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Egypt, 2000–1000 B.C.
The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 2, The Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom (1675–1080 B.C.)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide provides a comprehensive view of art history spanning five millennia and the entire globe.
Experience the best of human creativity from every corner of the globe at The Met.
Explore highlights of the collection through a variety of tours.
The easiest way to see what's happening at The Met every day—wherever you are. | <urn:uuid:daad9909-eeff-4138-bc02-8d953abf0d82> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/551210?img=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00374-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.771613 | 127 | 2.296875 | 2 |
- This event has passed.
MEAM Ph.D. Thesis Defense: “Social Robot Augmented Telepresence for Remote Assessment and Rehabilitation of Patients with Upper Extremity Impairment”
April 29 at 7:30 AM - 8:30 AM
With the shortage of rehabilitation clinicians in rural areas and elsewhere, remote rehabilitation (telerehab) fills an important gap in access to rehabilitation. We have developed a first of its kind social robot augmented telepresence (SRAT) system — Flo — which consists of a humanoid robot mounted onto a mobile telepresence base, with the goal of improving the quality of telerehab. The humanoid has arms, a torso, and a face to play games with and guide patients under the supervision of a remote clinician.
To understand the usability of this system, we conducted a survey of hundreds of rehab clinicians. We found that therapists in the United States believe Flo would improve communication, patient motivation, and patient compliance, compared to traditional telepresence for rehab. Therapists highlighted the importance of high-quality video to enable telerehab with their patients and were positive about the usefulness of features which make up the Flo system for enabling telerehab.
To compare telepresence interactions with vs without the social robot, we conducted controlled studies, the first to rigorously compare SRAT to classical telepresence (CT). We found that for many SRAT is more enjoyable than and preferred over CT. The results varied by age, motor function, and cognitive function, a novel result.
To understand how therapists and patients respond to and use SRAT in the wild over long-term use, we deployed Flo at an elder care facility. Therapists used Flo with their own patients however they deemed best. They developed new ways to use the system and highlighted challenges they faced.
To ease the load of performing assessments via telepresence, I constructed a pipeline to predict the motor function of patients using RGBD video of them doing activities via telepresence. The pipeline extracts poses from the video, calculates kinematic features and reachable workspace, and predicts level of impairment using a random forest of decision trees.
Finally, I have aggregated our findings over all these studies and provide a path forward to continue the evolution of SRAT.
Michael J. Sobrepera
Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania
Advisor: Michelle Johnson | <urn:uuid:28373272-1306-41c2-bacf-283628465e2e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://events.seas.upenn.edu/event/meam-ph-d-thesis-defense-social-robot-augmented-telepresence-for-remote-assessment-and-rehabilitation-of-patients-with-upper-extremity-impairment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.920399 | 502 | 1.84375 | 2 |
See the most beloved architectural masterpieces in Sydney CBD with our well-trained tour leaders!
This leisurely 2-hour walk examines and traces the development of our beautiful harbour city and the evolution of skyscrapers which define our skyline. We will also visit different parts of the tank stream which attracted the first fleet to settle in Sydney Harbour.
From Harry Seidler's iconic Australia Square tower that dominated the cityscape when it was completed in 1970, the tour explores the most exciting skyscrapers, including Aurora Place and the 6-green-star No.1 Bligh Street, a recent addition to Sydney's architectural icons.
We also look at adapted buildings that give heritage items a new life, such as the cantilevered Governor Phillip Tower by DCM that protects 19th century terrace houses, or the ingenious excavation beneath the Botanic Gardens to provide more classrooms for the Conservatorium of Music.
The tour will finish at a spot with great view of the harbour and the Sydney Opera House, Sydney's UNESCO World Heritage listed architecture.
Book online now... | <urn:uuid:df3b1bb7-d4d5-4648-aee6-f89701e12784> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.architecture.org.au/sydney-walks/45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00153-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901429 | 217 | 1.53125 | 2 |
What is Transactional Analysis?
Transactional Analysis (TA) is a counselling model developed by Eric Berne in the 1950s. Social ‘transactions’ (or communication with self and with others) is used to analyse or determine which ego state you are in on a day to day basis. It may change depending on who you interact with and what you are doing at any given time. Knowing which ego state you are in is the basis for understanding your behaviour, thoughts and feelings. Knowing is the basis of changing the ego state you are in. The diagram below gives a simple overview of the Parent-Adult-Child (PAC) model used to determine ego states:
Within the PAC model there are further divisions of the parent and child ego state. There are positive and negative aspects to the free/adapted child and the critical/nurturing parent. For example, it is perhaps easy to see the negative side to the critical parent, as a lot of criticism experienced in childhood comes with us into adulthood, but a line such as ‘don’t put your fingers into the electric socket’ would be the reason most of us made it into adulthood at all. The nurturing parent could be seen as positive, but overly nurturing or smothering a child would stifle their growth towards independence and impede their resilience to life. And remember it is our resilience that keeps our mental body in good health.
TA supports the development of self-awareness, options and skills for problem management and personal development in daily life through enhancement of our strengths, resources and functioning. The counselling relationship is important and unique in that it allows for exploration of relational patterns without the complication of feeling judged or concerned about what the other is thinking or feeling.
TA can be used in any field where there is a need for understanding individuals, relationships and communication. Out of the theory books, comes a very easy to understand model easily accessible to all.
On our next blog we will look further into our internal ego states and invite you to look at your internal transactions – the conversations you have with yourself.
Main image: Aaron Burden | <urn:uuid:af9f99d3-7a60-4a9b-8eb4-42136dfd0b77> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wildspirit.life/2017/06/29/basic-transactional-analysis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.949245 | 441 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Paper writing academic essays deliberately reservoirs elie university
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Learn about Modern French in part five of our series of bilingual articles on the development of French over the centuries.* Click any phrase for the English translation and related grammar lessons.
Note: Some of the tenses in this French article and its English translation don't match! In French, we use the present tense to describe historical events like this to evoke a sense of immediacy, whereas in English, we commonly use the past tense - learn more about historical French tenses.
*The Development of French
- Birth of the French language
- Dialects and regional languages
- Middle French
- *Classical French
- Modern French | <urn:uuid:3e27f068-8faa-4647-8dda-ae92efffe8eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://french.kwiziq.com/learn/reading/le-francais-moderne | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.90842 | 130 | 3.328125 | 3 |
If it did it would die. Just the way the Diaspora is destined to die. The etrog tree doesn’t belong in Brooklyn. The climate isn’t right for it. It’s the same with the lulav, hadasim, and aravot.* The four species which we are commanded to take for ourselves on the Festival of Sukkot are indigenous to Eretz Yisrael, just as the Torah is indigenous to Eretz Yisrael, and the Jewish People are indigenous to Eretz Yisrael. We belong in Eretz Yisrael. All of the holidays are intrinsically connected to Eretz Yisrael. The Torah was designed and fashioned by the Almighty to be observed in Eretz Yisrael.
How wonderful to be in the Land of Israel where you hear hammers pounding away the week before the Sukkot holiday and see sukkah booths wherever you look!
I remember living in New York City and walking the length and width of the city on the holiday of Sukkot and not seeing even one sukkah on the street. Finally I found a mini sukkah, the size of a telephone booth, in the back alley of a kosher dairy restaurant, adjacent to the foul-smelling bathroom.
This past week in Israel, in whatever direction you looked, chances are you saw a succah booth. On front lawns, in driveways, in parking lots, on restaurant sidewalks, on the terraces of buildings, and on rooftops. In the Diaspora, the opposite is true. Unless you happen to be in one of the 5 or 6 Ultra-Orthodox neighborhoods scattered around the globe, chances are you won’t see a succah booth at all. Take a walk from one end of Los Angeles to the other and there won’t be a succah in sight. In Paris and London, you would never know that there is a Jewish Festival about to begin. Diaspora succahs, if they exist, are hidden away on back lawns, or in back alleyways, so that the goyim won’t shoot flaming arrows at them and ignite them in a blaze of smoke. In the villas of wealthy Jews, you might discover a succah inside the house under a pull-back roof, so that the neighbors don’t have to know that Orthodox Jews live inside. That’s the sad state of affairs when you are a secret Jew living amongst the goyim.
Yes, we have many problems in Israel, but we don’t have to hide our succot in the back of our homes. We can proudly construct them in our driveways and front lawns without worrying about vandals or burglars or gentile police. In the Diaspora, a front lawn succah sticks out like the gaudy statues that rich, Beverly-Hills Arabs like to put on their lawns. In Israel, no one takes a second look. Succahs are natural in Israel. They are a part of the landscape. People can dine in them in peace, and sleep comfortably in them all night without the slightest disturbance.
The renown Torah scholar, the Gaon of Vilna, emphasized that only two mitzvot are performed with all of one’s body – the mitzvah of dwelling in the succah and the mitzvah of living in Eretz Yisrael.
How wonderful to be in the Land of Israel where you don’t have to be embarrassed or afraid to sit in your sukkah out on the street! Where apartment buildings are built with terraces especially designed for the Sukkot holiday! Where the Kotel and the place of the Temple are a short walk or car ride away! Where there are sukkah booths outside of every restaurant! Where Sukkot is a national holiday with school vacation, and not some weird, mumbo-jumbo practice of the Jews.
How wonderful to be in the Land of Israel where you can be proud to be a Jew!
*Editor’s Note: The author’s point is metaphorical and is not intended to mean that factually none of the four minim (species) grow in Brooklyn or outside of Israel.Tzvi Fishman | <urn:uuid:324d48d5-3ec5-4378-bf5f-280f952b4926> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jewishpress.com/tag/eretz-yisrael/page/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00060-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934361 | 895 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Was traditional advertisements dying on the Digital Point in time? Not simply try traditional revenue against a more sluggish demise (so long, classified listings!), however, companies are understanding that traditional onlineadvertising is generally shedding the energy. Actually, this has been stated that more than 70 billion individuals stop ads. Today, people crave credibility and you can relatability, pressuring organizations working also more complicated to grab its target audience’s desire. Very, how much does this mean to have brand endurance? Good morning influencers!
Real Chat: The brand new Robins Kaplan Organization Legislation Revision because of the Girls away from Providers Litigation
Influencers, just after a niche class, are actually almost everywhere. In reality, particular argue that old-fashioned influencers try shedding the influence since their number be more widespread. For example, Instagram is starting to hide “wants,” and sponsored posts’ engagement quantity has dropped. Peoples influencers have been in existence for a while and you may indeed bring an excellent station to possess brand name strategy and income, but virtual influencers are in fact using spotlight and so are put to completely change the present day influencer world.
If you have never heard about digital influencers, think of him or her because the more youthful, stunning, and you may primary, with lots of social network followers – fundamentally your regular “it” ladies (otherwise men). But never end up being fooled. Digital influencers are entirely imaginary. He could be desktop-made imagery (CGI). This may appear to be an insane design, however,, for individuals who think about the risks that come with its peoples alternatives (age.g., Kim Kardashian, Scott Disick, and you will Logan Paul, simply to identity a number of), virtual influencers are not such as a bad idea. After all, organizations are now able to build their particular influencers in order to reflect the desired browse and you can artistic of the brand name.
Miquela Sousa an effective/k/a good “Lil Miquela” try perhaps widely known digital influencer at this point. The woman is a 19-year-dated “average” woman along with 1.6 billion Instagram followers. Miquela seems thus realistic a large number of their admirers believe she are individual – which was until the girl creator, a keen L.Good.–built initiate-up entitled “Brud” install a fuss stunt to disclose her true supply. Because evidenced by the her Instagram, Miquela provides modeled having Calvin Klein, Best, Vetements, Chanel, and you may Prada. She avenues herself since the an artist and has create numerous single men and women that exist to the Spotify and YouTube. Lil Miquela even spends the woman dictate to support public grounds particularly just like the, although not simply for, Black colored Lives Amount, Strategy getting Youth Justice, therefore the La Gay and lesbian Center. She are entitled in the long run magazine’s The fresh twenty-five Most Important Some one on the web (2018), and you will she has a good “websites worthy of” with a minimum of $125 mil.
Shudu Gram is yet another virtual influencer and that’s experienced “The fresh new Planet’s First Digital Supermodel.” She’s been checked by Fenty Charm, shot a campaign having Balmain, and also “walked” the red-carpet on BAFTA Honors. Shudu was created of the London area-mainly based fashion photographer Cameron-James Wilson, who had been driven by Little princess of South Africa Barbie toy. Wilson stated that his intention is getting Shudu getting a “beacon out of inspiring charm and you can creativity.”
Based on Providers Insider, the fresh influencer selling community overall is on song so you’re able to end up being really worth doing $15 billion by 2022, making it crucial for new founders and you will creators away from virtual influencers and supermodels to adopt the business and legal issues which come and their projects – among other things, these are generally mental possessions liberties, social facts and you can morals conditions, and you can ads legislation.
Virtual influencers, as labels, photo, and you may “individuals,” may function as all types of rational possessions. While this is very good news take a look at the site here, creators must be patient in the registering, maintaining, and you may clearing its intellectual property. | <urn:uuid:91778a9a-e167-4843-ab4f-dcf51e94b889> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fecotur.org/pixel-finest-the-brand-new-judge-implications-out/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.955047 | 941 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Posted by Sahil on Saturday, September 20, 2008 at 3:42pm.
The media not only transmit information and culture, they also decide what information is important. In that way, they help to shape culture and values.
Adapted from Alison Bernstein
Do newspapers, magazines, television, radio, movies, the Internet, and other media determine what is important to most people?
When John Hancock proudly signed the Declaration of Independence, he exclaimed, "That should be big enough for the King to read!" The king did not read, much less hear about the Declaration until three months later. Today's media connects the world, delivering news as soon as it occurs. It shapes our lives and helps up make our decisions. This can be seen through the reporting preceding the American revolution and the 2008 US presidential election.
In the 1760s, as the frustration within the thirteen colonies started to grow, a sense of resentment had overcome the colonists. Though distance and a slow means of communication separated the colonists from one another, the media helped bridge the gap. Newspapers like Ben Franklin's "Pennsylvania Gazette" fueled the resentment against the British as its copies spread throughout the colonies. Franklin himself wrote some articles about the revolution, but he was not alone. Newspapers similar to his grew as the hype increased, and the steady flow ideas from the media to the public started to seem omnipresent. Without all of this attention by the media, the revolution would have never become important within the population's eyes, which soon became a key factor in winning the revolution against the British.
As victors of the revolution, we have progressed to become an advanced nation. This year, the 2008 American elections have escaped the isolated attention of American media. The international media has started paying close attention to our politics, making the outcomes of our elections feel important to many people abroad. Here in the US, the election receiving undivided attention 24/7 downplaying many other current events. Many reporters, such as Karl Rove of Fox News are continually discussing the Troopergate scandal surrounding Republican Vice Presidential pick, Sarah Palin. This is having heavy influence over our choice and what we consider important enough to base our predidential vote on.
Though the media has grown to be a dominating figure, its ability to unify the world in good times, and bad, is unmatched. We are able to progress forward as a whole. John Hancock would've loved to hear about the King's reaction to the declaration as soon as it happened.
- SAT Practice Essay - GuruBlue, Saturday, September 20, 2008 at 3:55pm
This year, the 2008 American elections have escaped the isolated attention of American media.
You were doing beautifully until you got to the above sentence. It doesn't make sense...and that paragraph loses both sense and the impact the previous paragraphs contained. In addition you have an incomplete sentence and some spelling errors. Would probably rank a 4.
- SAT Practice Essay - Writeacher, Saturday, September 20, 2008 at 4:26pm
Remember this: If a reader stumbles, even in his/her mind, and has to re-read a sentence to try to make sense of it, your grade will go down, down, down. I agree with GuruBlue that the paper is OK until that third paragraph. Its sentences are convoluted, there's that fragment, and I had to stop, go back, re-read...
I'd give this a 3 at most.
I know you can do better. I've seen your better work!
- SAT Practice Essay - Sahil, Saturday, September 20, 2008 at 4:26pm
- SAT Practice Essay - SraJMcGin, Saturday, September 20, 2008 at 6:48pm
Thank you for using the Jiskha Homework Help Forum. Here are some sites for the SAT essay:
3. (Oz' study skills): http://www.teacheroz.com/college.htm
4. (SAT essay rubric): http://blog.eprep.com/2006/12/04/sat-essay-rubric
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04 November 2009
untuk keterangan lebih lanjut silahkan kirim email ke firstname.lastname@example.org atau hub. (021) 90355743
Diposkan oleh HaRaJuku sTyLe di 17.27
Diposkan oleh HaRaJuku sTyLe di 00.25
21 Oktober 2009
Steps Harajuku Style
- Mix and (mis)match different fashions. What is now known as Harajuku (like Halloween in Japan every Sunday) style started as teens in the district began to integrate traditional Japanese attire, especially kimonos and geta sandals, into their dress. Before, they wore primarily clothes that were influenced by the West, but by mixing the traditional with the modern, they created a new style. Other examples of mixing and matching including the punk look with the schoolgirl uniform or a goth look with designer clothes. In Harajuku, mixing different styles and mismatching colors and patterns is encouraged--you can do anything you want, as long as your outfit is a thoughtful expression of your individuality
- Become familiar with variations of style in the Harajuku district. It's impossible to pinpoint one "Harajuku style." Many styles have originated or developed on the streets of Harajuku, and many Harajuku girls (and boys) integrate one or more of these somewhat more defined styles into their outfits.
- Wamono refers to mixing traditional Japanese attire with Western fashion.
- Dress in layers. One of the hallmarks of Harajuku is layering. Sweaters, vests, or jackets over blouses over t-shirts, dresses worn with leggings, and so on. Layering clothes (or giving the appearance of layering by wearing ruffled dresses, for example) allows you to mix and match a wider variety of different styles, and adds more dimension to your outfit.
- Customize your clothes. Secondhand clothing and do-it-yourself styles are popular ingredients in a Harajuku outfit. Like that flowered skirt but think it would look cuter with a ribbon pinned on it or with a more uneven, angular hemline? Get out the scissors and glue and make your store-bought clothes uniquely yours. Or, go even further and make your own skirt. Cutting the fabric to create bold angles and lines can make even a plain black dress appear remarkable and fun.
- Wear whatever looks good to you. It's been said that the Harajuku style is not really a protest against mainstream fashion and commercialism (as punk was), but rather a way of dressing in whatever looks good to you. If you think mismatched rainbow and polka-dot leggings look good with a plaid dress, go for it!
- Don't get carried away with brand loyalty. While it's OK to favor certain designer labels (especially since brand loyalty is big in Japan), Harajuku is about creating your own look, so if you appear just like the mannequins in the mall or the pictures in the catalog, you may be stylish, but you're not unique. Don't be afraid to mix that Calvin Klein dress with a used, torn and tattered pair of jeans and some combat boots.
- Also, In many places Harujuku style is very uncommon, you can't just dress the part, you have to be the part. When walking down the street people will look at you. Hold your head high, be proud of what you are wearing or else you look like a poser.
- Don't be worried what other people think of you. People might think your weird, Asian people might call you gaijin, but if you're happy, dont change for other people :)
Diposkan oleh HaRaJuku sTyLe di 02.14
Cutesy Kawaii Totes! Tote bags today are not just an ordinary bag that is used to carry a women’s belonging, rather, they are becoming as trendy and fashionable as other women accessories. This is especially true in Japan, where you can find hundreds of totes ranging from size, colors, illustrations and graphics, all suited to different
Fashionable Kimono Patterns The literal translation to the word kimono is very simply implying “something worn”, but this complex historical tradition is one that stretched far back into ancient Japan in the fifth century. The earliest kimonos were influenced by Chinese traders who introduced traditional clothing known as Hanfu.
One of the most popular cos-play trend amongst anime lovers is the Gothic Lolita look, a trend which began as early as 1999 and became famous among female teens. The main giveaway of this trend is baby doll costumes in black and white, with red hues (or any bold colors really) mixed with Gothic accessories. Think of Alice in Wonderland mixed with Barbie Doll, with a dash of humble servitude of the French Maid. The Gothic Lolita look is very glamorous and beautiful, a perfect mixture of cutesy with rock and roll culture.
Diposkan oleh HaRaJuku sTyLe di 01.47
19 Oktober 2009
kamu bingung cari fashion khusus ala jepang?
kamu bisa langsung temukan model2 baru dan dapat membuat rancangan pakaianmu sendiri, kami akan membuatnya untuk kamu..
so !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! cepetan...
Diposkan oleh HaRaJuku sTyLe di 04.12
15 Oktober 2009
gaya gothic tambah nyentrik.......
buat semua pecinta gaya harajuku, yang mungkin susah untuk mendapatkan acsessories atau pakaian harajuku ala jepang bisa pesam di blog ini... model-model yang disediakan tidak akan mengecewakan namun akan membuat gaya teman-teman makin keren...
Diposkan oleh HaRaJuku sTyLe di 04.10 | <urn:uuid:83cea295-6ed4-45a8-a4f1-28222e64a11b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://riezamore.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00183-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874888 | 1,307 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Lahore, Mar 29 : The Gandhara art replicas, known and collected worldwide, could be carriers of Pakistani culture as they are loved by the foreigners. They can also generate a lot of revenue if the government allows the artisans to make replicas within a given code of conduct, renowned archaeologists and experts believe.
The prices of these replicas range from a few hundred rupees to Rs 500,000 depending on the shape and size of the replica.
Currently, the Archaeology Department discourages artisans from making replicas, as it believes that sometimes artisans sell counterfeits.
Replicas of Gandhara art are in great demand all over the world as they speak volumes about the ancient history of the civilization. Artisans who make these replicas are from Taxila and work near archaeological sites. The expertise of these artisans is evident from their work that ranges from tiny replicas to towering 10-feet-statues of Buddha. These replicas attract foreigners and are equally loved by locals who are interested in ancient civilizations or archaeology, reported the Daily Times.
Nawaz, a well-known artisan said that the replicas were popular among foreigners. "I can make replica of any object but I never sell it as an antique. The time spent to prepare every replica varies. A small object can be prepared within a few hours while some times, a statue takes months to come into its final shape," the paper quoted him as saying.
He said that the government did not support the artisans because some of them had sold replicas after telling the customers that they were original antiques. Nawaz, who sends his replicas to traders in Lahore, said that if the government allowed artisans to make these replicas within given parameters, the art could evolve into a proper industry.
Govt does not support replica makers as some archaeological experts believe that the government does not legalise the making of replicas due to the involvement of influential people in the trade. A source in an Archaeology Department revealed that some Rawalpindi-based politicians were backing artisans who sold replicas as antiques and earned heavy profits. He said that such people did not want the replica-making business to be legalised since it would hit their illegal business adversely.
Noted archaeologist Dr Saifur Rehman Dar said that the government should raise awareness among the artisans that they should sell replicas as replicas and not originals. He said, "Replicas of Gandhara art are in great demand in Japan and Korea. These replicas will remain popular unless there are Buddhists in the world."
He further said that the government should discourage antique smuggling, so that a replica could not be sold as an antique. Artisans were working underground and were not supported by the government, he said and added that workshops should be organised to educate these artisans. He said that importing these replicas could promote Pakistan's culture abroad. | <urn:uuid:519ace80-7514-4e7a-902d-5c9c1c4216a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/29/gandhara-art-replicas-carriers-pakistani-culture-1206790200.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00171-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979342 | 604 | 2.125 | 2 |
Effective Date: December 07, 2020
Expiration Date: December 07, 2025
|| TOC | Preface | Chapter1 | Chapter2 | Chapter3 | Chapter4 | Chapter5 | Chapter6 | Chapter7 | Chapter8 | AppendixA | AppendixB | AppendixC | ALL ||
Financial Disclosure Reports are part of a disclosure process intended to help employees identify and avoid real and potential conflicts between their financial interests and their governmental duties. There are two different types of Reports: Public Financial Disclosure Report, OGE Form 278e, and Confidential Financial Disclosure Report, OGE Form 450.
4.1.2 Positions Subject to Filing of Public Financial Disclosure Reports
126.96.36.199 Individuals holding the following positions shall be subject to the filing of Public Financial Disclosure Reports, pursuant to NPD 1900.9:
a. Presidential nominees to positions requiring the advice and consent of the Senate (PAS).
b. Senior Executive Service (SES), scientist/professional (ST), and senior level (SL) employees.
c. Employees designated to officially act in an SES, ST, or SL position that is expected to exceed 14 days.
d. Officers and employees in a NASA Excepted appointment and SGEs "whose positions are classified above GS-15 of the General Schedule,... or whose rate of basic pay under other pay schedules is fixed at a rate equal to or greater than 120% of the minimum rate of basic pay for GS-15; each member of a uniformed service whose pay is at or in excess of O-7...; and each officer or employee in any other position determined by the Director of the Office of Government Ethics to be of equal classification." 5 CFR § 2634.202(c).
e. Employees in positions that are excepted from the competitive service by reason of being of a confidential or policymaking character (Schedule C regardless of pay), unless the Director of the Office of Government Ethics has excluded their positions.
f. The Designated Agency Ethics Official (DAEO).
g. Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA) detailees who are assigned to established positions at NASA that are classified above GS-15 of the General Schedule (i.e., established SES positions), who are paid at a rate of pay equal to or greater than 120% of the minimum rate of basic pay for a GS-15, or who are in any other position determined by the Director of the Office of Government Ethics to be of equal classification. Prospective IPA detailees shall file a financial disclosure report in advance of entry on duty.
4.1.3 Positions Subject to Filing of Confidential Financial Disclosure Reports
a. Filing Based on Position.
(1) Individuals holding the following positions shall be subject to the filing of an OGE Form 450, pursuant to NPD 1900.9:
(a) Employees classified at the GS-15 level or below under The General Schedule, 5 U.S.C. § 5332, or at comparable pay levels under other authority, regardless of grade, and military personnel serving in pay grades below O-7, whose duties and responsibilities require that the employee participates personally and substantially through decision or the exercise of significant judgment in making a Government decision or taking Government action regarding the following:
(i) Contracting or procuring, including the evaluation or selection of contractors; the negotiation, approval, or award of contracts; the oversight of activities performed by contractors, including administering, monitoring, auditing, and inspecting of contractors and contract activities; and the initiation or approval of requests to procure supplies, equipment, or services, other than those common items from NASA or General Services Administration sources.
(ii) Evaluating or selecting grant proposals; administering or monitoring grants or subsidies or agreements, including Space Act Agreements and other non-procurement partnership agreements, and including those with educational institutions and other non-Federal organizations.
(iii) Regulating or auditing any non-Federal entity.
(iv) Using or disposing of excess property.
(v) Establishing or enforcing safety standards and procedures.
(b) Employees classified at the GS-15 level or below under 5 U.S.C. § 5332, or at comparable pay levels under other authority, and who are identified by the supervisor as holding positions requiring the incumbent thereof to exercise judgment in making Government decisions or taking actions in which such decisions or actions may have a direct and substantial economic impact on the interest of any non-Federal entity; or whose positions are otherwise identified as requiring the employee to file a report to avoid a real or apparent conflict of interest, and to carry out the purposes behind any statute, Executive Order, rule, or regulation applicable to or administered by that employee (e.g., employees whose duties involve investigating violations of criminal or civil law).
(c) All SGEs.
(d) Intergovernmental Personnel Act detailees, other than those individuals who must file an OGE Form 278e under 188.8.131.52g.
b. Filing Based on Assignment.
All employees, regardless of grade, serving as members, evaluators, or advisers to the following boards or committees must file an OGE Form 450:
(1) Source Evaluation Boards or Committees.
(2) Inventions and Contributions Boards.
(3) Contract Adjustment Board.
(4) Board of Contract Appeals.
(5) Site Selection Boards.
(6) Performance Evaluation Boards or Committees administering the award fee of a contract.
(1) The employees described in subsections a. and b. above may be excluded from filing OGE Form 450s, under the following circumstances:
(a) An employee required to file an OGE Form 278e may elect to file a current copy of his OGE Form 278e in lieu of the OGE Form 450 required under this chapter.
(b) The ADAEO may make a determination to exempt an employee, or class of employees, from the requirement to file an OGE Form 450 when the supervisor determines that the employee's duties are of such a nature as to make remote the possibility that the incumbent will be involved in a real or apparent conflict of interest, or the duties of the position involve such a low level of responsibility that the submission of an OGE Form 450 is unnecessary because of (1) the substantial degree of supervision and review over the position, or (2) the inconsequential effect of any potential conflict on the integrity of the Government. Supervisors shall forward exemption requests from, or on behalf of, employees to the ADAEO.
(c) The ADAEO may authorize the use of an Alternative Financial Disclosure report for certain filing situation. Such form is required to be coordinated with and approved by OGE before use.
4.2.1 Public Financial Disclosure
a. With regard to new entrants, Human Resources Directors shall identify employees required to file Public Financial Disclosure Reports (OGE 278es). NSSC will ensure the Federal Personnel System (FPPS) financial disclosure statement field reflects the requirement to file.
b. NSSC will notify filers of the May 15 annual filing deadline by March 15 of each year. In coordination with the Center ethics officials, the NSSC will send reminder notices to all filers by April 15 and May 14.
c. NSSC will notify filers once a month of their obligation under the STOCK Act to file a periodic transaction report (OGE Form 278-T) to report transactions over $1,000 involving securities (e.g., stocks, bonds, and commodities, but not mutual funds which are optional to report) within 30 days of notification, but no later than 45 days after the transaction. This OGE Form 278-T reporting requirement also extends to spouse’s and dependent children’s securities transactions.
d. Human Resources Directors shall identify employees who are terminating their tenure in a position requiring an OGE Form 278e, and in coordination with the NSSC, ensure all OGE 278e filers are notified of the requirement to file a termination report.
4.2.2 Confidential Financial Disclosure
a. Supervisors shall identify employees required to file an OGE Form 450 based on determination of position. The supervisors, with the assistance of their Administrative Officers, will update the list of employees identified as filers in EPTS at least annually.
b. Centers will update the list of filers in the EPTS by the second Friday of December of each year. The NSSC will notify each Center of the requirement to update the list of filers by November 15th. The NSSC will notify employees of the February 15 annual filing deadline by December 15 of each year. In coordination with Center ethics officials, the NSSC will send reminder notices to all filers by January 15 and February 14 of each year.
c. With regard to new entrants, Human Resources Directors shall identify employees required to file OGE Form 450s based on position. Following notification from Human Resources Directors, NSSC will update employee position descriptions to reflect the requirement to file a financial disclosure form. The NSSC will identify new entrants on a weekly basis and notify new entrant filers to file their financial disclosure forms within 30 days of appointment.
4.2.3 Complaints of Filer Status
a. The DAEO shall review any complaint by a NASA Headquarters employee that his or her position has been improperly determined to be one that requires public or confidential financial disclosure. A decision by the DAEO is final.
b. The Chief Counsel of a NASA Center shall review any complaint by a NASA Center employee that his or her position has been improperly determined to be one that requires public or confidential financial disclosure. The employee may not further appeal a final decision by the Chief Counsel.
c. Notwithstanding the appeals limitations of the foregoing paragraph, the DAEO may, in his or her judgment, determine that an employee is or is not required to file a financial disclosure.
4.3.1. Public Financial Disclosure Reports:
a. New Entrant and Nominee Reports
(1) New entrants shall file within 30 days of assuming a position that requires Public Financial Disclosure reporting. No report is required if the employee:
(a) Left a position requiring the filing of an OGE 278e within 30 days prior to assuming the new position; or
(b) Has already filled out a report as a nominee.
(2) Nominees shall file between nomination and within five days after transmission of the nomination to the Senate.
(3) If a new entrant or nominee is not expected to work in excess of 60 days in a calendar year as determined by the ADAEO, the employee is not required to file an OGE Form 278e. If the employee eventually does work in excess of 60 days, the employee shall file an OGE Form 278e within 15 days after the 60th day of duty and will have to file a termination report after leaving the position.
(4) Certain individuals require pre-clearance and are required to file their forms in advance of starting, including but not limited to:
(a) SGEs serving on NASA Advisory Committees in an OGE Form 278e position (other SGEs will file an advance OGE Form 450).
(b) IPAs who will be serving in a position that is designated as an SES, SL, or ST position.
(c) Individuals identified by the DAEO, ADAEO, or Center Chief Counsel as requiring pre-clearance prior to entry on duty based on relevant circumstances.
b. Incumbent Filers: Incumbent employees shall file their annual OGE Form 278e by May 15 each year. (If May 15 falls on a weekend, the due date will be the next workday.)
c. Termination Filers: Employees leaving positions subject to public financial disclosure requirements shall file a termination report within 30 days of leaving the position, unless the filer is entering another public filing position within 30 days. Departing public filers are authorized to file these reports up to 15 days before their termination date, provided they update these reports in the event there are changes before they leave.
d. Periodic Transaction Report Filers: The STOCK Act requires OGE Form 278e filers to file a 278-T for all transactions of theirs, their spouses, and dependent children over $1,000 involving securities (i.e., stocks, bonds, and commodities) within 30 days of notification, but no later than 45 days after the transaction. The NSSC notifies filers once a month of this filing obligation.
4.3.2 Confidential Financial Disclosure Reports:
a. New Entrant Filers: Employees entering into filing positions are required to file an OGE Form 450 within 30 days of assuming the position, unless the employee is coming from another OGE Form 450 filing position and has already satisfied the filing requirement.
(1) This applies to all employees who file OGE Form 450s except for prospective IPA detailees and SGEs on advisory committees who are required to file their new entrant financial disclosure forms and have them reviewed and certified prior to appointment.
(2) If an employee performs a job requiring an OGE Form 450 for more than 60 days during the reporting period, the employee shall file an OGE Form 450 as an incumbent (i.e., an annual filer), in addition to the new entrant report. Employees responsible for filing OGE Form 450s are required to file their reports for the previous calendar year with the Agency no later than February 15.
(3) If employees start a covered position between November 1 and December 31, they do not need to file an annual report the following calendar year, because they did not work more than 60 days in the preceding reporting period. Instead, only a new entrant report will be collected.
(4) With the exception of SGEs on Advisory Committees, if an employee is not expected to work in excess of 60 days in a calendar year, the employee is not required to file an OGE Form 450. If the employee, however, does work in excess of 60 days, the employee shall file an OGE Form 450 within 15 days after the 60th day of duty.
b. Incumbent Filers: Employees shall file their OGE Form 450s by February 15th each year. (If February 15 falls on a weekend, the due date will be the next workday.)
4.4.1. Filers shall request an initial extension of up to 45 days from an ethics official no later than 30 days after the filing due date. A filer’s request should provide sufficient detail for the ethics official to determine if there is “good cause” for the extension.
4.4.2. Ethics officials may grant up to 45-day filing extensions for “good cause” to employees who file financial disclosure forms at their Center. Ethics officials may also approve requests for a second 45-day extension for “good cause.” For OGE 278e Forms, an extension that extends the total time for filing by 46-90 days requires a written request by the filer and written approval by the agency.
4.4.3 Ethics officials will record in EPTS whether the extension has been granted or denied, the reason for the extension, and the number of additional days. EPTS will establish a new filing due date. If the extension is granted, ethics officials will notify the filer of the new filing date. If the extension is not granted, ethics officials will notify the filer, and if the filer is an OGE Form 278e filer that a $200 fine will be imposed if the report is filed more than thirty (30) days after that deadline, unless a waiver is granted.
4.5.1 When a Report is Considered Overdue
a. A financial disclosure report is overdue if it has not been filed by the filing due date or extension deadline. Once the filing due date or extension deadline has passed, as allowed by regulation, the filer may submit the overdue report within the 30-day grace period without penalty.
b. For public financial disclosure reports, the $200 late fee is imposed when a report is submitted after the grace period, unless the filer obtains a late fee waiver.
c. If an employee fails or refuses to file a report, the DAEO or the ADAEO may take appropriate action to ensure the report is filed.
4.5.2 Late Filing Fee Waivers for Public Financial Disclosure Reports
a. Public financial disclosure form filers whose forms are in an overdue status may submit to the ADAEO a written request for a waiver of the late filing fee.
b. Public financial disclosure form filers requesting a fee waiver shall include: a clear, concise statement of the facts that led to the delayed filing; their position; whether the report is a new entrant, transaction, annual, or termination; any extensions received; and the date that the OGE 278e was eventually filed.
c. Upon written request from a late public financial disclosure form filer, the DAEO or the ADAEO may determine the delay was due to extraordinary circumstances and waive the late filing fee. Factors to be considered include:
(1) The position of the filer;
(2) Whether the filer made a good faith effort to file timely, such as requesting extensions to file;
(3) The filing history of the employee (chronic lateness may indicate lack of good-faith effort to file timely); and
(4) The reason the employee filed late. Some examples of situations in which fee waivers were granted include: family emergency; serious illness; an unusual and severely heavy workload or travel schedule; employee not aware of the filing requirements of position into which he or she recently transferred; or agency administrative error which prevented timely filing such as lack of notification. Fee waivers will normally be denied if the employee was just busy with normal agency business and mistook or forgot the due date.
d. The ADAEO will notify the public financial disclosure report filer directly if the late fee waiver is granted or denied, with a copy to the Chief Counsel where the employee is located. If the late fee waiver is denied, the ADAEO will notify the employee that the $200 late fee is owed and to coordinate the payment with the Chief Counsel’s Office at the Center where the employee is located.
4.5.3 Process for Receiving Late Fees
a. To ensure proper accounting, checks or money orders for payment of the fee are required to be made payable to the United States Treasury. In accordance with Failure to file or filing false reports, 5 U.S.C. App. § 104(d), all funds from such late fees are deposited in the miscellaneous receipts of the U.S. Treasury.
b. Employees should provide checks to their local Chief Counsel’s office, which will forward the payment to the Accounts Payable Division of the NSSC.
4.6.1 Collection and Tracking
a. NASA Electronic Filing and Tracking System. The EPTS is an electronic filing system that is the Agency’s primary method of managing financial disclosure filing and review. The EPTS notifies employees to file, collects and archives filed and reviewed reports, and provides notification and tracking and reports for timely filing. The EPTS also tracks the annual ethics training for financial disclosure filers in the system. The NSSC is responsible for the management, in coordination with the ADAEO, of the EPTS system and for the storage and retention of all financial disclosure forms in accordance with NPR 1441.1.
b. OGE Integrity System. The DAEO and all Senate confirmed NASA officials shall file their public financial disclosure forms in Integrity, which is OGE’s electronic financial disclosure system for public filers. All other NASA public and confidential financial disclosure filers shall file their forms in the EPTS.
a. The NSSC, as part of its management of the EPTS, shall retain a copy of the signed OGE Form 278es (including Termination forms), OGE Form 278-Ts, OGE Form 450s, and any approved alternate forms administered by NSSC in accordance with NPR 1441.1.
b. The NSSC shall handle the destruction of financial disclosure forms after six years in coordination with the ADAEO and in accordance with NPR 1441.1, and start the review process for financial disclosure forms that will be over six years old in December of each year.
4.7.1 Review responsibilities
a. Chief Counsel at all Centers and the ADAEO shall ensure the timely review by ethics officials of reports for employees at those Centers.
b. The Counsel to the Inspector General shall ensure timely review by ethics officials of reports from OIG employees.
c. Reviewing officials at NASA Headquarters and the Centers may incorporate a supervisory review step into the review process.
d. For Center Directors, Deputy Center Directors, and Chief Counsel, a local ethics official shall perform an intermediate review, followed by a Headquarters ethics official’s final review and certification.
e. Reports for all Senate-confirmed NASA officials, NASA Headquarters officials in the line of succession to the Office of Administrator, and Associate Administrators and Officials-in-Charge shall be reviewed by two Headquarters ethics officials. Reports for Senate-confirmed NASA officials and the DAEO will be reviewed in the OGE Integrity filing system.
4.7.2 Reviewer Requirements
a. Reviewers shall complete the review and certification of reports within 60 days from the filing date. For forms that require two reviews, intermediate reviewers should complete their portion of the review within the first 30 days.
b. Reviewers shall examine each financial disclosure form for completeness and for conflicts of interest and other related violations of law, regulation, or Executive Order.
c. If the report is not sufficient to make a meaningful conflicts analysis or is otherwise deficient, the reviewer shall contact the filer to request any necessary information and, with the filer’s permission, annotate the information on the form. Reviewers should annotate the request for additional information in the filer’s record in the EPTS. Reviewers should annotate changed or additional information from the filer on the financial disclosure form. Any additional notes should be annotated in the notes section of the employee’s EPTS record.
d. Reviewers shall send filers “cautionary letters” through the EPTS system, notifying them of any potential conflicts that could arise between their financial interests and their official duties, and the requirement to recuse themselves and seek guidance from an ethics official.
e. If a reviewing official concludes that remedial action is required to resolve conflicts of interest or violations of law, regulations, or Executive Orders, he/she should forward it to the ADAEO for coordination on appropriate action.
a. The provisions in Section 4.8 only apply to SGEs who are members of advisory committees. Procedures for financial disclosure filing for SGEs serving in other roles such as consultants or members of Source Evaluation Boards will be handled in accordance with the provisions for regular OGE Form 450 filers.
b. NASA advisory committees are those entities which are composed in whole or in part of non-Federal officials and which are formed for the purpose of giving advice or recommendations to a Federal official. It is therefore important to ensure SGE members do not have conflicts of interest between their personal financial interests and their official duties on the Committee to advise the government. SGEs shall therefore file financial disclosure reports before appointment and then on an annual basis thereafter, and also take ethics training before or at the beginning of their first meeting and on an annual basis thereafter.
a. Pre-Appointment Clearance
(1) Prospective advisory committee SGEs are required to file financial disclosure reports (new entrant reports) prior to appointment or reappointment. These forms will also be reviewed by the Executive Director or Secretary first, and then reviewed and certified by an ethics official before appointment.
(2) Prospective SGEs who fail to timely file a financial disclosure report will be disqualified from appointment as committee members until the report is reviewed and certified.
b. Multiple Appointments
When an SGE with a current appointment to a NASA Advisory Committee is assigned to another NASA Advisory Committee, the most recent form is required to be reviewed by the Executive Director or Secretary of the Committee and OGC prior to the first meeting at which the SGE will be in attendance. SGEs need not file a new report for any additional committees to which they are appointed during the same calendar year.
4.8.3 Annual Filing by SGEs
a. For ease of administration, all annual reports for SGEs will be due on September 30 of each year. SGEs will be notified to file approximately 45 days in advance of the due date. SGEs who filed a new entrant report before August 1 are required to file an annual report. SGEs who filed a new entrant report after August 1 do not have to file again during that same calendar year.
b. SGEs who fail to timely file their annual financial disclosure reports in accordance with this NPR or instructions from the ADAEO are disqualified from participating in committee activities until an ethics official certifies that the member is in compliance. An SGE who doesn’t meet the annual financial disclosure filing or ethics training requirements by the end of the calendar year may be removed from membership on the Committee.
4.8.4 Reviewing SGE Reports
a. Committee Executive Directors and Secretaries shall perform intermediate review of SGE reports.
b. An ethics official shall perform final review and certification of all SGE reports.
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This document does not bind the public, except as authorized by law or as incorporated into a contract. This document is uncontrolled when printed. Check the NASA Online Directives Information System (NODIS) Library to verify that this is the correct version before use: https://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov. | <urn:uuid:b096f79c-0ab3-4652-8d6a-b3e49ecea01f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PR_1900_003C_&page_name=Chapter4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.929851 | 5,536 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Almost three decades ago, one of us (YM) was involved in initiating legislation that would make the publication of a party’s platform a mandatory part of the election process for representation in the Knesset. The justification for such a law has now been echoed in a July 22 Vancouver Sun op-ed (“Can we hold politicians accountable?”) by Brian Fixter.
Fixter, a professor of law at Douglas College in British Columbia, was asked in his contract law class: “Can we ever successfully sue a politician for a broken promise?” and realized that the electorate really has not “enough measures in place to hold politicians accountable for election promises.”
Fixter opined that the promises of politicians should be considered contractual.
Unilaterally changing the terms should be considered a breach of contract with commensurate results.
In England some two years ago, the They- MadeaPromise.com website was launched, designed to document and monitor promises made by elected officials worldwide.
The mission of the website is “to make politics and politicians more accountable.”
Election promise details are checked for accuracy against publicly available data and then published. Upon the deadline by which the promise was to have been kept, readers will be invited to vote on whether the promise has been kept, broken, or whether a compromise has been reached (due to objective circumstances and obstacles) and then it is “flagged” accordingly.
If a particularly important promise is broken, they will either launch a petition or assure that the data receives the attention it should in an upcoming election campaign.
Here in Israel, we know that our media can be ferocious in its criticism of government.
Personal foibles as well as ideological and economic policies are regularly attacked, held up to ridicule or worse. Yet our media is mostly derelict when it comes to holding politicians accountable for their election promises.
Prime minister Yitzhak Rabin promised in his 1992 election campaign that, “Whoever even contemplates withdrawal from the Golan Heights would be abandoning Israel’s security.” A couple of years later, he promised the Clinton administration that he would be willing to withdraw completely from the Golan Heights in exchange for a peace agreement.
The opposition at that time, led by present Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu, repeatedly reminded Rabin that he had promised the opposite – but the media did not do so. The attitude was, as was later also repeated by prime minister Ariel Sharon, that “what you see from there you don’t see from here [the prime minister’s seat].” The media swallowed this poor excuse and did not consider that part of its duty was, and is, to serve the public, the media consumers, by constantly questioning all elected officials, from the government as well as the opposition, when they backtrack on commitments they make.
One of course should be careful in making sweeping generalizations; there are a few journalists who have actually done the job of looking up past statements and comparing them with actions. One of them is Channel 2 news reporter and commentator Amit Segal. On July 17 he summarized the Likud’s promises.
Ehud Olmert was prime minister during Operation Cast Lead six years ago. At that time, Netanyahu, during a visit to the communities neighboring the Gaza Strip, proclaimed: “What should be done? In the long run there is no alternative but to eradicate the Hamas rule.” This is quite different from Netanyahu’s approach with Operation Protective Edge, which was at the outset that “quiet will be answered with quiet.”
During the 2009 election campaign, candidate Netanyahu claimed that if in power he would bring about the collapse of Hamas rule. (A video of these election campaign statements may be found on the Globes website.) Today, the most that Netanyahu will state is that following a cease-fire Israel will demand that Hamas disarm.
Segal also calls Foreign Minister Avigdor Liberman to task. He, too, used strong words during the 2009 campaign: “When we will govern we will discuss annihilating terror and overthrowing Hamas. If you sum up the Cast Lead operation you may say that the soldiers won and the politicians lost.”
Former president Shimon Peres also does not win too many points. A week before the withdrawal from the Gaza strip, Netanyahu warned that the disengagement could lead to having rockets hit Ashkelon. Peres’ public response was: “Stop the warmongering, stop talking nonsense.”
The call for journalists to straighten out the record is not limited to right-of-center politicians. Take Justice Minister Tzipi Livni, presently heading the Hatnua party, for example.
As noted in the ALMonitor website, in the spring of 2011, when the first attempt was made for a joint Hamas-PLO government in Gaza, it was Livni who headed the opposition.
Netanyahu was prime minister. Livni attacked Netanyahu for not “making progress” in the peace process.
“To get support in the world is not only to go from country to country and tell them off that they are hypocrites and that we suffer from terror. The question is how does one create the hope that Israel is a real partner for a negotiating process which will end the conflict in the Middle East.”
As a member of the government and the cabinet, however, Livni meekly voted for the decision to impose sanctions on the Abbas regime in response to its decision to from a joint government with Hamas.
As stated a long time ago by our sages, exceptions reflect the rule, which in this case is that the media does not demand accountability from our politicians. Prime Minister Netanyahu has appeared (finally) at a few press conferences and allowed some questioning. Not one of our reporters dared challenge him, or Defense Minister Moshe Ya’alon, by reminding them of their previous statements. Ya’alon repeatedly stated that Hamas was defeated, when in fact it continues to shoot rockets at Israel, kill and maim Israelis and force thousands of residents to flee from their homes.
The IBA’s Carmela Menashe faithfully parrots all the info she is supplied by the defense minister and his aides. Menashe, a recipient of too many prizes for her “journalistic excellence,” is not capable of presenting her audience with an objective check of the reliability of the statements coming out of the ministry.
Representatives of the government are interviewed on radio and TV. The normal procedure in Israel is to ask their opinion, impolitely argue with them, even shut them up when needed – but hardly ever to confront them with their previous positions and demand an explanation for their broken promises.
Why? There are two options. The first is that looking up past remarks and making sure the citations are correct requires effort, and who wants to do homework? The second has to do with the media themselves. Whoever demands accountability from others should be accountable themselves, and as documented repeatedly in this column our media does not want to be accountable to anyone.The authors are vice chairman and chairman respectively of Israel’s Media Watch (www.imw.org.il).
Relevant to your professional network? Please share on Linkedin | <urn:uuid:61f100f9-57dc-48b5-afc6-8d3e52877737> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/MEDIA-COMMENT-Accountability-Not-in-Israel-372556 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00571-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970322 | 1,511 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Murphy’s Laws of Combat
…. Murphy’s Laws of Combat ….
1. You are not superman.
2. Recoilless rifles aren’t.
3. Suppressive fire won’t.*
4. If it’s stupid, but works, it ain’t stupid. (Applies to computer hardware and software also).
5. Don’t look conspicuous. It draws fire.
6. Never draw fire. It irritates everyone around you.
7. When in doubt, empty the magazine.
8. Never share a foxhole with anyone braver than you are.
9. Your weapon was made by the lowest bidder.*
10. If your attack is really going well, it’s an ambush.
11. If you can’t remember, the Claymore is pointed towards you.*
12. All five second grenade fuses are three seconds.
13. Try to look unimportant. They may be low on ammo.
14. If you are forward of your position, the artillery will be short.
15. The enemy diversion you are ignoring is the main attack.
16. The easy way is always mined.
17. The important things are very simple.
18. The simple things are very hard.
19. If you are short of everything except enemy, you are in combat.
20. No OPLAN survives first contact intact.*
21. When you have secured an area, don’t forget to tell the enemy, and CNN.
22. Incoming fire has right-of-way.
23. No combat-ready unit has ever passed inspection.
24. No inspection-ready unit has ever passed combat.
25. Teamwork is essential. It gives the enemy more people to shoot at.
26. If the enemy is within range, so are you.
27. Beer math is 2 beers x 37 men – 49 cases.
28. Body count is 2 enemy soldiers + 1 palm tree + 1 water buffalo = 37 KIA.
29. Friendly fire isn’t.*
30. Anything you do can get you shot, including doing nothing.
31. Make it tough for the enemy to get in, and you can’t get out.
32. Tracers work both ways.*
33. The only thing more accurate than incoming enemy fire is incoming friendly fire.
34. Radios will fail as soon as you need fire support desperately.
35. If you take more than your fair share of objectives, you will have more than your fair share to take.*
36. Both sides are convinced they are about to loose. Both sides are right.
37. Professionals are predictable, but the world is full of amateurs.
38. Murphy was a grunt.*
Terms defined by item, in military form:
(More detailed explanation of Murphy’s Laws of Combat items which are marked with an ‘*‘)
R760A3. Suppressive fire is designed to keep the “bad guys” from moving about or advancing while the “good guys” are trying to do the same thing.. Something like one cop providing cover fire for another cop who is trying to get close to a “bad guy”. NRDG575-X7. A magazine contains x-number of bullets. If you hear ome thing that comes from where nothing should be, empty the magazine at the sound…if you don’t hit someone or something, you will scare the @#$ out of him. The basic mentality for this is that if someone is out there where they don’t belong, they deserve to get hit. (item 3)
9. Applies to almost all military equipment (planes, ships, submarines, tanks, bombs, bullets, etc). (item 9)
NOPER-CX11. A claymore is an anti-personnel mine filled with things like shotgun shot, small sharp pieces of metal, etc. It is connected to the detonator by wires, and fired by a small switch. Usually placed on or near perimeters and fired at large groups of people. The load will “shred” those that are hit. The claymore has a distinct front and back, which will hopefully help the person aim it in the correct direction. (item 11)
?PLANHXV-20. An OPLAN is a document that outlines the best case scenario that should happen during the course of an operation, or in the event of hostilities. It is basically a crystal ball for the outcome of a battle. Very rarely are they even close to correct, but senior officers like them because they are usually written according to the way the seniors want the action to go vice the way it will probably turn out. (item 20)
29. Friendly fire is fire originating from the “good guys”. It is commonly referred to as “outgoing fire”. Friendly fire has a bad habit of getting friendlies, especially when being conducted by new or inexperienced troops (or led by 2nd Lt’s.) (item 29)
RDX9LDF-32. Tracer rounds are placed about every 5-10 round. Designed to burn when fired, providing a light that can be seen. Used at night to make sure of accuracy of aim. In the videos of anti-air fire in Iraq, you could see a lot of tracer rounds. (item 32)
35. The better job you do will usually mean that you will be assigned more to do. (item 35)
MURP-38P. A grunt is the basic infantryman, or front-line foxhole troop. Murphy was a grunt. (item 38) | <urn:uuid:b95486e5-3cd4-473b-92c3-9b0499ed4d24> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bombshock.com/weapons_combat/murphys_laws_of_combat.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00493-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933478 | 1,209 | 1.640625 | 2 |
by Tim McGuinness
Welcome! Welcome to Hi-Res, and to my first column. We'll meet here in each issue to open a new world in computer graphics. Generally, I'll cover various aspects of creating graphics in your Basic programs. I'll take some space to review utilities and tools that can simplify many of the difficult jobs when you create screen images. In addition the column will deal with exceptional games which break new ground in graphic displays.
Some Basic Commands
Atari Basic, unlike other Basics, offers a wide range of commands to make its graphics relatively easy to use. The first of these commands is the Setcolor. This command in a Basic statement allows you to select one of the 256 available colors. It's used in combination with a color register numeral. There are five of these registers available in Basic, and depending upon which Graphic Mode the system is in, it is possible to use from two to five registers to color objects on the screen.
Before we go on, let's look at a Color Register. A color register tells the Atari in which part of the screen or "playfield" the color you selected is to be put.
Let's try something. When the system is first turned on with the Basic cartridge installed, the display is in the Atari Graphics Mode 0. In Mode 0, two color registers are available for use in the playfield, and one for the border. The background is blue, the letters are light-blue and the border black. In Atari Basic, type the following program.
10 FOR I=0 to 255: SETCOLOR 2,I/16,I-I/16:NEXT I
Type RUN. The program is changing the background color, while leaving the letters and borders unchanged. Note also, that you used the Setcolor command.
Now we will change the program to cycle or rotate the colors of the letters displayed on the screen. Change the Setcolor command to the following; SETCOLOR I,I/16,I-I/16. Type RUN, and observe the new program. This time we changed the color of the letters. However, because of the way the Atari uses Mode 0, we only saw the letters change in brightness.
Try one more variation using the border. First, press the System Reset key to return the screen to normal. Now retype the above program, changing the Setcolor command to the following: SETCOLOR 4,I/16,I-I/16. This will rotate the colors of the border. As you see, the color register number selects that area of the screen that the Setcolor command is to change. Here we used registers 1,2, and 4; but in other Modes we could use all five (0 through 4).
In the above program we used two other features of the Setcolor command, color hue and color luminance. These were indicated by I/16 and I-I/16. As stated, the Atari hits 256 colors available. However, when using the Setcolor command, we first have to divide these 256 into 16 hues and 15 luminances, that is, 0 through 15 hues, and 0 through 14 luminances. Type the following to change only the hue of the background:
10 FOR I=O T0 15:SETC0L0R 2,I,8:FOR J=1 TO 100:NEXT J:NEXT I
Here the "I" in the Setcolor command changes only the hue. The "I" is replaced by number from 0 to 15. To change only the luminance, change the command to the following: SETCOLOR 2,8,I. Note the F0R J/NEXT part of the program just adds a delay. To find what registers are available for any given Graphics Mode, refer to the chart below.
The Graphic Mode
I've been talking about Atari's Graphic Modes since the start of the column; it's time I explained them. The Graphics Mode defines what kind of screen we wish to use, that is, a character screen, a large character multi-colored screen, a point-plotting screen, etc. The mode number controls the screen display. In the above chart, we listed the Setcolor command for each mode; now let's look at each mode. The format for this command is as follows:
5 GRAPHICS 4
5 GRAPHICS 4+16
Mode 0 (zero) is the standard default mode. That is, when the system is turned on, Mode 0 is set. This mode is a text mode, and can display 24 lines of 40 characters each on the screen. Its default colors are shown in the above chart.
Mode 1 is a split-screen text mode. If you enter the command GRAPHICS 1, the computer displays a small strip at the bottom which is actually a Mode 0 area. The Mode 1 area with a black background is above. This Mode 0 area is called a text window; it's used to type commands. You'll find this window in a number of Graphics Modes, since many modes require special commands or formats in order to enter data into the region above the window.
If you want to eliminate the window, add the value 16 to the number following the Graphics command. GRAPHICS 1 + 16 or GRAPHICS 17 displays only Mode 1 on the screen. In this mode, the system can display characters in any of four colors, with 20 lines, of 20 characters each.
Mode 2 is also a text mode that displays up to four colors of text. In this mode the size of the characters is larger, so fewer fit on the screen. In Mode 2 you can display only 10 lines of 20 characters. The text window appears in this mode as well.
Mode 3 is the first of the true graphics or plot modes. Like Modes 1 and 2, Mode 3 has the text window, but in the area above, instead of characters, you can plot points or draw lines using graphics pixels. Each pixel in this mode is large. There are 20 rows of 40 pixels, a total of 800. Mode 3 allows you to use up to four colors.
Mode 4 also has it text window. In this graphics mode the pixels are smaller than in Mode 3. There are 40 rows of 80 pixels each, a total of 3200 pixels. In this mode only two colors are available. One to Plot and one for the background.
Mode 5 is the same as Mode 4, but has two more colors available (see chart).
Mode 6 contains even smaller pixels, which allow far more detailed drawing of graphics than in the previous modes. There are 80 rows of, 160 pixels each, for a total of 12,800 pixels. Like Mode 4, this is a two-color mode.
Mode 7 produces the same size pixels its Mode 6, but like Mode 5, this is a four-color mode.
Mode 8 is the highest resolution graphics mode. In this mode, your Atari can display its greatest detail. There are 160 rows, of 320 pixels each, for a total of 51,200 pixels. This is only a two-color mode, but, as we will see in future columns, there are ways of giving more color to even a two-color mode.
In the next issue of Hi-Res, we will continue our discussion of the Atari graphics. However, for those beginners interested in some other useful literature, try Understanding Atari Graphics by Michael Boom, Alfred Publishing Co., Your Atari Computer by Ion Poole, Osborne/McGraw-Hill, or Atari Games & Recreations by Kohl, Kahn, Lindsay, and Cleland, Reston Publishing Co., Inc.
Tim McGuinness has a number of magazine articles to his credit. He'll be writing a graphics column each month for Hi-Res. He lives in Milpitas, California and is the director of software development at Romox, Inc. | <urn:uuid:49fb31a9-2686-423e-b9ed-d39c96495d8b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://atarimagazines.com/hi-res/v1n1/graphicevidence.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00360-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896958 | 1,625 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Hi, and welcome to the future: a toasty-warm, carbon-neutral, plastic-free place where your face has replaced your passport and your car drives itself. Weed is legal, alcohol is hangover-free, weekends last three days and we robots do your admin. We can dream.
Ten long years ago, The Face compiled a set of predictions for the coming decade from a star chamber of hotshot experts. That flesh-and-blood editorial team has long since disbanded but their legacy remains. From now until the first day of the new decade we’re sharing some prognostications (as seen in The Face Volume 4 Issue 002) on love, sex, space, AI, cannabis, mental health and plastic surgery (and more) for the years ahead.
Stuart Russell (Professor of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley and author of Human Compatible)
“There are some good developments that are likely to come down the line. By the end of the 2020s our digital personal assistants will actually become useful, as AI systems get a proper handle on language – meaning they’ll understand what we’re saying and give us truly meaningful information back. We’ll also be ferried around in self-driving cars which we’ve probably bought from US company Waymo. It is likely to bring the first systems to market. This will be good for road safety and for disabled users, but it will also mean a lot of job losses for people who drive for a living. And those losses are likely to extend to many low-skilled sectors, like factory work and farming, all of which are likely to become more AI-powered within the next 10 years.
“By the end of the decade we may also begin to see real interface between the brain and technology. We might figure out how to give people additional memory by wiring chips to some part of the brain. Initially, this technology will be developed for people who have dementia, but then it will likely become available for consumers who just want to increase their memory. By 2030 we may also have figured out how to connect brains to one another; that’s not as far-fetched as it seems. These things can happen despite the fact that we don’t fully understand the brain because it’s such an adaptive organ. For instance, we already have cochlear implants, chips which allow deaf people to hear. At first, the sounds seem alien but within a few weeks the brain adapts.
“But I think the first big AI news item of the 2020s is likely to be a tragic one. It will be the first ever use of autonomous weapons in warfare – Turkey is reportedly planning to use them in Syria.
“These weapons can move by themselves and, under the control of AI, can locate, select and attack targets without any human supervision. They work a little like the civilian drones you can buy, where you show it your face and then it follows you around, taking little selfie videos. In the case of weapons, you would define some targeting criterion and a geographical region – so, ‘go into this sector and kill anyone who looks like a male Kurd’ – and it would follow those directives.
“After that, we might start to see these weapons being miniaturised and sold in large numbers. Which, as the 2020s progress, could well lead to the first AI-powered genocide. Perhaps after the first genocide nations will agree to sign a treaty to ban such weapons. I hope it never gets to that point, but the potential is there.” | <urn:uuid:f5d9e61a-e53c-4551-988b-bb566034d7a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://theface.com/life/guide-to-the-2020s-artificial-intelligence-waymo-genocide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.961486 | 743 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Within your 20’s, the 2 more mentioned subjects are your career whilst your partnership status. Basically got a cent per occasion a person expected me, “How’s efforts?” or “Do you’ve got a boyfriend?” We wouldn’t need an occupation nowadays and I positively wouldn’t feel the pressure currently as of this era.
Actually, with one of these two subjects constantly making her option into my discussions, I’ve discovered numerous interesting and entertaining parallels. Listed below are some really salient your:
1. sounds matter.
No one wants to adm i t they, but physical appearance is important in both the a relationship business and workplace. While it’s not necessarily a deal breaker, it may help a lot. Four years at USC Marshall shown me personally exactly what “business casual” means and a relationship IRL possess authenticated the saying: “dress to impress.”
The truth is, I’ve observed your go-to day getup and favored succeed attire frequently coincide. You merely can’t not work right with specific basic like a cute blazer, complementing ideal, and attached denim jeans. And even though appearances says little bit about a person’s skills/personality, it is really quite factual that the greater amount of comfortable and constructive you’re looking, appropriate may experience during an interview or a romantic date.
Which brings me to my personal following that place…
2. Interviews are like initial times.
3. really love languages pertain to both passionate and expert connections.
Perhaps you have taken an individuality quiz where you work? Including, the Myers Briggs as well as the Big Five? I’ve taken both these reports a small number of era along with email address details are often pretty much the very same. The two display how I manage dispute, work in organizations, and interact in meetings. Along with an easy method, they even shed light on my own requirements, preferences, and priorities.
The 5 admiration Languages is actually a special kind of “personality” sample. It regulate just how anyone promote and receive adore by decrease down her prefer dialects to a main one and a secondary one. However this sample is meant to develop people’s like resides, I think it is also put on the job.
While dating where you work will not be enchanting, you’ll be able to nevertheless maximize focusing on how the coworkers express and enjoy emotion. Here is an example, certainly one of my top like dialects was phrase of affirmation. If my personal management first began, I mentioned that i love being told if I’m carrying out a pretty good work. Since I have discussed this information, she gets created a regular work to provide reviews for me personally, which I’ve determine fantastically valuable and empowering.
Even if you are not just in a relationship at the moment, it will be interesting and enlightening to consider the 5 Love Languages test. You could find emotional desires you didn’t understand you experienced but also beginning to look at the demands of people you may spend likely the most occasion with.
4. absolutely worth in taking it slow and trying to keep it tasteful.
For move behavior, there’s absolutely no doubt you’ll want to keep several things divide amongst the office plus individual daily life. At our personal employee happy times, we never ever enable me have more than two beverages although Im rather close with my co-workers and at ease with these people. Considering the traits of our connection at the office, i really believe it’s continue to important to keep some level of professionalism.
Similarly, if you decide to generally meet with a complete stranger, you probably probably would not get wasted the earliest date, swear any other word, munch with all your lips open, etc. You will also wouldn’t mention serious issues like last connections and disclose your own inmost, darkest keys. Whilst it’s crucial that you raise intimacy with some one, there are certainly advantageous assets to putting in the time to access discover one another.
5 sex dating apps. Gender tasks are obvious both in the specialist globe and dating business.
It’s not a secret that gender positions managed deep on the job. Most businesses are dominated by white in color guys at the top — and your discipline, it’s the same. But I’m fairly blessed to function in amusement wherein range isn’t just recommended, but appreciated. Though many EVPs and SVPs really are Caucasian guy, we now have fairly a large female counsel overall. Actually, of 30 or so users on my quick Global operation personnel, undoubtedly only 1 guy. Ordinary people are especially girls! Nonetheless, we now have each used all of our great amount of Sexual Harassment trainings and recently been confronted with the difficulties both men and women encounter everyday.
While I’ve individually never taken care of any sort of irritating discrimination or harassment workplace, i believe in regards to the ideas your ex-girlfriends and I’ve had on matchmaking software— unsolicited remarks, sexual innuendos, constant badgering, etc. That isn’t to declare that men don’t likewise confront harassment since there are truly many people who create. It’s additionally worth discussing that becoming a man on a dating application includes a unique issues like the pressure level to make the 1st action, buy food, and keep on a lady curious.
Therefore, both women and men need certainly to consistently stand-up for themselves, inform their reports, and help both.
6. The a relationship pool is constantly switching for example the job market.
One last thing, the online dating swimming pool in addition to the job market both are progressing at quick paces. With technology and well-known applications like Tinder and Bumble, a relationship is extremely various these days in contrast with how it was for our generations before us. You can complement with a possible go steady within a few minutes of swiping directly on these people. Though the path towards a committed commitment are much more difficult these days. Buddies with benefits, watching somebody, a relationship primarily, …there a multitude of extra instructions before “becoming formal.” While software made conference new people incredibly handy and simple, it’s also taken away the existing allure of courtship.
In an identical vein, technological developments has affected the office. There are many firm jobs that have little by little transformed outdated within the last few 10 years. With tools having the ability to improve even more job now, men and women are suddenly locating their projects at risk — and undoubtedly, levels of competition are these days beyond actually ever. Regardless of whether your job safeguards is not straight affected by technologies, the probability is work tasks tend to be. During my company, we are constantly changing to newest styles in electronic and social networking. There are occasions we get stories from our Shoppers ideas organization concerning the best programs, a-listers, terminology, etc. and I am captured off-guard by exactly how tiny i am aware. In order keep up to date and stay versatile using these modifying period is very important.
Over-all, you could utilize quite a few learnings between your greatly various earths of a relationship and efforts. To the end of the afternoon, both conditions rely on your very own self-awareness and the way an individual means their commitments with others. These days…if an additional individual requires myself about simple career or romance life…?? | <urn:uuid:938fcca0-58d9-4184-b50f-cdd2edb0286c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cracovieavecagnes.com/2021/09/04/exactly-how-a-relationship-is-a-lot-like-succeed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.959464 | 1,566 | 1.523438 | 2 |
MCA recording artist Josh Turner launches the “Josh Turner Scholarship Fund” to provide assistance to high school students who would like to pursue a career in the field of Arts and Entertainment. “Growing up in rural South Carolina, I attended a
1-A school and there were only 75 people in my graduating class,” says Turner. “In other words, it was a small school and that translated into ‘not a lot of opportunities’ when it came to music. We had academic and sports programs but we never had a consistent music program. We would have a band one year, and a chorus one year, but nothing ever lasted.”
Reflecting on when Turner first moved to Nashville and became a student at Belmont University he says, “When I got to Belmont, I felt so lost in my music classes because I'd never been taught a lot of music theory. I'd never heard of ear training. It was like learning a whole new language. I was talking to my producer, Frank Rogers, one day and he and I were discussing our music experiences from high school. He attended a 5-A school and was in a band and a chorus and took trips all over the country playing and singing. We never had any of that. That discussion combined with my wife Jennifer's passion to expose young people to music inspired my idea to start a scholarship fund that would jump-start high school students into a future in the music business. The interesting and beneficial aspect of this fund is that you don't have to be a singer or performer to qualify for this scholarship. You can pursue basically any job that is directly associated with the music industry. The possibilities are endless. I chose my high school alma mater to be the first recipient of the scholarship because it is close to my heart and I know the extent of the needs there. I’m looking forward to seeing our passion to promote art and music in schools become a reality in 2009.”
The fund, administered by The Community Foundation of Middle Tennessee, will initially be awarded to a graduating senior from the 2009 class of Hannah-Pamplico High School in Hannah, South Carolina. The scholarship recipient will attend a post-secondary school with a substantial arts curriculum. Information regarding the scholarship program can be found by going to Turner’s official website: www.joshturner.com
and clicking on the “scholarship information” link. In addition, Turner has been selling "JT Fund For The Arts" bracelets at all of his shows to raise money for the fund.
Turner is confirmed to present an award on “The 42nd Annual CMA Awards” November 12 and he is nominated in the Musical Event of the Year category for “Another Try” featuring Trisha Yearwood. | <urn:uuid:7ae118ee-d6cf-4d95-aa81-ce16d2bb5f04> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://joshturner.com/news/josh-launches-scholarship-program | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00507-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981574 | 580 | 1.578125 | 2 |
(Oct. 2, 2017) In accordance with a presidential proclamation, Massachusetts Gov. Charlie Baker has ordered that the United States flag and the commonwealth flag be lowered to half-staff at all state buildings through sundown Friday, Oct. 6, as a mark of respect for "the victims of the senseless act of violence perpetrated Oct. 1, 2017 in Las Vegas, Nevada."
This gubernatorial order applies to the main or administration building of each public institution of the commonwealth, e.g. town and city halls; other state-owned or state-controlled buildings; and all state military installations.
No comments on this item Please log in to comment by clicking here | <urn:uuid:e7cb9d53-570c-4725-8e8c-a4ab4b829269> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ack.net/stories/flag-status-half-staff-through-friday-for-las-vegas-shooting-victims,5211? | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.934733 | 136 | 1.507813 | 2 |
IT Pro Asks: What if the Carrington Event happened today?
Welcome to the latest series of 2-minute IT Pro videos
Welcome to IT Pro Asks, a new series of monthly videos where we answer some of the biggest topics troubling IT professionals nowadays, plus some more philosophical IT-related topics.
This month, we ask what would happen if the Carrington Event happened today? A coronal mass ejection from the Sun that hit the earth in 1859 caused the largest geomagnetic storm on record, with subsequent auroras stretching as far as the equator.
Even though we have better surge protection in place today, global blackouts would be almost guaranteed. But just how bad would things get for a 21st-century Earth?
Next month, we're tackling a much more immediate problem: Should remote workers be paid less than their in-office counterparts? | <urn:uuid:e2c3f581-5355-4df5-a87f-6e553e252233> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.itpro.com/business-strategy/disaster-recovery-dr/360656/what-if-the-carrington-event-happened-today | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.927764 | 179 | 1.742188 | 2 |
If you want to use more high resolution data over larger areas you'll have to learn quite a lot about "view dependent continuous level of detail surfaces", streaming of terrain data and out of core visualization.
For an example of how this may be have a look at: http://globe.sintef.no/
You'll find a few useful references in the documentation section http://globe.sintef.no/documentation/datasets.html
. For another useful approach have a look at the "grand canyon demo" on the jogl pages.
I have also enyoyed the references found in the Vterrain pages: http://www.vterrain.org/ | <urn:uuid:138e96e9-cbf0-413c-b657-a56d27bfb1dd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.java-gaming.org/index.php?topic=13276.0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00379-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.823803 | 146 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Contact Lenses for Teens
Teenagers (and the parents who love them) often ask us about switching from eyeglasses to contact lenses. Whether the change is permanent or just an alternative to glasses, there are several great reasons for getting your teen into prescription contacts.
- Freedom: Your teen may simply be tired of wearing eyeglasses, especially thick frames that slip and slide down the bridge of his or her nose.
- Sports: Glasses don’t mix well with active sports. They can fall off. Even worse, they can break, leading to injury. Repairing or replacing broken glasses is also costly. And glasses don’t provide the peripheral vision needed during game play. The good news is that quality contact lenses solve those problems. They make it easier to wear protective goggles, too.
- Glasses-free look: Remember your teen years? Were they awkward or smooth sailing? Maybe a mix of both! In any case, your teen may simply prefer the way he or she looks and feels without glasses.
- Eye color change: Today’s natural–looking color contacts are very popular among teens. And they’re safe–so long as they’re prescribed by an eye care professional.
Talking About Contacts With Your Teen: Important Topics
Contacts are medical devices. Did you know that contact lenses are considered medical devices? It’s easy to understand why. The eyes are one of the body’s most important and delicate parts. That’s why what we put in and on them must be medically safe and properly fitted by an eye care professional.
Wash your hands before handling and inserting your contact lenses. Your eyes are one of your immune system’s most vulnerable points. To help keep germs away and protect your vision, follow the hand washing instructions from your eye care professional.
Handle your lenses with care. Contact lenses can tear. Never wear torn contact lenses. They can scratch your eyes leading to infection and other possible vision problems.
Consider daily disposable contacts. Clean contact lenses are key to helping keep your eyes healthy. Daily disposable lenses or “dailies” are worn for the day and thrown away before going to sleep. They offer several benefits:
- No nighttime lens cleaning required, saving time and cleaning solution. (Particularly beneficial for teens that may forget to clean their contacts or ignore the process.)
- An easy–to–remember wear schedule.
- They can help people with eye allergies. Starting every day with a fresh pair of lenses means there’s less time for allergies to flair and deposits to build up.
- They offer a self–esteem boost in helping teens succeed with their new responsibility.
Don’t share your contacts–ever! Your contact lenses are fitted and prescribed just for your eyes. Sharing contact lenses can encourage an eye infection and other vision problems.
A special caution about novelty contact lenses (such as those often worn for Halloween costume effects). Like color contacts, novelty contact lenses are popular, but as we mentioned earlier, it’s essential to have contact lenses of any kind properly fitted by an eye care professional. In fact, some lenses may not be FDA approved unless they’re purchased from a licensed professional. Wearing contacts that aren’t fitted and prescribed by a professional could harm your teen’s eyes.
If you’d like to schedule an appointment to fit your teen for contacts, or to learn more about them, please give us a call.
Nothing in this article is to be construed as medical advice, nor is it intended to replace the recommendations of a medical professional. For specific questions, please contact our office.
Adapted with permission from: Contact Lenses for Teenagers CooperVision.com. | <urn:uuid:022b96ba-9cf0-4d5a-b121-9618d81cc1a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://avcvisionsource.com/2014/11/04/contact-lenses-for-teens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.930048 | 779 | 2.25 | 2 |
A New York Times Op-Ed last year highlighted the global disparity in access to quality medication. For people in developing countries, counterfeit drugs are a huge problem. In fact, a more recent Washington Post piece refers to the problem of unreliable pharmaceuticals as a global pandemic, amounting to an estimated $75 billion market annually. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that up to 30% of drugs sold in low-income countries are fake, expired or damaged, compared to 1% in more industrialized nations. Miti Health, founded in 2013 and based in Nairobi, Kenya, aims to change this market failure with a two-pronged approach.
Digital Diversity is a series of blog posts from kiwanja.net featuring the many ways mobile phones and other appropriate technologies are being used throughout the world to improve, enrich, and empower billions of lives.
By Cayte Bosler
In East Africa, the problem of counterfeit drugs goes deeper. For reasons including stock outs and long lines in the public healthcare system, people often go to local private sector pharmacies when seeking treatment. However, medications sold from these outlets are even more questionable because no suppliers offer tested and certified medications for the private sector. Counterfeits and substandard drugs account for an estimated 20-45% of the total, leading to dangerous antibiotic drug resistance.
Miti Health arms private sector pharmacies with software tools to weed out fake medications and simultaneously interrupt the supply chain in East Africa to eradicate poor quality medications before they reach the pharmacies.
Poor quality medication is bad for both the business of the pharmacy and the health of clients. Miti Health saw the need for a new system of verification, so this past summer they invited 15 pharmacies in Kenya to participate in a pilot program to test their software.“When people in Kenya visit the pharmacy, there is a one in three chance they’ll get a substandard drug,” explains Miti Health managing director Jennifer Stutsman. “You are gambling every time you go in. People won’t come back if they don’t get better.”
Miti Health’s software, compatible with android phones and tablets, helps pharmacies track their orders to verify who sells them good medication. Furthermore, the platform improves the pharmacy’s business operations by tracking medicine stocks, streamlining reorders, and providing better customer demand forecasting through access to market data and disease prevalence in the region. The software costs $10 per month for pharmacists, covering full implementation and support. Previously, the shops used paper and pencil, if anything at all, to track orders and manage their businesses.
To infiltrate the supply chain at large, Miti Health partners with key actors in the healthcare ecosystem—including drug manufacturers, non-profits, governments and suppliers—to create mechanisms that halt poor quality drugs before they reach the pharmacists.“Pharmacists know they need better systems, but because they’re running out of money or nobody has approached them, they haven’t made that investment,” says Stutsman. “We approach pharmacists with our management tools and help them understand how it benefits them. We want to have the biggest influence we can in the supply chain.”
For example, using the global standard for medication quality testing, Global Pharma Health Fund’s GPHF-Minilab system, Miti Health randomly samples and tests medication batches as they come in from manufacturers, helping them determine the consistently high-quality suppliers. Some customers pay a per-test rate to validate the medicines they purchase, and grant funding helps support larger-scale random testing conducted by a Miti Health lab technician.
Stutsman started out as a pre-med student at the University of Pennsylvania then switched to public health policy because she thought she could have greater impact. “All the pieces of the ecosystem are necessary and have their own role,” says Stutsman. “But being able to provide someone with a product with real immediate value to them is rewarding.”Then, before delivering the medication to pharmacists, Miti Health provides certification and includes branding materials to make it clear to pharmacists and patients that they can trust it.
Miti Health brings a business advantage to pharmacists in conjunction with a public health advantage to a real social problem that affects millions. In the next year, Miti Health plans to expand to over one hundred pharmacies in East Africa, with the goal of serving around 150,000 patients.
Cayte is a journalist based in Brooklyn, New York. She travels to study and write about entrepreneurs in unlikely places solving the world’s most pressing problems. She freelances on a variety of subjects including science, technology, international development, foreign policy and travel. She possesses a great affinity for snails. You can follow Cayte on Twitter @caytebosler
Digital Diversity is produced by Ken Banks, innovator, mentor, author, anthropologist, National Geographic Emerging Explorer and Founder of kiwanja.net, FrontlineSMS and Means of Exchange. He shares exciting stories in Digital Diversity about how mobile phones and appropriate technologies are being used throughout the world to improve, enrich, and empower billions of lives. You can follow him on Twitter @kiwanja | <urn:uuid:8f21c097-b1c9-47f9-a216-e42625c93e6e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2016/01/11/kill-or-cure-how-mobile-phones-help-identify-counterfeit-drugs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00063-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934461 | 1,082 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Screen flickering is a common complaint of HP laptop users. An indication of flickering is when the screen displays oscillating white, yellow and pink bars and lines. It is usually due to a loose connection or a damaged wire. Causes that lead to screen flickering are often covered by the manufacturer's warranty.
Other People Are Reading
A flickering laptop screen may be caused by a bad LCD connection, in which the screws that hold the wiring in place are loose. Alternatively, the wiring itself may get damaged due to wear and tear. Often, however, a malfunctioning monitor may be due to a faulty LCD inverter.
A loose LCD connection may be rectified by tightening the screws that hold the wiring in place onto the motherboard. In the case of damaged wiring or a faulty LCD inverter, these items would need to be replaced.
If the laptop is under warranty, contact the manufacturer for problems relating to the screen. Otherwise, consult a qualified repair-person who can diagnose and fix any issues that relate to screen flickering.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:fcd73180-37e2-4f55-9074-ed250da550e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/facts_6872245_hp-laptop-screen-flicker_.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00018-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923725 | 242 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Most real estate agents agree that staging a residential property, represents an essential marketing tool, but what about virtual staging? When you virtually stage a listing, you use technology to transform empty rooms into inviting and hopefully more marketable spaces. The idea is to take a blank canvas of vacant rooms and present a landscape of the property’s potential.
Traditional staging by the numbers
The National Association of Realtors found, in a recent study, that most realtors see traditional staging as vital to marketing their listings. It comes as no surprise then, that virtual staging has taken off. Nearly 80-percent of buyers’ agents say traditional staging makes it easier for buyers to visualize listings as a future home. The study also showed that the living room ranked as most important, with the master bedroom and kitchen following close behind.
Nearly 38-percent of sellers’ agents say they stage homes prior to listing them. But staging a home that is vacant or has high potential with low cosmetic appeal, can prove difficult. This, say agents, is where virtual staging can save the day.
Virtual staging is inexpensive and easy
Proponents say virtual staging allows prospective buyers to better visualize how spaces can be maximized or even transformed by furniture and decorating. The cost runs anywhere from two to four-hundred dollars, which is significantly less than the cost of an actual staging. Typically, agents download digital photos of their listing. Then, designers with a virtual staging company send back new images that show the space furnished and decorated, which are ready to be posted on the MLS.
Proceed with caution
Be cautious about the extent to which you virtually stage your listing. Be very judicious. The realtor’s code of ethics requires agents to honestly represent the property. Virtual staging is merely supposed to give potential buyers a better understanding of how to layout a room. Seeing the space as it would look, filled with furniture, offers buyers an idea of how they might make the size and floor plan of the property work for them. Using Virtual furniture is acceptable because most buyers understand that furniture shown during staging, whether real or digital, is not part of what is being offered for sale.
Too much can mislead buyers
That line between virtual staging and deceptive advertising blurs if the virtual improvements go too far. For example, presenting a property with new cabinets and appliances could easily mislead a buyer. It is not an accurate portrayal of a listing when you virtually move walls, change counter tops or present high-end flooring. Only the real property is for sale. All digital images still need to reflect the property accurately. Keep in mind, virtually changing the permanent structures and fixtures of the house, can lead to an inaccurate portrayal of exactly what the seller is selling.
Virtual staging is not a replacement for traditional staging
Realtors who have used virtual staging as one of their marketing strategies say it complements traditional staging, but does not replace it. As we mentioned earlier, the research is clear: most buyers find it easier to visualize a property as a future home, when it is staged. Traditional staging continues to be a valuable marketing tool. Where agents might find the most benefit with virtual staging is when they are selling vacant homes. Instead of only posting pictures of empty rooms, agents can also present those same rooms, virtually staged. It allows sellers’ agents to present to potential buyers with a strong visual that might just help clinch the sale.
At Landmark Title, we work with residential realtors and their clients providing escrow and title services. If you have questions or need assistance, please contact our office at (602)768-2800 or visit our website. | <urn:uuid:bf097e36-e581-43b9-8d7c-c56c2e9ec354> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ltaz.com/arizona-real-estate/virtual-staging | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.949546 | 745 | 1.539063 | 2 |
The Germania, written in 98 AD by Publius Cornelius Tacitus, is an ethnic monograph of the Germanic tribes on the Roman frontier along the Rhine. At first glance, its sole purpose appears to be to inform the Romans about the Germanic peoples and to warn them about the Germans as a future potential military threat. However, in delineating the characteristics of the Germans, Tacitus was criticizing Roman morality and decline in virtue through unspoken comparisons to a society which was viewed as more primitive in nature. In Germania, Tacitus describes the "warlike ardour of the people" who "actually think it tame and stupid to acquire by the sweat of toil what they might win by their blood" in an almost awe-stricken manner. Tacitus also explains their strict marriage laws, and that "no part of their manners is more praiseworthy" as he idealizes German life. Tacitus later confronts the immorality of conteporary Rome directly in The Annals. He recounts the rise to power of Sejanus, who, in contemplating revenge against Drusus, "thought his easiest revenge was to turn his attention to Livia, Drusus' wife." In contrast to the Germans' ardor in war, Sejanus pretends an "ardent passion for her, seduced her...lured her on to thoughts of marriage...and of her husband's destruction" even before divorcing his own wife Apicata.
Interestingly enough, after its writing, Germania pretty much disappeared until 520 when Cassiodorus quoted Tacitus verbatim in a letter to Theodoric, the Ostrogoth king. It may also have been known of in Constantinople at that time. The next reference in known history comes in the 860s, when a monk in the monastery of Fulda quotes from it.
A copy resurfaced in Italy in the 15th century. Under the auspices of Pope Nicholas V, a number of old manuscripts were found in the 'north'. This copy, known as the Fulda manuscript, has been lost. All extant manuscripts were copied in the 15th and 16th centuries, and all are thought to depend on the Fulda Manuscript. The Germania gained popularity at that time as a tool to the emerging German nationalism movement. | <urn:uuid:1640de25-3429-443e-8670-35a242625abe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://everything2.com/title/Germania | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00129-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97804 | 473 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Yesterday, NPR and The Nation featured a pro-assisted suicide commentary by Ann Neumann. [The Nation: Keeping the Right to Die Alive].(1) Her commentary overlooked gaps in the Oregon and Washington assisted-suicide laws. She uncritically accepted Compassion & Choices marketing claims that it promotes patient choice for "terminal" patients. This blog post presents the other side.
A Recipe for Abuse
Physician-assisted suicide laws in Oregon and Washington have gaps that put patients at risk.(2) The most obvious gap is a lack of witnesses at the death.(3) Without disinterested witnesses, the opportunity is created for someone else to administer the lethal dose to the patient against his will. Even if the patient struggled, who would know?
Barbara Coombs Lee is a Former "Managed Care Executive"
Neumann's commentary describes Compassion & Choices and its president, Barbara Coombs Lee, as promoters of patient choice.(4) Compassion & Choices is the former Hemlock Society.(5) It advocates for legal physician-assisted suicide, which it terms "aid-in-dying."
In 2008, Oregon resident Barbara Wagner wanted treatment for cancer.(6) The Oregon Health Plan (Medicare) offered her assisted-suicide instead.(7) After Wagner’s death, Barbara Coombs Lee wrote an criticizing Wagner for her choice to be treated.(8) Coombs Lee also defended the Oregon Health Plan, which had steered Wagner to suicide.(9)
Perhaps not a coincidence, Coombs Lee is a former "managed care executive."(10) She argued against Barbara Wagner's choice.
Compassion & Choices advocates for assisted suicide for "terminally ill adult patients," which as defined by Compassion & Choices would include young people with "decades" to live. This is what Compassion & Choices proposed in Montana in 2009. See pages 1 to 3 at - link.
In Oregon and Washington, terminal is defined in terms of having less than six months to live. Even then, the people at issue are not necessarily dying. This is the point of a 2009 article from Washington State: Patients can live years beyond expectations.(11)
With the topic of "aid in dying," the people at issue are not necessarily dying. They may have years or even decades to live. For these people, Compassion & Choices' advocacy is about ending their lives.
In 2010, Compassion & Choices claimed that assisted suicide was legal in Idaho. A former Chief Justice of the Idaho Supreme Court denounced the claim as "false."(12) In 2011, the Idaho legislature enacted a statute to strengthen Idaho’s law against causing or aiding a suicide.(13)
In 2011, proposed assisted suicide bills failed in Montana, Hawaii and New Hampshire.(14) In New Hampshire, the Committee report to defeat the bill stated:
"This bill is a recipe for . . . abuse. The committee also recognizes that doctors’ diagnoses and predictions may be incorrect; numerous cases exist where people have lived far beyond their doctor’s predictions, some of them having been cured from their terminal disease. . . .This bill represents bad policy and practice . . ."House Journal, Vol. 33, No. 28, p. 883-885.
The claim that legal assisted suicide promotes patient choice is marketing rhetoric. These laws are a recipe for abuse. They empower health care providers to steer patients to suicide. They encourage citizens to cut short their lives. Don’t be fooled.
Link to the original article. | <urn:uuid:c3737769-a79d-4e29-b21c-928126829959> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2011/06/response-to-nation-legal-assisted.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00288-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946148 | 732 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Sometimes your computer may show an error that the task manager is processing the scanning process. There can be several reasons for this problem.
Control E-Windows Processes And Programs In P2 Programs.
This is one of the devices that Windows automatically blocks in Task Manager. If you stop the anomaly and the program does not touch Windows, you will have almost no connection to the United States until you stop looking for the application or reverse the process. You can access the basic details as well as the number of details required for the adventure process in the task manager, as well as limit multiple access points to wait.
Get-Process Di PowerShell Cmdlet, About Security All Processes When Running
In preparation for using Windows PowerShell with administration and a digital get-process process, this operating system restores the Texas list of processes in use (unless you use the GPS form for short).
Set Up Your Current Account With Task Manager
Dal Task Manager puts you in control of when you want to be successful with various programs and applications on your laptop. Deve quest’ultimo essere controllato per vitare gna il nostro sistema consumi pi√Ļ andel dovuto, cos evitando possibili guasti.
Gestore Sterjo Task Manager
Questo di processi per Windows supports this simple and intuitive interface. In this case, you can use the full quattro calendar similar to gna vediamon nel Task Manager delete sistema operativo as you can have access to AI processes, all records, AI services and all operating system connections. system.
Pay Attention To Windows 10 Processes As Many Tricks Can Be Analyzed
To analyze Windows Task Manager information, you don’t have to go ahead unless you su file at any time consultations. To refresh data continuously, visualize the information in the task manager, and all display options of the admin palette at a high level, select the refresh rate, and then select the option to pause. In this case, the task of the business manager is to visualize and analyze the data at any given time.Get this software today and fix your PC problems for good. | <urn:uuid:e0a4db69-580d-41b9-a647-b05306ca369b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.digitaltechglobal.com/en/analizzare-processi-task-manager/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.841411 | 454 | 1.703125 | 2 |
How is the council performing?
This section explains how the Council collects and analyses a wide range of data (including customer feedback) to track and measure how well services are performing and also, in some instances, to identify where action is needed to improve service performance.
Letting you know about how services are performing is an important part of showing how we are accountable for our actions.
The Council's Outcome Delivery Plan sets out what changes we will work to achieve the outcomes in the SOA, and the Corporate Statement conveys our vision for local services and the local area. Council and Partnership performance is linked as the SOA Outcomes and the organisational outcomes of Customer, People and Efficiency are the collective grouping of East Renfrewshire Council's performance management framework.
To find out more about the performance of council partnerships, please visit:
Performance reports can be viewed by year, and by service area, through the related pages.
Statutory indicators - Reports containing the mandatory and non-mandatory SPIs can be found in the relevant year's performance page. For more information on the national (LGBF) project, please visit the Improvement Service website:
More detailed information on what we are working to achieve can be found in the following documents: | <urn:uuid:34996534-b46c-424e-a0be-04534c6893a3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://eastrenfrewshire.gov.uk/performance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00035-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926724 | 256 | 1.578125 | 2 |
On July 19, Method Architecture Houston hosted students from Creative Dreams Outreach Center for a day of mentorship, games, and learning! The children rotated between five stations learning the different facets of architecture:
- Programming & Schematic Design
- Interior Design
- Technology & Virtual Reality
- Construction Documents & Production
Method Architecture’s employees helped run the stations and taught the students about architecture in the hopes to pique their interest in a future career in the design and architecture field. Using their site and existing building at Creative Dreams, the teams went through each stage of the project to develop their ideas. The Programming & Schematic Design station involved an activity laying out the site placing locations for a library and school. At the interior design station, the students helped pick out finishes from tile work to flooring pieces for different rooms within the Creative Dreams’ building. For the technology & virtual reality station, they were able to use VR goggles and walk around a site. The construction station taught the students about the strength of different structures with fun visuals. The final station: construction documents & production had a group activity designing the exterior of a building. Lastly, the day concluded with a fun trivia game of facts about architecture.
It was a fun-filled day of activities and games to teach the students about a potential career in design and architecture and show them what all is involved in bringing a design to life. Creative Dreams Outreach Center is a non-profit youth development program offering different programs including art, dance, music and academic tutoring. Method Architecture designed their current building located in Stafford, Texas in 2017.
Learn more about Creative Dreams! | <urn:uuid:e62d8e76-7f55-4979-9698-4c89cc8c8eca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://methodarchitecture.com/creative-dreams-architect-for-a-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.958376 | 335 | 2.359375 | 2 |
GFO (GEOSAT Follow-On) Satellite
GFO is the US Navy's initiative to develop an operational series of radar altimeter satellites to maintain continuous ocean observation - as obtained from the successful GEOSAT ERM (Exact Repeat Mission) mission phase. The GFO mission is managed by the METOC (Meteorological/Oceanographic) Program Office of SPAWAR (Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command) in San Diego, CA, with overall responsibility for executing the procurement of GFO.
The GFO mission objective is to provide operational altimetry data for the US Navy as well as for NOAA, NASA, and University ocean science and ocean monitoring. It is believed that ocean circulation may be a major cause of decadal climate change. Navy applications of GFO include the use of altimeter data in coastal oceanography, in mapping mesoscale fronts and eddies, and, in using basin-scale data for generating eddy-resolving global ocean models. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Figure 1: Artist's view of the GFO spacecraft (image credit: US Navy)
GFO is a minisatellite designed and built by BATC (Ball Aerospace & Technology Corporation) of Boulder, CO as the prime contractor (contract award in 1992) to SPAWAR. Subcontractors to Ball include: E-Systems Corporation (payload integration and fabrication of the altimeter), AIL Systems Inc. (manufacture of the microwave radiometer), AOA (formerly Allen Osborn Associates, manufacture of the GPS receiver), and Orbital Sciences Corporation (launch vehicle manufacture and operations). 6) 7) 8) 9)
GFO uses the BCP 600 bus (Ball Commercial Platform). The S/C structure consists of a conductive graphite composite with surface-mounted electronics that is compact and lightweight. The spacecraft is three-axis stabilized; attitude knowledge is derived from horizon scanners; sun sensors for yaw knowledge; attitude control accuracy is 0.25º (3σ); location knowledge by redundant GPS receivers with an rms accuracy of 10 cm (radial component); a Doppler beacon CW (Continuous Wave) transmitter is also carried to support orbit determination and time referencing of the altimeter data. A hydrazine propulsion system is used for orbit maintenance.
The spacecraft mass is 346 kg (dry) and 369 kg (wet), total payload mass of 47 kg, S/C design life = 8 years with a goal of 10 years; on-board recorder of 384 Mbit capacity; the spacecraft bus is 2.56 m in length and 0.78 m in diameter. The power subsystem employs a fully redundant power control and distribution unit, a NiH2 battery (20 Ah capacity) with a spare cell, and four radially deployed solar array panels totaling about 2.4 m2. S/C power of 319 W (single solar array with 1-axis articulation).
Figure 2: Block diagram of the GFO payload (image credit: US Navy)
SoftRide isolation system flown on Taurus launch vehicles: GFO was the first US spacecraft which used the SoftRide isolation system of CSA Engineering to protect satellites from the rough ride into orbit, employing patented UniFlex isolators to reduce axial vibration. Since then, the SoftRide system has been used by many other missions such as: STEX, JawSat, MTI, MightySat, QuikTOMS, OrbView-4, XSS-11, FormoSat-3/COSMIC, TacSat-2, FalconSat-3, and AIM. 10)
Figure 3: GFO spacecraft integration (image credit: BATC)
Launch: The launch of GFO took place on Feb. 10, 1998 on a Taurus launcher (OSC) from VAFB (Vandenberg Air Force Base), CA. The international designation of GFO is 1998-007A.
Orbit: Non-sun-synchronous polar orbit providing an exact repeat ground track; inclination= 108.04º; mean altitude of 784 km (0.0008 eccentricity), repeat period = 101 minutes. The 17 day ERO (Exact Repeat Orbit - 244 orbits in 17 days) retraces the GEOSAT ERM ground track within ±1 km.
POD (Precise Orbit Determination): Unlike GEOSAT, GFO is tracked by two extremely accurate tracking systems: the SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) network and the Global Positioning System (GPS). Accordingly, the spacecraft carries a laser retroreflector array (LRA) and Turbo-Rogue GPS receivers. These tracking data, especially in combination, support GFO orbit accuracies approaching those achieved on T/P (TOPEX/Poseidon) despite the lower altitude and increased atmospheric drag modeling errors.
Note: It turned out that the GPS system on GFO only supplied limited data, and could not be used for POD analysis. Hence, both the operational and precise orbits have been determined using a combination of satellite laser ranging (SLR) and Doppler tracking in combination with the use of altimeter crossovers. The estimated orbit precision of the daily orbits is between 10 and 20 cm, whereas the precise orbits have a precision of 5 cm.
RF communications: S-band downlink at 16 kbit/s (direct) and 512 kbit/s in dump mode to ground receiving stations. All data links to/from GFO are encrypted. The science data are being made available to the general user community through NOAA. Mission operations by NAVSOC (Naval Satellite Operations Center) with ground stations at Prospect Harbor, ME, and at Point Magu, CA. 11)
All payload data collected by the satellite is processed at the POC (Payload Operations Center) located at NavOceano (Naval Oceanographic Office). The resultant SDRs (Satellite Data Records) are sent to the ADFC (Altimeter Data Fusion Center) also located at NavOceano to be converted into the NGDRs. The Navy uses data from the GFO Doppler beacons to produce the “OpOrbits” for its Operational Navy Geophysical Data Records (NGDR-Os), and is using the NASA-generated Medium Laser orbit data to generate the NGDR-Ms.
GFO data: All GFO altimetry data has been authorized for unconditional (and unclassified) release by SPAWAR. Hence all GFO data [SDRs, GDRs (Geophysical Data Records) and raw data over some ice areas] is being forwarded to NOAA (and NASA) for distribution and use by the civilian community. NOAA also uses the SDRs along with the Medium Laser orbit data from NASA to produce an independent set of GDRs known as the IGDRs. 12)
US Navy ships receive real-time direct downlink data at sea while the stored worldwide data are available at CONUS (Continental United States - referring to the `lower 48 states') ground sites approximately every 12 hours. The stored data are sent to the NavOceano Altimetry Data Fusion Center (ADFC) located at NASA's Stennis Space Center, Mississippi for processing.
GFO altimeter data have many scientific applications, especially in combination with data from other missions such as Jason-1, Envisat, ERS: mapping of eddies; near-real-time monitoring for hurricane forecasts; inland lake monitoring; detection (ex post facto) of Indian Ocean tsunami.
Figure 4: Line drawing of the GFO spacecraft (University of Michigan)
• The Navy officially declared the GFO Mission was ended as of October 22, 2008 (decommissioned and passiviated). Due to increasing sun exposure (minimal eclipse), the temperature of the GFO platform increased to the point where normal operations were no longer feasible. The final step was to keep the radar altimeter (RA) off until after the "full sun" cycle. No GFO data was received after this date September 17, 2008. The decision was made to de-orbit the satellite at the end of 2008. 13) 14) 15)
GFO was maneuvered to a lower orbit to ensure reentry within 25 years. A series of eight burns in November 2008 dropped GFO’s orbit to 455 km x 785 km (estimated orbital lifetime: < 15 years). 16) 17)
• The spacecraft completed its 154 exact repeat orbit cycles in February 2008 (after 10 years in orbit) and has spent over seven years on orbit since acceptance of the satellite by the Navy. The GFO satellite continues to operate beyond its design life, providing meteorological and oceanographic (METOC) observation data critical to both naval planners and oceanographers. 18)
• The satellite is suffering from battery aging and the power consumption must be minimized when the satellite is in the eclipse phase of the orbit. This translates into partial ocean coverage (~50%) and hourly switches on/off of the altimeter (quite a brutal but mandatory treatment), with specific actions to optimize onboard power and temperature.
• As of Aug. 2006, the satellite had completed 120 exact repeat cycles since acceptance of the satellite by the Navy in 2000. An important lesson from GFO is that altimeter missions should always carry multiple means of tracking. Not only can they serve as a backup if one system fails, but the multiplicity of data types allows to directly intercompare orbits computed using different data and verify the orbit quality. 19)
• GFO is operational as of 2006. However, monitoring data indicate that the momentum wheel thermal sensitivity as well as the battery experience aging.
• As a result in part of the Cal/Val analysis, the GFO satellite was accepted by the US Navy and declared operational as of Nov. 29, 2000. 20)
• POD (Precision Orbit Determination) is now based on SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) and on Doppler tracking. The GFO mission was rescued by the laser retroreflector and the demonstration of near-real-time POD using SLR, Doppler, and altimeter crossover data.
• Also, the CPU reset problems were solved in Nov. 1999. GFO encountered early difficulties with intermittent and periodic resets of its flight computer. To resolve the computer-reset problem, a series of software uploads were performed to update the on-board computer operating system.
• A ground-based time-tagging unit was installed at NAVSOC in June 1999.
• After launch of the S/C, the GFO project had undertaken extensive calibration and validation activities (Cal/Val I-IV) from June 1999 until October 2000. The GPS receivers onboard were not fully operational (the GPS receivers failed in spite of 4 unit redundancy; this meant loss of primary orbit determination system and the loss of precision time tagging), and therefore orbit determination now relies on satellite laser ranging and Opnet Doppler. 21) 22) 23) 24) 25)
Sensor complement: (GFO-RA, WVR, TRSR, LRA)
GFO-RA (GFO Radar Altimeter):
GFO-RA is a Ku-band instrument with a center frequency of 13.5 GHz, built by Raytheon's E-Systems Division, Lexington, MA. Range measurement between satellite and subsatellite point (at nadir) of the orbit with high measurement precision (range precision requirement of 3.5 cm). The GFO mission marks the first time that an Earth-orbiting microwave radiometer and radar have shared the same antenna. 26) 27)
GFO-RA consists of the following modules: RF Unit, Digital Unit, SSPA (Solid-State Power Amplifier), T/R Switch, combined GFO-RA/WVR feed horn, and integrated antenna. GFO-RA measures continuously along the subtrack with an approximately 2 km pulse-limited footprint. On-board calibration of radar cross section and height. Instrument mass = 24.7 kg; power=75.5 W; data rate = 8 kbit/s.
Figure 5: Illustration of major GFO-RA modules: from left: SSPA, Digital Unit, RF Unit (image credit: US Navy, Raytheon)
WVR (Water Vapor Radiometer):
WWR was built by AIL Systems Inc. of Deer Park, NY. Objective: Measurement of the water vapor content along the altimeter pulse path. WVR is a dual-frequency instrument (22 GHz and 37 GHz) that provides water vapor time corrections for the altimeter. The instrument consists of the electronics module, power supply, cold horns, combined GFO-RA/WVR feed horn and integrated antenna (the multiband feed and main reflector are shared by the two-channel WVR and the single-channel radar altimeter). The WVR data rate = 160 bit/s. 28) 29) 30)
Figure 6: Functional block diagram of the WVR instrument (image credit: University of Michigan)
TRSR (TurboRogue Space Receiver):
TRSR is a redundant GPS receiver system (4 receivers each of 16 channels) being used for precision orbit determination. TRSR was built by Allen Osborne Associates Inc. of Westlake Village, CA.
Note: Shortly after launch, the onboard Turbo-star 16-channel GPS receivers failed to track more than one GPS satellite on both frequencies. The fact that the GPS receiver onboard of GFO is not fully operational has prompted the use of satellite laser ranging (SLR) tracking data for the computation of precise orbits. 31)
The project computed alternative precise orbits using SLR and crossover data primarily for independent accuracy verification purposes. The average SLR residual is around 4 cm rms and crossover residual is about 8 cm rms during the calibration, validation and operational time periods.
LRA (Laser Retroreflector Array):
LRA is a corner cube reflector assembly provided by NASA for SLR tracking services. GFO POD relies on SLR tracking provided by a global network of NASA and foreign stations. 32)
1) R. Barry, “The GEOSAT Follow-On (GFO) Program Satellite,” Space Programs and Technologies Conference and Exhibit, Huntsville, AL, Sept 21-23, 1993, AIAA-1993-4106
2) D. Walker, R. Barry, “The Navy GEOSAT follow-on altimeter-a true dual use technology,” Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Aspen, CO, USA, Feb. 1-8, 1997, Vol. 3, pp. 71-82
3) John Lillibridge, Stephane Calmant, Gabriel Lellouch, “Geosat Follow-On Waveforms: Retracking for Hydrology Applications,” Symposium: 15 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry, Venice, Italy, March 13-18, 2006, URL: http://ibis.grdl.noaa.gov/SAT/gfo/venice_gfo_waveforms_fin.ppt
4) F. G. Lemoine, N. P. Zelensky, D. S. Chinn, B. D. Beckley, J. L. Lillibridge, “Towards the GEOSAT Follow-On Precise Orbit Determination Goals of High Accuracy and Near-Real-Time Processing,” AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Conference, Keystone, CO, USA, August 21-24, 2006 , URL: http://ibis.grdl.noaa.gov/SAT/gfo/aiaa2006gfopres.ppt
5) P. Moorea, G. T. Kilby, “Orbital inferences from GFO with applications to GEOSAT,” Advances in Space Research, Volume 30, Issue 2, July 2002, pp. 393-399
6) F. G. Lemoine, N. P. Zelensky, D. S. Chinn, B. D. Beckley, J. L. Lillibridge, “Towards the GEOSAT Follow-On Precise Orbit Determination Goals of High Accuracy and Near-Real-Time Processing,” AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August 21-24, 2006, Keystone, CO, USA, paper: 2006-6402, URL: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/aiaa2006gfo.pdf
8) “GFO Mission Overview,” URL: http://ibis.grdl.noaa.gov/SAT/gfo/bmpcoe/Mission/missiona.htm
9) “The GFO Spacecraft and Mission Design,” URL: http://ibis.grdl.noaa.gov/SAT/gfo/bmpcoe/Mission/missiond.htm
10) P. S. Wilke, C. D. Johnson, “GFO/Taurus Whole-Spacecraft Vibration Isolation System,” Proceedings of the AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference, Logan UT, USA, 1998, SSC98-III-1
11) Information provided by B. Barry of Ball Aerospace, Boulder, CO, and by Ch. Kilgus of JHU/APL
15) “Program and Operations Status Report,” Jan. 2, 2009, URL: http://ibis.grdl.noaa.gov/SAT/gfo/bmpcoe/Exec_col/exec_col.htm
16) “Two Old Spacecraft Successfully Retired,” NASA, 'Orbital Debris Quarterly Newsletter,' Vol. 13, Issue 4, Oct. 2009, http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/pdfs/ODQNv13i4.pdf
17) Angela L. Monheim, Lance Pritikin, Greg Mayer, Gerardo San Juan, Ryan Palmer, Kevin Miller, “GFO: Disposal of a Power-Challenged Satellite with an Attitude (Control) Problem,” AIAA Space 2009 Conference & Exposition, Sept. 14-17, 2009, Pasadena, CA, USA, AIAA 2009-6420
19) Frank G. Lemoine, Nikita P. Zelensky, Douglas S. Chinn, Brian D. Beckley, John L. Lillibridge, “Towards the GEOSAT Follow-On Precise Orbit Determination Goals of High Accuracy and Near-Real-Time Processing,” AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Conference, Keystone, Colorado, August 21-24, 2006, AIAA Paper 2006-6402, presentation URL: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/aiaa2006gfopres.pdf, paper URL:ftp://cddis.nasa.gov/misc/aiaa2006gfo.pdf
20) David W. Hancock III, George S. Hayne, Ronald L. Brooks, Dennis W. Lockwood, “GEOSAT Follow-On (GFO) Altimeter Document Series,” Volume 1, GFO Altimeter Engineering Assessment Report From Launch to Acceptance 10 February 1998 to 29 November 2000, Version 1.0, NASA/TM--2001-209984/VER1/VOL. 1 URL: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010066907_2001108173.pdf
21) C. Shum, Y. Yi, C. Zhao, J. Finkelstein, D. Hancock, S. Klingenberger, J. Lillibridge, M. Rau, “Calibration and Validation of GFO Radar Altimeter Data,” Proceedings of EGS (European Geophysical Society) XXVI General Assembly, Nice, France, March 25-30, 2001
22) D. W. Hancock III, G. S. Hayne, D. W. Lockwood, “GFO Radar Altimeter Performance,” June 12, 2001, URL: http://ibis.grdl.noaa.gov/SAT/gfo/gfo_010612/gfo_010612_hancock.pdf
23) C. Zhao, C. Shum, Y. Yi, P. Luk, J. Finkelstein, J. Lillibridge, J. McMillan, M. Rau, “GFO radar altimeter data product verifications and ocean circulation studies,” IAG (International Association of Geodesy) Scientific Assembly, `Vistas for Geodesy in the New Millennium,' Budapest, Hungary, September 2-7, 2001
24) J. Lillibridge, S. Calmant, G. Lellouch, “Geosat Follow-On Waveforms: Retracking for Hydrology Applications,” Symposium: 15 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry, Venice, Italy, March 13-18, 2006
25) F. G. Lemoine, N. P. Zelensky, D. S. Chinn, B. D. Beckley, J. L. Lillibridge, “Towards the GEOSAT Follow-On Precise Orbit Determination Goals of High Accuracy and Near-Real-Time Processing,” AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference and Exhibit, Aug. 21-24, 2006, Keystone, CO, USA, paper: AIAA 2006-6402
26) C. S. Ruf, A. M. Warnock, “GEOSAT Follow-On Water Vapor Radiometer: Performance With a Shared Active/Passive Antenna,” Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE, Vol. 45, Issue 4, April 2007 pp. 970 - 977
27) “GeoSat Follow-On METOC Satellite,” http://enterprise.spawar.navy.mil/UploadedFiles/gfo_fs.pdf
28) C. S. Ruf, A. M. Warnock, “GEOSAT Follow-On Water Vapor Radiometer: Performance With a Shared Active/Passive Antenna,” IEEE Transactions of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 45, No 4, 2007, pp. 970-977, http://ktb.engin.umich.edu/RSG/pubs_files/TGRS-2007-45-4_Ruf-and-Warnock_GFO-WVR.pdf
29) C. Ruf, “GFO Water Vapor Radiometer Performance Assessment,” GFO Cal/Val Meeting, June 12, 2001, URL: http://ibis.grdl.noaa.gov/SAT/gfo/gfo_010612/gfo_010612_ruf.ppt
31) Changyin Zhao, CK Shum, Yuchan Yi, “Calibration Results of GFO,”International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Vol. 126, International Workshop on Satellite Altimetry, URL: http://bilder.buecher.de/zusatz/14/14813/14813470_lese_1.pdf
32) N. P. Zelensky, D. D. Rowlands, F. G. Lemoine, D. S. Chinn, S. B. Luthcke, G. C. Marr, “Precise Orbit Determination for the GEOSAT Follow-On Spacecraft,” 12th International Workshop on Laser Ranging (ILRS), Nov. 13-17, 2000, Matera, Italy, URL: http://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/lw12/docs/Zelensky_et_al_GEOSAT.pdf
The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: ”Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors” (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates. | <urn:uuid:3c9b749a-516b-42ff-85e5-5fd82ec8c882> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/g/gfo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.854721 | 5,177 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Leased lines:Swisscom operates various data networks that support leased lines based on a range of different technologies such as SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) and, of course, Ethernet. Business customers can take advantage of permanent, overload-free point-to-point connections using bandwidths of between 2 Mbps and 10 Gbps. Redundancies are tailored to customers’ individual requirements in terms of availability and security.
Next-generation network: To enable more cost-effective use of new services such as VoIP and convergent solutions in the future, Swisscom is investing in a network infrastructure that is based exclusively on All-IP. This infrastructure allows Swisscom to offer services irrespective of the type of access technology selected (copper, wireless or fibre optic). Having migrated the data transport network to IP, commissioned an IP-based telephony and multimedia platform, and launched its first IP-based services such as Swisscom TV and VoIP, Swisscom has already gained experience in All-IP offerings. The first products based solely on IP were already rolled out in 2009 and supplemented since then by a wide range of new services and bundled offerings.
PSTN network:The PSTN network connects virtually all private households and a large proportion of business customers in Switzerland. Four-fold redundancy in the core network and two-fold redundancy in the switching layer ensure excellent voice quality and optimum security and availability.
Transport network: The transport network is a wide area network that connects the regional parts of the fixed network as well as the regional parts of the mobile network with each other as well as with the respective central network core. It also provides the link to computer centres and the global Internet. The transport network is used for all services (voice, video and data) and all customers (residential/business).
Wired access network:Swisscom’s copper access network largely consists of twisted copper-wire pairs and extends to virtually every household in Switzerland. Swisscom began with the expansion of optical fibre to homes and offices (FTTH) in 2008. It started rolling out broadband technology in 2000, first based on ADSL (coverage at end-2013: 98%), then in 2006 based on VDSL2 (coverage at end-2013: over 91%) and in 2008 based on optical fibre technology (coverage at end-2013: FTTB in more than 750,000 homes and businesses). To fulfil its mandate for basic broadband provision, Swisscom also uses wireless technologies such as UMTS and satellite. At present, ADSL is mainly used to provide Internet access. Internet access using very high bandwidths and more broadband-intensive services such as IPTV and video telephony are transmitted only over VDSL2 or optical fibre. A million customers are already using Swisscom’s IPTV, and more than 85% enjoy at least one channel in HD quality (high-definition TV). At the end of 2013 Swisscom launched a service on the fibre-optic network offering speeds of 1 Gbps.
Wireless access network:Swisscom operates a nationwide mobile network in Switzerland. The mobile services it provides are based on GSM, UMTS and LTE, the dominant digital standards across Europe and much of the world. Swisscom has implemented different technologies that enable transmission between handsets and base stations. In 2005, it enhanced all active GSM antennas with EDGE technology, a further development of GPRS. EDGE enables bandwidths of between 150 and 200 kbps and currently covers 99% of the Swiss population. Swisscom began rolling out UMTS as far back as 2004, and since 2006 has continued to expand its mobile network using HSPA/HSPA+. This allows download speeds of up to 42 Mbps. By the end of 2013, UMTS/HSPA covered around 98% of the Swiss population. Swisscom took another major step in 2011 when it became the first mobile provider in Switzerland to launch a field trial with LTE. Swisscom’s launched its 4G/LTE offerings on the Swiss market in December 2012 and has since extended coverage to 85% of Swiss households. With LTE currently supporting bandwidths of up to 150 Mbps, Swisscom already has the fastest mobile network in Switzerland and is aiming to further extend this technological lead. | <urn:uuid:53dc8449-d66c-46cc-9700-bcd700da5210> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://2013.swisscom-report.ch/en/networks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.946522 | 873 | 1.820313 | 2 |
A mission to drill beneath the surface of Mars was initially set to launch this month but it being postponed two years after the discovery of a vacuum leak in an area housing a key science instrument, according to NASA.
The leak on the Mars InSight probe was discovered in December and the mission was postponed. NASA on Wednesday announced a new launch window of May 2018.
The additional time will allow engineers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory more time to redesign a new vacuum enclosure for the spacecraft's seismometer, NASA officials said. The seismometer has sensors that are able to measure ground movements as small as half the radius of a hydrogen atom, according to NASA, making it a crucial tool for the space probe, which will be tasked with drilling into Mars' surface.
The trip to Mars will take six months, with the probe now scheduled to land in November 2018. The goal of the InSight mission is to drill into Mars' interior, allowing NASA scientists to better understand how rocky planets -- including Earth -- formed and evolved.
The mission includes an international science team, NASA said, with researchers from Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. | <urn:uuid:c4240839-5f74-45f1-83fe-1bb19c751a4d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/nasa-targets-date-mars-insight-drilling-mission/story?id=37546108 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00329-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953623 | 252 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Groups that are Pairwise Nilpotent
Endimioni, G. and Traustason, G., 2008. Groups that are Pairwise Nilpotent. Communications in Algebra, 36 (12), pp. 4413-4435.
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In this article we study groups generated by a set X with the property that every two elements in X generate a nilpotent subgroup.
|Creators||Endimioni, G.and Traustason, G.|
|Departments||Faculty of Science > Mathematical Sciences|
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Small business owners have been saying for quite some time that big banks have been unwilling to lend to them. Despite a barrage of advertising by the country's largest institutions (banks with $10B+ in assets), they typically reject nine out of ten loan applications from small companies. At the same time, their press releases announce that they are hiring staff and increasing their small business lending. Don't believe the hype.
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According to a study that my company conducted, Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, Wells Fargo, and TD Bank were the banks that most frequently rejected funding requests from their own small business customers during the first half of 2012. It seems that existing banking relationships mean little these days.
Why is this the case?
Firstly, big banks are more diversified globally and are thus impacted by events such as the European banking crisis. Smaller institutions, credit unions and alternative lenders are less likely to be affected by international matters.
Secondly, after the fall of Lehman Brothers in 2008, free-flowing credit ceased to exist. In fact, the pendulum swung far in the opposite direction. Big banks became more rigid in their funding parameters and frequently look for more than two years of financial information before making financing decisions. This does not bode well for startups, which obviously do not have a business track record or credit scores.
Thirdly, many big banks say that their small business customers have become unprofitable for them. This is just the tip of the iceberg. Mortgage lending has dipped since its heyday in the mid-2000s. Further, while banks increased their footprint and branches mushroomed across the country, particularly in places like New York City, they have not been attracting new customers. Largely these branches are empty except for lunch time on pay day.
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Big banks have simply become too big. They have too many employees, and still you can't expect much from them. My own bank's relationship manager was transferred from New York City to Stamford, CT. He doesn't come to visit anymore, and he rarely calls me. I suppose he is either overwhelmed (as banks try to do more with less employees) or perhaps my business isn't that important to the his company's bottom line. Either way, it's bad business policy.
Since 2008, as entrepreneurs became frustrated with the big banks, they sought other options. In much the same way that consumers took to the Internet and began shopping at sites like Amazon.com, would-be small business owners have leveraged the power of the Web to find the best deals in small business financing. Surprisingly, bigger is not better. Smaller institutions are more willing to lend money, often at more attractive rates than the big banks are willing to offer.
Small business owners have learned that they don't have to go for a "brand name" bank. In fact, it is no longer uncommon for them to secure financing from a previously unheard of local bank in another section of the country. Technology can help business borrowers overcome the constraints of geography.
Meanwhile, smaller banks approve nearly 50% of small business funding requests, while credit unions have increasingly gotten into the game and approve plenty more than half their loan requests. The little guys continued to make loans to small businesses while the larger institutions turned off the spigot. Thus, the big banks have themselves to blame for the rise of the credit unions and other smaller lenders.
Small banks and non-bank lenders – credit unions, micro lenders and others -- have taken advantage of the opportunities in small business lending. Here's why:
1. Credit unions and small banks are local in nature, are more in tune with the small business environment in their areas, and do manual underwriting (Whereas the bigger banks are more automated and less flexible with regards to credit scores.)
2. They understand issues related to low personal and business credit scores and are usually less rigid in their funding parameters. Smaller institutions generally are less insistent in having more than two years of financial statements.
3. The decision-making at smaller institutions is quicker, and they are often more willing to provide more money as a business grows.
4. As previously mentioned, credit unions and non-bank lenders sometimes offer better lending rates than the bigger banks.
I speak with hundreds of people looking to start new ventures on a monthly basis. They all have similar stories about big bank rigidity and find it hard to believe that the largest institutions in our capitalist society refuse to provide capital. In 21st century small business finance, an old adage remains true: good things come in small packages. If the big banks don't want your small business, take it elsewhere.
This opinion column was written by Rohit Arora, co-founder and CEO of Biz2Credit, an online resource that connects small business owners with 1,100+ lenders, credit rating agencies, and service providers such as CPAs and attorneys via its Internet platform. Since 2007, Biz2Credit has secured more than $600 million in funding for thousands of small businesses across the U.S. | <urn:uuid:b062fb97-3146-47b9-96ad-6d975715e6bb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.foxbusiness.com/features/2012/06/26/why-small-business-owners-should-boycott-big-banks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00494-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97538 | 1,035 | 1.734375 | 2 |
VelocityEHS hosted a recent Webinar on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) and the participants had a number of great questions. Considering how we’re all in this together, we wanted to share a few of the questions and answers with you.
- Is the red border around the pictograms required?
- Is the same level of information required on secondary containers as on labels?
- Are there minimum size requirements for the pictograms on the labels?
- Are manufactures going to be mandated to submit all new SDSs when the GHS takes effect or is it something that we will be required to request from manufacturers?
- Has the wording of the hazard statement clauses and precautionary information clauses been drafted? If so, where can I access these?
The short answer is yes. The full answer is a little more nuanced. Under the original GHS Proposal, a black frame would be permissible for items that stayed within one country.
From GHS 4.3.1 Symbols/Pictograms
The GHS symbols have been incorporated into pictograms for use on the GHS label. Pictograms include the harmonized hazard symbols plus other graphic elements, such as borders, background patterns or colors which are intended to convey specific information. For transport, pictograms will have the background, symbol and colors currently used in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations. For other sectors, pictograms will have a black symbol on a white background with a red diamond frame. A black frame may be used for shipments within one country. Where a transport pictogram appears, the GHS pictogram for the same hazard should not appear.
However, OSHA is proposing a more stringent standard that would require the use of color. Because nothing has been finalized in the U.S. we can’t yet say definitively that a red border will be required, but everything is pointing in that direction. The following is OSHA’s proposed rule from the Federal Register.
The proposal would require pictograms to have a red frame. As discussed in Section V, OSHA believes that use of the color red will make warnings more noticeable and will aid in communicating the presence of a hazard.
From Section V:
Red is commonly understood to be associated with a high level of hazard—the highest of any color. OSHA anticipates that by using the color red on labels for hazardous chemicals, labels will be more effective in communicating hazards to employees—both by drawing the attention of employees and indicating the presence of a hazard through nonverbal means.
From XV. Summary and Explanation of the Proposed Standard
The workplace pictograms will be a black symbol on a white background with a red diamond border frame. Some commenters noted that the frame should be permitted to be black for domestic shipments as allowed under the GHS . However, as described in Section V of this preamble, there are clear benefits associated with the use of the red frame in terms of recognition and comprehensibility. Thus OSHA is proposing to only allow the red frame to be used, whether the shipment is domestic or international.
So assuming OSHA has its way on this issue, a red border will be required in the United States, even though it is not mandated by GHS. It is a great example of how GHS is a voluntary system with building blocks that countries can use to inform their specific standards. In this case, OSHA is proposing a more stringent standard.
2. Is the same level of information required on secondary containers as on labels?
The short answer is no. However, there may be a good deal more of information required than you are currently used to.
From GHS 4.7 Are workplace containers covered in the GHS ?
Products falling within the scope of the GHS will carry the GHS label at the point where they are supplied to the workplace, and that label should be maintained on the supplied container in the workplace. The GHS label or label elements can also be used for workplace containers (e.g., storage tanks). However, the Competent Authority can allow employers to use alternative means of giving workers the same information in a different written or displayed format when such a format is more appropriate to the workplace and communicates the information as effectively as the GHS label. For example, label information could be displayed in the work area, rather than on the individual containers. Some examples of workplace situations where chemicals may be transferred from supplier containers include: containers for laboratory testing, storage vessels, piping or process reaction systems or temporary containers where the chemical will be used by one worker within a short timeframe.
From OSHA Proposed Rule
Section VIII. OMB Review Under thePaperwork Reduction Act of 1995
For labels in the workplace, except as provided in paragraphs (8) and (9) of the Standard, employers must ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled, tagged, or marked with either (i) the information specified under (i) through (v) for labels on shipped containers (see Table 1):
(i) Product identifier;
(ii) Signal word;
(iii) Hazard statement(s);
(v) Precautionary statement(s);
or, (ii) product identifier and words, pictures, symbols, or combination thereof, which provide at least general information regarding the hazards of the chemicals, and which, in conjunction with the other information immediately available to employees under the hazard communication program, will provide employees with the specific information regarding the physical and health hazards of the hazardous chemical.
The preceding is echoed later in OSHA’s Proposed Standard
From PART 1910—OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS [AMENDED]
(7) Workplace labeling. Except as provided in paragraphs (8) and (9) of this section, the employer shall ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled, tagged or marked with either: (i) The information specified under (i) through (v) for labels on shipped containers (see Table 1 above);
or, (ii) Product identifier and words, pictures, symbols, or combination thereof, which provide at least general information regarding the hazards of the chemicals, and which, in conjunction with the other information immediately available to employees under the hazard communication program, will provide employees with the specific information regarding the physical and health hazards of the hazardous chemical.
(8) The employer may use signs, placards, process sheets, batch tickets, operating procedures, or other such written materials in lieu of affixing labels to individual stationary process containers, as long as the alternative method identifies the containers to which it is applicable and conveys the information required by paragraph (7) of this section to be on a label. The employer shall ensure the written materials are readily accessible to the employees in their work area throughout each work shift.
(9) The employer is not required to label portable containers into which hazardous chemicals are transferred from labeled containers, and which are intended only for the immediate use of the employee who performs the transfer. For purposes of this section, drugs which are dispensed by a pharmacy to a health care provider for direct administration to a patient are exempted from labeling.
3. Are there minimum size requirements for the pictograms on the labels?
The short answer is no. A common sense approach is required here. GHS pictograms are expected to be proportional to the size of the label text – which will, generally speaking, make the GHS pictograms smaller than transport pictograms.
4.5 Is there a specific GHS Label format / layout?
The GHS hazard pictograms, signal word and hazard statements should be located together on the label. The actual label format or layout is not specified in the GHS. National authorities may choose to specify where information should appear on the label or allow supplier discretion.
There has been discussion about the size of GHS pictograms and that a GHS pictogram might be confused with a transport pictogram or “diamond”. Transport pictograms are different in appearance than the GHS pictograms. Annex 7 of the Purple Book explains how the GHS pictograms are expected to be proportional to the size of the label text. So that generally the GHS pictograms would be smaller than the transport pictograms.
4. Are producers going to be mandated to submit all new SDS when the GHS takes effect or is it something that we will be required to request from producers?
The short answer is that manufactures are required to convey hazard information downstream. However, as an employer, you also have a responsibility to ensure your employees have the information, training and resources required to be safe. So it becomes a kind of chicken and the egg game. As mentioned in our presentation on GHS, employers would be wise to have a solid HazCom plan in place that includes doing a chemical inventory and ensuring they have the requisite SDSs for onsite hazardous materials.
From OSHA Proposed Rule
Supplemental Information: IV Overview and Purpose of the Modifications to the Hazard Communication Standard
The intent of the HCS is to ensure that the hazards of all chemicals are evaluated, and that information concerning chemical hazards and associated protective measures is transmitted to employers and employees. The standard achieves this goal by requiring chemical manufacturers and importers to review available scientific evidence concerning the physical and health hazards of the chemicals they produce or import to determine if they are hazardous. For every chemical found to be hazardous, the chemical manufacturer or importer must develop a container label and an SDS and provide both documents to downstream users of the chemical. All employers with employees exposed to hazardous chemicals must develop a hazard communication program, and ensure that exposed employees are provided with labels, access to SDSs, and training on the hazardous chemicals in their workplace.
Also, keep in mind that once you are in possession of an updated SDS, it is incumbent upon you to ensure that it is implemented into each corresponding SDS library in your domain. This is where an electronic system can be very beneficial. Keeping up with the large number of SDSs expected to be revised under GHS could be a challenge for many medium to large sized companies or companies with a large number of SDSs.
5. Has the wording of the hazard statement clauses and precautionary information clauses been drafted? If so, where can I access these?
4.3 What are the GHS label elements?
The standardized label elements included in the GHS are:
- Symbols (hazard pictograms): Convey health, physical and environmental hazard information, assigned to a GHS hazard class and category.
- Signal Words: “Danger” or “Warning” are used to emphasize hazards and indicate the relative level of severity of the hazard, assigned to a GHS hazard class and category.
- Hazard Statements: Standard phrases assigned to a hazard class and category that describe the nature of the hazard.
The symbols, signal words, and hazard statements have all been standardized and assigned to specific hazard categories and classes, as appropriate. This approach makes it easier for countries to implement the system and should make it easier for companies to comply with regulations based on the GHS. The prescribed symbols, signal words, and hazard statements can be readily selected from Annex 1 of the GHS Purple Book.
These standardized elements are not subject to variation, and should appear on the GHS label as indicated in the GHS for each hazard category/class in the system. The use of symbols, signal words or hazard statements other than those that have been assigned to each of the GHS hazards would be contrary to harmonization.
4.3.4 Precautionary Statements and Pictograms
Precautionary information supplements the hazard information by briefly providing measures to be taken to minimize or prevent adverse effects from physical, health or environmental hazards. First aid is included in precautionary information. The GHS label should include appropriate precautionary information. Annex 3 of the GHS Purple Book includes precautionary statements and pictograms that can be used on labels.
Annex 3 includes four types of precautionary statements covering: prevention, response in cases of accidental spillage or exposure, storage, and disposal. The precautionary statements have been linked to each GHS hazard statement and type of hazard. The goal is to promote consistent use of precautionary statements. Annex 3 is guidance and is expected to be further refined and developed over time.
Answers to the preceding questions were pulled from information found on the following Web pages:
- OSHA’s A Guide to The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)
- Federal Register: OSHA Proposed Standard https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2009/09/30/E9-22483/hazard-communication
- Hazard Communication: The Globally Harmonized System for Hazard Communication
Learn more about the GHS by clicking on the links below: | <urn:uuid:dd1aa7ab-0947-458e-9f2a-e07b08c6f20a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ehs.com/2010/11/5-great-questions-about-ghs-and-osha/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.908064 | 2,736 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Ever wanted to be able to pick up and inspect a product while browsing online, well now you virtually can thanks to a new trial that UK supermarket giant Tesco is holding. They have just begun testing the use of augmented reality technology to show products to their customers in order to help them preview them.
The use of AR technology also gets round the problem that the company sometimes has of not being able to display all their products from every range. As The Inquirer explains, 3D rendered models of the products will be able to be viewed instead so a customer can get a clear perspective of what they are after. This model can be manipulated any which way the wish as if they were actually holding the product.
The trial will be run in only six different Tesco Extra stores. These are located in New Malden, Hatfield, Cheshunt, Milton Keynes Kingston, Borehamwood and Wembley and will remain there at least until the end of the year. Weekly reviews will provide the company with feedback and will give them an idea of how much the technology is in demand.
The way in which the system works is customers must print out an AR card or marker and hold it up to a webcam. The selected product is then showed on the screen where the AR card is. For the moment the technology is limited to only a certain amount of products, such as DVDs, games, Lego models and Samsung TVs, as it’s just a trial run. The technology is provided by Kishino and makes Tesco the only supermarket in the world to integrate its use.
Would you like to see the use of augmented technology become more permanent in supermarket use? | <urn:uuid:53626795-9603-4543-a7c5-8684d48266e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.product-reviews.net/2011/11/18/tesco-trials-augmented-reality-shopping-experience/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00498-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964642 | 336 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Em spent the first fourteen years of her life suffering her father's alcoholic rages and her mother's silent depression, and the next three trapped with her abusive older sister Pamela.
Now Pamela is dead, and Em is alone at last. Shy, sweet, and smart, Em does her best to live as she imagines "normal" people do. But will she be able to manage now that she's finally on her own?
Original title: When She Was Good
Genre: Fiction→ Children & Young Adult→ Social Issues→ Abuse And Violence | <urn:uuid:1ca24135-279a-4105-bb52-6efff6053886> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.iblist.com/book3085.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00429-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955359 | 112 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Nizamabad, the city of Nizams
Nizamabad also known as Indhooru or Indhrapuri is a city in the state of Andhra Pradesh. This 10th most populous city of Andhra Pradesh is bounded on North by Adilabad dist, in East by Karimnagar District and in West by State of Karnatak. Nizamabad boasts of hundreds of temples which are of very historical importance. Though ruled by Nizams in recent history, Nizamabad was under Hindu rulers in medieval times. Almost all the important dynasties of the medieval period extended their rule to this city. It flourished under all the rulers who made this city into a centre of economic excellence.
History of Nizamabad
Nizamabad was formerly known as Induru and was ruled by king Indra Vallabha of the Rashtakuta dynasty in 8th century BC. Nizamabad district got its name from the Nizam of Hyderabad Asaf Jahi who ruled Deccan during 18th century. The history of Nizamabad is discontinuous with gaps in between. Research is going on to fill in these gaps though the district has few pre historic sites. A fairly developed megalithic culture was discovered Armoor, Yellareddy and other nearby taluks. Nizamabad in medieval times has been ruled by many dynasties such as Mauryas, Satvahanas, and Chaulakyas then later on by Mughals and Asaf Jahis. Though the history has gaps it is in no way blank. Nizamabad boasts of a rich cultural heritage.
Nizamabad Also finds mention if the ancient India as a part of Assaka Mahajanpada. It was in ancient times occupied by tribe of Aitreya Brahmana. Megasthenese, the Greek traveler in the Mauryan court, mentions this place as a fortified military place with almost 100,000 infantry. This place was a part of some of the most important empires in Indian History. Nizamabad also forms a part of the religious tourism in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
Places to Visit in Nizamabad:
Hanuman Temple, of Sarangpur: A temple dedicated to Lord Hanuman. Built 400 years ago by Shri Samarth Ramdasu
Khilla Raghunath Temple: again built by Shri Samarth Ramdasu, guru of Shivaji, 400 years ago.
Neela Kanteshwara temple, a temple that is more than 1000 years old.
Saraswathi Temple: A temple dedicated to Goddess Saraswati located on the banks of Godavari River at basar. It is one of the two most famous Saraswati temples of India.
Nizam Sagar Dam: A reservoir constructed across Manjira River which was constructed in 1923 by the erstwhile ruler of Hyderabad State Mir Osman Ali khan.
Pocharam Dam, a good tourist spot located right next to Pocharam Forest and Wildlife sanctuary.
Folk Songs and paintings: Telegu language sometimes referred as one of the sweetest language has some prominent folk songs that have been written hundreds of years ago but are very famous in the rural belt of Nizamabad and also form the major attraction for people looking for cultural tourism. The paintings, especially during the harvest festival of Sankranthi, are a major source of attention in the exhibitions.
Things to Buy in Nizamabad:
The city is famous for its temple and its idols. Hindu deity idols can be purchased from the temple town and they are a major source of income of the people living in and nearby the temples
Planning to go this place via Indian Rail?
Visit www.indianrail.gov.in. / for knowing specific trains going to this place. You may book your train tickets at www.irctc.co.in/
Planning to go this place via Bus?
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Just click here for the same.
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Your experiences will be published on this prestigious website, under your name.
Furthermore, Interesting suggestions and experiences will be rewarded by https://astrodevam.com/
So what are you waiting for?
Note: above information has been provided by https://astrodevam.com/, as a CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) endeavor. | <urn:uuid:681e8462-a90a-43e4-981e-6adeb014aea5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://astrodevam.com/nizamabad-tourism-places.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00438-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960179 | 979 | 2.9375 | 3 |
[texhax] Any crazy math formulas for testing a TeX language interpreter
doug at mathemaesthetics.com
Wed Jan 13 19:40:42 CET 2016
The bcs test mentioned by Jim Hefferon wouldn't run for me either (using TeXLive 2014). Probably the same problem as others have discussed; I didn't investigate.
So I took the formula out of the first test, commented out the LaTeX-related multi-line commands, and it worked correctly.
Fortunately, Barbara Beeton kindly found in archives and sent me the entire bcs test ported to the plain format. I pasted all of its source code into my monograph test file and, feeling like I was about to jump off a cliff, typeset it with both pdfTeX and JSBox.
Yeah, baby! Chemical symbols, circuit layout, math, and all.
Well, $100\% - \epsilon$. The only discrepancy I could find among all of the tests was a couple of missing symbols (one is the Wierstrauss P maybe), due (I think) to not including the "msbm10" and "ecsx1200" fonts in the collection of fonts visible to the client program.
I have gleaned from various sources that the otherwise opaque "msbm" stands for "Math Society Blackboard Bold Math" or similar, and that "ecsx" stands for "European Computer Modern Symbol eXtensions" or similar.
The glyphs in msbm10 are in the distribution tree (e.g., msbm10.pfb) but I don't understand where pdfTeX is finding/mapping the glyphs to use for the ecsx1200.tfm file. The only file with "ecsx" in its name I can find in the tree is the MetaFont ".mf" source file. I need a ".pfb" or other file that can be converted to ".otf".
More information about the texhax | <urn:uuid:14cc0fa4-2af3-4b92-9151-63637c8296db> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tug.org/pipermail/texhax/2016-January/022098.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.924617 | 429 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Look before you leap when buying land
that’s been going on- Have you started thinking of land outside of town? Maybe to build your dream home on? Maybe a cabin?... or maybe even to get off the grid? If so, it's wise to know a few important details.
So IF you’re thinking about buying land? Here are some things to keep in mind Land is definitely not a quick flip. You should only plan to buy land if you're going to hold on to it 10 to 20 years because the value isn't going to rise as quickly as land with a home.
Review deed restrictions before getting your heart set on land, to determine what you can and can't do Restrictions might building types or styles or minimum square footage. many deed restrictions and HOAs in Texas will require a 1200 square foot minimum house. The key is to check restrictions and limitations before purchasing
Research zoning restrictions. Land may be zoned for commercial use, residential use, or both. Maybe you work from home, and want to have a workshop -You'll need to know if the land is zoned for additional structures like detached garages or ADUs. gun range? Target practice? This is a minimum of 10 acres required.
Find out about easement stipulations, or if there's an easement on a property's title,
utility easement- could cost 1,500+ to get replatted. You'll want to know the stipulations before buying.
Water, septic and electric considerations. If you're looking at land that's not on a city sewer system, you may have to dig a well for water. A you’ll want to get an idea of how deep the wells are in the area - Drilling can cost you over $10,000, plus the costs of water filtration.
A septic tank. You will want a perc test by a septic engineer to decide if and what kind of system can be used. They measure how absorbent the soil is. If you can't support a septic tank on your land, you probably won't be able to build or get a mortgage.
Electric -If its not already run it could cost 5k plus – 400 ft. –driveway 10K
The most common restrictions I see are no mobile homes, no junk yards, no pig farms, no shooting ranges, no commercial businesses, etc.
the best thing you can do if you want to buy land is to pay cash if at all possible – loans aren’t through normal lenders. It’s much more difficult and at a higher interest rate. If you aren't going to build a home on your land right away, lenders will see you as a risk, and you may have to pay 30 to 50% upfront (if not full price)
so, IF YOU ARE THINKING OF BUYING, SELLING OR INVESTING, PLEASE subscribe to my YouTube channel https://bit.ly/3r0fO9A
and check out my playlists. There are buyer tips, seller strategies and a real estate playlist that covers many other topics surrounding real estate decisions
Susanna Gentry Realtor 512.987.0475. 10900 Lakeline Mall Dr, Austin Tx 78717
Susanna Gentry Realtor, Coldwell Banker is a Seller Representative Specialist and Real Estate Negotiations Expert, Specializing in luxury single family homes in Round Rock, Cedar Park, Leander, Georgetown and Liberty Hill. North Austin; Williamson and Travis Counties. Susanna sells Austin, Austin realtor, real estate agent, Austin real estate, real estate investor | <urn:uuid:66b77d4c-7bcb-445e-9f0d-b3391b45c964> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.susannagentry.com/blog/what-to-know-when-buying-land-near-austin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.93281 | 756 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Jabba's Theme is a recurring musical theme of the Star Wars movies. It was composed by John Williams and first appeared in the film Return of the Jedi during scenes featuring Jabba the Hutt. Since its introduction, the theme has been heard in The Phantom Menace and post-1997 releases of A New Hope (motivic material).
Performed by solo tuba with pizzicato strings accompanying, the rolling, bulbous nature of both the music and the instrument fit well with the Hutt's personality. Only appearing briefly in Return of the Jedi, the version in the Phantom Menace is a fully orchestrated version of the solo, replete with brass fanfare to accompany Jabba's viewing of the Boonta Eve Classic Podrace.
The Jabba the Hutt Solo, as it has come to be known in tubist's circles, has gained wide acceptance and popularity in the tuba world. Williams fleshed out the solo, turning it into a frequently played "mini-concerto" of sorts. Originally played by the late great John Fletcher in Return of the Jedi, the expanded Jabba solo was largely popularized by Chester Schmitz of the Boston Pops.
- Star Wars: Episode I The Phantom Menace
- Star Wars: Bounty Hunter
- Star Wars: Episode IV A New Hope (Tracked)
- Star Wars: Episode VI Return of the Jedi (First appearance)
- Star Wars: Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast | <urn:uuid:e07eb954-b315-401c-8dd9-c3b48e33fa81> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Jabba's_Theme | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718296.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00539-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947468 | 302 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Adding strength-training exercises to your fitness routine is beneficial, even if you don't have ambitions of being the next Arnold Schwarzenegger. Strengthening your muscles improves your health in many ways. The deadlift is a strength-training exercise that you can typically perform with a barbell, but also a pair of dumbbells or a weight machine. The correct execution of this exercise involves more than a dozen muscles, including the important erector spinae group of your back.
Your Back and Beyond
Your erector spinae muscles are the target of the barbell deadlift exercise. These muscles have three heads and contribute to a series of neck and back movements. The erector spinae runs vertically from the sacrum of your lower back to your skull. Although the deadlift exercise targets the erector spinae, it also strengthens your gluteus maximus, quadriceps, calves, hamstrings, trapezius, rhomboids, abdominals and obliques. | <urn:uuid:b82cd315-afbb-4947-95f5-698257e56648> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.livestrong.com/article/366472-dead-lifts-focus-on-which-part-of-your-muscular-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718278.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00240-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923063 | 203 | 2.203125 | 2 |
RETIREMENT TO THE MOUNT OF OLIVES, ARREST, TRIAL, CONDEMNATION
AND CRUCIFIXION OF JESUS.
§ 125. AGONY OF JESUS IN THE GARDEN.
According to the synoptical narratives, Jesus, immediately after the conclusion of the meal and the singing of the Hallel, it being his habit during this feast time to spend the night out of Jerusalem (Matt. xxi. 17 ; Luke xxii. 39), went to the Mount of Olives, into a garden cwrion (in John, khpoV) called Gethsemane (Matt. xxvi. 30, 36 parall.). John, who gives the additional particular that the garden lay over the brook Kedron, does not represent him as departing thither until after a long series of valedictory discourses (xiv.—xvii.), of which we shall hereafter have to speak again. While John makes the arrest of Jesus follow immediately on the arrival of Jesus in the garden, the synoptists insert between the two that scene which is usually designated the agony of Jesus.
Their accounts of this scene are not in unison. According to Matthew and Mark, Jesus takes with him his three most confidential disciples, Peter and the sons of Zebedee, leaving the rest behind, is seized with fearfulness and trembling, tells the three disciples that he is sorrowful even unto death, and admonishing them to remain wakeful in the mean time, removes to a distance from them also, that he may offer a prayer for himself, in which, with his face bent to the earth, he entreats that the cup of suffering may pass from him, but still resigns all to the will of his Father. When he returns to the disciples, he finds them sleeping, again admonishes them to watchfulness, then removes from them a second time, and repeats the former prayer, alter which he once more finds his disciples asleep. For the third time he retires to repeat the prayer, and returning, for the third time finds the disciples sleeping, but now awakes them, in order to meet the coming betrayer. Of the number three, which thus doubly figures in the narrative of the two first Evangelists, Luke says nothing; according to him, Jesus retires from all the disciples, after admonishing them to watch, for the distance of about a stone’s cast, and prays kneeling, once only, but
nearly in the same words as in the other gospels, then returns to the disciples and awakes them, because Judas is approaching with the multitude. But, on the other hand, Luke in his single scene of prayer, has two circumstances which are foreign to the other narrators, namely, that while Jesus was yet praying, and immediately before the most violent mental struggle, an angel appeared to strengthen him, and that during the agony agwnia which ensued, the sweat of Jesus was as it were great drops of blood falling to the ground.
From the earliest times this scene in Gethsemane has been a stumbling-block, because Jesus therein appears to betray a weakness and fear of death which might be considered unworthy of him. Celsus and Julian, doubtless having in their minds the great examples of a dying Socrates and other heathen sages, expressed contempt for the fear of death exhibited by Jesus.* Vanini boldly extolled his own demeanour in the face of execution as superior to that of Jesus † and in the Evangelium Nicodemi, Satan concludes from this scene that Christ is a mere man.‡ The supposition resorted to in this apocryphal book, that the trouble of Jesus was only assumed in order to encourage the devil to enter into a contest with him,§ is but a confession of inability to reconcile a real truth of that kind with the ideal of Jesus. Hence appeal has been made to the distinction between the two natures in Christ; the sorrowfulness and the prayer for the removal of the cup having been ascribed to the human nature, the resignation to the will of the Father, to the divine.|| As however, in the first place, this appeared to introduce an inadmissible division in the nature of Jesus; and in the second place, even a fear experienced by his human nature in the prospect of approaching bodily sufferings appeared unworthy of him: his consternation was represented as being of a spiritual and sympathetic character—.as arising from the wickedness of Judas, the danger which threatened his disciples, and the fate which was impending over his nation.¶ The effort to free the sorrow of Jesus from all reference to
*Orig. c. Cels. ii. 24 : legei (o KelsoV), ti oun potniatai, kai oduretai, kai ton tou oleqrou fobon eucetai paradramein, legwn, k.t.l..: He says (i.e. Celsus): Why then does he supplicate help, and bewail himself, and pray for escape from the fear of death, saying, etc. Julian, in a Fragment of Theodore of Mopsuestia. ap. Münter, Fragm. Patr. græc. Fasc. 1, p. 121: alla kai toiauta proseucetai, fhsin, o I., oia aqlioV anqrwpoV, sumforan ferein eukolwV ou dunamenoV, kai up’aggelou, qeoV wn, enicuetai. Jesus, says he, also presents such petitions as a wretched mortal would offer, when unable to bear a calamity with serenity; and although divine, he is strengthened by an angel.
†Gramond. hist. Gall. ab. exc. Henr. IV. L. iii. p. 211: Lucilius Vanini—dum in patibulum trahitur—Christo illudit in haec eadem verba: illi in extremis prae timore imbellis sudor: ego imperterritus morior.
‡Evang. Nicod. c. xx. ap. Thilo, 1, s. 702 ff. : egw gar oida, oti anqrwpoV esti, kai hkousa autou legontoV, oti perilupoV estin h yuch mou ewV qanatou.
§Ibid. s. 706. Hades replies to Satan : ei de legeiV, oti hkousaV autou fobomenon ton qanaton, paixwn se kai gelwn efh touto, qelwn ina se arpash en ceiri dunath.
||Orig. c. Cels. ii. 25.
¶Hieron. Comm. in Matth. in loc. : Contristaba/ur non timore patiendi, qui ad hoc venerat, ut pateretur, sed propter infelicissimum Judam, et scandalum omnium apostolorum, et rejectionem populi Judæorurn, et eversionem miserae Hierusalem.
physical suffering, or to his own person, attained its highest pitch in the ecclesiastical tenet, that Jesus by substitution was burthened with the guilt of all mankind, and vicariously endured the wrath of God against that guilt.* Some have even supposed that the devil himself wrestled with Jesus.†
But such a cause for the trouble of Jesus is not found in the text; on the contrary, here as elsewhere (Matt. XX. 22 f. parall.), the cup pothrion for the removal of which Jesus prays, must be understood of his own bodily sufferings and death. Moreover, the above ecclesiastical opinion is founded on an unscriptural conception of the vicarious office of Jesus. It is trite that even in the conception of the synoptists, the suffering of Jesus is a vicarious one for the sins of many; but the substitution consists, according to them, not in Jesus having immediately borne these sins and the punishment due to mankind on account of them, but in a personal suffering being laid upon him on account of those sins, and in order to remove their punishment. Thus, as on the cross, it was not directly the sins of the world, and the anger of God in relation to them, which afflicted him, but the wounds which he received, and his whole lamentable situation, wherein he was indeed placed for the sins of mankind: so, according to the idea of the Evangelists, in Gethsemane also, it was not immediately the feeling of the misery of humanity which occasioned his dismay, but the presentiment of his own suffering, which, however, was encountered in the stead of mankind.
From the untenable ecclesiastical view of the agony of Jesus, a descent has in more modern times been made to coarse materialism, by reducing what it was thought hopeless to justify ethically, as a mental condition, to a purely physical one, and supposing that Jesus was attacked by some malady in Gethsemane ;‡ an opinion which Paulus, with a severity which he should only have more industriously applied to his own explanations, pronounces to be altogether unseemly and opposed to the text, though he does not regard as improbable Heumann’s hypothesis, that in addition to his inward sorrow, Jesus had contracted a cold in the clayey ground traversed by the Kedron.§ On the other hand, the scene has been depicted in the colours of modern sentimentalism, and the feelings of friendship, the pain of separation, the thoughts of parting, have been assigned as the causes which so lacerated the mind of Jesus :|| or a confused blending of all the different kinds of sorrow, selfish and sympathetic, sensual and spiritual, has been presupposed. ¶ Paulus explains ei dunaton esti, parelqetw to pothrion (if it be possible, let this cup
*Calvin, Comm. in harm. evangg. Matth. xxvi. 37: Non—mortem horruit simpliciter, quatenus transitus est e mundo sed quia formidabile Dei tribunal illi erat ante oculos, judex ipse incomprehensibili vindicta armatus, peccata vero nostra, quorum onus illi erat impositum, sua ingenti mole eum premebant. Comp. Luther’s Hauspostille, die erste Passionsprcdigt.
†Lightfoot, p. 884 f.
‡Thiess, Krit. Comm. 6. 418 ff.
§Ut sup. s. 549, 554 f., Anm.
||Schuster, zur Erläuterung des N. T., in Eichhorn’s Biblioth. 9, s. 1012 ff.
¶Hess, Gesch. Jesu, 2, s. 322 ff. ; Kuinöl, in Matth., p. 719.
pass from me) as the expression of a purely moral anxiety on the part of Jesus, as to whether it were the will of God that he should give himself up to the attack immediately at hand, or whether it were not more accordant with the Divine pleasure, that he should yet escape from this danger: thus converting into a mere inquiry of God, what is obviously the most urgent prayer.
While Olshausen falls back on the ecclesiastical theory, and authoritatively declares that the supposition of external corporeal suffering having called forth the anguish of Jesus, ought to be banished as one which would annihilate the essential characteristics of his mission; others have more correctly acknowledged that in that anguish the passionate wish to be delivered from the terrible sufferings in prospect, the horror of sensitive nature in the face of annihilation, are certainly apparent.* With justice also it is remarked, in opposition to the reproach which has been cast on Jesus, that the speedy conquest over rebellious nature removes every appearance of sinfulness † that, moreover, the shrinking of physical nature at the prospect of annihilation belongs to the essential conditions of life ‡ nay, that the purer the human nature in an individual, the more susceptible is it in relation to suffering and annihilation ; § that the conquest over suffering intensely appreciated is greater than a stoical or even, a Socratic insensibility.||
With more reason, criticism has attacked the peculiar representation of the third gospel. The strengthening angel has created no little difficulty to the ancient church on dogmatical grounds,—to modern exposition on critical grounds. An ancient scholium on the consideration, That he who was adored and glorified with fear and trembling, by all the celestial powers, did not need the strengthening qf the angel, oti thV iscuoV tou aggelou ouk epedeeto o upo pashV epouraniou dunamewV fobw kai tromw proskunoumenoV kai doxazomenoV, interprets the eniscuein ascribed to the angel as a declaring strong, ie. as the offering of a doxology¶ while others, rather than admit that Jesus could need to be strengthened by an angel, transform the aggeloV eniscuwn into an evil angel, who attempted to use force against Jesus.* The orthodox also, by founding a distinction between the state of humiliation and privation in Christ and that of his glorification, or in some similar way, have long blunted the edge of the dogmatical difficulty: but in place of this a critical objection has been only so much the more decidedly developed. In consideration of the suspicion which, according to our earlier observations, attaches to every alleged
*Ullmaun, über die Unsündlichkeit Jesu, in his Studien, 1, s. 61. Hasert, ib. 3, I, s. 66 ff.
†Ullmann, ut sup.
‡Hasert, ut sup.
§Luther, in der Predigt vom Leiden Christi im Garten.
||Ambrosius in Luc., Tom. x. 56.
¶In Matthaei’s N. T., p. 447.
*Lightfoot, ut sup.
angelic appearance, it has been sought to reduce the angel in this narrative first into a man,* and then into an image of the composure which Jesus regained.† But the right point in the angelic appearance for criticism to grapple with, is indicated by the ciicumstance that Luke is the only Evangelist from whom we learn it.‡ If, according to the ordinary presupposition, the first and fourth gospels are of apostolic origin; why this silence as to the angel on the part of Matthew, who is believed to have been in the garden, why especially on the part of John, who was among the three in the nearer neighbourhood of Jesus? If it be said: because sleepy as they were, and at some distance, and moreover under cover of the night, they did not observe him: it must be asked, whence are we to suppose that Luke received this information?§ That, assuming the disciples not to have themselves observed the appearance, Jesus should have narrated it to them on that evening, there is, from the intense excitement of those hours and the circumstance that the return of Jesus to his disciples was immediately followed by the arrival of Judas, little probability; and as little, that he communicated it to them in the days after the resurrection, and that nevertheless this information appeared worthy of record to none but the third Evangelist, who yet received it only at second hand. As in this manner there is every presumption against the historical character of the angelic appearance; why should not this also, like all appearances of the same kind which have come under our notice, especially in the history of the infancy of Jesus, he interpreted by us mythically? Gabler has been before us in advancing the idea, that in the primitive Christian community the rapid transition from the most violent mental conflict to the most tranquil resignation, which was observable in Jesus on that night, was explained, agreeably to the Jewish mode of thought, by the intervention of a strengthening angel, and that this explanation may have mingled itself with the narrative: Schleiermacher, too, finds it the most probable that this moment, described by Jesus himself as one of hard trial, was early glorified in hymns by angelic appearances, and that this embellishment, originally intended in a merely poetical sense, was received by the narrator of the third gospel as historical.||
The other feature peculiar to Luke, namely, the bloody sweat, was early felt to be no less fraught with difficulty than the strengthening by the angel. At least it appears to have been this more than anything else, which occasioned the exclusion of the entire addition in Luke, v. 43 and 44, from many ancient copies of the gospels. For as the orthodox, who according to Epiphanius ¶ rejected the passage, appear to have shrunk the most from the lowest degree of fear which is expressed by the bloody sweat: so to the docetic opinions of some who did not receive this passage,* this was the only particular which could give offence. Thus in an earlier age,
*Venturini, 3, 677, and conjecturally Paulus also, s. 561.
†Eichhorn, allg. Bibl. 1, s. 628; Thiess, in loc.
‡Comp. on this subject and the following, Gabler, neust. theol. Journal, 1, 2, s. 109 ff. 3, s. 217 ff.
§Comp. Julian, ap. Theod. of Mopsuestia in Münter’s Fragm. Patr. 1, p. 121 f.
|| Ueber den Lukas, s. 288; comp. De Wette, in loc. and Theile, zur. Biogr. Jesu, § 32. Neander also appears willing silently to abandon this trait and the following one.
*Vid. Wetstein, s. 807.
doubts were raised respecting the fitness of the bloody sweat of Jesus on dogmatical considerations: while in more modern times this has been done on physiological grounds. It is true that authorities are adduced for instances of bloody sweat from Aristotle * down to the more recent investigators of nature; † but such a phenomenon is only mentioned as extremely rare, and as a symptom of decided disease. Hence Paulus points to the wsei (as it were), as indicating that it is not directly a bloody sweat which is here spoken of, but only a sweat which might be compared to blood: this comparison, however, he refers only to the thick appearance of the drops, and Olshausen also agrees with him thus far, that a red colour of the perspiration is not necessarily included in the comparison. But in the course of a narrative which is meant as a prelude to the sanguinary death of Jesus, it is the most natural to take the comparison of the sweat to drops of blood, in its full sense. Further, here, yet more forcibly than in relation to the angelic appearance, the question suggests itself: how did Luke obtain this information? or to pass by all questions which must take the same form in this instance as in the previous one, how could the disciples, at a distance and in the night, discern the falling of drops of blood? According to Paulus indeed it ought not to be said that the sweat fell, for as the word katabainonteV, falling, refers not to idrwV sweat, but to the qromboi aimatoV, drops of blood, which are introduced merely for the purpose of comparison, it is only meant that a sweat as thick and heavy as falling drops of blood stood on the brow of Jesus. But whether it be said: the sweat fell like drops of blood to the earth, or: it was like drops of blood falling to the earth, it comes pretty much to the same thing; at least the comparison of a sweat standing on the brow to blood falling on the earth would not be very apt, especially if together with the falling, we are to abstract also the colour of the blood, so that of the words, as it were drops of blood falling on the ground, wsei qromboi aimatoV katabainonteV eiV thn ghn only wsei qromboi, as it were drops, would properly have any decided meaning. Since then we can neither comprehend the circumstance, nor conceive what historical authority for it the narrator could have had, let us, with Schleiermacher, rather take this feature also as a poetical one construed historically by the Evangelist, or better still, as a mythical one, the origin of which may be easily explained from the tendency to perfect the conflict in the garden as a prelude to the sufferings of Jesus on the cross, by showing that not merely the psychical aspect of that suffering was fore-shadowed in the mental trouble, but also its physical aspect, in the bloody sweat.
As a counterpoise to this peculiarity of Luke, his two predecessors have, as we have said, the twofold occurrence of the number three,—the three disciples taken apart, and the three retirements and prayers of Jesus. It has indeed been contended that so restless
*De part. animal. iii. 15.
†Vid. ap. Michaelis, not. in loc., and Kuinöl, in Luc., p. 691 f.
a movement hither and thither, so rapid an alternation of retirement and return, is entirely suited to the state of mind in which Jesus then was,* and also, that in the repetition of the prayer there is correctly shown an appropriate gradation; a more and more complete resignation to the will of the Father.† But that the two narrators count the retirements of Jesus, marking them by the expressions ek deuterou and ek tritou; at once shows that the number three was a point of importance to them; and when Matthew, though he certainly gives in the second prayer an expression somewhat different from that of the first, in the third makes Jesus only repeat the same words, ton auton logon, and when Mark does this even the second time,—this is a significant proof that they were embarrassed how to fill up the favourite number three with appropriate matter. According to Olshausen, Matthew, with his three acts of this conflict, must be right in opposition to Luke, because these three attacks made on Jesus through the medium of fear, correspond to the three attacks through the medium of desire, in the history of the temptation. This parallel is well founded; it only leads to an opposite result to that deduced by Olshausen. For which is more probable; that in both cases the threefold repetition of the attack had an objective ground, in a latent law of the kingdom of spirits, and hence is to be regarded as really historical; or that it had merely a subjective ground in the manner of the legend, so that the occurrence of this number here, as certainly as above in the history of the temptation, points to something mythical? ‡
If then we subtract the angel, the bloody sweat, and the precisely threefold repetition of the retirement and prayer of Jesus, as mythical additions, there remains so far, as an historical kernel, the fact, that Jesus on that evening in the garden experienced a violent access of fear, and prayed that his sufferings might be averted, with the reservation nevertheless of an entire submission to the will of God: and at this point of the inquiry, it is not a little surprising, on the ordinary view of the relation between our gospels, that even this fundamental fact of the history in question, is wanting in the Gospel of John.
§ 126. RELATION OF THE FOURTH GOSPEL TO THE EVENTS IN GETHSEMANE. THE FAREWELL DISCOURSES IN JOHN, AND THE SCENE FOLLOWING THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE GREEKS.
The relation of John to the synoptical narratives just considered has, when regarded more closely, two aspects: first, he has not what the synoptists present; and secondly, instead of this he has something which it is difficult to reconcile with their statements.
As regards the first and negative side, it has to be explained
*Paulus, ut sup. s. 549.
†Theile, in Winer’s and Engelhardt’s krit. Journal, 2, s. 353; Neander, L. J. Chr., s. 616 f.
‡Comp. Weisse, die evang. Gesch. 1, s. 611.
how, on the ordinary supposition concerning the author of the fourth gospel and the correctness of the synoptical account, it happens that John, who according to the two first gospels was one of the three whom Jesus took with him, to be the more immediate witnesses of his conflict, passes in silence over the whole event? It will not suffice to appeal to his sleepiness during the scene; for, if this was a hindrance to its narration, all the Evangelists must have been silent on the subject, and not John alone. Hence the usual expedient is tried here also, and he is said to have omitted the scene because he found it already presented with sufficient care in the writings of the synoptists.* But between the two first synoptists and the third there is here so important a divergency, as to demand most urgently that John, if he took their accounts into consideration, should speak a mediating word in this difference. If however, John had not the works of his predecessors lying before him, he might still, it is said, suppose that history to be sufficiently familiar to his readers as a part of evangelical tradition.† But as this tradition was the source of the divergent representations of the synoptists, it must itself have early begun to exhibit variations, and to narrate the fact first in one way, then in another: consequently on this view also there was a call on the author of the fourth gospel to rectify these wavering accounts. Hence of late an entirely new supposition has been adopted, namely, that John omits the events in Gethsemane lest, by the mention of the strengthening angel, he should give any furtherance to the Ebionitish opinion that the higher nature in Christ was an angel, which united itself with him at baptism; and now as it might be inferred, again departed from him before the hour of suffering.‡ But—not to urge that we have already found any hypothesis of this nature inadequate to explain the omissions in the Gospel of John—if this Evangelist wished to avoid any indication of a close relation between Jesus and angels, he must also have excluded other passages from his gospel : above all, as Lücke remarks,§ the declaration concerning the ascending and descending of angels upon him, i. 52; and also the idea, given indeed only as the conjecture of some bystanders, that an angel spake to him, aggeloV autw lelahken, xii. 29. If, however, he on any ground whatever, found special matter of hesitation in the appearance of the angel in the garden: this would only be a reason for omitting the intervention of the angel, with Matthew and Mark, and not for excluding the whole scene, which was easily separable from this single particular.
If the mere absence of the incident from the narrative of John is not to be explained, the difficulty increases when we consider what this Evangelist communicates to us instead of the scene in the garden, concerning the mental condition of Jesus during the last hours previous to his arrest. In the same place which the synoptists
*Olshausen, 2, s. 429.
†Lücke, 2, s. 591.
‡Schneckenburger, Beiträge, s. 65 f.
§Comm. 1, s. 177 f.
assign to the agony in the garden, John, it is true, has nothing, for he makes the capture of Jesus follow at once on his arrival in the garden: but immediately before, at and after the last meal, he has discourses inspired by a state of mind, which could hardly have as a sequel scenes like those which according to the synoptical narratives occurred in the garden In the farewell discourses in John, namely, xiv —xvii Jesus speaks precisely in the tone of one who has already inwardly triumphed over approaching suffering; from a point of view in which death is quenched in the beams of the glory which is to come after; with a divine peace which is cheerful in the certainty of its immovability: how is it possible that immediately after, this peace should give place to the most violent mental emotion, this tranquillity, to a trouble even unto death, and that from victory achieved he should sink again into doubtful contest, in which he needed strengthening by an angel? In those farewell discourses, he appears throughout as one who from the plenitude of his inward serenity and confidence, comforts his trembling friends: and yet he now seeks spiritual aid from the drowsy disciples, for he requests them to watch with him; there, he is so certain of the salutary effects of his approaching death, as to assure his followers, that it is well for them that he should go away, else the Comforter paraklhtoV would not come to them: here, he again doubts whether his death be really the will of the Father; there, he exhibits a consciousness which under the necessity of death, inasmuch as it comprehends that necessity, recovers freedom, so that his will to die is one with the divine will that he should die: here, these two wills are so at variance, that the subjective, submissively indeed, but painfully, bows to the absolute. And these two opposite states of mind are not even separated by any intervening incident of an appalling character, but only by the short space of time which elapsed during the walk from Jerusalem to the Mount of Olives, across the Kedron: just as if, in that brook, as in another Lethe, Jesus had lost all remembrance of the foregoing discourses.
It is true that we are here referred to the alternation of mental states, which naturally becomes more rapid in proportion as the decisive moment approaches ;* to the fact that not seldom in the life of believers there occurs a sudden withdrawal of the higher sustenance of the soul, an abandonment of them by God, which alone renders the victory nevertheless achieved truly great and admirable.† But this latter opinion at once betrays its unintelligent origin from a purely imaginative species of thought (to which the soul can appear like a lake, ebbing or flowing according as the floodgates of the conducting canals are opened or closed), by the contradictions in which it is on all sides involved. The triumph of Christ over the fear of death is said only to appear in its true magnitude, when we consider, that while a Socrates could only conquer because he remained in the full possession of his mental
energies, Christ was able to triumph over all the powers of darkness, even when forsaken by God and the fulness of his spirit, by his merely human soul yuch:—but is not this the rankest Pelagianism, the most flagrant contradiction of the doctrine of the church, as of sound philosophy, which alike maintain that without God, man can do no good thing, that only by his armour can man repel the shafts of the wicked one? To escape from thus contradicting the results of sober reflection, the imaginative thinker is driven to contradict himself, by supposing that in the strengthening angel (which, incidentally, contrary to the verbal significance of the text, is reduced to a merely internal vision of Jesus) there was imparted to Jesus, when wrestling in the extremity of his abandonment, an influx of spiritual strength; so that he thus would not, as it was at first vaunted, have conquered without, but only with Divine aid; if, in accordance with Luke, the angel be supposed to have appeared prior to the last, most violent part of the conflict, in order to strengthen Jesus for this ultimate trial. But rather than fall into so evident a self-contradiction, Olshausen prefers covertly to contradict the text, and hence transposes the order of the incidents, assuming, without further preliminary, that the strengthening came after the third prayer, consequently after the victory had been already gained, whence he is driven to the extreme arbitrariness of interpreting the phrase: kai genomenoV en agwnia ektenesteron proshuceto, and being in an agony he prayed, as the pluperfect—he had prayed.
But setting aside this figurative representation of the cause which produced the sudden change of mood in Jesus; such a change is in itself burthened with many difficulties. Correctly speaking, what here took place in Jesus was not a mere change, but a relapse of the most startling kind. In the so-called sacerdotal prayer, John xvii. especially, Jesus had completely closed his account with the Father; all fear in relation to what awaited him lay so far behind the point which he had here attained, that he spent not a single word on his own suffering, and only spoke of the afflictions which threatened his friends; the chief subject of his communion with the Father was the glory into which he was about to enter, and the blessedness which he hoped to have obtained for his followers : so that his departure to the scene of his arrest has entirely the character of an accessory fact, merely consummating by external realization what was already inwardly and essentially effected. Now if Jesus after this closing of his account with God, once more opened it; if after having held himself already victor, he once more sank into anxious conflict: must he not have laid himself open to the remonstrance: why didst thou not, instead of indulging in vain anticipations of glory, rather occupy thyself betimes with earnest thoughts of the coming trial, that by such a preparation, thou mightest spare thyself perilous surprise on its approach? why didst thou utter the words of triumph before thou hadst fought, so as to be obliged with shame
*Lücke, 2, s. 392 ff.
†Olshausen, 2, s. 429 f.
to cry for help at the on-coming of the battle? In fact after the assurance of already achieved victory expressed in the farewell discourses, and especially in the final prayer, the lapse into such a state of mind as that described by the synoptists, would have been a very humiliating declension, which Jesus could not have foreseen, otherwise he would not have expressed himself with so much confidence; and which, therefore, would prove that he was deceived in himself, that he held himself to be stronger than he actually found himself, and that he had given utterance to this too high self-valuation, not without a degree of presumption. Those who regard this as inconsistent with the equally judicious and modest character which Jesus manifests on other occasions, will find themselves urged to the dilemma, that either the farewell discourses in John, at least the final prayer, or else the events in Gethsemane, cannot be historical.
It is to be regretted that in coming to a decision in this case, theologians have set out rather from dogmatical prejudices than from critical grounds. Usteri’s assertion, at least, that the representation given in John of the state of mind of Jesus in his last hours is the only correct one, while that of the synoptists is unhistorical,* is only to be accounted for by that author’s then zealous adherence to the paragraphs of Schleiermacher’s Dogmatik, wherein the idea of the impeccability of Jesus is carried to an extent which excludes even the slightest degree of conflict; for that, apart from such presuppositions, the representation given in John of the last hours of Jesus, is the more natural and appropriate, it might be difficult to prove. On the contrary, Bretschneider might rather appear to be right, when he claims the superiority in naturalness and intrinsic evidence of truth for the synoptists :† were it not that our confidence in the decisions of this writer is undermined, by his dislike for the dogmatical and metaphysical purport of the discourses assigned to this period in John—a dislike which appears to indicate that his entire polemic against John originated in the discordance between his own critical philosophy of reflection, and the speculative doctrine of the fourth gospel.
John, indeed, as even the author of the Probabilia remarks, has not wholly passed over the anxiety of Jesus in relation to his approaching death; he has only assigned to it an earlier epoch, John xii. 27 ff. The scene with which John connects it takes place immediately after the entrance of Jesus into Jerusalem, when certain Greeks, doubtless proselytes of the gate, who had come among the multitude to the feast, wished to have an interview with him. With all the diversity of the circumstances and of the event itself; there is yet a striking agreement between what here occurs and what the synoptists place in the last evening of the life of Jesus, and in the seclusion of the garden. As Jesus here declares to his disciples,
*Commentatio critica, qua Evangelium Joannis genuinum esse —ostenditur, p. 57 ff.
†Probab., p. 33 ff.
my soul is troubled even unto death, perilupoV estin h yuch mou ewV qanatou (Matt. xxvi. 38): so there he says: Now is my soul troubled, nun h yuch mou tetaraktai (John xii, 27); as he here prays, that if it be possible, this hour may pass from him, ina, ei dunaton esti, parelqh ap’ autou h wra (Mark xiv. 35): so there he entreats: Father, save me from this hour, pater, swson me ek thV wraV tauthV (John xii. 27); as here he calms himself by the restriction nevertheless, not as I will, but as thou wilt, all’ ou ti egw qelw, alla ti su (Mark xiv 36) so there by the reflection: but for this cause came I to this hour, alla dia touto hlqon eiV thn wran tauthn (John xii. 27); lastly, as here an angel appears strengthening Jesus, aggeloV eniscuwn (Luke xxii. 43): so there something happens which occasions the bystanders to observe that an angel spake to him, aggeloV autw lelalhken (John xii. 29). This similarity has induced many of the more modern theologians to pronounce the incident in John xii. 27 ff., and that in Gethsemane identical; and after this admission the only question was, on which side the reproach of inaccurate narration, and more especially of erroneous position, ought to fall.
Agreeably to the tendency of the latest criticism of the gospels, the burthen of error in this matter has been more immediately cast on the synoptists. The true occasion of the mental conflict of Jesus is said to be found only in John, namely, in the approach of those Greeks who intimated to him through Philip and Andrew their wish for an interview with him. These persons doubtless wished to make the proposal that he should leave Palestine and carry forward his work among the foreign Jews; such a proposal held out to him the enticement of escape from the threatening danger, and this for some moments placed him in a state of doubt and inward conflict, which however ended by his refusing to admit the Greeks to his presence.* Here we have the effects of a vision rendered so acute by a double prejudice, both critical and dogmatical, as to read statements between the lines of the text; for of such an intended proposal on the part of the Greeks, there is no trace in John; and yet, even allowing that the Evangelist knew nothing of the plan of the Greeks from these individuals themselves, there must have been some intimation in the discourse of Jesus that his emotion had reference to such a proposal. Judging from the context, the request of the Greeks had no other motive than that the solemn entrance of Jesus, and the popular rumour concerning him, had rendered them curious to see and know the celebrated man; and this desire of theirs was not connected with the emotion which Jesus experienced on the occasion, otherwise than that it led Jesus to think of the speedy propagation of his kingdom in the Gentile world, and of its indispensable condition, namely, his death. Here, however, the idea of his death is only mediately and remotely presented
*Goldhorn, über das Schweigen des Joh. Evangeliums über den Seelenkampf Jesu in Gethsemane, in Tzschirner’s Magazin. f. christl. Prediger, 1, 2, s. 1 ff.
to the soul of Jesus; hence it is the more difficult to conceive how it could affect him so strongly, as that he should feel himself urged to beseech the Father for delivery from this hour; and if he were ever profoundly moved by the presentiment of death, the synoptists appear to place this fear in a more suitable position, in immediate proximity to the commencement of his sufferings. The representation of John is also deficient in certain circumstances, presented by the synoptists, which appear to vindicate the trouble of Jesus. In the solitude of the garden and the gloom of night, such an ebullition of feeling is more conceivable; and its unrepressed utterance to his most intimate and worthy friends is natural and justifiable. But according to John that agitation seized Jesus in the broad daylight, in a concourse of people; a situation in which it is ordinarily more easy to maintain composure, or in which at least it is usual, from the possibility of misconstruction, to suppress the more profound emotions.
Hence it is more easy to agree with Theile’s opinion, that the author of the fourth gospel has inserted the incident, correctly placed by the synoptists, in a false position.* Jesus having said, as an introduction to the answer which he returned to the request of the Greeks, that they might see the man who had been so glorified by his entrance into the city: Yes, the hour of my glorification is come, but of glorification by death (xii. 23 f.): this led the narrator astray, and induced him, instead of giving the real answer of Jesus to the Greeks together with the result, to make Jesus dilate on the intrinsic necessity of his death, and then almost unconsciously to interweave the description of the .internal conflict which Jesus had to experience in virtue of his voluntary sacrifice, whence he subsequently, in its proper place, omits this conflict. There is nothing strange in Theile’s opinion, except that he supposes it possible for the Apostle John to have made such a transposition. That the scene in Gethsemane, from his having been asleep while it was passing, was not deeply imprinted on his mind, and that it was besides thrust into the background of his memory by the crucifixion which shortly followed, might have been considered explanatory of an entire omission, or a merely summary account of the scene on his part, but by no means of an incorrect position. If notwithstanding his sleepiness at the time, he had taken any notice of the event, he must at least have retained thus much—that that peculiar state of mind in Jesus befel him close upon the commencement of his sufferings, in the night and in privacy: how could he ever so far belie his memory as to make the scene take place at a much earlier period, in the open day, and among many people? Rather than thus endanger the authenticity of the Gospel of John, others, alleging the possibility that such a state of mind might occur more than once in the latter part of the life of Jesus, deny the identity of the two scenes. †
*Vid. the Review of Usteri’s Comm. crit., in Winer’s and Engelhardt’s n. krit. Journal, 2, s. 359 ff.
†Hase, L. J., § 134; Lücke, 2, s. 591 f.. Anm.
Certainly, between the synoptical representation of the mental conflict of Jesus and that given in John, besides the external difference of position, there exist important internal divergencies; the narrative in John containing features which have no analogy with anything in the synoptical account of the events in Gethsemane. it is true that the petition of Jesus in John for for deliverance from this hour, is perfectly in unison with his prayer in the synoptists: but, on the other hand, there is no parallel to the additional prayer in John: Father, glorify thy name pater, doxason sou to onoma (xii. 28) : further, though in both accounts an angel is spoken of, yet there is no trace in the synoptists of the heavenly voice which in the fourth gospel occasions the belief that an angel is concerned. Such heavenly voices are not found in the three first gospels elsewhere than at the baptism and again at the transfiguration; of which latter scene the prayer of Jesus in John: Father, glorify thy name, may remind us. In the synoptical description of the transfiguration, it is true the expressions doxa, glory and doxazein, to glorify, are not found: but the Second Epistle to Peter represents Jesus as receiving in the transfiguration honour and glory, timhn kai doxan, and the heavenly voice as coming from the excellent glory megaloprephV doxa (i. 17 f.). Thus in addition to the two narratives already considered, there presents itself a third as a parallel; since the scene in John xii. 27 ff. is on the one side, by the trouble of spirit and the angel, allied to the occurrences in Gethsemane, while on the other side, by the prayer for glorification and the confirmatory voice from heaven, it has some affinity with the history of the transfiguration. And here two cases are possible: either that the narrative of John is the simple root, the separation of which into its constituent elements has given rise in a traditional manner to the two synoptical anecdotes of the transfiguration and the agony in the garden; or that these last are the original formations, from the fusing and intermingling of which in the legend the narrative of John is the mixed product: between which cases only the intrinsic character of the narratives can decide. That the synoptical narratives of the transfiguration and the agony in the garden are clear pictures, with strongly marked features, can by itself prove nothing; since, as we have sufficiently shown, a narrative of legendary origin may just as well possess these characteristics as one of a purely historical nature. Thus if the narrative in John were merely less clear and definite, this need not prevent it from being regarded as the original, simple sketch, from which the embellishing hand of tradition had elaborated those more highly coloured pictures. But the fact is that the narrative in John is wanting not only in definiteness, but in agreement with the attendant circumstances and with itself. We have no intimation what was the answer of Jesus to the Greeks, or what became of those persons themselves; no appropriate motive is given for the sudden anguish of Jesus and his prayer for glorification. Such a mixture of heterogeneous parts is always the sign of a secondary product, of an alluvial conglomeration; and hence we seem warranted to conclude, that in the narrative of John the two synoptical anecdotes of the transfiguration and the agony in the garden are blended together. If, as is apparently the case, the legend when it reached the fourth Evangelist presented these two incidents in faded colours,* and in indistinct outline: it would be easy for him, since his idea of .glorification (doxazein) had the double aspect of suffering and exaltation, to confuse the two; what he gathered from the narrative of the agony in the garden, of a prayer of Jesus to the Father, he might connect with the heavenly voice in the history of the transfiguration, making this an answer to the prayer; to the voice, the more particular import of which, as given by the synoptists, was unknown to him, he gave, in accordance, with his general notion of this incident as a glory doxa conferred on Jesus, the import : I have both glorified and will glorify again, kai edoxasa kai palin doxasw, and to make it correspond with this divine response, he had to unite with the prayer of Jesus for deliverance that for glorification also; the strengthening angel, of which the fourth Evangelist had perhaps also heard something, was included in the opinion of the people as to the source of the heavenly voice; in regard to the time, John placed his narrative about midway between the transfiguration and the agony in the garden, and from ignorance of the original circumstances the choice in this respect was infelicitous.
If we here revert to the question from which we set out, whether we are rather to retain the farewell discourses in John as thoroughly historical, and renounce the synoptical representation of the scene in Gethsemane, or vice versa: we shall be more inclined, considering the result of the inquiry just instituted, to embrace the latter alternative. The difficulty, that it is scarcely conceivable how John could accurately remember these long discourses of Jesus, Paulus has thought to solve, by the conjecture, that the apostle, probably on the next Sabbath, while Jesus lay in the grave, recalled to his mind the conversations of the previous evening, and perhaps also wrote them down.† But in that period of depression, which John also shared, he would be scarcely in a condition to reproduce these discourses without obscuring their peculiar hue of unclouded serenity; on the contrary, as the author of the Wolfenbüttel fragments observes, had the narrative of the words and deeds of Jesus been committed to writing by the Evangelists in the couple of days after the death of Jesus, when they had no longer any hope, all promises would have been excluded from their gospels.‡ Hence even Lücke, in consideration of the mode of expression in the farewell discourses, and particularly in the final prayer, being so peculiarly
*Against the offence which it has pleased Tholuck (Glaubw. s. 41) to take at this expression (Verwischen), comp. the Aphorismen zur Apologie des Dr. Strauss und seines Werkes, s. 69 f.
†L. J. 1, b, s. 165 f.
‡Vom Zweck J. und seiner Jünger, s. 124.
that of John, has relinquished the position that Jesus spoke in the very words which John puts into his mouth, i.e. the authenticity of these discourses in the strictest sense; but only to maintain the more firmly their authenticity in the wider sense, i.e. the genuineness of the substantial thoughts.* Even this, however, has been attacked by the author of the Probabilia, for he asks, with especial reference to chap. xvii., whether it be conceivable that Jesus in the anticipation of violent death, had nothing of more immediate concern than to commune with God on the subject of his person, the works he had already achieved, and the glory to be expected? and whether it be not rather highly probable that the prayer flowed only from the mind of the writer, and was intended by him as a confirmation of his doctrine of Jesus as the incarnate word logoV, and of the dignity of the apostles? † This representation is so far true that the final prayer in question resembles not an immediate outpouring of soul, but a product of reflection—is rather a discourse on Jesus than a discourse from him. It presents everywhere the mode of thought of one who stands far in advance of the circumstances of which he writes, and hence already sees the form of Jesus in the glorifying haze of distance; an illusion which he heightens by putting his own thoughts, which had sprung from an advanced development of the Christian community, into the mouth of its Founder prior to its actual existence. But in the preceding farewell discourses also there are many thoughts which appear to have taken their shape from an experience of the event. Their entire tone may he the most naturally explained by the supposition, that they are the work of one to whom the death of Jesus was already a past event, the terrors of which had melted away in its blessed consequences, and in the devotional contemplation of the church. In particular, apart from what is said of the return of Christ, that era in the Christian cause which is generally called the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, is predicted in the declarations concerning the Paraclete, and the judgment which he would hold over the world (xiv. i6 ff. 25, xv. 26, xvi. 7 ff. 13 ff.), with a distinctness which seems to indicate light borrowed from the issue.
In relation, however, to the fact that the farewell discourses involve the decided foreknowledge of the immediately approaching result, the sufferings and death of Jesus (xiii. 18 ff., 33, 38, xiv. 30 f. xvi. 5 ff. 16, 32 f.), the narrative of John stands on the same ground with the synoptical one, since this also rests on the presupposition of the most exact prescience of the hour and moment when the sufferings will commence. It was not only at the last meal and on the departure to the Mount of Olives, that this foreknowledge was shown, according to the three first gospels, for in them as well as in John, Jesus predicts that the denial of Peter will take place before the cock crow; not only does the agony in the garden rest on the foreknowledge of the impending sufferings, but at the end of this conflict Jesus is able to say that now, at this very minute, the betrayer is in the act of approaching (Matt. xxvi. 45 f.). Paulus, it is true, maintains that Jesus saw from a distance the troop of guards coming out of the city, which, as they had torches, was certainly possible from a garden on the Mount of Olives: but without being previously informed of the plans of his enemies, Jesus could not know that he was the object of pursuit; and at any rate the Evangelists narrate the words of Jesus as a proof of his supernatural knowledge. But if according to our previous inquiry, the foreknowledge of the catastrophe in general could not proceed from the higher principle in Jesus, neither could that of the precise moment when it would commence; while that he in a natural way, by means of secret friends in the Sanhedrim, or otherwise, was apprised of the fatal blow which the Jewish rulers with the help of one of his disciples were about to aim at him in the coming night, we have no trace in our Evangelical accounts, and we are therefore not authorized to presuppose anything of the kind. On the contrary, as the above declaration of Jesus is given by the narrators as a proof of his higher knowledge, either we must receive it as such, or, if we cannot do this, we must embrace the negative inference, that they are here incorrect in narrating such a proof; and the positive conclusion on which this borders is, not that that knowledge was in fact only a natural one, but, that the evangelical narrators must have had an interest in maintaining a supernatural knowledge of his approaching sufferings on the part of Jesus; an interest the nature of which has been already unfolded.
The motive also for heightening the prescience into a real presentiment, and thus for creating the scene in Gethsemane, is easy of discovery. On the one hand, there cannot be a more obvious proof that a foreknowledge of an event or condition has existed, than its having risen to the vividness of a presentiment; on the other hand, the suffering must appear the more awful, if the mere presentiment extorted from him who was destined to that suffering, anguish even to bloody sweat, and prayer for deliverance. Further, the sufferings of Jesus were exhibited in a higher sense, as voluntary, if before they came upon him externally, he had resigned himself to them internally; and lastly, it must have gratified primitive Christian devotion, to withdraw the real crisis of these sufferings from the profane eyes to which he was exposed on the cross, and to enshrine it as a mystery only witnessed by a narrow circle of the initiated. As materials for the formation of this scene, besides the description of the sorrow and the prayer which were essential to it, there presented itself first the image of a cup pothrion, used by Jesus himself as a designation of his sufferings (Matt. XX. 22 f.); and secondly, Old Testament passages, in Psalms of lamentation, xlii. 6, 12, xliii. 5, where in the LXX. the yuch perilupoV (soul exceeding sorrowful) occurs, and in addition to this the expression ewV qanatou (unto death) the more naturally suggested itself since
*2, s. 588 f.
Jesus was here really about to encounter death. This representation must have been of early origin, because in the Epistle to the Hebrews (v. 7) there is an indubitable allusion to this scene.—Thus Gabler said too little when he pronounced the angelic appearance, a mythical garb of the fact
that Jesus in the deepest sorrow of that night suddenly felt an accession of mental strength; since rather, the entire scene in Gethsemane, because it rests on presuppositions destitute of proof, must be renounced.
Herewith the dilemma above stated falls to the ground, since we must pronounce unhistorical not only one of the two, but both representations of the last hours of Jesus before his arrest. The only degree of distinction between the historical value of the synoptical account and that of John is, that the former is a mythical product of the first era of traditional formation, the latter of the second,—or more correctly, the one is a product of the second order, the other of the third. The representation common to the synoptists and to John, that Jesus foreknew his sufferings even to the day and hour of their arrival, is the first modification which the pious legend gave to the real history of Jesus; the statement of the synoptists , that he even had an antecedent experience of his sufferings, is the second step of the mythical; while, that although he foreknew them, and also in one instance had a foretaste of them (John xii. 27 ff.), he had yet long beforehand completely triumphed over them, and when they stood immediately before him, looked them in the face with unperturbed serenity—this representation of the fourth gospel is the third and highest grade of devotional, but unhistorical embellishment.
§ 127. ARREST OF JESUS.
In strict accordance with the declaration of Jesus that even now the betrayer is at hand, Judas while he is yet speaking approaches with an armed force (Matt. xxvi. 47 parall., comp. John xvii. 3). This band, which according to the synoptists came from the chief priests and elders, was according to Luke led by the captains of the temple strathgoiV tou ierou, and hence was probably a detachment of the soldiers of the temple, to whom, judging from the word ocloV, and from staves xuloi being mentioned among the weapons, was apparently joined a tumultuous crowd: according to the representation of John, who, together with the servants or officers of the chief priests and Pharisees, uphretaiV twn arcierewn kai Farisaiwn speaks of a band speira, and a captain ciliarkoV without mentioning any tumultuary force, it appears as if the Jewish magistrates had procured as a support a detachment of Roman soldiery.*
According to the three first Evangelists, Judas steps forth and kisses Jesus, in order by this preconcerted sign to indicate him to the approaching band as the individual whom they were to seize:
according to the fourth gospel, on the contrary, Jesus advances apparently out of the garden (exelqwn) to meet them, and presents himself as the person whom they seek. In order to reconcile this divergency, some have conceived the occurrences thus: Jesus, to prevent his disciples from being taken, first went towards the multitude, and made himself known; hereupon Judas stepped forth, and indicated him by the kiss.† But had Jesus already made himself known, Judas might have spared the kiss; for that the people did not believe the assertion of Jesus that he was the man whom they sought, and still waited for its confirmation by the kiss of the bribed disciple, is a supposition incompatible with the statement of the fourth gospel that the words I am he, made so strong an impression on them that they went backward and fell to the ground. Hence others have inverted the order of the scene, imagining that Judas first stepped forward and distinguished Jesus by the kiss, and that then, before the crowd could press into the garden, Jesus himself advanced and made himself known.‡ But if Judas had already indicated him by the kiss, and he had so well understood the object of the kiss as is implied in his answer to it, Luke v. 48: there was no need for him still to make himself known, seeing that he was already made known; to do so for the protection of the disciples was equally superfluous, since he must have inferred from the traitor’s kiss, that it was intended to single him out and carry him away from his followers; if he did so merely to show his courage, this was almost theatrical : while, in general, the idea that Jesus, between the kiss of Judas, and the entrance of the crowd, which was certainly immediate, advanced towards the latter with questions and answers, throws into his demeanour a degree of hurry and precipitancy so ill suited to his circumstances, that the Evangelists can scarcely have meant such an inference to be drawn. It should therefore be acknowledged that neither of the two representations is designed as a supplement to the other,§ since each has a different conception of the manner in which Jesus was made known, and in which Judas was active in the affair. That Judas was guide to them that took Jesus, odhgoV toiV sullabousi ton Ihsoun (Acts i. 16), all the Evangelists agree. But while according to the synoptical account the task of Judas includes not only the pointing out of the place, but also the distinguishing of the person by the kiss, John makes the agency of Judas end with the indication of the place, and represents him after the arrival on the spot as standing inactive among the crowd (eisthkei de IoudaV—met’autwn, v.5). Why John does not assign to Judas the task of personally indicating Jesus, it is
*Vid. Lücke, in loc.; Hase, L. J., § 135.
†Paulus, exeg. Handb. 3, b, s. 567.
‡Liicke, 2, s. 599; Hase, ut sup.; Olshausen, 2. s, 435.
§how can Lücke explain the omission of the kiss of Judas in the Gospel of John from its having been too notorious a fact? and how can he adduce as an analogous instance the omission of the transaction between the betrayer and the Sanhedrim by John? for this, as something passing behind the scenes, might very well be left out, but by no means an incident which, like that kiss, happened so conspicuousby in the foreground and centre of the scene.
easy to see because, namely, he would have Jesus appear, not as one delivered up but as delivering himself up, so that his sufferings may be manifested in a higher degree as undertaken voluntarily. We have only to remember how the earliest opponents of Christianity imputed the retirement of Jesus out of the city into the distant garden, as an ignominious flight from his enemies,* in order to find it conceivable that there arose among the Christians at an early period the inclination to transcend the common evangelical tradition in representing his demeanour on his arrest in the light of a voluntary self-resignation.
In the synoptists the kiss of Judas is followed by the cutting question ot Jesus to the traitor; in John, after Jesus has uttered the egw eimi, I am he, it is stated that under the influence of these commanding words, the multitude who had come out to seize him went backward and fell to the ground, so that Jesus had to repeat his declaration and as it were encourage the people to seize him. Of late it has been denied that there was any miracle here: the impression of the personality of Jesus, it is said, acted psychologically on those among the crowd who had already often seen and heard Jesus; and in support of this opinion reference is made to the examples of this kind in the life
5 So says the Jew of Celsus, Orig. c. Cels. ii. 9: When we, having convicted and condemned him, had determined that he should sufer punishment; concealing himself and endeavouring to escape, he experienced a most shameful capture.
of Marius, Coligny, and others.† But neither in the synoptical account, account, according to which there needed the indication of Jesus by the kiss, nor in that of John, according to which there needed the declaration of Jesus, I am he, does Jesus appear to be known to the crowd, at least in such a manner as to exercise any profound influence over them; while the above examples only show that sometimes the powerful impression of a man’s personality has paralyzed the murderous hands of an individual or of a few, but not that a whole detachment of civil officers and soldiers has been made, not merely to draw back, but to fall to the ground. It answers no purpose for Lücke to make first a few fall down and then the whole crowd, except that of rendering it impossible to imagine the scene with gravity. Hence we turn to the old theologians, who here unanimously acknowledge a miracle. The Christ who by word of his mouth cast down the hostile multitude, is no other than he who according to 2 Thess. ii. 8, shall consume the Antichrist with the spirit of his mouth, i.e. not the historical Christ, but the Christ of the Jewish and primitive Christian imagination. The author of the fourth gospel especially, who had so often remarked how the enemies of Jesus and their creatures were unable to lay hands on him, because his hour was not yet come (vii. 30, 32, 44 ff., viii. 20), had an inducement, now, when the hour was come, to represent the ultimately successful attempt as also failing at the first in a thoroughly astounding manner; especially as this fully accorded with the interest by which he is governed throughout the description of this whole scene—the demonstrating that the capture of Jesus was purely an act of his own free will When Jesus lays the soldiers prostrate by the power of his word he gives them a proof of what he could do, if to liberate himself were his object, and when he allows himself to be seized immediately after, this appears as the most purely voluntary self-sacrifice. Thus in the fourth gospel Jesus gives a practical proof of that power, which in the first he only expresses by words, when he says to one of his disciples: Thinkest thou that I cannot now pray to my FaTher, and he shall presently give me twelve legions oj angels (v. 53)?
After this, the author of the fourth gospel very inappropriately holds up the solicitude which Jesus manifested that his disciples should not be taken captive with him, as a fulfilment of the declaration of Jesus (xvii. 12), that he had lost none of those intrusted to him by the Father; a declaration which was previously more suitably referred to the spiritual preservation of his disciples. As the next feature in the scene, all the Evangelists agree, that when the soldiers began to lay hands on Jesus, one of his disciples drew his sword, and cut off the ear of the high priest’s servant, an act which met with a reproof from Jesus. Still Luke and John have each a peculiar trait. Not to mention that both particularize the ear as the right ear, while thcir two predecessor had left this point undetermined; the latter not only gives the name of the wounded servant, but states that the disciple who wounded him was Peter. Why the synoptists do not name Peter, it has been sought to explain in different ways. The supposition that they wished to avoid compromising the apostle, who at the time of the composition of their gospels was yet living,† belongs to the justly exploded fictions of an exegesis framed on the false principle of supplying conjecturally all those links in the chain of natural causation which are wanting in the gospels. That these Evangelists elsewhere for the most part omit names,‡ is too sweeping an accusation as regards Matthew, though he does indeed leave unnamed indifferent persons, such as Jairus, or Bartimæus; but that the real Matthew, or even the common evangelical tradition, thus early and generally should have lost the name from an anecdote of Peter, so thoroughly accordant with the part played by this apostle, can scarcely be considered very probable. To me, the reverse would be much more conceivable, namely, that the anecdote was originally current
*Lücke, 2, s. 597 f.; Obshausen, 2, s. 435; Tholuck, s, 299. The reference to the murderer of Coligny is, however, unwarranted, as any one will find who will look into the book incorrectly cited by Tholuck : Serrani commentatorium de statu religionis et reip. in regno Galliæ, L. x. p. 32, b. The murderer was not in the least withheld from the prosecution of his design by the firmness of the noble old man. Comp. also Schiller, Werke, 1 Bd. s. 382 f., 384; Ersch and Gruber’s Encyclopadie, 7 Band, s. 452 f. Such inaccuracies in the department of modern history cannot indeed excite surprise in a writer who elsewhere (Glaubwürdigkeit, s. 437) speaks of the duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe’s father, as the brother of Louis XVI. How can a knowledge so diversified as that of Dr. Tholuck be always quite accurate.
†Paulus, exeg. Handb. 3, b, s. 570.
without the mention of any name, (and why should not a less distinguished adherent of Jesus—for from the synoptists it is not necessarily to be inferred that it was one of the twelve—whose name was therefore the more readily forgotten, have had courage and rashness enough to draw his sword at that crisis?), but a later narrator thought such a mode of conduct particularly suited to the impetuous character of Peter, and hence ascribed it to him by a combination of his own. On this supposition, we need not appeal, in support of the possibility that John could know the servant’s name, to his acquaintance with the household of the high priest,* any more than to a peculiar acquaintance of Mark with some inhabitants of Jericho, in explanation of his obtaining the name of the blind man.
The distinctive trait in Luke’s account of this particular is, that Jesus heals the servant’s ear, apparently by a miracle. Olshausen here makes the complacent remark, that this circumstance best explains how Peter could escape uninjured—astonishment at the cure absorbed the general attention: while according to Paulus, Jesus by touching the wounded ear (ayamenoV) only meant to examine it, and then told what must be done for the purpose of healing (iasato auton); had he cured it by a miracle there must have been some notice of the astonishment of the spectators. Such pains-taking interpretations are here especially needless, since the fact that Luke stands alone in giving the trait in question, together with the whole tenor of the scene, tells us plainly enough what opinion we are to form on the subject. Should Jesus, who had removed by his miraculous power so much suffering of which he was innocent, leave uncured suffering which one of his disciples out of attachment to him, and thus indirectly he himself, had caused? This must soon have been found inconceivable, and hence to the stroke of the sword of Peter was united a miraculous cure on the part of Jesus—the last in the evangelical history.
Here, immediately before he is led away, the synoptists place the remonstrance which Jesus addressed to those who had come to take him prisoner: that though, by his daily public appearance in the temple he had given the best opportunity for them to lay hands upon him, yet—a bad augury for the purity of their cause—they came to a distance to seek him with as many preparations, as against a thief? In the fourth gospel, he is made to say something similar to Annas, to whose inquiries concerning his disciples and his doctrine, he replies by referring him to the publicity of his entire agency, to his teaching in the temple and synagogue (xviii. 20 f.). Luke, as if he had gathered from both, that Jesus had said something of this kind to the high priest, and also at the time of his arrest, represents the chief priests and elders themselves as being present in the garden, and Jesus as here speaking to them in the above manner, which is certainly a mere blunder.†
*As Lücke, Tholuck and Olshausen, in loc.
†Schleiermacher, über den Lukas, s. 290.
According to the two first Evangelists, all the disciples now fled. Here Mark has the special particular, that a young man with a linen cloth cast about his naked body, when he was in danger of being seized, left the linen cloth and fled naked. Apart from the industrious conjectures of ancient and even modern expositors, as to who this young man was; this information of Mark’s has been regarded as a proof of the very early origin of this gospel, on the ground that so unimportant an anecdote, and one moreover to which no name is attached, could have no interest except for those who stood in close proximity to the persons and events.* But this inference is erroneous; for the above trait gives even to us, at this remote distance of time, a vivid idea of the panic and rapid flight of the adherents of Jesus, and must therefore have been welcome to Mark, from whatever source he may have received it, or how late soever he may have written.
§ 128. EXAMINATION OF JESUS BEFORE THE HIGH PRIEST.
From the place of arrest the synoptists state Jesus to have been led to the high priest, whose name, Caiaphas, is, however, only mentioned by Matthew; while John represents him as being led in the first instance to Annas, the father-in-law of the existing high priest; and only subsequently to Caiaphas (Matt. xxvi. 57 ff. parall. ; John xviii. 12 ff.). The important rank of Annas renders this representation of John as conceivable as the silence of the synoptists is explicable, on the ground that the ex-high priest had no power of deciding in this cause. But it is more surprising that, as must be believed from the first glance, the fourth Evangelist merely gives some details of the transaction with Annas, and appears entirely to pass by the decisive trial before the actual high priest, except that he states Jesus to have been led away to Caiaphas. There was no more ready expedient for the harmonists than the supposition, which is found e.g. in Euthymius, that John, in consistency with the supplementary character of his gospel, perserved the examination before Annas as being omitted by the synoptists, while he passed by that before Calaphas, because it was described with sufficient particularity by his predecessors.† This opinion, that John and the synoptists speak of two entirely distinct trials, has a confirmation in the fact that the tenor of the respective trials is totally different. In that which the synoptists describe, according to Matthew and Mark, the false witnesses first appear against Jesus; the high priest then asks him if he really pretends to be the Messiah, and on receiving an affirmative answer, declares him guilty of blasphemy, and worthy of death, whereupon follows maltreatment of his person. In the trial depicted by John, Jesus is merely questioned concerning his disciples and his doctrine, he appeals to the publicity of his conduct,
*Paulus, exeg. Handb. 3, b, s. 576.
†Paulus, ut sup. s. 577; Olshausen, 2, s. 244.
and after having been maltreated for this reply by an attendant (uphrethV), is sent away without the passing of any sentence. That the fourth Evangelist should thus give no particulars concerning the trial before Caiaphas is the more surprising, since in the one before Annas, if it be this which he narrates, according to his own representation nothing was decided, and consequently the grounds for the condemnation of Jesus by the Jewish authorities, and the sentence itself, are altogether wanting in his gospel. To explain this by the supplementary object of John is to impute to him too irrational a mode of procedure; for if he omitted facts because the other Evangelists had already given them, without intimating that he did so purely for that reason, he could only reckon on introducing confusion, and entailing on himself the suspicion of having given a false narrative, He can hardly have had the opinion, that the trial before Annas was the principal one, and that therefore it was allowable to omit the other, since he reports no judgment as having been passed in the former; but if he knew the trial before Caiaphas to have been the principal one, and yet gave no more particular information concerning it, this also was a highly singular course for him to take.
Thus the very simplest view of the case seems at once to point to the attempt to discover in the account of the fourth gospel indications that it also is to be understood of the trial before Caiaphas. What affords the strongest presumption of the identity of the two trials is the identity of an incident concomitant with both, John as well as the synoptists making Peter deny Jesus during the trial detailed. It is further remarkable that after Annas has been spoken of, at v. 13, as the father-in-law of Caiaphas, there follows at V. 14, a more precise designation of Caiaphas as the author of the fatal counsel, recorded in John xi. 50, although apparently the Evangelist proceeds to narrate a trial held, not before Caiaphas, but before Annas. Moreover in the description of the trial itself, there is mention throughout of the palace and of questions from the high priest, a title which John nowhere else applies to Annas, but only to Caiaphas. But that in accordance with the above supposition, the Evangelist from v. 15, should be describing something which passed before Caiaphas, appears impossible from v. 24, for it is there first said that Annas sent Jesus to Caiaphas, so that he must until then have been before Annas. With ready thought this difficulty was first met by removing the 24th verse to the place where it was wanted, namely, after v. 13, and laying the blame of its present too late position on the negligence of transcribers.* As, however, this transposition, being destitute of any critical authority, must appear an arbitrary and violent expedient for getting rid of the difficulty, it was next tried whether the statement in v. 24, without being actually moved from its place, might not receive such an interpretation as to come in point of sense after v. 13; i.e., the word
*Thus e.g. Erasmus, in loc.
apesteilenwas taken as a pluperfect, and it was supposed that John intended here to supply retrospectively what he had forgotten to observe at v. 13, namely, that Annas immediately sent Jesus to Caiaphas, so that the trial just described was conducted by the latter.* As the general possibility of such an enallage temporum is admissible, the only question is whether it be accordant with the style of the present writer, and whether it be intimated in the context. In the latter respect it is certainly true that if nothing important had occurred in the presence of Annas, the Evangelist, in annexing to his notice of the relationship of Annas to Caiaphas the more precise designation of the latter, might be drawn on to speak without further preface of the trial before Caiaphas, and might afterwards, by way of appendix, at some resting place, as here at the close of the transactions of the high priest with Jesus, intimate the transition which he had made. An accurate Greek writer certainly in this case, if he did not use the pluperfect, would at least have made evident the explanatory reference to what had preceded, by the addition of a gar to the aorist. Our Evangelist, however, in whom the characteristic of the Hellenistic writers to connect their propositions but loosely, in accordance with the genius of the Hebrew language, is very strongly marked, might perhaps have introduced that supplementary observation even without a particle, or, according to the ordinary reading, by oun, which is not merely indicative that a subject is continued, but also that it is resumed.† If these considerations be held to establish that he also intended to narrate the trial before Caiaphas: it is clear from the aspect of his account taken by itself, as well as from the previous comparison with the synoptical one, that his narrative cannot be complete.
We turn, therefore, to the account of the synoptists, and among them also, namely, between the two first and the third, we find numerous divergencies. According to the former, when Jesus was brought into the palace of the high priest, the scribes and elders were already assembled, and while it was still night proceeded to hold a trial, in which first witnesses appeared, and then the high priest addressed to him the decisive question, on the answer to which the assembly declared him worthy of death (in John also the trial goes forward in the night, but there is no intimation of the presence of the great council). According to the representation of the third gospel, on the other hand, Jesus throughout the night is merely kept under guard in the high priest’s palace, and maltreated by the underlings; and when at the break of day the Sanhedrin assembles, no witnesses appear, but the high priest precipitates the sentence by the decisive question. Now, that in the depth of the night, while Judas was gone out with the guard, the members of the council should have assembled themselves for the reception of Jesus, might he regarded as improbable, and in so far, the preference might
*Thus Winer, N. T. Gramm., § 41, 5; Thuluck and Lücke, in loc.
†Winer, Gramm., § 57, 4.
be given to the representation of the third gospel, which makes them assemble at daybreak only:* were it not that Luke himself neutralizes this advantage by making the high priests and elders present at the arrest; a zeal which might well have driven
them straightway to assemble for the sake of accelerating the conclusion. But in the account of Matthew and Mark also there is this singularity, that after they have narrated to us the whole trial together with the sentence, they yet (xxvii. 1 and xv. 1) say : when the morning was come, they took counsel, proiaV de genomenhV sumboulion elabon, thus making it appear, if not that the members of the Sanhedrim reassembled in the morning, which could hardly be, seeing that they had been together the whole night; yet that they now first came to a definite resolution against Jesus, though, according to these same Evangelists, this had already been done in the nocturnal council. † It may be said that to the sentence of death already passed in the night, was added in the morning the resolution to deliver Jesus to Pilate: but according to the then existing state of the law, this followed as a matter of course, and needed no special resolution. That Luke and John omit the production of the false witnesses, is to be regarded as a deficiency in their narrative. For from the coincidence of John ii. 19 and Acts vi. 14 with Matthew and Mark, it is highly probably that the declaration about the destruction and rebuilding of the temple was really uttered by Jesus; while that that declaration should be used as an article of accusation against him on his trial was an almost necessary result. The absence of this weighty point in Luke, Schleiermacher explains by the circumstance, that the author of this passage in the third gospel had indeed followed the escort which conducted Jesus from the garden, but had with most others been excluded from the palace of the high priest, and consequently narrated what occurred there merely from hearsay. But, not to anticipate future points, the single trait of the cure of the servant’s ear suffices to preclude our attributing to the author of this portion of Luke’s gospel so close a proximity to the fact. It rather appears that the above declaration came to the third Evangelist under the form of an article of accusation against Stephen, instead of Jesus; while the fourth has it only as a declaration from Jesus, and not as an article of accusation against him. This subject having however necessarily come under our observation at an earlier point of our inquiry, it is needless to pursue it further here.‡
When Jesus made no answer to the allegations of the witnesses, he was asked, according to the two first Evangelists, by the high priest,—in the third gospel, without the above cause, by the Sanhedrim,—whether he actually maintained that he was the Messiah (the Son of God)? To this question, according to the two former, he
*Thus Schieiermacher, über den Lukas, s. 295.
†Schieiermacher, ut sup. ; comp. Fritzsche, in loc. Matth.
‡Vol. II. § 67. Vol. III. § 114.
at once replies in the affirmative, in the words su eipaV, thou hast said, and egw eimi, I am, and adds that hereafter or immediately (ap’arti) they would see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of the divine power, and coming in the clouds of heaven; according to Luke, on the other hand, he first declares that his answer will be of no avail, and then adds that hereafter the Son of man shall sit on the right hand of the power of God; whereupon all eagerly ask: Art thou then the Son of God? and he replies in the affirmative. Thus Jesus here expresses the expectation that by his death he will at once enter into the glory of sitting as Messiah at the right hand of God, according to Ps. cx. 1, which he had already, Matt. xxii. 44, interpreted of the Messiah. For even if he at first perhaps thought of attaining his messianic glorification without the intervention of death, because this intervention was not presented to him by the ideas of the age; if it was only at a later period, and as a result of circumstances, that the foreboding of such a necessity began to arise and gradually to acquire distinctness in his mind; now, a prisoner, forsaken by his adherents, in the presence of the rancorously hostile Sanhedrim, it must, if he would retain the conviction of his messiahship, become a certainty to him, that he could enter into his messianic glorification by death alone. When, according to the two first Evangelists, Jesus adds to the sitting on the right hand of power, the coming in the clouds of heaven, he pródicts, as on an earlier occasion, his speedy advent, and in this instance he decidedly predicts it as a return. Olshausen maintains that the ap’arti of Matthew ought to be referred only to kaqhmenon k. t. l., because it would not suit ercomenon k. t. l., since it is not to be conceived that Jesus could then have represented himself as about to come in the clouds: a purely dogmatical difficulty, which does not exist in our point of view, but which cannot in any point of view warrant such an offence against grammatical interpretation as this of Olshausen. On the above declaration of Jesus, according to Matthew and Mark the high priest rends his clothes, declaring Jesus convicted of blasphemy, and the council pronounces him guilty of death; and in Luke also, all those assembled observe that now there is no need of any further witness, since the criminal declaration has been uttered by Jesus in their own hearing.*
To the sentence is then added in the two first Evangelists the maltreatment of Jesus, which John, who here mentions no sentence, represents as following the appeal of Jesus to the publicity of his work, while Luke places it before the trial; more probably because it was not any longer precisely known when this maltreatment occurred, than because it was repeated at various times and under various circumstances. In John the maltreatment is said to proceed from an attendant, uphrethV, in Luke, from the men that held Jesus, andreV suneconteV ton I.; in Mark, on the contrary, those who began to spit in the face of Jesus (kai hrxanto tineV emptuein autw) must have been some of those (panteV) who had just before condemned
him, since he distinguishes the uphretaV, servants, from them; and in Matthew also, who, without introducing a new nominative proceeds merely with tote hrxanto, then began they, it is plainly the members of the Sanhedrim themselves who descend to such unworthy conduct: which Schleiermacher justly considers improbable, and in so far prefers the representation of Luke to that of Matthew.* In John the maltreatment consists in a blow on the cheek with the palm of the hand, rapisma, which an attendant gives Jesus on account of a supposed insolent answer to the high priest; in Matthew and Mark, in spitting on the face (eneptusan eiV to proswpon autou), and blows on the head and cheek, to which it is added, in Luke also, that he was blindfolded, then struck on the face, and scoffingly asked to attest his messianic second sight by telling who was the giver of the blow.† According to Olshausen, the spirit of prophecy did not scorn to predict these rudenesses in detail, and at the same time to describe the state of mind which the Holy One of God opposed to the unholy multitude. He correctly adduces in relation to this scene Isa. 1. 6 f.; (LXX.): I gave my back to the smiters, and my cheeks to them that plucked off the hair: I hid not my face from shame and spitting, etc., ton nwton mou dedwka eiV mastigaV, taV de siagonaV mou eiV rapismata, to de proswpon mou ouk epestreya apo aiscunhV emptuomatwn k.t.l.. (comp. Mic. iv. 14); and for the manner in which Jesus bore all this, the well-known passage Isa. liii. 7, where the servant of God is represented as enduring maltreatment in silence. But the interpretation of these passages in Isaiah as prophecies concerning the Messiah is equally opposed to the context in both instances : ‡ consequently the agreement of the result with these passages must either have been the effect of human design, or purely accidental. Now it is certain that the servants and soldiers in their maltreatment had not the intention of causing prophecies to be fulfilled in Jesus; and it will hardly be chosen to suppose that Jesus affected silence with this view; while to deduce from mere chance a coincidence which certainly, as Olshausen says, extends to minutiæ, is always unsatisfactory. Probable as it is from the rude manners of that age, that Jesus was maltreated when a prisoner, and moreover that amongst other things he received just such insults as are described by the Evangelists: it is yet scarcely to be denied, that their descriptions are modelled on prophecies which, when once Jesus appeared as a sufferer and maltreated person, were applied to him; and however consistent it may be with the character of Jesus that he should have borne this maltreatment patiently, and repelled improper questions by a dignified silence: the Evangelists would scarcely have noticed this so often and so solicitously, § if it had not been their intention thus to exhibit the fulfilment of Old Testament oracles.
§ 129. THE DENIAL OF PETER.
The two first Evangelists state, that at the moment in which Jesus was led away from the garden, all the disciples forsook him and fled; but in their accounts, as well as in those of Luke and John, Peter is said to have followed him at a distance, and to have obtained admission with the escort into the court of the high priest’s palace: while, according to the synoptists, it is Peter alone who gives this proof of courage and attachment to Jesus, which however soon enough issues in the deepest humiliation for him; the fourth Evangelist gives him John for a companion, and moreover represents the latter as the one who, by means of his acquaintance with the high priest, procures admittance for Peter into his palace; a divergency which, with the whole peculiar relation in which this gospel places Peter with respect to John, has been already considered.||
According to all the Evangelists, it was in this court, aulh, that Peter, intimidated by the inauspicious turn in the fortunes of Jesus, and the high priest’s domestics by whom he was surrounded, sought to allay the repeatedly expressed suspicion that he was one of the followers of the arrested Galilean, by reiterated asseverations that he knew him not. But, as we have already intimated, in relation to the owner of this habitation, there exists an apparent divergency between the fourth gospel and the synoptists. In John, to judge from the first glance at his narrative, the first denial (xviii. 17) happens during the trial before Annas, since it stands after the statement that Jesus was led to Annas (v. 13), and before the verse in which he is said to have been sent to Caiaphas (v. 24), and only the two further acts of denial (v. 25—27), in so far as they follow the last-named statement, and as immediately after them the delivery to Pilate is narrated (v. 28), appear in John also to have occurred during the trial before Caiaphas and in his palace. But to this supposition of a different locality for the first denial and the two subsequent ones, there is a hindrance in the account of the fourth gospel itself. After the mention of the first denial, which happened at the door of the palace (of Annas apparently), it is said that the night being cold the servants and officers had made a fire of coals, and Peter stood with them and warmed himself, hn de kai met’ autwn o PetroV estwV kai qermainimenoV (v. 18). Now, when farther on, the narrative of the second and third denial is opened with nearly the same words:
†Matthew does not mention the blindfolding, and appears to imagine that Jesus named the person who maltreated him, whom he saw, but did not otherwise know.
‡Vid. Gesenius, in loc.
§Matth. xxvi. 63; comp. Mark xiv. 61: o de IhsouV esiwpa.
Matth. xxvii. 12: ouden apekrinato.
Matth. xxvii. 14; comp. Mark xv. 5: kai ouk apekrinato autw proV oude en rhma, wste qaumazein ton hyemona lian.
Luke xxiii. 9: autoV de ouden apekrinato autw.
John xix. 9: o de I. apokrisin ouk edwken autw
||Vol. II. § 74.
And Simon Peter stood and warmed himself hn de Simwn PetroV estwV kai qermainomenoV (v. 25): this cannot be understood otherwise than as an allusion to the previously noticed circumstances of the fire of coals, and of Peter’s standing by it to warm himself, and hence it must be inferred that the Evangelist intended to represent the second and third denial as having occurred by the same fire, consequently, on the above supposition, likewise in the house of Annas. It is true that the synoptists speak of a fire in the court of the palace of Caiaphas also (Mark v. 54.; Luke v. 55), at which Peter warmed himself (here, however, sitting, as in John standing): but it does not thence follow that John also imagined a similar fire to have been in the court of the actual high priest, and according to the supposition on which we have hitherto proceeded, he only mentions such a fire in the house of Annas. They who regard as too artificial an expedient the conjecture of Euthymius, that the dwellings of Annas and Caiaphas perhaps had a common court, and that consequently Peter could remain standing by the same fire after Jesus had been led away from the former to the latter, prefer the supposition that the second and third denial occurred, according to John, not after, but during the leading away of Jesus from Annas to Caiaphas.* Thus on the presupposition that John narrates a trial before Annas, the difference between the gospels in relation to the locality of the denial remains a total one; and in this irreconcilable divergency, some have decided in favour of John, on the ground that the scattered disciples had only fragmentary information concerning this scene,—that Peter himself being a stranger in Jerusalem did not know in which palace he had, to his misfortune, entered; but that he, and after him the first Evangelists, supposed the denials to have taken place in the court of Caiaphas; whereas John, from his more intimate acquaintance with the city and the high priest’s palace, was able to rectify this mistake.† But even admitting the incredible supposition that Peter erroneously believed himself to have denied Jesus in the palace of Caiaphas, still John, who in these days was in the society of Peter, would certainly at once have corrected his assertion, so that such an erroneous opinion could not have become fixed in his mind. Hence it might be preferred to reverse the attempt, and to vindicate the synoptists at the expense of John: were it not that the observations contained in the foregoing section (according to which John, after having merely mentioned that Jesus was led away to Annas, may speak from V. 15 of what occurred in the palace of Caiaphas), present a possible solution of this contradiction also.
In relation to the separate acts of denial, all the Evangelists agree in stating that there were three of them, in accordance with the prediction of Jesus; but in the description of the several instances they are at variance. First, as it regards place and persons; according
*Thus Schleiermacher, über den Lukas, s, 289; Olshausen, 2, s. 445.
†Thus Paulus, ut sup. s. 577 f.
to John the first denial is uttered on the very entrance of Peter, to a damsel that kept the door, paidiskh qurwroV (v. 17); in the synoptists, in the inner court, where Peter sat at the fire, to a damsel, paidiskh (Matt. v. 69 f. parall.). The second takes
place, in John (v. 25), and also in Luke, who at least notices no change of position (v. 58), at the fire: in Matthew (v. 71) and Mark (v. 68 ff.), after Peter was gone out into the porch, pulwn, proaulion; further, in John it is made to several persons; in Luke, to one; in Matthew to another damsel than the one to whom he made the first denial; in Mark, to the same. The third denial happened, according to Matthew and Mark, who mention no change of place after the second, likewise in the porch; according to Luke and John, since they likewise mention no change of place, undoubtedly still in the inner court, at the fire; further, according to Matthew and Mark, to many bystanders, according to Luke to one: according to John, to one who happens to be a relative of the servant who had been wounded in the garden. As regards the conversation which passed on this occasion, the suspicious queries are at one time addressed to Peter himself at another to the bystanders, in order to point him out to their observation, and in the two first instances they are given by the different Evangelists with tolerable agreement, as merely expressing the opinion that he appeared to be one of the adherents of the man recently taken prisoner. But in the third instance, where the parties render a motive for their suspicion, they according to the synoptists mention his Galilean dialect as a proof of its truth; while in John the relative of Malchus appeals to his recollection of having seen Peter in the garden. Now the former mode of accounting for the suspicion is as natural as the second, together with the designation of the individual who adduced it as a relative of Malchus, appears artificial, and fabricated for the sake of firmly interweaving into the narrative the connexion of the sword-stroke given in the garden with the name of Peter.* In the answers of Peter there is the divergency, that according to Matthew he already the second time fortifies his denial by an oath, while according to Mark this is not the case until the third denial, and in the two other Evangelists this circumstance is not mentioned at all; moreover, Matthew, to preserve a gradation, adds on the third denial that Peter began to curse katanaqematizeinas well as to swear omnuein, a representation which when compared with the other gospels may appear exaggerated.
So to adjust these very differently narrated denials in such a manner that no Evangelist may be taxed with having given an incorrect or even a merely inexact account, was no light labour for the harmonists. Not only did the older, supranaturalistic expositors, such as Bengel, undertake this task, but even recently, Paulus has given himself much trouble to bring the various acts of denial recounted by the Evangelists into appropriate order, and thus to show
that they have a natural sequence. According to him, Peter denies the Lord,
1. Before the portress (1st denial in John);
2. Before several standing at the fire (2nd in John);
3. Before a damsel at the fire (1st in the synoptists);
4. Before one who has no particular designation (2nd in Luke);
5. On going out into the porch, before a damsel (2nd in Matthew and Mark. Out of this denial Paulus should in consistency have made two, since the damsel, who points out Peter to the bystanders, is according to Mark the same as the one in No. 3, but according to Matthew another);
6. Before the relative of Malchus (3rd in John);
7. Before one who professes to detect him by his Galilean dialect (3rd in Luke), and who forthwith
8. is seconded by several others, to whom Peter yet more strongly affirms that he knows not Jesus (3rd in Matthew and Mark).
Meanwhile by such a discrimination of the accounts out of respect to the veracity of the Evangelists, there was incurred the danger of impeaching the yet more important veracity of Jesus; for he had spoken of a threefold denial: whereas, on the plan of discrimination, according to the more or less consequent manner in which it is carried out, Peter would have denied Jesus from 6 to 9 times. The old exegesis found help in the canon: abnegatio ad plures plurium interrogationes facta uno paroxysmo, pro una numeratur.† But even granting such a mode of reckoning admissible, still, as each of the four narrators for the most part notices a greater or less interval between the separate denials which he recounts; in each instance, denials related by different Evangelists, e.g. one narrated by Matthew, one by Mark, and so forth, must have occurred in immediate succession: a supposition altogether abitrary. Hence of late it has been a more favourite expedient to urge that the thrice triV in the mouth of Jesus was only a round number intended to express a repeated denial, as also that Peter, once entangled in the confusion to a supposed necessity for falsehood, would be more likely to repeat his asseverations to 6 or 7 than merely to three inquirers.6‡ But even if, according to Luke (v. 59 f.), the interval from the first denial to the last be estimated as more than an hour, still such a questioning from all kinds of people on all sides, as well as the ultimate impunity of Peter amid so general a suspicion, is extremely improbable; and when expositors describe the state of mind of Peter during this scene as a complete stupefaction,§ they rather present the condition which befals the reader who has to arrange his ideas in such a crowd of continually repeated questions and answers having an identical meaning—like the incessant and lawless beating of a watch out of order. Olshausen has justly discarded the attempt to
*Comp. Weisse, die evang. Geschichte, 1, s. 609.
†Bengel, in the Gnomon.
‡Paulus, ut sup. s. 578.
§ Hess, Geschichte Jesu, 2, s. 343.
remove such differences as a fruitless labour: nevertheless he, on the one hand, immediately proceeds to a forced reconciliation of the divergencies at some points of the narrative; and on the other, he maintains that there were precisely three denials, whereas Paulus again has evinced a more correct discernment in pointing out the premeditated effort of the Evangelists to show that the denial was threefold. What on that evening happened repeatedly (not, however, eight or nine times), was represented as having happened precisely three times, in order to furnish the closest fulfilment to the prediction of Jesus, which was understood in its strictest literality.
The termination, and as it were the catastrophe, of the whole history of the denial is, in all the narratives, according to the prediction of Jesus, introduced by the crowing of the cock. In Mark, it crows after the first denial (v. 68), and then a second time after the third; in the other Evangelists only once, after the last act of denial. While John concludes his account with this particular, Matthew and Mark proceed to tell us that on hearing the cock crow, Peter remembered the words of Jesus and wept; but Luke has an additional feature peculiar to himself, namely, that on the crowing of the cock Jesus turned and looked at Peter, whereupon the latter, remembering the prediction of Jesus, broke out into bitter weeping. Now according to the two first Evangelists, Peter was not in the same locality with Jesus: for he is said to have been without exw (Matt. v. 69) or beneath katw (Mark v. 66) in the court en th aulh, and it is thus implied that Jesus was in an inner or upper apartment of the palace: it must be asked, therefore, how could Jesus hear the denial of Peter, and thereupon turn to look at him? In relation to the latter part of the difficulty, the usual answer is that Jesus was at that moment being led from the palace of Annas to that of Caiaphas, and looked significantly at the weak disciple in passing* But of such a removal of Jesus Luke knows nothing; and his expression, the Lord turned and looked on Peter, kai strafeiV o KurioV enebleye tw Petrw, would not so well imply that Jesus looked at Peter in passing, as that he turned round to do so when standing; besides, the above supposition will not explain how Jesus became aware that his disciple had denied him, since in the tumult of this evening he could not well, as Paulus thinks, have heard when in a room of the palace the loud tones of Peter in the court. It is true that the express distinction of the places in which Jesus and Peter were is not found in Luke, and according to him Jesus also might have had to remain some time in the court: but first, the representation of the other Evangelists is here more probable: secondly, Luke’s own narrative of the denial does not previously create the impression that Jesus was in the immediate vicinity. But hypotheses for the explanation of that look of Jesus might have been spared, had a critical glance been directed to the origin of the
incident. The unaccountable manner in which Jesus, who in the whole previous occurrence is kept behind the scene, here all on a sudden casts a glance upon it, ought itself together with the silence of the other Evangelists, to have been taken as an indication of the real character of this feature in Luke’s
8 Paulus and Olshausen, in loc.; Schleiermacher, ut sup. 289 ; Neander, s. 622, Anm.
narrative. When also it is added, that as Jesus looked on Peter the latter remembered the words which Jesus had earlier spoken to him concerning his coming denial; it might have been observed that the glance of Jesus is nothing else than the sensible image of Peter’s remorseful recollection. The narrative of John, which is in this case the simplest, exhibits the fulfilment of the prediction of Jesus objectively, by the crowing of the cock; the two first Evangelists add to this the subjective impression, which this coincidence made on Peter; while Luke renders this again objective, and makes sorrowful remembrance of the words of the master, with the force of a penetrating glance, pierce the inmost soul of the disciple.†
§ 130. THE DEATH OF THE BETRAYER.
On hearing that Jesus was condemned to death, Judas, according to the first gospel (xxvii. 3 ff.), was smitten with remorse, and hastened to the chief priests and elders to return to them the thirty pieces of silver, with the declaration that he had betrayed an innocent person. When however the latter scornfully retorted that on him alone rested all responsibility for that deed, Judas, after casting down the money in the temple, impelled by despair, went away and hanged himself. Hereupon the Sanhedrists, holding it unlawful to put the money returned by Judas into the treasury, since it was the price of blood, bought with it a potter’s field as a burying place for strangers. To this particular the Evangelist appends two remarks: first, that from this mode of purchase, the piece of ground was called the field of blood up to his time : and secondly, that by this course of things an ancient prophecy was fulfilled.—The rest of the Evangelists are silent concerning the end of Judas ; but on the other hand we find in the Acts of the, Apostles (1. 16 ff.) some information on this subject which in several points diverges from that of Matthew. Peter, when about to propose the completion of the apostolic number by the choice of a new colleague, thinks proper, by way of preliminary to remind his hearers of the manner in which the vacancy in the apostolic circle had arisen, i.e. of the treachery and the end of Judas; and in relation to the latter he says, that the betrayer purchased himself a field with the reward of his crime, but fell headlong, and burst asunder in the midst, so that all his bowels gushed out, which being known in all Jerusalem, the piece of ground was called akeldama i.e. the field of blood. In addition to this, the narrator makes Peter observe that these occurrences were a fulfilment of two passages in the Psalms.
Between these two accounts there exists a double divergency: the one pertaining to the manner of the death of Judas, the other to the statement when and by whom the piece of ground was bought. As regards the former, Matthew declares that Judas laid violent hands on himself out of remorse and despair: whereas in the Acts nothing is saidof remorse on the part of the traitor, and his death has not the appearance of suicide, but of an accident, or more accurately, of a calamity decreed by heaven as a punishment; further, in Matthew he inflicts death on himself by the cord : according to the representation of Peter, it is a fall which puts an end to his life by causing a horrible rupture of the body.
How active the harmonists of all times have been in reconciling these divergencies, may be seen in Suïcer ‡ and Kuinöl: here we need only briefly adduce the principal expedients for this purpose. As the divergency lay chiefly in the words aphgxato, he hanged himself in Matthew, and prhnhV genomenoV, falling headlong, in Luke, the most obvious resource was to see whether one of these expressions could not be drawn to the side of the other. This has been tried with aphgxato in various ways; this word being interpreted at one time as signifying only the torments of a guilty conscience,§ at another, a disease consequent on these,|| at another, any death chosen out of melancholy and despair ; ¶ and to this it has been thought that the statement prhnhV genomenoV k. t. l. in the Acts added the more precise information, that the kind of death to which Judas was driven by an evil conscience and despair was precipitation from a steep eminence. Others on the contrary have sought to accommodate the meaning of prhnhV genomenoV to aphgxato, understanding it merely to express as a circumstance what aphgxato expresses as an act: and accordingly maintaining that if the latter should be rendered se suspendit, the former should be translated by suspensus.* From repugnance to the obvious violence of this attempt, others, sparing the natural meaning of the expressions on both sides, have reconciled the divergent accounts by the supposition that Matthew narrates an earlier, the author of the Acts a later, stage of the events which marked the end of Judas. Some of the ancient commentators indeed separated these two stages so widely as to see in Matthew’s statement (aphgxato) only an unsuccessful attempt at self-destruction, which from the bough whereon he suspended himself having broken, or from some other cause, Judas outlived, until the judgment of heaven overtook him in the prhnhV genomenoV, falling headlong.† But since Matthew evidently intends in his expression aphgxato to
*Comp. de Wette, in loc.
†Thesauius, vid. apagcw.
¶Thus the Vulgate and Erasmus. See in opposition to all these interpretations, Kuinöl, in. Matth, p. 473 ff.
*Œcumenius, on the Acts, I.: o IoudaV ouk enapeqane th agconh, all’ epebiw katenecqeiV pro tou apopnighnai. Comp. Theophylact, on Matth. xxvii. and a Schol. Apolinariou ap. Matthæi.
narrate the last moments of the traitor: the two epochs, the account of which is supposed to be respectively given by Matthew and the Acts, have in later times been placed in closer proximity, and it has been held that Judas attempted to hang himself to a tree on an eminence, but as the rope gave way or the branch broke, he was precipitated into the valley over steep cliffs and sharp bushes, which lacerated his body.* The author of a treatise on the fate of Judas in Schmidt’s Bibliothek† has already remarked as a surprising circumstance, how faithfully according to this opinion, the two narrators have shared the information between them: for it is not the case that one gives the less precise statement, the other the more precise; but that one of them narrates precisely the first part of the incident without touching on the second, the other, the second without intruding on the first; and Hase justly maintains that each narrator knew only the state of the fact which he has presented, since otherwise he could not have omitted the other half.‡
After thus witnessing the total failure of the attempts at reconciliation in relation to the first difference; we have now to inquire whether the other, relative to the acquisition of the piece of ground, can be more easily adjusted. It consists in this : according to Matthew, it is the members of the Sanhedrim who, after the suicide of Judas, purchase a field with the money which he had left behind (from a potter moreover—a particular which is wanting in the Acts); whereas, according to the Acts, Judas himself purchases the piece of ground, and on this very spot is overtaken by sudden death; and from this difference there results another, namely, that according to the latter account, it was the blood of the betrayer shed on the piece of ground, according to the former, the blood of Jesus cleaving to the purchase money, which caused the ground to be named the field of blood, agroV or xwrion aimatoV. Now here Matthew’s manner of expressing himself is so precise, that it cannot well be twisted so as to favour the other narrative; but the word ekthsato (he purchased or acquired) in the Acts presents inviting facilities for its adaptation to Matthew. By the reward of treachery, Judas acquired a field—such, it is said, is the meaning in the Acts—not immediately, but mediately; since by returning the money he gave occasion for the purchase of a piece of ground; not for himself, but for the Sanhedrim or the public good.|| But however numerous the passages adduced in which ktasqai has the signification: to acquire for another, still in such instances it is necessary that the other party for whom one acquires should be specified or intimated, and when this is not the case, as in the passage in the Acts, it retains the
*Thus, after Casaubon, Paulus, 3, b, s. 457 f.; Kuinöl, in Matth. 747 f.; Winer, b. Realw. Art. Judas, and with some indecision Olshausen, 2, s. 455 f. Even Fritzsche is become so weary on the long way to these last chapters of Matthew, that he contents himself with this reconciliation, and, on the presupposition of it, maintains that the two accounts concur amicissime.
†2 Band, 2 Stück, s, 248 1.
‡L. J., § 132. Comp. Theile, zur Biographie Jesu, § 33.
||Vid. Kuinöl, in Matth., p. 748.
original meaning: to acquire for one’s self.* This Paulus felt, and hence gave the facts the following turn: the terrible fall of Judas into a lime pit was the cause of this piece of ground being purchased by the Sanhedrim, and thus Peter might very well say of Judas ironically, that in death by the fall of his corpse he had appropriated to himself a fine property.† But in the first place this interpretation is in itself strained; and in the second, the passage cited by Peter from the Psalms: let his habitation be desolate, genhqhtw h epauliV autou erhmoV shows that he thought of the piece of ground as the real property of Judas, and as being judicially doomed to desolation as the scene of his death.
According to this, neither the one difference nor the other admits of a favourable reconciliation; indeed the existence of a real divergency was admitted even by Salmasius, and Hase thinks that he can explain this discrepancy, without endangering the apostolic origin of the two statements, from the violent excitement of those days, in consequence of which only the general fact that Judas committed suicide was positively known, and concerning the more particular circumstances of the event, various reports were believed. But in the Acts nothing is said of suicide, and that two apostles, Matthew and Peter (if the first gospel be supposed to proceed from the former, the discourse in the Acts from the latter), should have remained so entirely in the dark concerning the death of their late colleague, a death which took place in their immediate vicinity, that one of them represented him as dying by accident, the other voluntarily, is difficult to believe. That therefore only one of the two accounts can be maintained as apostolic, has been correctly perceived by the author of the above-mentioned treatise in Schmidt’s Bibliothek. And in choosing between the two he has proceeded on the principle that the narrative the least tending to glorification is the more authentic; whence he gives the preference to the account in the Acts before that in the first gospel, because the former has not the glorifying circumstances of the remorse of Judas, and his confession of the innocence of Jesus. But, it is ever the case with two contradictory narratives, not only that if one stands it excludes the other, but also that if one falls it shakes the other: hence, if the representation of the facts which is attested by the authority of the Apostle Matthew be renounced, there is no longer any warrant for the other, which professedly rests on the testimony of the Apostle Peter.
If then we are to treat the two narratives on the same footing, namely as legends, with respect to which it is first to be discovered how far their historical nucleus extends, and how far they consist of traditional deposits; we must, in order to be clear on the subject, consider the data which form the roots of the two narratives. Here we find one which is common to both, with two others of which
*Vid. Schmidt’s Biblioth., ut sup. s. 251 f.
†Paulus, 3, b, s. 457 f. ; Fritzsche, p. 799.
each has one peculiarly to itself. The datum common to both narratives is, that there was in Jerusalem a piece of ground which was called the field of blood agroV or cwrion aimatoV, or in the original tongue, according to the statement of the Acts, akeldama. As this information is concurrently given by two narratives in other respects totally divergent, and as, besides, the author of the first gospel appeals to the actual practice of his day in proof that the field was called by this name: we cannot well doubt the existence of a piece of ground so named. That it really had a relation to the betrayer of Jesus is less certain, since our two narratives give different accounts of this relation: the one stating that Judas himself bought the property, the other that it was not purchased until after his death, with the thirty pieces of silver. We can therefore draw no further conclusion than that the primitive Christian legend must have early attributed to that field of blood a relation to the betrayer. But the reason wherefore this relation took various forms is to be sought in the other datum from which our narratives proceed, namely, in the Old Testament passages, which the authors cite (from different sources, however), as being fulfilled by the fate of Judas.
In the passage of the Acts, Ps. lxix. 25, and Ps. cix. 8, are quoted in this manner. The latter is a psalm which the first Christians from among the Jews could not avoid referring to the relation of Judas to Jesus. For not only does the author, alleged to be David, but doubtless a much later individual,* dilate from the opening of the psalm on such as speak falsely and insidiously against him, and return him hatred for his love, but from v. 6, where the curses commence, he directs himself against a particular person, so that the Jewish expositors thought of Doeg, David’s calumniator with Saul, and the Christians just as naturally of Judas. From this psalm is gathered the verse which, treating of the transfer of one office to another, appeared perfectly to suit the case of Judas. The other psalm, it is true, speaks more vaguely of such as hate and persecute the author without cause, yet this also is ascribed to David, and is so similar to the other in purport and style, that it might be regarded as its parallel, and if curses might be applied to the betrayer out of the former, they might be so out of the latter.† Now if Judas had actually bought with the wages of his treachery a piece of land, which from being the scene of his horrible end, subsequently remained waste: it was a matter of course to refer to him precisely those passages in this psalm which denounce on the enemies the desolation of their habitation epauliV. As, however, from the divergency of Matthew, the fact that Judas himself bought that piece of ground and came to his end upon it, is doubtful: while it can scarcely be supposed that the piece of land on which the betrayer of Jesus met his end would be so abhorrent to the Jews
*Vid. De Wette, in loc.
†In other parts of the N. T. also we find passages from this psalm messianically applied:
as v. 4, John xv. 25, v. 9; John ii. 17; and John xix. 28 f., probably v. 21.
that they would let it lie waste as a land of blood; it is more probable that this name had another origin no longer to be discovered, and was interpreted by the Christians in accordance with their own ideas; so that we must not derive the application of the passage in the Psalms, and the naming of that waste piece of land, from an actual possession of it by Judas, but on the contrary, we must refer to those two causes the existence of the legend, which ascribes such a possession to Judas. For if the two psalms in question were once applied to the betrayer, and if in one of them the desolation of his epauliV (LXX.) was denounced, he must have previously been in possession of such an epauliV, and this it was thought, he would probably have purchased with the reward of his treason. Or rather, that out of the above psalms the desolation of the epauliV was a particular specially chosen, appears to have been founded on the natural presupposition, that the curse would be chiefly manifested in relation to something which he had acquired by the wages of his iniquity; added to the circumstance that among the objects anathematized in the psalm, the one most capable of being bought was the epauliV. This conception of the facts was met in the most felicitous manner by the akeldama lying near Jerusalem, which, the less was known of the origin of its name and of the horror attached to it, might the more easily be applied by the primitive Christian legend to its own purposes, and regarded as the desolate habitation, epauliV hrhmwmenh, of the betrayer.
Instead of these passages from the Psalms, the first gospel cites as being fulfilled by the last acts of Judas, a passage which it attributes to Jeremiah, but to which nothing corresponding is to be found except in Zech. xi. 12 f., whence it is now pretty generally admitted that the Evangelist substituted one name for the other by mistake.* How Matthew might be led by the fundamental idea of this passage-—an unreasonably small price for the speaker in the prophecy—to an application of it to the treachery of Judas, who for a paltry sum had as it were sold his master, has been already shown.† Now the prophetic passage contains a command from Jehovah to the author of the prophecy, to cast the miserable sum with which he had been paid, into the house of the Lord, and also [Heb. letters] el-hayyotser, which, it is added, was done. The person who casts down the money is in the prophecy the same with the speaker, and consequently with him who is rated at the low price, because the sum here is not purchase money but hire, and hence is received by the person so meanly estimated, who alone can cast it away again: in the application of the Evangelist, on the contrary, the sum being considered as purchase money, another than the one so meanly estimated was to be thought of as receiving and casting away the sum. If the one sold for so paltry a price was Jesus: he who received the money and finally rejected it could be no other than his betrayer. Hence it is said of the latter, that he cast down the pieces of silver
*Still for other conjectures see Kuinöl, in loc.
in the temple en tw naw corresponding to the phrase [Heb. letters] wa’ashliyk ‘otho in the prophetic passage, although these very words happen to be absent from the extremely mutilated citation of Matthew. But in apposition to the [Heb. letters] beyth yhowah wherein the money was cast, there stood besides [Heb. letters] el-hayyotser. The LXX. translates: eiV to cwveuthrion, into the melting furnace; now, it is with reason conjectured that the pointing should be altered thus:
and the word rendered: into the treasury; * the author of our gospel adhered to the literal translation by kerameuV potter. But what the potter had to do here,—why the money should be given to him, must at first have been as incomprehensible to him as it is to us when we adhere to the common reading. Here however there occurred to his recollection the field of blood, to which, as we gather from the Acts, the Christian legend gave a relation to Judas, and hence resulted the welcome combination, that it was probably that field for which the thirty pieces of silver were to be given to the potter. As, however, it was impossible to conceive the potter as being in the temple when receiving the money, and yet according to the prophetic passage the pieces of silver were cast into the temple: a separation was made between the casting into the temple and the payment to the potter. If the former must be ascribed to Judas, if he had thus once cast away the money, he himself could no longer purchase the piece of ground from the potter, but this must be done by another party, with the money which Judas had cast away. Who this party must be followed of course: if Judas gave up the money, he would give it up to those from whom he had received it; if he cast it into the temple, it would fall into the hands of the rulers of the temple: thus in both ways it would revert to the Sanhedrim. The object of the latter in purchasing the ground was perhaps drawn from the use to which that waste place was actually appropriated. Lastly, if Judas cast away again the reward of his treachery, this, it must be inferred, could only be out of remorse. To make Judas manifest remorse, and thus win from the traitor himself a testimony to the innocence of Jesus, was as natural to the conception of the primitive Christian community, as to convert Pilate, and to make Tiberius himself propose in the Roman senate the deification of Christ,† But how would the remorse of Judas further manifest itself? A return to the right on his part, was not only unattested by any facts, but was besides far too good a lot for the traitor: hence repentance must have become in him despair, and he must have chosen the end of the well-known traitor in the history of David,
*Hitzig, in Ullmann’s and Umbreit’s Studien, 1830, 1, s, 35; Gesenius, Wörterbuch comp. Rosenmüller’s Scholia in V. T. 7, 4, s. 320 ff.
†Tertuli. Apologet. c. xxi. : Ea omnia super Christo Pilatus, et ipse jam pro sua conscientia Christianus, Cæsari tum Tiberio nunciavit. c. v. : Tiberius ergo, cujus tempore nomen Christianum in seculum introit, annunciatum sibi ex Syria Palæstina, quod illic veritatem illius Divinitatis revelaverat, detulit ad Senatum cum prærogativa suffragii sui. Senatus, quia non ipse probaverat, respuit. For further details on this subject, see Fabricius, Cod. Apocr. N. T. s,p. 214 ff., 298 ff.; comp. 2, p. 505.
Ahithophel, of whom it is said, 2 Sam. xvii. 23:anesth kai aphlqen—kai aphgxato, he arose, and went—and hanged himself as of Judas here: anecqrhse kai apelqwn aphgxato, he departed, and went and hanged himself.
A tradition referred to Papias appears to be allied to the narrative in the Acts rather than to that of Matthew. (Ecumenius, quoting the above collector of traditions, says, that Judas, as an awful example of impiety, had his body distended to such a degree, that a space where a chariot could pass was no longer sufficiently wide for him, and that at last being crushed by a chariot, he burst asunder and all his bowels were pressed out.* The latter statement doubtless arose from a misconstruction of the ancient legend; for the chariot was not originally brought into immediate contact with the body of Judas, but was merely used as a measure of his size, and this was afterwards erroneously understood as if a chariot in passing had crushed the swollen body of Judas. Hence, not only in Theophylact and in an ancient Scholium.† without any distinct reference to Papias, but also in a Catena with an express citation of his exhghseiV, we actually find the fact narrated without that addition.‡ The monstrous swelling of Judas, spoken of in this passage, might, it is supposed, originally he only an explanation of the displacing and protrusion of the viscera, and in like manner the dropsy into which Theophylact represents him as falling might be regarded as an explanation of this swelling: when, however, in Ps. cix., applied in the Acts to Judas, amongst other maledictions, we read: [Heb. letters] watabo’ (qalalah) kammayim bqirbo LXX: eishlqen (h katara) wsei udwr eiV ta egkata autou, so let it (cursing) come into his bowels like water (v. 18): it appears possible that the dropsical disease,nosoV uderikh), may have been also taken from this passage; as also one of the features in the monstrous description which Papias gives of the condition of Judas, namely, that from the enormous swelling of his eyelids he could no longer see the light of day, might remind us of
*Oecumen. ad Act. i.
‡In Münter’s Fragm. Patr. 1, p. 27 ff. For the rest the passage is of very similar tenor with that of Œcumenius, and is partly an exaggeration of it: Papias, the disciple of John, gives a clearer account of this (in the fourth section of his exegesis of our Lord’s words) as follows: Judas moved about in this world a terrible example of impiety, being swollen in body to such a degree that where a chariot could easily pass he was not able to find a passage, even for the bulk of his head. His eyelids, they say, were so swelled out that he could not see the light, nor could his eyes be made visible even by the physician’s dioptra, etc. After suffering many torments and Judgments, dying, as they say, in his own field, etc.
v. 23 in the other psalm applied to Judas, where, among the curses this is enumerated: Let their eyes be darkened that they see not, skotisqhtwsan oi ofqalmoi autwn tou mh blepein, a hindrance to sight, which when once the swollen body of Judas was presupposed, must necessarily assume the form of a swelling up of the eyelids. If then the tradition which is allied to the account in Acts i. developed its idea of the end of Judas chiefly in correspondence with the ideas presented in these two psalms; and if in that passage of the Acts itself the account of the connexion of Judas with the piece of ground is derived from the same source: it is no farfetched conjecture that what is said in the Acts concerning the end of the betrayer may have had a similar origin. That he died an early death may be historical; but even if not so, in Psalm cix. in the very same verse (v. 8), which contains the transfer of the office, episkoph, to another, an early death is predicted for the betrayer in the words: Let his days be few, genhqhtwsan ai hmerai autou oligai, and it might also be believed that the death by falling headlong also was gathered from Ps. lxix. 22, where it is said: Let their table became a snare before them, genhqhtw h trapeza autwn—eiV skandalon [Heb. letters] (lmoqesh).
Thus we scarcely know with certainty concerning Judas even so much as that he came to a violent and untimely death, for if, as was natural, after his departure from the community of Jesus, he retired, so far as the knowledge of its members was concerned, into an obscurity in which all historical information as to his further fate was extinguished: the primitive Christian legend might without hindrance represent as being fulfilled in him all that the prophecies and types of the Old Testament threatened to the false friend of the Son of David, and might even associate the memory of his crime with a well-known desecrated place in the vicinity of Jerusalem.*
§ 131. JESUS BEFORE PILATE AND HEROD.
According to all the Evangelists it was in the morning when the Jewish magistrates, after having declared Jesus worthy of death,† caused him to be led away to the Roman procurator, Pontius Pilate (Matt. xxvii. 1 ff. parall.; John xviii. 28). According to Matthew and Mark, Jesus was bound preparatory to his being conducted before Pilate, according to John xviii. I2, immediately on his arrest in the garden; Luke says nothing of his being bound. To this measure of sending him to Pilate they were compelled, according to John xviii. 31, by the circumstance that the Sanhedrim was deprived of the authority to execute the punishment of death (without the concurrence of the Roman government) :‡ but at all events the Jewish rulers must in this instance have been anxious to call in the agency of the Romans, since only their power could afford security against an uproar among the people qoruboV en tw law, which the former feared as a result of the execution of Jesus during the feast time (Matt. xxvi. 5 parall.).
Arrived at the Prætorium, the Jews, according to the representation of the fourth gospel, remained without, from fear of Levitical defilement, but Jesus was led into the interior of the building: so that Pilate must alternately have come out when he would speak to the Jews, and have gone in again when he proceeded to question Jesus (xviii. 28 ff.). The synoptists in the sequel represent Jesus as in the same locality with Pilate and the Jews, for in them Jesus immediately hears the accusations of the Jews, and answers them in the presence of Pilate. Since they, as well as John, make the condemnation take place in the open air (after the condemnation they represent Jesus as being led into the Prætorium, Matt. xxvii. 27, and Matthew, like John, xix. 13, describes Pilate ascending the judgment seat bhma, which according to Josephus§ stood in the open air), without mentioning any change of place in connexion with the trial: they apparently conceived the whole transaction to have passed on the outer place, and supposed, in divergency from John, that Jesus himself was there.
The first question of Pilate to Jesus is according to all the gospels: Art thou the king of the Jews?su ei o basileuV twn Ioudaiwn, i.e. the Messiah? In the two first Evangelists this question is not introduced by any accusation on the part of the Jews (Matt. v. 11 ; Mark v. 2); in John, Pilate, stepping out of the Prætorium, asks the Jews what accusation they have to bring against Jesus (xviii. 29), on which they insolently reply: If he were not a malefactor, we would not have delivered him up unto thee: an answer by which they could not expect to facilitate their obtaining from the Roman a ratification of their sentence,|| but only to embitter him. After Pilate, with surprising mildness, has rejoined that they may take him and judge him according to their law— apparently not supposing a crime involving death—and the Jews have opposed to this permission their inability to administer the punishment of death: the procurator re-enters and addresses to Jesus the definite question:
*Comp. De Wette, exeg. Handb. 1, 1, s. 231 f.; 1, 4, s. 10 f.
†According to Babl. Sanhedrin, ap. Lightfoot, p. 486, this mode of procedure would have been illegal. It is there said :Judicia de capitalibus finiunt eodem die si sint ad absolutionem; si vero sint ad damnationem, finiuntur die sequente.
‡Besides this passage of John: , hmin ouk exestin apokteinai oudena , it is not lawful for us to put any man to death, there is no other authority for the existence of this state of things than an obscure and variously interpreted tradition, Avoda Zara f. viii. 2 (Lightfoot, p. 1123 f.): Rabh Cahna dicit, curn aegrotaret R. Isinael bar Jose, miserunt ad eum, dicentes: dic nobi, o Domine, duo aut tria, quæ aliquando dixisti nobis nomine patris tui. Dicit iis —quadraginta annis ante excidium templi migravit Synedrium et sedit in tabernis. Quid sibi vult haec traditio? Rabh Isaac, bar Abdimi dicit: non judicarunt judicia mulctativa. Dixit R. Nathman bar Isaac: ne dicat, quod non judicarunt judicia mulctativa, sed quod non judicarunt judicia capitalia. With this may be compared moreover the information given by Josephus, Antiq. xx. ix. 1, that it was not lawful for Ananus (the high priest) to assemble the Sanhedrim without the consent of the procurator. On the other hand the execution of Stephen (Acts vii.) without the sanction of the Romans might seem to speak to the contrary; but this was a tumultuary act, undertaken perhaps in the confidence that Pilate was absent. Compare on this point Lücke, 2, s. 631 ff.
§De bell. Jud. II. ix. 3.
||As Lücke supposes, s. 631.
Art thou the king of the Jews? which thus here likewise has no suitable introduction. This is the case only in Luke, who first adduces the accusations of the Sanhedrists against Jesus, that he stirred up the people and encouraged them to refuse tribute to Cæsar, giving himself out to be Christ a king; Criston basileian (xxiii. 2).
If in this manner the narrative of Luke enables us to understand how Pilate could at once put to Jesus the question whether he were the king of the Jews; it leaves us in all the greater darkness as to how Pilate, immediately on the affirmative answer of Jesus, could without any further inquiries declare to the accusers that he found no fault in the accused, He must first have ascertained the grounds or the want of grounds for the charge of exciting the populace, and also have imformed himself as to the sense in which Jesus claimed the title of king of the Jews, before he could pronounce the words: I find no fault in this man. In Matthew and Mark, it is true, to the affirmation of Jesus that he is the king of the Jews is added his silence, in opposition to the manifold accusations of the Sanhedrists—a silence which surprises Pilate: and this is not followed by a precise declaration that no fault is to be found in Jesus, but merely by the procurator’s attempt to set Jesus at liberty by coupling him with Barabbas; still what should move him even to this attempt does not appear from the above gospels. On the other hand, this point is sufficiently clear in the fourth gospel. It is certainly surprising that when Pilate asks whether he be really the King of the Jews, Jesus should reply by the counter-question, whether he say this of himself or at the suggestion of another. In an accused person, however conscious of innocence, such a question cannot be held warrantable, and hence it has been sought in every possible way to give the words of Jesus a sense more consonant with propriety: but the question of Jesus is too definite to be a mere repulse of the accusation as absurd,* and too indefinite to be regarded as an inquiry, whether the Procurator intended the title basileuV twn Ioudaiwn in the Roman sense (af’eautou) or in the Jewish (alloi soi eipon).† And Pilate does not so understand it, but as an unwarrantable question to which it is a mark of his indulgence that he replies ;—in the first instance, it is true, with some impatience, by the second counter-question, whether he be a Jew, and thus able of himself to have information concerning a crime so specifically Jewish; but hereupon he good-naturedly adds that it is the Jews and their rulers by whom Jesus has been delivered to him, and that he is therefore at liberty to speak more particularly of the crime which these lay to his charge. Now on this Jesus gives Pilate an answer which, added to the impression of his whole appearance, might certainly induce in the Procurator a conviction of his innocence. He replies, namely, that his kingdom basileia is not of this world ek tou kosmou toutou, and adduces as a proof of this, the peaceful, passive conduct of his adherents on his
*Calvin, in loc.
†Lücke and Tholuck, in loc.
arrest (v. 36). On the further question of Pilate, whether, since Jesus has thus ascribed to himself a kingdom, although no earthly one, he then claims to be a king? he replies that certainly he is so, but only in so far as he is born to be a witness to the truth: whereupon follows the famous question of Pilate: What is truth?ti estin alhqeia; Although in this latter reply of Jesus we cannot but be struck by its presenting the peculiar hue of thought whlch characterizes the author of the fourth gospel, in the use of the idea of truth alhqeia, as we were before surprised at the unwarrantable nature of the counter-question of Jesus; still this account in John renders it conceivable how Pilate could immediately step forth and declare to the Jews that he found no fault in Jesus. But another point might easily create suspicion against this narrative of John. According to him the trial of Jesus went forward in the interior of the Prætorium, which no Jew would venture to enter; who then are we to suppose heard the conversation of the Procurator with Jesus, and was the informant who communicated it to the author of the fourth gospel? The opinion of the older commentators that Jesus himself narrated these conversations to his disciples after the resurrection is renounced as extravagant; the more modern idea that perhaps Pilate himself was the source of the information concerning the trial, is scarcely less improbable, and rather than take refuge, with Lücke, in the supposition that Jesus remained at the entrance of the Prætorium, so that those standing immediately without might with some attention and stillness (?) have heard the conversation, I should prefer appealing to the attendants of the Procurator, who would scarcely be alone with Jesus. Meanwhile it is easily conceivable that we have here a conversation, which owes its origin solely to the Evangelist’s own combination, and in this case we need not bestow so much labour in ascertaining the precise sense of Pilate’s question : what is truth? since this would only be an example of the fourth Evangelist’s favourite form of dialogue, the contrast of profound communications on the part of Jesus, with questions either of misapprehension or of total unintelligence on the part of the hearers, as xii. 34, the Jews ask who is this Son of man?tiV estin outoV o uioV t. a.; so here Pilate: ti estin alhqeia what is truth? ti estin alhqeia ;*
Before the introduction of Barabbas, which in all the other Evangelists comes next in order, Luke has an episode peculiar to himself. On the declaration of Pilate that he finds no guilt in the accused, the chief priests and their adherents among the multitude persist in asserting that Jesus stirred up the people by his agency as a teacher from Galilee to Jerusalem: Pilate notices the word Galilee, asks whether the accused be a Galilean, and when this is confirmed, he seizes it as a welcome pretext for ridding himself of the ungrateful business, and sends Jesus to the Tetrarch of Galilee, Herod Antipas, at that time in Jerusalem in observance of the feast;
*Comp. Kaiser, bibl. Theol.1, s. 252.
perhaps also designing as a secondary object, what at least was the result, to conciliate the petty prince by this show of respect for his jurisdiction. This measure, it is said, gave great satisfaction to Herod, because having heard much of Jesus, he had long been desirous to see him, in the hope that he would perhaps perform a miracle. The Tetrarch addressed various questions to him, the Sanhedrists urged vehement accusations against him, but Jesus gave no answer; whereupon Herod with his soldiers betook themselves to mockery, and at length, after arraying him in a gorgeous robe, sent him back to Pilate (xxiii. 4 ff.). This narrative of Luke’s, whether we consider it in itself or in its relation to the other gospels, has much to astonish us. If Jesus as a Galilean really belonged to the jurisdiction of Herod, as Pilate, by delivering the accused to him, appears to acknowledge: how came Jesus (and the question is equally difficult whether we regard him as the sinless Jesus of the orthodox system, or as the one who in the history of the tribute-penny manifested his subjection to the existing authorities) to withhold from him the answer which was his due? and how was it that Herod, without any further procedures, sent him away again from his tribunal? To say, with Olshausen, that the interrogation before Herod had elicited the fact that Jesus was not born in Nazareth and Galilee, but in Bethlehem, and consequently in Judæa, is on the one hand an inadmissible appeal to the history of the birth of Jesus, of the statements in which there is no further trace in the whole subsequent course of Luke’s gospel; and on the other hand, a totally accidental birth in Judæa, such as that represented by Luke, the parents of Jesus, and even Jesus himself, being both before and after resident in Galilee, would not have constituted Jesus a Judæan; but above all we must ask, through whom was the Judæan origin of Jesus brought to light, since it is said of Jesus that he gave no answer, while according to all the information we possess, that origin was totally unknown to the Jews? It would be preferable to explain the silence of Jesus by the unbecoming manner of Herod’s interrogation, which manifested, not the seriousness of the judge, but mere curiosity; and to account for his being sent back to Pilate by the fact, that not only the arrest, but also a part of the ministry of Jesus had occurred within the jurisdiction of Pilate. But why do the rest of the Evangelists say nothing of the entire episode? Especially when the author of the fourth gospel is regarded as the Apostle John, it is not easy to see how this omission can be explained. The common plea, that he supposed the fact sufficiently known from the synoptists, will not serve here, since Luke is the sole Evangelist who narrates the incident, and thus it does not appear to have been very widely spread; the conjecture, that it may probably have appeared to him too unimportant,* loses all foundation when it is considered that John does not scorn to mention the leading away to Annas, which nevertheless was equally indecisive; and in general, the narrative of these events in John is, as Schleiermacher himself confesses, so consecutive that it nowhere presents a break in which such an episode could be inserted. Hence even Schleiermacher at last takes refuge in the conjecture that possibly the sending to Herod may have escaped the notice of John, because it happened on an opposite side to that on which the disciple stood, through a back door; and that it came to the knowledge of Luke because his informant had an acquaintance in the household of Herod, as John had in that of Annas: the former conjecture, however, is figuratively as well as literally nothing more than a back door; the latter, a fiction which is but the effort of despair. Certainly if we renounce the presupposition that the author of the fourth gospel was an apostle, we lose the ground of attack against the narrative of Luke, which in any case, since Justin knows of the consignment to Herod,† is of very early origin. Nevertheless, first, the silence of the other Evangelists in a portion of their common history, in which, with this exception, there prevails an agreement as to the principal stages in the development of the fate of Jesus; and secondly, the internal difficulties of the narrative, remain so suspicious, that it must still be open to us to conjecture, that the anecdote arose out of the effort to place Jesus before all the tribunals that could possibly be gathered together in Jerusalem; to make every authority not hierarchical, though treating him with ignominy, still either explicitly or tacitly acknowledge his innocence; and to represent him as maintaining his equable demeanour and dignity before all. If this be probable with respect to the present narrative, in which the third Evangelist stands alone, a similar conjecture concerning the leading away to Annas, in which we have seen that the fourth Evangelist stands alone, would only be warded off by the circumstance that this scene is not described in detail, and hence presents no internal difficulties.
After Jesus, being sent back by Herod, was returned upon his hands, Pilate, according to Luke, once more called together the Sanhedrists and the people, and declared, alleging in his support the judgment of Herod as accordant with his own, his wish to dismiss Jesus with chastisement; for which purpose he might avail himself of the custom of releasing a prisoner at the feast of the passover.‡ This circumstance, which is somewhat abridged in Luke, is more fully exhibited in the other Evangelists, especially in Matthew. As the privilege to entreat the release of a prisoner belonged to the people, Pilate, well knowing that Jesus was persecuted by the rulers out of jealousy, sought to turn to his advantage the better disposition of the people towards him; and in order virtually to oblige them to free Jesus, whom, partly out of mockery of the Jews, partly
*Schleiermacher, über den Lukas, s. 291.
†Dial. cum Tryph. 103.
‡It is doubted whether this custom, of which we should have known nothing but for the N. T., was of Roman or Jewish origin; comp. Fritzsche and Paulus, in loc., and Baur, über die ursprungliche Bedeutung des Passahfestes, u. s. f., Tüb. Zeitschr. 1. Theol. 1832, 1, s. 94.
to deter them from his execution as degrading to themselves, he named the Messiah or King of the Jews, he reminded them that their choice lay between him and a notable prisoner, desmioV epishmoV, Barabbas* whom John designates as a robber, lhsthV, but Mark and Luke as one who was imprisoned for insurrection and murder. This plan however failed, for the people, suborned, as the two first Evangelists observe, by their rulers, with one voice desired the release of Barabbas and the crucifixion of Jesus.
As a circumstance which had especial weight with Pilate in favour of Jesus, and moved him to make the proposal relative to Barabbas as urgently as possible, it is stated by Matthew that while the procurator sat on his tribunal, his wife,† in consequence of a disturbing dream, sent to him a warning to incur no responsibility in relation to that just man (xxvii. 19). Not only Paulus, but even Olshausen, explains this dream as a natural result of what Pilate’s wife might have heard of Jesus and of his capture on the preceding evening; to which may be added as an explanatory conjecture, the notice of the Evangelium Nicodemi, that she was pious, qeosebhV, and judaizing, ioudaizousa.‡ Nevertheless, as constantly in the New Testament, and particularly in the Gospel of Matthew, dreams are regarded as a special dispensation from heaven, so this assuredly in the opinion of the narrator happened non sine numine; and hence it should be possible to conceive a motive and an object for the dispensation. If the dream were really intended to prevent the death of Jesus, taking the orthodox point of view, in which this death was necessary for the salvation of man, we must be led to the opinion of some of the ancients, that it may have been the devil who suggested that dream to the wife of the procurator, in order to hinder the propitiatory death;§ if on the contrary, the dream were not intended to prevent the death of Jesus, its object must have been limited to Pilate or his wife. But as far as Pilate was concerned, so late a warning could only aggravate his guilt, without sufficing to deter him from the step already half taken; while that his wife was converted by means of this dream, as many have supposed,|| is totally unattested by history or tradition, and such an object is not intimated in the narrative. But, as the part which Pilate himself plays in the evangelical narrative is such as to exhibit the blind
*According to one reading, the full name of this man was Jesus Barabbas, which we mention here merely because Olshausen finds it "remarkable." Bar Abba meaning Son of the father, Olshausen exclaims: All that was essential in the Saviour appears in the murderer as caricature! and he quotes as applicable to this case the verse : ludit in humanis divina potentia rebus. For our own part, we can only see in this idea of Olshausen’s a lusus humanæ impotentiæ.
†In the Evang. Nicodemi and in later ecclesiastical historians she is called Procula Proklh. Comp. Thilo. Cod. Apocr. N. T., p. 522, Paulus, exeg. Handb., 2, b, s. 640 f.
‡Cap. II. s, 520, ap. Thilo.
§Ignat. ad Philippens. iv. : (The devil) terrifies the woman, troubling her in her dreams, and endeavour: to put a stop to the things of the cross. The Jews in the Evang. Nicodemi, c. II. p. 524, explain the dream as a result of the magic arts of Jesus: He is a magician—see, he has sent messages in a dream to thy wife.
||E.g. Theophylact, vid. Thilo, p. 523.
hatred of the fellow-countrymen of Jesus in contrast with the impartial judgment of a Gentile; so his wife is made to render a testimony to Jesus, in order that, not only out of the mouth of babes and sucklings (Matt. xxi. 16), but also out of the mouth of a weak woman, praise might be prepared for him; and to increase its importance it is traced to a significant dream. To give this an appearance of probability, similar instances are adduced from profane history of dreams which have acted as presentiments and warnings before a sanguinary catastrophe * but the more numerous are these analogous cases, the more is the suspicion excited that as the majority of these; so also the dream in our evangelical passage, may have been fabricated after the event, for the sake of heightening its tragical effect.
When the Jews, in reply to the repeated questions of Pilate, vehemently and obstinately demand the release of Barabbas and the crucifixion of Jesus, the two intermediate Evangelists represent him as at once yielding to their desire; but Matthew first interposes a ceremony and a colloquy (xxvii. 24 ff.). According to him Pilate calls for water, washes his hands before the people, and declares himself innocent of the blood of this just man. The washing of the hands, as a protestation of purity from the guilt of shedding blood, was a custom specifically Jewish, according to Deut. xxi. 6 f.† It has been thought improbable that the Roman should have here intentionally imitated this Jewish custom, and hence it has been contended, that to any one who wished so solemnly to declare his innocence nothing would more readily suggest itself than the act of washing the hands.‡ But that an individual, apart from any allusion to a known usage, should invent extemporaneously a symbolical act, or even that he should merely fall in with the custom of a foreign nation, would require him to be deeply interested in the fact which he intends to symbolize. That Pilate, however, should be deeply interested in attesting his innocence of the execution of Jesus, is not so probable as that the Chnstians should have been deeply interested in thus gaining a testimony to the innocence of their Messiah whence there arises a suspicion that perhaps Pilate’s act of washing his hands owes its origin to them alone. This conjecture is confirmed, when we consider the declaration with which Pilate accompanies his symbolical act: I am innocent of the blood of this just man, aqwoV eimi apo tou aimatoV tou dikaiou toutou. For that the judge should publicly and emphatically designate as a just man, &acatoc, one whom he was nevertheless delivering over to the severest mnflic tionof the law,—this even Paulus finds so contradictory that he here, contrary to his usual mode of exposition, supposes that the narrator himself expresses in these words his own interpretation of Pilate’s symbolical act. It is surprising that he is not
*Vid. Paulus and Kuinöl, in loc. They especially adduce the dream of Cæsar’s wife the night before his assassination,
†Comp. Sota, viii. 6.
‡Fritzsche, in Matth., p. 808.
also struck by the equal improbability of the answer which is attributed to the Jews on this occasion. After Pilate has declared himself guiltless of the blood of Jesus, and by the addition: see ye to it, has laid the responsibility on the Jews, it is said in Matthew that all the people paV o laoV, cried: His blood be on us and on our children, to aima autouef’hmaV kai ta tekna hmwn. But this is obviously spoken from the point of view of the Christians, who in the miseries which shortly after the death of Jesus fell with continually increasing weight on the Jewish nation, saw nothing else than the payment of the debt of blood which they had incurred by the crucifixion of Jesus: so that this whole episode, which is peculiar to the first gospel, is in the highest degree suspicious.
According to Matthew and Mark, Pilate now caused Jesus to be scourged, preparatory to his being led away to crucifixion. Here the scourging appears to correspond to the virgis cædere, which according to Roman usage preceded the securi percutere, and to the scourging of slaves prior to crucifixion.* In Luke it has a totally different character. While in the two former Evangelists it is said: When he had scourged Jesus, he delivered him to be crucified,; in Luke, Pilate repeatedly (v. 16 and 22) makes the proposal : having chastised him I will let him go, paideusaV auton apolusw: i. e. while there the scourging has the appearance of a mere accessory of the crucifixion, here it appears to be intended as a substitute for the crucifixion: Pilate wishes by this chastisement to appease the hatred of the enemies of Jesus, and induce them to desist from demanding his execution. Again, while in Luke the scourging does not actually take place,—because the Jews will in nowise accede to the repeated proposal of Pilate: in John the latter causes Jesus to be scourged, exhibits him to the people with the purple robe and the crown of thorns and tries whether his pitiable aspect, together with the repeated declaration of his innocence, will not mollify their embittered minds : this, however, proving also in vain (xix. 1 ff.). Thus there exists a contradiction between the Evangelists in relation to the scourging of Jesus, which is not to be conciliated after the method of Paulus, namely by paraphrasing the words ton de I. fragellwsaV paredwken ina staurwqh in Matthew and Mark thus : Jesus, whom he had already before scourged in order to save him, suffered this in vain, since he was still delivered over to crucifixion. But, acknowledging the difference in the accounts, we must only ask, which of the two has the advantage as regards historical probability? Although it is certainly not to be proved that scourging before crucifixion was a Roman custom admitting no exception: still, on the other hand, it is a purely harmonistic effort to allege, that scourging was only made to precede crucifixion in cases where the punishment was intended to be particularly severe,† and that consequently Pilate,
*Comp. in particular the passages cited by Wetstein, on Matth. xxvii. 26.
†Paulus, ut sup. s, 647.
who had no wish to be cruel to Jesus, can only have caused him to be scourged with the special design which Luke and John mention, and which is also to be understood in the narratives of their predecessors. It is far more probable that in reality the scourging only took place as it is described by the two first Evangelists, namely, as an introduction to the crucifixion, and that the Christian legend (to which that side of Pilate’s character, in virtue of which he endeavoured in various ways to save Jesus, was particularly welcome as a testimony against the Jews) gave such a turn even to the fact of the scourging as to obtain from it a new attempt at release on the part of Pilate. This use of the fact is only incipient in the third gospel, for here the scourging is a mere proposal of Pilate : whereas in the fourth, the scourging actually takes place, and becomes an additional act in the drama.
With the scourging is connected in the two first gospels and the fourth, the maltreatment and mockery of Jesus by the soldiers, who attired him in a purple robe, placed a crown of thorns on his head,* put, according to Matthew, a reed in his hand, and in this disguise first greeted him as King of the Jews, and then smote and maltreated him.† Luke does not mention any derision on the part of the soldiers here, but he has something similar in his narrative of the interrogation of Jesus before Herod, for he represents this prince with his men of war sun toiV strateumasin autou, as mocking Jesus, and sending him back to Pilate in a gorgeous robe, esqhV lampra. Many suppose that this was the same purple robe which was afterwards put on Jesus by the soldiers of Pilate; but it must rather have been thrice that Jesus had to wear this disguise, if we take the narrative of John into the account and at the same time refuse to attribute error to any of the synoptists: first in the presence of Herod (Luke); secondly, before Pilate brought Jesus forth to the Jews, that he might excite their compassion with the words: Behold the man, ide o anqrwpoV (John); thirdly, after he was delivered to the soldiers for crucifixion (Matthew and Mark). This repetition is as improbable as it is probable that the one disguising of Jesus, which had come to the knowledge of the Evangelists, was assigned by them to different places and times, and ascribed to different persons.
While in the two first gospels the process of trial is already concluded before the scourging, and in the third, on the rejection of his proposal to scourge and release Jesus by the Jews, Pilate forthwith delivers him to be crucified: in the fourth Evangelist the scene of the trial is further developed in the following manner. When even the exhibition of Jesus scourged and disguised avails nothing, but his crucifixion is obstinately demanded, the Procurator is incensed,
*From the explanation of Paulus, s. 649 f., it appears highly probable that the stefanoV ex akanqwn was not a crown of sharp thorns, but one taken from the nearest hedge, in order to deride Jesus by the vilissima corona, spineola. (Plin. H. N. xxi. 10).
†A similar disguising of a man, in derision of a third party, is adduced by Wetstein, (p. 533 f.) from Philo, in Flaccum.
and cries to the Jews, that they may take him and crucify him themselves, for he finds no fault in him. The Jews reply that according to their law, he must die, since he had made himself the Son of God uioV qeou; a remark which affects Pilate with a superstitious fear, whence he once more leads Jesus into the Prætorium, and inquires concerning his origin (whether it be really heavenly), on which Jesus gives him no answer, and when the procurator seeks to alarm him by reminding him of the power which he possesses over his life, refers to the higher source from whence he had this power. Pilate, after this reply, seeks (yet more earnestly than before) to release Jesus; but at last the Jews hit upon the right means of making him accede to their will, by throwing out the intimation that, if he release Jesus who has opposed himself to Cæsar as an usurper, he cannot be Cæsar’s friend. Thus, intimidated by the possibility of his being calumniated to Tiberius, he mounts the tribunal, and, since he cannot prosecute his will, betakes himself to derision of the Jews in the question, whether they then wish that he should crucify their king? Whereupon they, keeping to the position which they had last taken with such evident effect, protest that they will have no king but Cæsar. The procurator now consents to deliver Jesus to be crucified, for which purpose, as the two first Evangelists remark, the purple mantle was removed, and he was again attired in his own clothes.
§132. THE CRUCIFIXION.
Even concerning the progress of Jesus to the place of crucifixion there is a divergency between the synoptists and John, for according to the latter Jesus himself carried his cross thither (xix. 17), while the former state that one Simon a Cyrenian bore it in his stead (Matt. xxvii. 32 parall.). The commentators indeed, as if a real agreement were assumed as a matter of course, reconcile these statements thus : at first Jesus himself endeavoured to bear the cross, but as the attempt made it obvious that he was too much exhausted, it was laid on Simon.* But when John says: And he bearing his cross went forth into — Golgotha, where they crucified him, kai bastazwn ton stauron autou exhlqen eiV Golgoqa opou auton estaurwsan: he plainly presupposes that the cross was borne by Jesus on the way thither.† But the statement so unanimously given by the synoptists respecting the substitution of Simon appears the less capable of being rejected, the more difficult it is to discover a motive which might lead to its fabrication. On the contrary, this individual trait might very probably have remained unknown in the circle in which the fourth gospel had its origin, and the author might
*Thus Paulus, Kuinöl, Tholuck and Olshausen in their Commentaries; Neander, L. J. Chr., s. 634.
†Fritzsche, in Marc. 684 Significat Joannes, Jesum suam crucein portavisse, donec ad Calvariæ locurn pervenisset.
have thought that, according to the general custom, Jesus must have carried his cross. All the synoptists designate this Simon as a Cyrenian, i.e. probably one who had come to Jerusalem to the feast, from the Libyan city of Cyrene, where many Jews resided.* According to all, the carrying of the cross was forced upon him, a circumstance which can as little be urged for as against the opinion that he was favourable to Jesus.† According to Luke and Mark, the man came directly out of the country, ap’ agrou, and as he attempted to pass by the crowd advancing to the place of crucifixion, he was made use of to relieve Jesus. Mark designates him yet more particularly as the father of Alexander and Rufus, who appear to have been noted persons in the primitive church (comp. Rom. xvi. 1; Acts xix. 33 (?); 1 Tim. i. 20 (?); 2 Tim. iv. 14 (?) ).‡
On the way to the place of execution, according to Luke, there followed Jesus, lamenting him, a great company, consisting especially of women, whom he however admonished to weep rather for themselves and their children, in prospect of the terrible time, which would soon come upon them (xxiii. 27 ff.). The details are taken partly from the discourse on the second advent, Luke xxi. 23; for as there it is said, Ouai de taiV en gastri ecousaiV, kai taiV qhlazousaiV, en ekeinaiV taiV hmeraiV, so here Jesus says, that the days are coming in which ai steirai kai koiliai ai ouk egennhsan, kai mastoi oi ouk eqhlasan, will be pronounced blessed; partly from Hosea x. 8, for the words tote arxontai legein toiV oresi k. t. l. (then shall they begin to say to the mountains, etc.) are almost exactly the Alexandrian translation of that passage.
The place of execution is named by all the Evangelists Golgotha, the Chaldaic [Heb. letters] gulgalta’ and they all interpret this designation by kraniou topoV the place of a skull, or kranion a skull (Matt. v. 33 parall.). From the latter name it might appear that the place was so called because it resembled a skull in form; whereas the former interpretation, and indeed the nature of the case, renders it probable that it owed its name to its destination as a place of execution, and to the bones and skulls of the executed which were heaped up there. Where this place was situated is not known, but doubtless it was out of the city; even that it was a hill, is a mere conjecture.§
The course of events after the arrival at the place of execution is narrated by Matthew (v. 34 ff.) in a somewhat singular order. First, he mentions the beverage offered to Jesus; next, he says that after they had nailed him to the tross, the soldiers shared his clothes among them; then, that they sat down and watched him; after this he notices the superscription on the cross, and at length, and not as if supplying a previous omission, but with a particle expressive of succession in time (tote), the fact that two thieves were crucified with him. Mark follows Matthew, except that instead of the statement
*Joseph., Antiq. xiv. vii. 2.
†It is used in the former way by Grotius; in the latter, by Olshausen, ‡ . s, 481
§Comp. Paulus, Fritzsche, and De Wette, in loc.
||Vid. Paulus and Fritzsche, in loc. Winer, bibl. Realw. art. Golgotha.
about the watching of the cross, he has a determination of the time at which Jesus was crucified: while Luke more correctly relates first the crucifixion of the two malefactors with Jesus, and then the casting of lots for the clothes; and the same order is observed by John. But it is inadmissible on this account to transpose the verses in Matthew (34, 37, 38, 35, 36), as has been proposed ;* and we must rather abandon the author of the first gospel to the charge, that in his anxiety not to omit any of the chief events at the crucifixion of Jesus, he has neglected the natural order of time.†
As regards the mode of the crucifixion there is now scarcely any debated point, if we except the question, whether the feet as well as the hands were nailed to the cross. As it lay in the interest of the orthodox view to prove the affirmative: so it was equally important to the rationalistic system to maintain the negative. From Justin Martyr ‡ down to Hengstenberg § and Olshausen, the orthodox find in the nailing of the feet of Jesus to the cross a fulfilment of the prophecy Ps. xxii. 17, which the LXX. translates: wruxan ceiraV mou kai podaV, but it is doubtful whether the original text really speaks of piercing, and in no case does it allude to crucifixion: moreover the passage is nowhere applied to Christ in the New Testament. To the rationalists, on the contrary, it is at once more easy to explain the death of Jesus as a merely apparent death, and only possible to conceive how he could walk immediately after the resurrection, when it is supposed that his feet were left unwounded; but the case should rather be stated thus: if the historical evidence go to prove that the feet also of Jesus were nailed, it must be concluded that the resuscitation and the power of walking shortly after, either happened supernaturally or not at all. Of late there have stood opposed to each other two learned and profound investigations of this point, the one by Paulus against, the other by Bähr, in favour of the nailing of the feet. || From the evangelical narrative, the former opinion can principally allege in its support, that neither is the above passage in the Psalms anywhere used by the Evangelists, though on the presupposition of a nailing of the feet it was so entirely suited to their mode of accounting for facts, nor in the history of the resurrection is there any mention of wounds in the feet, together with the wounds in the hands and side (John xx. 20, 25, 27). The other opinion appeals not without reason to Luke xxiv. 39, where Jesus invites the disciples to behold his hands and his feet (idete taV ceiraV mou kai touV podaV mou): it is certainly not here said that the feet were pierced, but it is difficult to understand
*Wassenbergh, Diss. de trajectionibus N. T. in Balcknaer’s scholæ in 11 quosdam N. T. 2, p. 31.
†Comp. Schleiermacher, über den Lukas, s. 295; Winer, N. T. Gramm., s. 226, and Fritzsche, in Matt., p. 814.
‡Apol. i. 35. Dial. c. Tryph. xcvii.
§Christologie des A. T. 1, a, s. 182 ft.
||Paulus, exeg. Handbuch 3, b, s. 669—754; Bähr, in Tholuck’s liter. Anzeiger für christl. Theol. 1835, No. 1-6. Comp. also Neander, L. J. Chr., s. 636, Anm.
how Jesus should have pointed out his feet merely to produce a conviction of the reality of his body. The fact that among the fathers of the church, those who, living before Constantine, might be acquainted with the mode of crucifixion from personal observation, as Justin and Tertullian, suppose the feet of Jesus to have been nailed, is of weight. it might indeed be concluded from the remark of the latter: Qui (Christus) solus a populo tam insigniter crucifixus est,* that for the sake of the passage in the Psalms these fathers supposed that in the crucifixion of Christ his feet also were pierced by way of exception; but, as Tertuilian had before called the piercing of the hands and feet the propria atrocia crucis, it is plain that the above words imply, not a special manner of crucifixion, but the special manner of death by crucifixion, which does not occur in the Old Testament, and by which therefore Jesus was distinguished from all the characters therein celebrated. Among the passages in profane writers, the most important is that of Plautus, in which, to mark a crucifixion as extraordinarily severe, it is said: offigantur bis pedes, bis brachia.† Here the question is: does the extraordinary feature lie in the bis, so that the nailing of the feet as well as of the hands only once is presupposed as the ordinary usage; or was the bis offigere of the hands, i.e. the nailing of both the hands, the usual practice, and the nailing of the feet an extraordinary aggravation of the punishment? Every one will pronounce the former alternative to be the most accordant with the words. Hence it appears to me at present, that the balance of historical evidence is on the side of those who maintain that the feet as well as the hands of Jesus were nailed to the cross.
It was before the crucifixion, according to the two first Evangelists, that there was offered to Jesus a beverage, which Matthew (v. 34) describes as vinegar mingled with gall, oxoV meta colhV memigmenon, Mark (v. 23) as wine mingled with myrrh, esmurnismenon oinon, but which, according to both, Jesus (Matthew says, after having tasted it) refused to accept. As it is not understood with what object gall could be mixed with the vinegar, the colh of Matthew is usually explained, by the aid of the esmurnismenon of Mark, as implying bitter vegetable ingredients, especially myrrh; and then either oinon wine is actually substituted for oxoV vinegar, or the latter is understood as sour wine ;‡ in order that the beverage offered to Jesus may thus appear to have been the stupefying draught consisting of wine and strong spices, which, according to Jewish usage, was presented to those about to be executed, for the purpose of blunting their susceptibility to pain.§ But even if the text admitted of this reading, and the words of this interpretation, Matthew would assuredly protest strongly against the real gall and the vinegar being thus
*Adv. Marcion, iii. 19.
†Mostellaria, ii. 1.
‡Vid. Kuinöl, Paulus, in loc.
§Sanhedrim, f. xliii. 1, ap. Wetstein, p. 635: Dixit R. Chaja, f. R. Asther, dixisse R. Chasdam: exeunti, ut capite plectatur, dant bibendum granum turis in poculo vini, ut alienetur nuns ejus, sec. d. Prov. xxxi. 6 : date siceram pereunti et vinum amaris anima.
explained away from his narrative, because by this means he would lose the fulfilment of the passage in the psalm of lamentation elsewhere used messianically: (LXX.) kai edwkan eiV to brwma mou colhn, kai eiV thn diyan mou epotisan me oxoV, they gave me also gall for my meat, and in my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink (Ps. lxix. 21). Matthew incontestably means, in accordance with this prophecy, real gall with vinegar, and the comparison with Mark is only calculated to suggest the question, whether it be more probable that Mark presents the incident in its original form, which Matthew has remodelled into a closer accordance with the prophecy; or that Matthew originally drew the particular from the passage in the Psalm, and that Mark so modified it as to give it an appearance of greater historical probability?
In order to come to a decision on this question we must take the two other Evangelists into consideration. The presentation to Jesus of a drink mingled with vinegar is mentioned by all four, and even the two who have the vinegar mingled with gall, or the myrrhed wine, as the first drink offered to Jesus, mention afterwards the offering of simple vinegar. According to Luke, this offering of vinegar, oxoV prosferein, was an act of derision committed by the soldiers not very long after the crucifixion, and before the commencement of the darkness (v. 36 f.); according to Mark, shortly before the end, three hours after the darkness came on, one of the bystanders, on hearing the cry of Jesus: my God, my God, etc., presented vinegar to him, likewise in derision, by means of a sponge fixed on a reed (v. 36); according to Matthew, one of the bystanders, on the same cry, and in the same manner, presented vinegar to him, but with a benevolent intention, as we gather from the circumstance that the scoffers wished to deter him from the act (v. 48 f.);* whereas in John it is on the exclamation: .I thirst, that some fill a sponge with vinegar from a vessel standing near, and raise it on a stem of hyssop to the mouth of Jesus (v. 29). Hence it has been supposed that there were three separate attempts to give a beverage to Jesus: the first before the crucifixion, with the stupefying drink (Matthew and Mark); the second after the crucifixion, when the soldiers in mockery offered him some of their ordinary beverage, a mixture of vinegar and water called posca† (Luke); and the third, on the complaining cry of Jesus (Matt., Mark and John).‡ But if the principle of considering every divergent narrative as a separate event be once admitted, it must be consistently carried out: if the beverage mentioned by Luke must be distinguished from that of Matthew and Mark on account of a difference in the time, then must that of Matthew be distinguished from that of Mark on account of the difference in the design; and, again, the beverage mentioned by John must not be regarded as the same with that of the two first synoptists, since it follows a totally different exclamation. Thus
*Vid. Fritzsche, in loc.
†Camp. Paulus, in loc.
‡Thus Kuinöl, in Luc., p. 710 f.; Tholuck, s. 316.
we should obtain in all five instances in which a drink was offered to Jesus, and we should at least be at a loss to understand why Jesus after vinegar had already been thrice presented to his lips, should yet a fourth time have desired to drink. If then we must resort to simplification, it is by no means only the beverage in the two first gospels, and that in the fourth, which, on account of the agreement in the time and manner of presentation, are to be understood as one; but also that of Mark (and through this the others) must be pronounced identical with that of Luke, on account of their being alike offered in derision. Thus there remain two instances of a drink being offered to Jesus, the one before the crucifixion, the other after; and both have a presumptive support from history, the former in the Jewish custom of giving a stupefying draught to persons about to be executed, the other in the Roman custom, according to which the soldiers on their expeditions,—and the completing an execution was considered as such,—-were in the habit of taking with them their posca. But together with this possible historical root, there is a possible prophetic one in Ps. lxix., and the two have an opposite influence: the latter excites a suspicion that the narrative may not have anything historical at its foundation; the former throws doubt on the explanation that the whole story has been spun out of the prophecies.
On once more glancing over the various narratives, we shall at least find that their divergencies are precisely of a nature to have arisen from a various application of the passage in the Psalms. The eating of gall and the drinking of vinegar being there spoken of, it appears as if in the first instance the former particular had been set aside as inconceivable, and the fulfilment of the prophecy found in the circumstance (very possibly historical, since it is mentioned by all the four Evangelists), that Jesus had vinegar presented to him when on the cross. This might either be regarded as an act of compassion, as by Matthew and John, or of mockery, with Mark and Luke. In this manner the words: they gave me vinegar to drink, epotisan me oxoV, were indeed literally fulfilled, but not the preceding phrase: in my thirst,eiV thn diyan mou; hence the author of the fourth gospel might think it probable that Jesus actually complained of thirst, i.e.cried, I thirst, diyw, an exclamation, which he expressly designates as a fulfilment of the scripture, grafh, by which we are doubtless to understand the above passage in the Psalms (comp. Ps. xxii. 16); nay, since he introduces the ina teleiwqh h grafh, that the scripture might be fulfilled, by eidwV o IhsouV oti panta hdh tetlestai, Jesus. knowing that all things were now accomplished, he almost appears to mean that the fulfilment of the prophecy was the sole object of Jesus in uttering that exclamation: but a man suspended on the cross in the agonies of death is not the one to occupy himself with such typological trifling—this is only the part of his biographer who finds himself in perfect ease. Even this addition, however, only showed the fulfilment of
one half of the messianic verse, that relating to the vinegar: there still remained what was said of the gall, which, as the concentration of all bitterness, was peculiarly adapted to be placed in relation to the suffering Messiah. It is true that the presentation of the gall, colh as meat brwma, which the prophecy strictly taken required, was still suppressed as inconceivable: but it appeared to the first Evangelist, or to the authority which he here follows, quite practicable to introduce the gall as an ingredient in the vinegar, a mixture which Jesus might certainly be unable to drink, from its unpalatableness. More concerned about historical probability than prophetic connexion, the second Evangelist, with reference to a Jewish custom, and perhaps in accordance with historical fact, converted the vinegar mingled with gall, into wine mingled with myrrh, and made Jesus reject this, doubtless from a wish to avoid stupefaction. As however the narrative of the vinegar mingled with gall reached these two Evangelists in company with the original one of the presentation of simple vinegar to Jesus; they were unwilling that this should be excluded by the former, and hence placed the two side by side. But in making these observations, as has been before remarked, it is not intended to deny that such a beverage may have been offered to Jesus before the crucifixion, and afterwards vinegar also, since the former was apparently customary, and the latter, from the thirst which tormented the crucified, natural: it is merely intended to show, that the Evangelists do not narrate this circumstance, and under such various forms, because they knew historically that it occurred in this or that manner, but because they were convinced dogmatically that it must have occurred according to the above prophecy, which however they applied in different ways.*
During or immediately after the crucifixion Luke represents Jesus as saying: Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do (v. 34); an intercession which is by some limited to the soldiers who crucified him,† by others, extended to the real authors of his death, the Sanhedrists and Pilate.‡ However accordant such a prayer may be with the principles concerning love to enemies elsewhere inculcated by Jesus (Matt. v. 44), and however great the internal probability of Luke’s statement viewed in this light: still it is to be observed, especially as he stands alone in giving this particular, that it may possibly have been taken from the reputed messianic chapter, Isa. liii., where in the last verse, the same from which the words: he was numbered with the transgressors meta anomwn elogisqh are borrowed, it is said : [Heb. letters] wlapposh‘iym yapgiya‘(he made intercession for the transgressors), which the LXX. erroneously translate dia taV anomiaV autwn paredoqh, he was delivered for their transgressions, but which already the Targum Jonathan renders by pro peccatis (it should be peccatoribus) deprecatus est.
*Comp. also Bleek, Comm. zum Hebräerbrief, 2, s. 312, Anm.; De Wette, exeg. Handb. 1, 3, s. 198.
†Kuinöl, in Luc. p. 710.
‡Olshausen, p. 484; Neander, s. 637.
All the Evangelists agree in stating that two malefactors duo kakourgoi (Matthew and Mark call them lhstaV thieves) were crucified, one on each side of Jesus; and Mark, if his 28th verse be genuine, sees in this a literal fulfilment of the words: he was numbered with the transgressors, which, according to Luke xxii. 37, Jesus had the evening before quoted as a prophecy about to be accomplished in him. Of the further demeanour of these fellow-sufferers, John says nothing; the two first Evangelists represent them as reviling Jesus (Matt. xxvii. 44; Mark xv. 32): whereas Luke narrates that only one of them was guilty of this offence, and that he was rebuked by the other (xxiii. 39 ff.). In order to reconcile this difference, commentators have advanced the supposition, that at first both criminals reviled Jesus, but that subsequently one of them was converted by the marvellous darkness ; * more modern ones have resorted to the supposition of an enallage numeri:† but without doubt those only are right who admit a real difference between Luke and his predecessors.‡ It is plain that the two first Evangelists knew nothing of the more precise details which Luke presents concerning the relation of the two malefactors to Jesus. He narrates, namely, that when one of them derided Jesus by calling upon him, if he were the Messiah, to deliver himself and them, the other earnestly rebuked such mockery of one with whom he was sharing a like fate, and moreover as a guilty one with the guiltless, entreating for his own part that Jesus would remember him when he should come into his kingdom basileia: whereupon Jesus gave him the promise that he should that very day be with him in Paradise en tw paradeisw. In this scene there is nothing to create difficulty, until we come to the words which the second malefactor addresses to Jesus. For to expect from one suspended on the cross a future coming to establish the messianic kingdom, would presuppose the conception of the whole system of a dying Messiah, which before the resurrection the apostles themselves could not comprehend, and which therefore, according to the above representation of Luke, a thief must have been beforehand with them in embracing. This is so improbable, that it cannot excite surprise to find many regarding the conversion of the thief on the cross as a miracle,§ and the supposition which commentators call in to their aid, namely, that the man was no common criminal, but a political one, perhaps concerned in the insurrection of Barabbas,|| only serves to render the incident still more inconceivable. For if he was an Israelite inclined to rebellion, and bent on liberating his nation from the Roman yoke, his idea of the Messiah was assuredly the most incompatible with the acknowledgment as such,
*Thus Chrysostom and others.
†Beza and Grotius.
‡Paulus, s. 763; Winer, N. T. Gramm., s, 243; Fritzsche, in Matth., p. 817.
§Vid. Thilo, Cod. apocr. 1, s. 143. Further apocryphal information concerning the two malefactors crucified with Jesus is to be found in the evang. infant. arab. c. xxiii. ap. Thilo, p. 92 f. ; comp. the note p. 143; in the evang. Nicod. c. ix. 10, Thilo, p. 581 ff.; c. xxvi. p. 766 ff.
||Paulus and Kuinöl, in loc.
of one so completely annihilated in a political view, as Jesus then was. Hence we are led to the question, whether we have here a real history and not rather a creation of the legend? Two malefactors were crucified with Jesus: thus much was indubitably presented by history (or did even this owe its origin to the prophecy, Isa. liii. 12?). At first they were suspended by the side of Jesus as mute figures, and thus we find them in the narrative of the fourth Evangelist, into whose region of tradition only the simple statement, that they were crucified with Jesus, had penetrated. But it was not possible for the legend long to rest contented with so slight a use of them : it opened their mouths, and as only insults were reported to have proceeded from the bystanders, the two malefactors were at first made to join in the general derision of Jesus, without any more particular account being given of their words (Matt. and Mark). But the malefactors admitted of a still better use. If Pilate had borne witness in favour of Jesus; if shortly after, a Roman centurion—nay, all nature by its miraculous convulsions—had attested his exalted character: so his two fellow-sufferers, although criminals, could not remain entirely impervious to the impression of his greatness, but, though one of them did indeed revile Jesus agreeably to the original form of the legend, the other must have expressed an opposite state of feeling, and have shown faith in Jesus as the Messiah (Luke). The address of the latter to Jesus and his answer are besides conceived entirely in the spirit of Jewish thought and expression; for according to the idea then prevalent, paradise was that part of the nether world which was to harbour the souls of the pious in the interval between their death and the resurrection: a place. in paradise and a favourable remembrance in the future age were the object of the Israelite’s petition to God, as here to the Messiah * and it was believed concerning a man distinguished for piety that he could conduct those who were present at the hour of his death into paradise.†
To the cross of Jesus was affixed, according to the Roman custom,‡ a superscriptiion epigrafh (Mark and Luke), or a title titloV (John) which contained his accusation thn aitian autou (Matthew and Mark), consisting according to all the Evangelists in the words: o basileuV twn Ioudaiwn, the king of the Jews. Luke and John state that this superscription was couched in three different tongues, and the latter informs us that the Jewish rulers were fully alive to the derision which this form of superscription reflected on their nation, and on this account entreated Pilate, but in vain, for an alteration of the terms (v. 21 f.).
*Confessio Judæi ægroti, ap. Wetstein, p. 820 :—da portionem meam in horta Edenis, et memento me in seculo futuro, quod absconditum est justis. Other passages are given, ib, p. 819.
†Cetuboth, f. ciii. ap. Wetstein, p. 819: Quo die Rabbi moriturus erat, venit vox de coelo, dixitque: qui praesens aderit morienti Rabbi, ille intrabit in paradisum.
‡Vid. Wetstein, in loc. Matth.
Of the soldiers, according to John four in number, who crucified Jesus, the Evangelists unanimously relate that they parted the clothes of Jesus among themselves by lot. According to the Roman law de bonis damnatorum * the vestments of the executed fell as spolia to the executioners, and in so far that statement of the Evangelists has a point of contact with history. But, like most of the features in this last scene of the life of Jesus, it has also a point of contact with prophecy. It is true that in Matthew the quotation of the passage Ps. xxii. 18 is doubtless an interpolation; but on the other hand the same quotation is undoubtedly genuine in John (xix. 24): ina h grafh plhrwqh h legousa (verbally after the LXX.) mou eautoiV, kai epi ton imatismon mou ebalon klhron, that the scripture might be fulfilled which saith, They parted my raiment among them, and for my vesture they did cast lots. Here also, according to the assertion of orthodox expositors, David the author of the psalm, under divine guidance, in the moments of inspiration chose such figurative expressions as had a literal fulfilment in Christ.† Rather we must say, David, or whoever else may have been the author of the psalm, as a man of poetical imagination used those expressions as mere metaphors to denote a total defeat; but the petty, prosaic spirit of Jewish interpretation, which the Evangelists shared without any fault of theirs, and from which orthodox theologians, by their own fault however, have not perfectly liberated themselves after the lapse of eighteen centuries, led to the belief that those words must be understood literally, and in this sense must be shown to be fulfilled in the Messiah. Whether the Evangelists drew the circumstance of the casting of lots for the clothes more from historical information which stood at their command, or from the prophetic passage which they variously interpreted, must be decided by a comparison of their narratives. These present the divergency, that while according to the synoptists all the clothes were parted by lot, as is evident from the words: diemerisanto ta imatia autou, ballonteV klhron, they parted his garment, casting lots, in Matthew (v. 35), and the similar turn of expression in Luke (v. 34), but still more decidedly from the addition of Mark: tiV ti arh, what every man should take (v. 24): in John it is the coat or tunic, citwn alone for which lots are cast, the other garments being parted equally (v. 23 f.). This divergency is commonly thought of much too lightly, and is tacitly treated as if the synoptical representation were related to that of John as the indefinite to the definite. Kuinöl in consideration of John translates the words diemerizanto ballonteV of Matthew thus: partim dividebant, partim in sortem conjiciebant: but the meaning is not to be thus distributed, for the diemerizonto, they parted, states what they did, the ballonteV klhron, casting lots, how they did it: besides Kuinöl passes in total silence over the words tiV ti arh, because they undeniably
*Quoted ia Wetstein, p. 536; compare, however, the correction of the text in Paulus, ex. handb. 3, b, s, 751.
†Tholuck, in loc.
imply that lots were cast for several articles: while according to John the lots had reference only to one garment. If it be now asked, which of the two contradictory narratives is the correct one, the answer given from the point of view to which the comparative criticism of the gospels has at present attained is, that the eye-witness John gives the correct particulars, but the synoptists had merely received the indefinite information, that in parting the clothes of Jesus the soldiers made use of the lot, and this, from unacquaintance with the more minute particulars, they understood as if lots had been cast for all the garments of Jesus.* But not only does the circumstance that it is John alone who expressly cites the passage in the Psalms prove that he had an especial view to that passage: but, in general, this divergency of the Evangelists is precisely what might be expected from a difference in the interpretation of that supposed prophecy. When the psalm speaks of the parting of the garments and a casting of lots for the vesture: the second particular is, according to the genius of the Hebrew language which abounds in parallelism, only a more precise definition of the first, and the synoptists, correctly understanding this, make one of the two verbs a participle. One however who did not bear in mind this peculiarity of the Hebrew style, or had an interest in exhibiting the second feature of the prophecy as specially fulfilled, might understand the and, which in reality was indicative only of more precise definition, as denoting addition, and thus regard the casting, of lots and the distribution as separate acts. Then the imatismoV [Heb. letters] (lebush) which was originally a synonyme of imatia [Heb. letters] (begadiym) must become a distinct garment, the closer particularization of which, since it was not in any way conveyed in the word itself, was left to choice. The fourth Evangelist determined it to be the citwn tunic, and because he believed it due to his readers to show some cause for a mode of procedure with respect to this garment, so different from the equal distribution of the others, he intimated that the reason why it was chosen to cast lots for the tunic rather than to divide it, probably was that it had no seam (arrafoV) which might render separation easy, but was woven in one piece (ufantoV di’olou). † Thus we should have in the fourth Evangelist exactly the same procedure as we have found on the side of the first, in the history of the entrance into Jerusalem: in both cases the doubling of a trait originally single, owing to a false interpretation of the in the Hebrew parallelism; the only difference being that the first Evangelist in the passage referred to is less arbitrary than the fourth is here, for he at least spares us the tracing out of the reason why two asses must then have been required for one rider. The more evident it thus becomes that the representation of the point in question in the different
*E. G. Theile, zur Biographie Jesu, § 36, Anm. 33.
†Expositors observe in connexion with this particular, that the coat of the Jewish high priest was also of this kind. Jos. Antiq. iii. vii. 4—The same view of the above difference has been already presented in the Probabilia, p. 8o f.
Evangelists is dependent on the manner in which each interpreted that supposed prophecy in the Psalms: the less does a sure historical knowledge appear to have had any share in their representation, and hence we remain ignorant whether lots were cast on the distribution of the clothes of Jesus, nay whether in general a distribution of clothes took place under the cross of Jesus; confidently as Justin appeals in support of this very particular to the Acts of Pilate, which he had never seen.*
Of the conduct of the Jews who were present at the crucifixion of Jesus, John tells us nothing; Luke represents the people as standing to look on, and only the rulers arconteV and the soldiers as deriding Jesus by the summons to save himself if he were the Messiah, to which the latter adds the offer of the vinegar (v. 35 ff.); Matthew and Mark have nothing here of mockery on the part of the soldiers, but in compensation they make not only the chief priests, scribes, and elder; but also the passers by, paraporeomenoi vent insults against Jesus (v. 39 ff., 29 ff.). The expressions of these people partly refer to former discourses and actions of Jesus; thus, the sarcasm: Thou that destroyest the temple and buildest it again in three days, save thyself (Matt. and Mark), is an allusion to the words of that tenor ascribed to Jesus; while the reproach: he saved others, himself he cannot save, or save thyself (in all three), refers to his cures. Partly however the conduct of the Jews towards Jesus on the cross, is depicted after the same psalm of which Tertullian justly says that it contains totam Christi passionem.† When it is said in Matthew and Mark: And they that passed by reviled him, wagging their heads and saying: oi de paraporeuomenoi ablasfhmoun ayton, kinonteV taV kefalaV autwn kai legonteV (Luke says of the rulers arconteV they derided him
exemukthrizon), this is certainly nothing else than a mere reproduction of what stands in Ps. xxii. 8 (LXX.): All they that see me laugh me to scorn, they shoot out the lip and shake the head: panteV oi qewrounteV me exemukthrisan me, elalhsan en ceilesin, ekinhsan kefalhn; and the words which are hereupon lent to the Sanhedrists in Matthew: He trusted in God; let him deliver him now if he will have him, pepoiqen epi ton qeon, pusasqw nun ei qelei auton, are the same with those of the following verse in that Psalm: He trusted in the Lord that he would deliver him: let him deliver him, seeing he delighted in him, hlpusen epi Kurion, rusasqw auton, swsatw auton, oti qelei auton. Now though the taunts and shaking of the head on the part of the enemies of Jesus may, notwithstanding that the description of them is drawn according to the above Old Testament passage, still very probably have really happened: it is quite otherwise with the words which are attributed to these mockers. Words which, like those above quoted, are in the Old Testameut put into the mouth of the enemies of the godly, could not be adopted by the Sanhedrists without their voluntarily
*Apol. i. 35.
†Adv. Marcion, ut sup.
assuming the character of the ungodly: which they would surely have taken care to avoid. Only the Christian legend, if it once applied the Psalm to the sufferings of Jesus, and especially to his last hours, could attribute these words to the Jewish rulers, and find therein the fulfilment of a prophecy.
The two first Evangelists do not tell us that any one of the twelve was present at the crucifixion of Jesus: they mention merely several Galilean women, three of whom they particularize: namely, Mary Magdalene; Mary the mother of James the Less and of Joses; and, as the third, according to Matthew, the mother of the sons of Zebedee, according to Mark, Salome, both which designations are commonly understood to relate to the same person (Matt. v. 55 f.; Mark v. 40 f.): according to these Evangelists the twelve appear not yet to have reassembled after their flight on the arrest of Jesus.* In Luke, on the contrary, among all his acquaintance, panteV oi gnwstoi autou, whom he represents as beholding the crucifixion (v. 49) the twelve would seem to be included: but the fourth gospel expressly singles out from among the disciples the one whom Jesus loved, i.e. John, as present, and among the women, together with Mary Magdalene and the wife of Cl eopas, names instead of the mother of James and John, and the mother of Jesus himself. Moreover, while according to all the other accounts the acquaintances of Jesus stood afar off , makroqen, according to the fourth gospel John and the mother of Jesus must have been in the closest proximity to the cross, since it represents Jesus as addressing them from the cross, and appointing John to be his substitute in the filial relation to his mother (v. 25 ff.). Olshausen believes that he can remove the contradiction which exists between the synoptical statement and the presupposition of the fourth gospel as to the position of the friends of Jesus, by the conjecture that at first they did indeed stand at a distance, but that subsequently some approached near to the cross: it is to be observed, however, in opposition to this, that the synoptists mention that position of the adherents of Jesus just at the close of the scene of crucifixion and death, immediately before the taking down from the cross, and thus presuppose that they had retained this position until the end of the scene; a state of the case which cannot but be held entirely consistent with the alarm which filled the minds of the disciples during those days, and still more with feminine timidity. If the heroism of a nearer approach might perhaps be expected from maternal tenderness: still, the total silence of the synoptists, as the interpreters of the common evangelical tradition, renders the historical reality of that particular doubtful. The synoptists cannot have known anything of the presence of the mother of Jesus at the cross, otherwise they would have mentioned her as the chief person, before all the other women; nor does anything appear to have been known of a more intimate relation between her and John: at least in the Acts (i. 12 f.) the mother of Jesus is supposed to be with the twelve in general, his brothers, and the women of the society. It is at least not so easy to understand how the memory of that affecting presence and remarkable relation could be lost, as to conceive how the idea of them might originate in the circle from which the fourth gospel proceeded. If this circle be imagined as one in which the Apostle John enjoyed peculiar veneration, on which account our gospel drew him out of the trio of the more confidential associates of Jesus, and isolated him as the beloved disciple : it will appear that nothing could be more strikingly adapted to confirm this relation than the statement that Jesus bequeathed, as it were, the dearest legacy, his mother (in reference to whom, as well as to the alleged beloved disciple, it must have been a natural question, whether she had left the side of Jesus in this last trial), to John, and thus placed this disciple in his stead,—made him vicarius Christi.
As the address of Jesus to his mother and the favourite disciple is peculiar to the fourth gospel: so, on the other hand, the exclamation, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me hli, hli, lama sabacqani; is only found in the two first gospels (Matt. v. 46; Mark v. 34). This exclamation, with the mental state from which it proceeded, like the agony in Gethsemane, constitutes in the opinion of the church a part of the vicarious suffering of Christ. As however in this instance also it was impossible to be blind to the difficulties of the supposition, that the mere corporeal suffering, united with the external depression of his cause, overwhelmed Jesus to such a degree that he felt himself forsaken by God, while there have been both before and after him persons who, under sufferings equally severe, have yet preserved composure and fortitude: the opinion of the church has here also, in addition to the natural corporeal and spiritual affliction, supposed as the true cause of that state of mind in Jesus, a withdrawal of God from his soul, a consciousness of the divine wrath, which it was decreed that he should bear in the stead of mankind, by whom it was deserved as a punishment.† How, presupposing the dogma of the church concerning the person of Christ, a withdrawal of God from his soul is conceivable, it is the part of the defenders of this opinion themselves, to decide. Was it the human nature in him which felt so forsaken? Then would its unity with the divine have been interrupted, and thus the very basis of the personality of Christ, according to the above system, removed. Or the divine? In that case the second person in the Godhead would have been separated from the first. As little can it have been the God-man, consisting of both natures, that felt forsaken by God, since the very essence of this is the unity and inseparableness of the divine and the human. Thus urged by the self-contradiction of this supranaturalistic explanation, to fall
*Justin, Apol. 1. 50, and elsewhere, even speaks of apostacy and denial on the part of all the disciples after the crucifixion.
†Vid. Calvin, Comm. in harm. evv. in Matth. xxvii. 46; Olshausen, in loc.
back on the natural mode of accounting for the above exclamation by the sense of external suffering, and yet repelled from the idea that Jesus should have been so completely subdued by this, commentators have attempted to mollify the sense of the exclamation. It consists of the opening words of Ps. xxii., a passage which is classical for this last scene in the life of Jesus. Now this psalm begins with a complaining description of the deepest suffering, but in the course of its progress soars into joyful hope of deliverance; hence it has been supposed that the words which Jesus immediately utters do not give his entire experience, and that in thus reciting the first verse he at the same time quotes the whole psalm and especially its exulting close, just as if he meant to say: It is true that I, like the author of this psalm, appear now forsaken of God, but in me, as in him, the divine succour will only be so much the more glorified.* But if Jesus uttered this exclamation with a view to the bystanders, and in order to assure them that his affliction would soon be merged in triumph, he would have chosen the means the least adapted to his purpose, if he had uttered precisely those words of the Psalm which express the deepest misery; and instead of the first verse he would rather have chosen one from the 10th to the 12th, or from the 20th to the end. If however in that exclamation he meant merely to give vent to his own feeling, he would not have chosen this verse if his actual experience in these moments had been, not what is there expressed, but what is described in the succeeding verses. Now if this experience was his own, and if, all supernatural grounds of explanation being dismissed, it proceeded from his external calamities; we must observe that one who, as the gospels narrate of Jesus, had long included suffering and death in his idea of the Messiah, and hence had regarded them as a part of the divine arrangements, could scarcely complain of them when they actually arrived as an abandonment by God; rather, on the above supposition, we should be led to think that Jesus had found himself deceived in the expectations which he had previously cherished, and thus believed himself forsaken by God in the prosecution of his plan.† But we could only resort to snch conjectures if the above exclamation of Jesus were shown to have an historical foundation. In this respect the silence of Luke and John would not, it is true, be so serious a difficulty in our eyes, that we should take refuge in explanations like the following: John suppressed the exclamation, lest it should serve to countenance the Gnostic opinion, by admitting the inference that the Æon which was insusceptible of suffering, departed from Jesus in that moment.‡ But the relation of the words of Jesus to the 22nd Psalm does certainly render this particular suspicious. If the Messiah was once conceived of as suffering, and
*Thus Paulus, Gratz, in loc. Schleiermacher, Glaubenslebre, 2, s, 154, Anm.
†Such is the inference drawn by the author of the Wolfenbüttel Fragments, von Zweck Jesu und seiner Jünger, s. 153.
‡ Schneckenburger, Beiträge, s. 66 f.
§According to Olshausen, s 495, there is no syllable in this speech by which such a meaning is intimated; on the contrary, a secret horror had already diffused itself over the minds of the scoffers, and they trembled at the thought that Elias might appear in the storm. But when one who attempts to give a beverage to Jesus is dissuaded under the pretext of waiting to see if Elias would come to save film, ei ercetai HliaV swswn auton, this pretext is plainly enough shown to be meant in derision, and hence the horror and trembling belong only to the unscientific animus of the biblical commentator, which makes him contemplate the history of the passion above all else, as a mysterium tremendum, and causes him to discover even in Pilate a depth of feeling which is nowhere attributed to this Roman in the gospels.
if that psalm was used as a sort of programme of his suffering — for which it was by no means necessary as an inducement that Jesus should have really quoted one of its verses on the cross :—the opening words of the psalm which are expressive of the deepest suffering must appear singularly adapted to be put into the mouth of the crucified Messiah. In this case the derisive speech§ of the bystanders, he calleth for Elias, etc., can have had no other origin than this—that the wish for a variety of taunts to complete this scene after the model of the psalm, was met by the similarity of sound between the hli in the exclamation lent to Jesus, and the name of Elias which was associated with the Messiah.*
Concerning the last words which the expiring Jesus was heard to utter, the Evangelists differ. According to Matthew and Mark, it was merely a loud voice, fwnh megalh, with which he departed (v. 50, 37); according to Luke it was the petition: Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit, pater, eiV ceiraV sou paraqhsomai to pneuma mou (v. 46); while according to John it was on the brief expression: it is finished, tetelestai, that he bowed his head and expired (v. 30). Here it is possible to reconcile the two first Evangelists with one or other of the succeeding ones by the supposition, that what the former describe indefinitely as a loud cry, and what according to their representation might be taken for an inarticulate expression of anguish, the others, with more particularity, give in its precise verbal form. It is more difficult to reconcile the two last gospels. For whether we suppose that Jesus first commended his soul to God, and hereupon cried: it is finished; or vice versa; both collocations are alike opposed to the intention of the Evangelists, for the expression of Luke ,kai tauta eipwn exepneusen cannot be rendered, as Paulus would have it, by: soon after he had said this, he expired; and the very words of the exclamation in John define it as the last utterance of Jesus ; the two writers forming different conceptions of the closing words. In the account of Luke, the common form of expression for the death of Jesus: paredwke to pneuma (he delivered up his spirit) appears to have been interpreted as an actual commending of his soul to God on the part of Jesus, and to have been further developed with reference to the passage Ps. xxxi. 5: (Lord) into thy hands I commend my spirit, (kurie) eiV ceiraV sou paraqhsomai to pneuma mou (LXX.),—a passage which from the strong resemblance of this Psalm to the 22nd would be
apt to suggest itself.* Whereas the author of the fourth gospel appears to have lent to Jesus an expression more immediately proceeding from his position in relation to his messianic office, making him express in the word tetelestai is finished the completion of his work, or the fulfilment of all the prophecies (with the exception, of course, of what could only be completed and fulfilled in the resurrection).
Not only these last words, however, but also the earlier expressions of Jesus on the cross, will not admit of being ranged in the succession in which they are generally supposed. The speeches of Jesus on the cross are commonly reckoned to be seven; but so many are not mentioned by any single Evangelist, for the two first have only one: the exclamation my God, my God, etc. hli, hli, k. t. l. Luke has three; the prayer of Jesus for his enemies, the promise to the thief, and the commending of his spirit into the hands of the Father; John has likewise three, but all different: the address to his mother and the disciple, with the exclamations, diyw and it is finished tetelestai. Now the intercessory prayer, the promise and the recommendation of Mary to the care of the disciple, might certainly be conceived as following each other: but the diyw and the hli come into collision, since both exclamations are followed by the same incident, the offering of vinegar by means of a sponge on a reed. When to this we add the entanglement of the tetelestai with the pater, k. t. l., it should surely be seen and admitted, that no one of the Evangelists, in attributing words to Jesus when on the cross, knew or took into consideration those lent to him by the others; that on the contrary each depicted this scene in his own manner, according as he, or the legend which stood at his command, had developed the conception of it to suit this or that prophecy or design.
A special difficulty is here caused by the computation of the hours. According to all the synoptists the darkness prevailed from the sixth hour until the ninth hour, apo ekthV wraV ewV wtaV ennathV (in our reckoning, from twelve at midday to three in the afternoon); according to Matthew and Mark, it was about the ninth hour that Jesus complained of being forsaken by God, and shortly after yielded up the ghost; according to Mark it was the third hour wra trith (nine in the morning) when Jesus was crucified (v. 25). On the other hand, John says (xix. 14.) that it was about the sixth hour (when according to Mark Jesus had already hung three hours on the cross) that Pilate first sat in judgment over him. Unless we are to suppose that the sun-dial went backward, as in the time of Hezekiah, this is a contradiction which is not to be removed by a violent alteration of the reading, nor by appealing to the wsei (about) in John, or to the inability of the disciples to take note of the hours under such afflictive circumstances; at the utmost it might perhaps
*Credner, Einleitung in das N. T. 1, s. 198.
be cancelled if it were possible to prove that the fourth gospel throughout proceeds upon another mode of reckoning time than that used by the synoptists.*
* Thus Rettig, exegetische Analekten, in Ullmann’s und Umbreit’s Studien, 1830, 1, s. 106ff; Tholuck, Glaubwürdigkeit, s, 307 ff.; comp. on the various attempts at reconciliation Lücke and De Wette, in loc. Joh.
Go to the Tables of Contents of The Life of Jesus Critically Examined
Please buy the CD to support the site, view it without ads, and get bonus stuff! | <urn:uuid:72301387-1ae8-487b-8f99-f7de7fdc6953> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/strauss/ch3-3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00280-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970082 | 49,684 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Dr Nathan Congdon received an AB degree from Princeton University and an MPhil from Cambridge, both in Oriental languages and literature. His medical and public health education were received at Johns Hopkins University, where he pursued an ophthalmology residency at the Wilmer Eye Institute. Dr Congdon’s career has focused on public health research as a tool to improve the quality of blindness prevention programs in rural Asia. He has worked at the nexus between academia and program delivery. His research has resulted in the publication of over 100 peer-reviewed articles, and has been supported by the NIH, World Bank, RPB and the governments of China and Hong Kong. Dr Congdon moved with his family to China five years ago, where he is a Professor of Preventive Ophthalmology at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, the largest eye hospital in China. He regularly collaborates on blindness prevention programs in Asia and elsewhere with NGOs including Helen Keller International, ORBIS International and the Fred Hollows Foundation. In addition to providing medical and surgical care to adults and children with glaucoma, a major focus of Dr Congdon’s work has been the training of the next generation of eye doctors in China. He has received the Wilmer Resident Teaching Award, the Outstanding Service Award and Holmes Lecture Award from the APAO, and has recently been awarded a Thousand Man Prize by the Chinese government. | <urn:uuid:d32d2c3d-4088-497f-9ee2-c4e10da55f02> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sccei.fsi.stanford.edu/reap/people/nathan-congdon?by_publication_type=journal_article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.975252 | 284 | 1.679688 | 2 |
US, Singapore developers optimize tech-brain interface in low-cost educational device
The U.S.- and Singapore-based creators of the I-slate educational tablet and local government officials in India’s Mahabubnagar District plan to adopt 50,000 of the low-cost electronic educational slates into middle and high school classrooms throughout the district over the next three years. The plans were announced today in Hyderabad, India, by district officials, the Indian non-profit Villages for Development and Learning Foundation (ViDAL), Rice University and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore.
The I-slate, a low-cost learning tool designed for classrooms with no electricity and too few teachers, is under joint development by the I-slate Consortium, which includes hardware and software experts at Rice and NTU, social outreach partners from ViDAL and a Los Angeles-based design team.
The district of Mahabubnagar in the Indian state Andhra Pradesh has about 500,000 students in government schools. Consortium leaders and Mahabubnagar officials said they hope to supply I-slates to at least 10 percent of the students over the next three years.
“The I-slate project is about empowering local communities with education and knowledge,” said Rajeswari Pingali, ViDAL founding chairwoman. “Based on two years of lab-to-school testing rounds, today we have a fully functional I-slate which will be adapted by the district education department for expanding the footprint of technology and bringing learning opportunities backed by the latest in modern communication technology for the benefit of rural communities.”
About 30 fourth-generation I-slates were delivered this month to a class of 10- to 13-year-olds at the Mohamed Hussainpalli Village School, which is located in Mahabubnagar District, about 70 miles from Hyderabad. The new I-slates are the first to feature a new “sense-optimized” user interface designed to improve educational outcomes in rural India.
“Sense optimization is a systematic way of improving the user experience by taking advantage of our knowledge of how the human brain processes the information so we can invest the minimum amount of resources for the effectiveness level we’re trying to reach,” said I-slate creator Krishna Palem, a professor at both Rice and NTU. “The I-slate is not a tablet computer. It is a device designed for a single purpose — education in a low-resource environment.”
Mahabubnagar is primarily rural and has a population of around 4 million. District officials plan to use the I-slate in middle and high school classrooms. With sufficient volume, the unit cost for the I-slate will be around $45 (56 Singapore dollars), Palem said.
Palem, Rice’s Ken and Audrey Kennedy Professor of Computing, initially conceived the I-slate in 2008. He thought power consumption would be the biggest hurdle, because many rural schools in India lack electricity, and a solar-powered I-slate would need to run on no more than three watts of power. However, as soon as students in Mohamed Hussainpalli Village began testing early prototypes, it became obvious that usability and effectiveness would also be a challenge.
The I-slate’s Los Angeles-based design team, which includes Marc Mertens, CEO of the Seso Media Group, and project leader Henrik Andersson, volunteered their time to work with ViDAL, NTU specialists in human-computer interaction and Rice student interns Lauren Pemberton and Shelby Reinhardt, both seniors at Sid Richardson College; Samuel Tang, a senior at Will Rice College; and Carter Wang ’11. The designers evaluated feedback from children at Mohamed Hussainpalli Village School and spent thousands of hours scrutinizing the placement and flow of features and the way children interacted with the I-slate both visually and by touch.
The designers incorporated elements from video games and social networking to draw students in and hold their interest. For example, a colorful cartoon creature in the corner of the I-slate screen watches the student and changes expression based upon the child’s actions. The more the student studies and the better her grades, the happier the creature appears.
The I-slate is a joint project of the Rice-NTU Institute for Sustainable and Applied Infodynamics (ISAID). Palem, who directs ISAID, is a Nanyang Visiting Professor at NTU.
“It is very exciting to see the early work on the I-slate expand to a larger user base,” said ISAID affiliate Vincent Mooney, associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at Georgia Tech, who worked on the I-slate as a visiting faculty member at NTU.
The hardware and graphic content for the I-slate are being developed in tandem because they will ultimately use a revolutionary low-power computer chip — another of Palem’s inventions. The new chip, which could be ready for use in the I-slate by 2013, will cut power requirements in half and allow the device to run on solar power from small panels similar to those used on handheld calculators. | <urn:uuid:8010f342-26c7-4bd2-90c2-2d3112c5929e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://news.rice.edu/2012/03/19/indian-district-plans-to-adopt-50000-i-slate-tablets-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720238.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00188-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951213 | 1,097 | 2.359375 | 2 |
News, views and commentary on Long Island, state and national politics.
New York’s chief judge proposed Tuesday that law-school students spend their last semester doing free legal work for credit, saying it would provide vital services to the poor and real-world experience for would-be lawyers.
“Why not give law students choices that can make all three years of law school more meaningful and worthwhile?” Chief Judge Jonathan Lippman said in his annual State of the Judiciary address.
Lippman said the state Board of Law Examiners has already approved the “Pro Bono Scholars Program” and that the initiative will be offered in all the state's 15 law schools, including Hofstra University and Touro College.
He called the program the “first of its kind in the country.” It would not be mandatory for all law-school students, but would offer them credit and an accelerated schedule for taking the bar exam.
“The benefits of the Program could not be more apparent,” the judge said. “We offer this new option of coupling early bar admission, practical experience, and service to the poor as part of what must be a partnership of the academy, the judiciary, and the profession to help close the justice gap and ensure the nobility and relevance of the legal profession in the challenging years ahead. Together, we can lay a cornerstone for the future of legal education, for lawyers, and for the vital services they provide in New York and around the nation -- to rich and poor, high and low alike.”
Click here to read Lippman's address. | <urn:uuid:b5343502-ef51-4062-a987-f021ac76ea80> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.newsday.com/long-island/politics/spin-cycle/ny-top-judge-proposes-law-students-work-for-credit-1.7031541 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00564-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965678 | 333 | 1.78125 | 2 |
In the past year or so, you or someone you know has likely taken some school or college courses that are taught over the internet. Online learning, sometimes referred to as distance learning or distance learning, is nothing new – people have been using their desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones to access learning content for years. However, the pandemic has separated learners from their classrooms in an unprecedented way. For many of us, including librarians, this sudden change pushed us out of our comfort zones and we had to adjust to this “new normal” whether we like it or not.
There are two main types of online learning: real-time instruction (synchronous) and instruction that allows learners to learn at their own pace (asynchronous). While some people may feel isolated due to a lack of in-person interactions, online learning is not without its benefits.
With a device connected to the Internet, people can learn from anywhere, whether it is in another state or on the other side of the world. Taking courses online can also save travel time and accommodate those with family or work obligations. What’s more, research has shown that a well-designed online course can facilitate learning just as effectively as in-person instruction.
But what does online learning have to do with libraries? If people take lessons from their rooms, don’t bricks and mortar libraries become useless? Although traditionally known to house physical books, libraries, especially college and university libraries, have a wide range of offerings for distance learners, and we can take the example of the University of London library. ‘Idaho.
Let’s talk about our collections first. Although we have eBooks that people can use online, most of our collection of books is in physical format. If the students live in other parts of the state or country, we send the books with return shipping labels to their off-campus addresses. We can also borrow print materials and media from over 30 other academic libraries in the Pacific Northwest and send these items to off-campus locations.
Although we cannot digitize an entire book due to copyright laws, we may digitize certain sections (a chapter, for example) if people submit a request, then we email them the digital files. . We may also request and deliver electronic copies of materials held by other libraries around the world.
In addition to books, we have other digital collections including journal articles; theses and dissertations; local, national and international newspapers; streaming video for education and recreation; unique digital collections such as resources related to Idaho history and jazz; and many others available online.
The University of Idaho library also offers a variety of services to support online learning. We provide stable Wi-Fi and study rooms and spaces equipped with video conferencing technology for collaborative online work in the library building. Librarians also run workshops on a variety of professional development and continuing education topics each semester, both online and in person, and resources from past library workshops are readily available on the library’s website.
Finally, in addition to calling, texting and emailing us, anyone (yes, anyone) can use our online chat service through our website to get support. 24/7 help. All of these resources and services are just a few examples of how we support online learning.
One final note: you can also find other library resources even if you are not affiliated with a university. In addition to your local public library, did you know that anyone living in Idaho can access thousands of magazines, reference materials, newspapers and more for free through lili.org?
As more schools and colleges embrace online courses, supporting distance learners may have been a late task for some libraries. Although the way we learn has changed over the years, libraries will continue to provide access to information and disseminate knowledge as part of our core missions, and supporting e-learning is just that. one of the many services that will continually improve and evolve.
Hanwen Dong is an Instructional Technology Librarian at the University of Idaho Library. | <urn:uuid:5f2768c1-13bd-4fb5-9955-1721369d17d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://libhitech.com/libraries-and-e-learning-are-a-late-match-local/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.958355 | 825 | 3.25 | 3 |
A group of two dozen young women at Whitehall High School received a lesson last Friday in empowerment and self defense.
The students, all seniors, took a break from their normal routine to participate in a Rape Aggression Defense course (R.A.D. for short) offered by the Washington County Sheriff’s Department.
The program was the first of its type offered by the Sheriff’s Department and participants spent nine hours over the course of two days (a second session was scheduled to be held today) learning how to react during an assault.
“The program is intended to instill confidence in their physical abilities to fight back if they are in danger or feel threatened,” said Officer Kristen Hardy, community outreach coordinator for the Sheriff’s Department and one of three certified R.A.D. instructors attached to the county’s law enforcement agency.
The program, which is just the latest in a growing list of community service initiatives implemented by Sheriff Jeffrey Murphy since taking office last year, is an internationally recognized self-defense program created in 1989. Over the course of the last two-and-a-half decades more than 900,000 people have completed the program.
Hardy and Kayla Taras were both certified as R.A.D. instructors in January. Jaime Huntington, a graduate of Whitehall and a part-time officer with the Whitehall Police Department completed his training last September.
Last Friday was the first time the trio had taught the course locally.
“We thought we would initially target the schools first,” Hardy said. “This is a very beneficial age group. A lot of these girls are going away to college and they haven’t been subjected to some of the things they may see or encounter on a college campus.”
According to the New York State Coalition Against Sexual Assault, at least one in four college women will be the victim of a sexual assault while they are in school and there is more than 35 incidents of sexual assault per 1,000 female students on campus.
Hardy said the goal of R.A.D. is to teach young women how to avoid those situations and how to react in the event such a situation is unavoidable.
“We’re hoping to instill a confidence in their physical abilities to fight back and protect themselves,” Hardy said.
The course will eventually be offered free to women of any age and girls as old as 14. Hardy said the course may eventually be offered to the elderly as well as to men and would include aerosol and keychain defense training.
“It’s a great form of community interaction,” Hardy said.
On Friday, instructors spent the morning showing a Power Point presentation aimed at teaching students how to reduce their risks of becoming a victim. During the afternoon, students gathered in the wrestling room in the Sr. High wing of the high school and learned basic tactical maneuvers.
The women learned how to block and throw sweep kicks, groin kicks, elbows and punches, all while emphatically shouting “no.” They even had the opportunity to try their new moves on a dummy the students affectionately named “Bob.”
“It’s been very productive. The girls were very shy and timid at the beginning but they really got into it and you could see the confidence they gained,” Taras said.
Principal Kelly McHugh, who stopped by near the end of Friday’s session, noticed the change.
“You can feel the empowerment and confidence in the room,” she said.
The students were scheduled to learn a few additional skills and review everything they had learned later this afternoon before the course was completed. But for most of the students, the lessons had already been learned.
“It was a lot of fun,” said Peyton Bessette. “I definitely feel more empowered.” | <urn:uuid:bedbb5e3-d384-4808-af2a-c811982f4eaf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://manchesternewspapers.com/2013/03/20/sheriffs-departments-teaches-students-self-defense/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00275-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977463 | 813 | 1.953125 | 2 |
I’m considering going for a teeth whitening, but is this safe to do?
In the U.S., teeth whitening products are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, as they are not classified as drugs. As such, long term safety data doesn’t exist for them. But health experts warn that consumers should beware of the risks of using stronger varieties containing hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide tends to be more effective (it essentially bleaches the tooth enamel), but it is a harsh chemical that can be poisonous if swallowed.
Europa, the official website of the European Union (EU), cites studies showing that bleaching teeth with hydrogen peroxide-based products can “harm the surface of the teeth, making the enamel more porous and leading to dents, scratches and loss of minerals.” Europa further warns that it’s important for people to keep their tooth enamel in good condition as it is “the protective, hard layer covering the softer dentine inside the tooth” and “does not regenerate.” The EU recommends people avoid tooth whitening products with hydrogen peroxide levels higher than a 1.5 percent concentration; most over-the-counter varieties come in at about a 0.5 percent concentration level. If the label on the product you are considering doesn’t indicate the concentration, it might be better to go with one that has a more complete ingredients listing.
Dentists can access teeth whitening solutions with higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide than are available over-the-counter; as such a professional job in your dentist’s office will be more effective and last longer than the solutions you can take home from the drug store. And while higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide might not be what you’re looking for, dentists can apply it in more targeted ways. If you do it yourself at home there is a greater chance you will expose your gums and other parts of your mouth to hydrogen peroxide or swallow more of it than you should.
As for maintaining that bright white look, whether you did it yourself or had it done professionally, your local drugstore or supermarket no doubt carries a wide selection of toothpastes that claim to whiten teeth. The ones which work the best contain — you guessed it! — hydrogen peroxide, which can be irritating if used day after day.
Fortunately for the health-minded home teeth whitener there are many less harsh varieties of these toothpastes now on the market. The website Skin Deep, a free online safety guide to cosmetics and personal care products published by the non-profit Environmental Working Group, lists Tom’s of Maine Natural Antiplaque Tartar Control Plus Whitening Toothpaste — which makes use of all-natural hydrated silica, not hydrogen peroxide, for whitening and stain removal — as one of the safest kinds of whitening toothpastes out there today. Burt’s Bees Natural Fluoride-Free Whitening Toothpaste and CloSYS Toothpaste for Teeth Whitening also get high marks from Skin Deep for their natural, non-toxic ingredients. While such products may not be “advanced” formulations from a leading packaged goods conglomerate, your teeth and body may thank you later.
SEND YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTIONS TO: EarthTalk®, c/o E – The Environmental Magazine, P.O. Box 5098, Westport, CT 06881; firstname.lastname@example.org. E is a nonprofit publication. Subscribe: www.emagazine.com/subscribe; Request a Free Trial Issue: www.emagazine.com/trial | <urn:uuid:8a8b2462-f2a2-4c6f-8af1-32cd4bcea866> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://smdp.com/problems-with-whitening/77394 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00061-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91056 | 765 | 2.609375 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- MountSteele A mountain, 5,076.4 m (16,644 ft) high, in the St. Elias Mountains of southwest Yukon Territory, Canada.
- Steele, Sir Richard 1672-1729. Irish-born English writer of plays and essays who founded and edited The Tatler (1709-1711) and, with Joseph Addison, The Spectator (1711-1712).
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- proper n. An English and Scottish surname from Middle English stele ("steel"); either a metal worker or a person considered to be as hard as steel.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. English writer (1672-1729)
Sorry, no etymologies found.
STEELE APPOINTS ANUZIS CO-CHAIR OF RNC TRANSITION TEAM … Comprised of current RNC members, the transition team will help implement the sweeping changes Steele proposed during his campaign for chairman.
I believe Steele is trying to distract attention from the real issue.
Yesterday at situation room last question from Wolf Blitzer to RNC Chairman Michael Steele is the answer
Steele is a perfect example of the republicans playing that card.
And furthermore, Michael Steele is a fool who doesn't know when he's being used.
Michael Steele is ignorant to what's happening at his doorstep and instead of having dialogue to help quell the issue, he indirectly encourages it.
I mean I understand the Democrats want to paint all whites that disagree as racist but Steele is black.
I see Steele is still trying to be relevant but no one in his party respects or even acknowledge him & no matter how many Republican talking points he can recite that is a fact and the only “race card” that was played is when he was voted to become their party leader but with his powers stripped.
Steele is a human being who is a fool and a patsy.
Steele is the spoke that sat by the door, the Republicans are using him to attack Obama to make it seem like its not racial. | <urn:uuid:48746660-c0df-4fc7-8c04-09805b8d0ef7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/Steele | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00465-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952952 | 465 | 1.75 | 2 |
Children & Blank Slate Evolution
The “blank slate” view of human development was first documented in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and is generally credited to Locke and Rousseau. The idea is that a child is born completely free of any predisposition or vulnerabilities, and that everything the child would become was due to the effects of the environment. With advances in biotechnology, neuroscience, evolutionary theory, and psychology, this view has all but been completely discredited today.
Most people are now thought to have significant “pre-programming” from genes that have some influence on almost every want, trait, feeling, thought, and action. However, although we are bombarded right now by news about gene X being responsible for enjoying Saturday morning cartoons, it is important to remember that families, communities, peers, schools, culture, and parents have at LEAST an equal part of making us who we are, even if Rousseau was wrong.
Meek, W. (2007). Children & Blank Slate Evolution. Psych Central. Retrieved on January 17, 2017, from http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2007/03/04/children-blank-slate-evolution/ | <urn:uuid:356f0cab-569a-434f-aa7d-73816ec6bb66> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2007/03/04/children-blank-slate-evolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00432-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9653 | 249 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Recipe courtesy of Fresh, Simple, Southern
Click image to enlarge
Fill an 8-quart stockpot two-thirds full of water and bring it to a boil over high heat. Transfer the crabs to the pot one by one, picking up each with tongs (approach them from the back of their carapaces) and submersing it in the water. Cook until their shells turn bright orange, about 2 minutes after the last crab goes in the pot. Transfer the crabs to a colander set in the sink, and run cold water over them. When they are cool enough to handle, remove the face of each crab (the strip on the front that encompasses the eyes and the mouth) using kitchen scissors. Then slip your thumb in the gap created between the top and bottom shells and pull off the top shell, exposing the feathery gills. Discard the top shell and the gills. (If you find any orange crab roe in there, reserve it and add it to the sauté pan with the garlic and chile flakes in the next step.) Turn the crab over and slide the tip of a knife beneath the spot where the cape of the shell tapers to a point; lift the bottom shell off and discard it. Crack each crab in two down the middle. Cleaning the crabs will take about 10 minutes.
In a large sauté pan, melt the butter over medium heat until frothy. Add the garlic and chile flakes. Cook, stirring them around the pan, until the garlic is translucent and very fragrant, about 4 minutes. Add the hot sauce and cornstarch, whisk the contents of the pan to combine completely, and cook until the sauce just begins to bubble, about 2 minutes. Add the crabs to the pan and continue, turning them with tongs or a wooden spoon until all the crabs are evenly coated with the sauce. Cover, and cook just until the crabs are warmed through, about 3 minutes. Remove from the heat.
Line a platter with the watercress or other green. Transfer the crabs to the platter and pile them in a mound. If the remaining sauce in the pan has broken at all, whisk it until it's emulsified again, and then pour the sauce over the crabs. Scatter green onions on top, if desired. | <urn:uuid:82ac916e-6754-43fc-88e9-f4bcaf6edfb5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://louisiana.kitchenandculture.com/recipes/garlic-chile-crabs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.913609 | 500 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Grading Children’s ClothingIn this e-dossier you will find instructions for grading children's clothing.
In this e-dossier you will find instructions for grading different models of children’s clothing. It explains step by step how to enlarge and reduce patterns in different children’s sizes.
- Hooded Jacket
- Grading Increments Chats
Format: DIN A4
Page Count: 15 Pages
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Pattern Making Men’s Grading Breeches & Worker Breeches
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By Tim Barlass
The umbrellas were four deep along Martin Place next to the Cenotaph in Sydney. The drizzle sparkling in the spotlights started just after 4am but it wasn’t about to deter this crowd.
The Anzac Day dawn service, liberated at last from COVID-19, was always going to be well attended given last year’s ticket-only event for 100 and its cancellation in 2020.
Free transparent ponchos were distributed so you could still see the uniforms and medals underneath. Premier Dominic Perrottet arrived with a brolly escort from RSL President Ray James.
But then, as chaplain Captain Tim St Quintin sat down after giving the Prayers of Response, the rain, possibly by divine intervention, at 4.26 miraculously stopped.
Master of ceremonies Gareth McCray invited everyone to lower their umbrellas and the business of the service and wreath-laying got under way.
In the commemoration address, Major-General Matthew Pearse, Commander Forces Command, reminded us that this year marked the significant anniversary of a number of battles.
It is the 80th anniversary of the bombing of Darwin, the fall of Singapore, the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Kokoda campaign, the 55th anniversary of deployments to Vietnam and the first Anzac Day since Australia’s withdrawal from Afghanistan.
“We remember the resilient spirit of ordinary people. Anzac Day is for all Australians to remember: the bravery, mateship and sacrifice made by past and present generations so that we might all have a better future.”
Len McLeod, 96, from Queensland, has seen his fair share of conflict having enlisted four times, the first at the age of 15 but he got away with it because he was tall.
He gets out of his wheelchair to chat to Labor MP Tanya Plibersek, laying a wreath on behalf of the Leader of the Opposition.
McLeod has plenty to chat about. He used to lie on the floor of a C-47 Dakota, dropping essential supplies to Australian troops in New Guinea during the Second World War.
The aircraft were dubbed the “Biscuit Bombers”, and McLeod would lie on his back, his legs doubled up behind the load, as he waited for the crew to give him the green light to kick supplies of food and ammunition out of the side of the aircraft. He was also one of the first into Japan after the war ended.
“I felt I should be here today. When I enlisted I think they would have taken anyone in those days because the Japanese had taken Singapore, Australia was in a terrible shape and I felt it was my duty. It is pretty hard for me to talk about it because I lost a lot of friends,” McLeod said.
Sam Rerekura, from the New Zealand Returned Services, explained he had to improvise with his headgear. Pointing to the foliage, he said: “This is just from the tree down the road from my house in Camden. I couldn’t find the most appropriate one because they don’t grow here. It should be from the kawakawa tree but we don’t have kawakawa trees here but any type of greenery is appropriate.”
The wreaths were laid, Perrottet was accompanied by his daughters Charlotte, 12, and Amelia, 10. The rain held off, the Last Post and Reveille were played and the light came up.
Ray James said it was good to see the crowds back.
“We have come out of the COVID restrictions, the people have come out to show their respects to all men and women who put on the uniform to defend Australia,” he said.
“There wasn’t a part of Martin Place where you could stand, it was packed.”
The Morning Edition newsletter is our guide to the day’s most important and interesting stories, analysis and insights. Sign up here. | <urn:uuid:763f173f-83f0-412d-896d-03a314f17e64> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/nsw/rain-stops-at-anzac-day-dawn-service-after-chaplain-s-prayers-20220425-p5afsa.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.977903 | 841 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Looking at the listed buildings register it appears that the majority of properties along White Hart Street are listed, with many having long and complex histories.
Number 14 is now in use as a nursery, but the building itself dates back in part to at least the eighteenth century. It was in use as a theatre and shop until 1833 and the building is still known as Theatre House. After it fell out of use as a theatre it was converted into two houses and a shop, before being converted into offices during the late twentieth century.
The left half of the property has retained its eighteenth century shopfront and the display window is original, with its four rows of four panes. Unfortunately, some recent work at the property has discovered that the theatre element at the rear of the structure is no longer present, as it was demolished in 1833.
A history of the town published in the Norfolk News in 1896 gives the name of the theatre, which was thoughtfully called the Thetford Theatre. The authors of the article claim that it was at its height of popularity in 1830 and was “in old times visited by good companies of actors”. A book of the time mentions that the popularity of the theatre diminished in 1833 when the assizes moved to Norwich. I’m not quite sure that I understand the link there, as would a court really generate that much trade for a theatre?
The theatre did get a fair bit of publicity when in 1808 one of the audience decided it would be a marvellous idea to throw a stone from the gallery. This hit a gentleman in the pit and caused some pain, but efforts made by Mr. Fisher, the theatre manager, to find the culprit were unsuccessful.
In 1939 the shop here was a fishmongers and fruit shop, operated by Alfred Barnett, who was also one of the town’s ARP wardens. | <urn:uuid:8f69189d-770a-4920-84a0-07ebed8ec654> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.julianwhite.uk/thetford-14-white-hart-street/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.988204 | 384 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Many farmers and seed industry members have come to realize that business-as-usual will not be a business at all unless some changes are made to the way plant breeding is funded in this country. Everyone recognizes that most of the money that goes into plant breeding goes into just a few crops through private investment, and that public breeders trying to support crops, such as wheat, oats, barley, and flax are beginning to be left behind.
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) recently launched a consultation process with grain and seed industry stakeholders and producer associations to see who model may work to ensure investment and sustainability for the seed industry. As part of the process, AAFC is presenting two proposals: an end point royalty or a trailing royalty. (RealAgriculture outlined these proposal previously here.)
This week at Saskatoon,RealAgriculture’s Dale Leftwich attended the meeting dubbed “Transforming Canada’s cereals sector through value creation,” and captured the opinions of some of the farmers in the room. (story continues after video)
Rob Stone, of Davidson, says, “It seems really complicated. there’s lots of different opinions on how we’re going to what I think everybody’s goal is a more profitable cereal industry. It is basically talking about cereals, but all crops besides the ones that are privately invested in.”
Stewart Wells, from Swift Current, has some strong opinions on the subject, and he is not impressed. “I’m not happy with the process and I’m also not happy with the general direction that the federal government seems to be wanting to head in this whole enterprise. They’ve created this bargain with big seed companies and the government is deliberately trying to create a vacuum with the hope these big seed companies will step in and fill this research vacuum in variety development.”
Brent Johnson, of Strasbourg, thinks more should have been done to bring farmers into the consultation earlier. “We’ve known about this process for a little while. It’s sort of been a closed process from our prospective at SaskBarley and my prospective as a producer. We are definitely not really happy with the amount of consultation the producers have been given.”
Travis Uteck, of Swift current, has this to say about the options presented: “I think there’s viable options there. As a farmer the biggest concern is that the royalty dollars end up going back to the breeders so we capture value for them.” | <urn:uuid:c7864235-dec9-4946-b9f2-9420454f3816> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.realagriculture.com/2018/12/farmers-react-to-proposed-changes-to-seed-royalty-structure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.96075 | 549 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Item description for Spatial Disparities in Human Development: Perspectives from Asia by Ravi Kanbur...
Spatial disparities are a measure of the unequal distribution of income, wealth, power and resources between peoples in different locations. As a dimension of overall inequality, spatial disparities have added significance when combined with regional divisions and political and ethnic tensions that can undermine social and political stability. This book focuses on issues of poverty and inequality that are directly related to the Millennium Development Goals. The authors examine spatial disparities in countries and regions that are attracting considerable professional and political attention, such as China, Russia and Central Asian countries.
Promise Angels is dedicated to bringing you great books at great prices. Whether you read for entertainment, to learn, or for literacy - you will find what you want at promiseangels.com!
Studio: United Nations University Press
Est. Packaging Dimensions: Length: 9.1" Width: 6.1" Height: 0.8" Weight: 1.25 lbs.
Release Date Apr 7, 2006
Publisher United Nations University Press
ISBN 9280811223 ISBN13 9789280811223
Availability 0 units.
More About Ravi Kanbur
Ravi Kanbur is currently President of the Society for the Study of Economic Inequality and teaches at the Cornell University. He was educated at Cambridge and Oxford. He has served on the senior staff of the World Bank, including as Principal Adviser to the Chief Economist of the World Bank and Director of the World Bank s World Development Report. His vita lists over 200 publications and he has published in leading economics journals such as American Economic Review, Journal of Political Economy, Review of Economic Studies, Journal of Economic Theory and Economic Journal. The honours he has received include the Quality of Research Discovery Award of the American Agricultural Economics Association and an Honorary Professorship at the University of Warwick.
Ravi Kanbur was born in 1954 and has an academic affiliation as follows - International Professor of Applied Economics and Management and Profes. | <urn:uuid:9770ed9b-de66-471f-9f6b-a46e07a36c9a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.promiseangels.com/ravi-kanbur/spatial-disparities-in-human-development-perspectives/SKU/180403 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00007-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934976 | 412 | 2.859375 | 3 |
A Data Factory or Synapse Workspace can have multiple pipelines. Pipelines are groups of activities that perform a specific task together. Data integration and ETL (Extract, Transform and Load) services in the cloud work together to orchestrate data movement and transform data with ease.
- There are workflows that can ingest data from disparate data sources (called pipelines) that you can create and schedule.
- A complex ETL process can be built visually with data flows or with compute services such as Azure Databricks or Azure SQL Database.
- The transformed data can also be published for consumption by business intelligence (BI) applications to data stores such as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
- The goal of Azure Data Factory is to enable you to organize raw data into meaningful data stores and data lakes for better business decisions.
Code free ETL as service:-
Invest your time in building business logic and transforming data.
- ETL design without code
- Data from On Premise and other clouds is copied to Azure
- Transforming data at stages
Synapse Analytics workflow consists of the following components:-
- Linked services
- Data Flows
- Integration Runtimes
The components work together to create a platform for composing data-driven workflows that move and transform data.
A linked service can be compared to a connection string, which defines the connection information needed for Data Factory to connect with resources from outside. Datasets represent the structure of data, while linked services define how they are connected to the data source.
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A dataset is simply a reference to the inputs and outputs you want to use in your activities. The following are examples of source and destination datasets.
In a pipeline, activities represent processing steps. Data can be copied from one data store to another using a copy activity, for example.
Different types of activities can be added e.g. Data flow, Lookup or stored procedure,Databricks.
It is possible for a data factory to have more than one pipeline. A pipeline are logical grouping of activities that performs a unit of work. An activity in a pipeline performs a task together.
Pipeline execution begins when a trigger determines that it needs to be fired. Different types of events can be triggered by different types of triggers. Pipelines can be scheduled or run immediately when user click on the Add trigger option in the pipeline.
Azure Data Factory and Azure Synapse pipelines use the Integration Runtime (IR) as their compute infrastructure. In an activity, the action to be performed is defined. Data stores and compute services are defined by a linked service. Integration runtimes serve as a bridge between activities and linked services. Referred by the linked service, it is the compute environment where the linked activity runs.
Happy reading & learning. | <urn:uuid:598f4114-c669-461b-af6e-96632f13b60f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogs.perficient.com/2022/07/14/pipelines-and-activities-in-azure-data-factory-and-azure-synapse-analytics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.909739 | 652 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Overcoming the 'ick' factor
Finland lifted a ban on selling incests as food products in November. Since then, bakery group Fazer launched a bread that is enriched with around 70 ground house crickets late last month. The product is available at Fazer's 11 in-store bakeries throughout Finland and retails at €3.99 versus €2-3 for a regular loaf.
"Insects contain good fatty acids, calcium, iron and vitamin B12," Juhani Sibakov, Fazer innovation director, said of the launch.
Other European countries that permit the sale of insect-based food products include the UK, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium and Austria. Meanwhile, in May Switzerland gave the green light to the sale of food products containing crickets, grasshoppers and mealworms.
The new range consists of protein bars containing 34% protein that are available in two flavours - nutmix & cocoa and strawberry & yoghurt. It also includes two snack bars made of cricket flour, fruit, seeds and nuts. The snack bars also come in two varieties: Incaberry, Orange & Raw Cacao and Matcha & Lemon flavours.
Each bar contains around 17 crickets, the company noted. The products are gluten-free and will retail at around €2 per bar.
Demand exceeds expectations
According to Leader CEO Janne Hakala, insect-based ingredients are a “rising trend” due to their sustainable and nutritional credentials.
“The protein from crickets is, in terms of nutrition, of a better quality and environmentally more sustainable than the protein that we get from many other sources,” Hakala said.
However, Leader was shocked by just how strong demand was. “Insects have not been a traditional part of western food culture. For this reason, we thought that sales of Zircca bars would grow at a rather cautious rate at the beginning. The reception in the market was entirely different.”
Hakala told FoodNavigator that the first batch of 500,000 bars was sold within the space of “one 15-minute phone call”, within one hour of beginning discussions with retailers in Finland. The second batch of 500,000 bars - Leader’s factory in Toholampi in January – has already been reserved.
Significantly, specialist retailers will be the only stockists of the Zircca bars. Leader has secured distribution with mainstream retail multiples, the chief executive revealed.
“Sales of Zircca will begin next week in about 1,400 shops with one of the bigger Finnish retail chains. In Q1 of 2018, the cricket bar will be sold in altogether 5000 hyper- or supermarkets, kiosks, service stations, gyms, etcetera in Finland. The mainstream retailers in Finland are very much excited about Zircca.”
Hakala also expects to grow the brand overseas. “We are marketing Zircca overseas as well so we expect there to be growing demand for it abroad, too. It is clearly an innovation that consumers are interested in. In the background, we also see increasing interest more generally in ethical and sustainable production & environmental consciousness.”
Investing in production and supply
Leader Food’s production facility in Toholampi has an annual output of 120m bars and the company is investing to expand capacity. By the summer of 2019, the group expects to “more than double” production to 250m bars a year.
However, a key challenge currently limiting production is Leader’s access to raw materials. “Sourcing is indeed an issue at the moment and we expect to be able to match demand after 12 months,” Hakala confirmed.
Beyond the bar
Leader Foods believes that consumer and retailer demand for products enriched with insect protein stretches beyond the protein and snack bar format.
The company already has plans for further product launches in the pipeline. “In the spring, we will launch a dark chocolate bar based on cricket flour (14 crickets) with 70% cacao and coconut & pineapple. Already in January, we will launch a ready-made-soup with cricket flour and coconut & ginger.”
Hakala is confident on the outlook for insect-derived foods: “We are very much convinced that the insect-protein trend is here to stay, also given the environmental reasons behind it and the whole issue of being able to produce enough food for the world’s population. This, of course, will require that production of raw material is scaled up.”
The outlook for insect-based food products will be just one area of discussion at Protein Food Vision, an event powered by FoodNavigator that is taking place in Amsterdam next March. Join us to discover the latest business opportunities in the protein space. Leading experts will be discussing everything from export markets and growth categories to health and sustainability. Click here to find out more. | <urn:uuid:98389913-0acb-4e76-b826-79e544f0a266> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2017/12/05/Leader-CEO-on-keeping-pace-with-Finland-s-high-demand-for-cricket-based-protein | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.956596 | 1,025 | 1.5625 | 2 |
You are looking at the ruins of James Barbour’s mansion, which was completed in 1822 and destroyed by fire on Christmas Day in 1884. James Barbour enjoyed an impressive career, serving as a member in the Virginia House of Delegates, the 18th Governor of Virginia, a U.S. Senator, the U.S. Secretary of War, and the U.S. Minister to England, but he was particularly proud of his work drafting the bill establishing the Literary Fund of Virginia (see page 23), which provided some funding for public education in Virginia.
You may notice some similarities between the design of this home, called Barboursville, and Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello. In particular, you may notice a drawing room in the shape of an octagon. Jefferson’s Monticello features a similar parlor, and this is not a coincidence, since this home was designed for James Barbour by Thomas Jefferson. The ruins of Barboursville occupy land owned by a winery in Barboursville, Virginia, and can be visited whenever the winery is open. | <urn:uuid:17b838af-5924-4e88-b495-2242ced710b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2019/01/finding-the-influence-of-thomas-jefferson-in-an-antebellum-ruin-in-barboursville-virginia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.971415 | 226 | 2.75 | 3 |
2021 Chevrolet Chevelle SS Engine Specs – 2021 Chevy Chevelle continues to be assumed approximately for quite a while. The manufacturer Chevrolet Chevelle is really an older a particular, it is some sort of referred to Chevelle coming from 1977 that has trapped all of the hearts and minds coming from a lot of Chevy fans. Different Chevrolet Chevelle is regarded as the most popular exhilarating thoughts that is certainly from the American automobile designer monster. Whatever the case, anticipate these 2021 Chevy Chevelle to provide a ultimate combination from vintage-fashioned page steel plus present day performance.
2021 Chevrolet Chevelle Changes
Exterior and Interior Design
Outdoors overall look will allow high-end creations in every factors. The foreseeable future 2021 Chevy Chevelle will likely be rather a lot like considered one of Chevrolet’s most desired types, these Camaro. As this simple fact, with no the existence of a supplementary document. With all the attribute Chevy elements, this specific completely new van will probably developed two to three gates strategy. It will likewise have got a slick, solution coupled with circular search, by using easy corners and also a fender that could finished this kind of search. A couple of Encouraged front lights in the front-end will likely be crispier and also tilted fog signals. In case as well as a fabulous athletics wheel, the motor car gets remarkable products that people want to obtain.
2021 Chevrolet Chevelle not simply find a different body style and design. Room decorations are common impressive and publicized effectively. The larger coupled with spacious cabin is without a doubt lovely along with smooth and luxury car seats. In addition to that, your interior style and design of this particular modern series are certain to get new model elements additionally, the higher modern technology method. The attributes that is certainly supplied by these tool board provides the higher quality just for this van additionally, the engine performance.
This valuable motor vehicle is usually satisfied using particularly huge fun method, enjoy Wireless Bluetooth cellphone on the web connectivity, audio sound system, Usb 2 . 0 plug-ins, auxiliary result along with sound system.
2021 Chevrolet Chevelle Powertrain and Performance
Chevrolet is applying this kind of Chevelle to exhibit it is kennel motor not to mention gearbox. As the sports vehicle, it is important when it comes to Chevy to offer a highly effective motor meant for Chevelle. Carmaker intends to provide you with a couple motor choices to improve the overall outstanding performance. There may be out there the V6 that may ship 292 HP as well as 329 legs simply because of its torque generation.
Other approach, 2021 Chevy Chevelle will likely be driven which includes a V6 which usually is going to ship 293 HP. Most motors provide improved energy usage on the road and also in the particular city. No engine is without a doubt confessed given that the car’s motor, due to the fact 2021 Chevrolet Chevelle continues to be gossip.
2021 Chevrolet Chevelle Release Date and Price
Both launch date not to mention price tag for the van is just not proclaimed to date yet, there are many gossips provided relating to this. It is protected for the purpose of us to state how the van is normally integrated mainly because 2021 put out with no introduction date to date. In this situation, we ought to hold out the state introduction date regarding Chevelle. The following motor vehicle is predicted to obtain brand name in and around $36,000. | <urn:uuid:63ec8a60-32ce-492b-9da7-bd8fc8fba4d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chevroletspecsnews.com/2019-chevrolet-chevelle-ss-engine-specs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.937027 | 717 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Entity component system
This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (October 2013)
Entity Component System (ECS) is a software architectural pattern mostly used in video game development for the representation of game world objects. An ECS comprises entities composed from components of data, with systems which operate on entities' components.
ECS follows the principle of composition over inheritance, meaning that every entity is defined not by a type hierarchy, but by the components that are associated with it. Systems act globally over all entities which have the required components.
Entity: An entity represents a general-purpose object. In a game engine context, for example, every coarse game object is represented as an entity. Usually, it only consists of a unique id. Implementations typically use a plain integer for this.
Component: A component labels an entity as possessing a particular aspect, and holds the data needed to model that aspect. For example, every game object that can take damage might have a Health component associated with its entity. Implementations typically use structs, classes, or associative arrays.
System: A system is a process which acts on all entities with the desired components. For example a physics system may query for entities having mass, velocity and position components, and iterate over the results doing physics calculations on the sets of components for each entity.
The behavior of an entity can be changed at runtime by systems that add, remove or modify components. This eliminates the ambiguity problems of deep and wide inheritance hierarchies often found in Object Oriented Programming techniques that are difficult to understand, maintain, and extend. Common ECS approaches are highly compatible with, and are often combined with, data-oriented design techniques. Data for all instances of a component are commonly stored together in physical memory, enabling efficient memory access for systems which operate over many entities.
In 2007, the team working on Operation Flashpoint: Dragon Rising experimented with ECS designs, including those inspired by Bilas/Dungeon Siege, and Adam Martin later wrote a detailed account of ECS design, including definitions of core terminology and concepts. In particular, Martin's work popularized the ideas of systems as a first-class element, entities as identifiers, components as raw data, and code stored in systems, not in components or entities.
In October 2018 the company Unity released its megacity demo that utilized a tech stack built on an ECS. It had 100,000 audio sources—one for every car, neon sign, and more—creating a large, complex soundscape.
The data layout of different ECSs can differ as well as the definition of components, how they relate to entities, and how systems access entities' components.
A popular blog series by Adam Martin defines what he considers an Entity Component System:
An entity only consists of an ID for accessing components. It is a common practice to use a unique ID for each entity. This is not a requirement, but it has several advantages:
- The entity can be referred using the ID instead of a pointer. This is more robust, as it would allow for the entity to be destroyed without leaving dangling pointers.
- It helps for saving state externally. When the state is loaded again, there is no need for pointers to be reconstructed.
- Data can be shuffled around in memory as needed.
- Entity ids can be used when communicating over a network to uniquely identify the entity.
Some of these advantages can also be achieved using smart pointers.
Components have no game code (behavior) inside of them. The components don't have to be located physically together with the entity, but should be easy to find and access using the entity.
"Each System runs continuously (as though each System had its own private thread) and performs global actions on every Entity that possesses a Component or Components that match that System's query."
The Unity game engine
Unity's layout has tables each with columns of components. In this system an entity type is based on the components it holds. For every entity type there is a table (called an archetype) holding columns of components that match the components used in the entity. To access a particular entity one must find the correct archetype (table) and index into each column to get each corresponding component for that entity.
Apparatus is a third-party ECS implementation for Unreal Engine that has introduced some additional features to the common ECS paradigm. One those features is the support of the type hierarchy for the components. Each component can have a base component type (or a base class) much like in OOP. A system can then query with the base class and get all of its descendants matched in the resulting entities selection. This can be very useful for some common logic to be implemented on a set of different components and adds an additional dimension to the paradigm.
Common patterns in ECS use
The normal way to transmit data between systems is to store the data in components, and then have each system access the component sequentially. For example, the position of an object can be updated regularly. This position is then used by other systems. If there are a lot of different infrequent events, a lot of flags will be needed in one or more components. Systems will then have to monitor these flags every iteration, which can become inefficient. A solution could be to use the observer pattern. All systems that depend on an event subscribe to it. The action from the event will thus only be executed once, when it happens, and no polling is needed.
The ECS architecture has no trouble with dependency problems commonly found in Object Oriented Programming since components are simple data buckets, they have no dependencies. Each system will typically query the set of components an entity must have for the system to operate on it. For example, a render system might register the model, transform, and drawable components. When it runs, the system will perform its logic on any entity that has all of those components. Other entities are simply skipped, with no need for complex dependency trees. However this can be a place for bugs to hide, since propagating values from one system to another through components may be hard to debug. ECS may be used where uncoupled data needs to be bound to a given lifetime.
The ECS architecture uses composition, rather than inheritance trees. An entity will be typically made up of an ID and a list of components that are attached to it. Any game object can be created by adding the correct components to an entity. This allows the developer to easily add features of one object to another, without any dependency issues. For example, a player entity could have a bullet component added to it, and then it would meet the requirements to be manipulated by some bulletHandler system, which could result in that player doing damage to things by running into them.
The merits of using ECSs for storing the game state have been proclaimed by many game developers like Adam Martin. One good example is the blog posts by Richard Lord where he discusses the merits and why ECS designed game data storage systems are so useful.
Is "system" first class?
This article defines ECS as a software architecture pattern with three first-class parts: entities, components, and systems.
Due to an ambiguity in the English language, however, a common interpretation of the name is that an ECS is a system comprising entities and components. For example, in the 2013 talk at GDC, Scott Bilas compares a C++ object system and his new custom component system. This is consistent with a traditional use of system term in general systems engineering with Common Lisp Object System and type system as examples. Therefore, the ideas of "Systems" as a first-class element is a contestable.
The practical difference in such an entity-component architecture is that behaviors will be defined on the components and/or entities. This will have trade-offs making it more or less suitable depending on the application.
To avoid ambiguity in this article, we follow the words "Entity Component System" with a noun such as "framework" or "architecture". The word "system" is singular in this context.
Is ECS a useful concept?
ECS combines orthogonal, well-established ideas in general computer science and programming language theory. For example, components can be seen as a mixin idiom in various programming languages. Components are a specialized case under the general delegation (object-oriented programming) approach and meta-object protocol. That is, any complete component object system can be expressed with the templates and empathy model within The Orlando Treaty vision of object-oriented programming. But whatever the theoretical utility of the concept is, the widespread use of Entity Component System frameworks, particularly in games programming, make its practical utility incontrovertible.
- "Entity Systems Wiki". Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- Martin, Adam. "Entity Systems are the Future of MMOG Development". Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- Martin, Adam. "Entity Systems are the Future of MMOG Development Part 2". Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- "Introducing GameplayKit - WWDC 2015 - Videos". Archived from the original on 2017-10-06. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
- "SanderMertens - Overview". GitHub. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
- "Unity unleashes Megacity demo - millions of objects in a huge cyberpunk world". MCV/DEVELOP. 2018-10-24. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
- "Why use an Entity Component System architecture for game development?". www.richardlord.net. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- Bilas, Scott. "A Data-Driven Game Object System" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- Lynn Andrea Stein, Henry Liberman, David Ungar: A shared view of sharing: The Treaty of Orlando. In: Won Kim, Frederick H. Lochovsky (Eds.): Object-Oriented Concepts, Databases, and Applications ACM Press, New York 1989, ch. 3, pp. 31–48 ISBN 0-201-14410-7 (online Archived 2016-10-07 at the Wayback Machine) | <urn:uuid:7c9d90ce-73c0-487d-b43e-29e19a5f475d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_component_system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.915546 | 2,238 | 2.640625 | 3 |
When you’re sexually active, pregnancy is usually the biggest concern. The teenage years are the most fertile time to get pregnant where the percentage is the highest. During the right time of month (around the time of ovulation), the percentage can be as high as 80%. The older you get the percentage becomes lower and lower.
While pregnancy is a concern especially if you are not on birth control or using protection, STDs are equally a concern. Unlike pregnancy where there are certain times of the month where you cannot get pregnant, you can get a STD anytime you have sexual intercourse even with protection.
What is a STD?
STD stands for sexually transmitted disease and there are more than a dozen of STDs that some can be chronic and be a life-time infection. More and more new infections are diagnosed every year with over half occur in people who are between the ages of 15-24.
STD is a disease where it is passed on during sexual activity (vaginal, oral, anal, outer course) and can be transmitted through bodily fluids and in some cases on skin to skin contact.
Some infections may have signs or symptoms while others may not; there are some people who have no idea they have an STD and can be passed on without even realizing it.
STD vs. STI
STD (sexually transmitted disease) and STI (sexually transmitted infection) are sometimes used interchangeably but the difference is that a STI is an infection in the body that may have symptoms or not while STD is a disease where the infection causes harm to the body that may or may not show signs or symptoms.
All STDs are STIs, but not all STIs become STDs.
Condoms can help to not contract or transmit a STD but they are not 100% and people can still contract the infection or disease. There are some vaccinations for some STDs but not all have a vaccine.
The only way to not contract the STD is to not have sex.
Some STDs can be treated by medicine especially if detected early while others will stay with you the rest of your life. Some that are not treatable can be managed.
Get tested to see if you have an STD; it is easy and harmless; it is worth it to know so you can get treated and to not spread it. | <urn:uuid:6f805102-2956-447d-82e3-2e84f44ce20b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sycamorehouseprc.org/2020/02/14/sexual-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.961672 | 480 | 3 | 3 |
4 Things I learned Designing User Interfaces for VR at Disney.
The VR design space is 🔥🔥🔥.
The VR Space is heating up real quick. Here’s a few grab and go learnings I picked up on my first VR project. These learnings are applicable to both the mobile device VR environment as well as higher end headsets.
I was fortunate enough to have been presented the opportunities to grow at the right times and had just the right skills. Where this led me was on the product team as a lead UI designer at Walt Disney Studios working on Disney Movies VR. This project was a team effort, and I was fortunate enough to have been given the opportunity to contribute to it.
1. Print design is relevant to VR design
VR is an interesting space to design for because it’s this overlap of technology, visual design, and interface design. Where it differs is the approach. Having experience both in graphic design and UI design, I can tell you VR is a strange mix of the two, and is kind of more relevant to print design than anything else. Yes you are designing for a ‘screen’ but things designed in space are 100% relevant to your spatial relationship to it. Screens, and specifically typography lend themselves very much so to the same relationships you would find and leverage in the real world. I found myself asking questions like “How big should this type be to be readable?” only to realize later that these precedents existed in billboards, posters, and even books. When it comes to design, one can never get away from typography, and when it comes to typography in space, virtual or real — it’s all about the readability and communication.
tl;dr — Print has solved this for the real world. No need to reinvent the wheel for the virtual world.
2. Be Strategic with your targets
The tricky thing about VR is the method of input. During my time at Disney, we optimized for gaze based navigation, assuming that our users would have limited or no input capability at all. This means that the crosshair/reticle/cursor was also your button click if you hovered over an interactive object long enough. The challenge this presents is making sure your users don’t fall into a black hole of button clicks as they’re browsing through your information architecture. We intentionally designed our UI to be out the cone of focus after users invoke a specific action. This encouraged even more intentional actions for invoking and accessing VR content.
tl;dr—Users might gaze naturally in the center after invoking a thumbnail. Putting your targets out of the natural gaze position will prevent accidental clicks.
3. It’s important to mock it up in VR
Mock ups and comps are great for soliciting team and stakeholder buy in, but the only way to truly dog food what you’ve designed is to throw your design into VR space. You give yourself permission to see it in the world it’s designed to be in. Size, space, colors are suddenly being consumed spatially and really give you an opportunity to be critical with the work you’ve done.
While stumbling through this process, I cobbled together a workflow that let me crudely view flat mocks as a spherical skin in my Google Cardboard viewer. There’s still a huge opportunity for prototyping in this space as there currently exists a large void. At Disney, we were fortunate enough have our engineering partners facilitate this by providing prototyping software for us to view our flat UI designs.
tl;dr — Design comps are great, but you really need to see it in a headset to get an idea of what you’re designing.
4. It’s all about the feedback
Visual, auditory, haptic — I’d argue that feedback becomes even more critical in VR because of the low barrier to distract a user. Where previously UI design’s limitations were viewport, VR opens up an entire world to be interacted with. Buttons and links can now look like portals, objects, and regular old desktop items. This is where I think game design becomes largely relevant. It’s important to surface feedback in some form and to do so consistently so users understand what “rules” they have for invoking objects and actions. Also important after establishing your visual language and rulebook is to remain consistent with it. No one wants to figure out why your buttons are 2 different colors.
tl;dr — Give your users some feedback when they’ve hovered over something interactive. The more the better, because a VR environment can be pretty distracting.
Wrapping it up
If you’re a designer in the VR space, there’s still a lot of great design thinking to be had, these are just some I stumbled upon. For the most part the principles of design still apply and are probably more relevant than ever. Have any other awesome thoughts or insights? I’d love to hear them (seriously).
Be cool, and leave a comment below. | <urn:uuid:e127d63e-1b48-41ed-a278-adecc9c0d505> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://medium.com/startup-grind/4-things-i-learned-designing-user-interfaces-for-vr-cc08cac9e7ec | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00058-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951237 | 1,057 | 1.570313 | 2 |
|Bob Sharp Roadster articles, bulletins and manuals|
- Race Preparing the Datsun
From the SCCA's Sports Car magazine in 1965, this was Bob's first article on prepping the Datsun 1500 Roadster.
Prepared by Bob Sharp in conjunction with Nissan Motor Corp., this manual was a 'must have' for 60's Datsun racers.
Note:- The manual is available in PDF format from Greg Valazza's datsun.org. Click on the thumbnail to access this 10.6MB download.
These pages, unless otherwise stated, are copyright ©1999 & 2000, Rob Beddington & The Classic Fairlady Roadster Register. Do not redistribute in any form without the prior permission of the owner. | <urn:uuid:f64a41c8-ccfe-4baf-8a7e-9bb4379c8a29> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.datsun.org/fairlady/bobsharparticles.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.800919 | 194 | 1.820313 | 2 |
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Natron is a naturally occurring mixture of sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3·10 H2O, a naturally occurring form of soda ash) and about 17% sodium bicarbonate (baking soda, NaHCO3) along with small quantities of household salt (sodium chloride) and sodium sulfate. Natron is white to colorless when pure, varying to gray or yellow with impurities. Natron deposits occur naturally as a part of saline lake beds in arid environments. Historically natron had many practical applications which still resonate in the wide modern use of its constituent mineral components. In mineralogy the term natron often means only the prevailing hydrated sodium carbonate found in the historical salt.
The English word natron is a French cognate derived from the Spanish natrón through the Arabic natrun from Greek nitron which derived from the Ancient Egyptian word netjeri, stemming from Wadi El Natrun, Egypt. The modern chemical symbol for sodium, Na, is an abbreviation of that element's new Latin name natrium, which was derived from natron.
Importance in antiquity
Historical natron was harvested directly as a salt mixture from dry lake beds in ancient Egypt and has been used for thousands of years as a cleaning product for both the home and body. Blended with oil, it was an early form of soap. It softens water whilst removing oil, grease and alcohol stains. Undiluted, natron was a cleanser for the teeth and an early mouthwash. The mineral was mixed into early antiseptics for wounds and minor cuts. Natron can be used to dry and preserve fish and meat. It was also an ancient household insecticide.
The mineral was used in Egyptian mummification because it absorbs water and behaves as a drying agent. Moreover, when exposed to moisture the bicarbonate in natron increases pH, which creates a hostile environment for bacteria. Culturally, natron was generally thought to enhance spiritual safety for both the living and the dead. Natron was added to castor oil to make a smokeless fuel which allowed Egyptian artisans to paint elaborate artworks inside ancient tombs without staining them with soot.
Natron is an ingredient for the making of a distinct color called Egyptian blue. It was used along with sand in ceramic and glass making by the Romans and others at least until 640 CE. The mineral was also employed as a flux to solder precious metals together.
Most of natron's uses both in the home and by industry were gradually replaced with often closely related sodium compounds and minerals. Natron's detergent properties are now commercially supplied by soda ash (the mixture's chief compound ingredient) and other chemicals. Soda ash also replaced natron in glassmaking. Many of its ancient household roles are now filled by ordinary baking soda, natron's secondary ingredient.
Chemistry of hydrated sodium carbonate
The compound sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3·10 H2O) found in historical natron has a specific gravity of 1.42 to 1.47 and a Mohs hardness of 1. It crystallizes in the monoclinic-domatic crystal system, typically forming efflorescences and encrustations. Hydrated sodium carbonate effloresces (loses water) in dry air and is partially transformed into the monohydrate thermonatrite Na2(CO3)·(H2O).
Source of soda ash
Hydrated sodium carbonate is stable at room temperature but recrystallizes at only 32°C to sodium carbonate heptahydrate, Na2CO3·7H2O, then above 37-38°C to sodium carbonate monohydrate, Na2(CO3)·(H2O). This recrystallization from decahydrate to monohydrate releases much crystal water in a mostly clear, colorless salt solution with little solid thermonatrite. The mineral hydrated sodium carbonate is often found in association with thermonatrite, trona, mirabilite, gaylussite, gypsum and calcite. Most industrially produced sodium carbonate is soda ash, sodium carbonate anhydrate Na2(CO3), which is obtained by calcination (dry heating at temperatures of 150 to 200°C) of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate monohydrate or trona.
(List may include sources of either natron or hydrated sodium carbonate)
|This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Natron". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.| | <urn:uuid:6b1d41ca-489b-415a-8908-d831d1e97222> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Natron.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00145-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925044 | 1,033 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Capitol Site, Batangas City 4200
UNEMPLOYMENT AS A PROBLEM OF NEWLY GRADUATES
IN THE PHILIPPINES’ HOPITALITY INDUSTRY
In Partial Fulfillment for the
Requirements for the course
English 2: Writing in the Discipline
Camongol, Raleigh James
Canson, Franz Julius
THE PROBLEMS AND ITS BACKGROUNDS
The country’s education system continues to turn out college graduates whose training and skills are not attuned to the needs of the labor market both at home and abroad. This is the lament of human resources and labor recruitment officials who decry the continuing popularity of glamorous and white-collar courses that produce diplomas but not well-paying jobs.
The criticism had been voiced many times in the past by business leaders and politicians but both government and the private sector have failed to institute meaningful and concrete measures to correct the mismatch between skills and jobs. The issue gains added urgency in view of the government’s inability to provide jobs and its continued dependence on the overseas job market. Problem is Philippine education is not well suited to the requirements of the global economy as well.
“Many overseas employment opportunities abound in sub-specialties of various occupations but the Philippine education system is either ill-equipped and/or unprepared to offer corresponding courses to the demand but rather do a one course fits all.
Statement of the problem
The purpose of this study is to know more about the following questions: 1. What is the major problem/s that the graduates is are dealing of? 2. What is/ are the steps of the government in order to resolve this issues of unemployment? 4. What are effects of having unemployed on in the following: a. social behavior of the graduates?
b. future skill performance?
c. relationship with the society?
Definition of Terms
Unemployment. Occurs when a person is without a job and has actively looked for work within the past two weeks. The prevalence of unemployment is usually measured using the unemployment rate, which is defined as the percentage of those in the labor force who are unemployed.(www.dole.com.ph) Hospitality. Industry consists of broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, restaurants, event planning, theme parks, transportation, cruise line, and additional fields within the tourism industry. The hospitality industry is a several billion dollar industry that mostly depends on the availability of leisure time and disposable income.(www.wikipedi.com) Economy. Consists of the economic system of a country or other area, the labor, capital and land resources, and the economic agents that socially participate in the production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area.(Economy in 2010) Sorority. In Latin “soror” meaning sister.(MAPEH 2008)
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This methodological research only tackles about the major reason why the graduates has to overcome the scenario of being unemployed in our country. However, this study may only be limited to observations and surveys among lyceum students and most of all other individuals and may not be true to other school or community setting.
Significance of the Study
The information gathered in this methodological research seeks to help the following: The students. To help them know and understand the deals of true to life story behind of being unemployed one and to make a big deal to themselves to grab the opportunity of the global industry.
The teachers. To live the students the best knowledge and skills that they must gain inside the university and outside the industry.
The guardians. To give the students the full support on how to deals every problems and the virtual reality of life.
The Government. To establish more projects on how to deals with different... | <urn:uuid:a02cb2fa-4ebe-46bc-a709-9b9f086e9ef8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Unfinished-Research-Paper-547232.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00516-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939496 | 785 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Santarem old view, Brazil, at confluence of Tapajos river with Amazon. Created by Riou and Hildibrand, published on Le Tour du Monde, Paris, 1867
This is the Estação da Luz, in the center of the city of São Paulo, a few months before its inauguration in the year 1900. The original station was inaugurated in 1867 by the com-pany The São Paulo Railway , then Santos-Jundiaí Railroad. Yes, it was the golden days of the coffee, and the railroad shipped the product to the port of Santos. Likewise, the railroad brought European immigrants to the interior and to the large farms of the Paulista West, allowing the settlement and opening of a huge consumer market later supplied by the capital industry. As a result, to better meet passenger demand and rail traffic, the station was expanded, giving way to the imposing English-style building, officially opened in 1901 at the turn of the 20th century.
Estação da Luz, in the center of the city of São Paulo 1900
The Bairro da Luz was one of the most elegant of the capital of São Paulo, very different from the current times where abandonment predominates and the known cracolândia established in its vicinity. In the photo above, we can see, on the right side, practically in front of the station, the current building of the State Pinacoteca, desig-ned by the well-known engineer and architect Ramos de Azevedo. Behind this building you can see part of Jardim da Luz, the oldest public park in the city of São Paulo. It was a place of leisure and walking for the residents of the city, in that early twentieth century.
As it is known, the Estação da Luz building was recently hit by a fire and currently houses the Museum of the Portuguese Language. The photo above was taken by the photographer Guilherme Gaensly (1843-1928) and today is part of the collection of the Public Archive of the State of São Paulo.
Dr. Josiah H. Pitts -Tennessee
A fact little known to Brazilians and probably even to Americans! A consequence for Brazil of the American Civil War or War of Secession (1861-1865). Hundreds of confederate Southerners decided to come to our country after the end of the war and some of them to the city of Santarém, located at the confluence of the Amazonas and Tapajós rivers, in the State of Pará. Families that had men who served in this conflict and who were victims of the destruction of the southern United States economy. The family of Dr. Josiah H. Pitts (photo left, 1866) was one of them. A native of Nashville, Tennessee, he served in the Confederate Army as an officer. Pitts and other Americans accepted the challenge of living in the Amazonian rain forest in order to establish themselves as owners,Dixieland (Southern United States).
As is well known, the Civil War was the result of the disruption between the States of the North and those of the South of the United States, as a result of divergences regarding the direction the United States should take in the economic and social field For example, the North pleaded for a protectionist policy while the South sought free trade; greater investment in railroads was an interest also of the northerners; a more devalued dollar against the pound sterling favored the interests of the southern cotton planters who received for this product in pounds and, above all, the question of the continuity of slave labor, something that was in the interest of these same farmers.The expansion of slavery to the newly conquered West, was also the target of misunderstandings, since it could generate an imbalance in the representation of the US Congress between abolitionists and slaveholders. In the end, the most urbanized and industrialized society of the North was in confrontation with the rural and patriarchal organization of the South.
Such divergences eventually led to the war (in the photo above, confederate soldiers from Virginia, at the beginning of the conflict), which ended with the Yankees' victory over the Confederates (South). Many scholars and writers, including the German philosopher Karl Marx (1818-1883), saw in this result the victory of the most progressive and bourgeois positions of the North over the conservative aristocracy of the South. In a letter sent to President Abraham Lincoln in 1865, through the International Workers' Association (also known as the First International), Marx celebrated the end of slavery in the United States as an important chapter in the struggle of the workers against exploitation.
After the conflict, the southern states remained under a military administration imposed by the winning Yankees and many government positions were under the control of the northerners . Such intervention lasted until the year 1877, when occupying troops were withdrawn after the Congress of the United States passed a General Amnesty Law. The emancipation of slaves, proposed by President Lincoln and passed in Congress (13th Amendment), was evidently not well accepted by the southern elite. Moreover, in the view of the same represented an expropriation, since the owners of the slaves were not indemnified. Violence and excesses have occurred, including the emergence of the well-known Ku Klux Klan racist organization. On the part of the military administration there were also authoritarian excesses and measures, which made it difficult for the southern population to be reintegrated into the Union. As a result, many of the former inhabitants of the South decided to leave the region, even leaving the country.
Well, it's this chapter that interests us, the fate of some of these families.Mexico would be a natural option, due to the proximity. But, the political instability in that country (in 1867 the emperor Maximiliano was executed) made difficult the process. On the other hand, many Americans had already established contact with Brazil. Since the opening of the Brazilian ports established by the decree of the prince-regent D. João, in 1808, ships from North America established commercial connections with the ports of Brazil, including in the Amazon. Brazil nuts became known as well as rubber (rubber) and even our tapioca could be found in the English and North American market since the beginning of the 19th century.
Matthew Fontaine Maury
A USP researcher, Maria Clara Sales Carneiro Sampaio, based on new documentation, revealed other intentions by the US government in the Amazon. President Lincoln intended to establish agreements with the Brazilian government to send freed slaves here, since there was a fear of a serious racial conflict after the end of the Civil War. Blacks or Afrodescen-dants were viewed as culturally inferior and unable to fully integrate into the American nation. Yes, Abraham Lincoln thought that way! Let us remember that a similar experience had already been made in Liberia, West Africa, when a colon-izing society acquired territory to be occupied by Africans sent back to the continent.However, the polls with Brazil did not go ahead, since the Brazilian government wanted to bring in white settlers of European origin and not more Africans. The idea was to promote the gradual waxing of the Brazilian popu-lation! Dear reader, do not miss these visions and points of view, after all we are in the nineteenth century.
In turn, even before the Civil War, many English and American naturalists had already been to the Amazon, describing the region as favorable to settlement, fertile and despite the hot weather, the same would be softened by the shadows of the forest and the breeze of the rivers. In the opinion of men like Louis Agassiz, Henry Walter Bates, Alfred Russel Wallace (friend of Charles Darwin), and principally Lieutenant of the American Navy Matthew Fontaine Maury, the region presented conditions favorable to the settlement and the establishment of colonies.
In addition, these same explorers bragged about the natural wealth of the Amazon, especially the abundance of wood of the most varied types, the fishy rivers and the diversity of fauna, through which no individual would be left without the means of subsistence. Through these reports, the interest on the part of the United States in the opening of the navigation of the Amazon river grew. Matthew Fontaine Maury (photo above) was one of the great advocates of this measure in articles published in the American newspapers. In 1851, Maury sent his cousin Lieutenant William Lewis Herndon and a former US Naval Observatory collaborator, Lieutenant Lar-dner Gibbon, to explore the Amazon River Valley and collect information on the possibilities of occupation of the region. Subsequently, Maury published a book,The Amazon and the Atlantic Slopes of South America , 1853. Other American travelers who traveled throughout the region predicted that Belém do Pará could become a kind of "New Orleans" of South America, since occupied by settlers southern countries, including slave labor. On the part of the Brazilian government there were distrusts regarding the intentions of Maury, due to the policy of annexations of the North American government in relation to Mexico. In fact, there seemed to be a desire to establish a kind of "slave-like imperialism" on the part of the American Southerners in the Caribbean and in the Amazon. Some years later, in 1867, the imperial government opened the Amazon River to international shipping, although with some restrictions.
Unsuccessful in the proposal of southern expansion and sending freed slaves to South America, Brazil emerged as an alternative to defeated Confederates. Many of these went to the interior of the Province of São Paulo, in the present municipalities of Santa Bárbara D'Oeste and Americana. The occupation in these places was stable and generated a descent until now settled in these cities of São Paulo. Many of them dedicated themselves to the production of cotton and fruits, among which the watermelon was outstanding.
But let us return to the Confederates who came to settle in Santarem. As we said, the descriptions made about the Amazon were favorable, which made the region a possible alternative for the arrival of these immigrants. The initiative for this undertaking was assigned to Major Warren Lans-ford Hastings (1818-1868). A native of the American state of Ohio, he gained notoriety as a young man, leading a group of American settlers who traveled from Oregon to California to occupy the latter territory, then belonging to Mexico. Hast-ings (in the image right) published a book about this adven-ture: The Emigrants' Guide to Oregon and California. There are those who believe that Hastings thought of the possi-bility of leading a movement in California to make it an independent country, an idea that would have fallen to the ground after the war between the United States and Mexico in 1846, when the region was finally annexed to the feder-ation North-American. In any case, the Pathfinder helped to expand the population of Americans relative to that of Mexicans in that territory. After marrying Charlotte Toler, whose mother was Venezuelan, Hastings moved to Arizona.
During this period he also acted as a lawyer specializing in land titles. Perhaps his interest in South America came at this time.
Aligned with the Southerners during the Civil War, Hastings devised a plan to take Southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico to the Confederates, to which he also fought.
With the defeat of the Southerners, Hastings traveled to Mexico and then to Brazil, checking places to establish colonies of confederates such as São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. But at that moment, as we have already observed, the prestige of the Amazon as a region to be ex-plored, with availability of natural resources and lands, prevailed.
Santarem - 1858
In 1866, Major Hastings arrived in Belém do Pará and soon afterwards he crossed the Amazon River in a steamboat of the Navigation Company of the Amazon River (belonging to Barão de Mauá), with the purpose of knowing the region. Hastings was thrilled with what he saw, the high-value woods and agricultural produce produced in the riverside towns: coffee, cocoa, sugar, rice, cotton, beans, and tropical fruits. In return, Hastings and his entourage had an excellent impression of Santarem (in the above picture, the city in 1858), considering the place in good condition to receive American immigrants.
Colonel Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães,
Baron de Santarém
In Santarém, the delegation of Hastings was well received by Colonel Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães, Baron de Santarém, who was vice-president of the Province of Pará (in the time of the Empire, local governors were appointed as presidents). The Baron (image left has become a great incentive for the arrival of American immigrants.
After his stay in Pará, Hastings went to the Court in Rio de Janeiro, where he was received by authorities and ministers. Back in Pará, the Americans went to check the lands that were granted them near San-tarém. They were located between the Amazonas, Curuá and Tapajós rivers.
Ready! Now it was only to return to the United States and bring together families interested in coming to a new country. Three members of Has-tings' entourage began preparing the land and building houses. The major asked for subsidies of 44 dollars from the imperial government and 56 dollars from the Parana government for each immigrant who was brought to the region. Despite not having obtained this last value of the government of Pará, it granted $ 13,000 of aid for the coming of the Americans. In total, each adult received $ 70 for travel expenses to Brazil. A proposal by Hastings was rejected by the Brazilian government, that settlers should be governed by their own laws and regulations!
Hastings returned to his hometown, Mobile, in the state of Alabama, in order to get settlers in the jungles of the Amazon and published a guide for them: An Emmigrant's Guide to Brazil, in 1867. In July of that same year, a steam ship with 109 immigrants left the port of Mobile towards Brazil. However, a breakdown in the middle of the road forced the pas-sengers to have to change ships and, finally, to reach Belém.
Claiming expenses and problems during the trip, Hastings demanded an extraordinary payment and that he be appointed director of the colony with the right to salary. However, it had not been able to comply with the six-month deadline for the colony's implementation. Anyway, a new contract was being arranged between Hastings and the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, where the North American would be named director of the center in Santarém and receive a good annual bonus. But an unexpected fact prevented the implementation of this new agreement. On the return trip to Alabama, in 1868, to bring in new settlers, Major Hastings passed away!
At the same time, difficulties arose for those already established in Santarém (in the photo below, Santarém at the time of the North American presence). The promised government aid was not always fulfilled, access to the plots was difficult due to distance, inadequate transport and constant rains, which are common in Amazonia. Groceries and provisions were difficult to obtain and expensive. The settlers requested support from the US Consul in Belém. He sent reports to the United States about the colony's implantation, pointing out several problems, including the fact that many immigrants are not familiar with agricultural work and exist among them thugs, adventurers from the Confederate Army and even criminals. Also, the choice of location would not have been well made.
Santarém at the time of the North American presence
According to the report of the President of the Province of Pará, Jose Bento da Cunha Figueiredo, made to the imperial government in 1869, of the 112 immigrants brought by Major Hastings, added to those already in San-tarém, a total of 192 colonists arrived. However, a few months later, only 87 remained. Many returned to the country of origin and others dispersed, some searching for the cities of Belém, Manaus and Santarém itself. Approximately 9 families remained on the land granted to Major Hastings.
From the descriptions left later by other American travelers who visited Santarém, it is possible to perceive that the settlers had diverse social origins. Many had no resources of their own, others without experience in agri-cultural work and of proletarian origin, leading the Baron de Santarém, Coronel Pinto Guimarães, to affirm that they were not well chosen. On the other hand, the departure of a good part of the adventurous and surly im-migrants was good for those who remained, as they became more respected within the community of Santarém, so much so that others came to the region between 1868 and 1874, on their own, like the Rikers of South Car-olina; the Rhome, from Texas; the Wallace and the Hennington of the Mississippi, who left offspring in San-tarem and other parts of the Amazon. Some English families also joined the nucleus in 1871, as was the case with the Wickham.Researcher Norma Guilhon, in her book "The Confederates in Santarém", where most of the information in this post was extracted, mentions something about a hundred settlers living in the municipality, in the year 1874.
The North American settlers settled in the highest area of the municipality of Santarém, known as Serra do Diamantino. Initially, they lived in houses made of wood and covered with straw, very rudimentary (like the one that appears in the drawing below, a housing of the Wickham family). They had no machines or equipment, which could only later be brought from the United States by those who remained in the colony. Many were dedicated to the cultivation of sugar cane and the production of brandy (cachaça). In order to get money they mortgaged the crops as an advance in order to buy groceries and tools. The difficulties with the local labor were great, for the slaves were expensive and the free caboclo was not accustomed to systematic work. Generally, these workers stayed for a few days and then suddenly left the service. In the early years, settlers also resented the lack of fellowship with other families and the absence of institutions that were part of their lives in the United States: the Protestant Church and the schools. The most successful families had a decade of great effort to establish themselves effectively in the region.
Drawing Of The Wickham Family House
From 1873, roads were opened linking Santarém to the colonial nuclei with the help of the provincial government of Pará and the settlers themselves. Two roads, Ipanema and Diamantino, connected the colonies to Santarém, in a distance of approximately 16 kilometers (as it appears on the map above, with the same route in 1901).
A Reverend named Richard Hennington (photo right) ended up establishing himself in the nucleus. The same maintained religious services in his farm and later in the own city of San-tarém, in the commercial house of mr. Rhome. Initially, edu-cation was provided within the families themselves or when one of them was entrusted with the task of bringing together young people and children.
Hennington came in 1868 with his wife, Mary Elisabeth and the three children of the couple: Thomaz, Edwin and Eliza, the youngest (photo below left). Thomaz and Edwin married wo-men from Para.
Edwin married Estefânia Bentes (photo below center) and remained living in Brazil, unlike Thomaz who returned with his Brazilian wife to the United States.
The couple Edwin and Estefânia had three children: Carmem, Eduardo and Eula (respectively in the photo below right). As for the Reverend Hennington, he remained in Brazil and ini-tially devoted himself to his small farm, where he set up a sawmill, a hardware store and a sugar cane mill. His establish-ment was regarded as the most important of the Confederate colony.
In 1894, when he began a visit to the United States, Reverend Hennington died in the city of Belém do Pará, where he was buried.
Mrs. Edwin Hennington
Carmen, Eduardo and Eula Hennington
Many North American settlers contri-buted to spread the use of the iron plow. In addition to producing sugar and brandy (cachaça), they set up sawmills, water powered mills and specialized in the construction of wagons to transport the products. Later, the children of the aforemen-tioned Reverend Hennington devoted themselves to the construction of vessels. The engines and engines were brought from the United States. The first steamboat built in Santarém left the Reverend's workshops and was named "Mississipi" (the larger vessel shown in the photo above). Already the first steamship built in the Amazon left the establishment of Baron de Sant-arém and its American partner Rom-ulus Rhome. The boat was called "Taperinha". The settlers also culti-vated agricultural products such as tomato, beans, rice, cassava, cashew, pepper, tobacco, corn and also brought a new variety of small beans, later known as "bean from Santarém", from the State of Massachusetts.
Steamship "Mississippi" Larger in center
Rev. Hennington's House
According to information from the researcher Norma Guilhon, in 1872 there were 49 families scattered in the mountains south of Santarém, whose members numbered 77 Am-ericans and 44 English, for a total of 121 individuals. It seems that in the following years the number of Englishmen declined considerably.
After the 1890s, many of these immigrants moved into the city, where they began to have business and most of these farms disap-peared. Many dedicated themselves to the trade and exploitation of rubber. Reverend Hennington's own family did this (in the photo left, the Reverend's house in Santarem with eight windows).
In 1871 Robert Henry Riker (pictured below left, 1866) arrived in Santarem and bought land from the govern-ment of Pará. Riker, together with his brother Herbert, made the first rubber plantations in the Amazon. A curious detail is that decades later, the American industrialist Henry Ford tried to cultivate the plant in the same area, on the banks of the Tapajós river.
Robert Henry Riker was a railway entrepreneur in the United States and was in Fort Sumter, near the city of Charleston, South Carolina, when the first shot of the Southerners who started the Civil War was fired.Riker came to Brazil accompanied by his wife and 5 children (a nine-month-old baby died on the trip). For the aristocratic family, and a member of the high society of Charleston, living in a rustic area and where the neighbors were distant was undoubtedly difficult. The couple Riker still had a son here in Brazil, baptized Marlin Amazonas. However, the boy was born with deficiencies and had to be supported by the other brothers until the adult age.
Mrs. Sarah Riker (pictured below right) and her children made trips to visit their homeland. According to Odete Guilhon tells us, Mrs. Riker never got used to the change of country and lived sadly her years in Brazil, dying, still new, in 1877. Four years later, Robert H. Riker lost his eldest son , Robert, only 29 years old. The older daughter Lilla married Charles Vaughan from another immigrant family and returned to the United States. The other sister, Virginia, followed the same path. The patriarch Robert H. Riker passed away in 1883.
However, his two sons David and Herbert continued the family business in the city. The farm in the Diamantino was sold by David in 1910 (in the photo below, the farm headquarters when still in the power of the family).
David and his brother Herbert Riker eventually became the administrators of the family assets after the death of their parents. After being widowed, David married a 19-year-old Santarém girl named Raimunda or Dona Mundica, with whom she remained until her death (in the photo right, David Riker is already old). The couple had 14 children.
David Riker (photo left) left a written account where he refers to the Wickham family, of English origin, who maintained a school in the city of Santarém. One of its members was Henry Wickham, known for taking the rubber tree seeds to the Kew Botanical Garden in London. They were then transplanted to Malaysia, where they were domesticated. This fact led to the collapse of rubber production in the Amazon in the early twentieth century.
David Riker was approached by American journalists interested in knowing the fate of the Confederates who came to Brazil. In 1941, James E. Edmonds of The Saturday Evening Post came to Santarem and met David Riker, living in a good house, which could easily be recognized by the American eagle trapped in the front holding the United States' America (photo below).
Inside a large family, described as friendly and cheerful. David introduced his wife and proudly said that she had given him 14 children, 11 of whom were alive. He recalled the old confederates who remained and were buried in the region, as in the case of David's parents and his elder brother.
David Rilker referred to the venture of the Henry Ford (Fordlandia) indus-trialist, where he worked as an interpreter and also directed the meat supply sector. David criticized the inadequate practices adopted by the famous entrepreneur and intended to change the life of the Amazonian caboclo, as well as the way the rubber plantation business was being remot-ely directed remotely.
Realizing that the reporter was going to ask the question "Was it worth it?", David Riker replied, "I am glad to have stayed here.God has been kind to me.My children are considerate.Wife is kind and loyal.Nothing is missing How many can say the same. " David Riker passed away in 1954, at the age of 93. His wife, Dona Mundica, died in 1975, also at age 93! Other Con-federate families remained, such as the Jennings-Vaughan family, who came in Major Hastings's group in 1867 and was originally from Ten-nessee. James Vaughan initially devoted himself to agriculture and later to shipbuilding.
One of Jennings-Vaugham's children, Jorge Clemente Jennings, remained in Santarém and perpetuated the family's name in the local community, dedicating himself to the exploitation of the rubber as a rubber stamp worker (pictured below, sitting with Jorge Jennings and his wife).
Elisio Sevier Wallace and his wife Mary came to Brazil in 1867 or 1868 and probably had their children here in Brazil. Wallace came to own some sites, helped open roads in the area and returned to the United States in 1912 to buy equipment and machines. All the daughters of the Wallace couple were married to Brazilians.
Elisio Wallace lived in Santarém until his death in 1912, at the age of 73, and left descendants in Belém, Man-aus and Santarém (in the photo below, on the right, Mr. Wallace and just behind, his grandson). Jennings,
Hennington, Riker, Wallace, Vaughan ... anyone aware of the historical facts would notice the presence of these names in a city in the interior of Pará. This was the case with Norma Guilhon, the wife of the former governor of Pará, Fernando José de Leão Guilhon (with mandate from 1971 to 1975). While accompanying her husband on her trips through the interior of the state, she noticed in that detail when she visited Santarém, which led her to research and write a book entitled "The Confederates in Santarém", published by the State Council of Culture of that State in 1979. For what is known , remains the most complete study of this episode of Amazonian History.
Did Scarlett O'Hara, the well-known character in the novel "... And the Wind Took It," wondered about coming to the Amazon, as did many Confederate families? In the book written by Margaret Mitchell, South America appeared as a possibility for the Confederates to take refuge.Would Rhett Buttler join you? Well, there it would be to imagine ...
Photo by Matthew Fontaine Maury: http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8835
Photo of the Confederate Soldiers Group: Sirs colonial period 1850-1900. Collection History in Magazine. April Books / Time Life, 1992, p. 141.
Photo of Major Warren Lansford Hastings: Wikipedia
Engraving of Santarém in 1858: Urgent Amazon: Five Centuries of History and Ecologies by Berta G. Ribeiro. Editora Itatiaia Limitada, Belo Horizonte, 1990, p. 51.
Photo by Robert Henry Riker: http://thiegoriker.blogspot.com.br/2011/09/historia-e-geneologia-da-familia-riker.html
Photo of David B. Riker Already Old:
All other photos were taken from the aforementioned book by Norma Guilhon.
THE LAST THREE CONFEDERADOS IN SANTEREM
A Tale of Two Brothers: When in Rhome, Do as the Brazilians Do
In our cemeteries every tombstone tells a story. And Oakwood Cemetery is a vast anthology of such stories written on pages of marble. One story in Oakwood begins with the name on this modest tombstone:
Surely Mr. and Mrs. Rhome named their baby boy “Romulus” in reference to the myth that the city of Rome was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus, who were suckled by a she-wolf and fed by a woodpecker. (Hey, I don’t make up this stuff.) Did this local Romulus Rhome indeed have a brother named “Remus”? Did they found a city?
The answers are “no” and “sorta.”
Let’s back up to 1835, when Romulus John Rhome was born in New York to Peter and Nancy Rhome. In 1855 the family moved to Cherokee County, Texas, and in 1857 Romulus married Missouri Robertson. In 1861 Romulus enlisted in the 1st Texas Infantry in the Confederate army and served in Hood’s brigade. Romulus fought in the first Battle of Manassas, but his health began to fail, and he was mustered out of the army.
When the war ended, for Romulus John Rhome the South was not south enough. In 1866 Romulus Rhome, his family, and possibly some former slaves moved to Santarem, Brazil. This is Romulus Rhome’s passport application.
The Rhomes were not alone in their southern migration. After the South lost the Civil War, an estimated 10,000-20,000 southerners, unwilling to live under Union rule, migrated to Brazil, many of them to Santarem on the Amazon River. Many returned to the United States after Reconstruction ended, but even today in Brazil their descendants, the Confederados, are an ethnic subgroup.
In Brazil Rhome became a successful sugarcane and tobacco farmer. He also distilled rum from his sugarcane and collected archeological artifacts of local indigenous cultures. Scribner’s magazine in 1879 printed fourteen pages on Rhome’s Taperinha plantation.
Romulus Rhome’s children, such as daughter Gita, were sent back to the States only for education. His wife, Missouri, died on the plantation in 1884. Romulus died there in 1892. One account says he was shot by rebels after the overthrow of emperor Pedro II, who had offered U.S. citizens—especially farmers—subsidies and tax breaks to immigrate.
Romulus Rhome had a brother named not “Remus” but rather . . .
Byron Crandall Rhome in 1864 married Ella Elizabeth Loftin in Cherokee County. When the Civil War began Byron, like his brother, joined the Confederate army. He enlisted in the 18th Texas Infantry in 1862 and served in General Walker’s division. Byron fought in the battles of Mansfield, Opelousas, and Pleasant Hill in Louisiana and in the Battle of Jenkins’ Ferry in Arkansas. In 1879 Byron and Ella moved to Wise County, near the settlement of Prairie Point. Prairie Point, located at the crossroads of two stagecoach routes, had been settled in the late 1850s by migrants from Missouri. By the early 1860s Prairie Point had a hotel, a school, and a post office and was the second-largest town in Wise County. But during the Civil War the area, defended only by the very young and very old, had been left vulnerable to attacks by Indians and outlaws.
By the end of the war Prairie Point was flirting with ghost town status. This Clarksville Standard article is from 1865.
But then Byron Rhome arrived in Wise County and began to breed Hereford cattle on his ranch, Hereford Park. His ranching operation was successful. And his success was Prairie Point’s success. Then came more good news for the community: In 1882 Rhome convinced the Fort Worth & Denver City Railway to lay tracks nearby. Soon the dying town of Prairie Point was back on the map. In 1883 the rejuvenated Prairie Point was renamed “Rhome” to honor the man who helped bring the railroad to town and whom the Star-Telegram called the “best-known breeder of pure Hereford cattle in the Southwest.”
A former ranch hand recalled that after the railroad came to town, Byron Rhome decided that his namesake town also needed a post office. But Byron could not convince the postmaster in Decatur to relocate to Rhome. So, finally, after a few drinks one night, Byron and some of his ranch hands drove a large wagon to Decatur, loaded the small post office building onto the wagon, and hauled it, lock, stock, and stamps, back to their town. The people of Decatur, of course, soon reclaimed their post office, but the town of Rhome got its own post office soon after.
ROMULUS JOHN RHOME
MISSOURI E. ROBERTSON
A colony site, at the town of Santerem on the Amazon River in northern Brazil, was to be long-lived. It was pioneered by Lansford Warren Hastings, a remarkable man whose exciting career reads more like fiction than truth, born in Ohio, Hastings was elected leader in 1842, of one of the first wagon trains that journeyed to Oregon. He traveled from there to California, where he saw an opportunity for leadership and power. In quest of the presidency of a California Republic, Hastings sought to bring immigrants to the West Coast of North America and then overthrow Mexican rule and establish a Republic. Hastings yearned to in the late Texas Sam Houston and to become the leader of the new nation. In a book entitled The Emigrants Guide to Oregon and California, Hastings extolled the virtues of the region and was successful in attracting hundreds of families and action he believed to be essential to his sign of independence from Mexico. Hastings are fell, however, when one group immigrants, the Donner party, was trapped by a winter storm on the way to California after following the Hastings cutoff, a shortcut recommended in the Emigrants Guide. It was said that one survivor had to be physically restrained from killing Hastings after the rescue of the remains of the wagon train. Without question the tragedy was the end of Hastings dream for political power in the American West. After serving in the Confederate Army until the end of the Civil War Hastings them to renew his stated dreams of Empire in a new colony on the Amazon.
Hastings was not long in assembling a group of 42 disaffected Alabamians, and to sail to New Orleans for Brazil on December 27, 1865, on board the schooner Neptune. Bad luck continued to talk the California entrepreneur, however, and on January 4, 1866, the ship went aground during Gail 26 miles from Havana on the coast of Cuba. After making their way to event of, the colonists dispersed with some going to Mexico, some to Florida, and some taking the guiding Star back to New Orleans, hence the Alabama. Hastings according to the newspaper account in the mobile advertiser, although feeling this calamity very sensibly, still resolute and hopefully his enterprise, and informs us that the colonists with whom he has come first, about their intentions to review the effort, after a visit to their old home friends.
Unlike other entrepreneurs who spent months planning the trip to Brazil and made every possible arrangement with the government before venturing for South America, Hastings was in no mood to delay fervor his exit from the United States. Undaunted by the wreck of the Neptune, Hastings assembly can 35 Alabamians, boarded these steamship marker, and set sail for mobile on March 26, 1866, for the Amazon. Within days of departure, however, smallpox appeared on board. Hastings ordered the return of the ship to Mobile where he immediately was placed in quantity. The sickness took the lives of 11 of the would-be immigrants, and Hastings second expedition into before her to attend.
Not to be deterred, Hastings was soon we to Brazil once more, but this time without a father. By way of you are, where he had arrived on April 28, Hastings confirmed that the Brazilian consul, pro-fighters of California’s senators introduction to persons in the province power. Hastings with New York on North America on April 30 arrived in paragraph on may 16. Provided with an interpreter, and American identified by Hastings only as Mr. Colyer, Hastings left on the steamer and Alice that same evening. Four days later, the ship docked at Santerre him, and locations which showed great promise as the side of the colonial venture. Hastings was not content to look at the countryside only around Santerre, however, and he continued his trip up the Amazon River to the analysis on may 23rd. From there, he went back down the River to Santerre and eventually to Paris.
From para, Hastings sailed for Rio de Janeiro on June 28, arriving at the capital city on July 16. There, he presented letters of introduction from government officials and parents to the Brazilian Sec. of agriculture. His business in Rio complete, Hastings sailed again for para where he was to finalize agreements of the president of the province. Once negotiations with satisfactory completed, Hastings sailed again for Santerre on the steamer Ideas along with three passengers from the Margaret named bar, Chafee, and sparks, along with Felix Demarest, from Louisiana and Texas. The men made a thorough survey of the region around Santerre. Following a dinner in honor of the prospective immigrants, one Brazilian woman expressed her heartfelt sympathy for the Americans he felt themselves constrained to abandon the homes of their fathers, and who trusted in God that they may find a home of peace and quiet to in this prosperous and happy country. At the limb, the capital of the province of para, on November 7, 1866, Hastings signed a contract with the president of para, Dr. Pedro video fellow so, validating the establishment of the colony on the Amazon. Hastings sailed for United States on November 12 arriving in New York on November 30 and mobile on December 15. Hastings claim to have traveled over 19,000 miles on the trip over 10,000 being in the Empire of Brazil.
Hastings agents were busy while he was making final provisions for his grant 60 weeks of land in Santerre, and on July 12, 1867, a total of 109 colonists boarded the steamer read complex bound for Brazil. However, upon arrival at the first port of call, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, a hint of Hastings former problems returned with adequate money was not available to pay the crew. According to one account, the United States consul at St. Thomas refused to allow the red, to continue, ordered the vessel sold to pay wages. As a result, the colonists were stranded Pattillo Hastings made arrangements with the Brazilian government for transportation to the colony site at Santerre him. Although Hastings died during this trip or on a subsequent voyage, the colony remained in place even though life there was dimmed by some as being very harsh. In 1940, however one writer was able to locate three of the original Hastings immigrants.
The Americans from the south immigrated to Brazil were no doubt sincere in their belief that it was to their best interest to the United States. Some persons that to their new surroundings almost immediately and he would have been reluctant to return to their old homes for any reason. It was quickly recognized that their decision had been a mistake and begin assembling means to return as soon as they were able to do so. Perhaps the most excellent reasons for dissatisfactions were expressed by the physician George Burns to the official Dr. of McMullen colonists. Barnsley noted the principal problems were this familiarity of language and customs, difficulties of transportation, low price for skilled labor, differences in religion, inability to vote in the sovereign, the disgust for the Brazilian idea that a man who switch from work is not a gentleman, and finally the most potent of all, that this country Brazil offers and gives nothing for the American, which he cannot get in his own country nothing worth the sacrifice of exile from his native soil and kindred. Yet Barnsley’s return to Georgia and could have remained there, but he elected to return to his adopted country. Nate McMullen, Frank McMullen’s younger brother, went back to Texas in 1872 but returned to Brazil for good with his family in 1895. There was no door to the South American nation at many former some Southerners simply cannot ignore. ------
Litoral de Santarém at the end of the 19th century.
View of part of the santareno coast at the end of the 19th century, in a photo of the Fidanza Photo. You can see, besides the beach, the houses on Commerce Street, the Municipal Market, the "caisinho" (in the dry season) and, in the background, "Morro da Fortaleza", where the ruins of the old fort the forest cover.
Located in the Ituqui area (80 km from Santarém), it is accessible by river. From Santarém, one navigates by the Tapajós river until the entrance of Lake Maicá, traveling all the way until arriving in Paraná Ayayá, where the farm is located.
Natural reserve and historical-scientific monument, the farm belonged to Barão de Santarém, An-tônio Pinto Guimarães, in the nineteenth century, who took as partner the American immigrant Romulus J. Rhome. Under the administration of Mr. Rhome, who came to reside there with his family, the property has progressed significantly, standing out among the existing ones in the mun-icipality. Frontier to the house was the mill, with steam-powered mills, novelty at the time. It was in Taperinha that the first steam boat was built in the Amazon region, which received the same name from the Fazenda.
Mr. Rhome devoted himself to doing archaeological research and, it is well known, was the first to be interested in this type of activity in Santarém. He collected the strange clay figures he found or ordered to be unearthed, such as buzzard heads, crested roosters and deer, stone axes, etc., and several exotically ornamented urns containing calcined human bones. The Rhome collection was incorporated into the Museum of Rio de Janeiro, through the American professor Charles Frederic Hartt who traveled the region on field trips.
In 1882, the Baron of Santarem died. The following year the society between the Baron and Mr. Rhome is undone, and the heirs of the Baron were in possession of the half of the sugar mill that belonged to Mr. Rhome, as well as the slaves of the property.
In 1917 the German scientist Godofredo Hagmann settled in the estate, where he installed and managed, along with his wife Júlia Hagmann and later, his daughter Érica, the first meteorological station in the Amazon, whose operation lasted until the decade of 70. To the main house, with large rooms, bedrooms and kitchen, Mr. Hagmann attached a library.
The sambaquis found on the site are quite extensive and are up to 6.5m thick. Associated with the deposits of sambaquis are ceramics, whose dating, carried out by the researcher Ana C. Roosevelt, of the Field Museum of Chicago, revealed ages approximately of 8,000 years, being one of the most important archaeological discoveries of the Amazon, since represents the oldest pottery ever found in the Americas.
Just as the Portuguese government decided to establish hereditary captaincies in the Northeast. There are indications that in the North region there were also sugar mills (only Taperinha will be approached) focused on large-scale production of spirits for marketing purposes with Europe. The real proof of these indications is that in Santarém Baron Miguel Pinto acquired from D. Pedro II the title of possession of a vast property of 42 km of area called Taperinha that means ruin, old house or quality of life according to the silvícolas. With an entrepreneurial vision, Mr. Romulus J. Rhome, one of the immigrants from the advent of American immigration, who had the capital to construct the plantation, became the partner.The property is managed by Graziela Hagmann, one of the heirs of the estate. In fact, knowing the place depends on the approval of the family, who lives in Santarém.
The studies of the archaeologist Anna Roosevelt attest that the city of Santarém was born in Taperinha. For Anna Roosevelt apud Funari (2006, 80), the Mongols arrived in the Lower Amazon between 8 and 11 thousand years ago by the Bering Strait and later gave birth to the main Amazon tribes such as the Tapajó (No Nhengatu is not pronounced plural with s). During the expeditions of Anna Roosevelt's property in 1986 and 1993, she launched as theory the fact that Taperinha is the oldest South American archaeological site due to having found monteiroeros of sambaquis, traces of ceramicstapajônica dating from 8 to 11 thousand years and mainly "tierra black "that characterizes the presence of the prehistoric man, since this one is fruit of the decomposition of organic residues deposited by the own hominids. However, the following questions remain in locus; What are the similarities and differences between taperinha and other engenhos? Was sugarcane production invested only in cachaça or also in molasses? What end did the slaves have? What is Taperinha's relationship with the cabanagem? What is the scenario of Taperinha's economic relationship with Europe? Nonetheless, we have noted the architectural and structural similarities between the Nordestinos and Taperinha mills, which, in the midst of variations, resembled: A mansion, a complex encompassed by an ingenuity, a chapel, a What are the similarities and differences between taperinha and other engenhos? Was sugarcane production invested only in cachaça or also in molasses? What end did the slaves have? What is Taperinha's relationship with the cabanagem? What is the scenario of Taperinha's economic relationship with Europe? Nonetheless, we have noted the architectural and structural similarities between the Nordestinos and Taperinha mills, which, in the midst of variations, resembled: A mansion, a complex encompassed by an ingenuity, a chapel, a What are the similarities and differences between taperinha and other engenhos? Was sugarcane production invested only in cachaça or also in molasses? What end did the slaves have? What is Taperinha's relationship with the cabanagem? What is the scenario of Taperinha's economic relationship with Europe? Nonetheless, we have noted the architectural and structural similarities between the Nordestinos and Taperinha mills, which, in the midst of variations, resembled: A mansion, a complex encompassed by an ingenuity, a chapel, a
The economic activity in Taperinha in the middle of the nineteenth century was linked to the exploitation of sugar cane for the purpose of producing the brandy, tobacco production for the specific use of the Barão de Santarém family, logging, cocoa plantation, the production of orange, cashew and cupuaçu wines, the cultivation of vegetables and legumes coated in the consumption of farm animals, as well as the cultivation of curauá, where their fibers were invested in the production of ropes and marketed in the region and elsewhere. In Taperinha the muscular blacks fed all day the great sugar mill. The plantations were in the upper part of the land, where they were cut by hand and taken to be thrown in the zinc channel that led them near the mill, which would later apply the broth in large-scale production of spirits and small-scale molasses. The fiery water was boxed and exported to Europe, already molasses, mainly to Amsterdam in Holland where it was refined and whitish in the so-called "Purgatory houses".
In addition to the Engenho there was a rustic sawmill where the most varied kinds of hardwood were explored, such as the Jacaranda, the Muiraquatiara, the Muirapixuna, and the rich Pau D'arco brown. As far as the Cabanagem in Santarém is concerned, the small passage accurately transcribes this movement in Santarém:
In early 1835 the situation was already bleak. The seditious were scattered in armed groups that assaulted settlements, farms, places, killing, devastating, plundering, ... Who could escape, flee, burying their possessions, jewels and valuables, hoping to recover them later, when the end of the civil war ... (SANTOS, 1999. p.197-198).
The historian, like any scientist, works with evidence and assumptions. [...] If he does not risk hypothesizing from assumptions, he risks repeating the already known, reaffirming the obvious, ... If, on the other hand, he abandons the evidence and allows himself to "delirious" at will, can create an interesting work of fiction [...], compromised only with the creative imagination of the author. From this we infer that in fact Taperinha was influenced by Cabanagem, where the Tupaiulândia section affirms that at the time of the revolt many farmers and elitist hid their wealth so as not to be plundered by the cabins, in the mill there was no difference other than in Alcova da mansion there was a hole that was supposedly used for such purposes of prevention against the rebels. There is striking evidence - at least verbal - that the Engenho served as a strategic point for interception of food and communications between the huts of the interior of the Tapajós, where the military garrison was sent to the region by the 1st judge of the Comarca de Santarém, Dr. Joaquim Rodrigues de Sousa. It can not be said exactly whether the garrison suffered defeat, but it can be inferred that it succeeded at the end of the "popular" movement, where it succeeded in repressing the rebels. It is noteworthy that in 1883, the society between Rhome and the Baron was undone, because of his death, and the planters and slaves were divided by their descendants. From this, many of Taperinha's slaves were brought and sold in Santarém, others offered the festivities of N. Sra. of Conceição,
When there is previous contact, groups, especially students, usually explore the property. The place has all the characteristics for the development of scientific tourism, but also the adventure. After a walk of several minutes you can reach a very high point, seen as a gazebo, which provides a privileged view of the entire region of Ituqui, as well as nearby lakes and even the Amazon River. With a little physical conditioning and the help of a tour guide gives you to know part of the forest. The walk can be arranged in an igarapé bath, which serves to refresh the body and prepare the trip back.
The boat is the most used means of transport to reach the place, but during the summer the access is also by car, facing, of course, the difficulties of the road of beaten ground. It is, without doubt, a must-see.
Traces of the Mill of Taperinha Engenho
THE COMPANY OF THE BARON OF SANTARÉM WITH ROMNIUS 1 RHOME AND THE FARM TAPERÍNHA
THE SOCIETY OF BARÃO DE SANTARÉM COM
ROMULUS J. RHOME AND THE TAPERINHA FARM.
Source: Taperinha: history of natural history research carried out on a farm in the region of Santa-rém, Pará, in the XIX and XX centuries / Nelson Papavero;William L. Overal, organizers - Belém: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 2011, p.43.44, 45.46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 51.
National, Commander and Dignitary of the Imperial Order of the Rose [cf. Fig. 4.31; 4, 3 'and 20 (from July 31, 1855 to July 1856, May 16 to November 8, 1869, and November 5 from 1872 to 18 April 1873) Vice-President of the Province, and in 1871 he was awarded the title of Baron de Santarém ... As a politician, he always militated in the ranks of the Conservative Party, taking over the leadership from 1848 ... This illustrious vario succumbed in the dawn of August 16 of this year, the same day in which was completed 19 months after the death of her shaken consort. He leaves eight children, three of whom are still younger. "He has four reports published (Guimarães (MAP), 1855, 1869a, 1869b, 1873).
According to Meira. (1976: 7), "Having begun his life poorly, fishing to survive, and then becoming the owner of many fishing vessels, and later as owner of farms in Prainha [cf. Sánchez 1998: 226, note 541 , in Monte Alegre in Alenquer, cacauais, sugar plantations [Taperinha], rubber plantations and native and wild rubber plantations, became an absolutely rich man, to the point of leaving for the children of the wife who had Baroness, a good beginning of life, apart from the jewels of his wife who were count-less gems that touched the six legitimate daughters. "
He had a brother, Manoel Antônio Pinto Guimarães, who had died before him. In the cemetery of Santarém this is his tomb, next to the tombs of the Baron and the Baroness of Santarém [photo in 4ª. of pages of unnumbered figures, between pp. 320 and 321 of Meira's book, 1976].
Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães married, on January 16, 1845, with D. Maria Luíza Pereira [born on January 6, 1828] [Fig. 4.4], daughter of Pedro José de Bastos and D. Maria Francisca Pereira, orig-inally from the Vila de Viana, Freguezia do Monte, Archbishopric of Braga, Portugal, then deceased, in the Church of Our Lady of Conception, in the town of Santarém.
The famous naturalist Henry Walter Bates, who met him in 1851, on his second visit to Santarem, on which occasion he took three and a half years, thus referred to him (1863, 1944: 10): to the small crimes of his fellow citizens, but he is very respected. A nation can not be despised, whose best men can rise to positions of trust and command. "
Avé-Lallemant (1860,1980: 76) also praised the Baron, who came to know in 1859: "The arrival of the steam boat was the main event in Santarém, and everyone was looking at the Marajó. Upon landing, I was able to give the recipients the letters that would facilitate access to Santarém, one for the comp-any's agent, Mr. Joaquim Rodrigues dos Santos, another for the lieutenant colonel and commander, Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães, one of the men of great prestige in the province and the first in Santarém.
They would gladly have filled me with every possible kindness, but our fleeting permanence did not give me time for this. Both were very pleasing to me by the frank obsequiousness.
I was particularly interested in the old commander, Portuguese by birth [two inaccuracies: Pinto Guimarães was 50 or 51 years old at the time, but, as Bates had said, he was early gray; and he was a native of Santarém], a man who made himself and who, as I was told, had begun his career in the Tapajós, driving his own canoe, in which his personal tapuia gave himself to fishing. He had accum-ulated a fortune of 300,000 thalers, with such a simple industry which is certainly not easy. Its beginning and its end honors the old [sic], which seemed to me envied by many. "
Avé-Lalleman then devotes a few lines to the site of the future Barão de Santarém (Figs 4.5 and 4.6), currently located in the center of the city of Santarém, on the street Senador Lameira Bittencourt (former merchants' street):
"The house, on the banks of the Tapajós [sic: of Amazonas], is magnificent, with seven front windows on the ground floor, the rooms are clean and well-furnished, and in the living room you can see a vertical piano. very well arranged, and without the fagot staff in the house, it would be considered not to be in Brazil, not to mention the Tapajós. "
The three-storey house had the ground-level facilities for trade and / or the quarters of servants, slaves, and travelers, whose access to the street is through six single, wide doors, as well as a main door. The second and third floors were intended for the owner's and his family's quarters. Amorim (2000: 1581-59) gives more details of the diverse destinies that had this splendid building after the death of the Baron.
If the "mill" referred to by Bates (see above) is really the Taperinha Engenho, then we have here the minimum date (1850) in which he passed from the hands of José Joaquim Pereira do Lago, or his heirs, to the Manuel Antônio Pinto Guimarães. As for the name "Taperinha", it will only appear in literature in 1870, in the work of Hartt (see chapter 7).
After the arrival of the confederates in Santarém, Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães formed a partner-ship with Mr. Romulus John Rhome, for the development of Taperinha Mill. Romulus John Rhome was born on March 7, 183 in Frankfort, Herkimer, New York, the second son of Peter Gremps and Nancy Almira Crandall Rhome (whose first daughter, Elizabeth Clarinda Rhome, was also born in Frankfort, Heridmer, NY , on March 15, 1833 and died on February 28, 1920). By the year 1837 his family had settled in Richmond, Virginia, where, on November 22, 1837, his brother Byron Crandall Rhomne was born. The Rhome family, in the year 1840, was in Camak, Warren, Georgia, where their daughter Almira Georgia Rhome was born (August 3, 1840: died March 13, 1863). After the death of Mrs. Rhome, on August 25, 1840, in Camak, the family moved to Jacksonville, Cherokee County, in the Chartered, in the early 1850s.
Peter G. Rhome was very successful economically and became a large landowner and operated a mer-chant company in Jacksonville.
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Peter was the representative of Cherokee County at the Secession Convention. Romulus J. Rhome enlisted in the 1st Texas Infantry in the spring of 1861 as Second Lieutenant, and served in General Lee's "Hood's Brigade." He participated in the first Battle of Man-assas. For being sick, she had to return to Texas. Byron enlisted in the 18th Texas Infantry, Company K, of Jacksonville (Cherokee County, Texas), in July, 1862. He served in the General Walker Division in the Trans Mississippi Department, spending the war years in Louisiana and in Arkansas: began his service as First Sergeant, then was elected Second Lieutenant and then promoted to First Lieute-nant. He was injured at the Battle of Opelousas but continued on active duty until the 18th was dispersed in Hempstead, Texas,
Romulus was married at an unknown date to Missouri Robertson Rhome, and the two decided to emigrate to Brazil in 1865, to settle in Santarém, Pará.
Byron Crandall Rhome married Ella Elizabeth Loftin on August 31, 1864, in Cherokee County. In 1876 he moved to Wise County, where he started to raise Hereford cattle at his ranch. His wife passed away in 1879, probably from a typhoid fever. Byron Crandall Rhome died on November 10, 1919, in Fort Worth, Tarrant, Texas.
Undoubtedly the most successful of the Confederate settlers, Romulus John Rhome dedicated himself at the Taperinha Farm to various activities. Of him said Guilhon (1979: 181-185): "At the root of the Taperinha mountain range, on the banks of the Ayayá River, the Baron de Santarém had a large settle-ment situated on a vast expanse of land that measured for square miles.With the advent of American immigration, he took him as a partner to one of the immigrants under the dynamic and efficient administration of Mr. Rhome, who came to reside there with his small family, the property knew its most flourishing days and progressed, surpassing, after some time, all other existing in the muni-cipality.
The large dwelling house was covered with tiles and frontier to it was the mill. The taperinha mills were steam powered. At that time there were several mills scattered in the region, but this type was novelty and was the most powerful of all. It moved with the waters of weir, brought by a long artificial channel [cf. Fig. 20.361. As in other American plantations, most sugarcane juice was distilled in cach-aça. Mr. Rhome soon improved the sugar evaporators by predicting that this production would become quite profitable.
Muscled blacks fed all day the great mill of letter [Cf. Fig. 9.31 and carrying the bagasse. The planta-tions were on the high ground. The cane was cut by hand and taken up in b0 car. There she was thrown into the gutter that led to the mill. This large wooden gutter descended in the shape of a half horseshoe and ended near the. mill house It was about 400 feet tall.
Beyond the mill there was a sawmill. The most splendid woods grew in the neighborhood. There was the jacaranda, the muirapixuna that looked like iron, and the rich brown duck. Of all the muiraqua-tiara stood out, striped black and yellow. All were polished exceptionally, and some were so hard and tough that they were advantageously used in place of iron and copper. In the sawmill, even the roof was set in fine hardwood, just as all the machinery was mounted on marvelous woods rich in color.
In Taperinha, besides the own products of the mill, also excellent wines of orange, cacao, cane, cashew, etc. were manufactured. The corn, the rice, the beans, the tobacco, the cassava, the cacao were also grown there. Under the direction of Mr. Rhome the plantations were developed with the aid of the plow. It was very beautiful the view of the sugar cane stretching for more than half a mile on all sides.
Everything that was consumed in Taperinha was produced there. Fish and turtles abounded in the lakes. The hunt was full and varied. The fruit was made of various kinds of wine, and to top it all, even the cigarettes were made from the fragrant Taperinha tobacco. In fact, there were about fifteen or twenty men on the estate who were exclusively engaged in the preparation of tobacco by local proces-ses [Cf. FIGS. 9.4 and 9.5].
Mr. Rhome built a bathhouse where one could swim in the cemented pool and take a shower bath with one hundred gallons per minute.
Mr. Rhome's greatest distraction was to collect the strange clay figures he encountered or ordered to be unearthed.They were easily found throughout the region. For years he was dedicated to do arch-aeological research and, it is known, was the first to be interested in this type of activity in Santa-rém. So he was able to gather buzzard heads, crested and barked roosters, stone axes, etc., and several exotically ornamented urns containing calcined human bones. For a long time, the tribe of the Tapajos had inhabited the ravines that border the river and which were intensely populated. The sophisticated pottery, however, say the experts, is more than certain to have belonged to another people, of superior culture, much older than the Tapajós and until today unknown.
The American professor Charles Frederic Hartt [see Chapter 71, who toured the region on a study tour], became deeply interested in that taperinha dish, soon recognizing the importance of the disco-very. Later, the Rhome collection was incorporated into the collection of the National Museum, through Prof. Hartt. Many years later, as a result of strong floods, in the city of Santarém, much more valuable and beautiful pieces were unearthed, resembling the Mayan and Inca ceramics: idols, vases and urns, which until today are challenging deciphering as to their origin and history of the people who produced them.
In 1882, the Baron of Santarem died, of whom Mr. Rhome was a partner. A few days after this fact, Mr. Rhome had the following denial published in the newspaper of Santarém, probably because of some news circulating in the small town:
"It is utterly false that there was never the slightest disagreement between my very mournful friend the venerable Mr. Barão de Santarém and the undersigned, referring to our society at Engenho Taperinha.
It is equally false and slanderous, that I have demanded the large sums from which it was proclaimed, as the balance of accounts of the social form; for which, they say, I have asked for the intervention of my consul and adjusted lawyer in the capital.
It is finally false that there were never any motives during the years of my residence in Santarém to complain to me of the lightest of any member of the illustrious family of that meritorious elder, for whom I have only expressions of grateful acknowledgment and high appreciation.
Serve, therefore, these lines of denial to the vis slanderers. "(Jornal" O Baixo Amazonas ", No. 36, 16.ix.1882).
Finally, in April 1883, the inventor of the late Baron made public by the same newspaper that he had liquidated the industrial society that the deceased had signed with Mr. Rhome at the Taperinha mill, at the rate of Pinto & Rhome, acquiring by purchase for the heirs of the Baron was the domain of half of the estate belonging to Mr. Rhome, as well as the slaves of the estate.
Missouri Robertson Rhome, wife of Romulus John Rhome, died in Santarem on February 23, 1884. The couple had only two children, Romulus John Rhome Jr. and Byron Rhome. The former was perhaps married, for there are references to 'probably daughters of one of them, in Pastor Henning-ton's diary. Romulus Jr. died tragically in a firearm accident in 1887. Mr. Rhome also died in Santarém on July 9, 1892. The following year, his son Byron went to the United States, probably for ever , since all his family in Brazil was extinct. As with others, the name Rhome disappeared from Santarem be-cause of the lack of male descendants.
Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães, the future Baron of Santarém (Figs 4.2 and 4.3) (Vasconcelos & Vasconc-elos, 1918; Meira, 1976) was born in Vila de Santarém (Fig. 4.11, in Pará, on June 8, 1808, with his parents Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães (whom we have already seen in chapter 2, receiving in sesmaria the island of Ituqui) and D. Tereza Joaquina de Jesus. Of small stature (perhaps a meter and a half, and no more), it was endowed with extraordinary energy and great work capacity. The first time he heard of his name, according to Meira (1976: 9), when he was only 23, he attended a meeting called by the military com-mander, João Batista da Silva, sergeant-general of the 4th Infantry Regiment of the 2nd Line of the Army, on September 16, 1831, to deal with the defense of Santa-rém, still a village, against the factious partisans of canon Batista Campos who had revolted. This advice was from all the official garrison authorities, merchants and farmers, who were truly threatened in their life and in their patrimony. According to his obituary, publish-ed in the newspaper Baixo Amazonas, year XI, no. 33, dated August 17, 1882 (in Meira, 1976: 11): "Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães [was] invested in the com-mand of the corps of workers, who was later exting-uished, and thereafter served collectively Provincial Legislative Assembly, in the legislatures of 1852 and 1868, Deputy to the General Assembly in the legislature of 1855, Colonel Commander Superior of the Guard
Figura 4.2. Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães, Barão de Santarém.
Figura 4.3. Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães, Barão de Santarém, em idade mais provecta.
Figura 4.4. A Baronesa de Santarém (Maria Luíza Pereira)
Figura 4.6. Vista do Solar do Barão de Santarém, em 1932.
Figura 4.5. Vista do solar do Barão de Santarém (com três andares), em Santarém.
AN AMERICAN COLONY IN BRAZIL
What Newspaper published this? When? Was the Brazilian Reflector and English Language paper in Rio or somewhere in the U.S?
Letter from the Southerner to the Brazilian Paper - Personally Interesting to the Home Friends of the Colonials.
The following letter we take from the Brazilian Reflector, a journal published at Rio Janeiro in the interests of the Confederate Colonists. It could be found exceedingly interesting.
SANTAREM, ON THE AMAZON, August, 1868
To the Editor of the Brazilian Reflector:
Dear Sir – I take the liberty of writing to you, on the ground that your paper is benevolently inclined, and I believed it to be an act of charity to help us poor Southerners in giving publications to our appeals to brother exiles. I supposed, too, that you would like yourself to know something of us, so far away on the banks of Amazon, outside, almost of the pale of civilization, buried in the deep recesses of the Amazonian wilds. Our means of communication with Rio de Janeiro, and other parts of Brazil south of Rio are so devious and uncertain that we seldom endeavor to give our scattered countrymen in the south any news of ourselves.
Reports, too, from your part of Brazil to ours are so very unfavorable; that we fear almost, that you would consider us as exulting and triumphant should we inform you of our success. True, this success has not been very great, still, to most of us, it must been sufficient, and we are satisfied. We had succeeded in an humble way, and have barely supported ourselves as yet we have not had time to do more. We have all done the work ourselves - none of us had the money to hire workmen.
As the matter of course, men who were never accustomed to hard bodily labor could not be expected to open large plantations in a new months, but as much as could have been rationally expected as been done. Some are now being as well as they lived in the United States before the War. Dr. Pitts, a Tennessean, for example, leaps a first-rate table, and buys nothing but carne secca.
Only last Sunday I visited him. I found him well, and in high spirits, but his wife was not perfectly satisfied. She told me, what I think explains her slight dissatisfaction, that it had been seven weeks since she had seen an American lady’s face. The doctor had planted sweet potatoes, several varieties of beans, and peas, pumpkins, green corn, cucumber, (illegible), and a kind of squash that was very delicious.
He had also plenty of tomatoes and water melons.
The doctor’s garden is not an exception; others have better. Mr. Rhome, at the place called “Taperinha,” can add to the doctor’s behalf far by giving real hot “syrup de batons” just taken from the kettle, and good battered (illegible – probably chicken), butter and milk, and all the different ripened fruits for dessert.
Messrs. Vaughn, [original spelling] Riker, and Weatherly are doing well, have good crops growing, and are very hopeful. Mr. Vaughn has a great deal of tobacco growing, and is very busy just now in putting it up in salable shape.
Notwithstanding the stampede made by the large portion of Major Hasting’s colonies, we are welcoming, by almost every steamer, every new addition to our colony. But a shot had been, the Rev. R. T Hennington and family, Mr. B. Spurlock and family, Dr. S. F. Stroope and family arrived here, accompanied by Messrs. P. Norman and John P. Massey.
Mr. Hennington is from Mississippi; Mr. Spurlock is lately from Texas, Dr. Stroope of Arkansas, and the two young men from Mississippi.
Mr. Hennington has bought out Mr. xxxx, (ILLEGIBLE) an old settler, and is now living at his place. Dr. Stroope, too, has already settled within the colonial limits.
Judge J. B. Mendenhall from Alabama, with his family, are close neighbors to Mr. Hennington [original spelling] and are well satisfied. The Judge has great faith in his tobacco crop, and I think has reason for it. His little son George brought a cartload of vegetables to town some how days ago and sold them to the steamers.
Mr. E. S. Wallace came to town last Saturday with a large canoe load of corn for all, and made arrangements for selling some 2000 hands of corn he had still remaining from his first crop. He sold it, I believe, for one Real, or sixteen cents a hand of fifty ears. And American cotton grows well here, but none of us have the means to operate extensively in that article. If some capitalist were to come here he could make money raising cotton. Tobacco paid luxuriantly, and large proceeds will be realized from it even in this year.
General Dobbins, Col. Menefee, Dr. Jones and family, Dr. Carter and family, and Col. Charles M. Broome, are all settled up on the Tapajos, two or three days trip from Santarem. Dr. Carter told me he had a stock of American cotton with 250 bolls on it. Cotton (American) does not grow here any taller than in the States, but grows much more luxuriantly. They are comfortable settled and, I believe, determined to stay. Mr. P. O. Chaffier has, they say, 16,000 tobacco plants, which he himself tends, and which bid fair to yield him good returns.
My father, Captain S. L. McGee, bought an Eugenio de assucar (sugar mill) near the city of Para. I visited him but shortly since and found him busy in distilling cachaca. My mother and sister were well satisfied and no course lecturing can induce them to return to their “Vaterland”.
There are some Americans living in town. Rev. Mr. Harvey has a school here and is teaching English. He has thirty or forty scholars, and I believe, is an flourishing circumstances.
We are expecting a good many persons from the States here, Captain Mathews from Mobile is daily expected and many others. Our colony (and we wish to be distinctly understood), is not “played out”. On the contrary, it faded, but to bloom again with more enticing fairness. So we think.
We are here and not in deplorable circumstances, and we will be glad to welcome here any brother in misfortune who may see fit to visit our shores.
And allow me, until another occasion to bid you “au revoir”.
Jos. L. McGee | <urn:uuid:77f1afc1-78c6-4e7e-aa9e-68f61f6928ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.os-confederados.com/sub-santerem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.974768 | 16,794 | 3 | 3 |
Riconoscersi ed essere riconosciuto
Il nome proprio e il ruolo pubblico di Giovanni Della Casa
One of the most interesting characteristics of Giovanni Della Casa is his troubled identity, which is reflected in the conflicting relationship that he maintains with his name. The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which the author uses his name, by dividing his biography into three stages: youth (1503-1537), middle age (1537-1550), final years (1550-1556), with particular regards to his letters and poems. The early sense of disorientation, the demanding efforts of the ecclesiastical career and the frustration for not having achieved the cardinalship are some of the most remarkable stages of his life, during which Della Casa repeatedly wavers between the sincere need to identify himself with his name and the deceptive need to control his public role as well as to be recognizable among the others. | <urn:uuid:5bc404bd-db2a-47b7-b56f-559898a618b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/en/edizioni4/libri/978-88-6969-111-9/riconoscersi-ed-essere-riconosciuto/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.969711 | 206 | 2.296875 | 2 |
A new study published today by the nonprofit Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF) based on testing done by Frontier Global Sciences in Seattle, found that many reusable bags sold by major U.S. retailers today contain unsafe amounts of lead.
The CCF advertises itself as a force against the “nanny-state,” and advocates for “consumer freedom.” They also appear to argue that food, beverage and restaurant businesses should be able to do, sell and give away whatever the heck they please, never mind the environmental or social consequences. Frontier Global Sciences is a privately held business that provides environmental sampling and analysis services.
Their study found:
“Of the 44 organizations whose bags were tested, 16 are selling or distributing reusable bags containing lead in amounts greater than 100 ppm (parts per million), which is where many states set the limit for heavy metals in packaging…
National chains such as CVS, Safeway, Bloom, and Walgreens were among those with high levels of lead found in their reusable bags. CVS and Safeway led the pack with 697 and 672 ppm respectively; both were nearly seven times the 100 ppm limit. To date, CVS is the only store that tested above 100 ppm to have recalled their bags. Previously lululemon athletica, Sears-Canada, and Wegmans have all recalled bags due to high levels of lead.
Retailers testing positive for excessive levels of lead included Staples, Giant Eagle, Piggly Wiggly, Giant, Gerbes, KTA Superstore, Brookshire Brothers, Stater Bros., and, ironically, the District of Columbia Department of Environment.”
In a press statement CCF senior research analyst J. Justin Wilson says “retailers were goaded into selling these bags” by environmentalists. He also suggests that banning stores from giving away, and enabling the pervasive consumption of disposable, non-biodegradable plastic bags inevitably results in stores selling cheap, unsafe reusable goods.
Consider the magnitude of plastic, single-use bag waste in recent years: in Europe, an estimated 100 billion disposable plastic bags are used annually, according to the green blog Environmental Leader. Meanwhile, the San Jose Mercury News reports, in the U.S. only 13 percent of recyclable, non-biodegradable plastic bags actually get recycled each year.
Until tech and design innovators, or groups like PopTech’s Ecomaterials Innovation Lab and the Sustainable Packaging Coalition can devise a zero-impact single use bag, concerned shoppers with any environmental awareness should probably opt to bring their own, lead free reusables.
It’s even possible to make one out of old school plastic disposables, or buy one made of safe, and recycled materials from a specialty web store like ReuseIt.com or One Bag at a Time (hat tip: Ecosalon). | <urn:uuid:0be228e0-4d6f-4449-b31b-b6f42d9464db> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://techcrunch.com/2011/01/24/study-unsafe-lead-in-reusable-bags/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00483-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944673 | 597 | 2.46875 | 2 |
How to Install
Simple Assembly and Installation Instructions Agee Woodworks Mantels
Remove the scribes from the back of the header. (These will be attached to the inside opening of the mantel after it is installed.)
Attach legs to header of fireplace mantel with screws provided. Legs should fit perfectly into header where ‘biscuit’ cuts are.
Place fireplace mantel against the wall where you want to install. With the mantel held against the wall, draw a line across the top of the mantel, marking the height.
Find the location of the studs below the shelf line and mark the location of the studs on the line.
Place fireplace mantel back against the wall and with a drill, drill a hole through the shelf at a 45 degree angle through the sheetrock and stud.*
Drive a finishing nail into each stud (should hold the mantel firmly to the wall). If not proceed to next step.
Repeat the same process as above on each leg using studs at the base of the wall and floor line.
If you do not wish to use nails, liquid nail can be used as well.
Once your fireplace mantel is installed, place three scribes (attached to the back of the header) along inside opening of mantel and secure with liquid nail, finishing nails or wood glue.
*If applying the fireplace mantel to brick, masonry nails or liquid nail can be used.
If you have any other questions, please call 804-798-3678. | <urn:uuid:c61bbf7c-a720-4d8c-b51e-b60020ed22c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ageewoodworks.com/Articles.asp?ID=256 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00222-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879676 | 316 | 1.507813 | 2 |
EMCC’s Definition of Sustainability
Sustainability is any practice that supports interconnections between the economy, society, and the environment, enabling people to become effective, engaged global citizens who conserve resources and promote opportunities for the future.
EMCC’s Definition of Sustainability in the Curriculum
Sustainability in the curriculum is any activity that effectively integrates principles of sustainability, resulting in the knowledge, values, and skills necessary to practice sustainable behavior. This includes modeling of sustainable practices in the delivery of course content.
EMCC offers students and academic certificate in Sustainability and Ecological Literacy. This certificate enhances students' understanding of sustainable living practices associated with economics, equity and the environment. Through a combination of coursework and experiential learning, students engage in critical thinking, inquiry, and discourse, skills necessary for becoming socially responsible citizens who are ecologically and environmentally aware. The certificate is designed for, although not limited to, students seeking an Associate in Arts Degree and planning transfer to four-year colleges and universities.
Sustainability-focused courses provide valuable grounding in the concepts and principles of sustainability. These courses educate students about how different dimensions of sustainability relate to and support each other in theory and practice. In addition, these courses help equip students with the skills to weave together disparate components of sustainability in addressing complex issues.
Sustainability-related courses help build knowledge about a component of sustainability or introduce students to sustainability concepts during part of the course. They may complement sustainability-focused courses by providing students with in-depth knowledge of a particular aspect or dimension of sustainability (such as the natural environment) or by providing a focus area (such as renewable energy) for a student’s sustainability studies, or they may broaden students’ understanding of sustainability from within different disciplines. | <urn:uuid:9eb2c900-5da3-4001-be42-c308f9abd24a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.estrellamountain.edu/sustainability/curriculum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00120-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922612 | 371 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Collaborative use of contrastive markers
The study presented in this paper examines the context-dependence and dialogue functions of the contrastive markers of Italian <i>ma</i> (but), <i>invece</i> (instead), <i>mentre</i> (while) and <i>però</i> (nevertheless) within task-oriented dialogues. Corpus data evidence their sensitivity to a acognitive interpersonal context, conceived as a <i>common ground</i>. Such a cognitive state – shared by co-participants through the coordinative process of grounding – interacts with the global dialogue structure, which is cognitively shaped by “meta-negotiating” and grounding the dialogue topic. Locally, the relation between the current dialogue structural units and the global dialogue topic is said to be specified by information structure, in particular intra-utterance <i>themes</i>. It is argued that contrastive markers re-orient the co-participants’ cognitive states towards grounding ungrounded topical aspects to be meta-negotiated. They offer a collaborative context-updating strategy, tracking the status of common ground during dialogue topic management. | <urn:uuid:f755ea68-f558-46d6-b0a8-5402e89ee89d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027292254-13car | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00003-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86936 | 249 | 1.609375 | 2 |
According to the Office of the Privacy Commissioner's 2007 annual report, Australian consumers should feel pretty safe — but that's because it's full of crap.
My hair is going grey, which I can handle, but thanks to the uselessness of the Office of the Privacy Commissioner's Web site and annual report, I think it's now starting to fall out.
The Privacy Commissioner Karen Curtis — bless her cotton socks — has been trying to prime business for data breach disclosure laws with initiatives such as privacy awards — a positive approach to foster support among companies for what will presumably be an unpopular piece of legislation.
Last week a news story from the UK triggered my interest — the UK Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) revealed that since the security breach at HMRC in November last year, it has been notified of almost 100 data breaches. The public sector accounted for 62 breaches and the private sector for 28.
That set me thinking — how well (or poorly) does Australia fare in terms of data security and privacy?
I wanted to see if our Privacy Commissioner would reveal similar information as her UK counterpart. As it turns out, she probably would ... if she could.
The information about Aussie breaches provided to me — and what is available to you — was unfortunately about as much use as a chocolate teapot. Between July 2007 and March 2008, the Privacy Commissioner has recorded 60 instances where a breach of privacy may have occurred. In that time, there have been 830 instances of individuals complaining of a privacy breach. Promising, I thought, but how many of those specifically related to potentially far-reaching information security breaches, rather than, say, a one-off complaint about an overly intrusive call centre? So I went back for a second bite of the cherry and asked the Commissioner's office for how the 100 breaches were categorised.
Apparently analysing this information is a very onerous task, so it's not been done. The result: the cause of the complaint, as well as the nature and scale of any breach, cannot be disclosed. In the absence of said information, the next best thing is a look at the number of privacy complaints, which the Commissioner's office does record, and I was referred to the 2007 Privacy Commissioner's annual report.
It turns out that four percent (762) of the complaints lodged with the office related to "data security". In total, there were over 17,000 complaints.
Just four percent. Sounds minuscule compared to the 25 million Brits affected by the UK HMRC breach. Which is exactly the point — there is no way that all 25 million people would know, and therefore could complain to the Office about the breach. So why in Australia do we collect data on complaints? It shows nothing other than the workload of a government office and how many eagle-eyed consumers know when they've been wronged.
We are given this reassuring notice: "If the Commissioner is satisfied that a matter has been adequately dealt with, or if there has not been an interference with privacy, the Commissioner may decide not to investigate the matter any further."
This highlights why the decision to disclose a breach should be taken out of the hands of an individual and, instead, minimum standards set so that disclosure becomes an automatic response. Whether this occurs will be debated in parliament once the ALRC submits its recommendations to the Attorney General's Department this month.
Here's some more useless information I found: Australia's private sector is a worse privacy offender than the public sector — two-thirds of the "complaints" this year related to possible breaches in the private sector. Size and nature is all I have to say.
And yet some more ... The annual report details whether complaints were received by telephone, letter or e-mail, whether there was "an apology made", if a complaint was closed because it was "frivolous, vexatious or misconceived".
So I advise everyone, if you're looking at the state of information security in Australia, do not bother visiting the Office of the Privacy Commissioner's Web site — not until it contains information on actual breaches, such as: the name of the organisation (particularly for publicly documented breaches); whether information was lost via an unencrypted laptop, a lost CD, a misplaced USB, or by hacking; and most importantly, details on how many records were compromised.
Please, Commissioner, I urge you, stop publishing the volume of complaints your office receives. Nothing useful can be gleaned from this other than the workload your staff face and give us what we really want: a Commissioner that's not afraid to shame big business into protecting its consumers. | <urn:uuid:4760196d-2d32-44aa-bdcf-ba9fe6855e67> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.zdnet.com/article/why-i-hate-the-privacy-commissioners-office/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00396-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961821 | 942 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Indian political parties, much exercised over quota for women in Parliament, should know that reservation for women in legislative bodies is increasingly the global trend. Men are giving way to women, and they are adopting different methods of doing it. One way is a reservation in parliament itself, as proposed in India, which has introduced a bill seeking to reserve 33 per cent of seats in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The other is a reservation that parties introduce, either voluntarily or by law, in the number of women candidates they field in an election.
"Ninety countries have some kind of quota," Julie Ballington, researcher at the Gender Partnership Programme of the Geneva-based Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), told Outlook. "That's half the countries of the world. Those that do the worst have no quota." The trend is towards more and more countries implementing quotas, she said. "On one level you might have a political party adopting its own informal quota—in the UK we saw that happening with the Labour Party—on the other level you can have a legislative quota. You can see combinations of those in different countries."
But there isn't one ideal model. Quotas haven't worked in some countries, others have done fine without them. Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan have a far higher proportion of women in their parliaments, but it is nobody's case that the position of women in these countries is better than in India. Women members of the Iraqi parliament can do little if it isn't safe even to move out of the house. Quotas in Iraq and Afghanistan are dictated by the US, which otherwise has little hesitation in bombing and killing civilians, women among them. | <urn:uuid:e9fc129f-c895-497f-8097-0722e9ca1cc1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-yielding-bastions-for-a-fairer-deal/237578 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.968981 | 343 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Anytime we talk about human behavior thats triggered by the equipment we all ship with – namely our brains-we have to account for variations in how that equipment operates. We are not turned out by assembly line, with quality control measures insuring that all brains are identical. Each brain is distinct, formed both by our own genetic signature and by our environment. While variation across the human genome is remarkably minor, we are all products of bespoke design – handcrafted to make us uniquely us.
Distribution of Our Uniqueness
This variation typically plays out in a normal distribution curve, more commonly known as a bell curve. Most of us cluster towards the center – the norm. And as we move out from the center, venturing one or two standard deviations from the norm into outlier territory, our numbers drop dramatically.
If we talk about the phenomenon of entertainment, we are definitely talking about how our brains operate. This means that we could expect to find a normal distribution in attitudes towards entertainment, with a peak in the middle and rapidly descending slopes on both sides. For example, one would expect such a distribution in the types of entertainment we prefer: the books we read, the shows we watch, the music we listen to. in fact, with a little statistical origami, we can do a quick check on this. Take a standard distribution curve and fold it in half along the “norm” line. The shape should look familiar. We have Chris Anderson’s Long Tail. The similarity of tastes close to the norm accounts for blockbusters and best sellers. These are the forms of entertainment that appeal to the greatest number of individuals. More esoteric entertainment tastes live well down the curve, in outlier territory.
The Need for Entertainment Scale
I’ll come back to the types of entertainment we prefer and why in a later post. Today, I want to concentrate on another variable in the human psyche that also can impact our engagement with entertainment: how much do we need to be entertained? Why are some of us drawn more to fiction and others to non-fiction. Why do some of us like the escapism of a TV sitcom and others prefer to watch the news? Why do some of us have 5 TV’s in our house, with hundreds of digital channels, and others have none? What does the normal distribution curve of our need for entertainment look like. That was exactly the question that Timothy Brock and Stephen Livingston from Ohio State University tackled (The Psychology of Entertainment Media: Blurring the Lines between Entertainment and Persuasion. Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Place of Publication: Mahwah, NJ. Publication Year: 2004. p 255-268).
The need for entertainment seems to be almost addictive in some cases. In the study, Brock and Livingston restrict their definition of entertainment to passive consumption of some form of entertainment, either TV, radio, film, print, theatre or sport spectacles. Of these, television is the most common, so many of the measures revolved around our relationship with that specific entertainment medium. I’ve talked before about the impact of TV on society, but some of the empirical research on our reliance on the tube is astounding. In 2002, Robert Kubey and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi found troubling evidence of a true biological addiction to TV:
“To track behavior and emotion in the normal course of life, as opposed to the artificial conditions of the lab, we have used the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). Participants carried a beeper, and we signaled them six to eight times a day, at random, over the period of a week; whenever they heard the beep, they wrote down what they were doing and how they were feeling using a standardized scorecard.
“As one might expect, people who were watching TV when we beeped them reported feeling relaxed and passive.
“What is more surprising is that the sense of relaxation ends when the set is turned off, but the feelings of passivity and lowered alertness continue. Survey participants commonly reflect that television has somehow absorbed or sucked out their energy, leaving them depleted. They say they have more difficulty concentrating after viewing than before. In contrast, they rarely indicate such difficulty after reading. After playing sports or engaging in hobbies, people report improvements in mood. After watching TV, people’s moods are about the same or worse than before.
“Thus, the irony of TV: people watch a great deal longer than they plan to, even though prolonged viewing is less rewarding. In our ESM studies the longer people sat in front of the set, the less satisfaction they said they derived from it. When signaled, heavy viewers (those who consistently watch more than four hours a day) tended to report on their ESM sheets that they enjoy TV less than light viewers did (less than two hours a day).
What value do we place on the ability to watch TV? Brock and Livingston gave 115 undergrads two scenarios. In the first, they could correct a hypothetical mix up in their official state citizenship in return for a one time cash gift. The undergrads were asked to put a value on changing their official allegiance from one state to another. 15% would do it for free and another 40% would do it for under $1000.
The next scenario asked the students what compensation they would require to give up TV for the rest of their lives. A permanent tracking implant in their ear would notify a monitoring service if they cheated and the entire gift would be forfeited. 8% were willing to do it for free, but over 60% would need at least a million dollars to give up TV forever.
Findings: Men Need More Entertainment & The More You Think , The Less You Need to Be Entertained
In their scale of the need for entertainment, Brock and Livingston assessed three factors: Drive (how actively do you pursue passive entertainment?), Utility (how useful is passive entertainment, both to you specifically and in general?) and Passivity (how active do you like your entertainment to be?).
So, how do we fare on our need to be entertained, based on Brock and Livingston’s scale? First of all, men seem to have a stronger drive to be entertained than women. Males scored higher on the amount they spend on entertainment, the daily need for entertainment and the inability to function without entertainment. One would assume that the “couch potato curve” would skew to the male side of the demographic split.
Also interestingly, Brock and Livingston found an inverse relationship between the need to be entertained and the “need for cognition” – a measure of how much people like active problem solving and critical thinking. Again, the more you think, the less reliant you are on TV.
In a follow up study, Brock and Livingston tried to draw a defining line between entertainment (in their definition, passive consumption) and sensation seeking. I’ll touch on this in tomorrow’s post. | <urn:uuid:f09d9c03-ac47-4a25-94a4-db5e13b04781> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://outofmygord.com/2010/01/19/the-psychology-of-entertainment-our-need-for-entertainment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.956006 | 1,429 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In Nigeria, cross-country funeral processions are a sign of terrible times.
Massacres of Christians by Islamic extremists in the country’s north produce a steady procession of bodies carried to ancestral burial grounds in the largely Christian south, says John Onaiyekan, a Roman Catholic cardinal from Nigeria.
“Everybody buries their dead and they’re crying and weeping and the news spreads that these Muslims have killed us,” Onaiyekan said in an interview during a Toronto visit this week.
“Under those circumstances, it becomes difficult for people like me to say, ‘Listen, it’s not all the Muslims who have killed our people. There are many Muslims who are sorry that our people have been killed.’ ”
Onaiyekan, who lectured on Muslim-Christian relations Tuesday night at the University of St. Michael’s College, says the violence emanates from Boko Haram, a northern-based group once known as the Nigerian Taliban.
Violence sparked by the group, including intercommunal killings and crackdowns by government security forces, has resulted in more than 3,000 deaths since 2009, according to a January report by Human Rights Watch.
Some observers believe it may be linked to Al Qaeda. It has launched gun or bomb attacks against churches, schools, police stations, military facilities, newspaper offices and the United Nations building in Abuja, Nigeria’s capital. It uses suicide bombers, raids Christian homes to demand conversion or death, and assassinates Muslim clerics who publicly denounce it.
The rampage has fuelled concerns about the stability of some North and West African countries. The French military continues to hunt Islamist extremists who had occupied northern Mali for a year, while last month a splinter group of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb killed 37 foreigners at a gas plant in southern Algeria.
Onaiyekan says these groups feed off rampant poverty and corruption, using them to recruit and justify violence.
“Bad government is an environment that promotes and makes it possible,” said Onaiyekan, 69, who is also Archbishop of Abuja and president of the conference of bishops for English-speaking West Africa.
Nigeria, whose 162 million people are divided almost evenly between Muslims and Christians, has the largest oil and gas reserves in Africa. Yet more than half its people live on less than $1 a day, according to government statistics. In the country’s northeast, Boko Haram’s base, some 70 per cent live in that kind of poverty.
“I normally warm them,” Onaiyekan said, referring to government officials. “There is a limit to how much you can continue to misrule because anger swells up, tensions build up and anything can happen. And when it does, it is no longer under anyone’s control.”
Onaiyekan was appointed cardinal last November by Pope Benedict XVI and later to the Vatican’s powerful Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. His focus is building interfaith bridges, work that earned him the 2012 peace award from Pax Christi International, a Belgium-based Catholic peace movement.
Mainstream Muslim leaders have denounced Boko Haram — the name means “western education is sinful”—as non-Muslim, insisting its methods contravene the principles of Islam. Onaiyekan says that argument won’t help anyone.
“Islam in Nigeria must accept that it has a problem,” he said. “If they continue to say that Boko Haram is not Muslim then who will go and talk to them? Will it be an archbishop or a cardinal?”
Violence has caused most Catholics to flee Maiduguri, a city of two million in the northeast. But Onaiyekan, who travels without bodyguards in Abuja, insists Christians and Muslims continue to live peacefully in much of the country.
His family, he says, is an example: His parents were among the first to become Catholics in Kabba, a city of 150,000 in south central Nigeria. But some uncles and aunts become Muslims. Onaiyekan’s oldest sister, a Catholic, married a Muslim and Onaiyekan baptized her children.
“We are the greatest Islamo-Christian nation in the world,” he said. “That we have survived 50 years in relative peace is an achievement that the world has refused to sufficiently acknowledge.
“If you are thinking of a future world where the two big religions, Christianity and Islam, must accept one another and live in peace then we have lessons to teach the rest of the world.” | <urn:uuid:a632df2e-37c4-4a2d-a258-0a1a84c252f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/02/07/extremists_threaten_christianislamic_harmony_in_nigeria_cardinal_says.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00401-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960519 | 981 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Ally went public in April, though hedge funds and other investors
bought about 40 percent of the company privately in November and in
January. Those investors agreed to refrain from selling their shares
to public investors for six months, which period ends next week for
the first set of investors, and in July for the second set.
The U.S. Treasury, which owns around 16 percent of the auto lender,
can also start selling a small amount of shares after June 8, and
larger blocks starting August 7.
The Treasury and some of the private investors are sitting on big
profits, which give them room to sell even if the company's shares
extend their recent six-day slide. A Treasury official said May 9
that the government's strategy is to get as much value from its Ally
shares as soon as possible.
These possible sales are hurting the company's share price, said
Mark Palmer, an analyst at brokerage BTIG who rates the company's
shares a "buy."
Palmer called Ally "an attractive fundamental story that is being
held back" by investors' expectations of future share sales. Gina
Proia, a spokeswoman for Ally, the former General Motors Acceptance
Corp, declined to comment.
GM set up what's now Ally in 1919 to help finance car sales. In
2006, private equity investors led by Cerberus paid $7.4 billion for
a 51 percent stake in Ally, with GM retaining the rest. During the
financial crisis, when the government bailed out Ally multiple
times, GM's and Cerberus's stakes were reduced as taxpayers injected
more capital and took ownership stakes. At this stage, Ally has no
formal connection with GM.
The U.S. government, meanwhile, does. It pumped $17.2 billion into
Ally during the crisis, acquiring a 74 percent stake in the process.
The government has so far realized a profit of about $700 million
after having sold most of its stake and receiving billions in
interest and dividend payments, but still has 16 percent of the
company, worth about $1.82 billion based on Friday's closing price
The large number of Ally shares expected to be sold in the coming
months reflect the long process that Ally has gone through to regain
Ally first filed to go public in 2011, but big losses at its
subprime mortgage unit Residential Capital spooked investors, and it
delayed its initial offering. ResCap eventually went bankrupt.
By last fall, Ally shareholders including the Treasury and General
Motors Co were looking to cash out of their investment, and the
company itself was eager to raise money to start paying back
additional funds owed to the government. In November, Ally sold $1.3
billion of shares at an average price of about $19.35, adjusted for
splits. Those investors can now sell and realize a profit of about
25 percent before taxes, based on Friday's price. Those shares,
amounting to 14 percent of the company's stock, can be traded
publicly starting May 20.
[to top of second column]
In January, the U.S. Treasury sold $3 billion Ally shares to
investors at an average price of $23.60. Those shares can be sold
starting July 23, although at current prices investors would reap
hardly any profit. The January and November deals combined account
for 40 percent of Ally's shares.
The Treasury, meanwhile, can start selling small amounts of its
shares after June 8, but can't sell big blocks of shares until
August 7, according to Ally's IPO registration filings. Ally's Chief
Executive Michael Carpenter in an interview with Reuters said last
month that he expects Treasury to have sold all its shares by the
end of the year.
When a big group of investors can suddenly sell their holdings,
stock prices can plunge. Earlier this month, insiders, venture
capitalists and other pre-IPO investors in micro-blogging site
Twitter Inc were allowed to start selling their shares, six months
after the company went public. Those investors held 82 percent of
Twitter's equity, and the company's shares fell 18 percent the day
they could start selling.
At least some investors are bracing for the company's shares to
drop. About half of the 10.07 million Ally shares that can be sold
short-- a bet that the company's stock price will fall -- have been
sold short, according to data provider Markit. That's almost 3
percent of the roughly 194 million Ally shares that are trading now.
One investor that may sell shares is Dan Loeb's Third Point, a hedge
fund that said in January that it owned about 9.5 percent of Ally's
outstanding stock, making it the auto lender's second largest
shareholder. It isn't clear when Third Point bought its private
shares, and the fund's spokeswoman declined to comment.
Palmer said any buyers at this stage may be picking a winner. Ally
has plenty of room to boost profitability by taking steps that it
says will be easier once the Treasury no longer holds any part of
the company. For example, the company will be able to fund more
loans at its bank, he said.
(Reporting by Peter Rudegeair and Mike Stone in New York, Additional
reporting by David Gaffen in New York, Editing by Dan Wilchins and
[© 2014 Thomson Reuters. All rights
Copyright 2014 Reuters. All rights reserved. This material may not be published,
broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:a3996e62-a5a4-4950-9d15-42dbacf73ef8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://archives.lincolndailynews.com/2014/May/19/News/business051914_D.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00375-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95569 | 1,170 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Flatulence in dogs, while never pleasant, usually is nothing to be worried about. It is often the result of your dog eating quickly. However, poor quality food or food allergies also can be a factor. If excessive gas is occurring in your pet, consider taking him to the vet to get him checked out.
What Flatulence Is
Flatulence is what happens when gas accumulates in the gastrointestinal tract and colon of your dog. This is a normal phenomenon whereby bacteria breaks down food. When a lot of this gas has formed in the stomach or intestine it is released, often to the dismay of those nearby. It is generally harmless, but if the gas is excessive it may be a sign of a greater underlying medical condition that may need to be addressed.
Causes of Flatulence in Dogs
The main contributing factor of flatulence in canines is their diet. A dog may have difficulty fully digesting the ingredients in low-quality food causing gas to build up. Table scraps and foods that contain lactose also can trigger gas. Soybeans, beans, milk products and high-fat foods are all common triggers for flatulence. Persistent flatulence is sometimes a sign of another medical problem such as a serious gastrointestinal disease.
How to Treat Flatulence
There are medications available for treating flatulence in dogs, but first you should address lifestyle and dietary changes. Consider medicating only after consulting with your vet. The most effective change likely will be dietary. Research dog foods and seek your vet's advice. In general you'll want to look for authentic meat-based sources of protein. Avoid meat by-products as these are often cheap, low-quality discarded animal parts. Make sure the food has omega fatty acids, and if it contains grains, they should be whole grains. It also may help to give your dog smaller meals more frequently in a quiet, peaceful environment and to make sure you are exercising him daily.
Symptoms of a Health Problem
While flatulence is often not a sign of a health disorder, consider getting your dog checked out by the vet if excessive gas persists after making dietary changes. Possible diseases associated with excess flatulence include inflammatory bowel disease, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, tumors, irritable bowel syndrome, intestinal parasites and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. If the cause of flatulence is a health issue, it often will be accompanied by diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss and/or lack of appetite. If this is the case, you should consult your vet immediately. In some cases prescription diets and medication may be necessary.
- Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:d73dad84-95ec-42d0-ba6a-5dc200218c1e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dogcare.dailypuppy.com/stop-flatulence-dogs-6887.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00292-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95455 | 534 | 3.125 | 3 |
Stardust Status Report
January 11, 2002
There were two Deep Space Network tracking passes in the past week and all
subsystems are performing normally. Stardust reached its maximum distance,
3.594 AU (334 million miles, or 538 million kilometers) from Earth. A signal
takes 59 minutes 47 seconds to travel from Earth to spacecraft and back to Earth.
Preparations for Deep Space Maneuver 2 (DSM-2), scheduled for next week, are in the
final stages. DSM 2, also the seventh trajectory correction maneuver, will
be a 2.65-meter-per-second (5.9-mile-per-hour) burn.
For more information on the Stardust mission - the first ever
comet sample return mission - please visit the Stardust home page: | <urn:uuid:50b5b0f0-91eb-4f7f-99fe-2bcf6afcf01f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/news/status/020111.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00244-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.837085 | 172 | 2.296875 | 2 |
“If you don’t use it you lose it.”
The brain changes in response to how we use it. Long gone is the old idea that the brain is like a giant computer made of meat which gradually disintegrates as we get older. In fact it is humming buzzing hive of potential connections, billions of conections, more like the internet than a single computer- so if one ‘centre’ goes down a new route is found to other areas of processing. I was in Cairo when all the phone cables under the Mediteranean were recently cut. The internet slowed to a crawl- but it still worked- messages finding their way out via the Far East and beyond.
The brain is a plastic organ- it changes remarkably in accordance with how you use it. Chess players have different structures to meditators to tennis players to people who watch a lot of television.
We know this now because of recent advances in brain scanning technology. It is possible now to actually monitor thought happening. To view the growth in neuronal activity in any area.
From the study of people with massive brain injury we have discovered how plastic the brain is. Previously it was thought a few functions could migrate to different brain areas. We now know they all can. People born with only one hemisphere are able to cope with a reduced abstract reasoning ability but a massively compensatory ability to recall concrete detail. Their peripheral vision is impaired on one side but their superhearing makes up for it.
The strangest case of neuroplasticity comes from sea gypsies of south east asia. They have rewired their brains to see underwater without goggles. Brain maps show that an enlarged area of the visual cortex is aiding this new skill. They also have a greater awareness of environmentally changes akin to dolphins and other super sensitive mammals. When the tsunami of 2006 struck no sea gypsies died – they had long ago heeded warnings to move inland or out to sea- unlike ordinary Burmese fisherman who were killed in their thousands.
Brainscans show that different areas of the brain are used when one is reading compared to listening. So comprehension is a moveable concept- not situated at one spot in the brain- each method of data input plasticly creates its own interpretation site.
When cochlear implants are inserted in the ear of previously deaf people the brain rewires itself to interpret the electrical output of the device.
(By the way- if you want to go more into this there is a superb book on it by Norman Doig entitled "Your everchanging brain" from which some of these examples are drawn.)
Learning is crucial to any human enterprise. It is central to Lifeshifting. Any new direction is a new learning experience. But what brain plasticity teaches us about learning is surprising. We discover that much of the brain’s learning effort goes into ‘learning how to learn’- re-wiring the brain so that a new task can be absorbed and remembered. It seems that while activating the pleasure centre, which was discovered in the 1950s, increases brain plasticity at that moment, through large releases of dopamine, actual increases in neuronal growth and connectivity is best achieved through very sustained and close attention to a subject. Obviously pleasure can be a motivator- but one side effect is we quickly get used to anything that provides pleasure and need to increase the stimulation. This is not the case with paying sustained attention- this is positive feedback loop- the closer we pay attention the more and quicker we learn.
Recovery from Strokes
A great deal about brain plasticity has been learnt from stroke victims. People who had been written off as crippled have, under intensive programs of exercise, regained the use of their limbs. The brain when mapped shows a shift in function from the damaged area to a new area.
Mice when raised for only 45 days in an enriched environment of toys and treadwheels showed a 15% growth in brain size and neuronal activity compared to mice raised in an empty cage.
Born with only half a brain- no left hemisphere developed- Michelle Mack’s capabilities all migrated to the single hemisphere so that she was able to learn to speak, walk and calculate at lightning speed. Though her peripheral vision is impaired on the right side brain plasticity has compensated with an extra powerful sense of hearing.
The Hidden Key- the Nucleus Basalis
The part of our brain that allows us to focus our attention and learn is called the nucleus basalis. It is switched on during a critical period, typically from 2-18 months and allows the child to remember everything, laying down all the important neuronal circuits. BTNF, the hormone that switches it on now disappears and the child learns at a more normal rate.
However research has shown that nucleus basalis can be switched on later in life by forced focussed concentration.
Dr Mike Merzenich, the world’s leading neuroscientist in the field of plasticity says, “Everything that you can see happen in a young brain can happen in an older brain…the changes can be every bit as great as the changes in a newborn.”
The problem is, as we hit middle age, the nucleus basalis gets used less and less. We are comfortable with what we know. We experiment less. Instead of adapting to fit the world we meet we now try and change the world to fit what we like.
Partly this is exacerbated by the roles we are supposed to be living: as parents, bosses, leaders we are supposed to know already. Our mental posture is one that tends to exclude inputting new data.
One source of stress in the middle aged is the conflict involved when the strategies that support the switching on of the nucleus basalis have totally atrophied or are seen as juvenile. For example on one TV program I watched an elderly football manager try to learn French. He couldn’t focus. He had to interrupt and have ‘his say’. He also rushed in to fill the gap with any words, even if they were wrong- because in his career he always had to have ‘an answer’.
When the nucleus basalis is starved of acetycholine it no longer works optimally. You find it hard to remember new skills and information. To generate a flow of acetylcholine to the nucleus basalis you need to pay forced, focussed attention- even if that means unlearning all the ‘superior’ boss type traits that you need in everyday life.
The stressed boss is one who has to learn new things to survive in this fascinating fast changing world we live in but cannot because he’s too busy acting in a way that inhibits learning. The result is rising anxiety- the same sort of anxiety you’d feel when confronted by the impossible task of running through a muddy field wearing a white suit you are forbidden to get dirty. And stress hormones actually kill brain cells in the hippocampus, thus further inhibiting rapid learning. Fortunately these are cells that can regenerate when in a calmer environment.
Mezernich also says, “We don’t want to kick a dead horse with training.” He means that an adult who has neglected learning shouldn’t be overwhelmed at first with too much to learn. They focus instead on building the tools for learning that may have atrophied. One of these Mezernich has discovered is the attention we pay to something we want to learn. We aren’t actually fully aware of it. By building awareness you are increasing the ability to focus which aids learning.
“The quality with which your brain see and hears has a direct relationship with how quickly you think, how much information you take in and how well you remember.”
Mike Metzernich runs a company PositScience which supplies brain training programs.
After the critical period of childhood is over the nucleus basalis can only be switched on by something important, novel, surprising or by paying close attention. But of the most important for plastic change is the last- paying full attention to something.
It is no accident that many ancient systems of learning everything from martial arts to calligraphy put so much emphasis on paying full attention to what you are doing. They put more emphasis on this than ‘getting it right’ which tends to be the focus of modern educational systems. Once the student ‘get’s it’ they move on to a higher level. But this neglects the consolidation necessary for real learning to take place, consolidation that can only occur when the full blast of attention is turned on a subject.
I witnessed this ancient method first hand when I studied Aikido in Japan full time for a year. Many times a lesson involved doing the same exercise over and over for an hour. The strange thing is that the more you concentrate on being aware of doing he exercise the less boring it becomes. This method of repetition aids what we know about plasticity- neurons that fire together a lot simplify and rationalise so that greater refinement can take place. Gradually fewer and fewer neurons are needed to do the basic movements and more are liberated to perform the subtler refinements of the movement. It is neuronal version of ‘chunking’ – when several pieces of data are remembered as a whole- for example, to remember a long number, memory experts give each digit a picture and then imagine a little story to connect the pictures- in other words reducing the multiplicity of information down to a single bit, the story. This enables them to remember great strings of information. Our brains do the same when we perform activity with the great concentration needed to open the nucleus basalis to aid plastic changes.
Another aikido training technique is ‘hajime’ which means ‘begin’. In this one is forced to do a technique, a lock, takedown or throw, with a partner again and again as fast as possible. The result is utter exhaustion- but total concentration is needed to perform at such speed so the technique seeps deep into the brain.
After studying aikido I found it easy to pick up dance steps and moves from one demonstration – something I had never been able to do before. I had grown more neurons and better connections in the realm of physical learning. The same thing happens when one learns a language- one simultaneously improves one’s ability to learn any language.
Dr Stanley Karansky, at ninety years old, describes himself as a lifelong self-educator. But rather than dabble, each new interest becomes an engaging passion. In an interview with Dr Norman Doidge he says, “I became interested in astronomy five years ago and became an amateur astronomer. I bought a telescope because we were living in Arizona at the time and the viewing conditions were so good… I’m willing to put pretty intense concentration and attention into something that interests me at the moment. Then after I feel I’ve gotten to a higher level at it, I don’t pay quite as much attention to that activity and I start sending tentacles to something else.”
This powerful focussed learning pays dividends in health. Though Dr Karansky has had two heartattacks- one at 65 and another at 83 he completely recovered. His parents who did not share his proclivities for learning died young- his mother in her 40s and his father in his 60s.
He also does exercise- a workout followed by using an exercise bike for half an hour three times a week. Exercise stimulates the production and release of the neuronal growth factor BDNF- so there is much wisdom in the traditional idea of balancing mind and body in harmony.
A lifeshift is by definition a massive learning experience. It is structured so you focus fully on it- this enables maxmimum learning and brain plasticity. You are therefore assured of the best chance of success. As former baker Alex Spanos, now the California billionaire property developer put it, “I didn’t know anything about the construction industry but I thought I can try and I can learn. It was a business I intended to master as quickly as humanly possible.” Years later he owned the biggest apartment building construction firm in the US.
The nucleus basalis holds the key to rapid learning. If you are forced to do a very intensive fulltime immersion course your chances of learning a language are very much higher than doing an hour a week for a year. The state department trains hundreds of linguists this way. John West, computer entrepeneur, studied at the celebrated Ars Technica college where a four year computer science course was taught in a year from 9am to 9pm. He reported it was actually ‘easier that way once I got over the shock.’ I studied an intensive martial arts course also for a year- with five hours training on the mats each day. I could see myself improving in a way that would have been impossible under more laid back circumstances. The key to massive rapid change is totally focussed intensive learning that switches on the nucleus basalis just as it was permanently switched on when you were a baby learning everything you perceived. | <urn:uuid:af3f4bb3-541f-470a-bf53-66a4426216ef> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.roberttwigger.com/journal/2009/6/30/how-to-really-learn.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00124-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966553 | 2,709 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Water is the fundamental and also essential need of each and every person. Rather than normal faucet water, individuals are moving towards mineral and also bundled drinking water for the security of their wellbeing. The expansion in the utilization of mineral water is on the grounds that it contains salts and sulfur intensifies that benefit our health.
Thus, the ascent popularity of mineral water gives an ever-increasing number of chances to set up a mineral water plant. A considerable lot of business visionaries are putting a huge sum into the water business by seeing the ceaseless interest. Utilizing it will carry benefits and also add to their business.
Be that as it may, in the event that you are pondering beginning mineral water brands, you want to be aware and have the right data about the mineral water industry. In this article, we have examined different moves toward starting your own mineral water brands business and also making it fruitful with the goal that you can support it in the momentum market.
Is Bottled water Business Productive?
The net revenue in the mineral water business is exceptionally reliant. Assuming you sell 500-ml, 1-liter, and 5-liter containers, the typical benefit will be 10-15%. Nonetheless, in the event that you sell 5-liter containers, the typical benefit will associate with 30-40%. Be that as it may, the number of jugs sold additionally changes per classification. The quantity of containers sold in the little jugs classification undeniably surpasses the number of containers sold in the enormous container classification.
ADIFA can assist you with setting up an income plan for your water bottle business. Reach them here.
Start Mineral Water Business
Mineral water contains water from normal sources, for example, spring water or mountain water. It contains numerous minerals that are normally gotten and these minerals fundamentally affect human prosperity.
Stage 1: Plan your business
A clear plan is very important for success as an entrepreneur. It will assist you with delineating the points of interest of your business and finding a few questions.
Stage 2: Structure a legitimate substance
The most widely recognized business structure types are the sole ownership, organization, restricted obligation organization (LLC), and partnership.
Laying out a lawful business element, for example, an LLC or enterprise safeguards you from being expected and to take responsibility on the off chance that your filtered water business is sued.
You can shape an LLC yourself and pay just the negligible state LLC expenses or recruit one of the Most mind-blowing LLC Administrations for a little, extra charge.
Stage 3: Register for charges
You should enroll for various state and government charges before you can really get started.
To enroll for charges you need to apply for an EIN. It’s truly simple and free!
Stage 4: Open a business bank account & credit card
Utilizing committed business banking and credit accounts is fundamental for individual resource insurance.
At the point when your personal and business accounts are blended, your own resources (your home, vehicle, and different other valuables) are in danger on the occasion your business is sued. In business law, this is referred to or called piercing your corporate veil.
Also, figuring out how to construct business credit can assist you with getting charge cards and other funding in your business’ name (rather than yours), better loan costs, higher lines of credit, and more.
Stage 5: Register the Business
Register a business name. It helps in ID on the lookout, acquiring trust from clients, and staying away from contenders abusing your fairly estimated worth.
Stage 6: Get important allows and licenses
Subsequent to enrolling the business allows, and licenses on laying out a water plant, securing water, selling them, and also confirming the wellbeing of water are required. Nonappearance of any grants or licenses could summon serious activities from the public authority and also may try and bring about a shut down of the organization.
Stage 7: Track down a reasonable area
Pick an area decisively by considering factors like a water source, transportation distance to the market, accessibility, and also reasonableness of space sufficiently enormous to set up tremendous water tanks and in particular ceaseless power supply. Guarantee that the area chosen has sufficient room for moving water big haulers.
Stage 8: Identify The Providers
The expense of containers bought for filling water is one of the significant costs caused in the filtered water business. In this way, to acquire great net revenues, center around limiting the consumption of bottles. Find a provider who gives containers at an OK cost with good quality.
Stage 9: Obtain Hardware
The apparatus for filtered water business relies upon the scale on which you might want to deliver. The normal hardware required is a generator, tanks, bottle filling, naming and fixing machines, testing devices, treatment machines, channels, and also water sanitizing synthetic substances. This is should be possible physically involving warm water for limited scope water plant units. Yet should be robotized for medium and huge scope units.
Stage 10: Recruit Your Staff and Begin Tasks
Packaging water business includes numerous exercises and could have complex cycles relying upon the technique utilized for refinement of water. The least staffing for filtered water business incorporates a prepared proficient for water testing, machine administrators, team lead, creation partners, bosses, drivers, and cleaners. Employing experienced water testing individuals, machine administrators, and the sales rep is critical to maintaining the business.
Water is fundamental for our endurance and each individual on earth would need to hydrate. The filtered water market is packed with some little, medium, and huge scope industry players however there are mineral water brands and there will constantly be extensions for new participants offering filtered water that is protected, scrumptious, and reasonable. Center around laying out your market reach and taking special care of altered orders. Cafés, inns, and occasion chiefs are currently searching for interest. Also redone filtered water with customized marks (names, logos, and so on) and also added medical advantages. | <urn:uuid:442ff930-ac98-480f-be5d-4b7584aa4d87> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://answerques.com/mineral-water-brands-start-a-business/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.939998 | 1,233 | 1.828125 | 2 |
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
The communication of the financial statements to external parties is known as financial reporting. Financial Accounting is responsible for financial reporting and provides information to the owners of a business. It provides similar information to the owners as required by the government and other interested third parties, such as potential investors, employees, lenders, suppliers, customers and financial analysts. Financial Reporting is concerned with the statement of financial position, income statement and cash flow statement of a company (Davies and Boczko, 2005). The purpose of financial reporting is to provide financial information and satisfy the needs of external users, this financial information is drawn up within a regulatory framework which is very important for businesses because the organization must prepare financial statements according to the rules and regulations so that it can give a true picture to its users (Collis and Hussey, 2007).
The regulatory framework ensures that the financial statements are prepared in a standard way and provide high quality, reliable information to its users. This regulatory frame work is known as Generally Accepted Accounting principles (GAAP). In the UK this regulatory framework is partly based on principles and rules which mean that there are mandatory and non-mandatory elements but the key elements are Accounting standards, company legislation and stock exchange rules (Collis and Hussey, 2007). The regulatory framework exists to see fairplay and the responsibility is jointly held by the government and the private sector which includes the accountancy profession and the stock exchange. The Government use bodies such as the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and parliament by the enactment of legislation. An increase in regulatory framework is discouraged by many business environments because companies like to follow regulations which are in practice and there is also an increase in the number of financial scandals (Davies and Boczko, 2005).
The regulatory system of UK consists of principal financial reporting rules and the bodies that make these rules and UK as part of the European Union is obliged to give more detailed format of the financial statements. Accounting standard is issued by the accounting standards board and the ASB is a very important element in the UK's rule making system. The rules issued by the accounting standard board covers a wide field which include putting more obligations on enterprises and the output of Accounting Standard Board is to impose detailed rules for the preparation of consolidated accounts (Flower and Ebbers, 2002). The main aim of Accounting Standard Board is to establish and improve standards of financial information for its users, preparers and auditors by developing principles through which others can make their own judgement in resolving accounting issues. Accounting Standard Board also issues new Accounting Standards or makes necessary changes in the existing standards which are currently in practice due to new economic developments and in response to business practices. Accounting Standard Board uses a number of guidelines which ensure that the information resulting from the application of accounting standards are faithful and neutral in a sense that it is free from any biasness to influence its users in a particular direction and should not be designed to favour any group of users or preparers. The Guidelines ensure that accounting standards are expressed clearly and supported by analysis. Through a process of regular communication, accounting standards are produced with regard to international developments. Accounting standard Board will analyze the need for standards in terms of its significance and the extent of the problem being identified and then issue accounting standards only when the benefits are greater than cost (Black,G.2002).
London Stock Exchange issues number of rules in the preparation of their financial statements for companies whose shares are listed on the stock exchange. The obligation require listed companies to publish a summary of the income statement over the last ten years where as the law is only concerned with the figures. The London Stock Exchange makes sure that that the British listed companies should regularly follow the ASB's standards. The stock Exchange is the venue for the capital market and it also encourages large companies to adopt new methods for financial reporting. Professional Accountants of UK give recommendations on such issues which are not covered by the law and Accounting Standard Board because they have been conditioned by their training for many years of working as professional accountants (Flower and Ebbers, 2002).
The International Accounting Standard Board publishes its standards in a series of pronouncements called International financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Preparers of financial statements apply IFRS in dealing with topics that have not been formed yet. Auditors use IFRS to conform whether financial statements are according to the IFRS and they also give their own opinion. However the users of financial statements interpret information in conformity with IFRS (IFRS, 2009).
In recognizing and measuring the requirements for entity's statement of financial position, the board first refers to the objective of financial statement which is set out in the framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements. The framework identifies qualitative characteristics of information in the financial statement so that it can be useful for its users in making economic decisions. The information is readily understandable for users and it is relevant to the needs of users for decision making. Users of financial statement get reliable and faithful information about their transactions according to the economic reality which is free from any biasness. The information provided by the entity in its financial statement is comparable with other entity's financial statement which can be helpful for users so that they can assess financial position and performance of a company (International Financial Reporting Standards, 2004). The disadvantage of IFRS for users is that the framework provides description in very general terms; they provide no guidance on such long standing, troublesome issues as classification within the statement of financial position and detailed appropriateness of subtotals like operating earnings, net income, other comprehensive income, other amounts and what should or should not be included in them within the income statement. The framework briefly describes disclosure in notes, in supplementary schedules, and in other means of financial reporting but gives only a few sort of information disclosed in present practice. It does not provide useful conceptual guidance about what information should or should not be disclosed (Bullen and Crook, 2005).
Maintaining a large and complex set of accounting rules can create problems for standard setters and preparers of financial statements. Principles which are only supported by the guidance necessary to make the standard operational, places an obligation on preparers of financial statements to exercise professional judgements. Preparers need to apply professional judgment in more circumstances, while regulators, users and other stakeholders need to accept the use of professional judgment. The fear of lawsuits by regulators has resulted in preparers requesting more rules and reluctance to exercise their judgement. A rules based approach makes it difficult for preparers to understand the volume of rules and constant changes (ICAS, 2006). The preparers have an authority to guide the most appropriate method of accounting for the important activities undertaken by companies. This allows comparison of a company's results with other companies and between one year with another (Collis and Hussey, 2007). The disadvantage of IFRS for standard setters is that it is implementing new standards from time to time and it has brought up many changes in to the system but still there are countries that are reluctant to change their traditional method of financial reporting and want to continue using those methods which are in practice in their country. Since more and more countries are converting their financial reporting system to international GAAP so there is a constant need of updating standards to meet the international requirements and acceptability.
In today's environment the companies should apply rules and regulation in making financial information because it will be easier for users to compare one company with another and it will also save time for companies if they will follow certain standards in disclosing their accounts. The users of financial statement will have a considerable amount of trust on company's accounts if they will adopt those standards which are accepted globally and it will also create disclosures of financial statement more reliable. | <urn:uuid:a51e6355-a83f-41b5-8399-19d904e836c2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.ukessays.com/essays/accounting/framework-in-the-uk-and-international-accounting-standards-accounting-essay.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00323-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956053 | 1,574 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Gender Checklist: Health
The checklist is meant to assist staff and consultants in implementing the ADB's policy and strategic objectives on gender and development (GAD). It guides users through all stages of the project/program cycle in identifying the main gender issues in the health sector and in designing appropriate gender-sensitive strategies, components, and indicators to respond to gender issues.
- Purpose of the checklist
- Why is gender important in health projects?
- Key questions and action points in the project cycle
- Gender issues in the health sector
- Gender issues in reproductive health
- Gender issues in family planning
- Gender issues in health delivery systems | <urn:uuid:246ac7c1-bd2f-4d64-945d-5396f11f779a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.adb.org/publications/gender-checklist-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.851876 | 161 | 2.5625 | 3 |
DEFINITION of 'Liquidity Squeeze'
When concern about the short-term availability of money causes reluctance among financial institutions to lend out money from their reserves. This hold on reserves causes the interbank market rate to rise, making it more expensive for banks to borrow from each other. Ultimately, this causes credit standards to tighten, making it more difficult and expensive for consumers to receive loans.
BREAKING DOWN 'Liquidity Squeeze'
In order to limit the impact of liquidity squeezes, central banks will often increase liquidity by injecting more money into the economy through lower interest rates. Doing so gives financial institutions a less expensive alternative to borrowing. This process also serves to alleviate the fear of insufficient liquidity in the short run and make bank loans more accessible to consumers and businesses. | <urn:uuid:fb9468fa-30b8-427e-808c-b93116d49cda> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/liquidity-squeeze.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00488-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931391 | 160 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Medical research funding must think in a more joined-up way
We all need a reality check from time to time, a fresh perspective offered by someone with an outsider’s view. It pulls you up short and forces you to reconsider why and how you are doing things, and identifies room for improvement.
The Medical Research Charities Group (mrcg.ie) recently underwent a reality check, a close, critical scrutiny of how it pursues its ambition to promote medical research in Ireland. The group includes about 30 of our best-known and trusted research and patient support charities who are involved in improving clinical treatment through the conduct of medical research. It declares a core believe in today’s health research delivering tomorrow’s healthcare.
The group wasn’t satisfied to assume it was doing things right. It wanted to know it was and so engaged Prof Bernie Hannigan, professor of immunology at the University of Ulster, to study the charities’ role in the health research funding landscape. Hannigan is also an interim joint chief scientific adviser to the Northern Ireland Assembly and is seconded to the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, Northern Ireland.
Her findings were specific to the Medical Research Charities Group but without a doubt they could readily be applied to the wider research community. Her findings also show up gaps in our system, the kind that, if left unfilled, will thwart the Government’s ambitions to derive both jobs and high-tech company start-ups from State-funded discovery research.
Hannigan discussed issues with funders of science and recipients of their awards. She talked to the universities, academic and clinical researchers, focus groups and had the results of an online survey. She presented her conclusions at a conference organised by the group earlier this month in Dublin on “health research in a changing environment”.
Her first observation was that the funding coming from the various charities was provided without overall strategic co-ordination. One could argue that each charity has its own specific research agenda, making co-ordination difficult, but there is also a view that you can get more bang for your buck if you pull together in a more joined-up way.
Many other conclusions provided by Hannigan unfortunately seemed all too familiar and readily applicable to the wider research community in Ireland. One related to the research prioritisation exercise which identified 14 areas where Ireland should plug in research backing. Many researchers are unhappy about the selection, saying wide areas of science and mathematics are left out. This seems to be what Hannigan found, saying it “creates gaps in the funding of certain types of projects and certain researcher career stages”.
Another central component of the Government’s jobs-driven research agenda is to facilitate the smooth transition of research discovery through to useful commercial product or new clinical treatment. This is the plan but it is not always seen in execution, with projects getting hung up in the intermediate stages between the initial discovery and the delivery of an end-point.
The report highlighted problems with career development and progression, another very familiar failing in the wider research environment. Looking at the medical end of the research spectrum, Hannigan pointed to a situation where the funders were supporting well-established researchers and PhD students but were not protecting the post-doctoral cohort.
This in part comes down to the infamous EU fixed-term working directive because it has made third-level employers “risk-averse so non-permanent staff are less secure than previously”, Hannigan says. The result is the same whether you are in medicine or physics, the post-docs on recurrent one-year contracts with no guarantees are forced to look abroad for opportunities. These are not the kind of valuable, experienced people we can afford to lose. And it is not just looking for a fatter pay cheque – experienced post-docs are at an age where people start to get married, have children and get mortgages, a time when security of tenure is essential.
Some of the problems encountered by Hannigan could be diminished or resolved with more networking, she says. This is true of the general research community and is reflected in the need to bring in other third-level institutions to build research consortiums that also have private sector participation. It is more difficult for a small country like Ireland to achieve depth in a given research area, but we are managing it for sectors such as nanotechnology and immunology and new materials among others.
The charities are effective and motivated and undoubtedly will take much from Hannigan’s report. But similar gaps and problems exist within the broader research landscape and a change of approach seems warranted. Given the jobs arising from research emphasis imposed by Government, anything helping to close gaps in the discovery to product, service or clinical treatment continuum is the first thing that needs fixing. | <urn:uuid:43116e51-0cfb-46ad-8174-4ea6484dda66> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.irishtimes.com/business/medical-research-funding-must-think-in-a-more-joined-up-way-1.1604049 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00426-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962968 | 982 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Holloway, Malmesbury, United Kingdom
Malmesbury Abbey Reviews
Malmesbury Abbey Jan 17, 2009
Malmesbury Abbey must have been huge in its day. Now, all that is left is an unusually large church with an enormous arch leading to nothing round the side.
Malmesbury abbey was founded very early on, and was well established by 800. About then, give or take a century, Alfred the Great's (him with the burnt cakes) grandon Athelstan, presumably being more competent at both warcraft and cooking, unified England.
And for some reason never quite explained he fell in love with Malmesbury and wanted buried in the Abbey, which promptly got even better known. The current building is about 12th century.
In its current form, it's a surprisingly large church with a great big arch out the back, attached to nothing. In its day, it must have been absolutely enormous, but there isn't much to see today. perfect, in fact, for a half hour walk on your way to purchase a ham hock. There is some fascinating carving, especially around the door. Little of it has survived the last 900 years totally intact, and the dissolution of the monnasteries and reformation means that most of the angels were beheaded. Some, however, survived - the locals must have just plastered over them - and the inside of the porch has some great little saints and prophets. The roof bosses are pretty cool too. There is also a window by William Morris and Co, which is just after Morris's death and so done to his designs.
Disabled access would probably be fine.
Part of the 2009 at last travel blog
Part of the list Leave London!
Part of the list Free Things in the UK
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An Overview of Prostate Cancer
Incontinence and impotence are two evil twins of prostate cancer and its consequence. While impotence can foment deep somber, incontinence is more primal problem; only babies and toddlers are supposed to wet themselves. Beyond those ages, it become a hushed subject, an object of shame or a bad jokes. UFM provides incontinence underwear for men that help to manage his situation. As the prostate become enlarged it interferes with the proper functioning of the urinary tract, and that is how the prostate contribute to men's consistency.
What Is Prostate Cancer?
Prostate is a part of the man's reproductive hormone, size of the prostate gland is like a walnut and it is located in front of the rectum and just below the bladder. The prostate makes a milk like fluid (semen) in the man's body that carries sperm. It surrounds by a tube known as 'urethra' which hoist urine and sperm through the penis and out of the body.
Prostate cancer develops when abnormal cells in the prostate gland breed more quickly than in a normal prostate and forming a noxious tumor. Most prostate cancer sprout slower than the other types of cancer. Some prostate cancer even escalate in other parts of the body such as the bladder, bones and lymph nodes. These types of prostate is called advanced prostate cancer.
Early prostate cancer rarely cause symptoms, this is because the cancer usually grows in the outer part of the gland and is not large enough to put the pressure on the urethra. If the cancer germinate and proliferate beyond the prostate, it may cause;
- pain and burning when urinating
- increased frequency and difficulty in urinating
- blood in the urine and semen
- pain in the lower back, hip and upper thighs
- weight loss
if you are concerned or experiencing any of these symptoms, it is better to consult a doctor.
Surgery is the common choice to try to cure prostate cancer, if you do not want to sprout out from the gland.
A radical prostatectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland as well as the seminal vesicles and lymph node that are attached to it. It is a major operation, the surgeon makes a skin laceration in your abdomen, from the belly button to the pubic bone so that they can remove the prostate and nearby tissue. This type of surgery, sometimes referred to as an open approach, is now being done less often than in the past.
In Laparoscopic surgery surgeons use a special type ofsurgical instrument to remove the prostate cancer, with the help of this doctors can easily see inside the abdomen with a special camera or scope. Traditionally surgery requires a long laceration down the center of the abdomen and a lengthy recovery period. Laparoscopic surgery eliminate the need for this large incision and provide fast recovery, less pain and less risk of infection.
In this procedure, the prostate is removed through an laceration in the skin between the scrotum and anus. The lymph node cannot be removed through this incision, if the lymph node need to be examine, removal can be done through a small abdominal laceration or by a Laparoscopic procedure.
Side Effects After Surgery
Removal of prostate can cause;
Erection Problem or impotency
- Leakage Of Urine
Erection Problem Or Impotency
The inability to achieve or maintain erection known as impotency, it is a major side effect that one face after the prostate surgery. About 90% of men will experience impotence whose testicles have been removed during surgery known as orchiectomy. So it is better to discuss it with your doctor before you have treatment that may result in impotence.
Leakage Of Urine
The inability to control the urine flow is called incontinence, it is the common side effect that one can face after the prostate surgery. The operation can damage the sphincter muscles which can make it difficult for the patient to control over his bladder. Doctors generally recommend jockstrap for some gentle support to the testicles. UFM provides an affluent testicles support underwear that equip with better support and comfort.
Follow-Up With Your Doctor
After the surgery, doctors advises you for frequent visit to the hospital, so that they can assure that your recovery and return of urinary consistency is occurring normally. The frequency of doctor visits and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) test will be determined based on the risk of cancer recurrence.
Do not be embarrassed by urinary leakage after the prostate cancer treatment, learn properly how to manage it to give you the most comfort during the healing process. Some doctors also recommend for the underwear that US patented and Intl patents pending drawstring support system, UFM provide a wide range of underwear that are not only support your testicles but also provide full comfort. | <urn:uuid:6b22308b-a9e2-4ea6-ab13-d97b105cbfac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ufmunderwear.com/articles/incontinence-spawn-dilemma-after-prostate-surgery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.945428 | 1,041 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Arum — Arum is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region.
They are rhizomatous, herbaceous perennial plants growing to 20-60 cm tall, with saggitate (arrowhead-shaped) leaves 10-55 cm long. The flowers are produced in a spadix, surrounded by a 10-40 cm long, coloured spathe, which may be white, yellow, brown or purple; some species are scented, others not. The fruit is a cluster of bright orange or red berries.
All parts of the plants are poisonous, containing significant amounts of calcium oxalate. | <urn:uuid:c1aa6ddd-3ad7-41b6-bc20-5df9f5072336> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.4to40.com/kids-encyclopedia/plants-trees-encyclopedia/arum-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.922473 | 153 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, by Neuman, W. Lawrence
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780205615964 | 0205615961
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 11/7/2010
This highly regarded text presents acomprehensiveand balanced introduction to bothqualitative and quantitativeapproaches to social research, emphasizing the benefits of combining various approaches. New this edition:MyResearchKit--Social Research Methods 7E can be packaged with MyResearchKit. MyResearchKit can be packaged with the text at no additional cost or purchased separately. MyResearchKit includes: Multiple choice practice test questions Flashcards of key terms Short research exercises (previously in the workbook) SPSS data sets - included in MyResearchKit - are used in some of the research exercises Social Explorer - census data from 1790 - present A "Social Research in the News" blog Writing tutorial - covers documenting sources, avoiding plagiarism, and various kinds of writing assignments (literature reviews, abstracts, research proposals, etc.) MySearchLab- a search engine for retrieving scholarly research articles from hundreds of academic journals | <urn:uuid:9f0d3987-4b87-46de-b381-7d15440822f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.biggerbooks.com/social-research-methods-qualitative/bk/9780205615964 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00383-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.83433 | 251 | 2.1875 | 2 |
And inevitably, there has been criticism of "the market". One particularly hurtful phrase was "there has been a race to the bottom". "The free market has failed us yet again."
I did wonder how competition could lead to this, surely any competition is good, right?
Well, yes it is, but it really does matter who the customer is.
Why, if competition is so good, are the train companies so expensive and so utterly useless? Why, if competition is so good, are examination boards in a race to the bottom? Why is the NHS generally such an unpleasant, bureaucratic experience when you're sick?
In all the cases above, you are not the customer. You are the stock in trade.
Train companies are effectively granted a monopoly over a line, so there is no real competition. Their objective is maximise revenue from a government-decreed monopoly.
Examination boards are there to make the government look good, to make education look successful, to tick government boxes. If we were the customers, they wouldn't be interested in any of those things, they'd be trading on their brand like Oxford or Cambridge, they'd have no interest whatsoever in being in a race to the bottom, because nobody would want to take their exams.
And of course, in the saintly (monopoly) NHS, the patient is the last thing on the mind of those who are in charge, who have to juggle arbitrary government funding with the infinite demand that comes with a "free" service. I suspect that the Lansley reforms (if they ever get enacted, of course!) will lead to a similar disaster where trusts compete with each other for government money by fucking over the long-suffering taxpayer and patient.
Competition only helps the customer. In none of these cases are we the customer, we're just the people who pay for stuff.
There's a big difference between the two. | <urn:uuid:f6a31a9a-8df0-4326-96af-eb8a1ef4293c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://obotheclown.blogspot.com/2012/06/race-to-bottom.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00466-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971202 | 392 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea can return to patients as negativity in their social environment. It may also be mentioned among the causes of more serious problems that may occur in the future. Among these problems, serious problems such as cardiovascular diseases and potentially fatal complications can be seen. Sleep apnea is first confirmed by the Sleep test result. The test result determines the degree of apnea. According to this degree, treatment planning is done. The location of the contraction is determined. Medically, CPAP is generally used. However, if there is a occlusive cause, it must be corrected. This is achieved by surgical intervention. | <urn:uuid:5559c8cd-eab6-4df2-b801-27e6b50e1547> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.drmithattopal.com/snoring-surgery-sleep-apnea-surgery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.960612 | 133 | 3.1875 | 3 |
I've a 3DR hexacopter, new.
It has the PM (Power Module), the PDB (Power Distribution Board) and an APM2.5 with no jumper on jp1.
Online, I've found some instructions telling me that when using the PM, one is to leave jp1 unjumpered, and to plug in the +5v coming from the PDB.
Is this correct?
Yesterday, I USB'd into the APM2.5, and downloaded 2.81 firmware. So I know it's alive - so far. Don't want to plug things in incorrectly.
I just setup my Quad using the PM and i did not put the JP1 jumper in i left all the other connections in place as they were and the Quad performs fine. It real should say if using the PM do not use the JP1 jumper. I also tried it without using the PM and installed the JP! jumper and the Quad ran fine.
Yes I had the +5v from the PDB connected to the APM 2.5 as well as having the PM connected and all works fine.
The electronics refers to the APM and R/C Receiver, it's confusing terminology.
I think that if you power your board using the APM PM you should not ever have JP1 in place to connect INPUT and OUTPUT 5V rails. The reason I say this is that the APM PM is rated 2.25A MAX, so driving additional servos could quickly max this out and cause a brown-out.
I just finished assembling the 3DR kit for Quad Arducopter and has the same questionning. The documentation for using the 3DR power module on one hand and the page on optional additions (voltage and current sensors) are not clear at all.
There is the paragraph that I do not understand clearly :
"..It's also possible to power APM 2.5 from two separate sources, one powering the RC system on the input side, and the other powering the output side (servos or ESCs). This is determined by a jumper on the JP1 pins (see below). If the jumper is on, which is the factory default, the board is powered from the Output rail or the USB. If the jumper is off, the board is powered from the Input rail, but the Output rail will need its own power source. This configuration is used if you want to have two separate power sources in your aircraft, one powering the servos and the other powering the electronics. The ideal input voltage is 5.37v +/-0.0v and may not be provided by a typical ESC."
As I use the Power Module I was forced to remove the JP1 off the APM2.5. Then I understand according to this copied parapgraph that I would need a second battery to power the R/C ? (while the first one only power the motors through the power module connected to the PDB) Is this correct understanding or not ?
Thx for help
thx a lot. Ok so when they say on the wiki "two power sources", they do not mean two batteries but two "wires" or "circuits" from the same battery, right ?
So you use still one battery to power everything ? At the moment I have no extras on my Quad. But later on I would like to add a camera gimbal with servos on it. I wonder if the 5v Cable from the PDB that is connected on the outputs can deliver enough power to these servos ?
If I want a second battery+BEC to power the servos of the gimbal (or other optional stuff besides APM and motors) how do I connect the 5v wires from the BEC of that second battery to the APM ? (on the outputs rail ? If yes, what to do with the 5v red&black wire from the PDB that is already on the outputs ?)
I agree, this stuff is confusing. I can try to explain, but I think i need to get a good diagram together that will really help. In the meantime, think of it like this. In your system you have one source of power, the battery, and its at a nominal voltage e.g of 11.1Volts (3s 3.7V*3) or 14.4Volts (4s 3.7*4). The APM, RX and servos need only a 5 Volt supply. This means you need something that converts the battery voltage from e.g 11.1V to 5Volts. These devices are known as regulators. Each regulator will deliver 5Volts to a maximum number of amps. You can have many regulators on one system. For example the APM Power Module is spec'd to 2.25A. The ESCs each can deliver a 5V from the battery up to max number of amps of 3A or 5A typically. ESCs have this feature to supply 5V since each one has an internal micro-controller that needs power to operate and they usually a have some capacity left over.
The idea is with JP1 off, is that the APM PM powers the more sensitive "electronics" and the power side of servos and motors are powered by the ESCs internal regulator.
The problem with using the regulator in the ESCs is that when the ESCs is under a lot of load the motor & servos it can cause the regulators voltage to drop, and if it's connected directly to APM (via JP1) it will reset and this can cause catastrophic outcome (brown out). Having a separate regulator connected to the APM/RX this event is much less likely to happen. Hence the new APM PM powers the APM and RX but not the servos etc.. The servos would be powered via ESCs connected to the outputs . The power to the outputs comes via the PDB board which the ESCs are connected to. The ESCs have the regulators converting the battery power to 5V.
Again to repeat, with split power regulation helps avoid a board reset due to brown out, so it will be quicker to recover after the critical event.
With all that to answer you specific question of adding a second battery to power the servos, servos can draw 0.4 to 0.5 A when moving under no load (which is more Amps when they have resistance to movement!), you can supply 5V via a BEC to the OUTPUTS Use a (5A BEC for examples), but disconnect the PDB 5V line as you would need to break that connection as it's not the source of power anymore. This would mean the servos would now not draw any power from the main battery just this second battery.
( as a side maybe it's good to remember that a 'power source' can either mean battery or voltage regulator, but the regulator also needs to be connected to 'real' power source ie. battery!)
Good points about the confusing text -- thanks to everyone who pointed this out. We'll clean that up over the next few days.
In general, most Copter users should leave APM 2.5+ just the way they got it, with the jumper off.
>>> Does the jp1 jumper connect the output conn's 5v rail with the APM's 5v rail?
If so, then it's function becomes quite clear.
Yes it does
>>>Yes I had the +5v from the PDB connected to the APM 2.5 as well as having the PM connected and all works fine.
You should only do this when JP1 is removed
>>>Then I understand according to this copied parapgraph that I would need a second battery to power the R/C ? (while the first one only power the motors through the power module connected to the PDB) Is this correct understanding or not ?
No, you only need one battery. Power module will provide power to the APM and no further connections are required. | <urn:uuid:0a61f11a-d9b2-4833-b799-49631867a2a0> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://diydrones.com/forum/topics/3dr-pm-pdb-apm2-5-and-jumper-jp1-question | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717783.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00075-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951083 | 1,658 | 1.984375 | 2 |
August 21, 2007
The Assault of the Present on the Rest of Time (The Blind Director), 1985
Curiously opening near the end of the second act of Tosca as the heroine (Maria Slatinaru) fends off the advances of Scarpia (Günther Reich), the corrupt police commissioner, the unexpectedly abrupt, in medias res performance of the Puccini opera provides an incisive prelude to the elliptical structure of Alexander Kluge's "anonymous city" symphony, The Assault of the Present on the Rest of Time, an organic and fractured, yet humorous, intuitive, and poetic rumination on the integral - and correlative - nature of technology and (urban) identity, the intersection of film and new media in the creation of art, and the delusive quest to manipulate time. A rearticulated theory by Professor von Gerlach (Hans-Michael Rehberg) presented during a radio interview discussing the seemingly patternistic evolution of history - remapping the twentieth century as a cumulative progression of compartmentalized, four-year plans that, when stitched together, reveal a tabula rasa, generational life cycle of social change and political reinvention - serves as an introductory paradigm for Kluge's multi-faceted approach to the film. Observing that the year 1984 intriguingly represents exactly sixteen years since the height of the May 68 revolution, as well as sixteen years from the end of the twentieth century, the recursive, yet arbitrary reduction of human history as binary multiples of repeating intervals reflects the perpetuated myth of time as a conceptual, yet quantifiable point of convergence - a precise demarcation of an idealized, indefinable present that exists only in relation to another. It is this illusive idea of time as absolute and infinite that the narrator (Kluge) reinforces in an abstract composition that occurs midway through the film:
"Time is what you can measure with a clock. A child, a city, a love, death...these are clocks. One cannot measure that which we consider past, present, future. People, being at fate's mercy, interpret the period of time in which they decide as 'the present'. They want this period to be long. This is the source of illusion."
In a chapter entitled The Superfluous Woman, Kluge dispels the argument of time as an interminable entity through the case study of a well-respected doctor (Rosel Zech) who goes away on an extended vacation to Africa and returns to find that her superior has recruited an additional physician to the medical practice (enticed, in part, by the ambitious doctor's offer to finance the purchase of expensive diagnostic equipment for the clinic) and has demoted her to the basement office. In a subsequent chapter, The Hasty Ones, the idea of manipulating time through arbitrary parameters of (apparent) activity, preoccupation, and speed is subverted by the randomness of fate as a business executive's "saved time" proves meaningless against the inevitability of death - an egalitarian destiny that also recalls a researcher's (Alfred Edel) earlier conversation on the transitory nature of time as kairos, an intense, but fleeting consciousness of experience (a conversation that is wryly prefigured by the interstitial, keyhole shot of a fluffer at work in an anonymous, high-rise building). Contrasted with an earlier vignette of a young Polish woman who reluctantly entertains the romantic overtures of a German soldier during the war in the hopes that his infatuation will aid in delaying the confiscation of her parents' film collection, Kluge illustrates the paradox of time as both malleable and inalterable - a tradable commodity and an irreplaceable endowment - an interplay between the ephemerality of kairos and the eternity of chronos (whose essential Truth resides in its enduring quality).
In The Handover of the Child, the idea of time as a surrogate for desire is illustrated through a lonely single woman, Gertrud Meinecke (Jutta Hoffmann) who decides to become a foster parent to an orphaned child (primarily out of financial incentive), only to face losing her when the girl's wealthy relative is found years later. The theme of surrogacy similarly infuses the final chapter, The Blind Director, in which a veteran filmmaker (Armin Mueller-Stahl), struggles to complete his latest film despite his increasingly failing eyesight. Enlisting the aid of assistant directors to describe the shot footage, Kluge captures the underlying dichotomy between rote image and vision. In both episodes, time exists, not in the present, but in the acute awareness of its eroding passage - its finiteness. Moreover, Kluge's fragmented, idiosyncratically assembled sequences of narrative vignettes, time lapse sequences, found film, and rough hewn, artisanal compositions also reinforce an integral aspect of the discourse that culminates in The Blind Director (a theme that is also broached in a segment chronicling the captive life of a computer-addicted family): the illusion of technology as a surrogate for human imprint. Juxtaposed against images of steel recycling that allude to the obsolescence of traditional production (the materials having been reclaimed from an automobile salvage yard), Kluge's intriguingly dense exposition transcends the simple novelty of creating thematic variations on the dual nature of time, and instead becomes a stage for articulating its repercussions. Concluding with the extended shot of the blind director alone on the ledge of a fire escape as a montage of heavily matted, vintage film stills supplants the frame, Kluge presents an indelible metaphor for the enduring role of film in an age of immateriality, the relativity of images, and the isolation of creative vision. | <urn:uuid:a1532dff-10dc-49d4-aa61-ffd9140d0e80> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.filmref.com/notes/archives/2007/08/the_assault_of_the_present_on.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00108-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932239 | 1,195 | 1.625 | 2 |
Moral relativism (assuming there's no such thing as "right" and "wrong" or they're kind of the same) is a big problem in this country, and the Pope's visit highlights one of my favorite examples of it.
As everyone knows, I'm no fan of religion, and that includes Catholicism. (Though I do enjoy reading The Anchoress.) But not being a relativist, it also includes Buddhism - and it's own spiritually-atheistic emissary, the Dali Lama. President Bush likes both men. But most Leftists treat the Dali Lama like there's something unique about what he's selling, while the Pope is just a hypocrite who shuttles around in a bullet-proof funny car, spouting a bunch of Thou Shalt Nots. It just isn't so. Long ago, I posted a quote from Patrick French's essay, "Dali Lama Lite", about what Lama-lovers either don't know or refuse to accept - here it is again:
"Tibetan Buddhism is not a values-free system oriented around smiles and a warm heart. It is a religion with tough ethical underpinnings that sometimes get lost in translation. For example, the Dalai Lama explicitly condemns homosexuality, as well as all oral and anal sex. His stand is close to that of Pope John Paul II, something his Western followers find embarrassing and prefer to ignore. His American publisher even asked him to remove the injunctions against homosexuality from his book, ''Ethics for the New Millennium,'' for fear they would offend American readers, and the Dalai Lama acquiesced."That would seem to make the Dali Lama the exact same type of man as the Popes. But, actually, that makes the Dali Lama even less of a figure because the Popes haven't lied, or tried hide their shit, merely for the sake of good propaganda. They've been up-front about what they think, and if you don't like it, tough. The Dali Lama, on the other hand, is playing his followers for the incense burning suckers they are. It's just one big morally relativist spiritual party with him: I won't show you my hypocrisy if you won't show me yours.
I'm mentioning all this because my friend (and regular reader) Elizabeth Mika, just sent me two articles (from the Chicago Tribune) that highlight how moral relativism is being applied, regarding the presidential election battle between Barack Obama and John McCain.
In the first article, Steve Chapman takes John McCain to task for criticizing Barack Obama, regarding his friendship with the Weatherman Bill Ayers, when McCain is also friends with the convicted former Watergate conspirator - and now radio host - G. Gordon Liddy. McCain once told Liddy it was "always a pleasure for me to come on your program, Gordon, and congratulations on your continued success and adherence to the principles and philosophies that keep our nation great." Chapman then says:
"Which principles would those be? The ones that told Liddy it was fine to break into the office of the Democratic National Committee to plant bugs and photograph documents? The ones that made him propose to kidnap anti-war activists so they couldn't disrupt the 1972 Republican National Convention? The ones that inspired him to plan the murder (never carried out) of an unfriendly newspaper columnist?O.K., you got all that? And I can tell you (as an old hand at this political game) it's all true: G. Gordon Liddy is a true-blue American nut case. How he ever got into politics, or inside the White House for that matter, is still a mystery to me after all these years and I know the guy's story pretty-fucking-well. My favorite Liddy tale, behavior-wise, regards an incident where he held his hand over an open flame for an extended period of time to prove he was "harder" than everyone else in the room.
Liddy was in the thick of the biggest political scandal in American history—and one of the greatest threats to the rule of law. He has said he has no regrets about what he did, insisting that he went to jail as 'a prisoner of war.'"
I can hear some of you now (we've got him!) thinking because McCain associates with Liddy - and I support McCain - this is practically some kind of political double-play, that might have the capacity to shut me up, turn the election leftward, and gain some kind of advantage for Obama, the Democrats, and/or the Left. Well, I hate to bust your bubble, but no such luck. Let's finish dealing with Giddy Liddy, first, and you'll see why:
G. Gordon Liddy, despite all his faults (and, boy, are we talking about a guy with a lot of 'em) is an American patriot in the Ollie North mode. The kind of guy who, if his president (it was Richard Nixon at the time) asked him to crawl through broken glass to do something - he'd do it. Even crazier, if Liddy got an assignment that didn't require crawling through broken glass, he'd request that broken glass be added just so A) he could really show his loyalty to the president and the country B) he could show his courage was off-the-fucking-charts (compared to the rest of us "wimps") and C) so he could brag about it, for the rest of his fucking days, on that goofy little radio show of his.
Now keep in mind, to their credit, career Democrats in government (as opposed to anti-war protesting civilian weenies) are no slouches when it comes to the "crazy patriot" routine either. (I like patriots, y'all:) Richard Armitage (the guy who admitted he revealed Valarie Plame's CIA identity - not Scooter Libby - though I don't hear anybody screaming about that little fuck up,...) is pretty crazy too. My favorite Armitage story is from right after 9/11, when the government wanted to go into Afghanistan. Ol' Rich called up President Mussharaf and gave him an ultimatum - in the form of The Macho Response:
Join with the United States in the War On Terror or we'll bomb Pakistan "back to the Stone Age".
Mussharaf, a military general - who no one on earth would call a coward - got Armitage's message, loud and clear, and the rest is history.
My point is, we've got these guys - Democrats, and Republicans, who don't take crap and are batshit crazy - on our side. Totally insane or not, they are patriots, and G. Gordon Liddy, for all his crimes, never killed anyone (though he has proposed doing so, probably, every day) and he proudly went to prison with his head held high (mostly because he's so nutty he isn't capable of lowering it.). That's why he - and Ollie North - have got radio shows, speaking engagements, and millions of fans, despite doing time.
One of which is, apparently, John McCain.
On the other hand, Barack Obama's friend, Bill Ayers, was fighting against our government in an organization that got many Americans killed and (when you add in children, etc.) devastated more lives than I can calculate. When the Weathermen's (accidental) Greenwich Village townhouse explosion occured, they were building bombs to set off at a dance - at a dance! - for noncommissioned officers at the Fort Dix, New Jersey Army base. Three Weathermen (actually Weather-women) were killed in that "gory" blast alone. The rest went underground to continue their vicious nonsense and, when it was all over, Bill Ayers only escaped punishment on a technicality.
You can read the other Chicago Tribune article Elizabeth sent me for more on Ayers' illustrious "career".
My point, here, is to say that for anyone to suggest - in trying to assess the associates of Barack Obama and John McCain - that there's anything alike, between a terrorist like Bill Ayers and a patriot like G. Gordon Liddy, is just taking moral relativism to it's extreme. This example is an even much more outrageous use of moral relativism than when Obama compared his grandmother's comment (she, a white woman, once voiced her fear of a single black male to him, in private, family member to family member) to Jeremiah Wright's weekly paranoid ravings in front of a congregation of thousands, as well as on TV, radio, and on CDs. There's just no comparison, but, somehow - with Democrats using moral relativism - Barack Obama got away with it, and the Left agreed he did a marvelous job doing so.
I wouldn't let him do it again. | <urn:uuid:2bfe9a8a-dd28-4af4-971d-c97fd31dc4a5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://themachoresponse.blogspot.com/2008/05/its-not-about-how-you-want-to-see-it.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719908.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00159-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972044 | 1,842 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Featuring 100 individual modules covering a giant array of topics, each lesson in this volume includes detailed instruction with playing examples presented in standard notation and tablature. Also included...
A walking bass line is the most common approach to jazz bass playing, but it is also used in rock music, blues, rockabilly, R&B, Gospel, Latin, country and many other types of music. The term "walking"...
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Jaco Pastorius is arguably the greatest bassist of the 20th century. Modern Electric Bass breaks down the musical elements and characteristics that made him such a unique and once-in-a-generation...
16 great performances by legendary jazz bassists transcribed note-for-note with tab for acoustic and electric bass. Includes: Autumn Leaves (Scott LaFaro); C-Jam Blues (Ray Brown);...
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Clutching identical notebooks, a group of Cambodians with diabetes queues inside a small house off a dusty railroad track in the country's capital, Phnom Penh. When they leave, their blood sugar level will be inked on their hands and in their books to indicate how well they are controlling the condition.
Every week, about 40 people from this slum community gather for blood glucose tests, counselling on diet and exercise, and to discuss the best ways to manage the disease. They are part of a peer education programme that could be the best way for them to change their lifestyles.
"In a clinical setting [patients] will just say, 'Yes, yes, yes' and then go away and continue with their normal life and nothing changes," says Maurits van Pelt, director of the MoPoTsyo patient information centre, a local NGO focusing on chronic disease.
"Here, those messages can be explored, because people have time. They can ask, and then resist, and then they can deal with that resistance as a group … you need an informal setting because it's all about behavioural change."
There is no doctor here. Instead, Meach Lina, 44, a peer educator who has received six weeks of training and is a diabetic, dispenses advice from home. But in Cambodia, where healthcare costs from disease often put families in long-term debt or poverty, peer education programmes can go a long way.
"I prefer coming here than to a private clinic. It costs less as I used to spend a lot of money on my treatment. But here, I also get advice from the counsellor, who tells me how to exercise and how to eat," says Saing Savoeurn, 66.
Lina makes appointments for Savoeurn to visit a doctor, as well as helping her to access low-cost generic drugs distributed through a revolving drug fund; after an initial capital investment, drug supplies are replenished with money collected from the sale of drugs. Patients are also offered affordable urine strips to keep track of their sugar levels at home.
"If you tell people in the west that people are doing this themselves they can't believe it … but I see this all as demystification. Giving people confidence [to] start to take matters into their own hands," Van Pelt says.
MoPoTsyo has trained more than 100 peer educators to help patients in Cambodia's rural areas and urban slums. It has 7,000 diabetic members in its network and estimates that about 500,000 people have self-screened for the disease since 2005 as a result of its programmes.
A study of rural Siemreap and suburban Kampong Cham found a surprisingly high prevalence of diabetes – 5% in Siem Reap, and 11% in Kampong Cham.
Like many developing countries, Cambodia faces an epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCD), with diabetes alone responsible for more than 5,000 deaths last year. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) (pdf), NCDs account for 46% of deaths in the country.
At the same time, the high costs (pdf) of accessing primary healthcare services are a significant barrier, especially since 80% of Cambodians live in rural areas. Community-based approaches to controlling NCDs could therefore provide a low-cost alternative if used in conjunction with the existing health system, according to Dr Hai-Rim Shin, head of NCDs for the western-Pacific region at the WHO.
"Peer education is helpful but it depends on the country context … many low- and middle-income countries don't have the health system to deal with this. That's why we also support community-level practitioners," says Shin.
Although peer education has long held a place in HIV-Aids prevention, its use in diabetes control is relatively new. The World Diabetes Foundation (WDF) supports peer educator networks in Jordan, Brazil and the Maldives, as well as Cambodia.
"It's something that is emerging, we are starting to see this in many countries where they don't have the healthcare capacity to deal with the disease," says Jamal Butt, the foundation's communications manager. He says WDF-sponsored projects have resulted in marked improvements and lifestyle changes for patients enrolled in community-based programmes.
According to Van Pelt, recent evaluations have found that about 70% of MoPoTsyo members were keeping their diabetes under control. An independent evaluation (pdf) also found significant improvements.
For Lina, however, it is obvious that her patients are more likely to listen to her than a doctor. "We are both simple people. It's easy for them to ask questions and get advice from me. They don't feel scared." | <urn:uuid:aba44bca-4903-4a4f-870b-a46bfe8f6380> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/jul/16/cambodian-diabetics-peer-education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.970745 | 975 | 2.484375 | 2 |
British Prime Minister Tony Blair is facing mounting pressure to urge US President George W. Bush to give the UN a greater role inside Iraq as a way of calming the security situation and indirectly helping ease the mounting political pressure over the government's handling of the Iraq crisis.
With Blair due to fly to Washington on Thursday, the prime minister is facing growing domestic demands to assert his independence from the Americans. Any demand for a bigger UN role could inflame already damaged relations between London and Washington.
Blair is locked in dispute with Bush over the future of British citizens held at Guantanamo Bay and the two country's normally cooperative intelligence agencies are at loggerheads over whether they ever possessed intelligence to justify the claim that Iraq was seeking uranium from Niger.
Ministers believe Blair will not be free of the torrent of media questions over the run-up to the war until the Iraq Survey Group reports on Saddam's weapons programs, or alternatively Iraq is more clearly free of Saddam.
They believe the Americans' dominating presence, leaving the UN sidelined, is slowing the path to reform, and Blair urgently needs to reopen discussions with Bush about expanding the limited UN role.
Britain is already arranging for EU troops, mainly from eastern Europe, to take over some of the British role in Iraq. An alternative, proposed by former US president Bill Clinton at the weekend is for NATO to be given a role, so internationalizing the security force.
On Sunday, US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld gave little indication he was willing to bow to any British influence, predicting instead that the US may add to the 150,000 troops it already has there.
The US military also defended the planned military tribunals for the accused at Guantanamo Bay, insisting they will be presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt.
British Home Secretary David Blunkett and the constitutional affairs secretary, Lord Falconer, believe that if the two alleged terrorists were returned to Britain, they may well not be sent to trial because of the way in which any evidence has been extracted from them. The decision would rest with the crown prosecution service.
Blunkett leans towards trial in the US civil courts, rather than repatriation, but such a trial risks ending with the death penalty, leaving ministers without an easy option.
British ministers closely involved in the discussions insist Blair is determined to confront Bush in private over the issue in Washington. But some of them were forced to spend another day fending off questions on how the government handled intelligence in the run- up to war.
The former chief weapons inspector, Hans Blix, renewed his attack on Blair, saying the prime minister had made a fundamental mistake in claiming Iraq had weapons capable of being fired in 45 minutes.
He said Blair had over-interpreted the intelligence made available to him.
But Leader of the House of Commons Peter Hain also insisted that weapons of mass destruction would be found in Iraq, and rejected calls for an independent judicial inquiry.
Speaking on UK morning TV station GMTV, he said: "I do not think that there is any greater justification for an independent inquiry ... we are going to find, I believe, the weapons of mass destruction that posed a threat to the world and were used against other parts of the world. I think in the end history will judge that this was the right thing to do." | <urn:uuid:88ff1222-fb1c-4cc9-9937-6fc017ef83a2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2003/07/15/2003059498 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00482-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963224 | 671 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Guide to the John Bartek Papers, RG 528
Date Span: November 19 and 20, 1998
Biographical Sketch: Bartek was a flight mechanic during World War II. He was aboard the B-17 carrying Eddie Rickenbacker with a secret message from Sect. of War Henry Stimson to General Douglas MacArthur in 1942. The plane was forced to "ditch" into the Pacific Ocean, and the crew and passengers spent 21 days lost at sea.
Scope / Content: The collection documents John Francis Bartek’s speech at Auburn University about his World War II experience and an interview by professor David Lewis (tapes and transcription).
Box 11. Transcript: John Bartek interview w/ Dr. David Lewis and Dr. Dwayne Cox. (Auburn University, November 20, 1998)
2. Transcript: John Bartek Speech about being lost at sea during WWII (Auburn University, November 19, 1998)
3. Newspaper Clippings about Bartek visit to AU, November 19-20, 1998
4. Audiotape: John Bartek speech, 11/19/98 tape 1 of 2
5. Audiotape: John Bartek speech, 11/19/98 tape 2 of 2
6. Audiotape: John Bartek interview by Dr. David Lewis tape 1 of 3
7. Audiotape: John Bartek interview by Dr. David Lewis tape 2 of 3
8. Audiotape: John Bartek interview by Dr. David Lewis tape 3 of 3
Go to the Au Special Collections
& Archives Department Homepage | <urn:uuid:82c282e6-7933-4f83-952e-4ad5862f2a90> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lib.auburn.edu/archive/find-aid/528.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00285-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892138 | 328 | 1.796875 | 2 |
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