Split (3)

train · 4.78k rows

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.

article_id stringlengths 9 15	section_id stringclasses 5 values	document stringlengths 503 67.8k	summary stringlengths 205 16.2k	abstract stringlengths 293 26.7k
1501.05431	i	understanding the complex dynamical evolution of protoplanetary disks ( ppds ) is of key interest both for building a comprehensive theory of planet formation , and as a means of explaining the observationally inferred properties of these objects ( see * ? ? ? * for a recent review ) . for example , ppds are known to a...	protoplanetary disks are believed to accrete onto their central t tauri star because of magnetic stresses . recently published shearing box simulations indicate that ohmic resistivity , ambipolar diffusion and the hall effect all play important roles in disk evolution . in the presence of a vertical magnetic field our...	protoplanetary disks are believed to accrete onto their central t tauri star because of magnetic stresses . recently published shearing box simulations indicate that ohmic resistivity , ambipolar diffusion and the hall effect all play important roles in disk evolution . in the presence of a vertical magnetic field , t...
1501.05431	r	the main aim of our paper is to establish the laminar wind solutions that previously found in local shearing box simulations in the context of global disk simulations . in the interest of economic use of computational resources and to guarantee adequate numerical resolution of our global models , we primarily focus on ...	questions remain , however , about the establishment of a true physical wind solution in the shearing box simulations because of the symmetries inherent in the local approximation . furthermore , the ionization fraction at intermediate disk heights is large enough for magneto - rotational channel modes to grow and subs...	protoplanetary disks are believed to accrete onto their central t tauri star because of magnetic stresses . recently published shearing box simulations indicate that ohmic resistivity , ambipolar diffusion and the hall effect all play important roles in disk evolution . in the presence of a vertical magnetic field , t...
1501.05431	i	we have presented the first quasi - global mhd simulations of ppds that include ohmic resistivity and ambipolar diffusion . in agreement with the shearing box simulations of , we find that the inclusion of ambipolar diffusion has a dramatic effect on the evolution . our main results may be summarized as follows . 1 ...	, the disk remains laminar between 1 , and a magnetocentrifugal disk wind forms that provides an important mechanism for removing angular momentum . we present global mhd simulations of protoplanetary disks that include ohmic resistivity and ambipolar diffusion , where the time - dependent gas - phase electron and ion ...	protoplanetary disks are believed to accrete onto their central t tauri star because of magnetic stresses . recently published shearing box simulations indicate that ohmic resistivity , ambipolar diffusion and the hall effect all play important roles in disk evolution . in the presence of a vertical magnetic field , t...
hep-th9704106	i	solving qcd is among the most challenging problems in theoretical physics . a non - perturbative formulation of qcd is provided by wilson s lattice gauge theory @xcite , which maps the problem to one of classical statistical mechanics . over the past twenty years a variety of tools have been developed to solve lattice ...	qcd is constructed as a lattice gauge theory in which the elements of the link matrices are represented by non - commuting operators acting in a hilbert space . the resulting quantum link model for qcd is formulated with a fifth euclidean dimension , whose extent resembles the inverse gauge coupling of the resulting fo...	qcd is constructed as a lattice gauge theory in which the elements of the link matrices are represented by non - commuting operators acting in a hilbert space . the resulting quantum link model for qcd is formulated with a fifth euclidean dimension , whose extent resembles the inverse gauge coupling of the resulting fo...
1604.01072	i	when a particle is placed in a symmetric periodic potential and subjected to an ac drive , in general the particle simply rocks back and forth and undergoes no net dc motion . if an external dc drive @xmath0 is imposed on a particle in a substrate , the particle has no net dc motion and remains pinned as long as @xmath...	ratchet effects can arise for single or collectively interacting brownian particles on an asymmetric substrate when a net dc transport is produced by an externally applied ac driving force or by periodically flashing the substrate . we discuss future directions including deformable substrates or particles , the role of...	ratchet effects can arise for single or collectively interacting brownian particles on an asymmetric substrate when a net dc transport is produced by an externally applied ac driving force or by periodically flashing the substrate . recently , a new class of active ratchet systems has been realized through the use of a...
1009.5227	i	in the graph drawing literature , the problem of finding aesthetically pleasant drawings of graphs has been extensively studied . the graph drawing community has introduced and studied several criteria that judge the quality of a graph drawing , such as the number of crossings among pairs of edges , the number of edge ...	recent cognitive experiments have shown that the negative impact of an edge crossing on the human understanding of a graph drawing , tends to be eliminated in the case where the crossing angles are greater than degrees . this motivated the study of _ rac drawings _ , in which every pair of crossing edges intersects at ...	recent cognitive experiments have shown that the negative impact of an edge crossing on the human understanding of a graph drawing , tends to be eliminated in the case where the crossing angles are greater than degrees . this motivated the study of _ rac drawings _ , in which every pair of crossing edges intersects at ...
1009.5227	c	in this paper , we proved that it is @xmath1-hard to decide whether a graph admits a straight - line rac drawing . didimo et al.@xcite proved that it is always feasible to construct a rac drawing of a given graph with at most three bends per edge . if we permit two bends per edge , does the problem remain @xmath1-hard ...	in this work , we demonstrate a class of graphs with unique rac combinatorial embedding and we employ members of this class in order to show that it is-hard to decide whether a graph admits a straight - line rac drawing . + + date : _ september 27 , 2010 . _	recent cognitive experiments have shown that the negative impact of an edge crossing on the human understanding of a graph drawing , tends to be eliminated in the case where the crossing angles are greater than degrees . this motivated the study of _ rac drawings _ , in which every pair of crossing edges intersects at ...
0909.4451	i	in this review we will be mostly concerned with the motion of small solid particles in turbulent @xmath0he . this new and rapidly developing area of research has been initiated by the recent success of implementation of the particle image velocimetry ( piv ) and the particle tracking techniques in superfluid helium , s...	recent experiments have demonstrated a remarkable progress in implementing and use of the particle image velocimetry ( piv ) and particle tracking techniques for the study of turbulence inhe . however , an interpretation of the experimental data in the superfluid phase requires understanding how the motion of tracer pa...	recent experiments have demonstrated a remarkable progress in implementing and use of the particle image velocimetry ( piv ) and particle tracking techniques for the study of turbulence inhe . however , an interpretation of the experimental data in the superfluid phase requires understanding how the motion of tracer pa...
1306.6128	i	as one important paradigm in the studies of quantum chaos and quantum - classical correspondence , the kicked rotor ( kr ) model @xcite has received tremendous theoretical and experimental interest in the last three decades @xcite . for some experimental activities on kr within the last three years , we would like to...	recent studies have established that , in addition to the well - known kicked harper model ( khm ) , an on - resonance double kicked rotor model ( ordkr ) also has hofstadter s butterfly floquet spectrum , with strong resemblance to the standard hofstadter s spectrum that is a paradigm in studies of the integer quantum...	recent studies have established that , in addition to the well - known kicked harper model ( khm ) , an on - resonance double kicked rotor model ( ordkr ) also has hofstadter s butterfly floquet spectrum , with strong resemblance to the standard hofstadter s spectrum that is a paradigm in studies of the integer quantum...
1306.6128	c	in this work , we have mainly focused on two topics : the spectral difference between ordkr and khm ( comparing quantum maps @xmath37 and @xmath29 ) and their topological equivalence upon introducing an additional periodic phase parameter @xmath138 ( comparing quantum maps @xmath137 and @xmath139 ) . one important spec...	it is found that the ordkr spectrum ( with two periodic kicking sequences having the same kick strength ) has one flat band and non - flat bands whose largest width decays in power law as , where is a kicking strength parameter . this is shown to result in dramatic differences in dynamical behavior , such as transient ...	recent studies have established that , in addition to the well - known kicked harper model ( khm ) , an on - resonance double kicked rotor model ( ordkr ) also has hofstadter s butterfly floquet spectrum , with strong resemblance to the standard hofstadter s spectrum that is a paradigm in studies of the integer quantum...
hep-ph9910563	i	the computation of multi - parton scattering amplitudes in qcd is essential for quantitative predictions of multi - jet cross - sections at high - energy colliders . the feynman diagrams for such an amplitude can generate a thicket of complicated color algebra , tangled together with expressions composed of kinematic i...	recently , a color decomposition using structure constants was introduced for purely gluonic tree amplitudes , in a compact form involving only the linearly independent subamplitudes . we give two proofs that this decomposition holds for an arbitrary number of gluons . we also present and prove similar decompositions a...	recently , a color decomposition using structure constants was introduced for purely gluonic tree amplitudes , in a compact form involving only the linearly independent subamplitudes . we give two proofs that this decomposition holds for an arbitrary number of gluons . we also present and prove similar decompositions a...
hep-ph9807358	i	parton distributions were first introduced by feynman as the phenomenological quantities describing the properties of the nucleon manifest in high - energy scattering@xcite . when a nucleon travels near the speed of light , it can be viewed as consisting of a beam of non - interacting partons that are massless and coll...	recently , there have been some interesting developments involving off - forward parton distributions of the nucleon , deeply virtual compton scattering , and hard diffractive vector - meson production . these developments are triggered by the realization that the off - forward distributions contain information about t...	recently , there have been some interesting developments involving off - forward parton distributions of the nucleon , deeply virtual compton scattering , and hard diffractive vector - meson production . these developments are triggered by the realization that the off - forward distributions contain information about t...
astro-ph0301392	i	although many fundamental aspects of the nature of gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) remain mysterious , an essential requirement for any type of central engine to successfully generate a grb is the formation of an ultrarelativistic outflow with bulk lorentz factor @xmath3 100 , so that the gamma - ray compactness of the emi...	robust generation of gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) implies the formation of outflows with very low baryon loads and highly relativistic velocities , but more baryon - rich , slower outflows are also likely to occur in most grb central engine scenarios , either as `` circum - jet winds '' or `` failed grbs '' .	robust generation of gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) implies the formation of outflows with very low baryon loads and highly relativistic velocities , but more baryon - rich , slower outflows are also likely to occur in most grb central engine scenarios , either as `` circum - jet winds '' or `` failed grbs '' . here we st...
astro-ph0301392	r	the main parameters in the present problem are @xmath49 , @xmath75 , @xmath23 and @xmath59 . grb observations put reasonable constraints on @xmath49 and @xmath75 , so we will keep these to our fiducial numbers of 10@xmath76 erg s@xmath77 and 10@xmath78 cm respectively ( hence @xmath79 ; see however 5 ) . we thus conc...	small but interesting amounts of light elements such as deuterium and boron can also be produced . depending on the neutron excess and baryon load , the combination of high entropy , rapid initial expansion and gradual expansion at later times can cause the reaction flow to reach the fission regime , and its path can b...	robust generation of gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) implies the formation of outflows with very low baryon loads and highly relativistic velocities , but more baryon - rich , slower outflows are also likely to occur in most grb central engine scenarios , either as `` circum - jet winds '' or `` failed grbs '' . here we st...
astro-ph0301392	c	the salient points of this work are summarized . we have explored the possibility of nucleosynthesis in baryon - rich outflows that are expected to accompany grbs . detailed reaction network calculations were performed in the context of the fireball model with varying baryon load . it was found that mildly relativistic...	here we study the possibility of nucleosynthesis within such baryon - rich outflows by conducting detailed reaction network calculations in the framework of the basic fireball model . it is shown that high baryon load fireballs attaining mildly relativistic velocities can synthesize appreciable quantities of heavy neut...	robust generation of gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) implies the formation of outflows with very low baryon loads and highly relativistic velocities , but more baryon - rich , slower outflows are also likely to occur in most grb central engine scenarios , either as `` circum - jet winds '' or `` failed grbs '' . here we st...
1604.08180	r	given a graph @xmath57 , the _ graph distance on @xmath58 _ between any @xmath59 is defined as @xmath60 with the conventions that @xmath61 and @xmath62 if @xmath63 and @xmath64 are not in the same connected component of the graph . we define the _ diameter _ of @xmath58 as the maximal distance between two vertices in @...	scale - free percolation is a percolation model on which can be used to model real - world networks . we prove bounds for the graph distance in the regime where vertices have infinite degrees . we fully characterize transience vs. recurrence for dimension 1 and 2 and give sufficient conditions for transience in dimens...	scale - free percolation is a percolation model on which can be used to model real - world networks . we prove bounds for the graph distance in the regime where vertices have infinite degrees . we fully characterize transience vs. recurrence for dimension 1 and 2 and give sufficient conditions for transience in dimens...
1508.07732	i	hierarchical organisation is an ubiquitous feature of a large variety of systems studied in natural- and social sciences . examples of empirical studies on hierarchy are including the transcriptional regulatory network of escherichia coli @xcite , the dominant - subordinate hierarchy among crayfish @xcite , the leader ...	signs of hierarchy are prevalent in a wide range of systems in nature and society . the novelty of our approach is that directed trees corresponding to multi level pyramidal structures obtain higher hierarchy scores compared to directed chains and directed stars . furthermore , in the thermodynamic limit the hierarchy ...	signs of hierarchy are prevalent in a wide range of systems in nature and society . one of the key problems is quantifying the importance of hierarchical organisation in the structure of the network representing the interactions or connections between the fundamental units of the studied system . although a number of n...
1508.07732	r	for demonstrating the sensitivity of our measure to the topology also in case of acyclic networks , first we evaluate @xmath51 for chains , regular trees with a constant branching number @xmath52 , and stars . according to calculations detailed in methods , the corresponding hierarchy values can be expressed as @xmath5...	one of the key problems is quantifying the importance of hierarchical organisation in the structure of the network representing the interactions or connections between the fundamental units of the studied system . in addition , the tests on real world networks provided very intuitive results , e.g. , the trophic levels...	signs of hierarchy are prevalent in a wide range of systems in nature and society . one of the key problems is quantifying the importance of hierarchical organisation in the structure of the network representing the interactions or connections between the fundamental units of the studied system . although a number of n...
1202.1979	i	for compact surfaces @xmath0 embedded in @xmath1 , the canham - helfrich functional is defined by @xmath2 where the integration is with respect to the ordinary 2-dimensional area measure , @xmath3 is the sum of the principal curvatures of @xmath0 , i.e. , twice the mean curvature , @xmath4 is the gaussian curvature , @...	since the pioneering work of canham and helfrich , variational formulations involving curvature - dependent functionals , like the classical willmore functional , have proven useful for shape analysis of biomembranes . we address minimizers of the canham - helfrich functional defined over closed surfaces enclosing a fi...	since the pioneering work of canham and helfrich , variational formulations involving curvature - dependent functionals , like the classical willmore functional , have proven useful for shape analysis of biomembranes . we address minimizers of the canham - helfrich functional defined over closed surfaces enclosing a fi...
1012.2964	i	the density functional theory ( dft)@xcite is one of successful frameworks in the theory of electron systems . for a present standard scheme of this theory , the universal energy density functional @xmath5 $ ] defined by the constrained minimization method@xcite is used as a key quantity . lieb has analyzed @xmath5 $ ]...	some theorems on derivatives of the coulomb density functional with respect to the coupling constant are given . is defined to reproduce and the ground state energy . fixing the charge density , possible phase transitions as level crossings detected in a value of the reduced density functional happen only at discrete p...	some theorems on derivatives of the coulomb density functional with respect to the coupling constant are given . consider an electron density given by a ground state . a model fermion system with the reduced coupling constant , , is defined to reproduce and the ground state energy . fixing the charge density , possible...
1404.7028	i	the goal of this work has been to analyze the effects of massively nlte atmospheric modeling combined with 2d horizontal inhomogeneities on @xmath1 values inferred from seds and line profiles . the stellar atmosphere and spectrum synthesis code phoenix was used to generate a grid of spherical stellar atmosphere models ...	spectra for 2d stars in the 1.5d approximation are created from synthetic spectra of 1d non - local thermodynamic equilibrium ( nlte ) spherical model atmospheres produced by the phoenix code . synthetic observable quantities from the 1.5d stars are fitted with quantities from nlte and local thermodynamic equilibrium (...	spectra for 2d stars in the 1.5d approximation are created from synthetic spectra of 1d non - local thermodynamic equilibrium ( nlte ) spherical model atmospheres produced by the phoenix code . the 1.5d stars have the spatially averaged rayleigh - jeans flux of a k3 - 4 iii star , while varying the temperature differen...
1308.5058	i	anomalous diffusion arises in a wide range of systems across disciplines and is usually characterized in terms of the mean squared displacement ( msd ) @xmath0 ^ 2\right>\simeq t^{2h}\ ] ] of a random variable @xmath1 , where the anomalous diffusion or hurst exponent @xmath2 distinguishes subdiffusion ( @xmath3 ) from ...	we derive the exact solutions for the single - time probability density functions and extract the scaling behaviours . interestingly , we find that different combinations of the model parameters lead to indistinguishable shapes of the emerging probability density functions and identical scaling laws . our model will be...	standard continuous time random walk ( ctrw ) models are renewal processes in the sense that at each jump a new , independent pair of jump length and waiting time are chosen . globally , anomalous diffusion emerges through action of the generalized central limit theorem leading to scale - free forms of the jump length ...
1310.7146	i	direct evidence for spiral wave triggering of star formation has been difficult to find since density wave shocks were first identified by @xcite and @xcite . early proposals for triggering involved shock compression of incoming clouds @xcite , diffuse cloud formation in a phase transition driven by thermal instabiliti...	star - forming regions that are visible at m and h but not in the _ u , g , r , i , z _ bands of the sloan digital sky survey ( sdss ) , are measured in five nearby spiral galaxies to find extinctions averaging mag and stellar masses averaging .	star - forming regions that are visible at m and h but not in the _ u , g , r , i , z _ bands of the sloan digital sky survey ( sdss ) , are measured in five nearby spiral galaxies to find extinctions averaging mag and stellar masses averaging . these regions are apparently young star complexes embedded in dark filamen...
1310.7146	c	we consider possible star formation mechanisms as summarized in the introduction . two of these mechanisms , the parker and thermal instabilities , involve diffuse gas without self - gravity . while they may contribute to interstellar structure , they are not involved with rapid star formation because that requires sel...	these regions are apparently young star complexes embedded in dark filamentary shock fronts connected with spiral arms . the conditions required to make such complexes are explored , including gravitational instabilities in spiral shocked gas and compression of incident clouds . we find that instabilities are too slow ...	star - forming regions that are visible at m and h but not in the _ u , g , r , i , z _ bands of the sloan digital sky survey ( sdss ) , are measured in five nearby spiral galaxies to find extinctions averaging mag and stellar masses averaging . these regions are apparently young star complexes embedded in dark filamen...
1703.09224	i	the coalescence of gases by turbulence and gravity intricately controls star formation within giant molecular clouds @xcite . on one hand , turbulence has the ability to hinder star formation by providing kinetic energy that can oppose gravity . on the other , the supersonic turbulence ubiquitously observed in the mole...	stars form in cold molecular clouds . however , molecular gas is difficult to observe because the most abundant molecule ( ) lacks a permanent dipole moment . rotational transitions of co are often used as a tracer of , but co is much less abundant and the conversion from co intensity to mass is often highly uncertain ...	stars form in cold molecular clouds . however , molecular gas is difficult to observe because the most abundant molecule ( ) lacks a permanent dipole moment . rotational transitions of co are often used as a tracer of , but co is much less abundant and the conversion from co intensity to mass is often highly uncertain ...
1703.09224	c	we presented a new method to estimate the molecular gas column density ( @xmath1 ) of a galaxy using only optical ifs data , by inverting the star formation relation derived in sfk15 . our method utilises observed values of @xmath3 and velocity dispersion ( here from h@xmath2 ) as inputs and returns an estimate of the ...	we derive maps of by inverting the multi - freefall star formation relation , which connects the star formation rate surface density ( ) with and the turbulent mach number ( ) . based on the measured range of and , we predict in the star - forming regions of our sample of 260 sami galaxies . we classify each galaxy in ...	stars form in cold molecular clouds . however , molecular gas is difficult to observe because the most abundant molecule ( ) lacks a permanent dipole moment . rotational transitions of co are often used as a tracer of , but co is much less abundant and the conversion from co intensity to mass is often highly uncertain ...
hep-th0401112	i	the idea that string theory , with its fundamental length scale , could resolve the big bang singularity by effectively limiting space - time curvature has led , during the last decade , to a variety of models @xcite where the big bang represents a turning ( rather than an end)-point in the history of the early univers...	string - inspired cosmologies , whereby a non - singular curvature bounce is induced by a general - covariant ,-duality - invariant , non - local dilaton potential , are used to study numerically how inhomogeneities evolve and to compare the outcome with analytic expressions obtained through different matching conditio...	string - inspired cosmologies , whereby a non - singular curvature bounce is induced by a general - covariant ,-duality - invariant , non - local dilaton potential , are used to study numerically how inhomogeneities evolve and to compare the outcome with analytic expressions obtained through different matching conditio...
1703.10181	i	optical color - magnitude diagrams reveal that @xmath0 of the evolved stars in older open clusters do not fall along standard single - star evolutionary tracks . these stars include the well - known blue stragglers , but also the yellow giants and sub - subgiants . sub - subgiant stars ( ssgs ) were first identified in...	sub - subgiant stars ( ssgs ) lie to the red of the main - sequence and fainter than the red giant branch in cluster color - magnitude diagrams ( cmds ) , a region not easily populated by standard stellar evolution pathways . while there has been speculation on what mechanisms may create these unusual stars , no well -...	sub - subgiant stars ( ssgs ) lie to the red of the main - sequence and fainter than the red giant branch in cluster color - magnitude diagrams ( cmds ) , a region not easily populated by standard stellar evolution pathways . while there has been speculation on what mechanisms may create these unusual stars , no well -...
1703.10181	i	here we put forth three hypotheses of ssg formation : 1 ) mass transfer in a binary system , 2 ) stripping of a subgiant s envelope , and 3 ) reduced luminosity due to magnetic fields that inhibit convection and produce large stellar spots . we demonstrate that stellar models for each of these methods evolve through th...	here we discuss three hypotheses of ssg formation : ( 1 ) mass transfer in a binary system , ( 2 ) stripping of a subgiant s envelope , perhaps during a dynamical encounter , and ( 3 ) reduced luminosity due to magnetic fields that lower convective efficiency and produce large star spots . using the stellar evolution c...	sub - subgiant stars ( ssgs ) lie to the red of the main - sequence and fainter than the red giant branch in cluster color - magnitude diagrams ( cmds ) , a region not easily populated by standard stellar evolution pathways . while there has been speculation on what mechanisms may create these unusual stars , no well -...
1607.07748	i	the ` maximal abelian cover ' of a graph plays a key role in sunada s work on topological crystallography @xcite . just as the universal cover of a connected graph @xmath0 has the fundamental group @xmath3 as its group of deck transformations , the maximal abelian cover , denoted @xmath4 , has the abelianization of @xm...	an embedding of the maximal abelian cover in a vector space can serve as the pattern for a crystal : atoms are located at the vertices , while bonds lie on the edges . we prove that for any connected graph without bridges , there is a canonical way to embed the maximal abelian cover of into the vector space . we call t...	sunada s work on topological crystallography emphasizes the role of the ` maximal abelian cover ' of a graph . this is a covering space of for which the group of deck transformations is the first homology group . an embedding of the maximal abelian cover in a vector space can serve as the pattern for a crystal : atoms ...
astro-ph0303308	c	the absorption line systems in the rx j1230.8 + 0115 and 3c 273 sight lines along the southern edge of the virgo cluster provide a low redshift laboratory in which to study the properties of these absorbers and their relationship with their environment . we have presented a detailed discussion of the physical properti...	the consistency of the metal line column density ratios in the rx j1230.8 + 0115 sight line allows us to determine the ionization mechanism ( photoionization ) for these absorbers . while the low signal - to - noise ratio of the fuse spectrum limits our ability to model the neutral hydrogen column density of these abso...	the 3c 273 and rx j1230.8 + 0115 sight lines probe the outskirts of the virgo cluster at physical separations between the sight lines of 200 - 50070 kpc . we present an analysis of available hst stis echelle and fuse uv spectroscopy of rx j1230.8 + 0115 , in which we detect five absorbers at virgo distances . one of...
1405.4374	i	the _ spectrum _ @xmath0 of a finite group @xmath1 is the set of element orders of @xmath1 . finite groups having the same spectra are said to be _ isospectral_. recently , the following general result was obtained . suppose that @xmath3 is a finite simple group , and @xmath1 is a finite group with @xmath8 and @xmath9 ...	the _ spectrum _ of a finite group is the set of element orders of . finite groups and are _ isospectral _ if their spectra coincide . suppose that is a simple classical group of sufficiently large dimension ( the lower bound varies for different types of groups but is at most 62 ) defined over a finite field of charac...	the _ spectrum _ of a finite group is the set of element orders of . finite groups and are _ isospectral _ if their spectra coincide . suppose that is a simple classical group of sufficiently large dimension ( the lower bound varies for different types of groups but is at most 62 ) defined over a finite field of charac...
1304.2469	i	this paper describes the results of an ab initio quantum mechanical study of the absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide photoexcited with the ultraviolet ( uv ) light between 120 nm and 160 nm and offers vibronic assignments of the diffuse absorption bands . a brief account of this work has already been published.@xcite...	contributions of the vibronic interactions due to renner - teller coupling , conical intersections , and the herzberg - teller effect are isolated and the calculated bands are assigned in terms of adiabatic electronic states . finally , diffuse structures in the calculated bands are vibronically assigned using wave fun...	the absorption spectrum of co in the wavelength range 120 nm 160 nm is analyzed by means of quantum mechanical calculations performed using vibronically coupled pess of five singlet valence electronic states and the coordinate dependent transition dipole moment vectors . the thermally averaged spectrum , calculated fo...
1304.2469	i	this paper analyzes the absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide in the wavelength range 120 nm 160 nm by means of quantum mechanical calculations using pess of five singlet valence electronic states and their coordinate dependent tdm vectors with the ground electronic state , constructed as described in paper i. the mai...	the absorption spectrum of co in the wavelength range 120 nm 160 nm is analyzed by means of quantum mechanical calculations performed using vibronically coupled pess of five singlet valence electronic states and the coordinate dependent transition dipole moment vectors . the thermally averaged spectrum , calculated fo...	the absorption spectrum of co in the wavelength range 120 nm 160 nm is analyzed by means of quantum mechanical calculations performed using vibronically coupled pess of five singlet valence electronic states and the coordinate dependent transition dipole moment vectors . the thermally averaged spectrum , calculated fo...
1402.3525	i	since more than two decades ago , the environment - induced decoherence ( eid ) approach is considered a new orthodoxy in the physicists community ( @xcite , @xcite ) . it has been fruitfully applied in many areas of physics and supplies the basis of new technological developments . in the foundations of physics commu...	the aim of this paper is to review a new perspective about decoherence , according to which formalisms originally devised to deal just with closed or open systems can be subsumed under a closed - system approach that generalizes the traditional account of the phenomenon . moreover , when the behavior of a decoherent sy...	the aim of this paper is to review a new perspective about decoherence , according to which formalisms originally devised to deal just with closed or open systems can be subsumed under a closed - system approach that generalizes the traditional account of the phenomenon . this new viewpoint dissolves certain conceptual...
math0603201	i	let @xmath0 be an algebraic variety , defined by an ideal @xmath3}$ ] . the * amoeba * of @xmath1 , is defined to be the image of @xmath1 under the map @xmath4 defined at the point @xmath5 by @xmath6 we denote the amoeba of @xmath1 by either of @xmath7 or @xmath8 . if @xmath9 is a hypersurface , the zero locus of a ...	the amoeba of an affine algebraic variety is the image of under the map . we give a characterisation of the amoeba based on the triangle inequality , which we call ` testing for _ lopsidedness _ ' . we show that if a point is outside the amoeba of , there is an element of the defining ideal which witnesses this fact by...	the amoeba of an affine algebraic variety is the image of under the map . we give a characterisation of the amoeba based on the triangle inequality , which we call ` testing for _ lopsidedness _ ' . we show that if a point is outside the amoeba of , there is an element of the defining ideal which witnesses this fact by...
0804.3223	i	the interpretation of infrared measurements of star forming galaxies rests on an understanding of the properties of the dust producing the emission . in addition , the dependence of dust properties on environment provides important clues to the dust composition and formation . an important constituent of the interstell...	the aromatic features in m101 were studied spectroscopically and photometrically using observations from all three instruments on the spitzer space telescope . we compare these variations with changes in the ionization index ( as measured by [ neiii]/[neii ] and [ siv / siii ] , which we probe over the ranges 0.0320 an...	the aromatic features in m101 were studied spectroscopically and photometrically using observations from all three instruments on the spitzer space telescope . the global sed of m101 shows strong aromatic feature ( commonly called pah feature ) emission . the spatially resolved spectral and photometric measurements of ...
0804.3223	r	with the data presented in this paper , the behavior of the aromatic features in m101 can be probed both photometrically and spectroscopically . the irac and mips total m101 fluxes are combined with previous measurements to probe the global sed of m101 ( [ sec_global_sed ] ) . using the irs spectra of the targeted hii...	the global sed of m101 shows strong aromatic feature ( commonly called pah feature ) emission . the spatially resolved spectral and photometric measurements of the aromatic feature emission show strong variations with significantly weaker emission at larger radii . the behavior of the correlation between the aromatic f...	the aromatic features in m101 were studied spectroscopically and photometrically using observations from all three instruments on the spitzer space telescope . the global sed of m101 shows strong aromatic feature ( commonly called pah feature ) emission . the spatially resolved spectral and photometric measurements of ...
0804.3223	c	the behavior of the aromatic feature equivalent widths versus metallicity and ii seen in this paper for m101 hii regions is also seen for starburst galaxies . this is shown in fig . [ fig_comp_lit ] which combines the measurements for the m101 hii regions presented in this paper with the starburst galaxy measurements f...	were found to correlate better with ionization index than with metallicity . this behavior for m101 hii regions is also seen for the sample of starburst galaxies presented in the companion study of which expands the range of [ neiii]/[neii ] ratios to 0.0325 and log(o / h)+12 values to 7.18.8 . the form of the correlat...	the aromatic features in m101 were studied spectroscopically and photometrically using observations from all three instruments on the spitzer space telescope . the global sed of m101 shows strong aromatic feature ( commonly called pah feature ) emission . the spatially resolved spectral and photometric measurements of ...
1412.2329	i	as toroidal magnetic flux rises buoyantly through the convection zone to form sunspots and active regions , the coriolis force acts to twist the flux tubes so that they emerge slightly inclined relative to the east west direction ( see , e.g. , caligari et al . 1995 ; dsilva & choudhuri 1993 ; fan et al . 1994 ; fishe...	the axes of solar active regions are inclined relative to the east west direction , with the tilt angle tending to increase with latitude ( `` joy s law '' ) . observational determinations of joy s law have been based either on white - light images of sunspot groups or on magnetograms , where the latter have the advan...	the axes of solar active regions are inclined relative to the east west direction , with the tilt angle tending to increase with latitude ( `` joy s law '' ) . observational determinations of joy s law have been based either on white - light images of sunspot groups or on magnetograms , where the latter have the advan...