.
Other key findings were:
- Total emergency department visits at 32 hospitals dropped 23 percent among Medicaid beneficiaries who were frequent users, from June to October 2012.
- Hospitals completed care plans for 64 percent of frequent users by October 2012, almost double the 28 percent completion rate from five months earlier. The care plans are available to 85 emergency rooms across the state and include information about chronic diseases, prescription drug use, and mental health conditions.
- The number of hospitals sharing electronic health records increased six-fold.
Kudos to MaryAnne Lindeblad and her excellent team at the Washington Health Care Authority for their great work. | <urn:uuid:4178a450-db1a-4bde-bb35-9edb124fad83> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://piperreport.com/blog/2013/03/18/electronic-health-records-practices-washington-state-save-medicaid-money/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00054-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946101 | 582 | 2.375 | 2 |
Cornelian scarab, in an original gold swivel hoop.
Published: RA 1971, 199, fig. 5; LIMC Herakles no. 19.
Herakles wearing his lionskin, club raised and holding a bow. Hatched border.
Greek or Cypriot, about 500 BC.
Chalcedony scaraboid, from Sparta.
Published: RA 1971, 201, fig. 9.
A satyr, with horses' feet, holding a kantharos cup. Hatched border.
Early 5th cent. BC.
Cornelian scarab, from Italy.
Published: RA 1971, 201, fig. 8.
The upper part of a four-winged deity hovering over a mountain (?). His head is radiate and there is a radiate sun-disc at his belly; his arms outstretched. Beaded border.
A hellenized version of an eastern sun god.
About 500 BC. | <urn:uuid:f4a7303e-3cac-42f4-8cd9-fd0f5efd135e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/gems/danicourt/archaic.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00429-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917056 | 206 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Christopher Aldous, Akihito Suzuki. Reforming Public Health in Occupied Japan, 1945-52: Alien Prescriptions? Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia Series. New York: Routledge, 2012. xv + 234 pp. $125.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-415-68149-0; $100.00 (e-book), ISBN 978-0-203-14282-0.
Reviewed by Juha Saunavaara (University of Oulu)
Published on H-US-Japan (June, 2012)
Commissioned by Yone Sugita
Deglorifying the Modernization of Public Health in Occupied Japan
Although Christopher Aldous and Akihito Suzuki offer a critique of the dominant narrative of public health reforms in Japan as a success story, they are not on a mission to downplay the significance of the occupation's policies concerning public health. On the contrary, they highlight the importance of public health for the very success of the occupation. However, the authors aim to demonstrate that the advances made were mostly in step with Japanese expectations and did not represent a significant departure from Japan's historical trajectory as established since the late nineteenth century.
Aldous and Suzuki argue that the judgment, according to which the Public Health and Welfare Section (PH&W) and its head--the influential architect of public health reform in Japan Colonel Crawford F. Sams--were responsible for extraordinary success in public health, has not been subjected to the rigorous critical scrutiny that it demands. This lack of research is accounted for by the lack of scholarly interest toward a theme that has, mistakenly, been understood as an apolitical one. The authors emphasize that the reform of public health in occupied Japan was politically charged and was presented in such a way as to enhance the reputation of the principal Allied power, namely, the United States. Another aspect of the explanation as to why this topic has been so neglected derives from the strength of the success-story narrative first created by the PH&W and then repeated in the official history of the occupation and even the scholarly literature concerning the occupation. In fact, the celebratory narrative of significant public health advances during the occupation is described by the authors as a testament to Sams's great success as an advocate for the work of his section, ever adept at protecting and enhancing its image.
While the authors diligently introduce the existing literature and point out its shortcomings, they position themselves in a trend in the historiography of the occupation of Japan that has been pronounced since the 1980s--namely, a tendency to highlight the limitations of the occupation's reforms and the degree to which prewar and wartime Japanese forms and patterns persisted throughout the period of Allied rule. The need to study wartime planning and its influence during the actual occupation is another trend that Aldous and Suzuki address. They state that consideration of the public health reform agenda as defined in initial occupation planning documents is imperative, as well as an assessment of assumptions and prejudices that informed preliminary policy statements. However, the short analysis almost exclusively concerns the Potsdam Declaration, the United States Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan, and the Basic Initial Post-Surrender Directive to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers for the Occupation and Control of Japan. Therefore, the nature of planning that had taken place in Washington during the war, and that had led to the statements made in these key documents, remains to be elaborated within some other context.
Another key question in all occupation literature concerns agency. To this end, the authors put forward an important argument when emphasizing the need to evaluate the role of Japanese participants at the national and community levels, and to investigate the joint efforts made by the Americans and Japanese charged with confronting public health challenges. It should, however, be questioned whether the passivity of the Japanese side is still the conventional approach, as claimed by the authors.
The authors lead off their book with an introduction that appears to be from a PhD thesis, based on its content and structure. Thus, existing research, pertinent research questions, and expected new contributions are carefully introduced, together with the source material used and the methods applied. The structure of the rest of the book, however, offers a surprise. While two background chapters are based on a wide research literature and describe a historical narrative, the remaining chapters are built around specific types of diseases and the attempts to contain and restrict them. The last chapter is an exception and concentrates instead on the health center issue. This structure could have resulted in unnecessary repetition and continual cross-references. Obviously parallel conclusions are drawn following various chapters and the decision to introduce the pre-occupation development in background chapters leads to a few inexact cross-references to earlier chapters. However, these structural issues do not disturb the reading experience in any significant way.
The first chapter is a broad survey of Japan's disease profile from the late nineteenth century to the 1930s. Although impatient readers may find themselves asking whether the level of detail introduced is actually necessary (a question that may also emerge when reading chapter 2), the authors draw some highly relevant conclusions. They show that the Meiji government considered public health fundamental to the "Enrich the country, strengthen the military" process and that Japan succeeded in organizing the modern systems of public hygiene that reflected the latest developments in Western science regarding infectious diseases. It was, however, this premise that divided the Meiji reformers from the PH&W. Whereas the Meiji reforms were born of the challenges that Japan faced in connection with nation building, the occupation authorities' point of departure was the health of the individual, what they saw as the essential social foundation for a robust democracy.
The second chapter introduces public health problems that emerged as major social issues once the threat of acute infectious diseases had passed or had at least diminished. Furthermore, it brings to the forefront those public health advances necessitated by the demands of the Asia-Pacific War (1937–45) that served as foundations for Allied reform efforts during the occupation. Thus, the authors make a plausible claim that August 1945 was not by any means a watershed in public health terms.
Chapter 3 is the first that concentrates on the actual occupation period and is based on a wide array of documentary sources. It explores the etiology of the smallpox, typhus, cholera, and diphtheria epidemics that broke out at the beginning of the occupation. Although the actors involved in public health had little time to adjust to the rather challenging environment of defeated Japan, the speed with which epidemic control was back in action was frankly remarkable. While describing this process, the authors highlight two aspects that may reveal something important about the colonial perspective among the occupation authorities toward Japan and Japanese attitudes toward their Asiatic neighbors. First, Colonel Sams tended to exaggerate the U.S. initiative and its innovations; and second, he beefed up his modernization discourse by downplaying the level and tradition of Japanese public health activities through misleading and false statements that were even contradictory; for example, concerning the information contained in the U.S. Army Civil Affairs Handbook. The Japanese, in contrast, tended to view epidemic diseases as alien invaders and blamed their former colonial subjects on the outbreaks of epidemics.
The following chapter focuses on environmental sanitation and campaigns against insects and rodents, contaminated water, the use of night soil as fertilizer, poor hygiene, etc. The analysis of the PH&W's drive to clean up Japan, for example through the endorsement of DDT and the organization of sanitary teams, brings forth similar phenomena, as discussed already. Occupation authorities confronted the crisis and succeeded in achieving a sophisticated balancing act regarding how to emphasize their role and success and to distance themselves from the remaining problems. As the authors point out, the story detailing DDT's revolutionizing role in public health has been repeatedly quoted during the decades following the occupation.
Both the occupation authorities and their counterparts in Japanese government understood that good nutrition was a precondition of good health, and they both linked poor nutrition to the high incidence of chronic infectious diseases, most notably, tuberculosis. Questions concerning the claimed "problem" of Japanese nutrition are discussed in chapter 5. Consequently, Colonel Sams's suggestions that many disease-related problems could be explained through the adoption of faulty nutritional patterns (predominantly a vegetarian diet lacking animal protein) in prewar Japan are subjected to critical analysis against the background of wartime malnutrition and the relationship between diet and disease in general.
Endeavors to reduce the incidence of tuberculosis continue to be discussed in the following chapter, which also introduces the efforts to control venereal diseases. While the first-mentioned remained the leading cause of mortality among the Japanese until 1950, but had no implications for the occupying forces, the latter was directly connected with the health and efficiency of U.S. troops. The authors make well-justified arguments concerning the benefits gained through American guidance and expertise in penicillin production, but the chapter's most striking details are connected with the occupiers' alternative (often less-considerate) ways to approach venereal disease control. The last chapter concentrates on the health centers (hokenjo) as well as chronic infectious diseases like tuberculosis and venereal diseases as they were rooted in particular environmental conditions and required active community engagement to bring them under control.
The health centers offer one more possibility for the study of the continuities and discontinuities between the prewar and postwar years. Specifically, the health centers were created by the Health Center Law of 1937, while the crucial revision to the law was made in 1947 under the occupation and guidance of the PH&W. The present study by Aldous and Suzuki does not limit itself only to the records of the central government, but introduces the local level reality through the study of local sources. As a positive outcome, the authors are capable of demonstrating the one-sided nature of the accounts provided by both the General Headquarters and Japanese health officials. While the American side, with Sams at its spokesperson, overemphasized the revolutionary nature of the changes they brought to bear on the health center system and belittled its prewar roots, the Japanese were blind to the enormous differences between the prewar and postwar health centers.
Reforming Public Health in Occupied Japan, 1945-52 is a persuasive reconstruction of a turbulent and reform-oriented period in the history of public health in Japan. Furthermore, it is a significant addition to existing occupation literature and helps us to understand the decision-making processes in occupied Japan, as well as the limits of indirect occupation in the implementation of alien initiatives. A glimpse "inside the PH&W" that would explain the decision-making process inside the section, that is closely connected to the personality of Sams in the current volume, might be an interesting supplement to the present study; nonetheless, this book will surely take a well-deserved place in the historiography of the occupation of Japan.
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If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-us-japan.
Juha Saunavaara. Review of Aldous, Christopher; Suzuki, Akihito, Reforming Public Health in Occupied Japan, 1945-52: Alien Prescriptions?.
H-US-Japan, H-Net Reviews.
|This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.| | <urn:uuid:c3b21dfe-2a80-409b-84a6-ae02d82d0a9b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=36083 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00327-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95003 | 2,419 | 1.742188 | 2 |
How To Install Fiber Cement Siding - Allura USA
Fiber cement siding installation process
[MUSIC] Welcome to the Allura, installation how to video series. Today we're gonna be reviewing the general practices for installing fiber cement. When storing and handling fiber cement, it's important that you carry it on edge. And when you have it delivered, that it's on flat ground, out of the mud, and out of standing water. So when taking delivery of the product, it's important that you try not to
bend it or damage it. In the old days, and with some lumber yards, they do it off a tilt bed and that bends the product. If you can get a service that has a Moffett base skilled forklift or a boom truck, that will be the preferable way to place it. That allows you to put a unit on each side of the house and reduces some of the back and
fort that causes extra time and labor. So when cutting fiber cement, it's important that you cut outdoors, that you wear proper protective equipment. That you use shears if possible. But if not, make sure you use a fiber cement blade to cut it. When you cut fiber cement, it's important you cut it on the back side. The way the circular saws rotate through it. The way the shears work through it. You
get a cleaner cut on the backside of it. So when I stack my material on my set up, I try to put all upside down. And that means when I'm raining dust down, it rains down on the back side and I get a cleaner cut. It also allows me to criss cross my cuts...
See more here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pybO4viWdI | <urn:uuid:4375a9e5-86c3-420b-95b4-f250f458505b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.illinoissidinginstaller.com/siding-windows-video/how-to-install-fiber-cement-siding-allura-usa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.933197 | 378 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Kellie Jones (PhD 1999, History of Art) has been awarded a 2016 MacArthur Fellowship, commonly known as a “genius grant.” Jones is an associate professor in the Department of Art History and Archaeology and the Institute for Research in African American Studies at Columbia University. From 1999 to 2006, she was on the faculty at Yale.
Her research interests span African American and African Diaspora artists, Latino/a and Latin American artists, and issues in contemporary art and museum theory. Both as an art historian and as a curator, she is known for “deepening our understanding of contemporary art of the African Diaspora and securing its place in the canons of modern and contemporary art,” according to the MacArthur announcement. “Her research and curatorial practice, which span large-scale museum exhibitions with extensive catalogues as well as scholarly books and articles, have been instrumental in introducing the work of now seminal black artists (such as Martin Puryear, David Hammons, and Lorna Simpson) to wide audiences and bringing to light long-forgotten or overlooked black artists…. Through an array of critical interventions, Jones is writing the history of African American art and redefining the contours of American art history in general.”
At Yale, Jones wrote a dissertation titled “FLYING AND TOUCHING DOWN: Abstraction, Metaphor, and Social Concern, The Use of Conceptual Forms Among Mexican and African American Artists, 1968-1983.” In it, she presents a cross-cultural discussion of how artists used neo-avant-garde schemas and incorporated social and political concerns into their work.
As a graduate student, she was deeply influenced by “wonderful professors like Hazel Carby and Paul Gilroy and my fabulous dissertation adviser Robert Farris Thompson, to whom I owe so much.” Sylvia Boone, “who focused on beauty in the African Diaspora,” and “the many amazing members of my cohort” helped enhance her years at Yale.
Off campus, Jones was fond of the now-closed restaurant, Café Adulis, and the Ghebreyesus brothers who owned it. They “created a welcoming environment with delicious Eritrean food,” she fondly recalls.
After earning her PhD, Jones joined the Yale faculty. “Many of the courses that are now so popular with my students at Columbia I started at Yale, such as ‘Issues in Performance Art.’ I loved having MFA students in classes regularly.”
Jones is author of several groundbreaking books, exhibition catalogues, and articles. Her current project, South of Pico: African American Artists in Los Angeles in the 1960s and 1970s, will be published in 2017. Energy/Experimentation: Black Artists and Abstraction, 1964–1980 (The Studio Museum in Harlem, 2006), published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name, highlighted abstract artists and provoked a rethinking of African American art of the period. Now Dig This! Art and Black Los Angeles, 1960–1980 (Prestel Delmonico, 2011) introduced previously unknown Los Angeles–based black artists and presented their work in the context of the West Coast art scene, both as an exhibition and in print. Witness: Art and Civil Rights in the Sixties (The Monacelli Press, 2014) analyzed the role of art in the civil rights movement. The book and exhibition were mounted in celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Civil Rights Act. EyeMinded: Living and Writing Contemporary Art (Duke University Press 2011) was named one of the top art books of 2011 by Publishers Weekly.
Over the course of three decades, Jones has curated major national and international exhibitions. She organized shows for the Johannesburg Biennale (1997) and São Paulo Bienal (1989), the latter of which, featuring the work of Martin Puryear, won the grand prize for best individual exhibition. Her exhibition, “Now Dig This! Art and Black Los Angeles, 1960-1980,” at the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles was named one of the best exhibitions of 2011 and 2012 by Artforum and the best thematic show, nationally, by the International Association of Art Critics (AICA).
In addition to winning the MacArthur Fellowship, Jones was the inaugural recipient of the David C. Driskell Award in African American Art and Art History from the High Museum of Art in Atlanta and won a Creative Capital | Warhol Foundation Arts Writers Grant.
MacArthur Fellowships are awarded annually by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation to about twenty-five Americans who have shown “extraordinary originality and dedication in their creative pursuits and a marked capacity for self-direction.” The current prize is $625,000 paid over five years. | <urn:uuid:702fc503-b8d1-427c-b23e-e4d3b20fdc77> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gsas.yale.edu/news/art-history-alumna-wins-macarthur-fellowship | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.954658 | 1,007 | 1.5 | 2 |
Journaling Activity – The Right Environment
Write in your journal about the activity described below.
Spend some time either physically in your virtual workspace or imagining it. Look around and examine the environment you have created and assess how it matches up to the criteria above. Make a list of 5 things that are great and supportive about your environment and 5 things you can improve. For each of the 5 things you want to improve, make a note of an action you could take today to make your virtual work environment better. | <urn:uuid:1c165143-3030-472b-aa34-4ab5d13c0fcd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kompasonlineacademy.com/courses/creating-your-virtual-workspace/lessons/journaling-activity-the-right-environment-3-min/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.943377 | 103 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Clean Short Jokes
Clean Short Jokes is the source for a long laugh, fueled by a short joke. You should be able to remember these shorter jokes. Mix some of these with your theme-based jokes for a rowdy program.
These jokes poke alot of fun at the people you know, have visited, have sold products or services to, or might even be members of your family.
Probably, with little doubt, "That's Comedy"
is the best resource for jokes of any type. It's found on the web, right here!
You can use the jokes you'll find in it for any occasion you would ever need jokes for.
Assembled on this page are hand-picked clean short jokes that you may find quite entertaining or usable for your particular function.
A tour bus driver is driving with a bus load of seniors down a highway when he is tapped on his shoulder by a little old lady.
She offers him a handful of peanuts, which he gratefully munches up.
After about 15 minutes, she taps him on his shoulder again and she hands him another handful of peanuts.
She repeats this gesture about five more times.
When she is about to hand him another batch again he asks the little old lady, 'Why don't you eat the peanuts yourself?'
'We can't chew them because we've no teeth', she replied.
The puzzled driver asks, 'Why do you buy them then?'
The old lady replied, 'We just love the chocolate around them.'
The owner of a golf course is confused about paying an invoice, so he decides to ask his secretary for some mathematical help. He called her into his office and says, 'You graduated from the University of Tennessee and I need some help. If I were to give you $20,000, minus 14%, how much would you take off?'
The secretary thinks a moment, and replies, 'Everything but my earrings.'
A group of Alabama friends go deer hunting and pair off for the day. That night, one of the hunters returns alone, staggering under the weight of an eight-point buck. 'Where's Henry?' the others ask.
'Henry had a stroke of some kind. He's a couple of miles back up the trail,' the successful hunter replies.
'You left Henry laying out there and carried the deer back?'
'A tough call,' nodded the hunter. 'But I figured no one is going to steal Henry!'
The Sheriff pulls up next to the guy unloading garbage out of his pick-up into the ditch. The Sheriff asked, "Why are you dumping garbage in the ditch? Don't you see that sign right over your head." "Yep," he replies.
"That's why I am dumpin it here, cause it says 'Fine for dumping garbage.'
A senior at LSU was overheard saying... 'When the end of the world comes, I hope to be in Louisiana 'When asked why, he replied he'd rather be in Louisiana because everything happens in Louisiana 20 years later than in the rest of the civilized world.
The young man from Mississippi comes running into the store and says to his buddy, 'Bubba, somebody just stole your pickup truck from the parking lot!'
Bubba replies, 'Did you see who it was?' The young man answers, 'I couldn't tell, but I got his license number.'
A Georgia State trooper pulled over a pickup on I- 75. The trooper asked, 'Got any I. D. ?' The driver replied, 'Bout whut?'
A man in North Carolina has a flat tire, pulls off on the side of the road, and proceeds to put a bouquet of flowers in front of the car and one behind it.
Then he gets back in the car to wait. A passerby studies the scene and is so curious he turns around and goes back. He asks the fellow what the problem is.
The man replies, 'I have a flat tire.' The passerby asked, 'But what's with the flowers?'
The man responded, 'When you break down they tell you to put flares in the front and flares in the back. Hey, it don't make no sense to me neither.'
A collector of rare books ran into an acquaintance who told him he had just thrown away an old Bible that he found in a dusty, old box. He happened to mention that Guten-somebody-or-other had printed it.
"Not Gutenberg?" Gasped the collector.
"Yes, that was it!""You idiot! You've thrown away one of the first books ever printed.
A copy recently sold at an auction for half a million dollars!"
"Oh, I don't think this book would have been worth anything close to that much," replied the man. "It was scribbled all over in the margins by some guy named Martin Luther."
Wanda's dishwasher quit working so she called a repairman. Since she had to go to work the next day, she told the repairman, "I'll leave the key under the mat. Fix the dishwasher, leave the bill on the counter, and I'll mail you a check."
"Oh, by the way don't worry about my bulldog Spike. He won't bother you. But, whatever you do, do NOT, under ANY circumstances, talk to my parrot!" "I REPEAT, DO NOT TALK TO MY PARROT!!!"
When the repairman arrived at Wanda's apartment the following day, he discovered the biggest, meanest looking bulldog he has ever seen. But, just as she had said, the dog just lay there on the carpet watching the repairman go about his work.
The parrot, however, drove him nuts the whole time with his incessant yelling, cursing and name calling. Finally the repairman couldn't contain himself any longer and yelled, "Shut up, you stupid, ugly bird!"
To which the parrot replied, "Get him, Spike!"
Three Texas cowboys went to a steakhouse to eat. Each was trying to impress the others.
The first man ordered his steak "rare -- red rare."
The second said, "Just pass mine through the flames and singe it a little. I want to see blood dripping out of it."
Not to be outdone, the third man said, "Aw, just turn the bull loose and I'll tear off a hunk as he goes by."
"By the time you make ends meet, they move the ends."
During the Revolutionary War, there was a small encampment of patriot soldiers the woods. Before they went to bed that night, they tied chickens (they were saving them for a special meal when needed) to the trees around the campground.
Sure enough, some British soldiers were stumbling through the woods that night and frightened the chickens. Their screams and clucks woke the Patriots and they were able to defeat and capture the entire group of British soldiers. A few nights later, the cook prepared the chickens for dinner.
The soldiers said, "This is really good. What do you call it?"
The chef said that in honor of these special chickens who saved their lives, he called it "Chicken Catch a Tory."
Each Friday night after work, Bubba would fire up his outdoor grill and cook a venison steak.. But, all of Bubba's neighbors were Catholic. And since it was Lent, they were forbidden from eating meat on Friday. The delicious aroma from the grilled venison steaks was causing such a problem for the Catholic faithful that they finally talked to their priest.
The Priest came to visit Bubba, and suggested that he become a Catholic. After several classes and much study, Bubba attended Mass.. and as the priest sprinkled holy water over him, he said, 'You were born a Baptist, and raised a Baptist, but now you are a Catholic.
Bubba's neighbors were greatly relieved, until Friday night arrived, and the wonderful aroma of grilled venison filled the neighborhood. The Priest was called immediately by the neighbors, and, as he rushed into Bubba's yard, clutching a rosary and prepared to scold him, he stopped and watched in amazement.
There stood Bubba, clutching a small bottle of holy water which he carefully sprinkled over the grilling meat and chanted: You wuz born a deer, you wuz raised a deer, but now you is a catfish.
We had to have the garage door repaired. The Sears repairman told us that one of our problems was that we did not have a "large" enough motor on the opener. I thought for a minute, and said that we had the largest one Sears made at that time, a 1/2 horsepower. He shook his head and said, "Lady, you need a 1/4 horsepower." I responded that 1/2 was larger than 1/4. He said, "NO, it's not." Four is larger than two.." We haven't used Sears repair since.
My daughter and I went through the McDonald's take-out window and I gave the clerk a $5 bill. Our total was $4.25, so I also handed her a quarter. She said, "you gave me too much money." I said, "Yes I know, but this way you can just give me a dollar bill back." She sighed and went to get the manager who asked me to repeat my request. I did so, and he handed me back the quarter, and said "We're sorry but they could not do that kind of thing." The clerk then proceeded to give me back $1 and 75 cents in change. Do not confuse the clerks at McD's.
I live in a semi rural area. We recently had a new neighbor call the local township administrative office to request the removal of the DEER CROSSING sign on our road. The reason: "Too many deer are being hit by cars out here! I don't think this is a good place for them to be crossing anymore."
My daughter went to a local Taco Bell and ordered a taco. She asked the person behind the counter for "minimal lettuce." He said he was sorry, but they only had iceberg lettuce.
I was at the airport, checking in at the gate when an airport employee asked, "Has anyone put anything in your baggage without your knowledge?" To which I replied, "If it was without my knowledge, how would I know?"
He smiled knowingly and nodded, "That's why we ask."
The stoplight on the corner buzzes when it's safe to cross the street. I was crossing with an intellectually challenged coworker of mine. She asked if I knew what the buzzer was for. I explained that it signals blind people when the light is red. Appalled, she responded, "What on earth are blind people doing driving?!"
At a good-bye luncheon for an old and dear coworker. She was leaving the company due to "downsizing." Our manager commented cheerfully, "This is fun. We should do this more often." Not another word was spoken. We all just looked at each other with that deer-in-the-headlights stare.
This was a lunch at Texas Instruments.
I work with an individual who plugged her power strip back into itself and for the sake of her life, couldn't understand why her system would not turn on. A deputy with the Dallas County Sheriffs office, no less.
When my husband and I arrived at an automobile dealership to pick up our car, we were told the keys had been locked in it. We went to the service department and found a mechanic working feverishly to unlock the drivers side door. As I watched from the passenger side, I instinctively tried the door handle and discovered that it was unlocked. "Hey," I announced to the technician, "its open!" His reply, "I know. I already got that side."
The young couple invited their aged pastor for Sunday dinner. While they were in the kitchen preparing the meal, the minister asked their son what they were having. "Goat," the little boy replied.
"Goat?" replied the startled man of the cloth, "Are you sure about that?"
"Yep," said the youngster. "I heard Pa say to Ma, 'Might as well have the old goat for dinner today as any other day.'"
This week we celebrate a special birthday. Monica Lewinsky turned 31 this week. Can you believe it? It seems like only yesterday she was crawling around the White House on her hands and knees. They grow up so fast.
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There is great diversity in modern Christian Churches. In America, there are around 330,000 Churches, associated with an amazing assortment of denominational creeds. In general, they do good Work. In one way, they often do not. They do not follow Jesus' example, in making broad, sweeping edicts that are supposed to apply to every single Christian in every single situation that arises in a complicated modern world.
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Christianity involves a number of core beliefs. On these matters, a Church should allow or tolerate no variation or modification from their stated beliefs. Most Churches have a Statement of Faith which enumerates these core beliefs, or they have an official position of following certain Creeds and / or Confessions or the results of certain Church Councils.
Apart from these matters, each and every Church has the responsibility of interpreting the Scriptures for each individual person and situation. There are unique characteristics in every situation that is brought to a Church's attention by a Congregation member. Often, the subject matter is very personal and emotional to the individual. Those uniquenesses must be considered when consulting Scripture. Many of these matters are not specifically encouraged or forbidden by Scripture. A judgment needs to be made as to the apparent intent of Scripture.
Virtually all Churches have fallen into having dogmatic, universal positions on a large number of subjects. There is actually good reason for this. It is far easier to teach compliance with Christian ethics when there is a firm and fixed set of stated rules in which to live. If Christians in general thought that there was flexibility in those rules, many would tend to try to bend more of the rules, by the influence of their sinful natures, and then to try to rationalize their sinful actions on the basis of flexible rules. This is obviously not acceptable.
However, ALL rules have exceptions. There are always unusual and unique situations where the rule must be put aside. Absolute rigidity in applying dogmatic rules of living is inappropriate in such situations. In fact, it is un-Scriptural and un-Christian.
All modern Churches have the responsibility to do the same.
What if, any time you faced some complicated matter such as indicated here, you could go into a back room and have a private conversation with Jesus? You CAN! He is always there! You might need to think about what He might say to you, but the Holy Spirit will help you there!
Occasionally, it is necessary or appropriate to mention some other Denomination or religion during a Service. Unfortunately, in the many Churches I have visited during my life, these references have virtually always been derogatory references. Let's imagine what Jesus would say in our private conversation on such a matter. "Lord, I need to mention those terrible Roman Catholics (or Methodists; or Baptists; or Orthodox; or Pentecostals; or ???) and I am trying to formulate my comments." "Well, each of those groups attempt to Worship My Father and to Worship Me. Please keep that in mind when you make your comments about them." "But, Lord, they do everything wrong! They don't Baptize properly. They have too many Sacraments. They sing and yell and cry during Services." "Yes, they each Worship My Father and Me differently than you do. They have come to understand Scripture slightly differently than you do. Whether people think their methods and beliefs are slightly better than your or inferior to yours is not important to Me. You each believe that you are following the 'correct' methods and beliefs in Worshipping My Father and Me, and that is really all that is truly important."
(Note: My apologies to our Lord for attempting to discern what He might say in such a conversation. As a mere mortal, I could never really know for sure what He might say. My hypothetical conversation above is just to try to remind us of some bigger truths than we sometimes get mired in. It is also presented to suggest the sort of introspection we should apply to our Faith when faced with matters that are not clearly addressed in Scripture.)
It is suspected that fewer mean-spirited or hateful things would be spoken or thought about other Christian belief systems. Our Lord must certainly be pleased if His various followers would attempt to get along better.
There are many very personal situations that come before the Church. For example, all Christian Churches rightfully and properly teach against abortion. It is correct and proper to present this in a very rigid and strict sense, to minimize any possible misunderstandings about what is considered proper Christian behavior. However, there are certainly individual situations (usually presented after the fact) where such a rigid, universal position is inappropriate. In the event of a young woman being viciously raped by a stranger and thereby becoming pregnant, or in the case of incest which results in pregnancy, there seem to be compelling reasons to consider the alternative, if it would reduce the likelihood of destroying her and her child's future lives. No universal rule or dogmatic statement should be applied in such situations. Instead, we should consider such a situation individually and uniquely and ask "What would Jesus have said and done?" to be able to develop a path of guidance for that specific situation. He clearly would have strongly been against abortion, had it been a common procedure in His time. However, His compassion for the future lives of the girl and her child would certainly have been prominent in His thoughts. What if He could see that both of their lives would be totally wasted? What would His guidance be in that situation? The thesis here is that He would have INDIVIDUALLY given guidance, based on the uniquenesses of the specific girl and circumstances.
I am certainly not Jesus, or even Solomon, so I cannot say what the correct decision for guidance would be in each case. I only insist that the Church has the responsibility of treating such matters individually and not by applying dogmatic, universal rules. A Church should rely on guidance by the Holy Spirit in developing its opinions about each specific situation.
This approach, of generally considering what Jesus would have thought and done when approached on a specific issue, should guide our Churches in many subject areas where personal matters are involved. As long as the stated core beliefs of that Church are not in question, and as long as Scripture is silent on the specific situation, judgment should be offered as Jesus might have presented it.
Actually, the approach described here, which might be perceived as being "liberal", is actually even MORE strict than that of many modern Churches, BEFORE the fact. There is no doubt that Jesus would have been very stern in His teaching of the Lessons of the Bible. For example, can you imagine His reaction to the large numbers of "lazy" Christians, who only go to Church and "waste" their time there, because it is supposed to be compliance with the "minimum requirements" expected of him/her. Such people's actions are empty, and virtually meaningless. The main hope for any Church is that, potentially, regular exposure to Christianity might some day get through to them. Just going through the motions won't cut it. Actual Faith and Passion is necessary!
The significant variation here is in the dealing with a person who has already committed some sin, AND WHO SHOWS EVIDENCE OF REMORSE ABOUT IT. In such a case, there is no doubt that Jesus would have been Divinely Compassionate.
The result is that this approach is not necessarily any more "liberal" than other Churches in our Teaching of Christianity. The difference is in applying Compassion in dealing with human situations, where Compassion is called for.
Carl Johnson, Pastor,
A Christ Walk Church
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Synthetic fuels are nothing particularly new, and we’re familiar with GTL (Gas to Liquid) fuels that are made from natural gas. The Fischer-Tropsch process that’s used for this can employ all kinds of hydrocarbon raw materials, to create designer fuels like kerosene, petrol and diesel, all of them significantly purer and lower in emissions than equivalent fuels derived from crude oil. It can also be used to synthesise the base materials for advanced synthetic lubricating oils. There are other variations, where bulk methanol is first produced by this process, and then the ExxonMobil MTG (methanol to gasoline) process used to create the actual fuels. Most GTL fuels are blended with normal petrol and diesel, or used in low-pollution areas by city utility vehicles and public transport
But the new interpretation of synthetic fuel is being taken to mean products not derived from unsustainable crude oil and natural gas, but fuels constructed from the fundamental petroleum hydrocarbon building blocks of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. This essentially means fuel made from just atmospheric air and carbon dioxide, along with green hydrogen. How is this possible? Well, internal combustion engines and many other combustion processes involve breakdown of a mixture of very complex hydrocarbons. The products of combustion contain a number of simple compounds – carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water, along with some pollutants – as we know. The magic of the synthetic fuel process is that, with the help of green hydrogen, and suitably cleaned up, those combustion products and air can be re-combined to create the same types of straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons as found in the original fossil fuels, but without the nasty stuff. The results are sustainably sourced zero carbon synthetic fuels that are purer than the natural product, and which burn more cleanly in internal combustion engines.
The Fischer-Tropsch process itself was used in wartime Germany for the production of oils and fuels when the fuel resources available were just coal. It requires carbon monoxide to be produced from around half the carbon dioxide input, which is then mixed with hydrogen and air to produce Syngas to feed the process. Zero carbon synthesis means the hydrogen must be created using green energy, usually by electrolysis of water using green electricity. Also involved are catalysts, usually in various forms of cobalt, nickel, or iron, that help determine the chemical reactions and the end products. Along with the processing conditions, primarily temperature and pressure, the end product can be designed to produce the particular hydrocarbon compounds required. Similar synthesis of fuels are possible using other zero carbon raw materials, such as biomass derived from the pyrolysis of waste vegetation matter, and waste vegetable oils, but the green hydrogen route appears to offer the greatest possibilities for bulk production.
We can speculate that promotion of these synthetic fuels will target specific transport situations where battery charging and electric power are impractical, like city transport, off-road equipment, and vehicles used in unpopulated areas, like deserts and polar regions. They also might be used for leisure pursuits, like track racing, rallying, and perhaps for marine use, when the charging practicalities are challenging for pure electric power. There will inevitably be some availability of synfuels for use in our existing fossil fuel cars, and the costs may be low enough to attract those stubbornly resistant to electric transport, and for use in historic cars – but only when, and where, internal combustion engines remain legal.
But such fuels should realistically be seen as the dying gasps of a condemned species, the combustion engined car, sad though that may seem for many of us. If we should need a clinching argument for accepting this, there’s no prospect of changing the laws of thermodynamics to make combustion engines any more efficient, or anywhere near comparable with zero carbon electric power. Over 50% of the energy content of any green synthetic fuel will still be lost as heat, to an atmosphere that’s warming rapidly enough. For all the teething problems of road transport electrification, it’s all too easily forgotten that emissions-free, and 80 to 90% efficient, electric cars largely eliminate the irrecoverable waste heat discharged to the atmosphere by existing internal combustion engine transport. Whatever clever green fuel they may burn, the vast majority of them are seemingly heading for the end of the road, like it or not. | <urn:uuid:4e79809f-6e01-4a0f-b4c2-fc38b4004f76> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dieselcar.com/synthetic-fuels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.932966 | 896 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The location and circuit layout of the inaugural race of the Formula E Championship, which will be held in Beijing, has been revealed – the Beijing Formula E Grand Prix on September 13, 2014, will take place around the grounds of China’s iconic Olympic Stadium, more commonly known as the ‘Bird’s Nest’ and venue for the 2008 Olympic Games.
The course is 3.44 km in length and features 20 turns – the anti-clockwise temporary circuit has been designed by Rodrigo Nunes, working in close cooperation with the FIA, Formula E, the Republic of China Motor Sport Federation (FASC), the Olympic Park Committee, the Beijing Mayor, the Chinese Government and event organiser Team China Racing.
The circuit, which remains subject to final FIA homologation, will see the 20 Formula E drivers tackle a mix of tight left-hand turns – offering late braking and overtaking opportunities – together with twisty chicanes and two main straights.
In addition, the track features a unique ‘U-shaped’ pit lane, with spectator areas located inside, giving fans an incredible close-up view of the action.
Beijing will be the first of 10 city-centre races on the inaugural 2014/2015 Formula E calendar. Ten teams, each with two drivers, will go head-to-head in the Spark-Renault SRT_01E full-electric single-seater race car, which is capable of speeds in excess of 225 km/h.
Putrajaya is set to host the second round of the Formula E season on October 18, after the opening race in Beijing. Formula E races will be held over a single day in order to minimise disruption to each host city with a free practice session, qualifying and 60-minute race, followed by a live music concert, taking place on a Saturday. | <urn:uuid:5aea900f-9303-4ae4-abcc-3ae8ae435715> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://paultan.org/2014/03/14/formula-e-wraps-come-off-beijing-circuit-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717954.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00509-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942567 | 381 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Kits of Amaryllis are available in garden centers and should be started five to six weeks before the holidays to have them ready for holiday time.
Plant one giant bulb in a container that is at least 6" wide or, for a fuller, more colorful display, plant three bulbs together in a 12" pot. The top third of the bulb should show above the soil.
Water thoroughly when planted and keep in a warm room in bright, indirect light.
Keep the soil moist throughout it's bloom cycle of two to three weeks.
They may be planted in the garden in the spring and brought in again in the fall. | <urn:uuid:a85d3d09-c88f-470d-90ee-daef2370b7ea> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://inthegardenradio.com/v.php?pg=237 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00398-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949324 | 131 | 1.671875 | 2 |
We, Filipinos, are considered hospitable and merry. It has been an attitude the majority enriches or embraces. For instance, looking into our hospitality, when a guest is present in our home, a treatment of respect and comfort will be provided for the person as if the guest is a member of the family. Whereas for being merry, when a problem emerges, a joke or two about the problem will be the response to make the atmosphere be calmer. All these qualities root from are “communal relationships”. Again we are known from these qualities.
All of which are embedded in our culture that originated since pre-colonial times that we still carry today. A lot of things can still be considered to show our identity and uniqueness. It could either be present only in some areas or in the general public but all of these points to our Filipino mode of thinking. Our Filipino mode of thinking is considered as “oriental, non-dualistic, holistic and has unity between the subject and the object”. It is true on so many ways. Just observing the way our people act and build their houses are fitting cases.
A Filipino identity is present even if one goes abroad; a habit that every Filipino will carry whenever he goes – the Filipino mode of thinking. A mode of thinking is a desirable element to have a rich culture and country; every country might as well have it but differs in their own notions or form. It may not apply to everyone due to the globalization, but a hint or two would still pass if there are people with that mode of thinking around that person. To give out examples of this Filipino mode of thinking, a lot can be stated.
Two eminent cases are the tattooing art in the country and our “kamay-kamayan” eating or the buddlefeast. PhilippineTattoo Philippine tattooing has been an art since pre-colonial times which spreads to the three main islands of the country. The word “Pintados” (Painted Ones) was even dubbed for the Bisayans by the Spaniards. Tattooing is a phenomenon in the whole world nowadays that evolves since the early times. The so-called Pintados of the island of Visayas, Manobo of Mindanao and Kalinga of Luzon are the front runners of tattoo tradition and culture in the country.
However, this tradition and art in the country has been partially diminishing in some of the tribes or areas. The few organizations and institutions are at times the only hope in trying to save this continuing crisis. PHILTAG, Mark of Four Waves Tribe and many others are the organizations that are reviving the tribal designs of our traditional tattooing tribes. These people advocate the start of a new revolution in Philippine Tattooing. It has been doing greatly for the past few years.
At present, a lot of Filipinos here and abroad, and even those who are not Filipino, are having our tribal designs tattooed on them. Diversities and similarities are present for each country in terms of tattooing but it could still be identified through the processes or the designs themselves. Designs that depicts animals and nature which is one with the people that shows our mode of thinking is non-dualistic. Kamay-kamayan Filipinos are really fond in eating; it is seen in our fiestas, birthdays, wedding or just any party on that matter.
These practices can also be the way one could show it hospitality and cheerfulness; for there are times when hosts give out carry-outs or take-outs for the guests or cases when even people the host does not know are invited or welcome. Eating has been essential to show one that he/she is high cultured using proper etiquette like the use of table knives, spoons and forks in different manners or activities. However, some Filipinos don’t practice such customs from time to time for they use their own hands to eat.
It may look unhygienic or improper to others but it has been a practice that has been ongoing since before in our history; “Kamay-kamayan” or “kamayan” as they called it. I myself tried such a practice and discovered it is quite gratifying; and fitting for eating certain foods. It might as well be our bond to our ancestors which did not have those spoons and forks. It is still abundant in the country even in the urban areas. There are even restaurants that suggest people to eat with their bare hands. Also, “buddle feasts” are being a trend nowadays.
It’s all about eating together, with a small or big number of people, having all the food on a same long tables sharing all these to everyone; another special thing about it is eating with your hands as well. This just shows that we live as a community and shows unity like that of the buddle feasts happening in the Philippine Military Academy and the annual event in Taguig that promotes unity and bonding. The sakop mentality and holistic concept also comes into play in this kind of practices. Eating with your hands may have its pros and cons but a culture correctly done will always be right and rich.
Conclusion The Filipino mode of thinking is “oriental, non-dualistic, holistic and has unity between the subject and the object” as stated in first paragraph. The examples given show all these qualities. The Filipinos should also preserve and enrich these practices for the sake of the country’s culture. The country since before the coming of the Spaniards has a culture to be proud of. It is unique and shows the Filipino in its own way for “without culture, and the relative freedom it implies, society, even when perfect, is but a jungle. This is why any authentic creation is a gift to the future. ”
Courtney from Study Moose
Hi there, would you like to get such a paper? How about receiving a customized one? Check it out https://goo.gl/3TYhaX | <urn:uuid:af27437c-8da5-4354-8279-312420e1a8b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://studymoose.com/filipino-mode-of-thinking-2-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00245-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971235 | 1,254 | 2.390625 | 2 |
This Day in History: March 8
March 8, 1955
Harbinger of Early Operating Systems, Whirlwind's Director, is Demonstrated
Computer pioneer Douglas Ross demonstrates "Director" for MIT's Whirlwind computer. Director, which presaged operating systems for computers, gave instructions to the 4-year-old, 4,500 vacuum tube computer. The operating system resided on paper tape, and was a precursor to Job Control Language operating systems widely used in subsequent mainframe computing systems. Whirlwind’s design influenced many significant computing innovations, including IBM's Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) computer and business and minicomputers of the 1960s. | <urn:uuid:ad429522-55a9-4907-901c-388f5c9b7af6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/March/8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00157-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920475 | 138 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Mononucleosis and pregnancy - what to do?
During pregnancy, women tend to worry that become infected by any virus or other infections.Those diseases that previously seemed unimportant suddenly become a cause of concern.Mononucleosis and pregnancy - one of the most common combinations may encounter during this time a woman.
Fortunately, mononucleosis during pregnancy rarely poses a serious threat to the developing baby.According to research by experts, mononucleosis in pregnancy does not increase the possibility of miscarriage or birth defects in the fetus.
Mononucleosis is transmitted by close contact, such as saliva.That's why mononucleosis is also called "kissing disease".It usually applies to families because of the close contact.Infectious mononucleosis is also possible to "pick up" through a common dishes, and even a drinking fountain.
cause of mononucleosis is the Epstein-Barr virus.This is a very common virus and most people anyway, facing him.This often occurs in childhood, adolescence, or young.
Infectious mononucleosis and pregnancy
In most cases, the symptoms are mild mononucleosis, and the dangers for the mother or the child is not.Most women experience symptoms such as fever, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes.You may also feel weak.The weakness may be caused by mononucleosis and symptoms of pregnancy.
All symptoms during pregnancy may be more pronounced.
As with any illness during pregnancy, if you have any symptoms of mononucleosis symptoms of mononucleosis - easily mistaken , you need to see a doctor.A doctor must confirm the diagnosis by laboratory analysis.Although usually a threat to the unborn child is not, the doctor will need to monitor your condition.It is necessary to control the temperature, because temperature is too high can be dangerous for a child.
Special medications from mononucleosis does not exist.Treatment consists of rest, temperature control, and prevent dehydration.This is important, especially during pregnancy.If your appetite during illness fall - this is normal but it is important to ensure the future of the child with necessary nutrients and enough water.It is necessary to avoid dehydration, which can cause loss of appetite and fever.During pregnancy, especially important to get enough fluids to provide it with the necessary amount of the child.
Can pregnant women infected with mononucleosis
mononucleosis may be ill both young children and adults, and pregnant women are also at risk of infection.Pregnant women are usually very upset when they discover mononucleosis.Mononucleosis can affect the health of the fetus and the risk to the child is not completely eliminated, though, according to recent research scientists, mononucleosis does not cause an increased risk of miscarriage or birth defects in the fetus.
Tips for pregnant women, the sick mononucleosis
- Medical aid: no medication from mononucleosis.Serious complications of mononucleosis appear, usually in people who already have some basic disease.You can ask your doctor to advise you for alleviating symptoms of mononucleosis that are safe during pregnancy.
- Eat well.Difficult to adhere to this advice, because when mononucleosis reduced appetite and sore throat.You need food - and for themselves, and for the unborn child.Fruits and protein shakes can be a good way to get the nutrients you need.
- You need a lot of rest.Holidays - the best way to treat mononucleosis treatment of mononucleosis - medicines and folk ways .
tips for those planning a pregnancy
better not to try to get pregnant while you are ill mononucleosis.Wait until you're not going to feel better, and then try to get pregnant.Prior to this use of contraception.
Women with mononucleosis often develops hepatitis Hepatitis - the scourge of our time .If you are ill with mononucleosis, best to wait a while before planning a pregnancy.It may be several weeks or several months.Pregnancy is a huge stress How to beat stress?Create an oasis for the body, and you need to be healthy as possible before becoming pregnant. | <urn:uuid:6be7972a-9a0d-41c1-af95-d18ad1e71a6a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ladyhealthnet.com/en/pages/305014 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00342-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946308 | 865 | 2.703125 | 3 |
When you determine to do some reworking on your existing dwelling or are having a new residence constructed from the bottom up, you have got a couple of different types of contractors to consider. FASA provides subcontractors and specialty trade contractors with the instruments, methods, practices, attitude and confidence they should thrive and excel in the construction industry. It takes a variety of time to continually educate specialty subcontractors on the processes and language they use to make sure they’re following their guiding ideas.
You too can ask for business references, reminiscent of from materials suppliers who’ve worked with the roofing contractor up to now. Guantee that the contractor is knowledgeable. Certain industries permit contractors to get skilled designations, similar to Certified Remodeler and Graduate Licensed Remodeler.
Nonetheless, it’s not unusual for homeowners to have sticker shock at this level and request design modifications from the architect to help them get to a extra digestible number. Many different terms are tossed across the development industry loosely describing the completely different methodology used to design and assemble new amenities and turnarounds.
Occasionally the ads will let you learn some key details about the company, corresponding to location, hours of operation, and what they focus on. You additionally would possibly discover out whether the roofing firm accepts bank card funds, and whether they present free estimates (most do).
It’s an added bonus if the roofer is part of knowledgeable commerce organization and can show documentation to prove it. Also ask if the contractor has acquired any extra training programs to boost their abilities. Beneath an incorporation clause, a subcontractor could be sure to the provisions of the prime contract between the overall contractor and the proprietor, even when the subcontract states one thing in another way. | <urn:uuid:707db5d4-9cf2-47dd-ab74-0778ee0432d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://quironredeshumanas.net/perusahaan-constructing-contractor-di-jakarta.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.94207 | 360 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) announced on April 6 that it has been certified by the US Federal Aviation Administration and the Civil Aviation Authority of Israel to convert Boeing's 737-800 passenger aircraft into a cargo jet.
IAI, Israel's largest aerospace and defense company, is the only company to convert both the 737-700 and the 737-800 of Boeing into a cargo configuration. IAI's Aviation Group has already delivered the first two converted B737-800 aircraft.
With the COVID-19 crisis forcing many airlines into halting passenger service, the demand for cargo flights, which are crucial for the delivery of medical supplies, food, and other necessary equipment, has been rising.
The Aviation Group was founded in January 2019 when all of IAI's activities involving manned aircraft, both military and civilian, were consolidated into a single business unit. It is one of the few business operations in the world that specializes in converting passenger aircraft into cargo configurations. The Group handles both wide-body and narrow-body aircraft, which are operated by some of the world’s largest shipping companies such as Amazon and DHL.
Yossi Melamed, IAI's EVP and general manager of the Aviation Group, said, “IAI is excited to receive the FAA’s certification for converting B737-800s, and we thank both the FAA and the CAAI. We have witnessed increased demand for cargo aircraft in recent years."
"Being able to convert additional models will help us meet the demand. I would like to thank our partners at the Haite Group in China for their trust in IAI. In addition, IAI sends our best wishes to all airlines impacted by the COVID-19 crisis, and hope they will resume all their flights soon."
According to the company, IAI specializes in developing and manufacturing advanced, state-of-the-art systems for air, space, sea, land, cyber and homeland security. It provides advanced technology solutions to government and commercial customers worldwide, designs and manufactures business jets and aerostructures, performs overhaul and maintenance on commercial aircraft, and converts passenger aircraft to refueling and cargo configurations. | <urn:uuid:14729c15-4691-450b-b702-fb0a8dfec35a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/42524 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.960746 | 443 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Sign this petition if you would like to make it easier for more Canadian citizens to own an electric vehicle.
Potential reasons to sign this petition:
- Heavily reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the air which in turn will help the environment
- Save many citizens tons of money on fuel costs
- Save money on the price of public transport
- Create many new jobs for people entering the workforce
- Help air quality levels within the country
This petition will later be presented to Canadian government officials to try and implement change. | <urn:uuid:d405a9e4-8fb9-4149-b741-7fa6a2602a86> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.change.org/p/justin-trudeau-increase-the-rebates-for-electric-vehicles-or-lower-the-prices-for-electric-vehicles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.93404 | 109 | 2.28125 | 2 |
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Books & eBooks Written by Shabbar Suterwala
Top 20 Business Strategies for your Business Growth
A Book for Small & Medium Size Businesses and Business Owners who would like to quickly read, learn and apply business strategy into their business, without going through the hassel of lengthy and theorotical material.
You can read all the 20 Strategies at one go or can pick up one strategy at a time, read it, understand it and apply it in your business and get the results and then move to another strategy.
A to Z of Parenting: A Short & Simple Guide to Positive Parenting
Children start their learning with the A, B & C and go up to Z. The traditional A for Apple, B for Ball vocabulary is replaced in this book with Positive Phrases that the Parent can use with the Child along with the tips for each alphabets from A to Z. A positive set of words and a vocabulary of 26 alphabets i.e. 26 Positive Words which can be inculcated as Habits and Behaviour in the Child Development.
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On 1/04/07, Octavia wrote:
> I have a green cheek who's bottom beak is totally split in
> half all the way down to wear it grows out. I fear if I
> let the vet put him under and grind the beak down its just
> going to grow back. I dont want to take him in every few
> months and be put under.. Does anyone know will he be ok
> if we just leave him the way he is? Will it grow back
> together? I cannot get him to eat baby food... he is
> eating a little zupreem.. some soft fruit and veggies i
> give him..He cannot eat seed...I am worried.. should I
> be???? HELP.. I love my Green cheek
The beak may be able to be repaired. Some vets will use a
glue or dental product to repair the break and allow it to
have the chance to grow back without the split. I can only
say that your vet would have to determine whether or not this
is possible in your bird's particular situation.
It wold be worth exploring the possibility.
If you choose not to do this, the pellet and veggie diet
would be perfectly fine for your bird.
Not having the beak looked at might allow for more
complicated future problems. | <urn:uuid:b2d25741-cf50-49ae-8838-8bc937ac6c28> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://birdmart.com/chatboards/conures/topic3201/1.04.07.11.12.12.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00569-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944698 | 285 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Shortages in sorted food, in order of need, are: (1) canned soup, (2) “meals in a can” (canned stew, canned pasta, chili, etc), (3) canned fruit, (4) pasta, (5) dry unsweetened cereal, and (6) “add-ins” (cookies, crackers, common condiments, etc.).
In addition, we need: baby formula equivalents/substitutes for US-produced Similac Blue and Similac Orange (Sensitive). (Special Thanks to those who are locating and donating imported formula! – The main US producer was cleared to start up again two weeks ago, but some time will be needed to make up shortages.) We also need diapers sizes 4, 5 and 6, baby wipes, and Pediasure, as well as Ensure for adults, and adult unisex pullups size large.
Plastic newspaper bags and plastic grocery bags are always needed. Paper grocery bags are also needed.
NOT needed at this time: canned vegetables (we still have enough for nearly nine weeks).
Over the week ending at close of business 13 June, we received approximately 2.12 tons of non-perishable food. With this and current reserves we expect to cover the 20 June distribution, with the projected shortages for the 27 June and 4 July distributions. (Baby formula and other items mentioned afterwards are short for next week.)
We gave out approximately 1.94 tons of non-perishable food, and about the same amount of perishable food (bread and pastries, fresh vegetables and fruit, etc. – primarily donated by local stores) to 199 families in the week ending on Monday, 13 June. As always, special thanks go to all those helping us to help our neighbors in need! | <urn:uuid:26f258d3-e9f7-4825-9db9-c354cb84b643> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.stmartinsweb.org/post/pantry-report-shortages-as-of-june-13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.960033 | 375 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Here's a very easy healthy trail mix recipe. This is easy for kids to make and it's a good alternative to the usual commercial snack foods and sweets.
You can use it for energy on the go for kids or adults and you can use it as healthy party snacks (maybe for keeping the real food content of your child's party high!)
You can make great healthy kids snacks for days out, or you can package it up nicely in a jar or presentation box and use it as an unusual gift.
You can also make a gourmet trail mix, or just a simple organic mix for everyday use. The choice is yours!
Trail mix really is the easiest of healthy snacks. The key element in an healthy trail mix recipe is to use nuts and dried fruits which don't have any artificial additives or added sugar. If you do use sugared dried fruit, use it in moderation only.
It's as well to remember that even healthy foods such as organic trail mix can be indigestible in the wrong proportions, or if mixed with other foods. See A healthy living diet for more on organic foods and why we should favour them.
See Healthier diet advice for fitness and energy for more about healthy food choices and healthy food mixtures.
If the fruit and nuts you use are also organic in origin, so much the better. These days it is quite easy to source quality organic dried nuts and fruits from around the world.
You may think, if you are a fan of green living (and if you've found this site, you almost certainly are!) that buying produce from around the world is not so green. It's certainly true that shipping is now a major cause of CO2 emissions and environmentalists are trying to find ways to reduce that.
You can almost certainly create a healthy trail mix recipe using only produce from your own area (unless you live in Greenland, maybe!) To do this might be a great activity for kids, teaching them about origins, food miles and local diversity. And it could be fun for anyone - I haven't tried it yet but I'm sure it's possible to do here in Britain.
However, I believe there's no need for us to be too punctilious about it. You can try to use fruit and nuts from as nearby as possible, of course. For the most part, your healthy trail mix recipe will work just as well as otherwise.
The dried nuts and fruits that go to make up the bulk of a good trail mix are generally shipped by sea as they store quite well. Only a minority of such produce is flown about the world. Ways to make shipping greener will be making their appearance soon, lets hope.
These can all be included in a good healthy trail mix recipe.
Most of the above can be bought without any added sugar or preservatives. Some (apricots, peaches) can be found as unsulphured dried fruit.
Nuts and Seeds
Hazels or cob nuts
You don't have to have everything, of course. A more distinctive taste can be achieved by limiting the nuts and fruits to a few main types so that some flavours predominate.
A gourmet mix can be made with a selection of the more expensive fruits and nuts, such as macadamia nuts. You can also use a few sugared nuts or dried fruits to make your trail mix recipe more special. For healthy party snacks, concentrate on using quality fruit and nuts with perhaps just a sprinkle of something colourful to attract the eye.
This is a really easy way to make healthy kids snacks for adding to packed lunches or for trips to the park, or the zoo. You'll be less likely to be pestered for all those not-so-healthy kids snacks while you are out, so you'll return from your trip feeling wealthier than otherwise!
If you are buying the ingredients especially for your trail mix recipe then buy whole nuts as they are less likely to be at all rancid. If you can shell them yourself, even better. The most important thing is to get good quality, fresh tasting produce. Nuts and seeds can quite easily become rancid if they are old or poorly stored. See the nutritional benefits of nuts for more details on this.
Picture above: A healthy trail mix recipe in the making with some ingredients, including cashews, blueberries, peanuts, pecans and brazils.
Almonds and hazels are better without their protective brown skins. Almonds can be blanched in very hot water for a few minutes. Plunge them in cold water and the skins shrivel and become loose, and then peel them by hand. Otherwise, buy them ready to use but make sure they are fresh - you can see rancid spots developing as they become almost translucent rather than opaque. This procedure does not work for hazel nuts.
Hazel nuts can be lightly toasted under a moderate grill for a few minutes - turn them often to prevent burning. Let them cool and then rub the outer skin away between your palms. It's best to add these toasted ingredients to trail mix which you are going to use very soon; toasted ingredients easily lose their pizazz.
You can also toast some of the nuts and seeds to bring out the flavours, especially if you are going to use the trail mix soon. I find it is easier to lightly toast nuts in the oven on a medium setting. There is less danger of burning them and wasting good nuts! Seven or eight minutes on gas mark 4 or 170°C is about right.
The bigger nuts and fruits need to be chopped to manageable sizes. Take a large sharp knife and hold the tip down with one hand. Roll the knife blade back and forth over the nuts without letting the tip up from the chopping board. This stops the nuts pinging about all over your kitchen!
Keep changing the angle of cut until you have a desirable size for most chunks. This works OK for fruit, too, though you may prefer just to slice it with a small sharp knife.
If this all sounds a bit like hard work, you can buy Planters trail mix direct from Amazon in multi-packs which should stay fresh for a good long time.
On with the healthy trail mix recipe! It is not that hard...
Here's a specific mix for a healthy trail mix recipe to try - though I'm sure most readers will prefer to make their own! You could start off with this one and just vary one or two elements to your own liking.
Sunflower seeds 50g
Prepare everything as described above and put it into an air-tight container or bag.
If it's not needed immediately, then if you can vacuum pack it, so much the better.
This one of the easiest healthy kids' snacks to make. Faddy eaters can be pleased with their own individual mix.
You can make a more savoury version of trail mix by using a few salted nuts and by keeping the fruit content low. Healthy trail mix does not have to be boring!
Try adding a few Japanese rice crackers for variation, too.
A Healthy Trail Mix Recipe
Copyright Greenfootsteps.com 2008
Please do not copy without permission. This site is protected by Copyscape | <urn:uuid:1b4e7793-1405-430d-8dbf-e2fb82229629> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.greenfootsteps.com/healthy-trail-mix-recipe.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00063-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951911 | 1,489 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Create vocational students Cheap Air Purifier - Water crisis faced by people in various areas addressed by the students of SMK Negeri Sukabumi. The students from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Automotive, Electrical, and Assembly jointly make some equipment to accommodate the water and clear it. These tools have not produced even though expensive, the price is much cheaper than the same tool on the market.
Friday, November 26, 2010 | Friday, November 26, 2010 | 1 Comments
Posted by Erndah Ganjen at Friday, November 26, 2010 On Creativity SMK
Thursday, August 6, 2009 | Thursday, August 06, 2009 | 2 Comments
Humidity Soil Test - This indicator is called a series of soil moisture because this tool can be used to determine water content in soil or soil moisture. How to use this tool is very simple, namely: probe inserted in the soil near the plant that will be reviewed. LED will flash if the humidity does not work enough and if the humidity is less. Probe can be made from copper wire that dikelupas skins, probe length of approximately 100-150mm. LED should be inverted installation.
Bird Sound Door Bell - Friends may be bored listening to the sound only monoton bell at home, if you make a doorbell iongin with other sound you can try to make a sound with the series of birds. This series is quite simple and PCB is available at many electronics stores.
ELECTRICITY # 4 (Macam-Macam The Electric Energy) - Electricity can be generated through various processes. | <urn:uuid:cff8fdf7-97a8-4f7e-b6d5-66e680d8983a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://elektronika-pengetahuanandkomunikasi.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00299-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943007 | 322 | 2.640625 | 3 |
No other monarch had visited so much of the country in such a short space of time. She was accompanied by Prince Philip and their visits started with a trip to Glasgow, Scotland on May 17, then moved to England and Wales.
A day of celebrations was earmarked for June 7 where British people put 1970s austerity to one side with street parties and parades. Many strung bunting across streets and decorated motor vehicles organising their very own parades.
As part of the Silver Jubilee festivities, the Queen earmarked, July 12 and 13 for a visit to Yorkshire and Humberside. In South Yorkshire, the Royal couple visited areas of Sheffield, Rotherham, Doncaster and Barnsley.
The Queen was late – but the waiting was forgotten when she finally reached Doncaster from Humberside, amidst drizzle and heavy cloud, during the afternoon of Tuesday 12 July 1977.
The Queen was wearing a turquoise coat, matching turquoise hat with a white ribbon, white gloves and white shoes and was carrying a white handbag. Brightly coloured clothing, banners and flags met the Royal couple as they turned on to the straight mile at Doncaster Racecourse – almost an hour behind schedule.
The Royal walkabout between the straight mile and grandstand lasted just a few minutes, but it was still time enough for several children to present posies unofficially. The theme of youth was central to the Doncaster event as well as other areas of South Yorkshire. Several hundred Silver Jubilee Doncaster street queens watched proceedings from specially reserved seats and five youth bands entertained.
Waiting for more than three hours was all worthwhile for Emma Hayes, six, when the Queen stopped to speak to her the way to the Racecourse grandstand. Emma presented the Queen with a bouquet of five white and two red roses. “I told her that I had picked them myself this morning in our back garden,” said Emma. The Queen and Duke went into the Tattersall’s Suite for lunch before leaving for Maltby.
Arriving there at exactly 3pm, the Royal couple spent exactly 29 minutes at Maltby Comprehensive School, Rotherham. Around 7,000 pupils gathered to greet them.
On the Maltby fields more than 20 schools and youth organisations put on displays. Loudly heard across the fields were the bands of the Trinity Croft Junior and Infants’ School, High Greave Junior School and the Rotherham Schools’ Brass Band playing the National anthem.
Emerging from a Royal limousine, the Queen was greeted by the Mayor of Rotherham, Councillor Roland Benton, and the Mayoress, Mrs Norma Benton. The Queen met other Rotherham dignitaries including councillors, MPs and Lord and Lady Scarbrough of Sandbeck Park.
Looking relaxed and happy, the Queen and Prince Philip went straight to the playing fields along with Rotherham’s Director of Education Leonard Taylor and his wife.
Countless Rotherham children would cherish the memories of the Queen’s 1977 visit to Maltby but one ten-year-old girl, Allison, of Letwell, was luckier than most and stole the show. Allison, one of 181 pupils at Aston Fence junior school, was dressed for the occasion in purple velvet cloak with a plea for the Queen printed on a cardboard sign.
It read ‘Dear Queen of England, please crown me queen of Aston Fence School. Love Allison’. As the Queen passed by, she duly obliged. Taking the sign, she asked Allison: ‘So you want to be crowned, do you?’
Then, carefully picking up the home-made crown, held on a velvet cushion by the young girl’s pageboy, seven-year-old Mathew Orton, of Woodhouse Mill, Queen Elizabeth II regally placed it on the school queen’s head.
The Queen and Duke spent some time in Sheffield at Hillsborough Park where they met over 2,000 children from city schools and youth organisations taking part in activities.
Crowds along the route from Sheffield to Cawthorne made the Queen and Prince Philip about 15 minutes late, arriving at Cannon Hall, Barnsley. The Queen was welcomed by Barnsley civic leaders on the last lap of her South Yorkshire tour.
After signing the distinguished visitors’ book in the hall, the Queen, together with the Duke, appeared on the terrace and were greeted with a fanfare played by Barnsley Schools Music Centre Band. As the Royal couple left the terrace, masses of red, white and blue balloons were released. This delighted the Queen, said Barnsley Mayor John Stanley later.
Together with her husband, the Queen then boarded a Range Rover to tour the parkland. One of the highlights of the Royal visit for those in Cannon Hall Park, was the stage performance and static displays given by hundreds of children from schools throughout the Barnsley area.
The Duke of Edinburgh had a laugh and a joke with members of Barnsley Sub Aqua Club.
Thousands of people, some of whom had waited for up to four hours, gathered to catch a glimpse of the Queen at Barnsley railway station to make as she made her onward journey by Royal Train to Leeds.
People at the bottom of Regent Street and outside the Queen’s Hotel, spilled on to the road from behind the barriers as she was approaching. Office workers were leaning out of windows all along Regent Street, and people were even standing on roof tops in an effort to secure a better view. | <urn:uuid:acd112db-801b-4b4c-9950-a289741b6a4e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/royal-day-out-1757738 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.969039 | 1,161 | 1.578125 | 2 |
http://www.firstpost.com/politics/d...40-2859558.html?utm_source=FP_CAT_LATEST_NEWS Does Narendra Modi want to keep India Congress-mukt till 2040? Sanjay Singh Jun 28, 2016 How long does Narendra Modi think BJP will rule the country? "2040," he said, in his interview with Arnab Goswami of Times Now and it could be read as plain humour or far-fetched hypotheticals to make a point. However, Modi's words, tone and tenor didn't particularly indicate that he was joking. Answering a question on how the Congress was behaving, causing a non-stop logjam in Rajya Sabha were substantially higher than the BJP, he was in full bloom with all the seriousness that he is usually known for. First, Modi sought to differentiate between the Congress and rest of the Opposition and then drive home at a different point. “There are some parties in the Parliament which are not with the BJP or NDA, but are with the government on key decisions. So, to defame the Opposition by saying that all opposition parties are against us — when some people do this, it is wrong. There is one party which has problems. And the whole world knows that party.” Second, he termed Congress' argument against BJP: 'when you (BJP) were in Opposition, you did it this way', as fallacious. The Congress has run the government for 60 years and now they are in the Opposition, so they know the nitty-gritties of the government. They ought to know their responsibilities. They can't behave in the way, a new Opposition party behaves. A party which hasn't been in power or hasn't seen anything, could behave in this way. For example, we are in power now, and consider in 2040 we become the Opposition party. So, in 2040 we can't have the same conduct as the one we had in 2009 or 2010.” In 2009-10 BJP acted as an irresponsible opposition, charging Congress led UPA government at everything, opposing just for the sake of opposing. Modi is talking about the future scenario when BJP could be in opposition in 2040, another 24 years from now. A die hard optimist like him could think just as the Congress has a virtually uninterrupted reign (barring 1977-79) in post-independence era for five decades, he too can have a go for another four-five terms. Modi is currently 65 and by 2040, he would be 89, a fair-bit older than the age at which Manmohan Singh demitted office in 2014. There are two ways to look at the mention of 2040 for BJP to be mature in opposition – first as Modi’s humorous side; second, his internal belief that he as the first prime minister with an absolute majority in last 30 years, he should be there for another 30 years. No wonder why Modi's confidante and BJP president Amit Shah is focusing in party’s expansion in coastal region states and eastern India. And, even if it is just humour, it is interesting, Modi came across as someone human — someone who could crack a joke and laugh at it — this was one of the most talked about features of the episode. “I have a humourous side but these days humour can be a risky thing. In this era of 24x7 news channels, anybody can lift a small word and make a big issue out of it. But I will tell you the truth, the reason for the absence of humour in public life is this fear. I am myself scared. Earlier when I used to make speeches, I would make it so humorous but there would never be any issues,” he said. To a query about whether the prime minister has become self-aware, he said: “I am not conscious. I am in fear, there is no humour left in public life because of this fear. Everyone is scared. I see it in Parliament, that humour is finished there too. It is a matter of concern. Even if you quote a proverb, they will connect it with something else and begin a conversation. The one who is saying the proverb does not know for what he is speaking.” Modi took the 85-minute interview as a platform to explain as to why he toured abroad in the first two years in office: “The world didn't know me. The world wants to know who the head of the state is. If someone would want to know Modi through the eyes of the media, then he would get confused as to what Modi stands for, which one is real Modi. If this were to happen, the country will be at a loss. Modi's personality shouldn't be a hindrance for the world to have faith in India. But for that unless I meet all those leaders and engage them, one to one, unless I speak to them frankly, they wouldn't know about india's head of state, so it was very important for me as I am not from a political family. I never had the opportunity to meet the world leaders earlier…More than foreign policy it was foreign relations. Yes, I was new to it. So for me, it was necessary to be pro active," he said. To constant criticism that India’s foreign policy was being built around his persona, by his whims and being guided by his emerging personal relations with world leaders, Modi described at length that it was not him alone but his team at work in the government, “We work as a team. Foreign ministry, Prime Minister's Office, commerce ministry, finance ministry, defence minister, everyone works as a team, not as separate pieces. The impact that is now visible, is not just because of Modi, it is because of the team. All teams work in a particular direction. That is why the impact is seen, earlier these teams were splintered. We have seen instances (UPA) where the party would give a statement, the prime minister would say something else, party leaders would say something else. This disunity has had a negative impact,” he said. | <urn:uuid:a2c3b3dc-a451-4f33-9406-b1e03662d67b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://defenceforumindia.com/forum/threads/does-narendra-modi-want-to-keep-india-congress-mukt-till-2040.76801/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00272-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987201 | 1,265 | 1.757813 | 2 |
“Chapters 8 and 20 have been the bedrock of my investing activities for more than 60 years I suggest that all investors read those chapters and reread them every time-to-market is an especially strong or weak” -Warren Buffett speaking on the influence of the book The Intelligent Investor by Benjamin Graham
I have learned over time that my way is not always the best. I still don’t stop and ask for directions when I am lost. Yep…I am THAT guy. However, when it comes to finance I did not have role models. My dad was a hard working truck driver and my mom was a hairdresser.
In my search for a better roadmap in financial matters I have become hyper fascinated by the results of Warren Buffett. How exactly did he become so GREAT at making decisions?
I have come to believe success is better judgment on a daily basis. By withstanding the sound and the fury of day to day life and weeding through the onslaught of emotions and noise: successful people chose better choices.
So when Warren made such a bold statement, I stood up and did a lap around the laptop. In fact if Warren’s mind had a software program to make choices: much of it is contained in the great book by his mentor Benjamin Graham.
In this article today I will draw on Chapter 8 (The Investor and Market Fluctuations) and chapter 20 (“The Margin of Safety” as The Central Concept of Investment) to identify the key lessons from Ben.
I will suggest how real estate investors can apply them in screening a deal. Finally I will offer some ammunition for your private money presentation based on each chapter. But first I will give a brief history of Benjamin Graham and his influence on Warren Buffett.
The 20 Best Books for Aspiring Real Estate Investors!
Here at BiggerPockets, we believe that self-education is one of the most critical parts of long-term success, in business and in life, of course. This list, compiled by the real estate experts at BiggerPockets, contains 20 of the best books to help you jumpstart your real estate career.
Who is Benjamin Graham?
Ben graduated top in his class at age 20 from Columbia University and was offered professorships in mathematics, English, and philosophy but chose instead to work on Wall Street. He started an investment partnership a few years later and in 1928 he began teaching at the Columbia Business School and authored a cornerstone handbook for professional investors: Securities Analysis.
Ben coined the term Mr. Market for the sometimes outright insane stock market psychology. He suggested Mr. Market is always at your door making an offer: your key to success is having a math driven answer to what the whack job is offering you (my words not his LOL).
Warren Buffett’s lucky day, by his own admission, was when he picked up a copy of Intelligent Investor in 1949. Warren was so inspired by the book…he went to Columbia to study under Graham. A few years after he graduated he went to work for Ben on Wall Street before eventually striking out on his own. The rest is, as the say, history.
To illustrate how powerful Grahams methodology is Warren gave a speech on the fiftieth anniversary of the book Securities Analysis:
“During that speech, he presented his own investment record as well as those of Ruane, Knapp, and Schloss [other successful investment managers who were students of Graham at Columbia. In short, each of these men posted investment results that blew away the returns of the overall market. “ Source: Investopedia
So that begs the question: how can we us the concepts introduced by Ben and apply them to real estate? There are key similarities in stock selection and real estate and some interesting differences. I will take a stab at using the two chapters to get better results in real estate both in property selection and arguments you can present to why real estate should be in your investors basket of investments.
The Key Teachings of Chapter 8:
Ben’s main objective in Chapter 8 is to address market volatility – or in other words the degree of pricing that changes over time. For example, a market – stock market or otherwise – is highly volatile if it swings high and low at great speed.
Given that reality, the investor has two ways to profit from Mr. Market:
- Either by timing: anticipating when the market is going to yield a profitable price
- or via pricing
Which method yields the best result? Ben argues the use timing requires superior forecasting skills. Most average investors cannot dedicate time to that skill. Generally, Ben is skeptical on speculation generally.
The method that he advocates is the pricing method. By using the intrinsic value of an investment…or in other words calculating mathematically the estimated future cash flow of the entire business and then judging if you have to pay a premium to buy the cash flow or if it’s cheap relative to what’s it is intrinsically worth.
In essence, the market will irrationally assign values. That’s how you win against the field because in the long run- intrinsic value creates gravity and the price will trend up or down to it.
Another master tip in Chapter 8: In general, therefore buying in a bull market usually means paying too much for the cash flow of the business. Generally, the best approach is buy after bubble pops…wise out when fools rush in.
>Wise in when fools rush out. A bull market is characterized by:
- Historically high price level
- High P/E ratios
- High margin activity
- Low dividend yields against bond yields
- Large IPO activity of poor offerings
How Can I Use Chapter 8 to Make Better Real Estate Choices?:
The concept of value investing appears to have a very powerful result in real estate investing. A great example advocated by Craig Haskell in the CCIM magazine cited below recommends judging:
- What is the price compared to the replacement cost?
- If your purchase price is below it’s a great indicator of a value investment.
- If its above its generally a sign it’s time to develop instead
- What is the net present value
- If your NPV is greater than purchase price and any rehab cost then you have built in your WIN!!!
Is my market in a bull or bear phase?
California running up to fast in SFR’s?
Multifamily too hot? Overbuilding in certain markets?
Not sure on either but suggesting caution
Ammunition in Chapter 8 to Use in Your Private Money Presentations:
Many investors have experienced wide swings in their worth tied up in the market via investment or 401k. Volatility fatigue is a very real motivation to invest in real estate. Other key points:
- Real estate market timing is much more readily apparent.
- When combined with value investing you can almost lock in your wins.
It gets better:
- Value adding i.e. improving rental rates and occupancy increases intrinsic value. Can you do this with your stock investment?
The Key Teachings of Chapter 20:
The central thesis of Chapter 20 is that earnings power of the underlying stock will increase your margin of safety. In a sense, the underlying economic growth prospects of a company can increase your chances that you will not suffer an irreversible loss.
Ben is also a staunch advocate of diversification. Margin of safety principles are focused on avoiding a catastrophic loss.
How can I use Chapter 20 to make better real estate choices:
The rules from Chapter 20 in my mind would force us to consider:
- Don’t chase marginal deals
- If you buy below intrinsic value you will manage downside risk
- If you buy value add deals you are able to FORCE your margin of safety up!!!
- I love creative finance and VERY high leverage (Shout out to my friend Ben Leybovich) but high LTV’s decrease our margin of safety
- I would argue that if you follow 1 through 3 you can outweigh the effects of very high LTV’s
Ammunition in Chapter 20 to Use in Your Private Money Presentations:
- Investors will add some protection from volatility with real estate in their portfolio
- Articulating your value investment policy specifically and clearly will demonstrate competence and truly fulfil a need!
- You will sleep better will GREAT deals in your portfolio
Overall, it seems to me we can duplicate others success if we ask: how precisely did they do that? What did they learn? How do I think like them? How do I make decisions like them?
Two Book Chapters that Changed Warren Buffett’s Life from Forbes
How to Value Invest in Real Estate by Craig Haskell | <urn:uuid:0e454c12-9b87-491f-ad81-4c949b6095da> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.biggerpockets.com/renewsblog/2013/07/27/benjamin-graham-for-real-estate-investing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00154-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951045 | 1,798 | 1.789063 | 2 |
The US government may add the Monarch butterfly to the Endangered Species list following a massive 90% drop of its population.
RT reports: US Fish and Wildlife Service announced on Monday it would conduct a one-year status review of the Monarch butterfly to determine if they are warranted protection under the Endangered Species Act.
The agency is requesting scientific and commercial data through a 60-day public information period and they’re looking for data on the insects’ biology, range and population trends, habitat requirements, genetics and taxonomy, distribution patterns, population levels, life history, thermos-tolerance, and conservation methods.
The Center for Biological Diversity said the population has declined from a recorded high of approximately one billion Monarch butterflies in the mid-1990s to only 35 million butterflies last winter, the lowest number ever recorded.
The agency review comes in response to a petition from the Center for Biological Diversity, the Center for Food Safety, and the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation to list the subspecies of monarch (Danaus plexippus plexippus), who argue might be necessary.
The Center for Biological Diversity said the decline is driven in part to the widespread planting of genetically engineered crops in the Midwest, where most Monarchs are born. The vast majority of genetically engineered crops are made to be resistant to Monsanto’s Roundup herbicide, a potent killer of milkweed, the monarch caterpillar’s only food.
In addition to herbicide use they say Monarchs are also threatened by global climate change, drought and heat waves, other pesticides, urban sprawl and logging on their Mexican wintering grounds. Scientists have predicted that the Monarch’s entire winter range in Mexico and large parts of its summer range in the states could become unsuitable due to these threats.
Latest posts by Carol Adl (see all)
- Palestinian Embassy Opens In Vatican City - January 17, 2017
- Leading German Journalist Says ‘CIA Media’ Pushing For World War - January 17, 2017
- Anti-Assad Group Urge Israel To Intervene In Syria - January 17, 2017 | <urn:uuid:035c6f11-7089-4137-a3a1-9ca919ad176e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://yournewswire.com/monarch-butterfly-may-be-listed-as-endangered-species/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00503-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911623 | 438 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Preview of the website in Thumbnail size.
Meta Keys provide information about a given Web page, most often to help search engines categorize them correctly. They are inserted into the HTML document, but are often not directly visible to a user visiting the site.
Design Emporium - South African Furniture & Lifestyle Products Africandy
Africandy is a curated design emporium representing the best South African designers, showcasing the finest furniture and lifestyle products.
africandy,designer products,design emporium,interior design products,home decor products,curated design
- Title : Several users don't like to put in their favorites too huge Titles.
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6.84 seconde(s) => 9.14 kb/s
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96 with 40 ALT filled
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Links provided to display and browse this website.
Robots control whether search engine spiders are allowed to index a page or not, and whether they should follow links from a page or not.
Headings highlight the important keywords by levels.
- H1 : You need to highlight more keywords by using this tag to increase their importance.
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MicroFormats are HTML extensions used for marking up people, organizations, events, locations, blog posts, products, reviews, resumes, recipes etc. Sites use Microformats to publish a standard API that is consumed and used by search engines, aggregators and other tools.
Header makes browsers and search engines know about your page redirection.
GET / HTTP/1.1
HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily
IP determines the server address.
Geolocation displays where the server Ip is located.
USA United States
Analysis : Visitor Geolocation by Alexa.
Analysis : Regional / City interest by Google.
Analysis : Daily Traffic Rank Trend by Alexa.
Analysis : Daily Reach Graph by Alexa.
Analysis : Unique Visitors by Compete.
Analysis : Backlinks discovery by Majestic SEO.
Analysis : Monthly Global Page Views by Quantcast.
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Analysis : Web Search Interest (Worldwide, Past 12 months) by Google Trends. | <urn:uuid:be08083c-3016-4440-95e3-5c0466f42a91> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.seossimo.com/domain/africandy.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00566-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.78639 | 606 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Every philosophy enthusiast would surely be familiar with Confucius and his teachings. He was the greatest Eastern philosopher of all time, whose teachings deeply influenced East Asian life and thought. The lessons imparted by the philosopher are still being taught to the upcoming generation.
He was a firm believer in equality and better social relationships, Confucius’s philosophical ideas emphasized the necessity for inner moral harmony.
In a short statement, Confucius summarised his entire life which now guides us as the principle of wisdom.
Confucius says, “When I was fifteen, I was focused on my studies; when I was thirty, my understanding of life [as it stands] was set firmly; when I was forty, I no longer hesitated about making my life decisions; when I was fifty, I understood the origins of all; when I was sixty, I could hear all – the positive and the negative – and not be upset; when I was seventy, I had the freedom to do whatever my heart desires, within the rules of this world [that I have observed throughout all of my life].”
The majority of Confucius’ teachings revolved around joys and fulfillment of life.
Mentioned below are some lessons that can prove to be beneficial in our lives:
1. Make constant progress
“It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.” ― Confucius
Identifying the right path and constantly making advancements on it would eventually take you to your desired goal. With continuous efforts and hard work, success is inevitable, and you will achieve your targets.
2. Your friends and the quality of your social circle matter
“Never contract friendship with a man that is not better than thyself.” ― Confucius
“Silence is a true friend who never betrays.” ― Confucius
Surrounding yourself with positive friends, who push your limits and help you become a better person, would shower you with positive energy and would always keep you motivated.
Friendship is a 2-way street and you should treat your friends in the same manner as they do. Research proves that friends play a pivotal factor in an individual’s happiness and thus a healthy social circle proves to be beneficial.
3. Wonderful things do cost something
“It is easy to hate and it is difficult to love. This is how the whole scheme of things works. All good things are difficult to achieve, and bad things are very easy to get.” ― Confucius
To safeguard ourselves from threats, our brains are adapted to think negatively regarding some scenarios. This can be harmful if it becomes a regular practice.
Yet, adjusting our approach consciously towards positive thinking could help us overcome this malpractice. All good things come at a price.
Without efforts and determination to think positively, the ability to achieve wonderful things reduces significantly. A dedicated approach over a period of time will help you develop a positive outlook towards things.
4. Learn from the past, live in the present, look forward to the future
“To be wronged is nothing unless you continue to remember it.” ― Confucius
“Study the past if you would define the future.” ― Confucius
“If you make a mistake and do not correct it, this is called a mistake.” ― Confucius
“We have two lives, and the second begins when we realize we only have one.” ― Confucius
A lot of precious time and brainpower is wasted by focusing on past or present dilemmas you are facing.
Instead, focusing on the brighter parts and centering your mind around them would not only help you set goals for the future, but it would also give you an opportunity to reflect on the mistakes and would aid you to rectify them for the future.
Along with this journey, many obstacles, such as criticism, would try to block your progress towards the ultimate goal, yet it should be neglected and the individual should continue progressing ahead.
5. Keep in mind the consequences of any action
“When anger rises, think of the consequences” ― Confucius
“Respect yourself and others will respect you.” – ― Confucius
“Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves.”
Newton’s third law states: “Every action has an equal and opposite action.” This law goes hand in hand with Confucius’ teaching of consequences. Anger doesn’t pave the way to any positive advancements.
In fact, it can cost you if you haven’t taken appropriate measures. Instead of taking a step back and patiently and tactically thinking about careful feedback is a valuable deed. | <urn:uuid:9e6e8b67-dd8d-462b-b6cd-c5a51f304239> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://themindsjournal.com/9-teachings-of-confucius-to-alter-your-priorities-in-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.956219 | 997 | 3.078125 | 3 |
A Boost to Wages, but a Rise in Unemployment: Conflicting News Amidst Economic Uncertainty
A Boost to Wages, but a Rise in Unemployment: Conflicting News Amidst Economic Uncertainty.
As Britain edges closer to its exit from the EU, the uncertainty surrounding the future of the UK economy has left its mark on the labour market. Amidst confusion in parliament, one or two equally surprising trends have been revealed across the employment sector.
Newly released figures suggest UK wage growth has reached 11-year high over the first 6 months of the year. The latest labour force survey shows that basic pay recently grew by 3.9%, representing the biggest jump and fastest increase in wages since 2008 – over a decade ago. This has come as a relief for workers, as it suggests Brexit uncertainty isn’t necessarily hitting pay packets just yet. Whilst undoubtedly good news, it doesn’t paint the whole picture, as a shrinking economy and threat of no-deal Brexit also leaves its mark.
Whilst the good news represents a significant boost, unemployment rates has also increased. The boost to wages has been offset by reports that unemployment has risen to 1.3 million, an increase of 31,000 in the second quarter of 2019, and that the UK economy has continued to shrink. Figures indicate that the UK’s economy shrank in the second quarter of the year by 0.2%; the first such contraction since 2012. UK economist at Capital Economics Andrew Wishart said ‘Demand for workers has cooled on the back of softer economic activity.’
Pawel Adrjan, UK economist at the global job site Indeed, commented: “This snapshot of the UK labour market is very much a tale of two halves. Unemployment has risen, but for those in work, pay-packets are swelling nicely – average wages are rising at their fastest level for more than a decade.” (https://www.ig.com/uk/news-and-trade-ideas/uk-unemployment-rate-rises–while-wage-growth-hits-11-year-high-190813)
So what’s behind the increase in wages? In real terms, after adjusting for inflation, regular pay is estimated to have increased by 1.9%. Matt Hughes from the ONS deputy said, “excluding bonuses, real wages are growing at their fastest in nearly four years, but pay levels still have not returned to their pre-downturn peak.” Part of the reason for the rise was the unusual timing of annual pay rises for public health workers last year, when a larger-than-usual increase was deferred until July.
Adding to the confusion is the almost contradictory reports suggesting that during the same time, the employment rate has reached its joint highest level since 1971. According to data from the Office of National Statistics (ONS), the employment rate across the UK has hit 76.1%. With economists poring over the reasons and implications, it seems this extra revelation could be a little misleading. According to ONS figures, the increase in UK employment to a record high of 32.8 million in the second quarter of the year was driven primarily by a sharp rise in the number of part-time jobs, indicating that those in full-time positions actually fell.
Figures don’t necessarily point to a healthy economy, with some economists suggesting the UK labour market is reaching a turning point. “The labour market appears to be reaching a turning point, with unemployment no longer falling, the number of job vacancies no longer increasing and companies and workers deterred from bigger employment decisions by Brexit and global uncertainties,” Economist at the National Institute of Economic and Social Research Arno Hantzsche said.
“As more workers have been snapped up elsewhere, firms have found it harder to fill their openings. While competition has pushed up salaries, thin margins and low productivity may set a ceiling for pay growth. Although vacancies remain high by historic standards, the number has been dropping since the start of the year.”
With impending economic uncertainty and a political climate changing by the day, the British labour market could actually be reaching its peak. ‘With investment in machinery and technology often deemed too risky right now, businesses have sought to bring on board more staff to help lift output,’ Chief economist at the Institute of Directors Tej Parikh said. “The total number of vacancies continues to slide further from the peak it reached at the start of the year, suggesting more employers are holding off on hiring.”
Much of the economic forecast in the climate of Brexit is unpredictable and more difficult than under normal circumstances to interpret. Whist representing little more than a snapshot, one which will no doubt twist and shift over the coming months, it’s an insight that provides a glimmer of hope amidst political and economic uncertainty.
Ian Stewart, chief economist at Deloitte (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-49328855), said: “The days of sharply falling unemployment are behind us, but a tight labour market points to further gains in wages and spending power. Despite a second quarter decline in growth, the UK economy still has momentum.” | <urn:uuid:10386f3e-7a2f-4b64-b3d1-cbc2c0844448> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ablrecruitment.com/a-boost-to-wages-but-a-rise-in-unemployment-conflicting-news-amidst-economic-uncertainty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.959632 | 1,080 | 1.882813 | 2 |
2006-09-05-14 Trisomy 18 © Cuillier www.thefetus.net/
Fabrice Cuillier, MD
Department of Gynecology, Félix Guyon’ Hospital, Ile de la Réunion, France
This is a 40-year-old-woman, G4P3, with a normal nuchal lucency at 13 weeks. The triple test was abnormal (1/120). The patient accepted to perform an amniocentesis. The karyotype was 46 XX (+18). The patient was counseled about the fetal anomalies. An interruption of pregnancy was proposed. The patient refused. An intrauterine growth restriction was present during all pregnancy. An anomaly was seen on the posterior fossa. The cerebellar vermis was hypoplastic. The ear seemed too small compared to the gestational age. The patient delivered at 38 weeks. The karyotype was confirmed. The baby is still alive at the end of the first month of life.
Note the hypoplastic cerebellar vermis | <urn:uuid:89d7dc0c-3e0b-4284-ae41-f36b7e048e25> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.sonoworld.com/fetus/page.aspx?id=1902 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00222-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934119 | 222 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Date: Wednesday, March 31st, 2021
Source: The Wall Street Journal
The bridge of the oil tanker Navig8 Aronaldo erupted in cheers after Capt. Malik Naushad told his crew to prepare to weigh anchor midnight Tuesday and start their voyage out of the Suez Canal, where they had been stuck for six days by the grounding of the Ever Given.
Back at the German offices of Jan Held, whose family firm has three different ships stuck at Suez, the mood wasn’t as jubilant. Watching a live feed of the Ever Given move off the bank, Mr. Held knew that uncorking the biggest traffic jam in global shipping in recent years could take a long time to resolve, and set off a scramble for berths and clear routes.
“You see a lot of bizarre things in shipping,” said Mr. Held, a former ship’s captain himself and co-owner of Held Bereederungs GmbH & Co KG, based in the north German city of Haren. “But with this, you knew it would have repercussions around the world.”
Late Tuesday, ships were again moving through the Suez Canal, a day after engineers freed the Ever Given, a 1,300-foot container ship, and cleared the waterway for global traffic. Osama Rabie, chairman of the Suez Canal Authority, which runs the 120-mile shipping route, said at a press conference that 113 ships had crossed in both directions since the route reopened late Monday, and another 95 are expected to pass through in the evening, up from the typical 50 or so daily passages.
Egyptian officials say the logjam will be cleared in three to four days. Shipping executives say it will take days longer. Leth Agencies, a ship’s services provider in the Suez, said 352 vessels are still awaiting transit.
Shipowners, exporters and importers are now racing to secure berths and containers at ports, while warning of delays and higher costs for cargoes that are slowly starting to move toward their destinations again. Shipping lines have sent ships on alternative routes, including around the southern tip of Africa, delaying arrivals and adding costs. Port authorities are girding for a flood of arrivals as diverted ships and delayed Suez vessels arrive on top of regularly scheduled traffic.
“A floodgate is going to open, and it will be a fight to get into the ports,” said Bjorn O. Gran Svenningsen, a director of United European Car Carriers AS. The shipping company doesn’t run vessels through the Suez, but when Mr. Svenningsen heard that the Ever Given was being freed, he knew his shipping company could be slammed by port congestion.
Whether the bottleneck clears more quickly or drags on, the repercussions of the almost-week-long blockage are already in motion. The waterway connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas and carries as much as 13% of global maritime trade and 10% of seaborne oil shipments.
Much of the world’s maritime trade is packed into containers—metal boxes that are stacked on ships and moved on and off by giant cranes—that need to be moved around the world in a carefully choreographed global shuffle. Boxes that don’t arrive on time in one port aren’t available to load cargo bound for another. The world was already suffering from a shortage of these boxes, and the Suez blockage has temporarily made them more scarce.
Furniture giant IKEA of Sweden and Caterpillar Inc., as well as mom-and-pop retailers and manufacturers, have cargoes stuck on ships in the traffic or face heightened competition for berths and already-scare containers in ports around the world. Exporters and importers are weighing insurance claims that could total in the billions of dollars.
The stranding has strained supply lines already stretched by the pandemic and hit more recently by a series of unrelated global supply-line shocks。
Car and gaming companies are straining to get computer chips. A cold snap last month in Texas curtailed plastics production.
Switzerland-based logistics provider Kuehne + Nagel International AG has the equivalent of more than 60,000 20-foot containers of freight, from shipments for pharmaceutical customers to an array of consumer goods, affected by the blockage. Otto Schacht, its executive vice president for sea logistics, estimates the backlog at the canal will be cleared in between five to eight days, with some cargo arriving as many as 18 days late to its destination.
The wider ripple effects have executives forecasting problems will drag into the summer for an industry that operates on closely choreographed sailings and loadings schedules.
“The vessels are totally out of sync,” Mr. Schacht said. “Until all vessels are back in the positions they are normally in, we will still have the after-effects in June.” Kuehne + Nagel is providing real-time updates to customers on the location of the vessels carrying their cargo and the expected time of arrival. The company is booking trucks to haul the shipments once they arrive at ports and making arrangements with carriers and terminals to give priority to those loads.
In Copenhagen, A.P. Moller-Maersk A/S, the world’s largest container vessel operator, set up a 15-member crisis-management team. By Monday, 32 ships operated by Maersk and its partners were idled at Suez and 15 others had been diverted around the Cape of Good Hope, along the southern tip of Africa, adding two weeks sailing time and hundreds of thousands of dollars in extra fuel costs per ship.
The Maersk Denver, an American-flagged container ship packed with U.S. military equipment, was right behind the Ever Given when that ship, laden with 18,000 of its own containers, slammed into the bank. Lars Mikael Jensen, the company’s head of network for East-West sailings was among the first to be alerted. “My first thought after a year of delays with Covid, was, ‘oh s—, here’s another one.’ ”
Mr. Jensen said Maersk began diverting ships on Friday. It’s still weighing up the pros and cons of avoiding the canal amid the traffic jam. Late Monday, Maersk executives made the tough call to redirect two ships back from their journey around the Cape, betting they might get to their destination faster via Suez.
The company is now fielding calls about cargo ETAs and other ripple effects that could hold up deliveries.
“Customers want to know if their summer clothing will arrive in time and whether there will be enough available containers in Asia to ship their products,” Mr. Jensen said.
British ports are currently dealing with ships that left Suez before the blockage. Authorities expect a quiet week next week, amid delayed arrivals from Suez-stuck vessels and rerouted ships, said Tim Morris, chief executive of UK Major Ports Group, a trade body. The week after, though, many could arrive at the same time.
“This risks being mayhem,” he said. Because ships like the Ever Given drop cargo off at several ports, shippers and ports will be involved in a “chess game” in which they try to sequence a series of drop-offs for many vessels, he said.
“All shippers will be juggling their schedules over the next three, four, five days while we see how long it takes to absorb the line of ships waiting to get through the Suez Canal,” said Stefano Messina, chairman of Gruppo Messina, a shipping company based in Genoa, one of Italy’s busiest ports. Mr. Messina said that ships that were supposed to come to Italy may end up going to Barcelona, Marseilles or Turkey.
Ships insure against damages caused by accidents but also earnings when they are unable to sail due to unforeseen circumstances. Some of the shipping companies that Observator Shipping Co. supplies with animal feed, bunker fuel, spare parts and crews, are already preparing to submit insurance claims for lost revenues due to Suez, to the tune of $20,000 a day, said Valid Diab, the general manager of the Turkish company.
The Bow Diamond, a ship idled at Suez that Mr. Held’s German company partly owns, costs around $6,500 to charter daily.
That ship had already lost a berth at a dry dock in Bulgaria for a routine inspection. Mr. Held is now trying to rearrange that, but is competing against other shipowners for a new slot.
The Bow Diamond is a relatively small vessel, Mr. Held said, but “think of all the vessels lying around Suez. That is a lot of money.”
Customers are anticipating long waits. Robert Margevicius, executive vice president of Morgan Hill, Calif.-based Specialized Bicycle Components Inc., which imports about a million bikes a year from factories in Asia, has dozens of containers held up in the Suez.
“We are so happy that the path is now clear for ships to pass through, but the market remains starved for product and the [new] shipping delays compound our ability to service customer needs,” he said. The Covid-19 pandemic led to a big rise in bike orders that the Suez delays are now exacerbating.
Abbie Durkin, the owner of Palmer & Purchase, a women’s clothing and accessories shop in Rye, N.Y., said she had already run out of shopping bags and is waiting for summer slippers which are now two months late. Now, “Suez is another problem,” she said.
Businesses have had to make snap decisions, amid scant information about ship movements and the speed of the canal unsnarling. When Lynsey Harley, chief executive of Scotland-based Modern Standard Coffee Ltd., heard about the Ever Given’s troubles on the news Wednesday, she didn’t think much of it.
Later that day, she took a call from the company in Taiwan that manufactures the packaging she used. 50,000 of her coffee packets were stuck outside the Suez Canal. Another 50,000 were about to be sent on a ship likely to be caught up in the traffic jam, unless she pulled them off it.
“’What do you want to do?’” she was asked.
Ordering another 50,000 packages by ship would likely add up two weeks onto a journey that already takes six weeks. Another option: airfreight the cargo to Scotland at more than three times the seaborne cost. A shipment by sea typically costs $2,000 to move. By plane it was going to be up to $7,000.
She hedged, splitting her order: 25,000 by sea and 25,000 by air.
As the Ever Given was towed off late Monday, Mr. Held was in his office calculating when his ships might move. First to go would be vessels with animals on board, he figured, then those with cargo that could spoil through further delay, then ships that had damage, he said.
Early Tuesday, the Navig8 Aronaldo had moved out of its mooring in the Great Bitter Lake, an inland body of water along the route of the canal. It headed south toward an Egyptian port in the Red Sea where it delivered its cargo of oil products. The ship was six days late.
Capt. Volodymyr Ryzhkov, the skipper of Mr. Held’s Bow Diamond, wasn’t so lucky. He watched Monday afternoon on his electronic chart as an icon representing the Ever Given moved to the center of the canal, a sign it had been cleared.
“We are very happy,” he said from the ship’s bridge. He knows, though, he has a long wait in store. Rather than celebrate the Ever Given’s refloating, Capt. Ryzhkov said he was going for a run around the ship’s deck.
“It will take days to clear the canal,” he said. | <urn:uuid:d810f972-1376-427f-b194-b3913b4ccbc3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lgi.laufer.com/news/suez-canal-opens-but-shipping-will-be-snarled-for-months/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.969539 | 2,551 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Steven M. Hill, PhD
Ph.D.: University of Arizona
(Molecular Endocrinology of Breast Cancer)
Breast cancer is the second healing cause of cancer related deaths in American Women. Currently it is estimated that 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer at some point in her lifetime. Since the normal female breast is responsive to estrogen as well as other hormones, it follows that carcinoma of the breast is for the most part also estrogen and hormone responsive. The molecular aspect of these endocrine responsive tumors and factors regulating endocrine and particularly estrogen responsiveness are the focus on ongoing research in this laboratory. 111
Molecular lesions in the ER of human breast cancer and the development of hormone-resistance. Recent studies by this laboratory and our collaborators have shown that human breast tumors and breast cancer cell lines which are estrogen independent express variant forms of ER mRNA. Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RE-PCR) as well as cloning and sequencing techniques it has been shown that these estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA variants contain deletions of two exons 5 and exon 7) which encode portions of the hormone-binding domain of the ER. These exonic deletions are the result of RNA splicing and thus may be structural and functional, of other ER mRNA variants, and mechanisms which may regulate the expression of the variant ER mRNA over the wild-type ER mRNA. Studies examining the frequency of ER variant expression in clinical breast tumors is also being conducted. Current molecular techniques used in these studies will include, DNA and RNA analysis, RT-PCR analysis, cloning, sequencing, and transfection. The overall goal of this research is to better understand mechanisms involved in the loss of estrogen responsiveness and the development of antiestrogen resistance.
Neuroendocrine influences on mammary cancer. Melatonin is the principal hormone product of the pineal gland and has been shown to be an important regulator of the reproductive physiology of seasonally breeding animals. Numerous studies have also shown that this hormone also plays a role in the development and growth of human neoplasms, particularly endocrine responsive breast tumors, and may be a naturally occurring antiestrogen. Ongoing studies in this laboratory are characterizing the ability of melatonin to suppress the proliferative capacity and to inhibit the expression of ER in ER-positive human breast cancer cells. In addition, the effects of melatonin on estrogen-regulated growth factors is also being examined. These studies will employ a variety of techniques such as Western blot analysis, Northern blot analysis, RNase protection analysis, hormone-binding analysis, and nuclear "Run-On" analysis.
A PubMed listing of research publications for Steven M. Hill, Ph.D.
Structural & Cellular Biology | <urn:uuid:b441ee4e-d611-488b-8185-10d9b3a2f722> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www2.tulane.edu/som/departments/physiology/people/steven-m-hill.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00149-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924234 | 554 | 2.1875 | 2 |
In Dima Hasao, festivals are not about ritualistic events.
They are all about emotions and bonding.
The people of
believe in an emotional contact.
has many moods and many hues.
And people celebrate each mood, which is reflected through the
DIMA HASAO: The Land of Gorgeous Festivals
- Zahid Ahmed Tapadar
A land nestled in myths and mysteries, lore's and legends, Dima
is almost another world, the coloured wonderland of India. Dima
Hasao, the predominantly tribal district is blessed with Borail
range, deep valleys and rich flora and fauna. Dima Hasao - the
enchanting Shangrila in the North East of India, is a mixing pot
where culture, heritage, tradition, lifestyle, faith and belief of
her numerous tribes & sub-tribes, drawn from various hives at
different points of time have gone into form the unique culture - a
fascinating and exotic recipe of delightful flavour.
The culture of Dima Hasao is a rich tapestry infused with multi-coloured
yarns of distinguished heritage of all the races that populate her.
The main constituents of the hilly tribes living in Dima Hasao are
the Dimasas, the Zeme Nagas, the Hmars, the Kukis, the Biates, the
Karbis, the Khasis, the Harangkhols, the Vaiphes , the Khelmas and
the Rongmei Nagas. Besides, a sizeable number of other non-tribal
people like Bengali, Assamese, Nepali, Manipuri, Deswali and others
have also chosen Dima Hasao as their abode.
The people of Dima Hasao are in fact the
result of fusion of people from different racial stocks who migrated
to Dima Hasao down the ages.
The superb blend of heritage extracted from numerous races have made
Dima Hasao the home to the most colourful festivals at once blazing,
compelling and mesmerizing.
The perfect combination of heritage of her
multifaceted races have made Dima Hasao the home of the most colourful festivals which are enthusiastic, compelling and
enchanting, exhibiting the true spirit, tradition and lifestyle of
the people of Dima Hasao. Some tribe or the other has a celebration
throughout the year. Every
social community of this District celebrates number of festivals
that’s why Dima Hasao has a large
number of colourful festivals of its own replete with fun, music and
dances. Most of the festivals
celebrated in Dima Hasao have their base in the multifarious faith
and belief of its inhabitants.
one really wants to understand Dima Hasao - they will have to just
follow the festivals of all the colourful tribes of the district.
Nothing captures the essence of Dima Hasao better than these special
Hasao, festivals are not about ritualistic events. They are all
about emotions and bonding. The people of Dima Hasao believe in an
emotional contact. Dima Hasao has many moods and many hues. And
people celebrate each mood, which is reflected through the seasons.
Festivals form an essential aspect of Socio-Cultural life of the
people of Dima Hasao. As a matter of fact, festivals of Dima Hasao
reflect the real culture and tradition of the people of Dima Hasao.
The festivals of Dima Hasao are generally - agricultural, religious
and socio-cultural, which give them ample opportunity to enjoy and
entertain freely. Most of these festivals in Dima Hasao revolve round
agriculture, which is still the main occupation of tribal society.
Although some religious and spiritual sentiments are inter-woven
into secular rites and rituals, the predominant theme of the
festivals is offering of prayers to a God. The concept behind all
these festivals is simple but powerful: acknowledging with gratitude
whatever is the source of their livelihood. Through the festivals,
communities try to propitiate God, for a bountiful harvest either
before the sowing or before reaping the harvest. Dima Hasao is
replete with festivities throughout the year as all the tribes have
their own festivals which they greatly enjoy. The people of Dima
Hasao celebrate their distinct seasonal festivals with glitter, colour, music and fanfare.
festivals of Dima Hasao speak of its rich cultural and traditional
background. The colorful festivals are an integral part of every
people of Dima Hasao. The festivals play an important part in
promoting the traditional handicrafts of Dima Hasao. Every community
celebrates their festival according to their own customs and
rituals. The commonness in all the celebration is that it celebrates
humanity. Some of the common rituals, which are followed in most of
the festivals, are processions in the streets, decoration of homes
and sacred places and traditional and folk song and dance
performances. Most religious festivals have elaborate prayers,
traditions, customs and rituals attached to them. The elaborate
celebration and the multitude of festivals in Dima Hasao, each with
their own unique legends and significances often awe the outsiders
who come to visit Dima Hasao.
is the sum total of the colour, the vibrancy and the rich flavours
that blend as seamlessly as her celebrated diversity. The mystery
and mystique of this Land of Blue Hills lies in the fact that, here
people celebrate life every day, and they do that by weaving the
thread of tradition into the fabric of contemporary culture.
With a view to highlight the real culture and tradition of the
people of Dima Hasao - which is always in
of harmony and equalness, we have compiled articles on the various
Festivals of the people of Dima Hasao.
also a humble attempt to acquaint the people of the plains with the
socio-cultural-religious life of the hill tribes as well as for
documentation of the festive mood of the people of Dima Hasao.
included articles on the colourful festivals of the Dimasa, Zeme
Naga, Hmar, Kuki, Hrangkhol, Rongmei Naga, Karbi, Jaintia, Biate and
Vaiphei communities of Dima Hasao.
compilation of “Festivals of Dima Hasao” we bring to you the coloue,
gaiety, enthusiasm, prayers and rituals that mark the festivals of
all the tribes of Dima Hasao. We are thankful to all the contributors
and all others associated with this project.
It would be our proud privilege to receive
feedback and suggestions on our compilation from the learned
readers. Feedback may be sent through e-mail to
. Our objective would be fulfilled
if this compilation receives due attention and affection from the
FESTIVAL OF THE DIMASAS
- Ramdina Lalsim
The Dimasas of
Dima Hasao, being
agrarian people, celebrate various agricultural festivals in
different ways and at different times. Mostly Dimasas inhabiting
North Cachar Hills and Karbi Anglong districts are successful in
preserving their age old traditional religious beliefs and practices
in and through the celebration of several festivals, with some
exceptions, due to being Hinduised.
Dimasa festival can be categorized into community festivals and
local festivals. The local festivals are performed by each village
separately, and participation is restricted to the people of the
village concerned. The community festivals are Misengba and
Busu, while local festivals are Korongfang Gerba and
joyous harvesting festival)
festivals of the Dimasas, Busu is the gayest and the most
important community festival. The festival is usually celebrated in
the month of January, when all sort or Works of the jhum are
completed. Thus the Busu is an occasion for relaxation from
hard toils. It can, therefore be termed as harvesting festival or a
festival of rejoicing and merry making. Hence the participation in
this celebration is not restricted to any one. The festival may be
celebration at an agreed time according to the convenience of the
village people. But since 1994 as per the decision of Dimasa
community of Dima Hasao, the Autonomous Council of Dima Hasao had
officially declared 27th January as Busu festival
Busu festival may be divided into three categories:-
the Busu is celebrated for three days, it is called
is observed for five days, it is called Surem Baino
When it is observed for seven days it is called Hangseu
festivities they used to make a “heih-ho” (Haoba) as
to mark the grand festivities and ceremony.
give in details the following categories:-
is generally observed for three days. It is celebrated under the
guidance of the leadership of the Khunnag or Gaonbura.
The first day is called mi-staiba meaning slaughtering
day of animals for feast. The animal is slaughtered in the
morning and in the afternoon they held a community feast called
Khalaima khamba in the house of Khunang. When the
sun goes down the competition called Baiba Bdailaiba
consisting of singing, dancing and playing musical instruments
of Muree are held in the court yard of the bachelor’s
traditional house called Nodrung. The bonfire is lit in
the middle of the dancing ground which lightens the ground and
serves to warm up them selves from the cold night. The best
dancers and Muree players are given prizes. The whole
night is then passed in dancing and merry making.
second day is called Busuma, meaning the main Busu
day. It is on this day the children or juniors pay respect and
adoration, to their parents or elders. It is done individually
or collectively. This kind of ceremonial blessing is called
Busu Gaba, and is usually undertaken before the mid noon.
The whole day passed in eating meat and drinking rice beer. In
the afternoon the traditional long-jump called Harong baiba
and Shot-put or longthailemba are played in a
particular selected level area. The game is meant only for the
senior married persons, naturally householder. Interestingly the
declared hero or winner has to entertain the villagers with rice
beer and meat.
the third and last day young boys and young girls pay a house to
house visit by singing and dancing in the courtyard of the
selected well to do persons of the village. Whatever they
collect either in cash or in kind from this process is
eventually used for their feast. In the evening or at the dawn
of the morning according to the instructions of the village
priest they end their dance and playing musical instruments. On
behalf of his village the priest then perform Gerba on
the main road of the village by sacrificing a fowl to the deity
of the village for omissions and commission during the
festivals. This is called Lamphungba, and by sacrificing
this ritual means the end of the festival.
generally celebrated for five days. Surem Baino, unlike the
Busu Jidap, is celebrated under the guidance of Gajaibao
not of the Khunang or Gaonbura. When a village is
supposed to observe the Surem Baino, they would have
to elect or select the Gajaibao or leader or guardian for it
long before the celebration. The Busu celebration is then
undertaken in the courtyard of Gajaibao. The function like
dancing, singing is also held in the compound of Gajaibaos
whereas in the jidap they observe in the Nodrung.
These are the differences between jidap and Surem Baino.
Busu, the most joyous festival of the Dimasas are celebrated
widely through its stages of Jidap or Surem. But the
third and the grandest category Hangseu Manaoba is mostly
celebrated by a large village where there are large numbers of
Hangseu or youths. As Haangseu Manaoba is to be
celebrated for seven days or seven nights without stopping of the
Khrams (drums) and Muree (trumpet), music, dance,
feasting and drinking, therefore the undertaking of this particular
category needs a sound economy and healthy background of the
village. Due to this the youths take initiative to collect fund long
before its celebration. They therefore sometimes engaged as day
labourers in the jhum of their fellow farmers for fund
raising. Some village youths sometime even make a special jhum for
this purpose and thus produce like vegetables, pumpkins, chillies,
paddy etc. which are used for the occasion. Provision for sufficient
quantities of meat, and rice beer- Zudima, Plantain leafs,
Pontho-bamboo cups, firewood for the whole night’s bonfire as well
as for cooking for the whole seven days have to be making by the
youths accordingly. Busu being termed as community festival
of merriment, generally the entire responsibility of the celebration
is borne by the youths of the village. Throughout the celebration
period the village people observe holidays called Genna,
meaning restricted holiday. During the celebration of Busu
the village people do not go out for work or take up any kind of
journey. Each and every one has to try their level best not to spoil
the festivity spirit but to celebrate in its fullest way, which
ought to be made.
It is in
this Hangseu Manaoba as a mark of festivities and reception;
the youths use to erect the traditional welcome gate called
Fangsla, at the main entrance gate of the village. The
Fangsla is wholly constructed with a bamboo, which is
artistically designed and decorated with a splattered bamboo itself.
In the by one days the Fangsla is supposed to be constructed
only during the Hangseu Busu, not on the surem or
jidap. But now a day, whether it is Jidap or Surem,
one can see the Fangsla in the celebration of Busu,
especially in the urban areas.
celebration of Hangseu Manaoba is led under the guidance of
selected leader Gajaibao. Besides this leader, they also have
boys’ leader called Nagahoja and girls’ leader called
Mathlahoja. In Dimasa, young boys or men are called Nagarao
and young girls or women are called Mathlarao. Hangseu
or Hangso is a youth organization of which both the
Nagarao and Mathlarao are members. They therefore work
hard day and night under the guidance of the said three leaders to
make the Hangseu Manaoba Busu a grand success.
first day is called Hangseu Busu Rajini Sthaiba, which means
the slaughtering day of animals by the village elders. In the
morning g the village deities are pacified by offering sacrifices
either pigs, fowls or goats by the elders group. As each village has
its own patron Madais, it therefore, is difficult to mention
the names of the Madais here to whom the people would offer.
But in every ritual Sibrai is remembered, as he is specially
considered as the main deity of the Dimasas. The Madais are
offered sacrifices to bless the celebration of the festival so that
no accident or untoward incidents take place during the time of
celebration. After the ritual ceremony is over a portion of the
sacrificial meat are then cook in the house of Khunang or
Gajaibao, and the rest are distributed to each household as per
their contribution. Then the village elder would feast together by
eating the meat and drinking the rice beer. The youths and children
are not allowed to join this feast, it is purely sacramental one.
This is called Mido garba.
second day is called Nagaraoni Sithaiba, which means
slaughtering day of the animals by the youths. In the morning the
buffalo which was solely bough by the Hangseus or youth
members is killed and prepared a portion of the meat for their grand
feast and the rest are distributed to each Hangso members.
Before they eat the cook meat, a handful of the meat curry is
offered to the deity Sibrai. While offering the meat to
Sibrai, the following sacred songs are pronounced by one and
all, so that they could have a blessed Busu.
Ningmijing ang mijing saimaiya,
Sibrai ribani saimaiba,
Sainjora dojijang sainmaiba,
Horjira dujijang hormaiba,
Waimusa gelekbo diodanang
Dimusa gelekbo didanang
Baithelik baihining lailadi adungrao
Lu thilik lu hi ning, lailadi
Not by our wishes,
But, because of Sibrai we see
Let us make merry and be happy,
as this day comes only but once.
and all saying the above songs, on behalf of the Busu leader
(Gajaibao), and Hangsong youths` association they hold
a community feast called Suba jiba. The whole day they eat,
drink and rejoice. In the evening, when the sun is about to set, the
youths hold a community singing fiesta called Bagaoba. The
song is sung generally in a position of standing in lines in a
procession type in the open space as if they recharged the spirit of
festivity in their midst. The following song is one of the oldest
songs of the Hangseu Busu, which is believed to have its
origin from the Zeme Princess. (It
is said that once a Dimasa Prince married a Zeme girl which is
traditionally considered to be the source of this song).
Baoring jawing jingswe,
Araonjai baoring jiwang jingse
Jiwang jingse sonai soni wangselei.
Jawring gainlao aki hangmai gao,
Heleo ronjai mairing gede gom
Aki longo kilong longba meser,
Gesemsa lairui nihangloba meser,
Gesemsa lairui lai.
Sengmai gaomai senem bamse,
Baigaoke atem maigao,
Goke naisong naigaoyalao,
Semringpake ningrimjen atem
procession is held to call the people to participate in the festival
forgiving debts and forgetting grievances, differences and enmity.
The second day ends in eating. Drinking and in entertaining guests,
friends and relatives.
day is called Busuma. It is considered as the main Busu
day. One this day the children or juniors show respect to their
elders and pay ceremonial homage to the elders and offer a Busu
present like a handful of cook meat and a cup full of rice beer. It
is done individually or collectively and is usually undertaken
within the 12 noon. This kind of ceremonial blessing is called
Busu Gaba. One this day not only pay homage to the living but
they also pay homage to the spirits of the dead of the preceding
year. This last offering of food and drink to the dead “homage
ritual” is known as Makhamgarkhaoba.
community feast is also arranged on this day. Every family
entertained people in the house with a handful of meat in a plantain
and a bamboo cup of Zu. In the afternoon the badailaiba
or traditional sports like longthailemba meaning stone
throwing and harong baiba meaning long-jump for the elders
are held. The winners are sometimes given prizes by the selected
persons like maidung and beseng. (maidung and
beseng are the two persons, 1st and 2nd in
rank who got more paddy than the others in the preceding year)
but traditionally, it is expected that the donations whether in cash
or in kind may be used for the feast. These competitions, held in
the spirit of friendship and understanding, are meant to entertain
and the people have fun and laugh.
sun goes down, on the courtyard of the Gajaibao a bonfire is
lit to warm up from the breezy cold night or to lighten the dancing
ground. The young boys and girls, men and women then put on their
best traditional dresses and ornaments to take part in the famous
Baiba dance. They perform various kinds of dances like
Baidima, Jaupinbani, Daislaibani, Jaubani, etc. The good dancers
are given prizes. The boys and girls merrily dance together to the
music of Khram and Muree throughout the night, while
old men and women and children assembled to witness the gleeful
dance of the youths. While watching the skill of their young ones,
old men, old women sometimes recalling their sweet bygone days even
join the dance for a while just for mirth and fun. A gallon of
drinks like Zu and Zudima in a bamboo tube and a
bundle peace of meat in a wrapped-up leaf plate are served to them
now and then. Drinks are an essential part of the festival and are
distributed in fresh pontho (bamboo tube cups) while meat is
served in plaintive leaves. While the old aged group cannot take
part in the entertainment, they gather in a Khunang house
sitting around the fireplace, chatting, joking and tell stories,
drinking, eating to their hearts` content. This is how the third day
and night passes by.
Sixth days :
fourth, fifth and sixth days are called Baikhaoba or
Jokhaoba. On these days too community feast are held. The days
are spent mainly in eating, drinking, singing and dancing and
merrymaking. People go from house to house to share the joy of the
festivity and each family provides them with ample food and drinks
by each family.
these days they will perform the dances in the court yard of the
selected well to do family and to the leaders house. This is called
Baisingba. This Social festivity continues till sixth noon.
In the morning of the sixth day the youth go round the village
singing, dancing and playing music. This is called digarlaiba.
For the last dance, they again assembled in the dancing ground by
performing the dance in merry go round. In the middle of the arena
they made a pothole in the ground and let a pitchful of water and
the blood of an earlier sacrificial buffalo, and make watery muddy
for playing purposes. After singing and dancing for sometime the
dancers, children along with their bachelors leader Nagahoja
or Mathlahoja facing to the main door of the house of
Gajaibao (Hangseu Busu Leader)and proceed as if in the coming
and going for three times. In the same time some youths behave like
monkeys and pull out the main door of the Gaijaibao`s house
replace it the new one. Pulling out the door may symbolize the end
of the Gajaibao`s responsibility. This is known as derga
khouma, meaning the door id pulled off. The pulled door was then
carried in procession to the river. During the procession they throw
the prepared watery muddy at each other in a playful way. This kind
of playing with mud is known as Didap Hulaiba. As soon as
they each the river the door is thrown in to the water and everyone
takes their bath. This simply signifies that the festival has comes
to an end.
Traditional Dress and Ornaments
Ornaments:- Kaudima, Khadu Kamaotai, Longbar, Pantaubar,
jongsama, Ligzao, Jingjri, Yausidam etc.
Traditional Musical Instruments
performances of any Dimasa dances the following instruments are
absolutely inseparable and indispensable.
wooden drum. It has a long wooden crust measuring about 1.25 meters.
The mouth of the right hand side of the Khram player is
called Jang Jang-ba. And the other, on the left of the
drummer is called Khumba. The different rhythmic patterns
played on the Khram are known as bathai.
is a long pipe consisting of three wooden pipes or sections and its
length is about 1.75 meters. It produces trumpet like sounds and in
every dance instead of singing a song this particular sound of music
guides and controls the enchanting movements of the dances. The
Murees are of two sizes, the small one is called Mureesa
and the bigger one is Mureema.
is a smaller Muree or Trumpet made from a special kind of
bamboo tube. It has six fingers keyhole, which are collectively
somewhat like an ancient Jewish harp is made from the reeds of the
dubong grass. The sound is producing by plucking with the
fingers as on the Mandolin.
the flute is made of small and thin bamboo.
(Courtesy: Cultural & Publicity Department, Dima Hasao Autonomous
FESTIVAL OF THE ZEME NAGAS
- Pauramduing Jeme
is the seed sowing festival of the Zeme Nagas of Dima Hasao. Each
Zeme Naga villages celebrates this festival annually according to
the convenience of the villagers during the jhum cultivation
season, that is in the month of March or April Helei-ngi is
sometimes known as Heleibambe. Helei means seed and bambe
means puja, Heleibambe, therefore, literally means the puja
of seeding or sowing. Generally, Heleingi is celebrated for
two or three days continuously. The first day is observed to invoke
and appease the spirit of the crops Chuprai by sacrificing
buffaloes and pigs Religious rites and sacrifices are generally
performed by the priest also known as Tingkupao, assisted by
some chosen elders. After rites and ritual performance comes to end,
the meat of the sacrificed animals is prepared for the grand feast
in the Hamgseuki or Paiki .Every member, young and old
alike enjoy the community feast so as to mark the happy occasion. In
the evening and at night young girls of the Leuseuki and
young boys of the Hangseuki starts singing and dancing in
sync with drum bells and gongs continuing throughout the night. On
the second day young and old alike to the jungle and river
collecting wild vegetables, hunting animals, birds, fish, prawns,
crabs, etc. By doing so whatever they collect if thus used again for
feasting. As rice beer is one of the indispensable items of the
feast, so a bamboo cup of rice beer and boil rice with meat goes
side by side with the occasion. The third and last evening is
particularly spent in singing on the street or caroling house to
house by the young folks. In this carol, after songs and blessed
works are offered to the household where they visit, as a token of
warm festivity the house owner in return usually gives what-ever he
wish to the youths in cash or kind. The collected cash or kind is
kept for the next festival.
the other festivals, entertainment and merry making, sports etc. are
strictly prohibited during the Helei-ngi. In fact holding
this festival is mean only to appease Chuprai the God of
crops, to protect whatever they would sow in their respective
jhums. So, Helei-ngi is celebrated under the strict
religious direction of Tingkupao, the village priest.
There are also many taboos to be strictly observed by all during the
important stages of the festival. One of the common beliefs is that
one should not go outside the village, or enter the village, and
also one should not do any kind of works. And Helei-ngi being
the festival of seeding, after its celebration one can begin their
sowing in the jhum until Nchang-ngi or the closing
completion of their hard labour in seedling and sowing in their
respective village, there is a puja called Nchang-ngi.
Generally this ritual day is observed in the month of June, two
months after the celebration of Helei-ngi. This is observed
in order to signify that the seedling and sowing period is over. As
seedling season is one of the most painstaking among the stages of
jhum cycle, Nchang-ngi therefore, is considered as one
of the most welcomed festival. As a mode of custom, it is in this
festival parent offer a grand supper to their laborious chilled like
meat, food and wine as much as they can, so as to nourish their
tired body. The ritual is performed only by the priest and one
should go according to his order. As it is a closing ceremony of the
seedling, season, after the Nchang-ngi ceremony no one is
expected to undertake seedling and sowing. It is totally prohibited.
month of September or October when the paddy and grains become ripe
and ready for harvest, then it is the time to celebrate the
Puakpat. Literally puakpat means ‘Period of scarcity is
over’. So far rice and crops are concerned, for an agrarian hills
villagers one of the worst season is said to be May to August, in
which their granary also becomes more or less empty. When one sees
his vegetables, crops and paddy ripening, one can make out that the
time for harvesting is not far behind and the period of scarcity is
over. Imagine the relief they would feel on celebrating this
festival. On the other hand this is also a thanks giving ritual
ceremony and a time for seeking blessing for the grains and crops,
so that they can harvest in good time. It also can be celebrated in
two manners. One is individual and the other collective. The first
day is the thanks giving day in which the village priest or
Tingkupao and elders perform rites and ritual in the
Hejuadekung by sacrificing animals and fowls. In case of
individuals, the second day-On the eve of the festival each family
prepare any kind of food and rice beer in their respective house and
deposits it in the Hangseuki. Through the guidance of the
leaders, the collected and stored items of food are arranged for a
grand feast and thus the mix-up varieties of foods are dined
together by the entire villagers. In case of collective celebration
the villagers kill the pigs and fowls according to their sufficiency
and hold a grand feast. Either individual or collective, this
festival lasts three days only.
It is in
this festival that pregnant women are treated with lots love and
respect by the bachelors of the Hangseuki .Sometimes they are
given gifts. This is mainly done, in order to reserve the baby of
the womb for their respective dekichang. In a large village
where there are two Hangseuki and two Leuseuki, the
members of each gender compete to woo the lady by giving giefts,in
order to get the would be new member in their respective fort.
Therefore, a pregnant woman of a large village gets more reputation
than the small one. In fact, in the Zeme tradition the day the baby
is born he or she is a member of the dekichang. His or her
name would be enrolled in one of the dekichang according to
her mother’s wishes. In this respect, the wife has more rights than
the husband as she is the bearer. Traditionally, the Zemes consider
that the Puakpat festival is a good one for the well being of
the women, so as Hega-ngi for the men. This is the custom. By
nature, universally a woman is regarded as a weak person, but this
good privilege given to the women at such days by their tradition is
noteworthy and praiseful. The Puakpat-ngi being a festival of
the ripening season of the crops and paddy, it therefore is believed
to be a blessed one for the women.
after the collection of crops and all sort of work is more or less
completed, ‘Nsim-ngi a festival of harvesting is observed
annually by the Zeme villages of Dima Hasao. Although it is a
harvesting festival, basically it is considered as a festival of
merry making of the youths. As such the kiangna or members of
the club, whatever they had earned from the whole year for their
association is used in this festival. The entire expenditure for
this particular feast is especially borne by the youths. As such
they call it as a festival of the youths. This joyous and grand
occasion usually fall in the month of November. Generally it last
for five days. But in the year where the villagers are blessed with
more bumper crops than the former years, they also celebrate it by
the name Haangleuteube and Matuibe. Among these two
names the former is small and the latter is the bigger one .In fact
of all the ceremonies of the Zeme, Matuibe is said to be the
grandest and biggest. It is also celebrated when bumper crops are
harvested continually for some year and this in turn brings
prosperity in the village. Hence it takes place for a gap of ten
years or so only. Therefore, Matuibe is considered as the
grandest and most famous of all the festival of the Zemes. Being a
prosperity feast, the Mathuibe alone is observed for seven
days and seven nights. On each day a grand feast is given to all the
villagers in the Hangseuki. After serving the children and
aged persons in the evening young boys and young girls feast
together in a single wooden long plate known as Chingkuak,
takkuak. The particular meal for these members are prepared only
by the Hangtingme or leader of the youth and served them too
accordingly. At night the leader of the Hangseuki arrange the
bonfire of three to four fire places in the hall. According to the
order of the leader of the bachelor and maidens alternately sit
together on a single beam long bench called Njunjei by
touching shoulder to shoulder and hand in hand. With the fireside
they sing songs with drumbeats like that of their forefathers.
Sitting in a relaxed posture they hold hands and swing them to and
fro like dancing paddy in the autumn. On intervals trays of meat
hanging on the fire side is prepared and distributed along-with
gallons of rice beer.
following chorus is one of the famous songs of the ‘Nsim-ngi
HELIM LEU GUT CHURAIBEGE TEU BELEU
Akihangki biang bam lei hang lim
Hang ket penai gau,akihang ki
Buipong ringka makka melai kum
HELEU ME WANGBE LEU
Helim limje,Ilim chi melei aki
Limsa seu helim –lim hangket pauki,
Ajai wang nchang genung.
is a year ending festival of the Zeme Nagas of Dima Hasao. It is
usually celebrated in the month of December or January every year.
It is last for five days. Hega-ngi being considered as the
year ending festival, it has some strict obligations right from the
beginning of the observation unlike the other celebrations. Apart
from singing and dancing, playing and merry making, following are
the main basic principals in regards to the observations of the
being a year ending festival, is sometimes considered as the
gayest of all the festival as the celebration is under taken in
December/January where one and all have more or less free time.
As the season is just after keeping their crops in their
grannies and the new jhum is yet to be prepared it
therefore is a free season for every one. From this philosophy
and speculative point of view, none who is able to participate
in a great number of Hega-ngi at different villages at
one season is considered to be the luckiest man on earth.
FESTIVAL OF THE HMARS
- Vanlal T. Bapui
Introduction of the tribes
The Hmars are a fairly large group of tribes,
sub-tribes, sub-tribes, clans and sub-clans forming a scattered
section of the tribal groups living in NE India. They form a part of
the great Mongolian race found all over South-East Asia. According
to Anthropologists, they belong to the Tibeto-Burman stock of the
Tibeto-Chinese race. Of this, linguistically they belong to the
Lushai-Kuki-Chin family. They are a distinct tribe having their own
culture and language.
no written records of their past history. However, their traditions
strongly maintain that they originated from Sinlung which is
believed to be located somewhere in South-Central China. Authorities
on ancient Oriental History like Colquhoun, A W Graham and Glover
Clarke mentioned about the periodic southward exodus of ethnic
minorities from Kuangton and Kuangsi provinces of China. The Hmars
are believed to have come along with one such migrations and the
reason of their migration has been largely supposed to be the coming
of the superior Chinese tribes.
be the reason, their ancient folk songs and oral traditions maintain
that they migrated to Shan in Myanmar where they settled. A great
famine drove them out and may have migrated towards the Himalayas.
Being unable to cross the high mountains, they retraced their steps
back into Myanmar and following the Chindwin River; they finally
settled the Kebaw valley for along time. Scholars believed that they
might have developed their folk dances and other cultural traditions
during that settlement. From there, they began their migration into
Indian territories which took place in several waves. They entered
the Lushai Hills of undivided Assam and settled the land. Many
places in Mizoram continue to be known by Hmar clan names like Thiak,
Zote, Khawbung, Lawitlang, Darngawn, Keivawm, Khawzawl, Lungtau etc
till today. From Mizoram, many migrated to further west and north
due to famine, inter-nescient raids and unfavourable living
conditions and became dispersed all over the southern areas of NE
India. Unfortunately for them, the re-organization of States and
political divisions further divided them and made them scattered
over almost all the States of North Eastern India.
celebrate a number of festivals where men and women, young and old,
gather together and make merriments; the festivals are of mainly two
kinds. While some are organized by individual families, others are
organized and celebrated by the entire village communities. The most
prominent feature of any of the festival is dancing which is known
as Lam. Dancing is often accompanied by the drinking of Zu
which is the tribal rice beer. Some of the important festivals are
is the foremost among the festivals of the Hmars. It is observed
during the winter season when all works at the field as well as at
home is more or less completed. The festival is organized for a
fortnight and may even extend to a month-long celebration. During
that time there will be singing of songs and community dancing every
night. It is a festival marking peace and all round prosperity and
therefore elaborate preparations are needed for the occasion. If
there be any serious sickness or bereavement in the village during
the year, the festival is postponed for the next year. Hence it is
not possible to organize the festival every year. Because of this
people expectantly look forward to Sikpui Ruoi whenever it is
possible to be organized. The importance being such, the people also
try their level best to settle disputes and try to be at peace with
all the people of the community. Every night, the people, young and
old alike, gathered together at the appointed venue to sing and to
dance. The festival signifies peace, health, success and abundance
in the village and hence, whenever organized, it is done with great
pomp and splendour, forgetting all past troubles and sufferings.
Preparation for the Dance
festival is to be enjoyed for a considerable period of time, the
preparation also requires that all should co-operate with each
other. Especially the young people are to be of one accord with a
firm determination. When a decision has been made to celebrate the
festival, the young people meet the elders of the village to obtain
their permission and to favour their blessings. When this is done,
they approached the song leader called Zaipu. On his part,
the chief also summons his council of elders and conferred with
them. If all parties agrees. Two pairs of young men and women are
appointed Lawmlaisa. It is their duty to extend invitation to
one and all in the village to dance the Sikpui. The Zaipu,
on their part, call together the young men and women and practice
singing the songs for the festival. The drums are mended and a
ceremony known as Khuongtuibur is performed, in which a horn
of a bison is tied to the biggest drum and Zu is poured over
it. This is done to bless the drums for best performances during the
venue, a flat land is chosen. In absence of a suitable flat land, a
plain area is prepared, cleaned and consecrated. In the middle of
the venue, Hringtlir is constructed. A large tree is usually
planted and around it seats are erected for the song leader, his
assistants, the old and the infirm of the village to take their
and women are dressed in their finest clothes. Hmar puon is
usually used by the men. Distinguished persons put on distinctive
clothes to show their achievements are bravery as well as success in
life. They wear the plumes of Vakul, a bird of paradise as
headdress along with Tawmlairang to tell their success in
hunting etc. the leader of the dance group will held a long sword
upright and will move it sideways as he dances. The men and the
women are alternately positioned as they dance.
put on Lung-um clothes and decorate their arms with Harban
and Chaupheng. They tie their loins with sashes and put on
the best ornaments of stringed beads as necklaces, and they put on
their best clothes for the dances.
dancers are alternately placed, the man leading and followed by the
woman and so on. The song leaders and the drummers are stationed in
the middle and the dancers encircle them while dancing.
dance is usually performed by the children of the village and is
called Durte Lam. The song leader commences singing and the
dancers enter the dancing arena. The dances do not involve much
complicated steps and some even amount to slow walks, and therefore,
they are not at all difficult. Swaying to they songs is all that is
done, but in doing this there certainly are some rhythmic movements.
The dance of the children is only for merriment and may last for the
first night only. Of course, children are allowed to dance as tail
dancers in all the other dances.
Sikpui, a number of dances are performed and are known by the
names of Thlawran Lam, Lamtluong Lam, Ketek Lam,
Anranlai Lam, Simsak Lam, and Tinna Lam. All
this dances are also performed around the song leader and drummers.
All the people join in the singing of the songs. The tempo and
repetitions of songs are regulated by the song leaders and the
drummers. On the tenth night Lamlaitan is performed and new
dance forms like Simsak and Palsawp are introduced.
Prior to Lamlaitan, these two dances are forbidden to be
performed. Zu is plentifully provided to the dancers and the
two new dances are danced with high spirits.
Conclusion of the Festival
dances are continued till Zawlsuok when the dances are
finally scheduled to be concluded. If there is rain during the
festival and dancers are not able to perform, at least the drums are
sounded to commemorate continuity. Finally at the end of the agreed
period of dancing, Zawsuok is performed. The dancers and
singers commenced their song and dance from the house of Zaipu.
The concluding dance will last for a night and a day. Before
Sikpui Zawlsuok, nightlong dances are held and in all preceding
nights, dances are organized till bed times only. At Sikpui
Zawsuok, the dance may continue for two whole days. The last
dance to be performed is Lawm anhroui Tuolsuok which normally
last for a day.
final night, the neighbouring villages, which may not have the
privilege to organize Siukpui Ruoi, are welcomed and allowed
to join as part of the celebration. The amazing nature is that
during all these times of dancing and singing, no animal or bird is
harmed or killed. The only entertainment is Zu. After the
performances of the concluding ceremonies, the Lawmlaisa are
not allowed to enter the arena and Sikpui comes to end with
all the people eagerly looking forward to the time that they will be
able to dance Sikpui once again.
Inchawng simply means `rich` or `wealthy` The Inchawng
festival is a big feast by the rich and wealthy person of the
village to celebrate or commemorate his success. Therefore, it is
also associated with a family worship. It can be of two types –Sielsun
also can be of two (i) Sun Fang and (ii) Se
hmaituok sun. Sunfant is when only one bison is killed, whereas
in the Sehmaituok sun, two bison are killed. The option
depends on the resources of the Inchawng. For exceptionally
rich persons, more than two bison are killed.
a rich person of the village announces his intentions, the young
people of the village gathered together to husk rice for preparation
of Zu as well as for consumption during the festival. This is
known as Chawng busuk. In a similar way, they also collect
fire-woods for cooking and lighting during the festivities.
will assign a suitable place near his house. A Y-shaped wooden post,
known as Sewer is made and firmly planted on the ground. Sawl
meaning greeneries are collected and planted near the Sipper. The
Sawl consists of seven young and straight Inkheieng Tuoi
(magar Sal), seven saplings of Inse thing, seven young
Mata trees, seven young bamboos, which are tied together with
Vawmhrik creeper vines.
appointed day, the marked bison is tied to the Sipper. It is fed
with boiled beans and made to drink plenty of water. Its legs are
bound and its tongue is pierced. In some places, the young men will
often play a form of bull-fighting sport with the bison. After it is
firmly tied, the village Priest comes and performs certain ritual,
reciting mantras in preparation of the bull as sacrificial offering.
The animal is pierced by the maternal uncle of the Inchawng
with one stroke at the armpit. Then its head is cut off, a Cornelius
bead is hung from one of its ears and a cowry shell on the other
method and ritual accompanying the killing of the animal may vary
from place to place. Sometimes, the host dresses himself before
sunrise with Thangsuo Puon (a
special cloth for warriors, successful hunters, and highly honoured
and a turban and comes to the spot. He is followed by the members of
his family. He pierced the bull with a spear at the axial (armpit)
making a small cut. He then goes back to the house straightway
without turning back. Then one by one the other members of the
family will push the spear further and further until it is killed.
While piercing the bull, the head of the family chants mantras which
are mainly for worshipping the ancestors:
khuon sienga ka Pi le Puhai rau nuor naw ro
zar ki zo, ki khatin zo naw ning;
nin nuor chun zo naw ning.
thangsuona ka suona, ken tangna ni sut ro
chunga Pathien, ka Puma Pathienhai,
Ki Pu … (naming
the ancestors) a Pathien.
ancestor’s spirit of old, do not be offended with me,
enjoyed your favour, let me not enjoy it alone,
success is mine as well; release me from what prevents me,
My ancestors, my Gods and Lords
My…(naming grandpas serially…)’s god.
may last from two to seven days, and during those days, the rich
host will treat the villagers with meat and drinks. There is much
eating and drinking during such festivals. The young people will
demand Zu and the children will demand meat. Until they
receive their legitimate share of Zu and mean, they will
shake the house of the host. For the Zu, they would sing –
Zu ngen e, zu ngen e,
Inchawng chawngin zu nei lova
Khuoivatepa’n zu nei e.
Zu, the rich has no Zu, but the honey-bee has Zu
would continue singing for the mean –
e, sa ngen e,
chawngin sa nei lova,
Saratangpan’n sa nei e…
meat, the rich has no mean,
monitor lizard has meat.
also sing other songs while shaking the house of the host till the
family of the host comes out and offers them meat and Zu.
Sometimes, if the host takes his time in coming out, they will even
sing songs of curses. But such are not real curses, but done in
playful mood. As their demands are met, they will change the
wordings of the songs to that of blessings for the host.
Inchawng-Sielsun is a great entertainment given by the very rich
and generous people.
is the second form of Inchawng. It is also a public feast
given by the chief or the rich of the village. In big Sielsun
festivals, this is organized as a supplementary ceremony, but it can
be performed as a separate festival. The villagers prepare a big
Hlang (a platform made of bamboos) in which they carry a big
drum to be beaten. The host or his youngest son and his nephew is
made to sit on the platform. The entire contraption is taken up and
carried on the shoulder by the villagers. A pompous procession is
made from the outskirt of the village to the house of the host,
passing through the main street of the village. The host or the
entertainer throws away cornelian beads and other ornaments to the
young people who scramble for the gifts.
is a distinctive festival organized by prominent hunters and
warriors. This may be organized as a supplementary ceremony during
major Sielsun but it may also be done separately as a
festival. A public feast is prepared by the host (the celebrant).
During such ceremony, all the village people will prepare a big
litter in which they carry the host with all the dried skulls of the
wild animals and human skulls that he had bagged. The skulls are the
trophies of successful warriors and hunters. The people make a big
procession along the streets of the village with the litter.
festival can be performed for any success. When a person bags
ferocious wild animal in hunting, or when a brave warrior brought
home heads of the enemy, or when a person achieved all-round success
in cultivation resulting in abundance of food and drinks, the
ceremony can be performed. The ceremony for successful hunting is
Sa-in-ei, the one for the enemy’s head is Rallu-in-ei,
and the one for abundance of food and drink is Bu-in-ei.
In-ei festival, the host will provide food and drink and the
villagers will organize singing and dancing. Victory songs such as
Hlado are usually sung during such festivals. The host or any
other successful hunters may join in the singing of victory songs.
have various kinds and forms of dances for various occasions and
ceremonies befitting the occasions. Some of these dances have almost
been forgotten. Most of the typical Hmar dances are still remembered
in the District of North Cachar Hills of Assam among different
sub-tribes and clans. The following are some of the prominent dances
an ancient victory dance. It is performed in honour of successful
warriors and great hunters. The Hranglam songs are believed
to be among the oldest songs of the Hmar people. They hearken the
past glories as well as the miseries of the people in different
stages of their past history.
dance may also be called the Pipe dance because it is performed to
the accompaniment of playing of small bamboo flutes (pipes) of
different sizes and length to produce different pitches of sound.
The dancers themselves blow the pipes to play certain tunes of music
as they dance in circle, the males and females positioned
alternately. The leader of the dance conducts the dancing with the
beating of a drum which he carried. He can also play the flute while
beating the drum and dancing. A gong is also sounded at intervals,
and victory songs Hlado are sung by the successful hunters
and warriors. This is one of the popular dances performed during any
This is a
colourful dance performed as a gesture of welcome accorded to a
distinguished visitor to the village. It is also called Chawn Lam
and the rich are often entertained during Inchawng festivals.
The dancers dance around in circle, holding on to two corners of
Hmar puon cloth and making movement of pulling down the
corners to accompany the bending of the legs on the knees.
This is a
war dance and is performed during big festivals. Each of the dancers
carries a shield in his left hand and a sword in his right. He
brandishes the sword and moves the shield swiftly as he dances.
Songs of victory are sung and this is mainly the dance of the men
folk and warriors.
or Vai Lam
This is a
royal dance accorded to the Chief. It resembles the dances of the
people of the plains and hence the name Vai Lam. It is
performed by two or more dancing girls during the coronation of the
village Chief, or high officials like the Kalim in some
This is a
peculiar dance performed during Sa-in-ei as the hunter’s
dance. The dance imitates how the hunter has killed the animal with
the use of his spear. A spear is held in position of throwing by the
dancers, and imitates the hunter as he stalks the prey.
This is a
common dance. It is most elaborate and is performed with orchestral
music. It is performed to the accompaniment of a set of gongs of
different sizes called Dar-bu, Rawsem and Chawngpereng.
Theihle is the flute made from Bamboo, Rawsem is a reed
instrument made with gourd and bamboo tubes, Chawngpereng is
another bamboo pipe instrument. Dar Lam is usually performed during
threshing of rice paddy.
This is a
dance performed as dancers sow the seeds of rice in the jhums.
It is a community activity of sowing rather and cannot be strictly
said to be a dance form. However, orchestrated movement and singing
with drums to the accompaniment of sowing with hand hoe in the
field. And therefore may be said to be a dance form.
there are a number of other forms of dances which are no longer
danced and have become obsolete and forgotten. Some dances are
performed at random, whereas there are others that needs elaborate
preparations. There are many folk songs for every occasion. Besides
what has been mentioned there are also folk musical instruments like
Bison horns, tingtang, darbenthek, darmang, darkhuong,
darlaipawng etc which are also in use.
FESTIVALS OF THE KUKIS
- Neingkhothling Doungel
INTRODUCTION OF THE TRIBE
Kuki referred to the hill tribes of the elsewhere independent people
whose settlement and power was well acknowledge and recognized even
by the British. The origin of the Kukis is shrouded with myths and
mythologies. The traditional account that had been handed through
generations and maintained strongly is that, the Kukis originated
from the bowels of the earth or a cave called ‘Chinlung’ or
‘Shinlung’ or ‘Khul’, which is believed to be located
somewhere in China. There are not much written records about their
past histories. But various historians, anthropologists, writers and
academicians mention about their past histories, rich culture and
traditions, besides their physical features, their prowess and
velour and they have been known for being a mighty hunter.
They are a fairly large group of tribes,
sub-tribes, clans and sub-clans spread throughout the contiguous
region in the North-eastern states of Assam, Manipur, Mizoram,
Nagaland and Tripura and in Burma and Chittagong Hills track in
The Kukis form a part of the great
Mongolian race. They belong to the Tibeto-Burman family of the
(Grierson, G A (ed)
Tibeto-Burman Family: Specimens of the Kuki-Chin and Burma Groups)
Lushai Expedition 1871-1872”,
R G Woodthorpe described the Kukis (Kookies) as a “...fierce
tribe inhabiting the lofty hills to the south of Manipur, Cachar and
a portion of the territory to the south-west of Cachar, known as
Independent Hill Tipperah, from the earliest times and who had been
the terror of the surrounding country, and whom successive military
expeditions had failed to subdue...”
The ‘dispersal’ of the people by the existing international
boundaries is the result of initial British colonialists’
deliberations. By the late nineteenth-century, however, when British
colonialism came in contact with the people, the identity Kuki had
crystallized to represent a significant section of the ethnic
OF THE KUKIS
The Kukis have rich traditions and cultural
heritage that are distinct and unique, interesting, and impressive.
The land of the Kukis is blessed with rich
of the people abounds with the heroic adventures of Galngam le
Hangsai, Chemtattepu, Lengbante, Jamdil, Sangah le Ahpi etc.
The poignant romances of Khupting le Ngambom, Jonlhing le
Nanglhun, Changkhatpu le Ahshijolneng, Khalvomtepu le
Lenchonghoi; and folktales, such as Chipinthei le Mailangkoh,
and others, represent the rich variety of the Kuki culture.
have several festivals celebrated since the time of their ancestors.
It may be mentioned that the ancestors performed many rites and
rituals as part of their religious beliefs, many of them being
performed to invoke their ‘god’ whom they called ‘Pu-then’
or ‘Pathen’ and seek his blessings for their well-being
and prosperity. These rites and rituals form an important component
in their festivals. While most of the festivals are celebrated in
honor of the great warrior and hunters when they are back from
hunting with the kill or prey, others are celebrated as an occasion
of great joy and merriment after a rich harvest from jhum
cultivation and before the onset of the next jhuming season.
The rich customs, culture and traditions of the Kukis, a legacy from
their forefathers are one of the best organized and well reflected
by the numerous festivals celebrated by the Kukis with great pomp
and gaiety and with pride till today.
feast is generally organized at the time of festivals. The most
prominent and significant feature in any of the festivals is
‘Lam’ or ‘dance’. Old and young alike used to dance to the tune
of different traditional musical instruments and folk-songs, and
chant songs of praise in honour of the great warrior and hunters.
Drinking of different kinds of ‘Ju’ (traditional rice beer)
such as ‘Vaai-ju’ ‘Ju-ning’ ‘Ju-kha’ and ‘An-thom’
epitomized the celebration of the festivals.
the important festivals of the Kukis are-
This is the most highly prized feast of the lot and can only be
performed by those who have done the Sa-ai three times. In
this everything has to be done seven times. Seven ‘‘mithun’s’
are to be killed and everything else must be in multiples of seven.
This has not been done for a very long time and so the exact rites
are not clearly known. A person is supposed to have achieved a high
social status only when he entertains the community with a grand
feast. Thus, it becomes significant that one puts on as much show
and sacrifice in the form of many ‘‘mithun’s’ as far as
possible. It was originally done by Kuki himself. Even the songs and
genealogical trees had to be repeated seven times. The whole
ceremony takes days to complete and the expense incurred being
fabulous. A person who performs the Chon ceremony in his lifetime
such person after his death, his corpse had to be carried round
seven times and everything pertaining to burial rites had to be done
seven times. For that they resorted to smoking the bodies of such
persons to avoid decomposition before the entire rites are
The performances of the Chon gave the soul of that person a
paramount seat in Mithikho (the village of death) and insure
eternal happiness. Chon was basically a feast where the performers
show off the wealth of his family. Thanksgiving ceremony is
performed in honour of his ancestor whose blessings have brought him
wealth and prosperity. It takes several days to perform this feast.
Villagers and neighboring folks congregate for this celebration,
feasting, dancing, drinking of ‘Ju’ (rice beer) and merry
making marked this auspicious occasion.
is a feast celebrated by the entire village in honour of the
womenfolk. It is significantly a celebration of bountiful harvest of
paddy ‘chang’ at the end of the season. It signifies success
and accomplishment by the women, of their hard work and labour in
the jhum all throughout the year. This festival is equivalent
to the SA-AI, which is performed in honour of the great
hunters. This festival reflects the status and prestige of the women
in the Kuki society, which they hold with pride and dignity.
festival is usually hosted as a symbol of status and pride only by
the wives of the Chiefs or of a very wealthy man as it is an
expensive affair. On the day of ‘Chang-Ai’, women who have
performed this feast are permitted to wear the dark blue cloth or
shawl with intricate embroidery at the two ends in red and white
cotton, which is the ‘Thang-nang puon’.
festival begins with invitation sent to kith and kin. In the
evening, prior to the day of ‘Chang-Ai, announcement is made
by the ‘khosung lhang-va’ regarding the celebration of the
festival. It is repeated early in the morning on the big day and the
entire village then proceeds towards the field from where begins the
‘Chang-Ai’ festival. A priest called ‘Thempu’ leads
the community. He performs the rituals by reciting mantras to invoke
the ‘god of paddy’ called ‘Chang-lha kou pathen’. The priest
then puts bowls of paddy into the bamboo basket/bowl or bags of each
individual and as he does this, he remains silent and undisturbed.
Once the priest finished doing the rituals, the entire villagers
proceed back to the village to the house of the person performing
‘Chang-Ai’. As they proceed, the villagers broadcast and throw
the paddy on all sides along the way and shout ‘heijam’ a
victory cry, accompanied by the sounds of ‘pheiphit’, which
is a traditional flute. This is necessarily done in order to please
the ‘Chang lha pou Pathen’ for his blessings.
performing the ‘Chang-Ai’ then feed the entire village. A yak
‘sel’ or a buffalo ‘‘mithun’’ is sacrificed for the
grand feast. She puts up a platform about 6 inches above the ground
level. Small upright stones representing the numbers of the women’s
‘beng’, basket of paddy are placed on the platform, which are
consumed on that day. On the centre of the platform two stones are
placed upright, one larger than the other which is known as ‘SHONG-MUOL’
(Spirit stone). This stone does not represent the spirit of the
woman performing the ‘Chang-Ai’ or of her husband, rather it
is placed for the ‘Pathen’ or Supreme God to know where ‘Chang-ai’
has been performed before he selects a good place at ‘MITHI-KHO’
(Village of the death) for the one performing the ‘Chang-ai’.
feast can be performed only three times by a person. Singing of folk
songs, dancing to the tune of different traditional musical
instruments and drinking of ‘Ju’ goes on for the whole day
and night in the house of the person performing the “Chang-Ai’.
Apart from these, traditional sports such as ‘siel tuol del’
(catching of let loose ‘mithun’), ‘siel kal’ (high
jump or jumping over the yak), ‘bonkho’ (wrestling)
and ‘lhochil dances’ are also performed on the day. The
entire village celebrated this festival with great enthusiasm, with
great pomp and show.
The great Hunters’ ritual:
Sa-ai ritual is performed by a great hunter to gain complete
dominance over the spirit of the killed animals. The sheer act of
the killing of the animals, as is believe, is not effective enough
for the hunter to have total dominance over the killed animals.
According to legends, if the spirits of the killed animals are left
unsaddled and are not brought under the hunter’s control they may
afflict the hunters spirit during his life time and even after his
death. By performing the ritual of Sa-ai during his lifetime
the hunters gains absolute control over the spirits of the killed
performed only by hunter of great eminence and caliber who have the
distinction of killing large numbers of animals, particularly
elephant and tigers, besides other small and big animals.
Preparation of the SA-AI:
Arrangements are made by the hunter in advance for the Sa-ai.
First of all he collects all the Skulls of the killed animals.
Sufficient quantity of wine is kept ready by the female members of
his household for initial discussion for fixing the date for the
wine is ready and the skulls are collected, the hunter invites the
priest and the chief of the village along with the Tucha, Becha
and the other elders of the village to his house. Offering them wine
to sip the hunter tells them about his desire to perform Sa-ai
and seeks their help. A date is then fixed for the observance of
Tucha and Becha are entrusted by the hunter to prepare
sufficient quantity of wine and Tuhpah for the occasion.
yard is prepared by the Tucha and the Becha with the
help of the youths in front of the hunter’s house.
Requirements for performing SA-AI
It is an elevated platform raised on wooden posts by interlacing
crushed bamboo lengths, with space for about thirty persons at a
time. The platform is made at a height of about six feet and is
enclosed on three sides with a network of thin bamboo slats. At the
entrance a block of wood with notches is placed as a ladder.
is a wooden post erected for tying the ‘mithun’ during the
Sa-ai rituals. The Selkhom is made from the trunk of
Sething (Oak tree) and is about 12ft. high with a girth of about
50 inches. The top of the pole branches out in three directions. A
notch is cut round the pole to hole the rope.
Thing-giel is a square wooden block of about three feet
height, which is made by the Becha of the hunter. Lives are
chiseled out in a geometrical design on all sides of the block. Each
live represents an animal killed by the hunter. The upper portion of
the Thing-giel is made gradually smaller and a hole is made
on its top. A piece of bamboo or wooden staff is put in the hole.
on the Thing-giel are cut in such an intricate manner that
even an intelligent person is puzzled in counting the lives. This is
done deliberately to obstruct the spirit of a tiger killed by the
hunter in completing the count of the lives. It is believed that, if
the tiger’s spirit is able to finish the count of the lives on the
Thing-giel, the hunter is distressed grievously during
lifetime and after death as well. Further, a contrivance called
lheh-leng, is suspended stop a post put up near the
thinggiel. It produces a capering sound when shaken by the wind.
It is believe that the noisy sound disturbs the tiger’s spirit while
it counts the lives.
evening before the day of commencement of the Sa-ai, the
Becha performs the formal ceremony of invitation to all the
persons. Wine is serving to the guests by the
Tucha of the hosts. The guests in return, offer to the host the
wine they have brought from their houses. This wine is called
‘PHUNGPI JU’. The Becha then formally makes the
announcement about the proposed ritual of Sa-ai to commence on the
the morning on the next day, the Becha and Tucha bring
the “SOL” (a collection of three green bamboo culms) from the
of ‘Sething’ wood, measuring about 4 feet in length and
called as ‘nung khom’ is collected. ‘Vangui’ a
creeper and a couple of two-pronged small branches of a tree are
also collected. The two branches are called Sa-mol khom.
These are set up as a stand to hold the twigs, called ‘Samol’.
Each twig represents a skull of an animal killed by the hunter.
the morning on the day of Sa-ai, the Tucha and
Becha dress the hunter in the cloths of a woman. Dressed as a
woman, the hunter takes a spinning spindle made from the knee bones
of an elephant and strikes on the scull of a tiger. This action,
according to legend, symbolizes the bravery of the Kuki woman who
first killed a tiger using her spinning spindle. This is how the
Sa-ai ritual begins in the presence of the invited guests.
hunter then gets back into his own cloths, and with his bows and
arrows performs the mock action of shooting the tiger through the
forehead. This is observed in solemn silence by all those present,
as if it were real affairs. After the mock killing of the tiger, the
hunter hold the bows and arrows in his hand, jumps over the tiger’s
skull several times and uttered the following words sarcastically in
a sneering tone, denoting total subjugation of the tiger.
Nang ngamton chapa,
Nadung ka chop, chop khop lou,
ka pu jou lou, na pa’n ka pa jou lou,
Nangin kei nei jou lou tin angiel
“Vi – hi – hi “ ati.
O you tiger though you are the son
The length of your body appears to
be so insignificant.
O you dead tiger
I can jump over your body as many
As I like and that too, both
lengthwise and breadth wise –
Not to speak if you, Even your
Fore-father could not defeat my father and my
you too are subjugated by me.
hunters then jump and yell a shrilling victory cry. A group of young
people called the tiger’s party then tied the replica of the tiger
with its skull and then start moving around the village, making a
sound, like the roar of a tiger. Another group of young persons,
playing Gongs and Drums, start moving in a clock wise direction
around the village. When they come nearer to the tiger’s party, they
obstruct their way making more noise.
purpose of this action is to signify that the men of the village are
always alert to drive away and kill any tiger intruding into the
village. It also indicates that not to speak of a living tiger, even
the spirit of the dead one is not allowed to enter the village and
that every tiger, living or dead, must always remain subdued by men.
out by the men party, the tiger-party takes away the skull and the
skin of the tiger outside the village at the periphery, where they
suspended the tiger-skin on a cross-bar and the skull on the
three-pronged top of posts.
parties then stand opposite each other and sing the ‘Sa la’, song of
Ka in sah a Keisan pi kuol ngiel nguol,
Hangin lhouve lhum mei jong daije,
Eija eija chin kho noija,
Lho le mi ka cherng khome,
A hangjou thijang daije,
Eija eija hei cham gam laije,
Pa mang um na kho saije cham gam taije,
Eija seijadam gam laije, Patong um na kho saije,
Eija eija cham gam laija,
Sahol keipa bon nang sel na-e.
striped tiger with its reddish skin prowls at the foothill in search
of prey, near a house perched high above, seeing it, the villagers
from all sides surround the tiger raising the cry –
– and kills the tiger.
flames extinguished of a fire,
spirit of the tiger is vanquished.
is now dead and its carcass cold.
cold water of the hilly brook.
yells the crowd and says:
tiger you came from your lair
jungle where wild grass grow –
village and sought contest in fight against Pamang,
village hunter, and Patong, the weapon maker.
the crowd shouts and says,
tiger you attack Pamang, the hunter,
place where the trail gets narrow.
the hunter grappled, causing
subjugation and death to you.
singing the song, both the parties proceed to the hunter’s house and
prepare for erecting the ‘Nungkhom’ and the ‘Sol’. The
‘Tucha’ also dig holes for erection of the stone block,
called Sa-Song. After the ‘nungkhom’ ‘Sol’ and Sa-song
are erected, the priest performs a separate ritual called ‘ai-san’.
Kuki means wild turmeric and is very significant and very important
in Kuki traditional rituals. This ritual ‘ai-san’ is done to beseech
the blessings of ‘Ailhimpinu and ‘Ailhimpipa’ for the
hunters to attain success.
priest slices the ‘ai’ with a ‘dao’ and if the sliced
piece of ‘ai’ falls turning upward, it is considered as a sign of
good luck for the hunter, if instead, the ash-smeared slice of the
‘ai’ falls with its surface upward, it is considered as a
sign of bad luck.
The next part of the Sa-ai ritual is the ‘Sel bonchon’,
which means wrestling with the ‘‘mithun’’. The ‘‘mithun’’
is tied to the ‘Selkhom’ a post, and about forty to sixty
persons stand around the ‘mithun’ and perform the
body-swaying movements with handclapping. A few young persons then
wrestle with the ‘‘mithun’’ and try to bewilder the animal.
This ritual is more of an entertainment and competition for the
youths to show their strength and bravery rather than to show their
strength and bravery rather than to ritual itself. There are conical
and almost clownish interludes in the game providing plenty of
laughter and fun when some old people try to jump over the
‘‘mithun’’ making grotesque postures.
end of the game, the ‘‘mithun’’ as such is bought to the
hunter’s house and the ‘Seljangboh’, a rite, is performed.
This rite is performed before the ‘mithun’ is killed. The
hunter stands by the side of the ‘mithun’ with his wife on
the left. On the other side of the ‘mithun’ stands the priest
facing the hunter sprinkling drops of wine on the ‘mithun’,
the priest’s chants an incantation, which is hardly intelligible to
senior most elder of the hunter’s clan then kills the ‘mithun’
with a sharp pointed end of a bamboo spike or with a spear. After
the ‘mithun’ is killed, all the people stand in circle around
the dead ‘mithun’ and perform the ‘Selpanglam’.
part of the Sa-ai is called the Sel-mei-lah. The
hunter with his wife, his Tucha and the Becha and some
elders of the village along with the priest nominate a person of his
own clan with whom the hunter has full faith and confidence. It
signifies the hunter’s total confidence on the nominated person that
he will stand by him in times of calamity and misfortune caused by
this rite, the ‘mithun’ is chopped and as per tradition
distribution of meat is done for the most honourable and the dearest
person of the family.
work of distribution is over, the meat is made ready by the Tucha
for cooking. During these activities, drinking of wine goes on in
unabated gusto and every one is in a very joyous mood. The Tucha
of the hunter’s family brings out several large earthen pitchers of
wine for the guests. Boys and girls too are served with wine so as
to make everyone get extravagantly merry.
drinking ceremony is followed by the grand feast where the hunter
(host) dines together with his kith and kin and his guests.
grand feast, drinking of wine goes on with dancing and singing all
through the night. This is called ‘Sajanha’.
purpose of ‘Sajanha’ is to keep on with the singing, dancing
and drinking all through the night in celebration of the hunter’s
complete dominance and victory over the spirits of the animals
killed by him.
and singing continues through the next whole day and night after the
guests have left. This is done by the b ‘lom’. They all eat
together again in the hunter’s house. At night the hunter prepares a
wine called ‘Lom lhah na Ju’ specially for the younger
folk. Young folks sing some songs which are called ‘Lom la’.
ritual of ‘Sa-ai’ end when the boys and girls finally depart from
the hunter’s house, singing love – songs or ‘Dongma la’.
another ritual practiced by the member of a LOM. At this
celebration of LOM – KIVAH reveals the integration of the
Kukis in our ancestor times. The ‘mithun’ is to be killed in this
feast of Lom-kivah. On the first day an exciting even takes place
where every boy tries to demonstrate his individual prowess and
grapples with the tied ‘mithun’. While wrestling takes place, old
and young, men and women drink ‘JU’ and the night is spent in
singing and dancing.
second day of Lom-kivah requires the boys and girls to sing
and dance in the courtyard of well to do persons in the village. For
the celebration of this ritual to be a success, the services of
Lom-Becha, Lom-Tucha, Lom-lhangva, Female Lom-upa is
required. During this ritual the Lom-Upanu serves a special
wine of honour called Lal-Ju. The wine prepared by the girls
is called Jutep special meat called SAPANG is served
to the Semang – Pachong and HAUSA of the village,
SELJU wine is also served and distributed in three rounds. In a
spirit of mirth and hilarity wine is poured into the mouth of
dancing partners. Inspite of the participation of young and old
alike in the ceremony there is no clash of opinions between them.
This is because there is in the traditional Kuki custom, a reverence
towards those in authority a tradition consecrated by the society.
The ceremonies performed and rituals observed are considered most
sacred by the members of the Kuki society. The members of the ‘Lom’
sing in the house of the person who is celebrating Lom-Kivah
rituals. A feast is then laid out for them in this house. After the
feast, the ‘LOM’ members go to spend the night in the house of
‘Hausa’. The next night the ‘Lom’ members take leave of the
house owner and departs bidding farewell, while the house owner
pleads with them to stay on. In this way the ‘Lom’ members
sing and gradually depart bringing the ‘Lom-kivah’ ritual to
feast is quite similar to Lom-kivah. This festival is
observed by the ‘SOM-GIE’ group, the permission of the
‘Hausa’ is first sought, and when it has been granted, the ‘Thempu’
offers a sacrifice of a few chunks of heart meat and a little of
greasy meat to appease the evil spirits and makes an incantation.
Thus, propitiation of evil spirits takes place before the feast
begins. Following this, the villagers’ part takes the feast served
by the ‘Som-gie’. Dancing, singing and drinking of ‘JU’
continue the whole night, till the early hours in the morning. The
first day is called ‘Som-kivah pini’. The second days
functions are called ‘Som-kivah Sapang, Ju-choini.
Here pitchers of wine with measuring sticks called ‘Leng’ and
sipping pipes are given. All are supposed to sip from a set of Jars.
This sipping of wine is called ‘JU-TUILUON’. The third day
function is called ‘In-nei-Ju-buhni’. Drinking of wine and
merriment continues in the midst of singing and dancing. The last
days function is called ‘Ju-chih-don-ni’. Where the best
quality of wine preserved is drank in a Mug. The owner of the house
also offers wine called ‘Som-lhah-Ju’. Early the next morning
the guests leave the house and the Tucha and Becha clean the house,
drink the remaining wine and the ‘Som-kivah’ ritual comes to
a close. In any social or religious celebration, the rituals
performed are mostly for the propitiation of evil spirit. There is
always excessive drinking of wine which often leads to intoxication
of the villagers in the Kuki society.
literary Chavang means autumn and Kut means festival.
So, Chavang- Kut means autumn festival. It is usually
celebrated in the month of November or December after harvesting
season is over. As we must say after all works of the farmers are
retired. It is celebrated only when the farmers or villagers have a
complete retirement from all works of cultivation. It was a time for
the villagers to have amusement after the whole year toiling under
the heavy monsoon season and it is a time for the villagers to give
thanks to ‘Pathen’ (God) for guiding the whole year in their
works of life.
sooner the harvest season is over; the village Chief ‘Hausa’
and his minister Semang-Pachong arrange the programme of
Kut celebration in their village before 2 to 3 weeks ahead. On
the day of the Kut ceremony, the village priests in the early
morning offer a sacrifice of White fowl to appease the evil spirit
and make an incantation. Thus after a well preparation of the
villager the celebration begin as all the villager will come out in
a traditional dresses proceeds to the ‘Hausa’s courtyard
where the ceremony is to be held. The village women bring their ‘JU’
fermented rice-beer in their pitcher. The women folks served the ‘JU’
and at the same time games or sport like Bonkho, Suhkho, Kungkal,
Selkal etc. continued to play till the noon.
evening approach the grand feast prepared for all were served to
each and every one with un-limited dish. As the night approach the
youth of the village set up the bon-fire in several places from the
gathered fire woods then to begin the moods of the Kuts the
woman served again the ‘JU’ the singing, the dances of the
merry making and Jokes continued till late night.
modern day the Chavang-Kut festival lasted for two days. Its
normally begins on the 31st October with an evening
programme of songs, dances and various cultural items. The most
exciting items of the evening were Mr. & Miss Chavang-Kut
day-long programme is observed on the 1st November. The
villagers gathered in the public ground at 8 am. The chief host
inaugurates the by offering prayer by 9 am. The chief guest hoists
the Chavang-kut flag. After the flag hoisting ceremony was
over, the cultural dances were displayed from different groups.
meantime, the felicitation is given to the toppers and young
achievers who have done the community proud by excelling in their
respective field of studies. A certificate of appreciation is
awarded to them. The village chief, community leaders and other
guests give speeches on Peace and harmony and national integrity.
The whole day were observed with playing games. In the evening the
popular artistes and invitees display their talent followed by
distribution of prizes to the winner of Mr & Miss Kut. The
people enjoy the function with great enthusiasm. The youngsters
display different kinds of dances as well as the comedian gives
exciting shows. The people eagerly wait for the result of the last
night. The show goes on up till midnight. The organizer announces
the result of the competition of each item. The people enjoy the
show and laugh at the top of their voice, shaking hands and embrace
traditional musical instruments of the Kukis
the important traditional musical instruments are - Kho’ng-pi
(big drum), Kho’ng-cha (small drum), Dah-pi (gong),
Pe’ngkul (trumpet), Gosem (bagpipe), Theile
(flute), Pheiphi’t (whistle), Se’lki (horn),
Lhe’mlhei (a peculiar mouth instrument) etc. These instruments
were useful not only for raising the festive spirit, but also for
adding solemnity to certain serious occasions.
Folk Dances of the Kukis
vachih lei thai
saipi khupsuh lam
sagol phei khai lam
sel pang lam
TRADITIONAL DRESSES OF THE KUKIS
PON MONG VOM
LEN BUONG THOM
PON JEM NEI
HAH LE CHAO
FESTIVAL OF THE HRANGKHOLS
- Lalphirthang Hrangkhol
The Hrangkhols believe the
supreme God, called ‘Pathien’ also believe the existence in
various kind of Gods such as the Hills, the River, the range etc.
The customary religious performances are celebrated with social
festival or feast in season throughout the year.
other tribe the Hrangkhols observes a number of community festivals,
they are more or less related with agriculture and life style of the
nature. After hard occupation of Jhum at day time, only few
hours of the night is left for rest, in this period the youth group
of boys and girls use to go to the aged men of the village to learn
the folk songs, to listen the traditional legends etc. The most
important festivals are:-
important festival Ruolsafak means feasting together. It is a
harvesting festival as well as the bedding goodbye to the passing
year and welcome the new year with fresh and prosperity the day was
not fixed, the festival was celebrated according to the convenience
of the village, during the last part of January and first part of
February, But since 1998, the 1st February, the Dima
Autonomous Council warmly welcomed the festival and has declared as
the Local Holiday every year.
observance of the festival, both boys and girls of the village (Kho-tangva)
take the leading parts under the leadership of TANGVA ULIEN.
The preparation started well ahead of the time of the actual
celebration. The earning (Vengasuo ilho) of the village youth
(Khotangva), by doing physical labour and the earnings from
village women (Kho-nupui) are spent in the festival. In some
village, the youth cultivate a patch of Jhum land themselves
and what ever earnings they could get from the cultivated land, is
spent for the celebration of the festival. This festival is
celebrated for two or three days continuously.
collecting the required money for celebrating the festival, a
meeting is held in the village to select the venue (Tunkung)
of the festival. Generally the Tunkungs is select by turn of
village head’s (Kho-kalim) residence or to the conveniences
of the villagers.
selecting the Tunkung, the youths starts to make the place
suitable for celebration, constructs pandal and collects fuel, water
etc. The Tunkung holder will get one day service from youth
in his Jhum work on free of cost for next year.
day, early in the morning the village Priest (Kho-ochai)
along with his co-elders purifying themselves by taking bath
solemnizes the ceremony, performing the ritual TARPA PHAK, or
pray to God, sacrifice an elder cock and hen and cooked it with rice
called Nempok. After eating the Nempok with Zu
(rice beer) the priest announces and declares the festival and its
purpose to the people. He and his co-elders hold fasting till noon.
season as there is no hard work, so people passed the time by
hunting, fisting etc. In fact, this RUOLSAFAK is also time of
rejoicing and merry making, thus the village youth kills big pigs or
a buffalo for a grand feast to suffice their needs. While chapping
the meat a group of young boys steal some meat from chapping place
for themselves and other will chase them called SERAPHIT as
the mark of enjoyment.
of grand feast with meat, rice beer (Zu), now singing and
dancing are main components of this festival with traditional dress.
The aged men and women are may enjoy apart from the youth.
day is for competition (RUOL SIET) on traditional game and
sports and for other variety programme. At the night all have a mini
feast (dinner). The aged men and elder person give blessings and
guidance to younger boys and girls. On the very day the people were
in one accord, discontentment, enmity, anguish are supposed to be
wipe away by forgive and forget, thus the RUOLSAFAK festival
ceremony ends for the year.
CHEMCHOINA / BAHNAR INSUK
festival is related to cultivation, in fact just before the Jhum
cutting season. When the villagers have selected their own land
sites, during the first part of March, the entry gate (daikot)
of the village is well decorated by bamboo splits. The word CHEM
means dao and CHOINA means handling, this festival is
to save people from unwanted accident and hurt while working in the
Jhum and for the good crops, protection from pests and
damage. A performance of eldership (PUONPU CHOI) is arranged
and only male child up to the age five to eight years participated
morning hours the priest with his co-elders performed CHEM CHOINA
ritual by fowls end pig near the decorated gate (DAIKOT) of
the village. While the priest is performing the ritual works,
villagers or out spiders one not allowed to enter or out of the
village, even the women are also restricted to come out from their
house and the five of hearth extinguished fully .There acts are
called “KHOSER” this will be last until the further discuss
is passed by the priest.
ritual performance is over, the village people engaged to make fine
by rubbing/friction by a spited bamboo with bamboo strings on the
village ground. there is a mode of competition among then, that who
will make fine first, one is awarded, As well as the new holly fine
is come out , there built a bon fine for their hearth. Then every
house is resumed their cooking with the holly fine. It is to recall/
remember the ancient time, the fine was too precious, and so every
one’s hearth was not extinguished till the next holly fine is
that the people of the village enjoy with singing end dancing for
the day. There is no heavy feast, only the ZU (rice beer) is
Parngot festival is for the youth boys and girls for merry
making, mocking, and rejoicing and seeking friends each other, it
may say the kind of carnival enjoyment. This festival is not
celebrated annually, mostly it take place during the month of April
according to the convenience of the village youths, it last for two
Par means flower Ngot means to collect/plucked the wild
flowers from tree. The wild flower means Orchids (dang hang, Ruol
tei, Chemjem, Nem eng etc.)
day from early morning the youths set out to collect the wild
flowers/ Orchids to the jungle, on singing the traditional love song
etc by parting the age group. When the TOLAI (PALAMKEEN made
of bamboo) is full enough with the flowers, they carried on
shoulders by shouting in joy, to the selected house (TUNKUNG).
The Tunkung is selected where youth girls are there. On
reaching the Tunkung, they are offers Zu (rice beer)
served by the youth girls of the village. Now the flowers
distributed among themselves and every one adorns their hairs and
ears, also decorated each of the house by hanged as the mark of
happy PARNGOT DAY (happy carnival day) And thus celebrate the
festival by drinking Zu with enjoyment by cracking jokes,
making merry, singing and dancing throughout the day and night. In
this theme is no heavy feast, light refreshment may serve if
FESTIVAL of THE Rongmei
- Buithan Rongmei
- Royal Rongmei
CHAKAAN – GAAN NGAI
It is one of the greatest and joyous annual festivals of Rongmei
Nagas, celebrated in the winter (Chakaan) between December
and January of the year. As usual just after the harvesting and
collection of all kinds of food-grains in their barns/ store –
houses is over after hard working for many days and months, the
villagers, mostly the youths both boys and girls use to get
recreation with joy in this festival. The important highlights are -
joyous chorus of ho, ho.
Games & Sports like High Jump, Long Jump, Stone throwing, etc.
Entertainment of elders, relatives, friends, guest with drinks,
meat, food, etc.
and merry making.
and so on, continued for 3 to 5 days.
It is a
celebration commemorating the bravery deeds of village Champions
who sacrificed their lives in protecting the villagers against the
enemies, who won victory over the village enemies in defense of the
village, those who secure success in hunting or fighting. It is
celebrated in the month of February of the year. This celebration is
particularly meant for man folk only and not for females who are
prohibited from participation in this festival. During this festival
all types of men/ are prohibited from taking food or any kind of
thing prepared by women. Hence all men are to prepare food or drink
for themselves separately in a common place till the celebration in
over. The highlights of the festival are-
& sharpening of all kinds of fighting weapons, arms and ammunition
with deployments to the public.
Recitation of war hymns, rites, songs, stories.
Rededication of all able men collectively to the God in the defense
of the village.
procession of youths with full armors from one end to the other end
of the village with the chorus of “Ho, Ho”, jumping, singing and
shouting victory and challenging the enemies.
spear throwing, shooting.
games and sports.
recitation of Warrior talks, war hymns, war rites, etc. by the
elderly men, and so on.
the celebration for piercing the ears of the baby children (NUKON
ROUMEI), and offering the thanks giving to the mother – goddess,
DAA-MPAAPUI in the month of March of the year. The highlights
of the festival are:-
NAASANGSAAN – MEI LU
throughout the night invoking the goddess for procreation of more
Piercing the ears of the baby children by the youths with needle and
: A celebration of seeking blessings for the child (new
baby) with ceremonial administration by pouring Jangngao (a
kind of wine) together with pressed ginger over the forehead of the
baby by the local Priest (Mu).
Offering and distribution of sweets, meats fishes, hens, pork,
fruits, fresh vegetables, etc. in the name of the baby child
glorifying the goddess, to the children, old men and old women.
: Performance of dance by the old men and old women in each
house-hold of the baby child concerned praising the Goddess with the
stimulating sexual songs. (Tulamroi Kathoumei Khatni row-rupui lu
roi son na keomei) and such performance is concluded with
blessing song called KON KON PUI LIU at the end of the
procreation of more children.
the festival celebrated for greeting and entertaining the guests
coming from different houses, clans, tribes or communities from
different places or villages in the month of April of each year. The
highlights of the festival are-
and entertaining of Guests with the delicious food, meat, fishes,
chicken, pork, drinks etc.
Interested youths (boys and girls) organized sight-seeing on lofty
hill peaks, water-falls, lakes, having picnic in jungles, plucking
jungle flowers and new leaves, etc.
sports including races, wrestling, whereas the young girls play the
game of “GAA KAPINMEI” with the jungle Nuts of circular shape
like the wild creepers beans.
It is a
festival of taking the tasty ginger-curry soup cooked with the
chicken or pork mixing with the ginger spices, chilies and salt
celebrated usually in the month of May of the year. Men, Women,
whether young or old, including children take enjoyment by taking
ginger curry soup which purify the blood and are meant for good
object of this celebration is to praise the Goddess of food-stuff,
food-seeds with songs of KATU KAWMEI invoking the Goddess to
supply the good seeds for production of abundant food-crops in the
coming year. The highlights of the festival are-
and drinking of Ginger curry soup.
Entertaining of relatives and friends.
– Prohibition the villagers from tilling or cutting the Ground or
– To organize and have picnic in the jungle by erecting flags at the
highest point of the location.
celebrated in the month of July of the year just after the
completion of field cultivation. The main objective of this festival
is to invoke Goddess of food-seeds (Nap khatni Fulling
Ponpu Sinmei Raa) for enhancing the production in coming years.
in Rainy season)
It is a
festival of recreation after the hard labour by cleaning fields of
growing paddy plants and celebrated in the month of August. The
highlights of the festival are-
youths undertake the following social works for the welfare of the
and cutting footpath and roads.
and construction of culverts, suspension bridges. Therefore, it is
also called – CHANNGSU PUMDON NGAI, means the festival of
celebrated in the first part of December of the year for assessing
the Talents (KALOTS) of villagers by measuring the produce
collected by each house-hold as if the Annual Exhibition of
Agriculture products of the village. The first and second prizes (sual)
are awarded to the highest and 2nd highest producers by
TRADITIONAL ORNAMENTS AND ATTIRES OF RONGMEI NAGA
Male and the other for Female, and further there are different
varieties of dresses and customs of both man and woman according to
social status and age in the society.
Sinei Pheipon :- Young boy’s shawl.
2. Inthemphei :- Young
3. Pheingao :- For
both youth / adult man.
4. Langthu Pheingao :-
5. Koukhram Pheingao :- For old man.
6. Langbong Phei
:- Ordinary shawl for young man.
7. Laakpu Phaipong :- Ordinary
shawl for married man.
8. Chingkhong Phei :-Decorated
shawl for prominent men who attains a high status in the
1. Langlan 7. Phaikam
2. Songnai 8. BangChakiu
3. Senlam 9. Taan Tadu
4. Laangsem 10. Vei Tu
5. Chei & Laa Ngton 11. Killed
orchid slits with case
Lengrinaphai : -For little young
Pheingao Pheisoi : -Long Skirts.
3. Langjin Pheisoi
4. Kinmei Pheisoi
: -For young.
5. Kharam Pheisoi : -Girls as
well as women.
. Khamtaang Phei.
1. Langhu Pheisoi
3. Pheilaak Bungkam
decorated head gear.
6. Pidong :- Head Crown.
7. Vei Tinggiam :- Earring.
8. Taan & Tadu :- Armlet.
9. Baanteng Taa :- Bracelet.
10.Tadan Tu, Vei Tu, Tapok Tu, Kaangchu Tu :-
11. Counch & glass beads, red pebbles, etc.
:- Traditional Dance attires for
:- Dance attires for girls.
Karapai nsuai-mei pheiban
of Women and elderly Women (mekhela)
kai bam puan khatni pang puan
of girls for wearing in any occasion as well as at home
khatni karapow baran phei
of old men and middle aged men.
:- Young boys Shawl.
lam puan ntu le nta.
:- Nechlace and bangles used for dancing
khatni ntumei dadow guai
Traditional instruments used by boys and girls.
:- Traditional way of weaving.
kaduai pui mang
:- Women making thread ball.
dances of Rongmei performed during the festivals (each item of
dances has specific meaning with different types of beatings) are
Hoilaam : -Male Folk Dance with Ho-ho cry
Gaan Laam : -Dance performed by young boys only.
Tunaa Laam : -Dance performed by young girls only.
Laam : -Cricket Dance performed by both boys and
Talaam Laam : -Butterfly dance performed by both boys and
Khoinguna Laam : -Bee dance performed by both boys and girls.
Makhom Laam : -A special dance from Makhom village, performed
both boys and girls.
of Drums in different rhythms with particular kinds of regular
succession and recurrence. These rhythms of drum beating were
invented by CHOU and MONGDING according to Rongmei
important rhythms are: -
Chou le Mongding. (b) Ting-thin khong khol.
khenchong (d) Hoikaw khong.
khong (f) Theiymei khong etc.
Khuangpui -Big drum.
Khuangna -Small drum.
Siamu -Brass gong.
Guaichai -Flute made of Mithuns horn.
Siamman -Small cymbals or bell.
Pio - Two small bamboos for
each clapping sound.
Han -A large bamboo tube for
stamping in the ground to make sound.
Tao khongmei -Mouth organ.
monmei - A music played by with an
indigenous flute made of tiny reed-bamboo species.
Raah gaatmei - Violin.
Mhubung raahbung - Guitar.
Intaao Khongmei - Mouth organ.
Semmu - A circular gong with
semi-ball shooting up in the centre for stroking with fist
producing the humming
echo of music in long thrilling sound.
Senkheng - Cymbal of a oair round
brass plates producing clanging sound by stroking
the Rongmei people are very fond of songs. Both Ladies and Gents
enjoy their life in singing songs and they greet and entertain their
fellow friends with melody songs, etc. Whenever, a person feels
disappointed or sad he or she used to express their melancholy or
lamentation in songs. The Rongmeis have many classes of songs with
different sub-songs according to the purposes, seasons, etc. Some of
Kalum Lu - Hymn or worshiping
Lu - War songs.
Maku-baanlu Lu - Highest
traditional & religious
Lujaam - Common
Laam Lu - Folk dance
Lamlan Lu - Friends Love
Mangui Lu - Love songs.
Kailong ronlu - Village defense songs.
Laofun Lu - Cultivation
songs during tilling the ground.
Katu Kaw Lu - Seeking good seed
Naasang Saan Lu - Songs for blessings of
Majaa Lu - Harvesting
Sing Lu - High classic
songs for competitions.
Chapaa Lu - High classic
songs for competitions.
Luphai & Ludung - High classic songs
Konkonpui Lu - A
kind of benedictory songs and so on.
LAM – LU
carrying dance song)
puan guang heilu maipu
puan sin sum lo
kin riu gai matha bam
Ni yeh !
the young boys and beautiful girls
performing the water carrying dance
river they are bringing water;
what a blessed generation ! ! !
themselves with their beautiful
beautiful sight to see them?
Performing the water carrying dance;
for the beginning of winter festival.
Oh ! !
what a beautiful sight
Bill dance song)
chamdin gwang rai loo ! ! !
nijee athian mai.
lui mei raengsuni kumei
raeng nale raengdai kaliam
We came to see our young boys
girls performing the beautiful
dance in our native village !!!
young and beautiful ones
received your love & invitation !!
come like the horn bill flight.
What a beautiful and blessed view,
like the horn bill flights.
Young & beautiful ones
reminds us our youthful days !!!
blessed & beautiful
being your generation,
be beautiful like the horn bill birds.
- Zahid Ahmed Tapadar
- Mojari Ronghi
The Karbis, mentioned as the Mikir in
the Constitution Order of the Government of
are one of the major ethnic groups in North-east India and they are
the principal tribal community in the
Besides Karbi Anglong district, the Karbi inhabited areas include
Balijan circle of
East Khasi Hills
Apart from Assam, the Karbis are also recognised as Scheduled Tribes
in Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland. With a population of around 4
lacs 60 thousand as per 2001 Census, the Karbis constitutes the
third largest tribal community in Assam after the Bodos and the
Racially the Karbis belong to the Mongoloid group and linguistically
they belong to the Tibeto-Burman group. The original home of the
various people speaking Tibeto-Burman languages was in western China
near the Yang-Tee-Kiang and the Howang-ho rivers and from these
places they went down the courses of the Brahmaputra, the Chindwin
and the Irrawaddy and entered India and Burma. The Kabis, alongwith
others entered Assam from Central Asia in one of the waves of
The folk-lores of the Karbis, however, indicate that during the long
past, once they used to live on the banks of the rivers the Kalang
and the Kapili and the entire Kajiranga area, the famous National
Park situated in Assam, was within their habitation. During the
reigns of the Kachari kings, they were driven to the hills and some
of them entered into Jaintia hills, the erstwhile Jaintia kingdom
and lived under the Jaintia suzerainty.
While a section of the Karbis remained in the Jaintia kingdom,
others moved towards north-east by crossing the river Barapani, a
tributory of the Kapili and entered into the Rongkhang Ranges. There
they established their capital at a place called Socheng. The Karbis
who migrated to the Ahom kingdom had to face the Burmese invasion.
The Burmese who invaded Assam perpetrated inhumane oppression on the
people. The Karbis took refuge in the deep jungles and high hills
leaving their hearth and home in the sub-mountain regions. In order
to save themselves from the greedy eyes of the Burmese invaders, the
young Karbi girls started to use a black line from the forehead to
the chin which is known a “DUK” with a view to making them ugly
looking. While some of the Karbis migrated to lower Assam, some had
crossed the Brahmaputra and settled in the north bank.
The Karbi language belongs to the
group of the
subgroup of the
language family. Notable Karbi scholars like Padmasri Prof. Rongbong
Terang and Dr. Phukan Ch. Phangcho in their writings have pointed
out the simmilarities between Karbi language and the Kuki-Chin
(Lushai). However, it is of interest to mention at this point that
in the Linguistic Survey of India, conducted under the supervision
Abraham Grierson, the Karbi
language has been categorized between the Bodo language group on one
hand and the Kuki-Chin and Naga language group on the other.
Like most of the languages of the hill tribes of the North-east,
Karbi also does not have its own script and is written in the Roman
script, however it is sometimes written in Assamese script too. Some
of the earliest written texts in Karbi were brought to light due to
the efforts of the missionaries of the Christian missionaries,
especially the American Baptist Mission and the Catholic Church. The
missionaries brought out a newspaper in Karbi titled Birta as early
as 1903. Rev. R.E. Neighbor's ‘Vocabulary of English and Mikir,
with Illustrative Sentences’ published in 1878, which can be
called the ‘first’ Karbi ‘Dictionary’, Sardoka Perrin Kay’s ‘English-Mikir
Dictionary’ published in 1904, Sir Charles Lyall and Edward
Stack's ‘The Mikirs’ in 1908, the first ethnographic details on the
Karbis and G.D. Walker's ‘A Dictionary of the Mikir Language’
published in 1925 are some of the earliest important books on the
Karbis and the Karbi language and grammar.
The Karbis have a rich oral tradition. The Mosera, a lengthy
folk narrative that describes the origin and migration ordeal of the
Karbis which literally means ‘recalling the past’ is one such
The Sabin Alun, yet another traditional oral narrative
relates the legend of Prince Rama (Ram in Karbi), Lakshmana (Lokhon
or Khon) and Princess Sita (Sinta Kungri) in the traditional Karbi
and rural setting where Sinta Kungri is adept in weaving clothes and
helps her father Bamonpo (Janaka) in his Jhum fields. However,
Sabin Alun is not a widely accepted tradition, and it seems to
be of recent origin. Many Karbi themselves argue that Sabin Alun is
probably an adaptation from the Ramayana, composed when some Karbi
people were converted into Hinduism in the sixteenth century CE.
Culture and tradition
The Karbis are a Bi-lineal, (where both the lineage from the mother
as well as father is equally important) society and the Karbis have
five clans called “KUR”. These are Terang, Teron, Enghee.
Ingti and Timung. Each of the five clans has a number of Sub-clans.
While Enghee and Timung have thirty sub-clans each, Terang have
fifteen sub clans, Teron have nine sub-clans, and the remaining clan
Ingti has only six sub-clans. These clans are completely exogamous
and marriage between a boy and a girl belonging to the same clan can
never take place since the children of the same clan are considered
as brothers and sisters. Violation of this customary law obviously
leads to ex-communication of the couple involved. Even in the
cremation ground called Tipit or Thiri, area is kept
demarcated for each clan. Although all the five clans are socially
on an equality, Ingti being a priestly clan was supposed to have a
higher status in former times.
Although, monogamy is the prevailing practice, there is no bar to
polygamy and the cases of polygamy are very rare. Cross-cousin
marriage is a preferential one. Like other tribal societies, the
Karbis do not have the system of bride price. After marriage, the
wife continues to use the surname of her father. But the children
assume the title of their father. Thus, the Karbis follow the
patriarchal system of family structure.
The settlement pattern of the Karbis is in the form of a village.
Each village has a headman called Gaonbura or Sarthe
who is appointed by the authority of Autonomous Council. But each
revenue village has a number of hamlets situated kilometers apart.
Each of the hamlets has also a Gaonbura. In Dima Hasao, the
Karbi village is named after the small streams or rivers, hill or a
popular name of trees. The Karbis, like the other hill tribes, have
a tendency to live on the hill tops.
Most of the Karbis still practice their traditional belief system,
however, there is also a significant proportion of Karbis who follow
Christianity. The practitioner of traditional religion believes in
reincarnation and honours the ancestors, besides the traditional
deities like Hemphu and Mukrang.
The Karbis have their traditional dresses which are artistically
designed. These dresses are woven at their family looms. There are
separate dresses for men and women.
The aged men use an artistically designed shirt called
Choy-nangpo and the shirt used by the young men is called
Choy-hongthor. The men use a loin cloth called Rikong.
The Karbi women and girls generally use Pinicamflak, a piece
of cloth tied around the waist like a Mekhela. A piece of
artistic cloth is used by them to cover the upper part of their body
and it is called Pe-kok. A very highly artistic waist band
called Wankok is also used by every woman and girl. The
ladies use coloured and striped Endi scarf called
Khongjari during winter.
The Karbis traditionally practice jhum cultivation (slash and burn
cultivation) in the hills. They grow variety of crops which include
foodgrains, vegetables and fruits like rice, maize, potato, tapioca,
beans, ginger and turmeric. They are quiet self-sufficient and have
homestead gardens with betel nut, jackfruit, oranges, pineapple,
etc. which fulfill their nutritional as well as food needs. However,
with the integration of the traditional lifestyle with the market
economy, many of the traditional institutions and way of life has
been left damaged, bringing about unending sufferings on the people.
Festival of the Karbies
Among the festivals observed by the Karbis, mention may be made of
The spot for “Chojun” is when “ancestors” are propitiated is
generally selected near the house of the family which wishes to
perform the ritual. The deities in this festival are Barithe, Sar
Arnam, Arni and the Hi:i and other smaller deities.
Hemphu, the greatest God of the Karbis is also propitiated. The
ritual is performed for the welfare of the family.
Rongker is performed at the beginning of the New Year by
propitiating the different deities for the well being of the entire
village. The deities are worshipped by all the elderly male people
of the village so that with their blessings the people of the
village could be free from diseases, natural calamities during the
year and the families could have a good harvest. The women are not
allowed to enter into the worship arena.
There is another kind of Rongker performed in a greater scale. This
type of Rongker which is performed at the beginning of every 5 years
is called Wofong Rongke. This Wofong Rongker is performed for the
well-being of all the people of the villages that fall within a
larger jurisdiction. Each village is represented by the village
headman and a number of village elders (males only) in the
performance of the Wofong Rongker. While the Rongker performed for a
village is only of one day’s duration, the Wofong Rongker continues
for two days.
Sok-keroi festival is observed at the end of every harvesting
season. The ripened paddy is cut and taken to a place specially
cleared in the field. Then the paddy is husked on the floor and the
paddy is collected. A large number of young men go and collect paddy
in bags and bring them home. There starts a great rejoicing and the
young ones dance to their hearts’ content. Sok-keroi means ‘carrying
of the paddy’ from the field. In the festival, one person is
selected as the leader who provides the leadership in dancing and
singing. He is called Lunsepo . He is the director of singing
The Hacha-Kekan is not exactly based on the folk-tales. Hacha-Kekan
festival is associated with post harvest rejoicings. There is no
fear element in it and there is no need to propitiate any god. Hence
it is to be assumed that the Hacha-Kekan is secular in its
activities and differs substantially from another festival -
Rongker. Because, the latter needs the propitiation of God.
historical background of Hacha-Kekan is like this. Once upon a time
there was a village. Among the villagers there are four or five
families members were held a small meeting and decided that the
present village is now became very old and numbers. So another new
village is to be settled. Rukasen is one of the leaders. One
day he told one of his followers to collect some rice, eggs and one
hard bowl made of wooden. One a good day they went somewhere in
searches of a suitable place for settling a new village. Then they
found a suitable place called RONGKULAR for settling a new
place. Rukasen told one of his followers called PHERANGKE
means messengers to bring rice, eggs and bowl for omen and praising
to almighty god and asked Goddess whether the chosen place is good
for settling a new village or Jhuming. Then at night a dreams
appeared to Rukasen that three beautiful young girls came
across the river and met Rukasen and love him and wanted to
marry him. On the next morning he told to his followers about his
dream. They became amazed that the dreams come true. It means that
the chosen place is good enough for settling a new village. After a
few days they started for construction of their houses. At first
they settled only three families. In that moment two of them went
down somewhere searching a place for jhum cultivation etc. Lastly
they found a hillock called CHEKSO ANGLONG for jhum
cultivation and cultivate accordingly. Slowly more than 100 families
were settled permanently. After that they have plenty of paddy and
other properties and became rich. Rukasen became the Gaon
Burah of the village. Again they held a meeting one day solving
that by the grace of almighty god we had a lot of paddy, we should
give thanks to him (god). So how to give thanks to almighty God is
to have a beautiful festival called Sok kepam or Hachakekan.
nights are preferred for the celebration of the Hachakekan, so that
they can enjoy the festive amusement in its delighted way under the
natural light of Mother Nature. On the first day of morning the
priest perform rites and rituals by sacrificing animals and birds to
the goddess of wealth, and they prey upon the deity for the
protection of the harvest from the pests/ insects, wild animals in
future. The whole day is spent in feasting by drinking horlang
or rice bear with ok or pork. During the festival days relatives and
other villages are also invited. Hachakekan is purely a male dance.
The songs and dance mostly depicts the historical background of the
settlement of the Karbis village, how the village came into being.
The songs of the Hachakekan is known as Rongkim Alun means
song of the settlement of the village and the dance was introduced
by the Karbi poet Rukasen. There is no musical instrument during
this festival but through the harmony and rhythmical notes of the
music and the young the boys dance hand in hand in the moonlit
night. The songs are mostly traditional and proverbs types. One of
such kind of song is as follows:
ke rongkular binong,
chephang nangkim chudon than
E kasen a
chekso a malong
malong khalang dong
malong khalang dong,
pen jaidi phurikong,
takso pangkep dong
hanjar nang kardon
ta keku thethan,
tehang nanglum jong,
tim pen him along,
anle dovan nang lang chom
ru kasen senglong
newreng kaso rengjong
kaseng kaso rengjong
kathilake chupen sirungjong
pen chenanthi jujong
chengvai lam chedan
kuleng a bijon
kunangji au vangbon
chengvai lam chedon
kathi muti nanglongpon
kuleng pen vangbon
eju loti dochomdan,
kim dovari along,
Although, the Karbis perform the funeral ceremony at the time of the
cremation of the deceased, they also perform the death ceremony
called Chomangkan at a later date for the eternal peace of the
deceased. It is the most elaborate and expensive socio-religious
ceremony of the Karbis, which continues for four days and four
nights non-stop. The ceremony does not require any formal invitation
and all are welcome to it. In spite of the sad undertone, it is an
important occasion for the family to welcome all with great warmth.
They come in batches and everyone carries a symbolical and
ceremonial totem with five branches. At the top of main totem, there
is a wooden “Vo-jaru” (racket-tailed drongo). The totem is
called “Jambili Athon”. This is the symbolical representation
of the tribe and it is also the symbol of clan unity. The Jambili
is a very interesting phenomenon. The tribe has five Kurs or clans
and the Jambili has five branches. Under the cover of it, the
Karbis listen the story of their origin. It is called “Muchera
is made of wooden consisting of 8 feet length and three branches
with nicely decorated designed. According to Sri Sarbong Enghi,
former Gaon Burah of Umrongso village firstly the Jambili
athon was made by Jorprop Phancho. One day all the senior
leaders gathered in one place and took a decision that as the Karbis
were living scattered in large area of the district and for the
welfare of the society and maintain in harmony we have to divide
three parts (1) Durong area (2) Nongkerla area and the
other (3) Chongkhili area. Jambili athon should be
made in one decorated and styled but according to the inhabited area
it should make three branches. A bird called VOJARUI shall be
on the topmost as a symbol of chief judges and a kind of small bird
called Voleng Bengcheret shall be on the top of three
branches. Some necklace beads and sobai (cowries) were nicely
decorated on Jambili athon for good looking. Once who
supposed to be observe Chomkan will invite area-wise. So that
they will participate in festival and bring their own Jambili
athon. Thus Jambili athon is made.
Karbis have good numbers of traditional dances and songs in
different festivals. Ok-kepru festival is one of the oldest
traditional festivals of the Karbis. It is observed during when the
Ritnongchingdi festival begin, meaning working together in
the Jhum. It is generally observed in the month of April and May.
All the young boys and girls of the village get together and working
in the Jhum happily and make joyous with feasting singing, dancing
together by displaying the art of cultivation through the rhythmical
tune of the Muri tongpo and chengburup (small drum).
hard working they took rest and during this time some young girls
were collecting firewood and fetching water and prepare midday meal,
while the young boys are going nearby the jungle to collect some
leaf for plate, wild vegetable etc. During the search of leaf and
wild vegetable they went down to the stream and saw some fish are
playing in the river as the river is thin and dry. As soon as they
collect one of the powerful tree fruits poisonous called Ruthe
but most commonly used is Rumet, the roots of a creepers both
commonly called Hiru. They beat the Ruthe and Rumet
on the stone or pluck, mixed and make juice and allowed to float in
the water which turns the water milky in colour. The fish then came
out and running here and there as they are drunk and finally died
and they picked up.
collected fish then cooked and all the young boys and girls working
together in the Jhum were eating happily. The remaining uncooked
fish if any then distributed equally among them. At this moment some
of them were engaged and married in a beautiful traditional ways.
age old common community fishing festival is one of the most leisure
moments among the community outdoors games of the Karbis. Therefore
the leaders of Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao Autonomous Council
declared a Holiday on 6th April every year as Ok-kepru
festival for the Karbi community. A few songs of the Ok-kepru
are as follows:-
Kepru paju pre
Korpi hanri be,
Chire dei chire.
Chire dei chire
Chotur pa saine,
Chekung pen nune,
Chire dei chire,
Kopaile do te,
Longji ok kithe.
Dearest one, please be careful, catch even small and brown fish
before, if you are lucky, you will
get big fish.
size. It is used during the festival of
Pongsi: Fluite, made of a small bamboo. It can be used at any
time as it is a melodious sound.
Krongchoi: Mouth organ made of one small piece of bamboo and
small piece of iron. It can make a melodious sound
Cheng Drum: Made of a wooden. It is used during the festival
Dresses of Women or Girls
A kind of garments in different kind of stripe.
sarpi: A small cloth with three colourful strips,
black red and with same as shawl.
kok: A small cloth wrapped over the body.
Pe-Jisso : A small cloth wrapped
over the breast.
kok : A long narrow strip of
embroidered cloth tied over the waist.
Dresses of Man
festival of Chomangkan and other big puja.
hongthor: A kind of jacket, it can be use at any occasion.
Choi-ik: A black colour shirt
Choi-ang: A red colour shirt.
during the time of Chomangkan and other big puja festival.
waist (tied) hanged some Sobai (cowrie) both end to make sound. It
only during the time of Chomangkan and Nimsokirung dance.
A men’s brass earring.
Prinsoroi: A silver bracelet.
ruve : A silver necklace.
Nothengpi: A large earring made of silver in designed
usually put on by women.
aroi: A large silver bungle put on wrist of women
lokso: A women necklace made of white beads.
sika : A kind of necklace made of silver of one
rupee fifty paise and 25 paise coins with
Festival of the Jaintias
- Sylvia Suchiang
origin and historical back ground
Khynriam, U Pnar, U Bhoi, U War,
U dei U
paid Khasi baiar”
Khynriam, the Pnar, the Bhoi, and the War,
are the people of entire Khasi Nation”. These four branches of tribe
sprang from the same racial stock. It was often the practice under
British rule to designate the entire tribes by a single name, the
Khasis. The Khasis are a Paleo-Mongoloid people the earliest wave of
the Mongolian invaders. They speak an Austric tongue, Mon-Khmer;
have adopted different accent and dialect in course of their
wandering long before they settled in their present respective
habitat. Of them the Pnar or Synteng was probably the
older branch of the tribe. Significantly, it preferred to be called
itself ‘Pnar’ or the original people. The name ‘Synteng’,
was given to the Pnar by the Khynriam, when
they conquered the Jaintia Kingdom of Sylhet. However, the Pnar
or Synteng adopted another designation, ‘The Jaintias’.
The Raja of Jaintia kingdom and his family was converted to
Hinduism. Side by side, worship of natural forces was also
prevalent. Thus a great deal of Syncretism in religion was taking
place, whose base was ‘animisms’ but its upper layer was the
Jaintia kingdom comprised of both hills and adjacent plains of
erstwhile Sylhet with its capital at Jaintiapur, 15 Km from Sylhet
with three distinct provinces, the plains territories in Sylhet (Jaintia
Parganas), second the Jaintia hills and the third the plain
territories bordering Assam. The Anglo-Burmese war shook the
foundation of not only the Jaintias but all the princely states, (Ahoms,
Manipur and Kacharis etc). The treaty of Yandaboo signed between the
British and the Burmese on 26 February 1826 AD changed the course of
history forever. On 15th March 1835 AD, under the last
Jaintia Raja Rajendra Singh, the kingdom of Jaintia was annexed by
the British on the pretext of human sacrifice. The advance of the
British had a far reaching effect on - the land, society, economic,
tradition, heritage, festival and specially religion of the Jaintias.
The Jaintias are now found in the Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya, Dima
Hasao and Karbi Anglong districts of Assam. And the Jaintias of the
Jaintia parganas mostly migrated to the adjacent districts of
Karimganj, Hailakandi, Cachar and along the River Jatinga valley and
reached Jatinga, in Dima Hasao by the end of the nineteenth century.
Jaintias, who settled in the plain of Sylhet, embraced Sanskritic
culture before the advent of the British. But the most remarkable
social institution is the system of matriarchy or matrilineal.
Therefore the Khasi-Jaintia social institution may be regarded as
Unique. A characteristic feature of the Khasi-Jaintia matrilineal is
the succession of the daughters to the family property. Especially
the youngest daughter called the ‘Khadduh’ or ‘Khonruid`
is vested with the ‘custody’ to the main family processions and as
such is expected to observe the traditional family rites and
ceremonies, any violation of which may entail social disapprobation.
Marriage is an important event, not only because it is sacramental
but also due to the changes it brings about in the residence pattern
of the husband. There is no greater sin than to marry within one’s
clan. Marriage is strictly exogamous. Marriage within the clan pays
the penalty to be disowned or outcaste from the tribe. The husband
resides with his wife in his Mother-in-law’s house and children
born, takes the title or clan of the mother.
predominance of women in all spheres of life and the respect and
honour in which they are held is undoubtedly the hallmarks of the
Khasi and Jaintia society .But it does not imply that males has no
role to play in the family and the society. The most important and
respected member in the Jaintia society next to mother is the
maternal uncle (U Kni) who has special authority to the
conduct and management of his sisters family. Another remarkable
feature of the society is the extreme clannishness. The entire
society is a conglomeration of clans which is called ‘Kurs`
or ‘Jaits` The mothers are consider as the founders of the
clans but the heads are always male members ( the senior most
Festival of the Jaintias
‘Festival` means a series of performance of music, plays, dances,
games, rituals etc usually organized in the same place once a year
or a series of public events connected with a particular activity or
idea. Therefore it’s the time of fun; joy and merriment. The tribals
were primarily land cultivators, so naturally harvest festival is
common in all the tribes and Jaintia is no exception to it. The
Jaintia festivals are also associated with the fertility rites,
cultivation, preventing and driving of the evil spirits etc, which
has an animism characteristic. Almost all rivers and mountain peaks
were regarded as sacred abode of Gods and Goddess. The Borail peak
was once worshipped and called in local dialect as ‘Lum Klongtam`.
Jaintia’s most sacred river is the River Kopili to which human
sacrifice was even offered. However festival differs from place to
place and from deity to deity. Almost all the festivals are
associated with the sacrificial of hen, goat, and pig. Therefore
only the non-Christian Jaintias observed it now.
summer season every year, before the removal of weeds from the field
under cultivation, a weeding festival is held. A fertility rite is
done to appease the deity. Than the farmers dance the `Longhai
dance`, two groups of dancers, female and male in one
line each facing one another. They hold a hoe on one hand. They
danced against the background of music played with pipers and
drummers. They dance with a hoe, bringing it down with one hand and
lifting it up with another in alternate succession. It symbolizes
the weeding of the field with a hoe. A similar dance is `Shyrnai`
but stick is used instead of hoe.
Raliang Daloiship, the most important rite called `Nohblai`
is held in November before harvest season by sacrificing a He-goat.
The Lyngdoh (priest) also releases a couple of doves if it
flies eastward, is a good omen and if to the west, reverses. The
festival ends with a feast of the slain animals and drink beers. At
Nongkhlieh, tradition has it in the past that human sacrifice was
performed to the river Kopili, which is now replaced by goats.
Beh dien Khlam
well known and important Jaintia festival is the ‘Beh dien
khlam’, chasing of plague held annually is performed
only by the non-Christian in Jaintia hills. A minor sacrifice, `bam
so pen` is observed at the Lyngdoh`s (priest) residence
before the plague tree is fallen (dien khlam). The
fallen trees are then carried to the market place to be kept for a
night, amidst rejoicings with music of drums and sound of pipes and
yelling. The next morning, groups of young men perform ceremonial
chasing of evil spirit with clubs in their hands from door to door
visit. Decoration called `Rots` and the festival trees are
borne to the ‘Aitnar` stream for immolation. The ‘Aitnar`
is in the centre, the stream having been dammed and the site with
its surroundings making to serve as an
The ‘Rots`, after immersion amidst dancing, piping and
yelling are destroyed at the final stage. The festival ends into a
game called ‘Dat Lawak `in which a sort of football (the ball
is of wood) is played among two teams of farmers. The winning party
of the game is assured a good harvest. The ‘Beh dien khlam`
are fertility and driving of evil spirits rites. It is an amusing
festival with prayers to God to yield good harvest and protect them
from the bad spirits.
Siat Khnam Festival
adventurous festival for young boys and men is the ‘Siat
khnam` or the archery competition and the ‘Dein Khlain`
(Greased pole) as in 1854 Joseph Hooker, a journalist described the
event he experienced - “The usual toy of children is the bow and
arrow with which they are expert, they ….also spin peg-tops like
English, climb a greased pole, and round with a beam turning
horizontally on an upright to which it is attached by a pivot”,
(Himalayan Journals, page 486). The ‘Siat khnam’
or archery game is now has taken the form of a commercial
business which is known as ‘Tir` or ‘Thoh Tim`, a sort of lottery.
Betting –counters are found every where, where bidders can get cash
prize, if one bets the correct number of arrows that an archer would
Khnam’ or archery was held annually in the early years of
Jatinga inception till the thirties of the last century. With the
demised of the first generation of the Jaintias that come to Jatinga
the ‘Siat khnam` festival ends along with them. The
conversion to Christianity and with the advance of western
education, it does little good but has torn the Jaintias from their
ancient, age-old rich tradition and culture. The Jaintias in Dima
Hasao has become a tribe with a derelict festival and tradition,
except their language and their matrilineal customs. The newly
converted Christian, of those early days considered these old
festivals, dances and games as useless and waste of time. There is a
long generation gap of not understanding until now the young and
present generation of Jatinga eagerly wants to revive back the once
rich culture and tradition of the Jaintia people. And as for the ‘Dein
Khlain` (a pole smeared with pigs’ fat) competition is held
sometime only during Christmas festival. This game too is fast dying
unless boys underscore the richness of their old tradition. As
E.W.Suchiang wrote - ‘If we forget the past, the present and
future have no place to stand`.
other festivals like the Market festival known as `Knia long
raid` performed in February. After the decision of the Council
is taken, the ‘Pyrda` festival is held in the month of April.
In act of conformation to such decision the rite called ‘Nguh
Blai` (Homage to God) is performed. Festival beers are sprinkle.
‘Knia umtisong’, a fertility festival is performed in June.
The Kopili rite is performed in June at ‘Umkoi Bir Jyrpa`, a
pool symbolizing the great water goddess when simultaneously, weeds
are removed from the field. ‘Pyrong shnong` and ‘Knia
khlam` as a means of preventing epidemics and plague are
observed in the month of July. ‘Thang bula` (effigy
molestation) in November corresponds to harvest sacrifice. In the
past, before the major festival took place, the Daloi (chieftain) in
person went down to Jaintiapur and obtained from the Raja articles
such as vessels, plates, flags, guns and gold.
of the Jaintias
of dances, S. Tham, a Khasi poet thus remarks:-
“Ka khor ka khriam ka ksiar barieh
Ki sei ha rong ban shad mastieh”
“The attire hidden and costume bright
In dancing ground they melt in light”
the Jaintia dances are religious but a few are non-religious. A
popular Jaintia dance is the `Laho` dance, a woman with two
men by her side, crossing hands with them over the shoulders, giving
full expression to the movement and swinging of the body and hopping
of the feet. This dance is performed in harmony with the music
played with pipes and drums at the background.’ Laho`
resembles the Bihu dance of Assamese people.
important dance is the ‘Shad Pliang` or plate dance. This was
performed by young damsels in the Raja`s palace to entertain the
royal guests. The plates symbolized hospitality for serving
delicious food to the guests and special invitees. Now it has become
a part and parcel of every Jaintias marriage celebration as ‘Shad
Pliang` is a dance of joy, merriment and hospitality. Both the
bride and the bride grooms` families take parts in this dance after
feasting is over, which continue till dawn. It can be performed all
alone, to show off the skilled in handling the plates without
letting it fall to the ground. Some could even dance with four
plates simultaneously, two plates on each hand, and one locked by
the lips in the mouth and another in the head.
Pliang` is also performed in the open field, girls dancing with
plates to the sound of music and boys move their hands and body
circling around the dancing girls, symbolizing as a protector till
ones get weary, tired and than retires. New dancer takes turn and
thus it continues for a long time. As mentioned already the `Longhai`
dance is performed with a hoe and the ‘Shynai` is performed
with a stick.
Jaintia dance is the ‘Shad Pdung`, which is performed in the
harvesting festival. Young girls hold ‘pdung’ (round bamboo
sheaf) in hands swinging to the rhythm of the music symbolizing the
‘harvested of plenty` and shearing the new harvest. Unlike ‘Shad
Pliang`, the ‘Shad Pdung` is performed in open field with
larger number of girls. This dance is performed by female folks.
Dances such as, `Shad Stieh` a dance of spear and shield, ‘Shad
Behmrad` a hunting dance, ‘Shad Mastieh` a fast
dance, male dancers skirting off each other ,holding in their hands
a sword and fly-flap, each stepping towards one another, the ‘Shad
Pastieh` is an important ceremonial dance, ‘Shad Phurator`
is a male dance against the sound of drumming and ‘Shad Wait`
a sword dance which exhibits a type of an old war combat belongs to
the male folks. Other dances such as ‘Shad Lumkba Shohkba`
and ‘Shad Nongrep’ are cultivation dance in which both male
and female dances together. ‘Shad Pynioo Jaid Riam` is
a dance of four distinct tribes of Khasis, in their different
traditional attires, a couple from each group, dances together to
show the spirit of unity in diversity. The word ‘Shad` means
Traditional attire and ornaments
‘Ryndia Saru`, ‘Ryndia Stem`, ‘Ryndia Tlem`
were worn by women in the past. A single mixed colour cloth, girded
at the waist, looping downward to the ankle. Over it another cloth (Muga)
tied from the collar bone while another end in fastened below the
left arm pit. No stitching was needed for this type of weave cloth.
These days blouse, skirt mostly mill-made fabrics and synthetic are
worn underneath. ‘That kup`, ‘marina’, ‘saro’, (shawl)
were compulsory to be used by married woman to cover her head. The
‘Thatsem Pnar` (Sari) is also worn by woman but in a
little different way. The ‘Achol`, is wrapped around the
armpit and pinned it up at the shoulder. There is a little
modification with the change of time.
silver such as ‘Khaila` (earing), ‘kpien ksiar`
(golden necklace), ‘Kpien chabi` (long silver keychain), ‘Sahkti`
(finger ring), ‘Khadu` (golden\silver bracelet), are commonly
worn by women. ‘Pangsngiat` (headgear) is worn only during ‘Laho`
men they wore, ‘Sula` (shirt), ‘Yuslein`(dhoti), ‘Yuspang
Phylli`( Muga turban), ‘Patoi` (waistcoat), ‘Dhara`
a long coloured silk to wrapped across the shoulders and waist.
Ornaments such as ‘Kpien chabi` (long silver keychain) are
also used by men during dancing, hanging across both the shoulders.
Jaintias relish pork the most besides mutton, chicken, meat of deer,
wild boars, pigeons, jungle fowls. Very few Christian families take
beef but the non-Christian don’t take at all. The most favourite
Rice-dish is` Jadoh` prepared from a pig’s head. The head is
cleaned and boiled. When the meat is cooked, it is cut into very
small pieces and the brain ( which is wrapped in a leaf and
boiled) besmeared with the local spices ready to be eaten known as ‘Dohklieh`.
Then rice is cooked in the remaining boiled water, added by local
spices, salt and when cooked it is known as ‘Jadoh`. Another
rice-dish called ‘Jasnem` is prepared with the blood
of pig or hen being collected separately and besmeared with rice,
local spices and bits of meats. Jaintias are famous for the
preparation of ‘Tungtoh` or ‘Tungrymbai`, prepared
from fermented beans with ‘Nai-ong` black sesames added with
local spices and bits of pork meats. Indigenous cakes are ‘Pusain,
Pumaloi, Putyrt, Pusyap, and Pusaw, Pukhlein, Pusla` made of
pounded rice. ‘Kwai’- the hall mark of khasi & Jaintia, has
served as an item of social recreation and entertainment. Fruits are
abounding as they grow all the available fruits of the area.
various kinds of drinks. ‘Kiad` (beer) –‘Kiad hiar,
Kiad um, Kiad thang, Kiad pyrnah, Kiad harak`- prepared
from rice or millet. Beer is used in all ceremonies like birth,
marriage and death, festivals and entertainment.
instruments: - ‘Duitara`, made of wood with three or four
strings of silk thread
which has three threads and is played with a bow.
‘Ka Nakra` a huge drum, a kettle drum made of
wood having its head, made of deer
‘Padiah` a small drum made of wood.
‘Ka Ksing kynthei` - small
female drum played in
‘Katasa`a small circular drum,
its handle made of
‘Sing Naila` another kind of
flutes: - ‘Marynken` a jews` harp played by mouth.
‘Chuwiang` a popular bamboo
pipe used for
‘Tangmuri` made of wood
producing a hoarse
deep tune at dancing.
‘Pyniein chuwiang` made of cane
‘Bikur` a kind of trumpet.
Khasis and Jaintias are music lovers and considered a musical race
in this part of the world. ‘Until recently, their songs had
little or no words. These were simply tunes like whistling. It is
said that except the Englishmen and the Khasis, no other people in
the world are so prone to whistling at work, at leisure and
Khasis and Jaintias consider ` Ka Duitara` (the harp) as the
queen of music for its highly flown and inspired melodious tunes a
minstrel singing on `Ka Duitara` is said to have drawn the
hearts of his listeners to the world of legends and romance. And
many things are mixed up in the singing and chanting of the minstrel
playing on ‘Ka Duitara`, with the tales of wonder, magic,
miracles and philosophy. Sometime the musicians engage themselves in
debates along with music on their strings and eloquence on their
FESTIVAL OF THE BIATES
- L Pianga Darnei
and Historical Background
legend goes, the first Biate ancestors were said to have emerged out
of a big cave called Sinlung. From this originating place, they
traveled and wondered through out the length and breadth of the
Chinese Country. At last, they entered Mizoram via the Rili Dil (Ri
Lake) which is located somewhere Mizoram – Myanmar (Burma) border.
So far as the known historic is concerned, the settlement of our
ancestor may be traced back to erstwhile Lushei Hills (now Mizoram)
during the early part of the 16th Century. Our
forefathers once lived there at a place called “Lungver” (a stone
hole). There they worshiped a python (Rulpui) as god. They were
living in such a piteous condition that they had to feed Rulpui by
offering their children one after another as and when the demand
arose by making suitable rotation from house to house. This Python
worshiping and the settlement of our ancestors at Lungver is confirm
by the book name” The Lushei-Kuki Clans” written by J Shakespeare.
The Biate ancestors thence moved to the northern part of Mizoram and
established a permanent village called “Biate Village” there. This
village (Biate) still stands as the largest and oldest village in
Mizoram today. There are also some places and rivers like Champhai,
Saitual, Phaileng, Rengtetlang (now Vairengte), Raifan dung etc.
exclusively named by our fore fathers during their settlement in
the early part of the 17th century, majority of our
forefathers emigrated from the Northern Lushai Hill to the present
state of Tripura (Biates call it “Vairengram”). The then Maharaja of
Tripura treated our community as subject loyal to him. He also
granted them autonomy to look after their own affairs. They, in
turn, paid to the Maharaja in the form of labour, paddy and other
crops. For his convenience administration the Maharaja appointed two
heads or Governors called “Kalim” and “Kabur”
from amongst the community. These two Heads were given the
responsibility for the all round development and administration with
in the Biate inhabited area. So, the Kalim and Kabur
always maintained constant liaison with the Maharaja. It is
important to note that as a token of his appointment and honour, the
Maharaja presented a bracelet made of platinum or super fine Rupa
(Silver) each to our Kalim and Kabur. These arm
bracelets are known as “Bala’s. The Bala is handed
over from generation to generation whenever a new Kalim or
Kabur is appointed as per the Biate Customary Law. These two
Bala’s are still worn by the incumbents Kalim and Kabur till
today. The Maharaja of Tripura recognized the tribe as ‘BIATE’ or
“HALAM BIATE” only.
land of Maharaja (Vairengram), they further moved to northern Cachar
(now North Cachar Hills District) during the later part of the 17th
century. When they enter North Cachar Hills, they began to live with
Dimasa people under Hidimba Kingdom (headquarter at Maibang).
The Dimasa king recognized them as a separate and distinct tribe.
Since then the Dimasa people in their own dialect called as ‘Bedesa’
to distinguish the Biate from any other tribes. It is also
undenying fact in the history of the Hidimba kingdom that
once a Biate warrior was installed as Commander at Khorongma Fort
(near Garampani) by the Dimasa king defend his kingdom from the
possible attack of the Jaintias (now in Meghalaya). As told by the
Biate elderly people, the story of a Dimasa General name Tuluram
Senapati who personally visited the Biates villages like Khobak,
Vaitang, Sangbar etc. to settle a petty dispute between the Biates
and Hrangkhols over the matter of deity worshipping.
mean time, some of the Biate forefathers even moved as far as
Jaintias hills of Meghalaya and settle at a place called ‘Saipum’
(now Saipung Ilakaor Constituency). Even after their settlement at
Saipum, they still maintained their subjectivity to the Dimasa king
of North Cachar Hills and paid tribute to him, which lasted for some
years. As years passed by, they began to live under the Jaintia king
who also recognized them as ‘Biate’ only. The Jaintia people,
however, in their own language often called the Biates ‘Hadem’ to
signify “people who have come from Hidimba kingdom”. In 1865, the
final partition of North Cachar Hills and the Jaintia Hills took
place and the British Authority took full control over the
administration of the whole region. Thenceforth, the Biate brethren
in Jaintia hills started paying taxes as imposed by the British,
either at Jowai or Cherapunjee while the Biate in North Cachar Hills
also dropped their taxes either at Gunjung or Asalu (near Mahur).
back to North Cachar Hills, the Biates are one of the earliest tribe
who entered the District, participated in the demand and formation
of the present North Cachar Hills Autonomous (District) Council
after the Indian independence. The North Cachar Hills Autonomous
Council since its inception recognized the Biate Tribes as separate
and distinct tribes of the District. It is worth
-mentioning that Late C T Thanga, a Biate leader and elected member
of the Council was the first man to occupy the prestigious post of
the Deputy Chairman of the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council,
when it was it was formed in 1952, (SDO (Civil) was the Ex- Officio
Chairman during that time).
of the Biates
used to observe community festival (Kût) for about five times
in a year namely:
Tamthar Kût and
people observed these festivals (Kût) from time immemorial.
These Kût were observed and celebrated in every village and
in different time and date according to their convenience.
Kût is the most important festival of the Biate tribe. It is
observed and celebrated during the month of December or early part
of January every year. The importance and significance of this
festival is that it is regarded as the “Festival of Renewal of Life”
by the Biate people. As such, it is the most revered festival which
is being celebrated by the Biate people every year.
ancient people considered this festival as a symbol for the
beginning of a new year. The people observed this remarkable day by
offering religious rites followed by social functions like
performing cultural dances, singing folk songs, drinking liquor (Zu)
and various kinds of merry-making. The people of all ages,
especially the women folk dressed themselves in their colorful
attires. People also indulged themselves in playing games and sports
of various kinds all day long. They enjoyed it as the beginning of a
new life of the New Year. Before they start new activities of life
like cultivation, construction of dwelling houses etc, they enjoyed
together during this festival so as to renew their strength and
determination before they enter the New Year. The people were
supposed to forgive and forget their short-comings, sorrows and
discontentment arising out of their past deeds. Hence the occasion
was also regarded as a day of forgiveness. Another important feature
of this festival is that it was also celebrated as a day of prayer
led by the village priest (Thiampu). People assembled
together in one place and pray to God whole heartedly and with all
humility and sanctity for the forgiveness of their past sins and
errors. They also sought kindness and blessings from God for their
prosperity in the coming year. In this way, the people indeed
renewed their faith and commitment before God on that day. Another
interesting feature of this festival is that the elderly people met
together in the house of the village chief (Siarkalim) and
held a village Durbar Meeting (Devan). There they sat down
around a pitcher (Kola) full of home made liquor (Zu).
They sucked the liquor one after another sharing a single bamboo
pipe (Thlongthli) while they discussed about their
agricultural activities, fishing, hunting and the administration of
the village. Similarly, the youths of the village also had a day
long programmed during this festival. Young men and women were led
outdoors by their parents because of the variety of programmes they
had to accomplish on that day. As a result, the youths were able to
mixed up together, could meet and talk face to face to one another
and availed an opportunity for choosing their would-be life
Kût is observed in the month of March just after cutting jhum before
burning for the cultivation. In this festival the village gathered
together in appointed places where the village priest lead the
people and pray to God for His blessing and prosperous cultivation.
In this festival there is no much of merry making and enjoyment.
However, the people use to drink rice beer to celebrate the
festival is observed in the month of May after sowing seeds to thank
God after hard labour of sowing seeds in the jhum cultivation. The
village priest offered religious rites and thanks God and pray for
good germination of seeds in their jhum. They used to drink rice
beer (Zu) together for the whole day to observe and celebrate
Kût is generally observed when all the vegetables come to harvesting
stage. The people happily gathered together to thank God for the
blessing they received. The man and women folk use to drink rice
beer to celebrate the occasion and they would also sing various
”A so muala e haithei an ra.Zongte a pham pui luatin huat
nan nei. Thanimnu neh kei nin di khua vonlai .
Naifan a phane mo pui luata tlei nan kin nei”.
Kût is observed and celebrated when the paddy comes to harvesting
stage. The people feel relief as the paddy had ripened and thus they
would celebrate by feasting and merry making all day long.
festivals the village priests use to offer prayer and thank God for
His blessings. People used to sing a song the whole day drinking
home-made beer (Zu). The song commonly sang are:
“Zarkhua mau hong ichoi a bete`n
Taite vang hia kan
Akhume hiro ritva chiar ei kan.”
festivals the Biate people dressed themselves in their colourful
attires like hair band made of cane (Ritai), earring made of
silver (Kuar bet), and their colourful cloths made by
their dances, instrument like Jamluang (Gong), Khuang
(Drum), Chongpering (A kind of guitar), Seranda
(Violin), Rosem (A kind of flute made of bamboo) etc. are
used to play during singing and dancing.
various kind of dances too namely - Buantum Lam, Darlam,
Kolrikhek Lam which are performed by the men folk and Tuipui
lenthluk Lam, Rikifachoi Lam, Ar-ek inuai Lam, Sulribum Lam, Mebur
Lam are performed by the women folk.
the popular song sang during the festival are:
sechal tha kha sizol neh an hoi
tha kha lamzol neh an hoi
chunga ki chuang in
darvuai tha kha ka pom in sual ta e.”
sun taka simni sua hoia
lalin thai a ruai an ti
Chulkhothim ang ken ngil inunga
puan lan an athar ta e.”
tho taro ka chim khuanpui thluk,
lom hai sarang lam zoi ta.
noning ka rual itha hai
khan zoitur ane run e.”
nitho zamjoi kunga thlai ni ne thlaka,
thabei lung ruka ni nei
sial la va ruai de rei e.”
songs are generally sung during Nûlding Kût by both men and women
folk. They killed mithun and pig for sacrificial purpose and
great feast are arranged for the whole day. Thus the Biate people
use to celebrate the festival (Kût) in great pomp and
following are the main food and drink items used during the Biate
festivals. Local jhum rice, Rice bear make of local rice, dishes
prepared with pork, chicken, mithun meat, mutton etc.
Festivals of the Vaipheis
- Ginthang Vaiphei
- S T Kapa Vaiphei
Vaiphei tribe according to historians is one of the branches of
Mongolian stock of race. It has also been claimed and ascertained by
the geologists and chronologists and that, the Vaipheis and certain
clans of the Tribes came from China, more particularly, from the Tan
valley, in Kansu province. It is further claimed that the Vaipheis
are one of the tribes who settled in the Tibetan foot hills after
their exodus from the China.
inaccessible heights and rough mountains deep terrains and gorges,
our fore-fathers could not make China as a place of their permanent
Settlement. As a result they move back from Tibet, to wards the
plains and more fertile areas of (the then called Burma) Myanmar.
Thus they gradually moved down along the Chindwin River. (the
Meiteis called it as Ningthi River) and spread in the Kachin and
Shan State of Myanmar (Burma).
settling for quite for some time in that Kachin and Shan States the
Vaipheis crossed the Chindwin (Ningthi) river and made temporary
settlement there in the Chindwin valley. From there again they moved
south-wards to Kalameo valley that is after crossing the Jangmual
Range. (Also called as Indo-Chin by the Meiteis)
settling there, the Vaiphei heroes’ in-course of their hunting and
expeditional trips, they found out present Chin-Hills. It has been
narrated that, there they found most of the vast virgin land,
consequently they left their formal settlement of Kachin and Shan
States and migrated at Chin-Hills and settling there, at first, at
Saijang inhabitation, they again moved to Chimnuai Area of Burma.
They established a village called Chimnuai Village. But that
Chimnuai Area was also not fit for making permanent settlement.
They, therefore, moved again to the Eastern Region, known as
living there for a pretty long time, the Vaipheis scattered and made
separate settlements for themselves in different areas and places,
viz: Phaiza, Khawsim and since then the Vaipheis adopted a more
reformed village administration and compact cultural life.
of time enmity between different tribes came up and factional wars
between sections of tribes been waged at intervals. The Vaipheis,
who settled, then in-compact areas, had been broken up and scattered
resulting, in later time, in spreading in different areas and
regions. Some moved westwardsand settled in Manipur, some in Lushai
Hills (the present Mizoram), some are in North Cachar Hills and
Meghalaya and some other sections remained in the Chin-Hills of
Burma until now.
expansions of British Power in the North Eastern region of India,
the last and the final phase of mass scattering and collective
migrations of the Vaipheis; in tune with their nomadic backgrounds
had come to an end.
of the Vaipheis
Vaipheis have many types of festivals. Some of major festivals are:
Chapchal Kut: Held in February
Chichawi Kut: Held in April 1st
Lawmkivak Kut: Held in May 1st
awichawkik Kut: Held in Engaging time
Lawmsial tha Kut: Held in October
Chavang Kut : Held in November
Khawhau Kut : Held in December Last week
means the felling of trees and bamboos during jhum cutting ‘Chal’
means “keeping the chap” under the sunshine to dry-up for setting
fire. ‘Kut’ means festival. Therefore, Chapchal Kut
means the Festivals celebrated after cutting jungles for jhuming
successfully. This is the beginning of yearly jhum cultivation and
hard tolls of the villagers. This is observed in the month of
means ‘seed’ ‘chawi’ means ‘sow’. ‘Kut’ means
festivals. So, ‘Chichawi kut’ means the festival of sowing
seeds. This festival is being celebrated when sowing seeds after
cutting jungle for jhum cultivation and burning clearing “Chap felt
trees and bamboos”. This festival is celebrated in the first week of
group of youth working together. This is a very Unique Festival of
the community that jhum cultivation and other hard works are done in
a group by ‘young and girls’ doing the work of one household and
others day by day that they complete the work in one jhum and more
in a day with merry-making. ‘Kivak’ means ‘feast’. So, This
“Lawmkivak” means the festival of ‘Lawm-feast’. This festival
is celebrated in the month of May after sowing seeds by ‘Lawm’
means ‘engage’ or ‘hire’ ‘Chawkik’ means ‘engage in extra
work’. Thus, ‘Gawichawkik’ means “an extra engage in extra
work” by any household after the ‘Lawm work’. This means the
Lawm work is done only of the members of the work for one
day, which they generally completed in one day. However some works
might be in completed. In this juncture, the householder will have
to request the group ‘Lawm’. The ‘Lawm’ will work for
the said house-holder and will organize a feast in the outskirt of
the Village where the ‘Lawm’ will be back after completing
the work in evening. After the feast merry-making is done by the
group ‘Lawm’ for entertaining themselves and the host for
completing the balance work.
means a group of youth for social service (Free of cost). ‘Sial’
means ‘Mithun’. ‘That’ means ‘killed’. This means a
festival celebrated in the month of last part of September every
year after the hard tolls of
jhum cultivation when plucking of weeds thrice in the season by the
‘Lawm’ just before harvesting in the free time of the hard
means ‘autumn’, ‘Kut’ means ‘festival’. So, ‘Chavang-kut’
means ‘Festival of autumn’ which is observed in the month of
November after the harvesting is over. This is celebrated with the
arrangement made by the ‘Lawm’ or group of youth after the
hard work of the year.
festival is celebrated at the end of the year before standing of New
Year’s work, which is celebrated only by the prominent elders and
priests (Thiampu) for purification of the village. On this
day no one is allowed to go out from their residence and must be
confined in their respective houses. Such restriction is known as “UM-MIT-NI”
meaning a day of total rest.
villagers or the community should have put out all the fire in their
respective houses, on this restricted day. The lights (Fire) may be
then lighted by only priests of the villages. Then the villagers
have to collect the new lights (Fire) from the priest (Thiampu)
after throwing or putting out of the old lights (Fire).
Dances of the Vaipheis
Vaipheis are rich in cultural heritage. Like other tribes, they also
have different kinds of dances and musical accompaniments which are
practiced as the occasion demands. Some of the most prominent
Vaiphei dances are:-
Instruments of the Vaipheis
musical Instruments, the following are the most prominent and
commonly used ones:-
The tribal xylophone made of wood.
Big gong bulging in the middle.
Smaller gong also bulging in the center.(In set)
Plate like gong non-bulging and of three gongs in set.
A small bamboo pipes of 2-3 inches long in three sets.
Beatings of Mithun’s horn.
following are the common songs of the Vaipheis with an explanation
The Song: ‘Bollawnga le vachawnga, Sial hi ngam pa bawl inge...’
The Song: ‘Pa pa la gui ding, Tu-sawn changbang dam hen aw...’
The Song: ‘Tulai taka ka lungtup dang umlo, Thi mel
muna’n thangvan dawng nuaminge’
inherit him (Heirless).
The Song: (1) Kumsing
(2) Mi’n ti luai luai e, Thai chuailo intha
a kia hi aw...
festivals and function and in any other
Song: ‘Sialkal bungpilon nuai ah aw,Ka ngai lungnem Pumkhai Ni
The Song : ‘I chung sawltha a man leh, Si al lai thangvan
tuanglam Lo sul ang ngui e.....’
Song for the occasion of Buaih and Gaal aih festivals
The Song: ‘A kum chin tumpui zika, Thi ang lang e, Lal dinga
Khuan ei siam e....’
The Song: ‘Saang ka kaap ding vaitui piau e, A tuap ga zaal aw
occasion of ‘Nau Zu Neek’ function (Swasti Puja).
The Song: ‘Ka ding dung aw pigaw ding dung aw, Lal
chang ten la ngai e,Ka thaw lama ngawi li
bang ting e....’
The Song: ‘Ka peng hukin deng ing e,Zawl lai ann sawl e, Nui hiau
The Song: ‘Suangbeem te, Bem khawte lal sum lu tawk ,Khawmual
sial ang suak e.....’
The Song: ‘Minva tui bang khata piang ka hi ei mawh,
Chun sun suangpi lai zawn; Selh ka hi ei
The Song: ‘Sial a lian Sial a lian aw e, Bual
jaang te sial a lian aw e.....’
from the above songs ‘Chong ngo La, Khiang chawi La, Zaamang La,
Zama diai La’ are equally popular songs of the Vaipheis.
Traditional Games and Traditional Sports of the Vaipheis
Vaipheis, likes other hill tribes have their own traditional games
and sports. Of the many, the following items are common and worth
A games similar to that of Kabadi & kho-kho.
Running the Race.
Putting the shots.
Sukkhaw/Chei Cha khaw:
Kikung mui chun:
kawi kaap/Ki kaang kaap:
Playing with one rounded shell nut.
Tug of War.
Traditional Sports are usually played and engaged in the evening
times and in the moonlit nights by children and young stars of lower
age group. The collective term of such Traditional Sports and social
pass time is known; in the local dialect as ‘Kitual Thaw’ of
many such items of various tastes the following are more common and
usually played traditional sports.
kuk a: Hide & seek.
aw leilawn, leilawn.
aw him, him.
sawng bawk bawk.
lawng lawng a.
Nungak ê Tangval ê ki eng pim pem.
aw sial aw ki than sak.
keng keng vansam ken.
sut (A major sports for grown-ups)
Back to Top | <urn:uuid:ed3dc607-7568-426e-b63c-d51d036aa283> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://diprdimahasao.gov.in/festival.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00358-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932217 | 40,251 | 2.015625 | 2 |
The future 8th Edition of A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (Green Book 8) will reflect the dramatic evolution of the nation’s transportation systems.
In 1984, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) published the first edition of the Green Book, a compilation of specifications and guidelines for geometric design. Keeping pace with the industry, AASHTO publishes new editions every few years – the most recent being the 7th edition, just released in 2018. AASHTO is now conducting a visioning effort to consider the 8th edition.
Over the years, the Green Book has been a primary reference to provide design guidance on highways and streets. Continued shifts toward increasingly multimodal transportation networks, however, make it natural for this industry resource to shift too. Responding to a resolution to integrate further flexibility into design standards, even before the 7th edition was finalized, AASHTO knew the 8th edition had the potential for a comprehensive update. As transportation planners and designers work to meet the full range of road users, they need more than structured dimensional guidance; they need performance metrics that embrace a comprehensive and flexible design approach to support project decision-making.
Green Book 8th Edition Visioning Process
Last March, AASHTO selected Kittelson & Associates, Inc. (Kittelson) to lead the Green Book 8 Visioning Project. Kittelson conducted outreach and an information review to first establish a “Green Book 8 Vision,” then a “Roadmap” to bring the vision to reality.
As part of the literature review, the team evaluated substantive documents/resources related to or applying performance-based approaches to planning and design. Kittelson compiled a summary that will serve as a foundation and bibliography for future efforts to advance Green Book 8 visioning. In the outreach effort, Brian Ray, Senior Principal Engineer, and Julia Knudsen, Senior Engineer, conducted numerous visioning sessions and gathered feedback from transportation professionals across the industry.
National conferences, webinars, conference calls, and additional supplemental meetings were critical components of this visioning process. Discussions held outside of primary in-person meetings enhanced the conversations initiated during conference events, introduced the Green Book 8 Visioning Project and focus areas to enhance future discussions, and provided continuous opportunities for a variety of stakeholders to engage.
The meetings were set to accomplish the following goals:
- Acquire performance-based evaluation approaches and processes suggested for the Green Book 8 framework.
- Find possible concepts and applications from the literature review to be integrated into ideas for the Green Book 8 vision and roadmap for implementation.
- Gain input from national professionals to help create a coherent and cohesive structure for forming the Green Book 8 vision.
- Assess content from in-person meetings and validate information to create concepts for a common Green Book 8 vision.
“Essentially, we are taking what we heard and learned and presenting that as the Green Book 8 Vision. The Roadmap is a prioritized plan, topics and actions we see as working towards attaining this vision, leading to the eventual publishing of Green Book 8,” Brian said.
The goal of the visioning process is to help move the industry toward a true, performance-based approach in establishing roadway designs that are adaptive to their specific contexts.- Brian Ray, Senior Principal Engineer
“It’s moving to integrate performance metrics that meet the full range of users and consider metrics that inform project decision-making comprehensively. This is a change from historical approaches of following published dimensional guidance. Instead, we can develop facilities that reflect the best way to meet various user needs,” he said.
TRB 2019 and Beyond
Kittelson will lead a workshop on the Green Book 8 Vision and Roadmap during the Transportation Research Board’s (TRB) 2019 Annual Meeting in January. The TRB workshop will be the last primary in-person meeting of the visioning process. It will be focused on sharing and validating the draft Roadmap and visioning ideas.
Kittelson’s recommendations will be published in the spring, and Brian pointed out this is just the beginning for how TRB attendees can participate in helping to make the changes outlined in the Vision and Roadmap.
“Attendees can seek to be early adopters to first understand and try to integrate the principles and values from the Green Book 8 visioning. As early adopters, they could change up and advance how they conduct their work,” said Brian, adding that while Green Book 8 may not be published for a few years, states and agencies can adapt and revise their guidance and practices much faster. They can do so while considering the Green Book 8 vision.
Collectively, the industry can begin moving toward practicing in the Green Book 8 Vision so that when Green Book 8 actually is developed and published, it's validating and supporting where the industry is already heading.- Brian Ray, Senior Principal Engineer | <urn:uuid:f68ba715-dc70-4e2d-95f9-4e1a829870c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kittelson.com/ideas/aashto-green-book-8th-edition-to-reflect-shifts-toward-multimodal-transportation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.933994 | 1,021 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample
- First Online:
- Cite this article as:
- Robino, C., Crobu, F., Di Gaetano, C. et al. Int J Legal Med (2008) 122: 251. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5
- 322 Downloads
The distribution of Y-chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplogroups and short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes was determined in a sample of 102 unrelated men of Arab origin from northwestern Algeria (Oran area). A total of nine different haplogroups were identified by a panel of 22 binary markers. The most common haplogroups observed in the Algerian population were E3b2 (45.1%) and J1 (22.5%). Y-STR typing by a 17-loci multiplex system allowed 93 haplotypes to be defined (88 were unique). Striking differences in the allele distribution and gene diversity of Y-STR markers between haplogroups could be found. In particular, intermediate alleles at locus DYS458 specifically characterized the haplotypes of individuals carrying haplogroup J1. All the intermediate alleles shared a common repeat sequence structure, supporting the hypothesis that the variant originated from a single mutational event. | <urn:uuid:b0caebf0-eadc-4f55-b5f0-f19e8756879a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720000.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00023-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866684 | 285 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Making Sense of Zimbabwe's Surprisingly Solid Telecoms Market
The collapse of the Mugabe regime and subsequent swearing-in of new president Emmerson Mnangagwa have ushered a new era of hope in Zimbabwe, after two decades of one of the most systematic exercises in economic destruction Africa has ever witnessed.
Zimbabwe's travails over the tail-end of the Mugabe era are well-documented: The country's GDP has halved from its 2000-levels; between 2000 and 2010, hyperinflation incredulously reached into the hundreds of millions of percentage points; household incomes cratered; and economic production suffered as the educated working class fled the country.
Currency concerns continue to weigh on the economy. Consumers are primarily paid in bond notes, a new currency introduced in late 2016 to ease cash shortages, while many goods and services (including voice and broadband services) are priced in US dollars. Officially, bond notes are pegged at a 1:1 rate against the US dollar. In the parallel market, their value has fluctuated between ZBN1.3 and ZBN 2 to the US dollar, creating acute affordability and liquidity challenges.
Surprisingly high ICT rankings
Despite (or perhaps, spurred by) all these issues, Zimbabwe has surprisingly emerged as one of the most important telecoms markets in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Zimbabwe has the 18th largest population in SSA, and the region's 25th largest economy on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis, according to recent data from the International Monetary Fund (out of 45 countries).
But despite its recent descent into the economic abyss, the country has performed well on the ICT front. By our estimates, Zimbabwe has the sixth-best broadband penetration in SSA; the country is in the top-five in terms of deployment of fixed broadband, mobile broadband and FTTH/P, ahead of more heralded markets. The adoption of mobile payments and fintech solutions has been especially notable, as consumers and businesses massively adopted alternatives to traditional, but volatile, cash payment methods.
By Xalam Analytics' estimates, Zimbabwe is now the fifth largest market for mobile payments in sub-Saharan Africa, based on the projected 2017 value of transactions using the mobile money platform. The value of mobile money transactions in Zimbabwe surpasses that generated in markets such as Nigeria and Cote-d'Ivoire, despite an economy that is a mere fraction of the size of those African peers.
Startlingly, Zimbabwe alone generates almost twice as much mobile money transaction value as the entire five countries in Central Africa's CEMAC economic grouping, though this says as much about the shortcomings of these other markets as it does about Zimbabwe's odd dynamism.
What explains such a performance in the face of significant economic headwinds? We attempt a few explanations:
An appetite for technology that is well above the African norm: Zimbabwe has always been a dynamic market -- before the economic downturn, the country had one of the fastest-growing mobile markets in Africa. Reliable data is tough to come by, but Zimbabwe's literacy rates have traditionally been in Africa's top-10: A recent editorial in the Financial Times referred to the country's "phenomenally well-educated" population as a critical asset.
For Zimbabwean consumers and businesses, the importance of technology rose even as economic conditions deteriorated. From the need to stay abreast of volatile price changes to communicating with a large expatriate contingent or skirting cash shortages with mobile money solutions, technology became a central component of easing Mugabe-induced pain.
A telecoms sector that is more liberalized than most: This despite the fact that the state owns controlling stakes in two of the three mobile operators.
The Econet factor: A division of Econet Global (and a sister company of Liquid Telecom), Econet Zimbabwe is somewhat of an oddity in African markets -- a dominant market leader with a boundary-pushing, highly innovative streak. The company has used Zimbabwe's challenging environment as a crucible to test and develop innovative, technology-driven solutions. And it has succeeded wildly, now dominating Zimbabwe's mobile and fintech markets while challenging established players in the video space or pushing M2M vehicle tracking solutions.
This unique mix of market dominance and relentless innovation makes Econet Zimbabwe perhaps the closest thing to Kenya's Safaricom in the African telecoms market. Econet is helped by its affiliation with Liquid Telecom, which has brought international capacity to landlocked Zimbabwe at manageable prices. In the process, Zimbabwe has emerged as a critical market for Liquid Telecom -- perhaps even more than Kenya. In time, this Econet/Liquid combination will likely look too dominant -- but that's a problem for another day.
China: China is Zimbabwe's largest international partner, sticking in when others fled away. In 2015, slightly more than half of the country's foreign direct investment originated from China. That presence is perceptible in the technology sector as well. The network upgrades of the state-owned fixed and mobile carriers, TelOne and NetOne (including fibre backbone, FTTH and 4G rollouts) have been primarily financed with loans from China's Export Import Bank. This support has allowed the two companies to offer a modicum of competition to Econet Zimbabwe, propping up broadband adoption in the process.
All these factors have vaulted Zimbabwe near the top of ICT markets in sub-Saharan Africa -- and this in utterly dejected times. Now imagine the country's potential if Mr. Mnangagwa dares give it a chance.
— Guy Zibi, Principal, Xalam Analytics | <urn:uuid:f1aac906-833c-4123-9902-6be6612e6b7d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.connectingafrica.com/author.asp?section_id=531&doc_id=738862& | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.945515 | 1,154 | 1.71875 | 2 |
By James A. Schnur, CCIM
President and Designated Managing Broker
Integrated Real Estate Solutions
The shockwaves of change that e-commerce has unleashed continue to ripple outward. As online buying is further ingrained into the daily life of consumers, the fundamental expectations of what it means to buy a product continue to change — consumers continue to expect products to be delivered faster, and cheaper than ever before. Accommodations for this monumental shift in buying attitude affects how companies meet the expectations of their customers, primarily through adjustments to major portions of company warehouses and distribution centers to be specifically tailored for automated solutions.
The rise of automation parallels the rise in e-commerce, as the technology solution takes over the more repetitive tasks, freeing up skilled workers to focus on a broader variety of work. But much like a human workforce, getting the most out of an automated workforce requires specific considerations for the space they’re working within. For instance, the average ceiling height for warehouses is on the rise, increasing from an average of 25 ft to anywhere between 32–36 ft. This extra headspace doesn’t make a difference for the majority of human workers, but it’s vital
to accommodate larger, space-intensive automated machinery, as well as providing clearance for the increased drone fleets used within these spaces.
As these spaces get taller, they’re also becoming multi-level, multi-use spaces. A popular concept in Asia, the concept of multi-level warehouses is becoming more popular in the U.S. as warehouse and distribution spaces become more closely located to urban centers — which also means they’re sitting on pricier land. To balance the disparity in cost, it makes sense to take full advantage of the space provided, and build up rather than out. The additional space not only provides additional space to store and move products — such as the 27-story warehouse in Hong Kong — but it also provides the ability to operate a hybrid facility that incorporates both warehouse and office capabilities, to cut down on overall operational costs, and take greater advantage of the location to prime urban labor markets.
How products and supplies move between locations is being re-shaped by automation, as well. Though the technology isn’t as prevalent, increasingly, companies are looking to the future of material handling with autonomous vehicles, and automated loading and unloading, and allowing the view of these technologies to influence how they look at their dock spaces Primarily, the number of available docking spaces within a warehouse or distribution center is on the rise, particularly for facilities poised to operate as “last-mile” delivery hubs. Why? Because an increase in dock spaces provides ample space for autonomous delivery trucks, which can be received 24/7, and are a necessity to ensure the ever shorter delivery times promised by retailers.
What the rise in automation is truly forcing is the specialization of space. No matter what industry a company is in, determining the space that the company needs versus what space a company currently occupies is fundamental to whether the space is “right”. As companies adopt more automated systems into their workforce, the space needs that they will have to take into consideration will dramatically shift, and will likely lead to a need to re-evaluate space as more automation is brought into the fold. As the focus shifts to relocation options and potential of building up in an urban space versus building out in a rural space come into play, working with a commercial real estate professional is the best way to ensure that your business needs are taken into consideration throughout the relocation process. Integrated Real Estate Solutions has ample experience with corporate relocations, and our professionals are dedicated to providing you with solutions that make sense for your business.
Integrated Real Estate Solutions, Inc. provides clients with the in-depth knowledge and experience that is critical to determine the right path to your next move, lease renewal, or strategic repositioning of your real estate portfolio. Contact us or call 847.550.0160 today about your needs, and put our success to work for you. | <urn:uuid:b6f77816-19ba-46f3-86fc-a84ade231c55> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ireschicago.com/machine-learning-ways-manufacturing-automation-will-continue-reshape-warehouse-spaces-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.953542 | 823 | 1.640625 | 2 |
- A drop in carbon dioxide supplies is creating concerns among beer, soda and seltzer water companies who use the gas to create fizz in their products, according to Reuters.
- Ethanol producers are a major contributor of the gas to food and beverage companies. They collect the gas as a byproduct when making the renewable fuel. But the market for ethanol has been cut as consumers drive less, forcing many U.S. ethanol plants that sell carbon dioxide to idle or cut production, the wire service noted. Ethanol is blended into most of the country's gasoline supply.
- Bob Pease, chief executive officer of the Brewers Association, told Reuters carbon dioxide suppliers have increased prices by about 25% due to reduced supply. “The problem is accelerating. Every day we’re hearing from more of our members about this,” said Pease, who expects some brewers to start cutting production in two to three weeks.
The longer the coronavirus wears on the deeper its impact on more facets of the U.S. economy becomes. While soda and beer are far more popular than fizzy drinks such as sparkling waters or trendy hard seltzers, they all remain dependent on one signature ingredient to give them their signature mouth feel: carbon dioxide. With billions of dollars in sales annually, a disruption in the supply of the colorless gas could have a far-reaching impact for major companies such as Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, AB InBev and Molson Coors, as well as smaller craft players.
Rich Gottwald, the CEO of the Compressed Gas Association, told Forbes he expects carbon dioxide production to reach a more than 70% shortfall within the next month. “It continues to get worse,” Gottwald said, adding he is hopeful following recent discussions with the federal government. “There will be shortages. The entire food industry understands the challenge now. Everything is so interconnected.”
Beverage makers and meat associations have been pressing their case recently to the White House. A coalition including the North American Meat Institute, Brewers Association and Beer Institute wrote in an April 7 letter to Vice President Mike Pence where they expressed a "strong concern" that the ongoing pandemic risks creating a shortage of carbon dioxide.
The trade groups asked for assistance from the federal government to prevent a shortage before it impacts food or beverage production. Meat groups also are heavily dependent on carbon dioxide to process, pack, preserve and ship their products. "A shortage in CO2 would impact the U.S. availability of fresh food, preserved food and beverages, including beer production," the letter said.
In an earnings call Tuesday, Coca-Cola CEO James Quincey downplayed any impact of a carbon dioxide shortage in the near term. He told analysts that the company was aware "of the challenges ... but our team has got a number of contingency plans in place and we don't foresee an issue in the foreseeable future at this point."
With prices for carbon dioxide already on the rise, a further increase, or worse yet an outright shortage, could be especially dire for mom-and-pop brewers. Forbes noted that big companies can capture some of the carbon dioxide with expensive equipment, something most craft brewers, for example, can't do.
The fact that the beer industry and other groups collectively sent a letter to the Trump administration earlier this month is indicative of just how serious of a situation this is given the significant drop in ethanol production.
While the Compressed Gas Association CEO appeared reasonably optimistic following discussions with the administration, and Coca-Cola's CEO struck an upbeat tone in the near term, any major shortage would have significant ramifications across the beverage industry. It would not only disrupt supply, but it could potentially alter consumption habits if the shortage lasts a while and consumers can't find their favorite drinks, forcing them to move on to something else they can find on the shelf without the fizz. | <urn:uuid:640b02ab-64ec-4e81-8205-0e778eaf7193> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fooddive.com/news/carbon-dioxide-shortage-could-threaten-beer-soda-and-seltzers/576468/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Issue:%202020-04-22%20Food%20Dive%20Newsletter%20%5Bissue:26924%5D&utm_term=Food%20Dive | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.960068 | 806 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Naturopathic medicine is a system of health care based on natural therapies, supported by the fundamental belief that given the right conditions, the body has an innate ability to heal itself.
Naturopathic physicians are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage acute and chronic conditions. A naturopath will always choose the most natural, least invasive, and least toxic treatment to avoid creating other imbalances or side effects.
A Free Naturopathy Course will provide the student with advanced methods of self-development and natural non-invasive healing tools that will help them understand how the body works. The Free Naturopathy Course provides the tools you need to be a holistic, effective, evidence-based healer. You will learn how to accurately test homeopathic remedies and potencies in holistic training for natural health professionals.
The course will provide you with invaluable information about classical homeopathy, as well as combination remedies. This training will also help the student recognize the warning signs of stress and any deep-seated causal events and belief systems that sabotage life that can cause violence and life-threatening illness.
What are the Naturopathy Courses ?
A Naturopathy Course introduces students to the basic concepts of traditional naturopathy, along with cutting-edge research that gives an understanding of the dynamics of the disease process and the core of the disease or condition of life. The course enables the student to select the most gentle and non-invasive treatment possible to restore the body’s balance.
This may include changes in diet, appropriate exercise, exposure to natural daylight, gentle tissue manipulation, hydrotherapy or non-toxic natural remedies such as herbs, flower essences and homeopathic preparations. Emotional problems may also be addressed through counseling or relaxation techniques, such as meditation.
In this course students will learn to assess the nutritional status of people through «traditional naturopathic» methods. They will be able to determine energy imbalances in organs and glands due to inadequate nutritional support, stress and toxicity.
With the knowledge obtained in this course, the practitioner will be able to provide consulting and educational assistance in nutritional, herbal and homeopathic issues. You will learn how to help people through non-toxic «traditional naturopathic» detoxification methods.
Upon completion of the course, the graduate will receive a Diploma / Certificate of Completion accrediting him/her as a «Naturopathic Practitioner». It authorizes the graduate to assist in education, healing, empowerment and self-development through natural medicine.
Program, Subjects and Content of the Naturopathy Course
These are some of the topics that can be included in the program content of a Naturopathy Course:
- The anatomy of a disease related to the five element theory of Chinese medicine
- The emotional relationship with the disease
- The 6 main causes of illness
- Anatomy & Physiology
- Naturopathic Toxicology
- Macrobiotic Dietetic Evaluations / Live Raw Foods
- Therapeutic Nutrition
- Integral Herbology
- Homeopathy and Homeopathic Advice
- Aromatherapy / Magnetic therapy
- Holistic Training Of Health Professionals (Neurophysical Reprogramming Specialist)
- Causal Chain BioKinesiology
Countries and Cities Where You Could Study the Naturopathy Course for Free Getting a Scholarship
- United States
- United Kingdom
Institutes, Centers and Universities where the Naturopathy Course is possibly taught for free, through Scholarships
Naturopathic Practitioner Training Course
- California College of Natural Medicine
- Ventura, CA, United States.
- Kingdom College of Natural Health
- Barrigada, Guam, United States
- Boucher Institute of Naturopathic Medicine
- New Westminster, BC, Canada
- Paris Graduate School – School of Naturopathy
- Paris, France.
Course with Diploma in Naturopathic Nutrition
- College of Naturopathic Medicine
- London, UK.
Holistic Vibrational Energy Naturopathy Course
- HERO Università Popolare
- Pistoia, Italy.
Advanced Naturopathy Certificate Course
- Health Academy Australia
- Queensland, Australia.
Nutrition and Natural Medicine Course
- Linguistic Horizons
- Cusco, Peru.
- New Eden School of Natural Health and Herbal Studies
Naturopathy Course Reference Prices
The prices of the Naturopathy Courses are varied. The prices of these courses are between 165$ and 780$. In some cases it can have a higher cost.
The cost of these courses will vary according to the country where the course is given, the institution or university that teaches the course, the modality, the duration of the course and the materials provided during the course, among other factors.
Click for Other Studies at Different Academic Levels
Other Topics of Interest in ALPHAPEDIA
Image of Free Course | <urn:uuid:71a02c62-b162-410c-bd1c-dd9a2ab1f2b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.alphapedia.net/free-naturopathy-course/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.876469 | 1,060 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Whether you're an inexperienced owner or an expert enthusiast, keeping your horse happy and healthy proves to be an ongoing learning experience. Horses fall victim to a variety of life-threatening conditions, with symptoms that vary from unnoticeable to extremely painful. Liver problems appear to commonly ail equines, and are caused by a variety of factors such as the consumption of toxic plants, infection and cancerous tumors. Knowing the symptoms and signs of liver problems associated with horses makes it possible to aid in the diagnosis and treatment.
Horses who experience liver disease and failure often react in pain when pressure is applied to the abdomen. Sometimes swelling in the abdomen presents itself with the pain, but this symptom also points to other conditions such as colic or a hernia. If abdominal pain is present in your horse, observe its behavior for any other signs or symptoms.
A horse that often acts high-spirited and social, but suddenly seems listless and unwilling to be active, displays signs of depression. Depression in horses indicates a variety of conditions, much like malaise as a symptom in human illnesses. Depending on the symptoms that accommodate your horse's depression, it could either indicate liver problems, colic or an underlying emotional issue.
Diarrhea presents itself as a problem in any case as it is indicative that the horse's digestive system is under some kind of stress whether it be due to low quality food, nerves or the liver improperly digesting foods. In conjunction with other discerning symptoms, diarrhea can indicate liver problems in your horse.
Visible jaundice, or yellowing, of the horses eyes indicate a definite problem with the liver. The whites of a horse's eyes are supposed to be bright white; contacting a vet immediately upon discovering jaundice as a symptom can help determine the diagnosis and potential treatment of your horse's liver disease or ailment.
- Photo Credit horses image by Mat Hayward from Fotolia.com
Side Effects of Dewormer on Horses
All horses are exposed to parasites on a routine basis and should be dewormed several times a year. How often you deworm...
Depression in a Horse
Horses feel depression just as humans and many other animals do. Understanding equine depression can help in understanding and treating humans.
What Are the Causes of Liver Problems in Horses?
A horse's liver accounts for only 1 percent of his total body weight, yet this small organ performs the vital functions of... | <urn:uuid:4d7c914c-ab39-4910-870e-29fc468b9f0f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.com/list_6319895_signs-symptoms-liver-problems-horses.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00207-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938603 | 497 | 2.75 | 3 |
WASHINGTON -- President Barack Obama's financial overhaul law is nearly a year old. For congressional Republicans, the fight to weaken it is just starting.
Wary of trying to repeal the entire statute and being portrayed as Wall Street's protectors -- banks rank among the country's least popular institutions -- GOP lawmakers are trying to nibble away at the behemoth measure. It's a crusade they've waged all year, despite lacking the White House and Senate control they need to prevail.
Days ago, one Republican-run House committee approved bills diluting parts of the law requiring reports on corporate salaries and exempting some investment advisers from registering with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Another House panel voted to slice $200 million from Obama's $1.4 billion budget request for the SEC, which has a major enforcement role.
Meanwhile, Senate Republicans are continuing a procedural blockade that has helped prevent Obama from putting Elizabeth Warren or anyone else in charge of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which opens its doors in two weeks.
The law hurts "the formation of capital, the cost of capital and access to capital, and you can't have capitalism without capital," said Rep. Jeb Hensarling, R-Texas, a leader of the House Financial Services Committee. "So Republicans in the House will be examining each and every one of the 2,000-plus pages" of the law, which he called "a job creator's nightmare."
Confident that Obama and the Democratic-controlled Senate can prevent the House from doing major damage, Democrats view the Republican drive as a political exercise -- for now.
"It's mostly setting a marker for the election. And it helps with their campaign contributions," said Rep. Barney Frank, D-Mass., who chaired the Financial Services Committee last year and was a chief author of the law. "But it also tells people in the financial community that if they win the next election, they'll be able to undo it all."
The financial industry leans Republican in its campaign contributions but not overwhelmingly. Sixty-one percent of the $9 million that commercial banks gave federal candidates for the 2010 elections went to Republicans, while 54 percent of the securities and investment industry's $9 million went to Democrats, according to the nonpartisan Center for Responsive Politics.
Democrats are using the GOP drive for their own fundraising.
In one email sent last week under Frank's name soliciting money for House candidates, the party wrote that Republicans want to "bring back the days of unrestrained excess, deception and de-regulation of Wall Street." The mailing called it "payback to their big contributors in the financial services industry."
Obama signed the banking and consumer protection measure last July 21, a keystone achievement that responded to the biggest financial crisis and most severe recession since the 1930s. It passed Congress with solid Democratic support and near-uniform GOP opposition.
Among its provisions, the law:
-- Created the consumer protection agency to oversee mortgages, credit cards and other financial products.
-- Established a body of regulators to scan the economy for threats to the financial system.
-- Required banks to hold back money for protection against losses.
-- Curbed the trading of derivatives, speculative investments partly blamed for the 2008 financial crisis.
-- Gave the Federal Reserve powers to oversee huge companies whose failures could jeopardize the entire financial system.
Yet the law was just a start, since it ordered federal agencies to craft rules to enforce it. As of July 1, out of an estimated 400 regulations to be written, 38 are complete. That leaves 362 proposed, facing a future deadline or having missed due dates for completion, according to the law firm Davis Polk.
Republicans say the overhaul went too far and has saddled banks and other companies with requirements that harm their competitiveness. The House Financial Services panel alone has held more than a dozen hearings on the law, in part to underscore to administration witnesses that some provisions -- like forcing banks to hold back capital as a hedge against losses -- will hurt business, according to the committee's chairman, Rep. Spencer Bachus, R-Ala.
"What we are doing is rational, it is sensible, it is entirely practical, it is compassionate," said Rep. Nan Hayworth, R-N.Y., a tea party-backed freshman on that panel. "So we are doing the right thing, and it behooves the Senate and the administration to follow suit."
The highest-profile fight has been over Warren, picked by Obama to set up the new consumer bureau. Many Democrats and liberal groups want her to become its first director.
Following a May clash between Warren and a House subcommittee chairman, House Oversight Committee Chairman Darrell Issa, R-Calif., plans to question the Harvard law professor and long-time consumer activist at a July 14 hearing about her role shaping the new agency.
Meanwhile, 44 GOP senators have promised to block a vote on any nominee unless the bureau is made "accountable to the American people" by replacing the director with a board of directors and giving Congress control over its budget. Forty-one senators can prevent a nomination from coming to a vote.
"You try to get leverage where you can. In the Senate, nominations are your leverage," said Mark A. Calabria, who monitors financial regulation at the conservative-leaning Cato Institute.
On another front, Republicans want to cut the budgets of agencies that are supposed to enforce the overhaul.
Besides denying the SEC extra money next year, the House Appropriations Committee would limit the consumer protection bureau to $200 million, well below the $329 million Obama wants. The full House has voted to hold the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, which oversees derivatives, to $171 million, short of this year's total and less than two-thirds of what Obama wanted.
Republicans cast the cuts as part of their deficit-cutting drive, but Democrats say the reductions are designed to obstruct the new law.
SEC Chairwoman Mary Schapiro said in a speech this spring that budget cuts would mean "an investor protection effort hobbled." | <urn:uuid:2a1bb175-c617-42f4-b77a-cb767a0d3b27> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.foxnews.com/politics/gop-targets-financial-overhaul-law-for-revisions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.958026 | 1,234 | 1.507813 | 2 |
We had it so easy on the web. You make your app once, and it ran everywhere. Sure, we had to contend with some nasty browser wars, but we learned how to work around those, and it all worked out in the end.
Now we’re back in trouble.
Developing for mobile means developing for iOS and Android, at least. Not only are they different OS’s (analogous to different browsers), but worse, they have different UI standards and expectations by their users.
So you can’t just create 1 UI for your app anymore, in an ideal world, you create mutliple UI’s.
Except, I am not convinced it works that way. I haven’t seen apps that successfully create many different experiences, each tailored to a different OS and set of UI expectations. The WinPho Twitter app, for example, kind of follows WinPho conventions, but it seems cobbled together and lacking, compared to their iOS app. It’s the same with most apps.
On the other side, the more successful apps seem to be creating 1 experience and porting it to multiple platforms, local UI expectations be damned. (Facebook, Path, etc. have essentially the same app, with very small concessions to local UI conventions, on different platforms).
It’s a conundrum. I’m not sure what the answer will turn out to be. Will we make different UI’s for different OS’s? Will some kind of “generic”, cross-OS UI conventions evolve (despite the OS owner’s best efforts to avoid this)? That’s where my money is right now, but I could change my mind tomorrow. Or perhaps we’ll all end up in HTML5 app land (although that is starting to seem unlikely; if it was going to happen, wouldn’t it have happened already by now?) | <urn:uuid:dfb562d8-7f28-4b58-b23f-1595bb9b0baf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.petervandijck.com/2012/01/25/many-ui-standards-one-app-local-ui-conventions-be-damned/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.948418 | 407 | 1.609375 | 2 |
3 things you can do when your child’s eczema gets bad
Follow me on Twitter @drClaire
It’s winter, and in many parts of the country that means cold, windy weather — and dry, chapped skin. For all of us that can be a problem, but for people who have eczema it can be miserable.
As a pediatrician, I have lots of patients with eczema. Each one of them is different, of course, with different triggers for their eczema and different therapies that help. But when eczema gets bad — when parts of the skin get very irritated and scaly — there are three things that help just about everybody.
1. Moisturize, moisturize, moisturize! This may seem obvious, but I can’t overstate its importance — and helpfulness. When it comes to picking a moisturizer, think greasy when eczema gets tough. This kind of moisturizer is called an emollient. Even just petroleum jelly, or hydrated petrolatum, which are both widely available, can really help dry, irritated skin. And while they feel greasy when you put them on, usually the skin soaks them right up. Applying emollients two or three times a day can really help when things get tough — and can also help prevent eczema from flaring.
2. Bleach baths. This doesn’t mean sitting a child in a tub of bleach, which would be a bad idea. What it means is making the water in the tub kind of like the chlorinated water in a swimming pool. The bleach helps to kill bacteria on the skin, and also helps with inflammation. Add half a cup of bleach (regular household bleach, not concentrated) for a full tub of water, or a quarter cup for half a tub. The water should be warm but not hot, as hot water can dry out the skin. Soak for about 10 minutes, rinse off, and pat dry, not rub dry. Two or three times a week is usually plenty. Check with your doctor before you get started, to be sure it’s a good idea for your child and to decide how often you should do it.
Right after the bath you want to put on any steroids or moisturizers. And then, you might want to consider…
3. Wet wraps. You wouldn’t normally think of putting your child to bed with wet pajamas, but sometimes doing just that can help eczema by keeping the skin moist. Use long underwear or other close-fitting pajamas. You want to cover the area that is most affected. If the eczema is just on the arms, using tube socks with the feet cut off can also work — and for babies, a damp onesie can do the trick too. Dampen the pajamas with warm water and wring them out so that they aren’t dripping, and then put them on (after applying creams and moisturizer), with dry pajamas over them. You can put a towel on the bed to keep it from getting damp while the moisture evaporates and the pajamas dry.
As with any chronic medical condition, eczema is best managed when you work together with your doctor and come up with a plan both for treating flares and for preventing them in the first place.
The post 3 things you can do when your child’s eczema gets bad appeared first on Harvard Health Blog. | <urn:uuid:b03acef4-a849-4c0f-9004-04187b9c2855> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.patienteducationcenter.org/3-things-you-can-do-when-your-childs-eczema-gets-bad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00221-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943767 | 727 | 2.359375 | 2 |
The way we care for the things we own says a lot about ourselves, and caring for leather goods is more that just a routine, it's a ritual. The process itself can be quite calming, and it is incredibly satisfying to see how such a simple act can rejuvenate the leather and breathe a whole new life back into it. If you have purchased any one of my leather goods, you're going to want to know just how to take care of it.
When someone spends a significant amount of time making something for you with their own two hands, there's a very good chance they intend for it to last. I'll bet the phrase "planned obsolescence" never even crossed their mind. Handcrafted goods tend to be designed and made to the highest quality possible. But what's the reason behind this?
There are four main grades of leather: full grain, top grain, genuine leather, and bonded leather. Leather grades have everything to do with the quality, appearance and strength of the finished leather. Whereas full grain and top grain leathers are used depending on the desired function and aesthetic of the finished product, genuine leather and bonded leather are primarily chosen because of their lower cost. But what exactly are the differences?
I make leather wallets and belts exclusively out of vegetable tanned leather. Why? Because I love the way that a natural, unfinished vegetable tanned leather ages; it develops a unique patina over time, absorbing oils from your hands, the indigo from your jeans, and UV light from the sun. But what exactly is vegetable tanned leather? What does it mean to tan leather at all? | <urn:uuid:1e902981-976b-4e5c-a92c-2ce11c68794c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rivetandchain.com/blogs/lessons-in-leather | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.96051 | 329 | 1.609375 | 2 |
From source to sink: towards a statistical-numerical model of sediment generation and evolution
|Location||International Geological Congress,oslo 2008|
|Author||von Eynatten, Hilmar; Tolosana-Delgado, Raimon|
|Holding Date||21 September 2008|
Numerical modeling is nowadays a powerful tool in several fields of geosciences. In sedimentology and basin analysis, such modeling usually comprise basin subsidence, heat and fluid flow, basin fill (stratigraphic modeling) as well as climatic, oceanographic and biological forcing of sedimentary systems. But little has been done so far concerning a comprehensive model for describing the composition of clastic sediments, i.e. grain size, mineralogy, geochemistry. The final aim of this research is to obtain a model providing a quantitative description of the petrographic, chemical and granulometric changes occurring at the transfer of material from the original source rock to its final site of deposition in a sedimentary basin. These changes are largely controlled by the source rocks, tectonics, physiography, climate and transport energy.
The first steps of our model focus on two of the most significant processes shaping sediment composition, mechanical comminution and chemical weathering. To model the influence of comminution we present chemical compositions of modern fluvio-glacial sediments that originate from a small and largely homogeneous granitoid catchment area in the Central Alps of Switzerland. Sediment composition is analysed for most of the relevant grain size range from clay to granules in one-phi steps. The dataset is analysed statistically using the Aitchison log-ratio approach, the chemical data are transformed to mineralogical compositions by endmember modelling, and, finally, a log-linear regression model is developed. Results underline that, to a large extent, no chemical processes are needed to generate the observed compositions. Consequently, the differences in the geochemical composition of each grain size fraction are primarily related to comminution and hydrodynamic sorting, i.e. they are controlled by the inherited grain size from the source rocks as well as fissility, hardness, density and shape of individual minerals. This can be best modelled by explaining the composition as a function of grain size with a log-linear trend plus steps at the sand-silt and at the silt-clay thresholds.
If weathering is the most important process, one would expect finer fractions to be more weathered than coarser ones, because: a) weathering is typically considered to be faster in smaller grains due to their higher specific surface; and b) typical weathering products are preferentially enriched in the finer fractions. However, classical feldspar-based weathering indexes are not ideally suited for evaluation of weathering along the full grain-size range, as feldspar is not the dominant component in the fine-grained fractions. Therefore we use a recently published model developed for a wide range of source rocks. Comparisons between the fitted trend and the existing weathering indexes show substantial differences, thus reinforcing our conception of almost absolute lack of weathering in these sediments. | <urn:uuid:38c34557-3c1f-48c3-adf3-6f4becac7bb8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gsi.ir/en/articles/9050/from-source-to-sink-towards-a-statistical-numerical-model-of-sediment-generation-and-evolution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.910286 | 665 | 2.1875 | 2 |
One summer day in 1912, amateur archaeologist Charles Dawson sauntered down to a gravel pit abutting his local golf course and made a discovery that shook the anthropological world for the next half century.
The fragments of an ancient humanoid skull and jawbone Dawson unearthed in East Sussex unleashed a media frenzy. Scientists hailed the discovery as the “missing link” and nationalists rejoiced in the evidence that, indeed, the first human was an Englishman. The British Museum championed the “Piltdown Man” as the pride of its collection, but American and continental zoologists questioned the authenticity of the find from its earliest days. The jaw, they said, looked suspiciously like an orangutan’s.
For Steppenwolf’s newest original production, ensemble member Eric Simonson takes this infamous hoax as his subject. Simonson’s Fake is an erudite and entertaining meditation on the conflicting natures of faith and science, using both the “discovery” and subsequent exposure of the Piltdown Man as its example.
The play opens in the study of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s East Sussex country house, where Conan Doyle (Francis Guinan) has assembled the various players of the Piltdown discovery: Dawson (Larry Yando); Arthur Smith Woodward (Alan Wilder), the head of the British Museum; Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (Coburn Goss), a French Jesuit priest and anthropologist; and Rebecca Eastman (Kate Arrington), a famously emancipated American journalist. Conan Doyle assembles this group for a classic whodunit moment: “Someone has faked the Piltdown Man, and he is in this room!” Eastman is invited by Conan Doyle to serve as the detective, to use her skills as an investigative journalist to expose the skull as a hoax on the international stage. All of the players are mightily offended by Conan Doyle’s accusations, especially given Sir Arthur’s infamously credulous essays on faeries and spiritualism.
The action then moves forward 40 years later, when Jonathan Cole (Guinan), a British anthropologist, and Doug Arnt (Goss), an American scientist, set about destroying the legitimacy of Piltdown once and for all. The two collaborators continue to be haunted by the events that occurred in Conan Doyle’s study, which eventually lead the men into a love triangle with Katarina Meras (Arrington), Jonathan’s past student and current fiancée.
Each actor in the production performs a role in both the scenes set in 1914 and those set in 1953. These double roles allow the actors to really stretch their dramatic muscles, switching between characters that are, in some cases, complete opposites. While the entire ensemble excels at their craft, special recognition should go to Francis Guinan, who perfectly inhabits both Conan Doyle, the boisterous Scot, and Cole, a sad sack academic. Larry Yando gives two excellent comic performances as the preening and lascivious Dawson and as an overly excited Cockney newspaperman.
Every character in Fake is seduced by the glamour of the Piltdown Man, which inevitably leads to both tragedy and revelation. Scenes between Jonathan and Katarina at the end of their relationship are devastatingly heartbreaking, and pair nicely with the more energetic disagreements between Conan Doyle and Eastman. The contrapuntal structure of the play is almost symphonic, with each scene serving to amplify and complement those preceding and following.
None of the action would be believable, however, without seamless scene and costume changes. Rip-away period costumes designed by Kärin Kopischke are both beautiful and utilitarian, especially those designed for Kate Arrington. Sets designed by Todd Rosenthal dissolve and rearrange themselves into extremely detailed rooms, transforming between a country manor, the British Museum, and Jonathan Cole’s 1950s London flat within a matter of seconds.
Last year, Steppenwolf’s original production of August: Osage County made the trip to Broadway and picked up a slew of Tonys. With several of the same cast and crew members working on Fake, it would be unsurprising to see this production make the same trek. So save the plane fare and head up to North and Clybourn—this is Steppenwolf at its best. | <urn:uuid:243888eb-bdda-4b22-9c0a-8ab41d549d89> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chicagomaroon.com/article/2009/10/4/dubious-discovery-drives-steppenwolf-s-original-drama/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.93704 | 907 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Of War and Law Symposium
Date: February 12, 2009 – February 14, 2009
Time and location: University of Notre Dame (See listings for events in schedule)
A Symposium and Film Festival on the Occasion of the 60th Anniversary of the Geneva Conventions on the Protection of Victims of Armed Conflict
The 1949 Geneva (or “Red Cross”) Conventions on the Protection of Victims of Armed Conflict (civilians, the wounded and sick, and prisoners of war) are the core of international humanitarian law. Drafted shortly after World War II, the Conventions primarily deal with war between states and regular armies.
Over the past 60 years, armed conflict has grown significantly more complex. The “new wars” blur the distinctions between war, organized crime, terrorism, and large-scale violations of human rights; between public and private actors; between military, police, and civilians; between occupation, counterinsurgency, and nation-building; and between war and peace itself.
This three-day event will explore the transformation of war and the ensuing challenges to international humanitarian law. It will feature lectures by a leading military historian and theoretician and by a high-tech entrepreneur and former U.S. special operations officer; panel discussions with leading scholars in international law, conflict, and peace; and a series of provocative films spanning wars and humanitarian law issues over 150 years.
Symposium & Film Schedule
Thursday, February 12
Lecture: The Culture of War, featuring Martin van Creveld (Hesburgh Center Auditorium)
Symposium: War in the 21st Century, featuring Martin van Creveld, John Robb, and Jamie Williamson, and moderated by Mary Ellen O’Connell (Browning Cinema, DeBartolo Performing Arts Center)
Reception and book display/signing (following the film)
Film: Henry Dunant, Red on the Cross (Browning Cinema, DeBartolo Performing Arts Center)
Friday, February 13
Lecture: The Economics of Contemporary Armed Conflict, featuring John Robb (Hesburgh Center Auditorium)
Symposium: New Wars, New Laws? Humanitarian Law in the 21st Century, featuring Martin van Creveld, Frédéric Mégret, and Cécile Aptel, and moderated by David Cortright (Browning Cinema, DeBartolo Performing Arts Center)
Reception and book display and signing (following the Symposium)
Film: Breaker Morant (Browning Cinema, DeBartolo Performing Arts Center)
Film: Casualties of War (Browning Cinema, DeBartolo Performing Arts Center)
Saturday, February 14
Film: Afghan Breakdown (Browning Cinema, DeBartolo Performing Arts Center)
Film: Welcome to Sarajevo (Browning Cinema, DeBartolo Performing Arts Center)
Events are free and open to the public.
All films are FREE but ticketed. Call the DPAC Ticket Office at 574.631.2800 to reserve tickets.
Speakers and moderators
Cécile Aptel is a longtime legal advisor to the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia
David Cortright is a research fellow at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies and the president of the Fourth Freedom Forum
Frédéric Mégret is professor of law at McGill University, the Canada Research Chair on the Law of Human Rights and Legal Pluralism, and the Director of the McGill Clinic for the Sierra Leone Special Court.
Mary Ellen O’Connell is the Robert and Marion Short Professor of Law at the University of Notre Dame and a faculty fellow at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
John Robb, formerly with U.S. military special operations, is an expert on the Iraqi insurgency, global guerrillas, and open-source warfare.
Martin van Creveld of the Hebrew University is a leading expert on military history and strategy.
Jamie Williamson of the International Committee of the Red Cross (Washington D.C.)
Arts and Letters Undergraduate Studies Office
Center for Civil and Human Rights
Center for Social Concerns
DeBartolo Performing Arts Center
Department of Film, Television, and Theatre
Department of History
Department of Political Science
Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts
Kellogg Institute for International Studies
Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
Nanovic Institute for European Studies
For further information, contact Luc Reydams, Department of Political Science, firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:50ca234d-4ce8-466a-b9aa-bf58511d028f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://law.nd.edu/news/10734-of-war-and-law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00048-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.87295 | 959 | 1.890625 | 2 |
The E210-B0200 has an SSD storage media which is faster than the HDD storage media found on most comparable spec personal computers that have been around for a similar time to it. Solid State Drives (SSD) store information in transistors on a circuit board rather than on optical or magnetic media. This has the advantage of being much faster than a traditional HDD drive.
This personal computer's storage speed (SSD) is actually the best storage speed across all desktop computers that were released around the same time as the E210-B0200.
Across comparable types of personal computer the worst storage speed is HDD.
It may also be worth considering one of the other SSD desktop computers currently available including the MSI DC111[plb_2580346_price] which has better reviews. | <urn:uuid:ced5dd06-9f39-422d-a3d9-a5b8b1629813> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://kagoo.co.uk/pcs/asus-e210-b0200-2-core-intel-celeron-158ghz-4gb-64gb-ssd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00355-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960052 | 162 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Infection of the single-celled diatom Stephanodiscus alpinus by the chytrid Zygorhizidium: Parasite distribution within host population, changes of host cell size, and host-parasite size relationship
Limnol. Oceanogr., 45(6), 2000, 1440-1444 | DOI: 10.4319/lo.2000.45.6.1440
ABSTRACT: An epidemic caused by a Zygorhizidium species infecting the single-celled planktonic centric diatom Stephanodiscus alpinus was analyzed for parasite distribution within the host population, final parasite size relative to host cell size, and size changes of infected and uninfected S. alpinus cells. Infections in the lake occurred at random within the whole host population. There was no evidence for aggregated or even distribution of the parasite individuals, indicating that the infections occur independently of each other. In enclosures in which light was enhanced compared to the lake, there tended to be an even parasite distribution within the host population, irrespective of whether plant nutrients were added. This suggests that infected host cells were negatively selected by the parasite zoospores under these conditions. Final parasite sporangium size and host cell size were positively correlated. Thus, parasite fecundity was limited by host cell size. Infected S. alpinus cells tended to be larger than uninfected cells, and the mean size of host cells within the population decreased during the epidemic. This might be due to selective infection of larger host cells or to the peculiar mode of cell division in diatoms. | <urn:uuid:9ceb95ac-6585-4c4e-a93b-4922d024a90f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_45/issue_6/1440.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719155.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00334-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937668 | 336 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the top two wine grape varieties produced in Washington State. But in some vintages the late-maturing grape can be a challenge to ripen properly in cool and warm sites.
Sometimes, a variety and site are perfectly matched, and the growing season is ideal, like Goldilocks’ porridge—not too hot and not too cold. But more often, growers must deal with an array of issues while striving to produce quality fruit.
Late-season Bordeaux varieties, like Cabernet Sauvignon, can be particularly challenging as growers wait for flavors to fully develop while worrying about fall rain and frost.
Two factors determine the relative warmth of a vineyard site: heat accumulation and length of the growing season.
Heat accumulation, expressed as degree-days, is measured by taking the average of the maximum and minimum daily Fahrenheit temperatures, subtracting 50 degrees, and then adding them together over an entire growing season.
Wine grapes need at least 1,700 degree-days to adequately ripen, but if the climate is too hot, with more than 3,500 degree-days, fruit acidity and quality is reduced.
Generally, 2,700 to 3,000 and above are considered moderate to high heat units and 2,300 to 2,700 are considered low to moderate heat units. A growing season of 150 to 180 frost-free days is needed to ripen the fruit.
Jason Schlagel is not as concerned about a cool site’s potential for frost. He’s more interested in the length and quality of the ripening period provided by the cool site.
Schlagel is chief agriculture officer at Taggares Fruit Company and co-owner of the custom farming company Sierra Vista Farm Management, headquartered in Pasco, Washington. Taggares Fruit has extensive tree fruit and grape acreage in the Columbia Basin.
Schlagel has viticultural experience in both warm and cool sites. Before joining Taggares, he spent four years at Milbrandt Vineyards, a company with wine grapes in the warm Wahluke Slope and cool Ancient Lakes appellations and four years with Ste. Michelle Wine Estates, based in Paterson.
“Our biggest challenge in a cool site is getting the vineyard canopy growth under control,” he said during a meeting of the Washington Association of Wine Grape Growers. “But it’s just the opposite in warm sites.”
Irrigation is a key tool he uses to manage canopy growth. Schlagel monitors the evapotranspiration (ET) rate in his vineyards daily. ET is the loss of water from the soil though evaporation and the plant’s transpiration. “ET numbers are generally lower in cooler sites than warmer ones,” he said. “We have a hard time with Bordeaux varieties, like Malbec, that have big berries, because in cool sites it’s difficult to achieve the small berry size that the winemakers want.”
He noted that last year, some of his cool site vineyards received only four to five inches of water per acre foot for the season. “We finally got control of the canopy in some blocks by August.”
On the flip side, the challenge presented by warm sites is growing enough canopy and providing enough irrigation without stressing vines too much.
Schlagel develops canopy and production targets in each vineyard, assigning target numbers to everything from pruning bud counts to shoot length to number of clusters. “We do everything we can to hit those targets,” he said.
In cool sites, he thins shoots more aggressively and generally has higher disease pressure compared to warm sites. Additional fungicide sprays are often needed in cool sites.
“Generally, in a warmer site, the winemaker wants excessive shoot thinning to develop thick skins on the berries and less methoxypyrazine, or green flavors,” he said.
When Cabernet Sauvignon is grown in a cool site, a winemaker may want herbaceous flavors, and purposely want more canopy shading, he explained.
But in both warm and cool sites, the timing of leaf removal is critical, says Schlagel. Leafing must be done early or fruit will sunburn.
In his own leafing trials conducted on Bordeaux red varieties, he found he could remove leaves on both sides of the canopy without sunburn problems, if leaf removal was done early.
While cooler sites can have higher disease pressure, warmer ones often require extra insecticide sprays due to additional pest generations. In some of his warm sites, he’s had three generations of leafhoppers to control.
In both warm and cool sites, the secret to getting fruit ripe is yield management.
“Yield is absolutely critical to ensure you have quality and requires collecting a lot of data to get it right,” said Schlagel. In cooler sites, he constantly monitors cluster development. He also does more crop and color thinning in cool sites than warm ones. “If it’s a marginal site for Cabernet Sauvignon, and we’ve had uneven veraison, we will often do a quick color thin of the clusters.”
He believes flexible yield targets are advantageous for cool sites and can help the grower ensure quality. For years like 2010 and 2011, both very cool growing seasons, flexible yield targets for Cabernet Sauvignon can help ensure the crop ripens.
Schlagel also thinks that acreage contracts are important when growing late maturing varieties in cool sites.
“Acreage contracts are not as critical in warm sites,” he said. “Most of the time, you can get Cabernet Sauvignon ripe in a warm site—regardless of the vintage—if you do your cultural practices right.”
Lastly, labor is an issue when growing Bordeaux varieties in both warm and cool sites, particularly when viticultural practices must be done by hand. He noted that finding adequate labor in recent years has been an increasing problem for vineyardists. • | <urn:uuid:bfbb91f1-b028-48f4-89db-257bc1e41303> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.goodfruit.com/warm-and-cool-site-challenges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725475.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00510-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943798 | 1,294 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Texting Parents Gets Children to Office for Second Dose Vaccine
October 13th, 2016
NEW YORK – Need pediatric patients to come in for services such as follow-up vaccines? Try texting their parents.
A study published recently in the journal Pediatrics found that was an effective way to get caregivers to bring in children for a second dose of influenza vaccine.
In fact, researchers at the Mailman School of Public Health and Columbia University Medical Center find that sending text message reminders increased compliance with the second dose of the vaccine by the end of the season as well as brought children in sooner to be vaccinated.
The effect was even greater when educational information on the importance of the second dose of influenza vaccine was embedded into the text messages compared to a written reminder or a conventional text message telling families when and where to go, according to the report.
For the study, the researchers conducted a randomized controlled trial during the 2012-2013 influenza season in three community-based pediatric clinics, affiliated with New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center in northern Manhattan.
Participants included children – ranging from 6 months old to 8 – who were in need of a second dose of influenza vaccine that season. All of the in 660 families had cell phones with texting capabilities. In addition, most of the families were Latino and publicly-insured with nearly three-quarters (71.9%) believing that their child was at least somewhat protected from influenza after one dose.
The study placed the children into three groups:
- One with an “educational" text message,
- One with a "conventional" text message, and
- One with a "written reminder-only" reminder provided at the time of the child’s first influenza vaccine.
Children in the educational text message reminder group were significantly more likely to receive a second dose of influenza vaccine, 72.7%, than both those in the conventional text message reminder group, 66.7%, and written reminder-only, 57.1%, groups, according to the results.
Researchers suggest that it can be an effective way for physician practices to communicate with other age patients, as well.
"Text message programs like these allow for healthcare providers to care for their patients even when they are not in front of them in the office, somewhat like a modern day house call," said principal investigator Melissa Stockwell, MD, MPH, assistant professor of Population and Family Health at the Mailman School of Public Health and assistant professor of pediatrics at the Medical Center.
Parents told researchers they liked the text messages and saw them as helpful because they acted as reminders, providing information in an efficient way that did not require talking with anyone. They also said the text reminders demonstrated someone "cared."
Almost two-thirds, 60.8%, of parents reported the reminder was either the main reason or part of the reason they brought their child for a second dose, and 70.1% said that it affected bringing their child sooner. | <urn:uuid:3806202d-2466-4c6c-bf8f-ff326d62b144> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.reliasmedia.com/blogs/the-vitals/texting-parents-gets-children-to-office-for-second-dose-vaccine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.964941 | 610 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Letter to President George W. Bush
GRASSLEY, THUNE PUSH PRESIDENT, EPA TO RESEARCH AND APPROVE HIGHER ETHANOL BLENDS
Senator Chuck Grassley today said the federal government should begin the testing process to approve higher ethanol blends and ensure that demand for ethanol keeps pace with industry expansion.
Grassley, along with Senator John Thune, spearheaded an effort to send a letter to President George Bush asking him to direct the Environmental Protection Agency to approve appropriate higher blends of ethanol, such as E15, E20, and E30 in a safe and timely manner. This would be done once all required scientifically-based testing is completed, and in coordination with other relevant federal agencies and private sector industries.
"With consideration of a new farm bill as well as a new energy bill well underway, ethanol and renewable fuels are at the forefront of the discussion. And, while we've seen a tremendous jump in knowledge, promotion and usage of renewable fuels, there remain very real barriers," Grassley said. "In the absence of widespread E85 use at this time, it's important to ensure a market for today's ethanol production."
The letter comes on the heels of letters Grassley sent to several Southern governors asking that they remove their states' fuel regulations that impede the blending and use of ethanol.
Here is a copy of today's letter.
October 30, 2007
President George W. Bush
The White House
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Mr. President:
We write to you regarding the future of our nation's renewable energy sector. In particular, we want to bring your attention to the very real barriers that exist to greater use of alternative fuels by the general motoring public. Without your assistance, we feel that a great opportunity will be missed to reduce our nation's dependence on foreign sources of energy.
We recognize and thank you for your strong leadership in promoting renewable fuels as a key component of our nation's energy policy. Your leadership, coupled with significant legislative accomplishments in Congress and historic private sector innovation and investment, has created a strong and growing renewable fuels industry that is creating jobs throughout and strengthening our nation's energy security.
Current ethanol production capacity totals approximately 6.8 billion gallons per year. Ethanol plants currently under construction or expansion will double this figure by adding almost 6.7 billion gallons of capacity in the next 18 to 24 months, for a total of roughly 13.5 billion gallons. Additionally, you have called for and the Senate has acted upon a higher Renewable Fuels Standard in the recently passed Energy bill that would require 36 billion gallons of renewable fuel in the coming years.
As additional production comes on-line, the ethanol industry is increasingly mindful about the short-term market demand for ethanol. Domestic ethanol production is quickly approaching the maximum market demand for E10 (10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline), which is projected to be 12 to 14 billion gallons of ethanol per year. At this production level, the blend market for ethanol will become fully supplied. While it is difficult to predict precisely when the ethanol industry will saturate the blend market and hit the "E10 Blend Wall," the federal government must now begin the testing process to approve higher ethanol blends and ensure that demand for ethanol keeps pace with industry expansion. If we fail to act now, excess production capacity could have harmful effects on the overall ethanol industry - not to mention a missed opportunity to further reduce our current dependence on foreign sources of energy.
In addition to an increased Renewable Fuels Standard, Congress and the Administration must work together with the ethanol, automotive, and small engine industries to begin the process of approving intermediate blends of ethanol blended gasoline for non-flex fuel vehicles. Upon the successful completion of the appropriate emissions, drivability, and compatibility tests, we ask that you direct the Environmental Protection Agency to approve appropriate higher blends of ethanol (such as E15, E20, and E30) in a safe and timely manner following all required scientifically-based testing, and in conjunction and coordination with other relevant federal agencies and private sector industries.
We thank you for your time and consideration of this request and for your continued support for 's renewable fuels industry. | <urn:uuid:55bde28f-0081-4ac4-9810-fb6933556d5f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://votesmart.org/public-statement/301575/letter-to-president-george-w-bush | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721387.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00447-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921404 | 850 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Dolby Chadwick Gallery is pleased to announce Spool, an exhibition of recent work by Katherine Tzu-Lan Mann, on view from November 7 to 30. Mann’s paintings sit at the nexus of multiple worlds, occupying that in-between space where landscape drifts toward abstraction and back again. Layers of stylized foliage, traces of the geologic, and suggestions of rain and water-logged terrain coalesce as dazzling, feverish energy. Other visual references, many of them decorative in nature, also enter Mann’s mise-en-scenes to shift their tone and confer new meaning. The paintings are fragmented and full—maximal in a way that conjures unfettered abundance rather than congestion.
Mann uses color, texture, and a mixture of techniques to achieve the work’s lush, emphatically immersive effect. She almost always begins a piece by pouring ink and diluted paints onto a sheet of paper laid out on her studio floor. The media is allowed to evaporate over a period of several days, with the resultant alluvial marks and dried pools forming the skeleton around which the painting builds up. Trained in traditional sumi ink painting, Mann introduces further layers of ink as well as paint, collage, and printed elements to produce a sense of “simultaneity and incongruity.” “A print and pour are such different languages—even the speed of making each is opposite,” the artist observes. “I like the tension of bringing the languages of different techniques together, which dovetails with the different visual vocabularies.... The work is about creating an image or object that is full of contradictions and yet that somehow holds together.”
While each work uniquely engages Mann’s personal vocabulary, they all deal with the larger tradition of landscape painting and with her relationship to landscape in the Western and Chinese traditions. As a biracial Asian American and the daughter of an immigrant, she feels partially disconnected from both canons: the Western because of its frequent colonial and violent subtexts, and the Chinese because of a certain degree of personal cultural distance. As a result, she makes art that sits between these two worlds and references both, but that ultimately emerges from her own experience.
The paintings’ enveloping, mesmerizing qualities—parallels to which can be found in the art of Julie Mehretu, Judy Pfaff, and Sarah Sze—are amplified by their large scale and seemingly limitless recession into space, which she renders without using three-point perspective. Their impact can also be traced to a site that has recently played a significant role in her work: the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang, China. Representing many dynasties’ worth of Chinese art history, the caves are covered in Buddhist murals and sculptures. She notes that painting—specifically the painting of repeated forms—here takes on the status of a magical act. “Just like you would repeat the Buddha’s name in a mantra as part of a magical ritual, painting his image over and over again is itself a magical thing to do.” In Mann’s work, as at Mogao, the immersive is the locus of the magical.
Magic is also apparent in Mann’s reworking of a set of motifs that carry very distinct art historical and socio-cultural associations: bows, baubles, ribbons, and pearls. She uses repetition to assign these traditional signs of femininity new meaning, turning them into patterns or metastasizing masses that she transforms yet again. In Small Planet (2019), for example, fluttering orange and red ribbon weaves and loops through the composition. The shapes that adorn it are reminiscent of ovoid leaves, echoing the painting’s foliage elements and assimilating the ribbon into the larger landscape. The shapes are also suggestive of eyes, which is further reinforced by their sclera-like centers. Such interventions help overcome tired tropes; in this instance, ribbon is able to deepen the work’s connection to nature and, perhaps more strikingly, is imbued with a curious omniscience.
Katherine Tzu-Lan Mann was born in 1983, in Madison, Wisconsin. She earned a BA from Brown University in 2005 and an MFA from the Maryland Institute College of Art in 2009. She is the receipt of numerous grants and awards, including a Fulbright to Taiwan and a recent residency at Mass MOCA in North Adams, Massachusetts. Her work has been exhibited across North America, Europe, and Asia. This will be her first solo exhibition at the Dolby Chadwick Gallery. | <urn:uuid:08dd6533-e7bf-457d-acd8-659d9dece46d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.meer.com/en/57906-katherine-tzu-lan-mann | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.96242 | 957 | 1.507813 | 2 |
NexThought Monday: Shape Up and Scale Up: The Value of Mentors for Guiding Impact Entrepreneurs (Part 1)
Editor’s Note: Led by contributors from NextBillion’s Managing Partner, New Ventures, this is the latest in a series of articles showcasing the achievements of environmental entrepreneurs with insights from impact investing leaders on how to further scale sustainable enterprises. Other articles can be found here.
SMEs in emerging economies face significant challenges to their survival, and a large majority fail within the first few years of operation. This high failure rate is largely the result of a weak entrepreneurial support infrastructure leading to a deficiency in business skills, a lack of access to capital, and markets and policy barriers which increase the cost of doing business, forcing many companies out of the market.
A plethora of stand-alone incubators and accelerators focus on rectifying the lack of business skills training (some also play a role in facilitating investment to portfolio entrepreneurs). A big component of most of these incubator/accelerator programs involves linking entrepreneurs with “mentors” – experienced entrepreneurs, business leaders, potential investors and experts. These mentors play a critical role in getting companies the advice and preparation they need to excel in the market – anything from connections with their broader networks to specific finance skills.
A recent study by I-DEV International analyzed incubator/accelerator models and best practices across the globe and determined that mentor and peer learning are, in fact, the strongest components of existing social incubator/accelerator models. And an added benefit is that mentor programs are fairly low cost since many mentors provide their services for free; this allows incubators and accelerators to provide high quality services without a significant increase to their already strained budgets.
Given their importance, we wanted to get a handle on the types of mentor programs currently offered by a few of these incubator/accelerator programs, and glean some more anecdotal lessons learned in providing mentor services. In part two of this article, we will summarize the main insights we gleaned directly from mentors and entrepreneurs about their experiences participating in these programs, although many of these programs are considering building out a virtual component going forward.
Overview of select mentor programs
I-DEV breaks up incubators and accelerators into five main categories based on how they provide services to SMEs; these include: business plan competitions, hub or co-sharing programs, management capacity and model development programs, entrepreneur sponsorship programs, and virtual programs. Of these, three are the most focused on incorporating significant mentorship services; the hubs/co-sharing, management capacity & model development, and virtual programs. We chose to focus on management capacity & model development programs for this particular series of interviews.
We interviewed Cesar Gonzalez, Unreasonable’s vice president of systems.
Unreasonable’s model, launched in 2011, is largely built on several tech mentor programs and their marketplace is based on Kickstarter. In the program, 25 entrepreneurs are selected each year from around the world and brought to live and learn together for six weeks. Their curriculum consists of a five topics that span acquiring customers, finding financing, building world-class teams, and experimenting with business models and hypothesis testing. Based on these topics, specialized mentors are assigned with each aspect of the curriculum and host workshops each week.
Unreasonable hasn’t nailed down a stage of entrepreneur to work with; in the first year of their mentoring program the focus was on idea-stage ventures. But Gonzalez says Unreasonable has “found they would rather work with companies that already have a prototype, customers, and a built-out team because they can provide more value and have more impact.”
Unreasonable recruits world-class mentors who are leaders and CEOs of top businesses and organizations around the world.
We interviewed Didier Quiroz, associate of the Accelerator Program at New Ventures Mexico.
Since 2007, they have had a formal mentor program, but in 2009, they began conducting a standardized four-month accelerator program called Strategy Boot Camp, which helps companies run through:
1) Business potential (i.e. including understanding their core business).
2) “Go-to-Market” (i.e. competitor analysis and competitive strategy).
3) Growth requirements (determining the profitability of each strategy).
4) Risk management & next steps (i.e. setting key performance indicators).
Organized sessions take place between mentors (all from Mexico) and entrepreneurs once a month for three hours. For each of these stages, there is a mix of mentors from different backgrounds. This structured approach (versus simply linking mentors one-on-one with companies) has been effective because mentors know exactly what they are getting into and entrepreneurs are able to identify and receive advice throughout the process.
The mentor network (called Sustainable Minds Network) is comprised of over 100 leading figures in the business and investment community in Mexico. Going forward, Didier envisions having a dream team of mentors with consulting, finance, marketing backgrounds, in addition to mentors with specific sector experience, so they can have an even split of four mentors per meeting. On average, about 20 companies a year go through the NVM mentoring program.
We interviewed Sanjoy Sanyal, director of New Ventures India.
Their program originally began in 2009 with a paid mentorship program that ran eight weeks, where enterprises were matched with individual enterprises; however, when the funding for this program dried up, they moved to a pro bono model.
Many mentor networks now exist in India (i.e. TiE India). By partnering with these networks the process for New Ventures India has become less prescriptive; companies can now choose their mentors and mentors can choose companies. On the other hand, New Ventures India staff spends less time administering the program, so they can spend time mentoring companies themselves. In terms of evolution, New Ventures India is thinking of ultimately moving to an online platform to connect companies with mentors. On average, about 10 companies a year go through the mentoring program.
We interviewed Victoria Canavor, senior manager of TechnoServe’s Volunteer Consultant Program.
TechnoServe’s program has been running since 2001 and over 700 alumni have passed through the program; mentors are selected based on their business skills for a three- to 12-month period. There is an open call for application for mentors, and many are referred by alumni and staff. These mentors work closely with TechnoServe’s country teams, and local staff are heavily involved in pairing entrepreneurs with mentors with the right skills – from management consulting to marketing and communications.
(Right: Joe McMahan, pictured right, supports strategy development for The Coca-Cola Company’s sustainable agriculture program, and is a former TechnoServe volunteer consultant).
TechnoServe’s volunteer consultant program began because specific analytical skills were not easily available locally. By developing a structured program and working with volunteers who were motivated, they were able to provide necessary mentoring services in a cost-effective manner.
Key lessons in building robust mentor programs
- Attract mentors with specific expertise. Some entrepreneurs are looking to optimize financial documents; others are looking for strategic advice about business expansion into certain geographies. It makes sense to attract mentors that can provide targeted advice to companies.
- Have mentors give entrepreneurs specific advice. Related to the point about attracting mentors with specific expertise, one entrepreneur told Sanjoy Sanyal of New Ventures India that there is too much advice going around and that companies can often get overwhelmed. “A lot of people are very interested in advising companies, almost to the point where the entrepreneur feels overwhelmed by the advice – sometimes an entrepreneur needs very specific advice, so mentors should keep this in mind.”
- Match the right people together. Make sure to get the incentives right for both the mentors and entrepreneurs, so that everyone can mutually benefit from the process in an efficient manner. This also ensures that both the entrepreneur and mentor are given the opportunity to form deep and lasting relationships.
- Give mentors a rest. For New Ventures Mexico, mentors are asked to join for a four-month semester at a time. So they don’t get fatigued, mentors are given regular breaks. “They are like football players, you have to give them a rest and not just take advantage of their goodwill,” says Quiroz. They also like to keep the ratios high, so there are two mentors for every one entrepreneur.
- Be ok with replication. Although most entrepreneurs want to create a “unique” and “innovative” product or service, there’s a lot of value in replicating successful models and not reinventing the wheel. It is important for both mentors and companies to keep this point in mind.
- Provide mentor connections at different stages of growth. It’s important to make sure that accelerator programs don’t just make mentor engagements a one-time process, but help different enterprises connect at different stages of growth.
Mentoring is critical infrastructure component of the impact investing sector that empowers entrepreneurs with the business skills they need to grow and scale enterprises with strong social, environmental, and economic outcomes.
Part two of this article will focus on why mentors participate in these often volunteer programs, key lessons learned, and how companies have been affected. | <urn:uuid:7f138c4b-60fd-4dc8-a200-12f0750c5144> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://nextbillion.net/nexthought-monday-shape-up-and-scale-up-the-value-of-mentors-for-guiding-impact-entrepreneurs-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00301-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948096 | 1,926 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Goldfrapp keyboardist Will Gregory is joining the BBC Concert Orchestra for the premiere of his new score to silent film classic He Who Gets Slapped.
Lon Chaney was one of the biggest film stars of his day
Portishead's Adrian Utley will also take part in the performances, in Bristol and London in December.
The 1924 film was the first to be made by MGM and stars Lon Chaney - who also appeared as The Phantom of the Opera - as a clown who gets 200 slaps a day.
Gregory said the film was an "overlooked masterpiece".
'Presence and charisma'
Chaney, who was one of the biggest film stars of the day, regarded his role in the film as his best.
"Whenever he is on screen he exudes such presence and charisma that it is easy to see why he was the most celebrated screen actor of his day," Gregory added.
Chaney, who also starred as The Hunchback of Notre Dame, died in 1930, after making his only "talkie", The Unholy Three. He was played by James Cagney in a 1957 biopic, Man of a Thousand Faces.
Jazz saxophonist Andy Sheppard and drummer Tony Orrell will also perform, while the BBC Concert Orchestra will be conducted by Charles Hazelwood at the shows, at Colston Hall in Bristol and London's Queen Elizabeth Hall on 1 and 3 December. | <urn:uuid:06c75dad-bc2f-4b37-a5ea-514056c46536> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7056979.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00037-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98683 | 295 | 1.5 | 2 |
Chips & ketchup tree: Hybrid plant growing potatoes & tomatoes now on sale
They say money doesn’t grow on trees, but imagine the money that could be saved by this DIY solution to the greasy, often late night, cuisine.
While we're still hoping for a real-life Tomacco plant, the new TomTato tree is an exciting step in the right direction.
Aimed at families with limited garden space and flat dwellers who feel like growing their own spuds, the horticultural creation hit the shelves of a UK supermarket chain Monday.
It took a UK horticultural firm more than ten years to figure out how to grow tomatoes up the vine and potatoes under the soil in one pot - and this is the first time the plants will be sold in stores.
Thought of the day: all these hipster artisans and not one of them has created tomacco— Wavey Crockett (@rocknwitdblest) April 23, 2016
“This new plant is just the solution for our shrinking gardens and will enable everyone to follow their produce from plant pot to plate,” said Glen Cooper, a manager from the store.
The chain insists the plant hasn’t been genetically modified and comes from years of hand-grafting stems to make them suitable for both tomato and potato growth, both of which are part of the nightshade family.
guess who got Ketchup chips and aint gonna share? THIS GIRL! 💁☺️☺️☺️☺️❤️— Zanetta Cayou (@zlcayou34) April 25, 2016
Grown and grafted in the Netherlands, stems from two plants are cut at an identical angle so they can be connected and within a week, they naturally join up.
The ketchup and chips plants grow tomatoes and potatoes from July to October and will set you back £5 (US$7.20).
The TomTato plant can be grown inside or outside and lasts for one season, producing as many as 500 tomatoes and 2kg (4.4lb) of potatoes.
Fries and ketchup doesn't mean you had two servings of veggies...or does it?— David Choi (@davidchoimusic) April 24, 2016
While the potatoes can be used to make chips, it may be cheaper to buy your own ketchup and use the cherry tomatoes for a nice salad.
An “egg and chips” plant was launched last year. It grew both aubergine (aka eggplant) and potatoes.
And, of course, we’re still waiting for our Tomacco plant. | <urn:uuid:9feff102-c0f6-4246-a34c-1c374aa5e78a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.rt.com/uk/340841-potato-tomato-tree-plant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00015-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952102 | 556 | 2 | 2 |
War and Peace in the Nuclear Age; Education of Robert McNamara, The; Interview with Maurice Schumann, 1986
Part of War and Peace in the Nuclear Age.
Maurice Schumann was French deputy foreign minister from 1951 to 1954 and foreign minister from 1969 to 1973. The interview Schumann conducted for War and Peace in the Nuclear Age sheds light on how nuclear weapons shape relations between both allies and adversaries. In the aftermath of World War II, he recalls, France resisted proposals to remilitarize Germany and ultimately rejected the proposal for a European Defense Community that emerged from the 1952 Lisbon conference. West Germanys renunciation of nuclear weapons was critical to Frances acceptance of the rearming of its neighbor. Threaded through this interview is Schumanns take on Frances dislike of relying on the United States for its national security. Schumann recalls his realization that Frances acquisition of the atomic bomb had, in the eyes of the world, restored its rank and prestige. He also makes an oblique reference to Britains assistance in Frances nuclear ambitions, before suddenly stopping himself from divulging more. The French welcomed Britain as a nuclear power since an additional deterrent diluted the United States exclusive protection. When the United States prepared to join the Soviet Union against Britain and France during the Suez crisis of 1956, Schumann recalls, French people resented [it] more bitterly than you can imagine. He also describes his failure to secure a United Nations Far East pact, which he hoped would end both the French-Indochinese war and the military conflict in Korea. General Charles de Gaulle concluded early on, Schumann recounts, that full partnership with his countrys powerful allies demanded that France become an independent and national nuclear power. Schumann, sent to Washington by now-president de Gaulle to explain Frances withdrawal from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), skillfully reassured U.S. president Lyndon Johnson that France would continue to be a strong ally.
- War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
- Education of Robert McNamara, The
- Program Number
Interview with Maurice Schumann, 1986
- Series Description
The first atomic explosion in the New Mexico desert on July 16, 1945, changed the world forever. This series chronicles these changes and the history of a new era. It traces the development of nuclear weapons, the evolution of nuclear strategy, and the politics of a world with the power to destroy itself.
In thirteen one-hour programs that combine historic footage and recent interviews with key American, Soviet, and European participants, the nuclear age unfolds: the origin and evolution of nuclear weapons; the people of the past who have shaped the events of the present; the ideas and issues that political leaders, scientists, and the public at large must confront, and the prospects for the future. Nuclear Age highlights the profound changes in contemporary thinking imposed by the advent of nuclear weapons. Series release date: 1/1989
- Program Description
In the 1960’s Secretary of Defense Robert Mcnamara confronts the possibility of nuclear war and changes his views on questions of strategy and survival.
McNamara was Secretary of Defense for Presidents Kennedy and Johnson from 1961 to 1968. By the 1960’s the Soviets’ increased nuclear capabilities raised disturbing questions. What would the United States do if attacked? American strategy had been “massive retaliation.” But, as McNamara explains, it became increasingly apparent to the Soviets that the US was unlikely to respond. If the United States did launch a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union, the remaining Soviet forces would destroy the US. McNamara’s Defense Department developed a new strategy. “Flexible response” was based on a “ladder of escalation” from conventional to nuclear options. But by 1967, McNamara, who tried to create rules for limited nuclear war, concluded, “The blunt fact is that neither... can attack the other without being destroyed in retaliation. And it is precisely this ... that provides us both with the strongest possible motives to avoid a nuclear war.”
- Asset Type
- Media Type
- Gallois, Pierre M. (Pierre Marie), 1911-2010
- International relations
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- United States
- Soviet Union
- Nuclear weapons
- Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969
- MacArthur, Douglas, 1880-1964
- Schuman, Robert, 1886-1963
- Gaulle, Charles de, 1890-1970
- Korean War, 1950-1953
- German rearmament
- Mollet, Guy, 1905-1975
- Dulles, John Foster, 1888-1959
- Mendes France, Pierre, 1907-1982
- Edicia Sputnik
- Adenauer, Konrad, 1876-1967
- Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973
- Great Britain
- European Defense Community
- Sinai Campaign, 1956, Israel--History--Suez Campaign, 1956
- Global Affairs
- War and Conflict
- Schumann, Maurice (Interviewee)
- Publication Information
- WGBH Educational Foundation
- Chicago: “War and Peace in the Nuclear Age; Education of Robert McNamara, The; Interview with Maurice Schumann, 1986 ,” 11/04/1986, WGBH Media Library & Archives, accessed January 21, 2017, http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_31B1CB3DDC7B4180BF4209CFD3BF384E.
- MLA: “War and Peace in the Nuclear Age; Education of Robert McNamara, The; Interview with Maurice Schumann, 1986 .” 11/04/1986. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Web. January 21, 2017. <http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_31B1CB3DDC7B4180BF4209CFD3BF384E>.
- APA: War and Peace in the Nuclear Age; Education of Robert McNamara, The; Interview with Maurice Schumann, 1986 . Boston, MA: WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved from http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_31B1CB3DDC7B4180BF4209CFD3BF384E | <urn:uuid:6da6c12d-729f-4d7f-b422-3a1d04f4c531> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_31B1CB3DDC7B4180BF4209CFD3BF384E | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00374-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891961 | 1,315 | 2.5625 | 3 |
28 February 2002
Dr. Schneibel MWF 10AM
Objective: Explain the theme of James Joyce's "The Boarding House." Identify its overriding idea. Establish grounds for your interpretation and explain why the idea is important.
Theme: Every reputation meets the challenge of realizing the appearance of propriety is of greater social importance than the essence of propriety.
Discussion of theme in "The Boarding House" by James Joyce
When an author sits down to write a story, he or she may already have the basic plot and theme of the story in mind. The setting and mood of a story help to unfold the mystery behind the text: What drove the author to write the story? For "The Boarding House" James Joyce probably sat down with pen, paper, and an idea. As the characters came into motion, the theme became unveiled: it is inevitable that each reputation meets challenges which force the individual to an epiphany that the appearance of propriety is socially more important than the essence of propriety.
In the case of "The Boarding House," Mrs. Mooney, Polly, and Mr. Doran have to battle individual struggles in the attempt to maintain a seemingly reasonably sense of propriety in the community.
As Mrs. Mooney is a member of the Catholic faith and must therefore hold strong in propriety. To ensure a pleasant atmosphere surrounds her, she hosts a gathering on Sundays at which everyone would jump in to act as entertainment including Mrs. Mooney's two children Jack and Polly. Unfortunately, her life hasn't always seemed so easy. After the death of Mrs. Mooney's father, Mr. Mooney "went to the devil" and began to drink, gamble, and engage in other less than ideal activities. When Mr. Mooney attacks her... | <urn:uuid:0e15c8ac-4b1e-4323-bb8f-4c01c746cf26> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.writework.com/essay/appearance-propriety-vs-essence-propriety-boarding-house-j | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00210-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953553 | 367 | 3.65625 | 4 |
How to Measure Hot Tub and Spa Covers
Guide to Measuring Hot Tub and Spa Covers
This guide will help you measure hot tub and spa covers so that they will fit perfectly. Even if your hot tub manufacturer has your model on file, take the time to measure to be sure. We have seen too many customers be given the wrong hot tub dimensions.
Regardless of the shape of your spa, you should measure from lip to lip, or the outside dimension of the acrylic. After you have a lip to lip measurement you may add up to 1/2″ on both the length and width. This will give you a 1/2″ of play all around your spa cover.
The skirt is the flap that hangs from the bottom of your cover. The skirt is really just cosmetic but if not measured correctly can cause some problems because if it is too long it will bunch and push your spa cover up. If you have a wood rail, as in the picture above, measure from the top of the wood rail to the top of your spa acrylic. You want to be a little short rather than long so the skirt does not bunch. If you do not have a wood rail then you want to measure from the top of the spa to the bottom of the spa lip and add 1/2″.
Measuring the Hot Tub Corner Radius
This is the one that makes everyone worried. As the diagram shows the easiest way to measure a radius is with a carpenter square. The dimension needed is from the start of the bend to the imaginary point of the square if the tub was actually square. Rule of thumb is smaller is safer than larger. The smaller the radius the more square the corner of the hot tub cover.
Square or Rectangle with a radius on four corners
To measure radius “C”: extend straight lines indicated in red by laying straightedges against the sides of the spa. Measure from point “Y” to point “Z”.
Square Spa Covers
The square hot tub cover is the easiest cover to measure. Simply measure your outside lip to lip, and add 1/2″ to each dimension. The only other dimension you will need is the skirt length.
Rectangle Hot Tub Covers
This is the same technique as the square spa, but make sure you request the fold direction you require. Most companies will by default cut the longest of the two sides in half.
Square or Rectangle with Radius Corners
Follow the square and rectangle spa cover procedure and add the radius measurement.
Round Hot Tub Covers
It is simple to measure a cover for a round hot tub. You only need the lip to lip measurement. If your old cover is measurable just measure across the seam. Remember to add 1/2″ of play. The only other measurement needed is the skirt length.
For the octagon spa cover, measure from lip to lip and add 1/2″ of play. Also, measure one panel of the octagon from point to point. The only other measurement needed is the skirt length.
Ellipse or Special Shaped Covers
Most of these hot tub covers will require a template provided by you for the manufacturer to build your cover properly. This includes spas with speaker bumps, waterfalls, or cut outs for rails or controls. Make sure to measure hot tub and spa covers to the very outside of the acrylic. | <urn:uuid:3e653a0d-0e3c-46ab-8b38-035f3336064d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thecoverguy.com/support/how-to-measure-your-cover/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.933027 | 707 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Sid Jacobs – Jazz Guitar Improvisation
Mar 10 2016
Guitar ace Sid Jacobs provides a step-by-step tutorial to help you develop the knowledge and skills you need to improvise Jazz guitar, in this DVD from the prestigious Musicians Institute.
Jacobs carefully guides you through several different aspects of Jazz soloing, giving you the chance to understand and master the harmonic demands of this complex playing style. Some of the great jazz artists with whom Sid has performed include Harold Land, Eddie Harris, Buddy Montgomery, Joe Diorio, Brad Mehldau, Larry Goldings and Javon Jackson. The instruction is quite advanced but if your playing is at Sid’s level,you can get a lot of good ideas from this DVD. Sid will open your ears for the more modern style of jazz guitar.
- Three-octave diatonic scale patterns
- Triads and triads pairs
- Common Jazz phrases
- Guide tones and non-chordal tones
- Harmonised fourths
*Included booklet with embeded backing tracks. Recommended software Adobe Reader.
Running time: 45 mins
Video: DivX 480×360 1482 kbps 29.970 fps Aspect ratio: 4:3
Audio: MP3 192 kpbs 2 ch @ 48.0 KHz 16 bits
Booklet: Yes (PDF) + Audio
Size: 532 Mb | <urn:uuid:e4bf3d1e-262a-4c16-b04f-a7dc5eb4bf18> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://faststrings.com/sid-jacobs-jazz-guitar-improvisation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00381-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.838705 | 289 | 2 | 2 |
Theft is not the only thing on the mind of a hacker, Sheer destruction is a major motivator. Hackers may want to destroy all your records, put a sick message on your customers’ screens. You can never undo the damage done by a hacker, you can take steps to prevent it. Today I will share some WordPress Security Tips And Tricks that I implemented it on my personal blog to protect the website from a hacker.
The first thing I always like to tell website owners is that security is about risk reduction, not risk elimination. You must get your head around this simple fact because there is no such thing as a 100% solution to staying secure. Almost all the tools you employ within your environment aim to reduce your overall risk posture, whether it’s continuous scanning or a more proactive approach.
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WordPress Security Tips And Tricks
Here are the WordPress security tips and tricks I tend to offer everyone that will listen when it comes to managing website security. You can divide the security into the basic setting.
- One time Setting and
- Regular check Up
1.) One Time setting
The most basic protection will discourage many hackers enough to make them go looking for easier pickings elsewhere. Thieves are likelier to steal from people who leave their doors unlocked. Implement this one time setting your blog to close the door of your website for a hacker.
- Use Stronger Passwords
- Rename Your “Admin” Account
- Limit login attempts
- Don’t allow uploads
- Install security applications
Use Stronger Passwords
100 out of 50 website get hacked due to its weak password. There is so many Programs are made to hack the password of the website. The best passwords are always random strings of upper and lower case letters with numbers and symbols. If you need help, go to a secure password generator site and make sure your password is written down somewhere.
Note:- Another thing to keep in mind: your password should be changed before every six months or so.
Rename Your “Admin” Account
A shockingly a maximum number of people leave their administrator account labeled as Admin, they do not change their Username. This means that if the hacker can guess this account name, they are halfway to making sure that they can access your site and lock you out of it! Change WordPress Admin Username as soon as possible
Limit login attempts
One of the best things you can do is limit the number of times someone can try to log in before the site gets locked down this is called brute force security. This prevents the hacker from using guessing software to figure out what your password is.
You can use Login Lockdown Plugin to save your site from Brute force attack. Limit the login attempts is my favorite WordPress security tips and tricks because it prevents my website from Automated hacking tools.
Don’t allow uploads
Allowing users to upload files ( like a screenshot, pdf, media ) to your website can be a big website security risk. The risk is that any file uploaded however innocent it may look could contain a script that when executed on your server completely opens up your website door for the hacker and hacker can easily attack your site. This WordPress security tips and tricks are a specially used by the e-commerce website during when customer contact to support center by contact form.
Note:- If you don’t have a good security Team working for you, do not allow guests to upload things to your site. It really is as simple as that.
Install Security Applications
You can hand over your website security to trusted company that will make life a bit more difficult for hackers. There are some free plugins such as Acunetix WP Security, Better WP Security and Bulletproof Security can provide an additional level of protection by hiding the identity of your website’s CMS. By doing so this tool makes you more resilient against automated hacking tools that scour the web, looking for WordPress sites with specific build and version, which has one or more known vulnerabilities
2.) Regular Checkup
- Keep platforms and scripts up-to-date
- Back-up frequently.
- Stay updated with Hacking Threat.
- Be alert and Be aware of your vulnerability
Keep Platforms and Scripts up-to-date
One of the best WordPress security tips and tricks, you can do to protect your website is to make sure any platforms or scripts you’ve installed are up-to-date. Because many of these tools are created as open-source software programs, their code is easily available – both to good-intentioned developers and malicious hackers. Hackers can pour over this code, looking for security loopholes that allow them to take control of your website by exploiting any platform or script weaknesses.
Just in case the worst happens anyway, keep everything backed-up. Backup on-site, backup off-site, backup everything multiple times a day. Every time a user saves a file it should automatically backup in multiple locations. Backing up once a day means that you lose that day’s data when your hard drive fails.
WordPress Backup plugins that will automatically archive your website every night (or weekly, or monthly). Not only that, they can save to your web server or a variety of cloud storage and you can limit the number of backups allowed in the storage space so you don’t have to periodically delete old ones.
Stay Updated with Hacking Threat.
You need to stay up to date with hacking threats. If you have at least a basic knowledge of what is possible then you can protect your website against it. Follow updates at a tech site such as The Hacker News. Use the information you gain to put fresh precautions in place when necessary.
Be Alert and Be Aware of your Vulnerability
Strange things suddenly appear on your site like automatically redirect to another website, Ads appear on your site, or your site simply stops working completely. Keep an eye out for things like a slowing of your website’s speed. If your website is not behaving correctly, find out why as soon as you can!
It’s hard to tell what types of web pages are going to be targeted by hackers. It’s all up to what the hacker wants to do. Because of that, it is impossible to have a web page that is completely ignored by sinister forces. stay Update with WordPress Security Guide Line.
Simply keep up your protections, and don’t make it easier for hackers.
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If you have any suggestion or problem about WordPress security tips and tricks please feel free to comment below. | <urn:uuid:1c8aef34-fb98-4240-b5e4-7cfb27b100b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hitechwork.com/wordpress-security-tips-and-tricks-protect-website-hacker/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00040-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925523 | 1,425 | 1.78125 | 2 |
When it comes to naval gun systems, the larger the calibre, the longer the range. Rheinmetall’s 35mm Millennium Gun ticks that box, with a range out to five kilometres, and ability to fire a range of advanced munitions.
Rheinmetall Defence Australia Managing Director Gary Stewart said, in Australia, Rheinmetall was synonymous with land vehicles but also offered naval self-protection and training systems. “With a large Australian footprint, Rheinmetall supports Australia, New Zealand, South-East Asia and global customers from the company’s Centre of Excellence in Australia,” he said in a release.
“At Indo Pacific, Rheinmetall will be proudly displaying the Millennium Gun, the 35mm multi-role weapon system,” he added. “The Millennium Gun is designed to engage multiple high speed asymmetric surface targets or swarming attacks.”
Stewart said this gun exceeded US Navy keep-out-range requirements for countering a multi-axis threat from multiple fast-intruder attack craft.
Also on display at Indo-Pacific will be Rheinmetall’s Multi Ammunition Softkill System (MASS), a naval anti-ship missile countermeasure system. This system launches decoys which, in effect create a smokescreen opaque to ultraviolet, electro-optical, laser infrared, and radar signals.
MASS is in service with a number of navies, including on New Zealand’s Anzac frigates.
Stewart said this fully computerised and trainable countermeasure system protected ships from attacks by modern, sensor-guided anti-ship missiles on the high seas or in the littorals, as well as from asymmetric, terrorist-type threats.
“MASS offers significant tactical, operational and logistical advantages,” he said. “It can be installed on any type of ship, and operates either in stand-alone mode or as an integral part of the ship’s networked C4I and weapon engagement system.” | <urn:uuid:13b98b3d-4ae8-4046-bb25-7966e9603b3f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://adbr.com.au/rheinmetall-displays-millennium-gun-mass-decoy-systems-at-indo-pac-2022/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.911856 | 433 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The effectiveness of email marketing is in its deliverability. Perhaps you’ve followed all best practices to craft an ultimate subject line and have the most valuable information for your customers in the email body. But unless the email gets into your customer’s inbox, the time, energy, and money you put is all useless. A recent Report on Email Deliverability notes that when a businesses send out permission-based emails like membership confirmations, password resets, delivery notifications, and more, one in every five emails fail to land in the inbox. This means businesses are failing to connect with 20% of their customers.
We say an email has not delivered successfully when it ends up in spam folder or an Internet service provider blocks it.
A spam filter scans all the emails that come to an email address to catch any spammy content in the email subject line, body, sender’s domain, and embedded code. If the email shows any signs of being a spam then it’s automatically sent to spam folder. Email providers like Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo, and AOL refer to email recipient’s engagement history for that particular sender type and email content to flag an email as spam. Click here to check spammyness of your emails.
When too many recipients report an email as spam, then the Internet Service Provider (ISP) will blacklist sender domain and IP address, and block all emails coming from that source. Spamcop, Barracuda Reputation Block List, MXToolBox, SURBL, MultiRBL, Invaluement, and Spamhaus are a few of the popular blacklist sites where you can check if your domain or IP has been reported as spam.
Sender reputation score is another factor that influences email deliverability. Internet Service Providers scores your IP address in the range of 0 to 100 or grade your IP as to evaluate its trustworthiness. ISPs consider spam reports, blacklists, email volume and frequency, the number of emails sent to unknown users, bounce rates, and spam trap hits to score an IP address. Use sites like SenderScore.org, Senderbase.org, ReputationAuthority, BarracudaCentral, and TrustedSource to know what’s your IP score.
Now that you know why your emails are not reaching your intended audience’s inbox, let’s look into the ways to troubleshoot it.
Encourage your customers to mark you as a safe sender:
Though we whitelist emails going through Vtiger on an ISP level for our customers like you, your customers may filter emails they receive at an individual level. Asking your customers to Whitelist you is a quick one-time task that ensures that your emails don’t go into their junk folder. All that your customers have to do to whitelist you is add you to their email client’s Address book or to the Safe sender list.
Spammers impersonating as brands and send out over 100 billion malicious emails every day that appears to be coming from a trusted brand itself. Authenticating emails is the best way for brands to help ISPs differentiate between emails that are genuinely coming from them and those coming from spammers. Sender Policy Framework is one of the most commonly used protocol by ISPs like Comcast, Gmail, Verizon, and others. DMARC is an email validation system that hugely relies on SPF to control email phishing and spamming.
Here is how you can add Vtiger to the SPF record for your domain:
- 1&1: Add or Remove TXT Records
- A Small Orange: Edit DNS record
- Bluehost: Edit DNS record
- Cloudflare: SPF
- Dreamhost: SPF
- GoDaddy: Plesk Panel 9, Plesk Panel 10
- Google Domains: Edit DNS record
- Hostgator: Edit DNS record
- HostMonster: Edit DNS record
- Hover: Edit DNS record
- Namecheap: SPF
- Network Solutions: Edit DNS Record
- Squarespace: Edit DNS record
Purchasing email addresses is always a bad idea:
Vtiger never encourages it’s users sending emails to purchased or rented email addresses. Even when the email list vendor insists that the list is totally opt-in, it’s a bad idea to use such a list because the people on these list signed up to receive emails from someone else at the point of opt-in and not you.
Also, there are possibilities for these lists to include spam traps. Spam traps are email addresses – that have been inactive for a long time but still receive emails – planted to catch spammers. When a spam trap receives an email instead to sending a hard bounce message to the sender, it reports the sender as a spammer. This means you will be risking your email deliverability and lowering your IP reputation which may take you months to rebuild.
Want to grow your list organically but running out of ideas? Here are five ideas to get you started: Use an opt-in form, Provide choices for subscribing, Use social channels, Collect email addresses at offline events, and Involve your partners.
To learn more ways to avoid spam folder and improve your IP reputation read on our Improve email deliverability documentation. Have any questions? Drop in a comment or mail us at email@example.com | <urn:uuid:f9317c3f-7744-4fda-ae56-1378bd075cd7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.vtiger.com/blog/2016/how-to-improve-your-email-deliverability-rate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00335-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915155 | 1,106 | 1.625 | 2 |
US Dept of Energy office supports Peak Oil theory
[ An office of the US Department of Energy addresses - and supports - Peak Oil research in this unusually frank document entitled Strategic Significance of America’s Oil Shale Resource. Produced by the DoE's Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, it disregards the overly optimistic oil production projections of the DoE's own Energy Information Administration. It references instead the research of Colin Campbell, Jean Laherrère, Kenneth Deffeyes, Matthew Simmons and other so called 'pessimists' in one of the first serious official documents supporting the thesis of an imminent oil peak. (In fact a later version of one figure included in the report was first published here on EnergyBulletin.net by Werner Zittel and Jorg Schindler.) The report looks towards the US's shale deposits as a potential source of fuel for the future. -AF ]
~~~~ Full Report: ~~~~ www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves/publications/Pubs-NPR/npr_strategic_... (PDF, 1.1MB)
~~~~ Extract: ~~~~
The growing dependence of the United States on foreign sources for its liquid fuels has significant strategic and economic implications. The United States has been a net importer of oil for more than 50 years, and today, imports nearly 60 percent of its liquid hydrocarbon needs (Figure 1). The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) projects that U.S. imports may double, to 19.8 MMBbl/D by 2025. By then imports will exceed 70 percent of demand, the vast majority coming from Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). As imports rise, America’s vulnerability to price shocks, disruptions, and shortages will also increase1.
The expected increase in demand for imported oil comes at a time when other consuming countries are also increasing their demand for oil, primarily from OPEC. Is such a growing dependence on imports and on OPEC accept able? Is it even possible for OPEC to meet the ever-increasing world demand for oil? And if it is possible, is increasing dependence on OPEC oil in the best long-term interests of the United States?
Adding urgency to these questions is the indication that world oil production may peak sooner than generally believed, accelerating the onset of inevitable competition among consumers (and nations) for ever-scarcer oil resources. Figure 2 illustrates the supply peak concept, first espoused by Dr. M. King Hubbert (Ref. 1), and now being debated by a number of respected petroleum experts (Ref. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). All of these experts agree that world petroleum supply will peak; the question is when? When the petroleum production peak occurs, the consequences will be severe if import-dependent nations have not prepared for it.
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This is a community site and the discussion is moderated. The rules in brief: no personal abuse and no climate denial. Complete Guidelines. | <urn:uuid:14b952df-a16b-4bdd-aed9-ee3ce45738c9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.resilience.org/stories/2004-12-16/us-dept-energy-office-supports-peak-oil-theory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721387.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00447-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918614 | 649 | 2.234375 | 2 |
There are two lines that will tell you the story of the American economy right now. The first is the one President Donald Trump talks about — a lot: the Dow Jones Industrial Average. It’s an index that measures the stock prices of 30 of America’s largest and most representative companies. It tracks the value of Apple, Caterpillar, Coca Cola, Goldman Sachs, and companies like that.
The other line isn’t on a graph. It’s an image of thousands of cars lined up to get food for Thanksgiving at the North Texas Food bank in Dallas. In one week, the food bank distributed 6,000 pounds of food, including 7,280 turkeys — enough to feed 25,000 people this Thanksgiving. That’s just one food bank, in one American city.
There are two lines that will tell you the story of the American economy right now.
Those two lines tell the story of the “K-shaped” recovery in America. The top line of the “K” is up and to the right, for the investor class. The bottom line is down and to the right, for the working class, the working poor and the unemployed.
The number of people filing for first time unemployment benefits has risen to 778,000 people last week — more than three times the rate a year ago. Unemployment has run out for many Americans. read more..
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Due to the nature of independent content, VT cannot guarantee content validity. We ask you to Read Our Content Policy so a clear comprehension of VT's independent non-censored media is understood and given its proper place in the world of news, opinion and media.
All content is owned by author exclusively. Expressed opinions are NOT necessarily the views of VT, other authors, affiliates, advertisers, sponsors, partners or technicians. Some content may be satirical in nature. All images within are full responsibility of author and NOT VT. | <urn:uuid:18fcb372-7207-4aca-a56a-d339057d7d2f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.veteranstoday.com/2020/11/29/thanksgiving-in-america-market-hits-30000-and-food-lines-have-30000-cars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.938131 | 437 | 1.523438 | 2 |
|From Financialadvice.co.uk: While we have touched on this subject in some of our earlier post it is still a subject which confuses and annoys some people. Why do we really depend upon the property market so much? Why is it such an integral part of our lives?
There are many reasons why we depend on the property market which include:- Some where to live! While this may seem the most obvious reason why we have an interest in property it is one of the main ones. Even though there is substantial council housing and rented accommodation around the UK there is nowhere near enough to cover everyone’s needs..... Full Article: Source | <urn:uuid:7fd8b78f-fdf9-4965-bee9-14f6d8597bcc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.opalesque.com/print_briefing.php?id=2288&type=ORB | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00072-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970416 | 133 | 1.617188 | 2 |
~Dr. Gabe Mirkin's Fitness and Health e-Zine
A review of 170 animal and human studies shows that regular exercise is associated with reduced cancer risk, particularly for the types of cancers that are associated with unhealthful lifestyles, such as those of the breast, colon, prostate, lung and endometrium (J Nutr, 2002 Nov;132(11 Suppl):3456S-3464S). Exercise helps to prevent cancer by reducing causes of inflammation: overweight, excess calorie intake, high blood sugar, high insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1, high estrogen, and overactive and depressed immune function.
The most likely reason why exercise reduces cancer risk is that it reduces an overactive immunity (Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 2015;43(3):134-142). Many studies show that exercise reduces markers of an overactive immune system that are also necessary for cancer growth: interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1.
* Exercise was shown to reduce inflammation that caused mice to develop colon cancer (Int. J. Oncol, 2014; 45(2):861–8) and breast cancer (Cytokine, 2011; 55(2):274–9).
* Exercise helped to prevent breast cancer in rats (Cancer Prev. Res (Phila), 2012; 5(3):414–22) and mice (Cytokine, 2011; 55(2):274–9).
* Exercise reduced inflammation in humans to increase survival from colon cancer (Gut, 2006; 55(1):62–7).
* Exercise is associated with reduced pre-cancerous polyps in humans (BMC Res Notes, 2012; 5: 312).
If you do not exercise, I recommend that you start an exercise program that may protect you from certain cancers and will also help to protect you from obesity, diabetes and heart attacks. Be aware that exercise can cause heart attacks in people who already have blocked arteries, so check with your doctor, particularly if you have any markers for arteriosclerosis: high blood pressure, cholesterol or blood sugar, or a lot of belly fat (more than three inches when you pinch the skin over your belly).
Start out Slowly
If you haven't exercised for a while, just go out every day and walk, jog or cycle for a short time, until your legs start to feel heavy or sore, and then quit for the day. Try to do this every day, but take days off when your legs feel sore. As you continue to move a little each day, you will gradually be able to increase the time you can spend exercising until you are able to exercise at low intensity every day for 30 minutes without feeling sore.
Now You Can Start to Pick Up the Pace
Fitness requires some degree of intensity. Whenever I see people reading while walking on a treadmill, I just shake my head. You have to damage muscles to make them larger and stronger, and you have to get short of breath to increase your ability to take in and use oxygen.
On the first day, warm up by walking, jogging or pedaling at a very slow rate for five to 10 minutes. Then gradually pick up the pace and when your legs start to burn, hurt or feel heavy, slow down. Do not use a clock, but when your legs feel recovered, pick up the pace again. Slow down at the least sign of discomfort. Do this until your legs start to feel heavy or tired and then quit for the day.
On the next day just go very slowly, or take the day off if your legs feel unusually sore.
Try to establish a training regimen in which on one day, you take a harder workout by alternating intervals of slow and fast movement, and on the next day, you go slow. Try to exercise for about half an hour each day. These alternating stress-and-recover workouts can make you very fit, help to prevent disease and prolong your life.
* Most people need to allow 48 hours between intense workouts. Take more recovery days if you need them.
* Your legs should feel a little sore when you wake up each morning. They will usually feel sore when you start your workout also. If your legs still do not feel fresh after you warm up by exercising slowly for five to 10 minutes, take the day off.
* If you feel pain in one spot that increases with exercise, stop the workout immediately and take the rest of the day off. Your body is telling you that you are headed for an injury if you continue to exercise.
* A review of more than 50 studies showed that exercise can reduce risk of colon cancer by 30 to 40 percent, and those who were most active gained the greatest protection (Sports Medicine, 2004; 34(4): 239–252).
* More than 60 studies showed that women who exercise are 20 to 80 percent less likely to develop breast cancer (Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev, 2006; 15(1):57–64).
* Time spent sitting is associated with increased breast cancer risk (Breast Cancer Res. Treat, 2011; 130(1):183–94).
* More than 20 studies showed that women who exercise have a 20 to 40 percent reduced risk for cancer of the inner lining of the uterus (Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Oxford University Press, 2006).
* A review of 21 studies showed that exercise reduces risk for lung cancer (Cancer Causes and Control, 2005; 16(4):389–397).
* In a review of 36 studies, most found an association between exercise and reduced risk for prostate cancer (Archives of Internal Medicine, 2005; 165(9):1005–1010).
* Exercise increases survival rate in breast cancer (JAMA, 2005; 293(20):2479–2486) and colorectal cancer (Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2006; 24(22):3527–3534). | <urn:uuid:b02232c9-2f14-44b5-a3a7-dad57cd5d7d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hillsidemedicine.com/news-info/82-how-exercise-helps-to-prevent-some-cancers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.921998 | 1,246 | 2.984375 | 3 |
I went to the cemetery where a baby, who was conceived in rape, was buried. Baby Leon was carried by a courageous mama, even when the rest of her family denied his worth. He died when he came early, too early. This young mama treasured him, he was the love of her life, and she had no shame regarding him.
Currently, she’s shut in because her health issues threaten her life as the COVID-19 pandemic rages just outside her door. With Easter coming she wanted him visited & remembered with a solar lit cross, so she had one mailed to me and I delivered it for her. On Palm Sunday I kept my promise, went to the cemetery, and pushed the pointed stake in the ground.
As I drove away, I noticed the Stations of the Cross lining the curved path of the narrow street. I remembered how as a child I went to Catholic Church with my family on Good Friday. We walked silently through these stations and I saw the journey of Jesus on the day of his death. I wanted to cover my eyes when I saw the big hammer in the hand of the Roman soldier held high over his head…knowing it would slam down to drive the stakes into his hands and feet. Jesus was arrested and tried as a criminal; to die a death he didn’t deserve. He was crucified naked and humiliated for sins he didn’t commit.
I decided to back up my car and start at the beginning. See it all again on this day that marked the beginning of Holy week. This was the day that the people waved palm branches and yelled, “Hosanna!” but that’s not where the Stations begin the story. They begin on the morning of Good Friday.
The book of Matthew says this.
24 When Pilate saw that he was getting nowhere, but that instead an uproar was starting, he took water and washed his hands in front of the crowd. “I am innocent of this man’s blood,” he said. “It is your responsibility!”
In this artist’s rendition, he shows a child holding the basin of water for Pilate. The bible doesn’t tell us if a child, was in fact there, holding the water. I cried at the sight of the innocent child being used by Pilate to aid in his crime. His lack of leadership and passivity no doubt dripped on this child and it made me sick. How many children have their innocence robbed by an adult? This mama I was serving was one of them.
I stared longer at the bronze image of Pilate washing his hands.
“Wash your hands” rang in my head.
And while Pilate is twisting his hands he says to the crowd, “I am innocent of this man’s blood. It is your responsibility.”
How did Jesus stand there and listen to this? It made me angry to read as I sat there in my car with my bible in my lap. What an injustice!! Jesus is about to have His blood spilled for my sins and your sins, not His. He knows He will die a horrible, bloody death and He just stands there. Silent. He listens, doesn’t refute Pilate and humbly accepts the verdict. How did He do it? He should be the one washing His hands and saying, “you’re the sinner not me.”
Instead He stands in obedience to His Father and submission to us. Fulfilling His mission as a man. The God-man.
He. Never. Washes His hands of me or you.
He never throws His hands up and says, “you’re not my responsibility.”
What Jesus does say:
Matthew 27:43 “I am the Son of God.”
Jesus, the King of Kings and Lord of Lords, never ended up not having a ceremonial washing for His burial. There wasn’t time. On Easter morning Mary went to the tomb with spices to anoint the body of Jesus when she saw the stone had been rolled away. A miracle had happened. What a beautiful picture that God loves us just as we are! In our filthy dirty death clothes He makes us new. God made Jesus clean when He raised Him from the dead. His bright Light was aglow with pure Holiness.
Jesus offers His righteousness to us when we receive the gift of His resurrection. The bible says, we too, can be washed white as snow, not with water, but with His blood sacrifice. That’s the reason we celebrate Easter. He is Risen!
Jesus answered, “I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.
Let me end with a question. Have you washed your hands, spiritually? Pilate washed with the water of indignation. John the Baptist calls us to water baptism for the forgiveness of sins. Repentance is how we enter into the presence of God with humility to receive His gift of grace. “For God so loved the world that He gave His one and only Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life.” John 3:16
If you haven’t asked Jesus to forgive you for your sins, please talk to Him, He’s waiting for you. Do what I did at the cemetery for my friend. Drive a stake into the ground so the light of Jesus can shine through the cross and light up your heart for Him by faith in His love. Let this Easter season change you. Engage in the hope God offers you, don’t sit back like Pilate but choose to wash your hands with the love and grace of Jesus. Be washed in the mercy of Jesus and He will make you new.
“He (Jesus) who was seated on the throne said, I am making everything new.”
Easter Blessings 2020 | <urn:uuid:8ebd8632-731c-4a06-bf6f-8ce2c8c728cf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://heknowsyourname.org/wash-your-hands/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.980899 | 1,265 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Annuities: Buyer Beware
When it comes to annuities, many investors are sold on their benefits, by high-commission earning financial “advisors” looking to capitalize on those who have been burned by the stock market and are looking for some guarantees.
While that doesn't mean that all annuities are bad and all annuity sales people are unethical, you should probably conduct a little due diligence before getting married for ten years to an annuity company on your first date.
The Top 15 Ways to Save Money on Your Taxes
An unexpected tax bill can ruin anybody's day. To help avoid that unpleasant surprise, here are 15 easy moves many people can make to cut their tax bills. In many cases, you must itemize rather than take the standard deduction in order to use these strategies, but the extra effort may be worth it.
The more you can cut out today means the more resources you have to save and give away tomorrow. In fact, as it relates to retirement, the lower your expenses, the less money you'll need to stash away in your nest egg. | <urn:uuid:b43c4882-dc22-4365-9e3c-114d0d95d394> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://domestiquecap.com/books/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.977857 | 233 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Colorado has an abundance of pests and insects, but that doesn’t mean you need to welcome them into your home! Crawling insects can sting, bite, and cause allergic reactions to you, your family and even your pets. Pest control in Colorado is key in protecting your home and the experts at Swingle want to advise you on what common pests to expect and some of the best ways to effectively keep them out this season.
Colorado Pest Control:
As summer comes to a close, pests are starting to take shelter inside your home. Some of the common pests to expect are spiders, pillbug, duff millipede, springtails, and earwigs. Colorado State University has created this useful document to help you identify what Colorado pests and insects might be residing in your home.
Solutions for Treating Pests:
Homemade Pest Remedies (Good)
There are a number of different homemade pest remedies that you can make on your own. Many of them are inexpensive and you may already own some of the necessary ingredients. This is a safer alternative to many pesticide sprays that are used indoors. However, homemade pest remedies usually require you to apply more often to ensure the pests stay away and eventually become ineffective.
Household Pest Spray (Better)
Products you can buy at big box stores are often temporary fixes. Although initially effective, these applications are typically done inside your home, which can potentially cause harm to you and your family. It’s important to always read the labels in order to ensure a safe and proper amount of product is applied.
HomeShield™ Insect Defense (Best)
An effective outdoor application is a safe way to keep pests and insecticides outside your home. HomeShield Insect Defense is an invisible barrier that is sprayed around the foundation of your home and around any windows and doors. Licensed Swingle technicians will also spray 2-3 feet up the outside of your walls to guarantee a complete protective seal against any unwanted pests getting inside your home.
Now that you know what pests to expect as we slowly transition into fall, it’s a great time to treat and protect your home against unwanted visitors. Contact Swingle today for a free quote to keep your home pest free! | <urn:uuid:ca460afd-650f-4d46-99f2-33d5561451a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.myswingle.com/colorado-pest-control/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00419-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95709 | 458 | 1.640625 | 2 |
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