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From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Female interspecific vole hybrids were examined for the expression of the G6PD and GALA genes on the X chromosomes.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>When one of the parents was a species with a heterochromatin block on the X, and the other parent was M. arvalis, without a heterochromatin block on the X, preferential expression of the genes of the M. arvalis X was consistently observed. When both parental species had heterochromatin on the X, the parental forms of G6PD and GALA were in about equal proportions in the hybrid females. The results of the cytological identification of the active and inactive X on the metaphase spreads in the hybrid females are in agreement with the biochemical results.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>It is suggested that the observed phenomenon may be due to a nonrandom inactivation of the X chromosome containing a heterochromatin block in crosses involving M. arvalis and by a random inactivation in those with both parents having heterochromatin blocks on the X chromosomes. These results support our previous suggestion that heterochromatin has an effect on X inactivation in female interspecific vole hybrids.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Hybrid|Vole,Biology|Genetics,Gene|Constitutive heterochromatin,Microtus|Vole<|/concept_pairs|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The paper discusses the method of multichannel analysis of surface waves.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>We propose an automated method of surface waves extraction, based on the time-frequency representation of seismograms and their subsequent spatial spectral analysis. This approach is robust for the extraction of smooth and realistic dispersion curves in automatic mode.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>This provides a more reliable assessment of high-velocity sections of shear waves by the method of multichannel analysis of surface waves. The article presents the results of testing of the developed approach with using noisy synthetic and real seismic data.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Surface (topology)|Surface (topology),Seismology|Rayleigh wave,Mathematics|Mathematics,Geology|Rayleigh wave,Acoustics|Acoustics,Optics|Optics,Computer science|Computer science,Physics|Dispersive body waves,Geometry|Geometry<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Medicine|Statistics,Psychology|Ambiguity tolerance,Structural equation modeling|Confirmatory factor analysis,Ambiguity|Internal consistency,Mathematics|Statistics,Consistency (knowledge bases)|Internal consistency,Scale (ratio)|Internal consistency<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Internal consistency", "Ambiguity"], ["Internal consistency", "Scale (ratio)"], ["Internal consistency", "Consistency (knowledge bases)"], ["Confirmatory factor analysis", "Exploratory factor analysis"], ["Confirmatory factor analysis", "Structural equation modeling"], ["Exploratory factor analysis", "Structural equation modeling"], ["Ambiguity tolerance", "Psychology"], ["Psychology", "Clinical psychology"], ["Psychology", "Psychometrics"], ["Medicine", "Statistics"], ["Statistics", "Mathematics"], ["Computer science", "Mathematics"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>In this study, cytogenetic analysis of the metaphase chromosomes from imaginal discs of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes-Aedes communis, Ae. punctor, Ae. intrudens, and Ae. rossicus-was performed. The patterns of C-banding and DAPI staining of the heteroсhromatin and the length of the chromosomes demonstrate species specificity. In particular, the Ae. punctor chromosomes are the shortest compared with Ae. communis, Ae. intrudens, and Ae. rossicus, and they also carry additional C and DAPI bands in intercalary regions. The Ae. intrudens chromosomes are the longest, they have pericentromeric C bands, and they almost lack any DAPI bands near the centromere of chromosome 3 versus Ae. communis, which has the largest pericentromeric DAPI blocks in all three chromosome pairs. Ae. rossicus also possesses DAPI bands in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes, but their staining is weaker compared with those of Ae. communis. Therefore, the analysis of karyotypes is a tool for species-level identification of these mosquitoes.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|><|/related_research|><|research_methods|>In this study, cytogenetic analysis of the metaphase chromosomes from imaginal discs of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes-Aedes communis, Ae. punctor, Ae. intrudens, and Ae. rossicus-was performed. The patterns of C-banding and DAPI staining of the heteroсhromatin and the length of the chromosomes demonstrate species specificity.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>In particular, the Ae. punctor chromosomes are the shortest compared with Ae. communis, Ae. intrudens, and Ae. rossicus, and they also carry additional C and DAPI bands in intercalary regions. The Ae. intrudens chromosomes are the longest, they have pericentromeric C bands, and they almost lack any DAPI bands near the centromere of chromosome 3 versus Ae. communis, which has the largest pericentromeric DAPI blocks in all three chromosome pairs. Ae. rossicus also possesses DAPI bands in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes, but their staining is weaker compared with those of Ae. communis. Therefore, the analysis of karyotypes is a tool for species-level identification of these mosquitoes.<|/conclusions|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>In this paper we study unitary braid group representations associated with Majorana Fermions. Majorana Fermions are represented by Majorana operators, elements of a Clifford algebra. The paper recalls and proves a general result about braid group representations associated with Clifford algebras, and compares this result with the Ivanov braiding associated with Majorana operators. The paper generalizes observations of Kauffman and Lomonaco and of Mo-Lin Ge to show that certain strings of Majorana operators give rise to extraspecial 2-groups and to braiding representations of the Ivanov type.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>Majorana Fermions are represented by Majorana operators, elements of a Clifford algebra. The paper recalls and proves a general result about braid group representations associated with Clifford algebras, and compares this result with the Ivanov braiding associated with Majorana operators.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>In this paper we study unitary braid group representations associated with Majorana Fermions.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The paper generalizes observations of Kauffman and Lomonaco and of Mo-Lin Ge to show that certain strings of Majorana operators give rise to extraspecial 2-groups and to braiding representations of the Ivanov type.<|/conclusions|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The paper describes some biological features of the radioprotective effect of double-stranded RNA preparation. It was found that yeast RNA preparation has a prolonged radioprotective effect after irradiation by a lethal dose of 9.4 Gy. 100 % of animals survive on the 70th day of observation when irradiated 1 hour or 4 days after 7 mg RNA preparation injection, 60 % animals survive when irradiated on day 8 or 12. Time parameters of repair of double-stranded breaks induced by gamma rays were estimated. It was found that the injection of the RNA preparation at the time of maximum number of double-stranded breaks, 1 hour after irradiation, reduces the efficacy of radioprotective action compared with the injection 1 hour before irradiation and 4 hours after irradiation. A comparison of the radioprotective effect of the standard radioprotector B-190 and the RNA preparation was made in one experiment.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>In the course of analytical studies of the total yeast RNA preparation, it was found that the preparation is a mixture of single-stranded and double-stranded RNA. It was shown that only double-stranded RNA has radioprotective properties. Injection of 160 μg double-stranded RNA protects 100 % of the experimental animals from an absolutely lethal dose of gamma radiation, 9.4 Gy.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>It was established that the radioprotective effect of double-stranded RNA does not depend on sequence, but depends on its double-stranded form and the presence of 'open' ends of the molecule. It is supposed that the radioprotective effect of double-stranded RNA is associated with the participation of RNA molecules in the correct repair of radiation-damaged chromatin in blood stem cells. The hematopoietic pluripotent cells that have survived migrate to the periphery, reach the spleen and actively proliferate. The newly formed cell population restores the hematopoietic and immune systems, which determines the survival of lethally irradiated animals.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Biology|RNA,Radiochemistry|RNA,Chemistry|RNA,Pharmacology|RNA<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Immunology|Genetic association,Allele|Genetic association,Genotype|Genetic association,Biology|Genetic association<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Multiple sclerosis", "Genetics"], ["Multiple sclerosis", "Immunology"], ["Multiple sclerosis", "Genetic association"], ["Genome-wide association study", "Genetic association"], ["Single-nucleotide polymorphism", "Allele"], ["Single-nucleotide polymorphism", "Genotype"], ["Single-nucleotide polymorphism", "Genetic association"], ["Locus (genetics)", "Gene"], ["Locus (genetics)", "Genetics"], ["Gene", "Genetics"], ["Gene", "Biology"], ["Genetics", "Biology"], ["Genetics", "Immunology"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Economics|Indirect tax,Natural resource economics|Indirect tax,Business|Indirect tax,Monetary economics|Indirect tax,Chemistry|Extraction (chemistry),Microeconomics|Indirect tax,Public economics|Indirect tax<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Tax rate", "Incentive"], ["Tax rate", "Extraction (chemistry)"], ["Tax rate", "Tax reform"], ["Incentive", "Tax reform"], ["Extraction (chemistry)", "Tax reform"], ["Tax rate", "Indirect tax"], ["Tax rate", "Ad valorem tax"], ["Tax rate", "Economics"], ["Tax rate", "Business"], ["Tax rate", "Natural resource economics"], ["Tax rate", "Public economics"], ["Tax rate", "Monetary economics"], ["Tax rate", "Microeconomics"], ["Extraction (chemistry)", "Chemistry"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The allelic polymorphism of the serotonin transporter's gene 5-HTTLPR is considered as one of the factors determining an individual genetic predisposition to the development of a wide range of affective disorders, including depression. Many studies have shown that the climatic and social conditions of people's life can have a significant impact on the connections of 5-HTTLPR with the risk of depression.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The stop-signal paradigm (SSP) is an experimental method allowing evaluating an individual ability to the self-control of behavior in a changing environment. In the SSP experiment, a subject should either press one of several buttons quickly after the appearance of the target stimuli or suppress the already started movement if an inhibitory signal follows the target stimulus. The aim of this study is a research of associations between the allelic the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and the individual scores of the personal anxiety level, as well as the behavioral and neurophysiological indicators of the ability to self-control over motor reactions in the SSP. The study was conducted among people from three ethno-regional groups: healthy Caucasoids from Novosibirsk, the Mongoloid groups of the indigenous population of the Tuva Republic and Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Genetic, ethnographic, and psychological influences on an individual's ability to control motor responses were compared. The amplitude of the premotor peak of the evoked brain potential was used as a neurophysiological marker of the person's readiness to the execution of target-directed activity.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>It was revealed that the frequency of the S-allele polymorphism 5-HTTLPR was significantly higher for both mongoloid groups compared to the Caucasoids. The S/S genotype was associated with an increased level of personal anxiety and at the same time with a better ability to the self-control of behavior in the SSP experiment. Anxiety level, participants' sex, ethnicity, and allelic polymorphism 5-HTTLPR had a statistically significant effect on the amplitude of the premotor readiness potential recorded under the SSP conditions in the frontal and parietal-occipital cortical regions. Our data support the hypothesis that the S/S genotype of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism may be associated with more success in adapting to the climatic conditions connected with high life risk in comparison to L/L and L/S genotypes.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Medicine|5-HTTLPR,Psychology|5-HTTLPR,Serotonin transporter|5-HTTLPR,Biology|5-HTTLPR<|/concept_pairs|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The method is applied to a model where the number of distorted letters is limited, the obtained estimate of its performance is slightly better than the known Varshamov–Gilbert bound.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>We describe and explore so-called linear hash functions and show how they can be used to build error detection and correction codes. The method can be applied for different types of errors (for example, burst errors). We also describe random code whose performance is close to the same boundary, but its construction is much simpler.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The proposed error correction codes are close to those obtained in the theory of linear codes, but there are examples when the proposed algorithms are more efficient.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Algorithm|Linear code,Error detection and correction|Linear code,Computer science|Theoretical computer science<|/concept_pairs|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>In vivo study of cerebral metabolism in neonatal animals by high-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is an important tool for deciphering the developmental origins of adult diseases. Up to date, all in vivo spectrum acquisition procedures have been performed in neonatal rodents under anesthesia. However, it is still unknown if the inhaled anesthetic isoflurane, which is commonly used in magnetic resonance imaging studies, could affect metabolite levels in the brain of neonatal rats. Moreover, the unanesthetized MRS preparation that uses neonatal rodent pups is still lacking.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Here, a novel restraint protocol was developed for neonatal rats in accordance with the European Directive 2010/63/EU. This protocol shares the same gradation of severity as the protocol for non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging of animals with appropriate sedation or anesthesia. Such immobilization of neonatal rats without anesthesia can be implemented for MRS studies when an interaction between anesthetic and target drugs is expected.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Short-term isoflurane treatment did not affect the levels of key metabolites in the hippocampi of anesthetized pups and, in contrast to juvenile and adult rodents, it is suitable for MRS studies in neonatal rats when the interaction between anesthetic and target drugs is not expected.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Medicine|Isoflurane,Neurochemical|Neurochemical<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Engineering|Power (physics),Electricity|Supercapacitor,Renewable energy|Supercapacitor,Automotive engineering|Automotive engineering,Wind power|Electrification<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Electrification", "Renewable energy"], ["Electrification", "Energy storage"], ["Renewable energy", "Wind power"], ["Energy storage", "Supercapacitor"], ["Electrification", "Engineering"], ["Engineering", "Electrical engineering"], ["Electrical engineering", "Power (physics)"], ["Power (physics)", "Electricity"], ["Renewable energy", "Energy storage"], ["Electrification", "Wind power"], ["Energy storage", "Electricity"], ["Automotive engineering", "Automotive engineering"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>General relativity|Gravitational time dilation,Theory of relativity|Gravitational time dilation,Physics|Time dilation,Quantum mechanics|Atomic mass<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Atomic mass", "Atomic clock"], ["Atomic mass", "Quantum mechanics"], ["Atomic clock", "Ion"], ["Doppler effect", "Atomic clock"], ["Gravitation", "Atomic clock"], ["Gravitational time dilation", "General relativity"], ["Gravitational time dilation", "Theory of relativity"], ["General relativity", "Theory of relativity"], ["Atomic physics", "Quantum mechanics"], ["Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical physics"], ["Time dilation", "Physics"], ["Time dilation", "General relativity"], ["Time dilation", "Theory of relativity"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>Annual needles of larch and cedar were sampled in the tundra zone of the Arctic part of Western Siberia in order to determine 7 Be, 210 Pb and 137 Cs specific activities. Higher concentrations of 137 Cs in the needles of cedar relative to the needles of larch can be associated with a clear difference in the properties of accumulation and translocation of caesium among these species. Higher concentrations of 7 Be and 210 Pb in the needles of larch relative to cedar needles and close isotopic ratios ( 7 Be/ 210 Pb) are probably due to more efficient aerosol deposition on vegetative canopies of larch.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>Annual needles of larch and cedar were sampled in the tundra zone of the Arctic part of Western Siberia in order to determine 7 Be, 210 Pb and 137 Cs specific activities.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Higher concentrations of 137 Cs in the needles of cedar relative to the needles of larch can be associated with a clear difference in the properties of accumulation and translocation of caesium among these species.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Higher concentrations of 7 Be and 210 Pb in the needles of larch relative to cedar needles and close isotopic ratios ( 7 Be/ 210 Pb) are probably due to more efficient aerosol deposition on vegetative canopies of larch.<|/conclusions|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>We applied a method of plasma arc synthesis to study effects of modification of the fluorite phase of ceria by tin ions. By sputtering active components (Pt, Ce, Sn) together with carbon from a graphite electrode in a helium ambient we prepared samples of complex highly defective composite PtCeC and PtCeSnC oxide particles stabilized in a matrix of carbon. Subsequent high-temperature annealing of the samples in oxygen removes the carbon matrix and causes the formation of active catalysts Pt/CeOx and Pt/CeSnOx for CO oxidation. In the presence of Sn, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) show formation of a mixed phase CeSnOx and stabilization of more dispersed species with a fluorite-type structure. These factors are essential for the observed high activity and thermic stability of the catalyst modified by Sn. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) reveals the presence of both Pt2+ and Pt4+ ions in the catalyst Pt/CeOx, whereas only the state Pt2+ of platinum could be detected in the Sn-modified catalyst Pt/CeSnOx. Insertion of Sn ions into the Pt/CeOx lattice destabilizes/reduces Pt4+ cations in the Pt/CeSnOx catalyst and induces formation of strikingly high concentration (up to 50% at.) of lattice Ce3+ ions. Our DFT calculations corroborate destabilization of Pt4+ ions by incorporation of cationic Sn in Pt/CeOx. The presented results show that modification of the fluorite lattice of ceria by tin induces substantial amount of mobile reactive oxygen partly due to affecting geometric parameters of ceria by tin ions.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>We applied a method of plasma arc synthesis to study effects of modification of the fluorite phase of ceria by tin ions.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>By sputtering active components (Pt, Ce, Sn) together with carbon from a graphite electrode in a helium ambient we prepared samples of complex highly defective composite PtCeC and PtCeSnC oxide particles stabilized in a matrix of carbon. Subsequent high-temperature annealing of the samples in oxygen removes the carbon matrix and causes the formation of active catalysts Pt/CeOx and Pt/CeSnOx for CO oxidation. In the presence of Sn, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) show formation of a mixed phase CeSnOx and stabilization of more dispersed species with a fluorite-type structure. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) reveals the presence of both Pt2+ and Pt4+ ions in the catalyst Pt/CeOx, whereas only the state Pt2+ of platinum could be detected in the Sn-modified catalyst Pt/CeSnOx.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>These factors are essential for the observed high activity and thermic stability of the catalyst modified by Sn. Insertion of Sn ions into the Pt/CeOx lattice destabilizes/reduces Pt4+ cations in the Pt/CeSnOx catalyst and induces formation of strikingly high concentration (up to 50% at.) of lattice Ce3+ ions. Our DFT calculations corroborate destabilization of Pt4+ ions by incorporation of cationic Sn in Pt/CeOx. The presented results show that modification of the fluorite lattice of ceria by tin induces substantial amount of mobile reactive oxygen partly due to affecting geometric parameters of ceria by tin ions.<|/conclusions|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Optoelectronics|Fabrication,Materials science|Fabrication,Optical fiber|Fiber laser,Laser|Fiber laser,Optics|Fabrication,Nanotechnology|Fabrication,Doping|Fiber laser<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Carbon nanotube", "Materials science"], ["Carbon nanotube", "Photonics"], ["Carbon nanotube", "Optoelectronics"], ["Carbon nanotube", "Optical fiber"], ["Carbon nanotube", "Nanotechnology"], ["Carbon nanotube", "Fabrication"], ["Carbon nanotube", "Optics"], ["Fiber laser", "Laser"], ["Fiber laser", "Ytterbium"], ["Fiber laser", "Erbium"], ["Fiber laser", "Thulium"], ["Fiber laser", "Doping"], ["Laser", "Ultrashort pulse"], ["Ytterbium", "Doping"], ["Erbium", "Doping"], ["Thulium", "Doping"], ["Optical fiber", "Fiber laser"], ["Fabrication", "Carbon nanotube"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Energy (signal processing)|Energy (signal processing),Optics|Optics,Physics|Neutron,Range (aeronautics)|Range (aeronautics)<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Collider", "Detector"], ["Collider", "Physics"], ["Detector", "Physics"], ["Energy", "Range"], ["Neutron", "Proton"], ["Neutron", "Particle physics"], ["Proton", "Particle physics"], ["Collider", "Particle physics"], ["Detector", "Particle physics"], ["Physics", "Particle physics"], ["Nuclear physics", "Particle physics"], ["Energy (signal processing)", "Energy (signal processing)"], ["Range (aeronautics)", "Range (aeronautics)"], ["Optics", "Optics"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>The detector developments for fast and super-fast time-resolved studies at SR beams are reviewed. Two detectors based on Si micro-strip technology are developed at present in Budker INP SB RAS. The detector for imaging of super-fast processes at a nanosecond scale, DIMEX-Si allows to improve by more than a factor of ten maximum detected photon flux, with respect to the gaseous version of such detector, that is operating at VEPP-3 for more than 15 years; the frame rate is increased from 10 MFr/s up to 50 MFr/s and spatial resolution is improved from 250 µm to about 70 microns. The new full-size detector prototype for the studies of tungsten deformations under pulse heat load in a microsecond scale is recently developed. It has significantly better spatial resolution and sensitivity compared to the DIMEX-G detector that was used for these studies before.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>The detector developments for fast and super-fast time-resolved studies at SR beams are reviewed. Two detectors based on Si micro-strip technology are developed at present in Budker INP SB RAS.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The detector for imaging of super-fast processes at a nanosecond scale, DIMEX-Si allows to improve by more than a factor of ten maximum detected photon flux, with respect to the gaseous version of such detector, that is operating at VEPP-3 for more than 15 years; the frame rate is increased from 10 MFr/s up to 50 MFr/s and spatial resolution is improved from 250 µm to about 70 microns. The new full-size detector prototype for the studies of tungsten deformations under pulse heat load in a microsecond scale is recently developed.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>It has significantly better spatial resolution and sensitivity compared to the DIMEX-G detector that was used for these studies before.<|/conclusions|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The available data on the $D\overline{D}$ and inclusive hadronic cross sections in the $\psi(3770)$ region from the BaBar, Belle, BES-II, CLEO and KEDR experiments have been analyzed assuming that systematic uncertainties on cross sections measured by different detectors are not correlated.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Four theoretical models predicting the $\psi(3770)$ line shape were considered for the $D\overline{D}$ channel. All of them gave satisfactory description of the data. The combined analysis of the $D\overline{D}$ and inclusive hadronic channel was performed using the model based on the vector dominance approach and accounting for the contribution of the $\psi(2S)$ tail to the $D\overline{D}$ cross section.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The following values of the mass, total width, electron width and decay probability to the non-$D\overline{D}$ states were obtained: $M=3779.8 \pm 0.6 ~\text{MeV}, \Gamma=25.8 \pm 1.3 ~\text{MeV} , \Gamma_{ee}=196 \pm 18 ~\text{eV}, \mathcal{B}_{nD\overline{D}}=0.164 \pm 0.049$, where the errors quoted include both statistical and dominant systematic uncertainties.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Physics|Hadron<|/concept_pairs|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Deformable cell model is developed to study pattern formation and to simulate plant tissue growth. Each cell represents a polygon with a number of vertices connected by springs. Some cells in the tissue can grow and divide, other cells are differentiated and do not grow or divide but remain deformable.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The model is used to investigate formation of self-similar structures which reproduce the same cell organization during their growth. In numerical experiments we observed that self-similar solutions can exist for a rather precise choice of plant structure and mechanical properties of cell walls. We test the model for simulation of apical meristems functioning which represent self-similar cell structures in plants. At the next stage of modelling, auxin distribution is introduced by means of diffusion and polar transport mechanisms.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The existence of steady auxin distribution in a growing root is investigated. Single as well as multiple auxin maxima have been observed in model solutions.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Distribution (mathematics)|Auxin,Biological system|Meristem,Plant growth|Plant cell,Shoot|Shoot,Biology|Biophysics,Mathematics|Mathematics,Mechanics|Plant cell,Diffusion|Auxin,Computer science|Computer science,Physics|Physics,Mathematical analysis|Mathematical analysis<|/concept_pairs|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>a previous SDSS sample with similar BH mass and redshift<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>using high-cadence optical imaging data from Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam HSC g-band imaging with 1-hour cadence, and optical spectra taken with Subaru FOCAS to detect broad and narrow H-alpha and many other emission lines<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>the host galaxy is a star-forming galaxy, and effectiveness of variability selection for low-mass active BHs is shown<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Physics|Subaru Telescope<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Evolutionary biology|Genome evolution,Computer science|Genome evolution,Substitution (logic)|Substitution (logic),Distribution (mathematics)|Distribution (mathematics),Tree(-1)|Genome evolution,Distribution(-1)|Mathematics,Biology|Genome evolution,Tree (set theory)|Tree (set theory),Substitution(-1)|Molecular clock<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Genome", "Biology"], ["Genome", "Evolutionary biology"], ["Genome", "Computational biology"], ["Genome", "Genome evolution"], ["Genome", "Genetics"], ["Substitution", "Distribution"], ["Substitution", "Molecular clock"], ["Substitution", "Phylogenetics"], ["Tree", "Phylogenetics"], ["Tree", "Genetics"], ["Distribution", "Mathematics"], ["Computational biology", "Computer science"], ["Phylogenetics", "Evolutionary biology"], ["Gene", "Genetics"], ["Mathematics", "Computer science"], ["Substitution (logic)", "Substitution (logic)"], ["Tree (set theory)", "Tree (set theory)"], ["Distribution (mathematics)", "Distribution (mathematics)"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The three dimensional waves formed as a result of decay of the forced two dimensional waves were studied.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Results of simultaneous liquid velocity and film thickness fields measurements in the three dimensional waves are presented. Liquid velocity fields were reconstructed at different distance from the film surface with reference to the specific area of the wave.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>It was shown that flow in the three dimensional wave has complicated structure with existence of areas with backflow and transverse flows of opposite directions. Main areas of transverse flows existence are lying under main humps of three dimensional waves.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Wave propagation|Backflow,Falling (accident)|Falling (accident),Mechanics|Transverse plane,Physics|Optics,Flow (mathematics)|Backflow<|/concept_pairs|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>A cross section of the process e+e−→π+π−π+π− has been measured using 6798±93 signal events from a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9.8 pb−1 collected with the CMD-3 detector in the center-of-mass energy range 920–1060 MeV. The measured cross section exhibits a pattern of interference of the ϕ(1020)→π+π−π+π− decay with a non-resonant process e+e−→π+π−π+π−, from which we obtain the branching fraction of the doubly suppressed decays (by G-parity and OZI rule): B(ϕ→π+π−π+π−)=(6.5±2.7±1.6)×10−6.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>A cross section of the process e+e−→π+π−π+π− has been measured using 6798±93 signal events from a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9.8 pb−1 collected with the CMD-3 detector in the center-of-mass energy range 920–1060 MeV.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The measured cross section exhibits a pattern of interference of the ϕ(1020)→π+π−π+π− decay with a non-resonant process e+e−→π+π−π+π−<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>from which we obtain the branching fraction of the doubly suppressed decays (by G-parity and OZI rule): B(ϕ→π+π−π+π−)=(6.5±2.7±1.6)×10−6.<|/conclusions|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>The experiments have been carried out with the SND detector at the VEPP-2000 e+e− collider in the energy range from 0.3 to 2.0 GeV. The cross sections for the processes e+e− → ωπ0, K+K−, 3π, ηπ+π−, ηγ, pp̄, nn̄ have been measured.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|><|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The experiments have been carried out with the SND detector at the VEPP-2000 e+e− collider in the energy range from 0.3 to 2.0 GeV.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The cross sections for the processes e+e− → ωπ0, K+K−, 3π, ηπ+π−, ηγ, pp̄, nn̄ have been measured.<|/conclusions|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The paper is devoted to comparison of multiple-objectives optimization algorithms in application to the problem of design optimization of a multiply fractured horizontal well (MFHW). The problem is stated either as a single-objective one, where only the income based on Net Present Value (NPV) is maximized, or as a multi-objective problem, where it is necessary to simultaneously find extremes of NPV, the post-fracture oil production and fracturing costs.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Three popular stochastic optimization methods are considered: genetic algorithms (GA), simulated annealing (SA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO).<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Since PSO, SA and GA techniques employ different strategies and computational efforts, the comparison of their efficiency was carried out by testing on synthetic problems and then applied to the example of a MFHW in a low-permeable oil reservoir.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Production (economics)|Net present value,Mathematics|Multi-swarm optimization,Computer science|Multi-swarm optimization<|/concept_pairs|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>Since 2010 the CMD-3 detector has been collecting data at the VEPP-2000 e+e− collider. CMD-3 is a general purpose detector designed to study e+e− annihilation into hadrons in the center-of-mass (c.m.) energy range from 0.3 up to 2 GeV. Preliminary results for the e+e− → 2(π+π−π0) cross section were obtained in the c.m. energy range from 1.5 up to 2 GeV. The analysis is based on a data sample of 22 pb−1.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>Since 2010 the CMD-3 detector has been collecting data at the VEPP-2000 e+e− collider.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>CMD-3 is a general purpose detector designed to study e+e− annihilation into hadrons in the center-of-mass (c.m.) energy range from 0.3 up to 2 GeV. The analysis is based on a data sample of 22 pb−1.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Preliminary results for the e+e− → 2(π+π−π0) cross section were obtained in the c.m. energy range from 1.5 up to 2 GeV.<|/conclusions|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>The surface of a thick liquid film under strong gas shear is covered by large-scale disturbance waves and small-scale ripples. Disruption of these ripples on top of disturbance waves by the gas stream leads to the creation of droplets that are entrained into the gas core and may deposit back onto the film surface. In addition, gas may be entrapped by the liquid film in the form of bubbles of various sizes. In this work, the study of gas bubble creation was performed in a horizontal rectangular duct using the brightness-based laser-induced fluorescence technique. With this technique, the instantaneous height of the liquid film was measured with a 40 µm spatial resolution over a 51 mm by 20 mm area at speeds of 10 kHz. The entrapped bubbles and entrained/depositing droplets are detectable in the data and can thus be studied simultaneously with the waves on the film surface. Several scenarios of bubble entrapment and collapse were identified and discussed. The dynamics of entrapped bubbles was studied quantitatively using an automatic processing algorithm, confirming and elucidating the results of qualitative observations. The effect of the flow parameters on the bubbles concentration, velocity and size distributions was studied separately for the bubbles inside the disturbance waves and inside the thin base film between the disturbance waves. It was shown that the bubbles are mostly created due to oblique impacts of droplets at the base film and are accumulated by the disturbance waves. A small number of bubbles of larger size are created in front of disturbance waves and remain inside the disturbance waves. The velocity of the bubbles is affected by the velocity of the surrounding liquid. Using the bubbles as tracers, a profile of longitudinal liquid velocity was constructed and a noticeable increase of wall shear under the rear slopes of disturbance waves was found.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>The surface of a thick liquid film under strong gas shear is covered by large-scale disturbance waves and small-scale ripples. Disruption of these ripples on top of disturbance waves by the gas stream leads to the creation of droplets that are entrained into the gas core and may deposit back onto the film surface. In addition, gas may be entrapped by the liquid film in the form of bubbles of various sizes.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>In this work, the study of gas bubble creation was performed in a horizontal rectangular duct using the brightness-based laser-induced fluorescence technique. With this technique, the instantaneous height of the liquid film was measured with a 40 µm spatial resolution over a 51 mm by 20 mm area at speeds of 10 kHz. The entrapped bubbles and entrained/depositing droplets are detectable in the data and can thus be studied simultaneously with the waves on the film surface. Several scenarios of bubble entrapment and collapse were identified and discussed. The dynamics of entrapped bubbles was studied quantitatively using an automatic processing algorithm, confirming and elucidating the results of qualitative observations.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The effect of the flow parameters on the bubbles concentration, velocity and size distributions was studied separately for the bubbles inside the disturbance waves and inside the thin base film between the disturbance waves. It was shown that the bubbles are mostly created due to oblique impacts of droplets at the base film and are accumulated by the disturbance waves. A small number of bubbles of larger size are created in front of disturbance waves and remain inside the disturbance waves. The velocity of the bubbles is affected by the velocity of the surrounding liquid. Using the bubbles as tracers, a profile of longitudinal liquid velocity was constructed and a noticeable increase of wall shear under the rear slopes of disturbance waves was found.<|/conclusions|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>It is known that circulating DNA (cirDNA) is protected from nuclease activity by proteins that form macromolecular complexes with DNA. In addition, it was previously shown that cirDNA can bind to the outer surface of exosomes.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>NTA analysis and real-time PCR show that exosomes from healthy females (HF) or breast cancer patients (BCP) plasma contain less than 1.4 × 10-8 pg of DNA. Treatment of plasma exosomes with DNase I with subsequent dot immunoassay reveals that H2a, H2b, and H3 histones are not part of the exosomal membrane, but are part of the cirDNA-protein macromolecular complex associated with the surface of the exosome either through interaction with DNA-binding proteins or with histone-binding proteins. Using bioinformatics approaches after identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, 16 exosomal DNA-binding proteins were identified.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>It was shown that four proteins-AIFM1, IGHM, CHD5, and KCNIP3-are candidates for DNA binding on the outer membrane of exosomes; the crown of exosomes may include five DNA-binding proteins: H2a, H2b, H3, IGHM, and ALB. Of note, AIFM1, IGHM, and CHD5 proteins are found only in HF plasma exosomes; KCNIP3 protein is identified only in BCP plasma exosomes; and H2a, H2b, H3, and ALB are revealed in all samples of plasma exosomes. Two histone-binding proteins, CHD5 and KDM6B, have been found in exosomes from HF plasma. The data obtained indicate that cirDNA preferentially binds to the outer membrane of exosomes by association with DNA-binding proteins.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Biochemistry|Exosome,Microvesicles|Exosome,Biology|Exosome,Molecular biology|Exosome,Chemistry|Exosome<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Keying|Phase-shift keying,Phase (matter)|Phase-shift keying,Physics|Dispersion (optics),Mathematics|Dispersion (optics),Sequence (biology)|Bit error rate,Topology (electrical circuits)|Bit error rate,Algorithm|Algorithm,Computer science|Computer science,Differential (mechanical device)|Phase-shift keying,Telecommunications|Telecommunications,Decoding methods|Decoding methods,Quantum mechanics|Quantum mechanics<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Differential phase", "Phase-shift keying"], ["Differential phase", "Differential (mechanical device)"], ["Phase-shift keying", "Keying"], ["Phase-shift keying", "Phase (matter)"], ["Dispersion (optics)", "Optics"], ["Dispersion (optics)", "Physics"], ["Optical communication", "Optics"], ["Optical communication", "Physics"], ["Sequence (biology)", "Bit error rate"], ["Optical filter", "Optics"], ["Optical filter", "Physics"], ["Modulation (music)", "Keying"], ["Bit error rate", "Topology (electrical circuits)"], ["Mathematics", "Physics"], ["Mathematics", "Optics"], ["Telecommunications", "Telecommunications"], ["Computer science", "Computer science"], ["Algorithm", "Algorithm"], ["Quantum mechanics", "Quantum mechanics"], ["Decoding methods", "Decoding methods"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Medical genetics problems have been discussed in the articles from previous post-conference journal issues [5-8].<|/related_research|><|research_methods|><|/research_methods|><|conclusions|><|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Evolutionary biology|Evolutionary biology,Cytogenetics|Cytogenetics,Biology|Biology,Chromosome|Chromosome,Human genetics|Human genetics,Genetics|Medical genetics,Computational biology|Computational biology,Series (stratigraphy)|Series (stratigraphy),Statistical genetics|Statistical genetics<|/concept_pairs|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>In this paper, an axisymmetric problem of gas outflow from a pipe end to an area of high density (two-phase mixture) is considered. Simulation of the two-phase coolant outflow without phase transition is carried out using a two-velocity model, solved by the LCPFCT software package [1]. Cross-verification is performed with the results of calculation obtained by the OpenFoam software [2] using the VOF method for the approximation of the single-velocity model of a two-phase compressible medium. Using various numerical programs and various physical models of a two-phase medium gives a more complete understanding of the occurring processes.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>In this paper, an axisymmetric problem of gas outflow from a pipe end to an area of high density (two-phase mixture) is considered.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Simulation of the two-phase coolant outflow without phase transition is carried out using a two-velocity model, solved by the LCPFCT software package [1]. Cross-verification is performed with the results of calculation obtained by the OpenFoam software [2] using the VOF method for the approximation of the single-velocity model of a two-phase compressible medium.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Using various numerical programs and various physical models of a two-phase medium gives a more complete understanding of the occurring processes.<|/conclusions|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Using a combination of Quasiharmonic Lattice Dynamic and Molecular Dynamic Simulation methods in conjunction with well developed statistical thermodynamics theory the thermodynamic properties of nitrogen gas hydrates has been calculated, with the main focus on the thermal expansion coefficient.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>It is shown that nitrogen gas hydrate displays larger value of the thermal expansion coefficient in comparison with hexagonal ice Ih and empty gas hydrate lattice, moreover this value is very close to one of the carbon dioxide and to other hydrates that have self-preservation effect.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Exactly because of this difference in the thermal expansion coefficient it is possible to confirm existence of the self-preservation effect. The self-preservation effect can be used for creation of low-cost technology of hydrates storage and transportation technology applicable for many gas types.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Thermodynamics|Nitrogen gas,Thermal expansion|Nitrogen gas<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Medicine|Internal medicine,Cardiology|MYH7<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Cardiology", "Heart failure"], ["Cardiology", "Cardiomyopathy"], ["Internal medicine", "Cardiology"], ["Medicine", "Internal medicine"], ["Cardiomyopathy", "Heart failure"], ["Ejection fraction", "Heart failure"], ["MYH7", "Cardiomyopathy"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The paper describes the investigation of matrix metalloproteinase type 3 (MMP-3) -1171 5A/6A gene polymorphic alleles variants (rs35068180) in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. A allele and 6А6А genotype of MMP-3 -1171 5A/6A gene (rs35068180) were determined as new genetic predictors of dilated cardiomyopathy development.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The main study group comprised 221 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) of different origin. Their average age was 55.309.69 years. Among them there were 111 persons with DCM of ischemic origin, including 99 (89.2%) men and 12 (10.8%) women. The average age of the subjects with DCM was 51.739.74 years, the age of the male subgroup was 51.008.96 years, and the age of the female subgroup was 57.753.71 years. A total of 110 patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy were included in the study. Among 221 patients, 110 persons did not demonstrated idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy as the cause of myocardium dilation. This group comprised 100 (91.5%) male patients and 10 (8.5%) female patients. The control group of subjects (221 persons) was represented by healthy people without diseases of the cardiovascular system. The average age of control subjects was 53.64.8 years. We examined all patients in the main group using routine laboratory and instrumental methods, as well as coronary angiography. If myocarditis was suspected, we did an MRI of the heart. Genotyping of polymorphism -1171 5A/6A (rs35068180) of the MMP-3 gene was performed using PCR.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Among patients of the main group with dilated myocardial remodeling of various Genesis, the allele was documented in 65.8% of cases against 59.3% among the control group, p=0.044. The homozygous genotype of the MMP-3 gene in patients of the main group was verified in 42.1% of patients against 32.6% of cases in relatively healthy individuals (p=0.099). We have proved the predominance of 6A allele and 6А6А genotype of the MMP-3 gene in the group of patients with DCM. It seems that it is homozygous 6A allele that causes a decrease in the activity of the transcription process and change in the level of stromelysin in arterial walls. This contributes to the activation of type 1 procollagenase, extracellular matrix deposition and cardiac muscle remodeling.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Medicine|Gene polymorphism,Myocarditis|Gene polymorphism,Genotype|Gene polymorphism,Genetics|Gene polymorphism<|/concept_pairs|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>the US product market (widely acknowledged to be the most integrated among geographically large economies) as an upper bound of spatial integration that is practically achievable in markets covering fairly large territories<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>an econometric model derived from the fact that local price of a tradable good should not be dependent on local demand under the law of 'one price is a tool to measure market integration'. It is applied to data on the cost of a grocery basket and prices for three individual goods in 2000 across 29 US cities<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The regression results suggest that the US market is not perfectly integrated. Thus, the estimated degree of its integration can be deemed, indeed, as a feasible maximum. Applying this benchmark to the European part of Russia in 2000, its degree of market integration turns out to be comparable – by the order of magnitude – with the feasible one. The roles of a few factors that could potentially cause segmentation of the US market are estimated<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Economics|Market integration,Geography|Market integration<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Biology|Biology,Genetics|Genetics,Genetic counseling|Chromosomal rearrangement<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Small supernumerary marker chromosome", "Chromosome"], ["Small supernumerary marker chromosome", "Marker chromosome"], ["Karyotype", "Chromosome"], ["Karyotype", "Chromosomal rearrangement"], ["Chromosome", "Chromosomal rearrangement"], ["Chromosomal rearrangement", "Marker chromosome"], ["Genetic counseling", "Karyotype"], ["Genetic counseling", "Chromosome"], ["Biology", "Biology"], ["Genetics", "Genetics"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The standards on out-of-court private bankruptcy were introduced on 01.09.2020, and they follow-up the rules on citizens’ bankruptcy who do not have a self-employed status, which is working in Russia since 01.10.2015. The latter, despite their popularity, have several disadvantages, because it is difficult and rather expensive for citizens. This is the main reason for introducing the institution of out-of-court private bankruptcy applied in administrative proceedings. The article focuses on the foreign experience of applying similar procedures. It is impossible to conclude that Russian legislators have fully received the experience of one country, but it is possible to admit a great similarity with New Zealand legislation.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Summarizing the economists’ research allows the authors to predict the popularity of out-of-court debt relief, which is caused by deterioration in the financial position of the majority of the Russian population and popularity of many loans. The catalyst was the economic changes caused by COVID-19. The article comments on the conditions of private bankruptcy without recourse to legal proceedings and concludes that the norms of the Russian law on out-of-court private bankruptcy are clearly for a bank loan holder's sake.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The study of the legislation reveals positive features and gaps that can complicate legal precedents and require the law readjustment. Based on the data put out in the open, the authors observe the first experience of accepting and considering citizens’ applications for initiating out-of-court bankruptcy procedures by Multiuse Centers for providing state and municipal services (MUC) and identify issues affecting creditors’ rights.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Economics|Bankruptcy,Business|Loan,Sociology|Loan,Political science|Law and economics<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Materials science|Chemical engineering,Chemistry|Chemical engineering<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Silicon carbide", "Pyrolysis"], ["Silicon carbide", "Compression (physics)"], ["Silicon carbide", "Chemical reactor"], ["Silicon carbide", "Argon"], ["Pyrolysis", "Chemical reactor"], ["Pyrolysis", "Argon"], ["Compression (physics)", "Chemical reactor"], ["Silicon", "Carbide"], ["Materials science", "Chemical engineering"], ["Materials science", "Metallurgy"], ["Materials science", "Composite material"], ["Materials science", "Chemistry"], ["Chemical engineering", "Metallurgy"], ["Chemical engineering", "Composite material"], ["Chemical engineering", "Chemistry"], ["Metallurgy", "Composite material"], ["Metallurgy", "Chemistry"], ["Composite material", "Chemistry"], ["Chemistry", "Organic chemistry"], ["Diffraction", "Silicon carbide"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The concept of a major inhibitory role of serotonin in aggressive behavior is widely accepted by investigators.There was ample evidence that a pharmacologically-induced increase in the serotonin activity attenuates agonistic behavior in animals and that the manipulations inhibiting the brain serotonergic system can elicit aggressiveness in male mice and rats.Repeated experience of aggression in daily agonistic interactions has been shown to reduce serotonin activity in brain of victorious male mice.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The study aimed to analyze expression of the serotonergic genes -Tph2, Sert, Maoa and 5ht1a, as well as Bdnf and Creb genes in the midbrain raphe nuclei of male mice with positive fighting experience in daily encounters and male mice with the same track record of aggression followed by two-week no-fight period.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>It has been shown that mRNA levels of the serotonergic and Creb genes are reduced in the winners in comparison with male mice without consecutive positive fighting experience of aggression.After the fighting deprivation the Tph2, Sert, Bdnf and Creb genes recover their expression while mRNA levels of Maoa and 5ht1a gene proceed at a significantly higher level as compared with the respective controls.Downregulation of serotonergic genes is indicative of the inhibition of serotonergic activity under repeated experience of aggression.Nevertheless, recovering of Tph2 and Sert gene expression and overexpression of Maoa and 5ht1a genes after no-fight period suggest that changes in brain serotonergic activity are not main cause of the behavioral pathology developing in male mice in this experimental context.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Medicine|Raphe,Biology|Raphe,Serotonin|Raphe,Midbrain|Raphe,Reduction (mathematics)|Raphe<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Helminths|Cytochrome P450,Schistosomiasis|Schistosomiasis,Biochemistry|Cytochrome P450,Immunology|Immunology,Opisthorchiasis|Opisthorchis,Biology|Biology,Pathology|Pathology,Schistosoma mansoni|Schistosoma mansoni,Enzyme|Opisthorchis<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Cytochrome P450", "Xenobiotic"], ["Cytochrome P450", "Enzyme"], ["Cytochrome P450", "Helminths"], ["Cytochrome P450", "Biochemistry"], ["Opisthorchis viverrini", "Helminths"], ["Clonorchis sinensis", "Helminths"], ["Schistosoma", "Helminths"], ["Liver fluke", "Opisthorchis"], ["Liver fluke", "Opisthorchiasis"], ["Opisthorchis", "Opisthorchiasis"], ["Cytochrome P450", "Liver fluke"], ["Xenobiotic", "Liver fluke"], ["Enzyme", "Liver fluke"], ["Biology", "Biology"], ["Schistosoma mansoni", "Schistosoma mansoni"], ["Pathology", "Pathology"], ["Immunology", "Immunology"], ["Schistosomiasis", "Schistosomiasis"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>The current state of research on quantum and ballistic electron transport in semiconductor nanostructures with a two-dimensional electron gas separated from the substrate and nanoelectromechanical systems is reviewed. These nanostructures fabricated using the surface nanomachining technique have certain unexpected features in comparison to their non-suspended counterparts, such as additional mechanical degrees of freedom, enhanced electron–electron interaction and weak heat sink. Moreover, their mechanical functionality can be used as an additional tool for studying the electron transport, complementary to the ordinary electrical measurements. The article includes a comprehensive review of spin-dependent electron transport and multichannel effects in suspended quantum point contacts, ballistic and adiabatic transport in suspended nanostructures, as well as investigations on nanoelectromechanical systems. We aim to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in suspended semiconductor nanostructures and their applications in nanoelectronics, spintronics and emerging quantum technologies.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>The current state of research on quantum and ballistic electron transport in semiconductor nanostructures with a two-dimensional electron gas separated from the substrate and nanoelectromechanical systems is reviewed.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>These nanostructures fabricated using the surface nanomachining technique have certain unexpected features in comparison to their non-suspended counterparts, such as additional mechanical degrees of freedom, enhanced electron–electron interaction and weak heat sink. Moreover, their mechanical functionality can be used as an additional tool for studying the electron transport, complementary to the ordinary electrical measurements. The article includes a comprehensive review of spin-dependent electron transport and multichannel effects in suspended quantum point contacts, ballistic and adiabatic transport in suspended nanostructures, as well as investigations on nanoelectromechanical systems.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>We aim to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in suspended semiconductor nanostructures and their applications in nanoelectronics, spintronics and emerging quantum technologies.<|/conclusions|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The solution of Lyapunov equations can be represented as a sum of Hermitian matrices corresponding either to particular eigenvalues of the system matrix, or to pairwise combinations of these eigenvalues. These eigen-parts or sub-Gramians proved to be useful for the stability analysis of electric power systems.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>In this paper we compare and contrast the sub-Gramians and participation factors as applied to the power system state estimation. Using the sub-Gramian approach we introduce the energy participation factor as a new indicator for selective modal analysis. For a stable system it characterizes the participation of i-th mode and initial k-th state in the integrated energy produced in k-th state.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>We explain the conceptual meaning and practical usefulness of energy participation factors and contrast them with the conventional participation factors in a selective modal analysis of the IEEE 57-bus test model.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Hermitian matrix|Lyapunov function,Power (physics)|Modal analysis,Pairwise comparison|Gramian matrix,Engineering|Engineering,Pure mathematics|Pure mathematics,Physics|Physics,Eigenvalues and eigenvectors|Lyapunov function,Mathematics|Electric power system,Control (management)|Control (management),Statistics|Statistics,Computer science|Electric power system,Applied mathematics|Electric power system,Matrix (chemical analysis)|Matrix (chemical analysis),Modal|Modal,Stability (learning theory)|Gramian matrix<|/concept_pairs|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Excess of probabilities of the elastic processes over the inelastic ones is a common feature of the resonance phenomena described in the framework of the random matrix theory.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>This effect is quantitatively characterized by the elastic enhancement factor F (β) that is the typical ratio of elastic and inelastic cross-sections.Being measured experimentally, this quantity can supply us with information on specific features of the dynamics of the intermediate complicated open system.We discuss properties of the enhancement factor in a wide scope from mesoscopic systems to macroscopic analogue electromagnetic resonators and demonstrate essential qualitative distinction between the elastic enhancement factor's peculiarities in these two cases.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Complete analytical solution is found for the case of systems without time-reversal symmetry and only a few open equivalent scattering channels.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Physics|Mesoscopic physics<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Physics|Physics,Eigenvalues and eigenvectors|Lasing threshold,Mathematics|Mathematics,Optics|Signal processing,Statistical physics|Lasing threshold,Fourier transform|Signal processing,Algorithm|Algorithm,Laser|Lasing threshold,Computer science|Computer science,Computational physics|Computational physics,Fast Fourier transform|Fourier analysis,SIGNAL (programming language)|SIGNAL (programming language),Digital signal processing|Digital signal processing,Telecommunications|Telecommunications,Nonlinear system|Signal processing,Quantum mechanics|Quantum mechanics<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Nonlinear system", "Fourier transform"], ["Fourier transform", "Signal processing"], ["Signal processing", "Field (mathematics)"], ["Laser", "Lasing threshold"], ["Lasing threshold", "Eigenvalues and eigenvectors"], ["Eigenvalues and eigenvectors", "Spectral density"], ["Optics", "Radiation"], ["Radiation", "Field (mathematics)"], ["Fourier analysis", "Fast Fourier transform"], ["Statistical physics", "Spectral density"], ["Nonlinear system", "Signal processing"], ["Fourier transform", "Field (mathematics)"], ["Laser", "Eigenvalues and eigenvectors"], ["Lasing threshold", "Spectral density"], ["Optics", "Field (mathematics)"], ["Radiation", "Spectral density"], ["Fourier analysis", "Field (mathematics)"], ["Statistical physics", "Field (mathematics)"], ["Physics", "Physics"], ["SIGNAL (programming language)", "SIGNAL (programming language)"], ["Computational physics", "Computational physics"], ["Computer science", "Computer science"], ["Algorithm", "Algorithm"], ["Mathematics", "Mathematics"], ["Digital signal processing", "Digital signal processing"], ["Telecommunications", "Telecommunications"], ["Quantum mechanics", "Quantum mechanics"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Liquid crystals(-1)|Materials science<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Materials science", "Liquid crystals"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Below 1.4 GeV our data are in good agreement with the previous SND and CMD-2 measurements.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The experiment has been performed at the e+e- collider VEPP-2000 with the SND detector. Data on the e+e- --> omega pi0 cross section are well described by the VMD model with two excited rho-like states.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The measured e+e- --> omega pi0 cross section above 1.4 GeV is the most accurate to date. It has been found that the VDM model cannot describe simultaneously our data and data obtained from the omega --> pi0 mu+ mu- decay. We have also tested CVC hypothesis comparing our results on the e+e- --> omega pi0 cross section with data on the tau- --> omega pi- nu_{tau} decay.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Computer science|Electron–positron annihilation,Physics|Electron–positron annihilation,Section (typography)|Section (typography)<|/concept_pairs|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>We consider a problem of formal evaluation of spatial resolution in seismic tomography. We have shown that a traditional method of resolution estimate based on calculation of the resolution matrix appears to be misleading in a case of using the parameterization grid with different spacing.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>We have proposed an alternative algorithm based on reconstruction of a series of unit anomalies of fixed shapes. Furthermore, we have developed an algorithm for the direction dependent resolution estimates.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|><|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Geodesy|Geodesy,Physics|Physics,Algorithm|Seismic tomography,Optics|Optics,Geology|Geology,Artificial intelligence|Artificial intelligence,Computer science|Computer science,Tomography|Tomography<|/concept_pairs|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>There are more than 350 species of amphipods (Crustacea) in Lake Baikal, which have emerged predominantly through the course of endemic radiation. This group represents a remarkable model for studying various aspects of evolution, one of which is the evolution of mitochondrial (mt) genome architectures.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>We sequenced and assembled the mt genome of a pelagic Baikalian amphipod species Macrohectopus branickii. The mt genome is revealed to have an extraordinary length (42,256 bp), deviating significantly from the genomes of other amphipod species and the majority of animals. The mt genome of M. branickii has a unique gene order within amphipods, duplications of the four tRNA genes and Cox2, and a long non-coding region, that makes up about two thirds of the genome's size. The extension of the mt genome was most likely caused by multiple duplications and inversions of regions harboring ribosomal RNA genes. In this study, we analyzed the patterns of mt genome length changes in amphipods and other animal phyla.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Through a statistical analysis, we demonstrated that the variability in the mt genome length may be a characteristic of certain phyla and is primarily conferred by expansions of non-coding regions.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Biology|Mitochondrial DNA,Genetics|Mitochondrial DNA,Fishery|Fishery<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Biology|Genetics,Gene|Heterozygote advantage,Botany|Homeotic gene<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Homeotic gene", "Tendril"], ["Homeotic gene", "Gene expression"], ["Gene", "Allele"], ["Locus (genetics)", "Gene"], ["Heterozygote advantage", "Gene expression"], ["Pisum", "Botany"], ["Biology", "Genetics"], ["Biology", "Molecular biology"], ["Genetics", "Molecular biology"], ["Homeotic gene", "Gene"], ["Tendril", "Botany"], ["Gene", "Gene expression"], ["Allele", "Heterozygote advantage"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Anti-apoptotic proteins are suggested to be important for the normal health of neurons and synapses as well as for resilience to stress.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>In order to determine whether stressful events may influence the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL in the midbrain and specifically in the midbrain serotonergic (5-HT) neurons involved in neurobehavioral responses to adverse stimuli, adult male rats were subjected to short-term or chronic forced swim stress. A short-term stress rapidly increased the midbrain bcl-xl mRNA levels and significantly elevated Bcl-xL immunoreactivity in the midbrain 5-HT cells. Stress-induced increase in glucocorticoid secretion was implicated in the observed effect. The levels of bcl-xl mRNA were decreased after stress when glucocorticoid elevation was inhibited by metyrapone (MET, 150 mg/kg), and this decrease was attenuated by glucocorticoid replacement with dexamethasone (DEX; 0.2 mg/kg). Both short-term stress and acute DEX administration, in parallel with Bcl-xL, caused a significant increase in tph2 mRNA levels and slightly enhanced tryptophan hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the midbrain. The increasing effect on the bcl-xl expression was specific to the short-term stress. Forced swim repeated daily for 2 weeks led to a decrease in bcl-xl mRNA in the midbrain without any effects on the Bcl-xL protein expression in the 5-HT neurons. In chronically stressed animals, an increase in tph2 gene expression was not associated with any changes in tryptophan hydroxylase protein levels.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Our findings are the first to demonstrate that both short-term stress and acute glucocorticoid exposures induce Bcl-xL protein expression in the midbrain 5-HT neurons concomitantly with the activation of the 5-HT synthesis pathway in these neurons.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Programmed cell death|TPH2,Internal medicine|TPH2,Central nervous system|TPH2,Endocrinology|TPH2,Apoptosis|TPH2<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Face(-1)|Social conflict,Function(-1)|Social conflict,Social science|Social science,Law|Law,Politics|Social conflict,Political economy|Political economy,History|History,Economic history|Economic history,Sociology|Sociology,Peasant|Social conflict,Political science|Political science,Economy|Social conflict,Face (sociological concept)|Face (sociological concept),Economic growth|Economic growth,Function (biology)|Function (biology),Novelty|Social conflict<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Peasant", "Immigration"], ["Peasant", "Social conflict"], ["Face", "Immigration"], ["Novelty", "Social conflict"], ["Function", "Social conflict"], ["Social conflict", "Economy"], ["Social conflict", "Politics"], ["Immigration", "Social conflict"], ["Peasant", "Social conflict"], ["Function", "Society"], ["Face (sociological concept)", "Face (sociological concept)"], ["Political science", "Political science"], ["Function (biology)", "Function (biology)"], ["Political economy", "Political economy"], ["History", "History"], ["Economic history", "Economic history"], ["Sociology", "Sociology"], ["Economic growth", "Economic growth"], ["Law", "Law"], ["Social science", "Social science"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Distinguishing the terms 'character' and 'hero' as theoretical concepts, we seek to establish the complementarity of two methods: character analysis as a way of structuring the text, on the one hand, and phenomenological, which allows us to capture the uniqueness of a single hero, as well as its influence on the fate of other participants in the action. Taking into account the long-term work on Doctor Zhivago, the author of the article proceeds from the idea that along with autobiographical material in the characterization of three women – Tonya, Larisa, and Marina, B. Pasternak widely uses plot analogies with masterpieces of Russian and world literature, as well as certain allusions to biblical images.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Important here is the principle of inseparability and non-confusion in the depiction of the fates of the three women in their relationship with the main character, associated with the Christian tradition. For the first time, the article introduces the essentiality–existentiality opposition to compare the main female figures. At the same time, it is important that the author, creating female images, uses a different measure of fabulousness associated with the vicissitudes in the life of the main character – the maximum in the relationship of Yuri and Lara and the minimum in relation to the hero with Marina. There is also a different degree of detail of the three images, the use of symbols in their characterization, and the symbolization as the main method of Marina’s characterization is noted.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The author concludes that the outstanding Russian poet and novelist B. Pasternak shows a high degree of skill, penetrating the depths of female psychology. At the same time, while maintaining the principles of construction characteristic of the classical narrative, the writer, thanks to the special arrangement of the material, gives the novel features that bring it closer to the best examples of world literature of the twentieth century.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Computer science|Computer science,Art|HERO,Psychology|HERO,Relation (database)|Relation (database),Philosophy|Complementarity (molecular biology),History|HERO,Depiction|Depiction<|/concept_pairs|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. CoVs are enveloped (+) RNA viruses with unusually long genomes. Severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), and the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV-2) have been identif ied as causing global pandemics. Clinically tested vaccines are widely used to control rapidly spreading, acute, and often severe infections; however, effective drugs are still not available. The genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are approximately 80 % identical, while the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV are approximately 50 % identical. This indicates that there may be common mechanisms of coronavirus pathogenesis and, therefore, potential therapeutic targets for each virus may be the same. The enzymes and effector proteins that make up the replication-transcription complex (RTC) of coronaviruses are encoded by a large replicase gene. These enzymes and effector proteins represent promising targets for potential therapeutic drugs. The enzyme targets include papain- and 3C-like cysteine proteinases that process two large viral polyproteins, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA helicase, viral genome-modifying enzymes, and enzymes with 3'-5' exoribonuclease or uridylate-specif ic endonuclease activity. Currently, there are many studies investigating the complex molecular mechanisms involved in the assembly and function of the RTC. This review will encompass current, modern studies on the properties and complexes of individual non-structural subunits of the RTC, the structures of individual coronavirus RTC subunits, domain organization and functions of subunits, protein-protein interactions, properties and architectures of subunit complexes, the effect of mutations, and the identif ication of mutations affecting the viability of the virus in cell culture. Key words: non-structural proteins CoVs; subunits of replicase CoVs; replication-transcription complex of CoVs; architecture of non-structural protein complexes CoVs.Коронавирусы относятся к семейству Coronaviridae подсемейства Orthocoronavirinae и представляют собой оболочечные (+) РНК-вирусы с необычно длинным геномом. В настоящее время часто идентифицируются, вызывая продолжающуюся пандемию во всем мире, коронавирусы Severe Acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) и новый коронавирус (2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV-2). Для сдерживания быстро распространяющейся, острой и часто тяжело протекающей инфекции широко применяют прошедшие клинические испытания вакцины, однако эффективных лекарств по-прежнему нет. Геномы SARS-CoV-2 и SARS-CoV идентичны на ~80 %, а SARS-CoV-2 и MERS-CoV – на ~50 %. Это свидетельствует об общих механизмах патогенеза коронавирусов и одних и тех же потенциальных терапевтических мишенях. Ферменты и эффекторные белки, входящие в состав репликационно-транскрипционного комплек-са (РТК) коронавирусов, кодируются весьма крупным геном репликазы и представляют собой перспективные мишени действия потенциальных эффективных лекарств. Эти мишени включают папаин- и 3С-подобные цистеиновые протеиназы, осуществляющие процессинг двух больших вирусных полипротеинов, РНК-зависимую РНК-полимеразу, РНК-хеликазу, ферменты, модифицирующие вирусный геном, ферменты, обладающие 3’–5’-экзорибонуклеазной и уридилат-специфичной эндонуклеазной активностью, а также важные эффекторные белки. В настоящее время изучение сложных молекулярных механизмов сборки и функционирования РТК находится на пике изучения. Обзор посвящен актуальным и современным исследованиям свойств индивидуальных неструктурных субъединиц РТК и их комплексов и включает изучение структур индивидуальных субъединиц РТК коронавирусов, доменной организации субъединиц и их функций, белок-белковые взаимодействий, свойств и архитектуры комплексов субъединиц, влияния мутаций, а также выявления мутаций, влияющих на жизнеспособность вируса в клеточной культуре.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. CoVs are enveloped (+) RNA viruses with unusually long genomes. Severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), and the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV-2) have been identif ied as causing global pandemics. Clinically tested vaccines are widely used to control rapidly spreading, acute, and often severe infections; however, effective drugs are still not available.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are approximately 80 % identical, while the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV are approximately 50 % identical. This indicates that there may be common mechanisms of coronavirus pathogenesis and, therefore, potential therapeutic targets for each virus may be the same. The enzymes and effector proteins that make up the replication-transcription complex (RTC) of coronaviruses are encoded by a large replicase gene. These enzymes and effector proteins represent promising targets for potential therapeutic drugs. The enzyme targets include papain- and 3C-like cysteine proteinases that process two large viral polyproteins, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA helicase, viral genome-modifying enzymes, and enzymes with 3'-5' exoribonuclease or uridylate-specif ic endonuclease activity.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Currently, there are many studies investigating the complex molecular mechanisms involved in the assembly and function of the RTC. This review will encompass current, modern studies on the properties and complexes of individual non-structural subunits of the RTC, the structures of individual coronavirus RTC subunits, domain organization and functions of subunits, protein-protein interactions, properties and architectures of subunit complexes, the effect of mutations, and the identif ication of mutations affecting the viability of the virus in cell culture.<|/conclusions|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Food science|Stevia,Organoleptic|Stevia,Biology|Stevia,Raw material|Stevia,Chemistry|Stevia,Biotechnology|Stevia,Taste|Stevia<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Stevia", "Taste"], ["Stevia", "Lactic acid"], ["Stevia", "Raw material"], ["Lactic acid", "Raw material"], ["Stevia", "Food science"], ["Stevia", "Organoleptic"], ["Lactic acid", "Food science"], ["Taste", "Organoleptic"], ["Stevia", "Biotechnology"], ["Lactic acid", "Biotechnology"], ["Stevia", "Biology"], ["Lactic acid", "Biology"], ["Stevia", "Chemistry"], ["Lactic acid", "Chemistry"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Bending|Fabrication,Optoelectronics|Fabrication,Materials science|Fabrication,Composite material|Fabrication,Optics|Fabrication,Bent molecular geometry|Bend radius,Photonics|Fabrication,Nanotechnology|Fabrication<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Fabrication", "Materials science"], ["Fabrication", "Photonics"], ["Fabrication", "Nanometre"], ["Fabrication", "Nanoscopic scale"], ["Fabrication", "Optical fiber"], ["Fabrication", "Bending"], ["Fabrication", "Optoelectronics"], ["Fabrication", "Robustness (evolution)"], ["Fabrication", "Optics"], ["Fabrication", "Nanotechnology"], ["Fabrication", "Composite material"], ["Bend radius", "Bent molecular geometry"], ["Bend radius", "Optical fiber"], ["Bend radius", "Bending"], ["Nanometre", "Nanoscopic scale"], ["Nanometre", "Nanotechnology"], ["Bent molecular geometry", "Bending"], ["Nanoscopic scale", "Nanotechnology"], ["Optical fiber", "Optoelectronics"], ["Optical fiber", "Optics"], ["Bending", "Robustness (evolution)"], ["Optoelectronics", "Optics"], ["Robustness (evolution)", "Composite material"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Thermodynamics|Thermodynamics,Optoelectronics|Optoelectronics,Materials science|Composite material,Physics|Mechanics,Electric field|Elongation<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Electric field", "Lattice Boltzmann methods"], ["Electric field", "Contact angle"], ["Electric field", "Elongation"], ["Contact angle", "Surface tension"], ["Electrode", "Electrostatics"], ["Dielectric", "Electrostatics"], ["Mechanics", "Physics"], ["Materials science", "Composite material"], ["Condensed matter physics", "Physics"], ["Classical mechanics", "Physics"], ["Field (mathematics)", "Physics"], ["Thermodynamics", "Thermodynamics"], ["Optoelectronics", "Optoelectronics"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Phase (matter)|Phase (matter),Crust|Crust,Massif|Eclogite,Coesite|Coesite,Olivine|Olivine,Tectonics|Tectonics,Zircon|Phengite,Geology|Geochemistry,Subduction|Subduction,Metamorphic rock|Eclogite,Mineralogy|Kyanite<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Lile", "Phengite"], ["Lile", "Melt inclusions"], ["Phengite", "Melt inclusions"], ["Phengite", "Partial melting"], ["Melt inclusions", "Partial melting"], ["Massif", "Gneiss"], ["Zircon", "Melt inclusions"], ["Columbite", "Melt inclusions"], ["Gneiss", "Eclogite"], ["Gneiss", "Metamorphic rock"], ["Eclogite", "Metamorphic rock"], ["Kyanite", "Mineralogy"], ["Geology", "Geochemistry"], ["Massif", "Partial melting"], ["Gneiss", "Partial melting"], ["Zircon", "Partial melting"], ["Coesite", "Coesite"], ["Crust", "Crust"], ["Olivine", "Olivine"], ["Subduction", "Subduction"], ["Phase (matter)", "Phase (matter)"], ["Tectonics", "Tectonics"]]<|/concept_relations|>
You are a scientific paper data analyst. Given an abstract and a list of candidate concepts, determine for each concept whether it is scientifically relevant to the paper (label 0) or not (label 1). A concept is relevant (0) only if it is explicitly discussed or directly implied in the abstract. Output a list of [concept, label] pairs in the same order as the input candidate concepts.
<|abstract|>This work for the first time proposes and studies a method of frequency doubling of CW non-single-frequency fibre lasers with a high-Q resonator partially coupled to the fibre laser cavity. The proposed new approach resulted in the following parameters: laser's maximal output power 880 mW at 536 nm when pumped with 6.2 W at 976 nm, wavelength tuneability range 521-545 nm with the output power at the extreme ends of this range 420 and 220 mW correspondingly. The proposed configuration allows efficient non-linear transformation of both CW and pulsed radiation in a partially coupled enhancement cavity.<|/abstract|><|possible_concepts|>Laser, Optoelectronics, Wavelength, Genotype, Integral equation, Chelation<|/possible_concepts|>
<|concept_lable|>[["Laser", 0], ["Optoelectronics", 0], ["Wavelength", 0], ["Genotype", 1], ["Integral equation", 1], ["Chelation", 1]]<|/concept_lable|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>A new phenomenological model of cyclic creep, which is suitable for applications involving finite creep deformations of the material, is proposed. The model accounts for the effect of the transient increase of the creep strain rate upon the load reversal. In order to extend the applicability range of the model, the creep process is fully coupled to the classical Kachanov-Rabotnov damage evolution. As a result, the proposed model describes all the three stages of creep.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Large strain kinematics is described in a geometrically exact manner using the assumption of a nested multiplicative split, originally proposed by Lion for finite strain plasticity. The model is thermodynamically admissible, objective, and w-invariant. The implicit time integration of the proposed evolution equations is discussed. The corresponding numerical algorithm is implemented into the commercial FEM code MSC.Marc.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The model is validated using this code; the validation is based on real experimental data on cyclic torsion of a thick-walled tubular specimen made of the D16T aluminium alloy. The numerically computed stress distribution exhibits a 'skeletal point' within the specimen, which simplifies the analysis of test data.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Structural engineering|Finite element method,Engineering|Finite element method,Kinematics|Finite strain theory,Materials science|Composite material,Plasticity|Finite strain theory,Physics|Mechanics<|/concept_pairs|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>The effect of pressure on L-alanine and DL-alanine has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy.No previously reported structural phase transitions in L-alanine and DL-alanine have been observed up to 12.3 and 8.3 GPa, respectively.In both compounds at about 1.5-2 GPa (close to the pressure of the previously reported phase transition in L-alanine into a tetragonal phase, 2.3 GPa [1], [2]), the cell parameters a and b become accidentally equal to each other, but without a change in the space group symmetry.Neither could be a polymorphic transformation in L-alanine from tetragonal into a monoclinic phase at about 9 GPa confirmed, the changes in the cell parameters till the highest measured pressures being continuous and the cell metrics remaining orthorhombic.Our Raman experiments confirmed the effects described previously for the spectra of L-alanine [1] and DL-alanine [3], but we have shown that the spectral changes are continuous and are not related to structural phase transitions.During a slow decompression of L-alanine single crystal (in a methanol-ethanol 4:1 mixture as a pressure-transmitting liquid) from about 6 GPa, new phases crystallized in the diamond anvil cell in the pressure range between 0.8-4.7 GPa, which recrystallized into L-alanine below 0.8 GPa.These previously unknown phases were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy and seem to be a solvate of L-alanine.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>No previously reported structural phase transitions in L-alanine and DL-alanine have been observed up to 12.3 and 8.3 GPa, respectively. In both compounds at about 1.5-2 GPa (close to the pressure of the previously reported phase transition in L-alanine into a tetragonal phase, 2.3 GPa [1], [2]), the cell parameters a and b become accidentally equal to each other, but without a change in the space group symmetry. Neither could be a polymorphic transformation in L-alanine from tetragonal into a monoclinic phase at about 9 GPa confirmed, the changes in the cell parameters till the highest measured pressures being continuous and the cell metrics remaining orthorhombic.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The effect of pressure on L-alanine and DL-alanine has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy. Our Raman experiments confirmed the effects described previously for the spectra of L-alanine [1] and DL-alanine [3], but we have shown that the spectral changes are continuous and are not related to structural phase transitions. During a slow decompression of L-alanine single crystal (in a methanol-ethanol 4:1 mixture as a pressure-transmitting liquid) from about 6 GPa, new phases crystallized in the diamond anvil cell in the pressure range between 0.8-4.7 GPa, which recrystallized into L-alanine below 0.8 GPa.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>These previously unknown phases were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy and seem to be a solvate of L-alanine.<|/conclusions|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>The ratio of the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}^{0}$ baryon lifetime to that of the ${\overline{B}}^{0}$ meson is measured using $1.0\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of integrated luminosity in 7 TeV center-of-mass energy $pp$ collisions at the LHC. The ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}^{0}$ baryon is observed for the first time in the decay mode ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}p{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, while the ${\overline{B}}^{0}$ meson decay used is the well known ${\overline{B}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mode, where the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mass is consistent with that of the ${\overline{K}}^{*0}(892)$ meson. The ratio of lifetimes is measured to be $0.976\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006$, in agreement with theoretical expectations based on the heavy quark expansion. Using previous determinations of the ${\overline{B}}^{0}$ meson lifetime, the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}^{0}$ lifetime is found to be $1.482\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.018\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ps}$. In both cases, the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>The ${\overline{B}}^{0}$ meson decay used is the well known ${\overline{B}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mode, where the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mass is consistent with that of the ${\overline{K}}^{*0}(892)$ meson. Using previous determinations of the ${\overline{B}}^{0}$ meson lifetime<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The ratio of the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}^{0}$ baryon lifetime to that of the ${\overline{B}}^{0}$ meson is measured using $1.0\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of integrated luminosity in 7 TeV center-of-mass energy $pp$ collisions at the LHC. The ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}^{0}$ baryon is observed for the first time in the decay mode ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}p{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The ratio of lifetimes is measured to be $0.976\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006$, in agreement with theoretical expectations based on the heavy quark expansion. The ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}^{0}$ lifetime is found to be $1.482\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.018\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ps}$. In both cases, the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic.<|/conclusions|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|><|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Geology", "Chemistry"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>An experimental study of the dynamics of the Taylor vapor bubble in water and in an aqueous solution of lithium bromide at vapor saturation pressure was carried out. The Taylor bubble was formed after boiling-up of the overheated degassed liquid in 16 mm diameter tube.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The study has shown that the dynamics of the vapor cavity during boiling up leads to a qualitative difference from the dynamics of the vapor bubble in a large volume. There are also qualitative differences in the nature of motion of the vapor bubble and that of the gas bubble.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>This is due to the fact that the mass of the gas bubble and the temperature of the liquid do not change during the rise near the bubble, whereas the mass of the vapor bubble and the temperature of the vapor in the bubble and the liquid near the bubble can vary significantly due to evaporation of the liquid and steam condensation. This is due to the change of bubble height and level of fluid in the tube. The liquid level in the tube depends on the height of the bubbles, but the height of the liquid level in the tube depends on the volume of the bubbles.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Thermodynamics|Thermodynamics,Volume (thermodynamics)|Volume (thermodynamics),Tube (container)|Tube (container),Tube(-1)|Bubble,Water vapor|Water vapor,Materials science|Materials science,Composite material|Composite material,Mechanics|Mechanics,Vapor pressure|Vapor pressure,Chemistry|Chemistry,Boiling point|Boiling point,Physics|Physics,Volume(-1)|Bubble,Bubble point|Bubble point<|/concept_pairs|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Ru supported on mesoporous carbon Sibunit and microporous zeolites (HZSM-5, SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 = 250; H-Beta, SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 = 30; H-Y, SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 = 5; H-USY, SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 = 30) synthesized by the sol-gel method (CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune India) were prepared by impregnation of the corresponding supports with RuCl 3 ∙nH 2 O (0.1 M) followed by reduction in H 2 .<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Catalyst screening in levulinic acid (LA) (15 mL, 6.9 mmol) hydrogenation into g-valerolactone (GVL) with 1,4-dioxane (165°C, hydrogen pressure ca . 16 bar) as a solvent showed higher activity and selectivity to GVL of Ru/zeolites compared to carbon supported catalysts. Among Ru/zeolites LA conversion increased as follows Ru/HZSM-5 < Ru/H-Y < Ru/H-USY < Ru/H-Beta demonstrating a clear advantage of H-Beta preparation method.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Optimization of the support microstructure and acidity opens a reliable way for selective catalytic LA hydrogenation to GVL. The catalysts were analyzed by TEM, XRD, H 2 -TPR and N 2 physisorption to compare their physical chemical properties.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Microporous material|Zeolite,Materials science|Physisorption,Chemistry|Levulinic acid,Nuclear chemistry|Levulinic acid<|/concept_pairs|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The impact of superthermal electrons on dispersion properties of isotropic plasmas and on the modulational instability of a monochromatic Langmuir wave is studied for the case when the power-law tail of the electron distribution function extends to relativistic velocities and contains most of the plasma kinetic energy.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Such an energetic tail of electrons is shown to increase the thermal correction to the Langmuir wave frequency, which is equivalent to the increase of the effective electron temperature in the fluid approach, and has almost no impact on the dispersion of ion-acoustic waves, in which the role of temperature is played by the thermal spread of low-energy core electrons.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>It is also found that the spectrum of modulational instability in the non-maxwellian plasma narrows significantly, as compared to the equilibrium case, without change of the maximum growth rate and the corresponding wavenumber.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Instability|Two-stream instability,Atomic physics|Modulational instability,Wavenumber|Modulational instability,Plasma diagnostics|Langmuir probe,Optics|Optics,Physics|Modulational instability<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Context (archaeology)|Context (archaeology),Medicine|Antisense therapy,Internal medicine|Internal medicine,Biology|Antisense therapy<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Oligonucleotide", "Antisense therapy"], ["Oligonucleotide", "Gene"], ["Antisense therapy", "Medicine"], ["Antisense therapy", "Disease"], ["Antisense therapy", "Pharmacology"], ["Medicine", "Disease"], ["Medicine", "Pharmacology"], ["Disease", "Pharmacology"], ["Gene", "Biology"], ["Gene", "Biochemistry"], ["Biology", "Biochemistry"], ["Computational biology", "Bioinformatics"], ["Genetic enhancement", "Medicine"], ["Oligonucleotide", "Medicine"], ["Oligonucleotide", "Disease"], ["Antisense therapy", "Biology"], ["Antisense therapy", "Biochemistry"], ["Context (archaeology)", "Context (archaeology)"], ["Internal medicine", "Internal medicine"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>This article deals with simulation and analytical solution of the problem of wet material drying under the action of a plane electromagnetic wave of the microwave range. The mathematical model of microwave drying is considered at two stages: the heating stage and the drying stage. The temperature field of the material in the mode of heating, under the absorption conditions of microwave radiation according to the Beer–Lambert law, is found analytically, strictly with the use of the Fourier and Laplace transforms. In time, the first stage ends at the moment when the maximum temperature inside the material reaches the temperature of the water-vapor phase transition. The drying process is studied as heat transfer in a three-phase medium with two unsteadily moving boundaries of phase transformations, the rate of which is not known in advance and is determined from the Stefan balance ratio. The temperature distribution in this regime is found analytically with the use of asymptotic procedures. In addition, important characteristics such as drying time, drying temperature, drying speed, and other parameters needed for practical applications are found.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>This article deals with simulation and analytical solution of the problem of wet material drying under the action of a plane electromagnetic wave of the microwave range.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The mathematical model of microwave drying is considered at two stages: the heating stage and the drying stage. The temperature field of the material in the mode of heating, under the absorption conditions of microwave radiation according to the Beer–Lambert law, is found analytically, strictly with the use of the Fourier and Laplace transforms. In time, the first stage ends at the moment when the maximum temperature inside the material reaches the temperature of the water-vapor phase transition. The drying process is studied as heat transfer in a three-phase medium with two unsteadily moving boundaries of phase transformations, the rate of which is not known in advance and is determined from the Stefan balance ratio. The temperature distribution in this regime is found analytically with the use of asymptotic procedures.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>In addition, important characteristics such as drying time, drying temperature, drying speed, and other parameters needed for practical applications are found.<|/conclusions|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>The results of prospection studies at the medieval site Horogoru, in the Gyeonggi-do Province of South Korea, are described. Using ground-penetrating radar, the defense wall, built of tamped earth and masonry, was reconstructed. The analyses of GPR images and 3D-models of the wall were confi rmed and supplemented by archaeological excavations. Prospection studies in the central part of the site have enabled us to assess tentatively the thickness of the habitation layer and its preservation. Structures associated with various archaeological cultures were analyzed. The results of excavations demonstrated a relative reliability of GPR, which had revealed anomalies at various depths. However, an accurate and complete assessment of the outlines of most structures proved impossible, owing to repeated medieval rebuilding, peculiar accumulation processes, and modern disruption. The GPR analysis of the anomalies indicated several stages of habitation. Early features, dating to the Koguryo period (400–700 AD), include a reservoir and a well, and next to these, heaps of roof tiles. Late features, dating to the Koryo stage (1000–1200 AD), include seven buildings, a stone pavement, and pits with roof tiles. Overall, the results demonstrate the effi ciency of geophysical methods for the assessment of the site’s structure and of the preservation of its cultural layers.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>The results of prospection studies at the medieval site Horogoru, in the Gyeonggi-do Province of South Korea, are described.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Using ground-penetrating radar, the defense wall, built of tamped earth and masonry, was reconstructed. The analyses of GPR images and 3D-models of the wall were confirmed and supplemented by archaeological excavations. Prospection studies in the central part of the site have enabled us to assess tentatively the thickness of the habitation layer and its preservation. Structures associated with various archaeological cultures were analyzed.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The results of excavations demonstrated a relative reliability of GPR, which had revealed anomalies at various depths. However, an accurate and complete assessment of the outlines of most structures proved impossible, owing to repeated medieval rebuilding, peculiar accumulation processes, and modern disruption. The GPR analysis of the anomalies indicated several stages of habitation. Early features, dating to the Koguryo period (400–700 AD), include a reservoir and a well, and next to these, heaps of roof tiles. Late features, dating to the Koryo stage (1000–1200 AD), include seven buildings, a stone pavement, and pits with roof tiles. Overall, the results demonstrate the efficiency of geophysical methods for the assessment of the site’s structure and of the preservation of its cultural layers.<|/conclusions|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>We demonstrate that SDYM (self-dual Yang-Mills) equations for the Lie algebra of one-dimensional vector fields represent a natural reduction in the framework of a general linearly degenerate dispersionless hierarchy.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>We define the reduction in terms of wave functions and introduce a generating relation, Lax-Sato equations, and the dressing scheme for the reduced hierarchy.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>A multidimensional case is also discussed.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Extension (predicate logic)|Extension (predicate logic),Physics|Mathematical physics,Type (biology)|Type (biology)<|/concept_pairs|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>Thermocapillary breakdown of thin (0.3 - 0.7 mm) horizontal layers of liquid (ethanol) when heated from a localized hot spot was investigated experimentally. The effect of layer thickness on the breakdown dynamics was studied. Visualization and control of the liquid layer were carried out using schlieren and confocal techniques. Main steps of the breakdown process were determined with the help of both systems. Evolution of the layer thickness in the center of substrate was observed and the critical thickness of the layer was measured using confocal sensor.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>Thermocapillary breakdown of thin (0.3 - 0.7 mm) horizontal layers of liquid (ethanol) when heated from a localized hot spot was investigated experimentally. The effect of layer thickness on the breakdown dynamics was studied.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Visualization and control of the liquid layer were carried out using schlieren and confocal techniques. Main steps of the breakdown process were determined with the help of both systems.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Evolution of the layer thickness in the center of substrate was observed and the critical thickness of the layer was measured using confocal sensor.<|/conclusions|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>We have investigated the effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on estrogen-metabolizing genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP19 and ERα and cyclin D1 genes, which control of cell division in estrogen-depended tissues.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Treatment of rats with benzo(a)pyren (BP) or 3-methylcholantrene (MC) significantly up-regulated CYP1A1, CYP1B1 gene expression in liver, uterus and ovary, whereas alfa-naphthoflavone (α-NF) did not have any effect. The high level of aromatase gene (CYP19) expression was detected in ovary only. Treatment of rats with BP or MC significantly down-regulated expression of this gene (15- and 5,5-fold, respectively), whereas α-NF did not have any effect. BP produced an increase in ERα and cyclin D1 gene expression in rat liver. This effect was not seen with MC and α-NF. ERα and cyclin D1 mRNA levels were unchanged in uterus of rats after PAHs treatment. On the other hand, BP treatment caused an increase of the ERα and cyclin D1 mRNA levels (3,5- and 2,5-fold, respectively) in ovary, whereas MC and α-NF did not have any effects.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Thus, our results give evidence for tissue-specific effects of PAHs on expression of genes, which participate in hormonal carcinogenesis. Moreover, the fact that BP and MC treatment affects the expression of estrogen-metabolizing genes and genes, which control of cell division, supports the view that PAHs may be one of the causes of endocrine disorder and consequent hormonal carcinogenesis.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Estrogen|CYP1B1,Cytochrome P450|CYP1B1,Biology|CYP1B1,Ovary|CYP1B1<|/concept_pairs|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>The charged-particle production ratios $\bar{p}/p$, $K^-/K^+$, $\pi^-/\pi^+$, $(p + \bar{p})/(\pi^+ + \pi^-)$, $(K^+ + K^-)/(\pi^+ + \pi^-)$ and $(p + \bar{p})/(K^+ + K^-)$ are measured with the LHCb detector using $0.3 {\rm nb^{-1}}$ of $pp$ collisions delivered by the LHC at $\sqrt{s} = 0.9$ TeV and $1.8 {\rm nb^{-1}}$ at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV. The measurements are performed as a function of transverse momentum $p_{\rm T}$ and pseudorapidity $\eta$. The production ratios are compared to the predictions of several Monte Carlo generator settings, none of which are able to describe adequately all observables. The ratio $\bar{p}/p$ is also considered as a function of rapidity loss, $\Delta y \equiv y_{\rm beam} - y$, and is used to constrain models of baryon transport.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>The production ratios are compared to the predictions of several Monte Carlo generator settings, none of which are able to describe adequately all observables.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The charged-particle production ratios are measured with the LHCb detector using pp collisions delivered by the LHC at different energies. The measurements are performed as a function of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The ratio bar/p is considered as a function of rapidity loss and is used to constrain models of baryon transport.<|/conclusions|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Preclinical and clinical imaging of porous media or void spaces such as human lungs could be possible. Enzyme Inhibitors The study of multivalent enzyme inhibitors and their inhibitory activities is an area of research that has shown rapid growth in the last five years. This unique class of compounds may provide new pharmaceutical opportunities to treat diseases involving carbohydrate-processing enzymes. The scope of the Minireview by S. G. Gouin on page 11616 ff. is to highlight the potential and the limitations offered by this new type of inhibitor since the first proof of concept.1 Self-Assembly of Molecular Janus Particles Concepts of geometric and chemical symmetry breaking has led to the design and synthesis of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fullerene conjugates to form molecular Janus particles, which can be described as 'snowman-like' and 'mickey-mouse-like'. These fullerene-based Janus particles exhibit intriguing self-assembly in solution. For more details, see the Communication on page 11630 ff. by S. Z. D. Cheng, X. Yu, W.-B. Zhang et al.1 Chromophores In their Full Paper on page 11708 ff., H.-W. Schmidt, R. Hildnera, M. Kivala et al. describe a reliable synthetic route to functionalize carbonyl-bridged triarylamines with either three naphthalimides or three 4-(5-hexyl-2,2′-bithiophene)naphthalimides as peripheral chromophores.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>In their Communication on page 11636 ff., K. Kovtunov, E. Chekmenev et al. describe the 3D 1H MRI of hyperpolarized flowing propane at relatively short times with microscale spatial resolution and a large imaging matrix. The hyperpolarized propane was prepared by using a Rh/TiO2 catalyst with Rh particle size of 1.6 nm.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>This highly stable catalyst allows for preparation of nontoxic asphyxiant hyperpolarized propane gas to potentially enable robust preclinical and clinical 3D molecular imaging. Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy provide clear evidence for energy transfer in both multichromophoric compounds.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Materials science|Organic chemistry,Propane|Molecular imaging,Spin isomers of hydrogen|Spin isomers of hydrogen,Microscale chemistry|Molecular imaging,Chemistry|Molecular imaging,In vivo|Molecular imaging<|/concept_pairs|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>The article proposes a methodological approach for assessing the territorial inequality based on an agent-oriented spatial model. The main decisions are made in the model at the microeconomic level by households and enterprises with spatial coordinates. Then they are aggregated to the level of regions, industries and the economy as a whole. The evaluation of the indicators according to the criterion of social justice is carried out using two groups of methods: firstly, statistical, primarily the Gini coefficients (which are based on the households’ incomes in regions or country as a whole), and secondly, methods for constructing isoelastic social welfare functions at the national and regional or zonal levels, which are based on the households’ utility functions and include the inequality rejection coefficient. Each value of the coefficient corresponds to a certain concept of social justice. This second group of methods is related to the original approach of the author. The model simulates the development of the government social policy, which is carried out by changing taxes and transfers and taking into account the degree of territorial inequality. Model calculations consider pensions and five types of monetary transfers in a fixed structure: unemployment benefits, child benefits, poverty benefits, social aid and basic income benefits. In a series of experiments, the effect on territorial inequality of changes in the total value of social transfers (with their fixed structure) and tax rates in accordance with the proportionality coefficients was assessed. It is used as a toolkit for changing the system of taxes and transfers and for supporting social policy to reduce spatial inequalities in Russia.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>The evaluation of the indicators according to the criterion of social justice is carried out using two groups of methods: firstly, statistical, primarily the Gini coefficients (which are based on the households’ incomes in regions or country as a whole), and secondly, methods for constructing isoelastic social welfare functions at the national and regional or zonal levels, which are based on the households’ utility functions and include the inequality rejection coefficient.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The article proposes a methodological approach for assessing the territorial inequality based on an agent-oriented spatial model. The main decisions are made in the model at the microeconomic level by households and enterprises with spatial coordinates. Then they are aggregated to the level of regions, industries and the economy as a whole. The model simulates the development of the government social policy, which is carried out by changing taxes and transfers and taking into account the degree of territorial inequality. Model calculations consider pensions and five types of monetary transfers in a fixed structure: unemployment benefits, child benefits, poverty benefits, social aid and basic income benefits.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>In a series of experiments, the effect on territorial inequality of changes in the total value of social transfers (with their fixed structure) and tax rates in accordance with the proportionality coefficients was assessed. It is used as a toolkit for changing the system of taxes and transfers and for supporting social policy to reduce spatial inequalities in Russia.<|/conclusions|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Magnetic field|Magnetoresistance,Electron|Fermi gas,Materials science|Condensed matter physics,Microwave|Magnetoresistance,Physics|Condensed matter physics<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Microwave", "Magnetoresistance"], ["Microwave", "Electron"], ["Electron", "Fermi gas"], ["Magnetoresistance", "Magnetic field"], ["Materials science", "Condensed matter physics"], ["Condensed matter physics", "Physics"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Mode(-1)|Fiber,Mode coupling|Single-mode optical fiber,Mode (computer interface)|Mode (computer interface),Laser|Laser,Nonlinear system|Soliton,Wavelength|Femtosecond,Quantum mechanics|Quantum mechanics<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Multi-mode optical fiber", "Soliton"], ["Femtosecond", "Soliton"], ["Degenerate energy levels", "Mode"], ["Fiber", "Coupling (piping)"], ["Fiber", "Wavelength"], ["Optical fiber", "Nonlinear system"], ["Mode coupling", "Single-mode optical fiber"], ["Mode", "Optics"], ["Materials science", "Physics"], ["Multi-mode optical fiber", "Mode coupling"], ["Femtosecond", "Wavelength"], ["Soliton", "Nonlinear system"], ["Optical fiber", "Mode"], ["Fiber", "Optics"], ["Mode (computer interface)", "Mode (computer interface)"], ["Quantum mechanics", "Quantum mechanics"], ["Laser", "Laser"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Expression(-1)|Phenotype,Gene expression|Gene expression,Cell biology|Cell biology,Biology|Phenotype,Genetics|Phenotype,Cell(-1)|Embryo,Embryonic development(-1)|Embryo,Development(-1)|Embryo<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Gene", "Phenotype"], ["Suppressor", "Gene"], ["Embryo", "Embryonic development"], ["Gene", "Expression"], ["Suppressor", "Phenotype"], ["Embryo", "Development"], ["Gene", "Biology"], ["Phenotype", "Expression"], ["Embryo", "Cell"], ["Gene", "Genetics"], ["Embryonic stem cell", "Cell"], ["Molecular biology", "Biology"], ["Embryogenesis", "Development"], ["Gene targeting", "Gene"], ["Gene expression", "Gene expression"], ["Cell biology", "Cell biology"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>Disturbance waves in a downwards annular gas-liquid flow were investigated experimentally and numerically in this study. In the experiment, the brightness-based laser-induced fluorescence (BBLIF) technique was utilized to obtain high-resolution spatiotemporal measurements for the film thickness. In the simulations, the two-phase system was simulated by the volume of fluid (VOF) method together with newly developed turbulence damping models, without which the turbulence level around the film surface is considerably under-predicted. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons were carried out for the experimental and numerical data, during which a novel method was developed to extract complex wave structures in a direct manner. Comparisons showed that the model is able to reproduce the main stages of flow evolution, including development of high-frequency initial waves, their coalesce into stable large-scale disturbance waves, generation of slow and fast ripples, and disruption of fast ripples into droplets. The main properties of modeled waves are in decent agreement with the measured ones, apart from noticeably rarer generation of ripples. The presented methods offer a new and promising option to model various energy technology systems, where annular two-phase flow occurs.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>Disturbance waves in a downwards annular gas-liquid flow were investigated experimentally and numerically in this study.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>In the experiment, the brightness-based laser-induced fluorescence (BBLIF) technique was utilized to obtain high-resolution spatiotemporal measurements for the film thickness. In the simulations, the two-phase system was simulated by the volume of fluid (VOF) method together with newly developed turbulence damping models, without which the turbulence level around the film surface is considerably under-predicted. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons were carried out for the experimental and numerical data, during which a novel method was developed to extract complex wave structures in a direct manner.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Comparisons showed that the model is able to reproduce the main stages of flow evolution, including development of high-frequency initial waves, their coalesce into stable large-scale disturbance waves, generation of slow and fast ripples, and disruption of fast ripples into droplets. The main properties of modeled waves are in decent agreement with the measured ones, apart from noticeably rarer generation of ripples. The presented methods offer a new and promising option to model various energy technology systems, where annular two-phase flow occurs.<|/conclusions|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Since 1980, in the post-smallpox vaccination era the human population has become increasingly susceptible compared to a generation ago to not only the variola (smallpox) virus, but also other zoonotic orthopoxviruses. The need for safer vaccines against orthopoxviruses is even greater now.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The Lister vaccine strain (LIVP) of vaccinia virus was used as a parental virus for generating a recombinant 1421ABJCN clone defective in five virulence genes encoding hemagglutinin (A56R), the IFN--binding protein (B8R), thymidine kinase (J2R), the complement-binding protein (C3L), and the Bcl-2-like inhibitor of apoptosis (N1L). We found that disruption of these loci does not affect replication in mammalian cell cultures.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The isogenic recombinant strain 1421ABJCN exhibits a reduced inflammatory response and attenuated neurovirulence relative to LIVP. Virus titers of 1421ABJCN were 3 lg lower versus the parent VACV LIVP when administered by the intracerebral route in new-born mice. In a subcutaneous mouse model, 1421ABJCN displayed levels of VACV-neutralizing antibodies comparable to those of LIVP and conferred protective immunity against lethal challenge by the ectromelia virus. The VACV mutant holds promise as a safe live vaccine strain for preventing smallpox and other orthopoxvirus infections.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Virology|Poxviridae,Biology|Biology,Gene|Poxviridae,Vaccination|Poxviridae<|/concept_pairs|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>The characteristics of two-phase gas-liquid flow and heat transfer during flow boiling and condensing in micro-scale heat exchangers are discussed in this paper. The results of numerical simulation of the evaporating liquid film flowing downward in rectangular minichannel of the two-phase compact heat exchanger are presented and the peculiarities of microscale heat transport in annular flow with phase changes are discussed. Presented model accounts the capillarity induced transverse flow of liquid and predicts the microscale heat transport processes when the nucleate boiling becomes suppressed. The simultaneous influence of the forced convection, nucleate boiling and liquid film evaporation during flow boiling in plate-fin heat exchangers is considered. The equation for prediction of the flow boiling heat transfer at low flux conditions is presented and verified using experimental data.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>The characteristics of two-phase gas-liquid flow and heat transfer during flow boiling and condensing in micro-scale heat exchangers are discussed in this paper.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The results of numerical simulation of the evaporating liquid film flowing downward in rectangular minichannel of the two-phase compact heat exchanger are presented and the peculiarities of microscale heat transport in annular flow with phase changes are discussed. Presented model accounts the capillarity induced transverse flow of liquid and predicts the microscale heat transport processes when the nucleate boiling becomes suppressed. The simultaneous influence of the forced convection, nucleate boiling and liquid film evaporation during flow boiling in plate-fin heat exchangers is considered.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The equation for prediction of the flow boiling heat transfer at low flux conditions is presented and verified using experimental data.<|/conclusions|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Phylogenetic tree|Anaplasma phagocytophilum,Virology|Anaplasma phagocytophilum,Biology|Anaplasma phagocytophilum,Genetics|Anaplasma phagocytophilum<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Ixodes persulcatus", "Anaplasma phagocytophilum"], ["Dermacentor reticulatus", "Anaplasma phagocytophilum"], ["Ixodes persulcatus", "Tick"], ["Dermacentor reticulatus", "Tick"], ["Tick", "Ixodidae"], ["Anaplasma phagocytophilum", "Anaplasmosis"], ["Anaplasma phagocytophilum", "Gene"], ["Anaplasma phagocytophilum", "Phylogenetic tree"], ["Gene", "Genetics"], ["Anaplasmosis", "Virology"], ["Borrelia", "Virology"], ["Borrelia burgdorferi", "Virology"], ["Ixodes persulcatus", "Biology"], ["Dermacentor reticulatus", "Biology"], ["Tick", "Biology"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Anax nigrofasciatus Oguma, 1915 is a large aeshnid species found in South, South East and East Asia.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>On 19 June 2021, its mature male was caught by E. Emelyanov in Nadezhdino District of Primorskiy Kray, Russia, at an artificial fire pond near the Sadko Garden Non-Commercial Fellowship (43.4171 N, 131.9327 E).<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>This is the first record of this species in the Russian Federation, increasing the number of Odonata species currently known from Russia to 157.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Fishery|Fishery,Geography|Russian federation,Biology|Dragonfly<|/concept_pairs|>
You are a scientific paper data analyst. Given an abstract and a list of candidate concepts, determine for each concept whether it is scientifically relevant to the paper (label 0) or not (label 1). A concept is relevant (0) only if it is explicitly discussed or directly implied in the abstract. Output a list of [concept, label] pairs in the same order as the input candidate concepts.
<|abstract|>Detailed tracing of an exhaust plume from a rocket's initial trajectory is a scientifically and diagnostically useful technique. It can provide detailed information on the atmosphere's mean winds, wind shears, turbulent regime, and physical state over a wide altitude range from 50 to 200 km. We analyze Soyuz rocket exhaust plumes from Plesetsk on 21 May 2009 and 27 June 2011, which uncovered significantly different atmospheric states and underlying dynamics. The first case showed highly dynamical conditions in the mesosphere, characterized by vortex structures, wind shears, and small-scale turbulent eddies. The estimated turbulent energy dissipation rates ranged 330-460 mW kg-1. A characteristic balloon-shaped trail was observed at altitudes between 105 and 160 km, having rapid expansion rates of 500-800 m s -1 over the time period of 2 min which can be explained by complex gas dynamic processes in the rocket wake involving the collision of shock waves. In the second case, we show evidence that the rocket exhaust trail persisted without any changes during its motion from Plesetsk via Denmark to the UK for 9 h, indicating extremely stable atmospheric conditions. This case introduces a new state of the summer mesosphere - remarkably quiet conditions, probably never observed before. The rocket plumes studied, related to the initial rocket trajectory, are essentially twilight phenomena as seen from the ground using wideband spectrum cameras, that is, the Sun should be below the horizon by 6°. For the first time, we analyze the dynamics of rocket exhaust products at the initial trajectory in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using detailed photographic imaging taken from the ground. Key Points Soyuz rocket launches uncovered different atmospheric states and dynamics A characteristic balloon-shaped trail was observed between 105 and 160 km A rocket exhaust trail persisted without any changes during its motion for 9 hrs<|/abstract|><|possible_concepts|>Physics, Astrobiology, Aerospace engineering, Energy landscape, Amino acid, Dirac fermion<|/possible_concepts|>
<|concept_lable|>[["Physics", 0], ["Astrobiology", 0], ["Aerospace engineering", 0], ["Energy landscape", 1], ["Amino acid", 1], ["Dirac fermion", 1]]<|/concept_lable|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The laser cooling of atoms with a narrow-line optical transition, i.e., in regimes of quantum nature of laser-light interactions resulting in a significant recoil effect, is studied.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>It is demonstrated that a minimum laser-cooling temperature for two-level atoms in a standing wave reached for red detuning close to three recoil frequencies is vastly different from the theory used for a semiclassical description of Doppler cooling. A set of dimensionless parameters uniquely characterizing the time evolution and the steady state of different atoms with narrow-line optical transitions in the laser field is introduced.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The results can be used for analysis of optimal conditions for laser cooling of atoms with narrow lines such as Ca, Sr, and Mg, which are of great interest for atomic clocks.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Line (geometry)|Resolved sideband cooling,Atomic physics|Resolved sideband cooling,Recoil|Resolved sideband cooling,Laser|Resolved sideband cooling,Optics|Resolved sideband cooling,Physics|Resolved sideband cooling,Quantum mechanics|Resolved sideband cooling<|/concept_pairs|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>We studied cavitating flow over the suction side of a symmetric 2D foil - a scaled-down model of high-pressure hydroturbine guide vanes (GV) - in different cavitation regimes at several attack angles. High-speed imaging was used to analyze spatial patterns and time dynamics of the gas-vapor cavities, as well as for evaluating the characteristic integral parameters. A hydroacoustic pressure transducer was employed to register time-spectra of pressure fluctuations behind the hydrofoil and, thereby, determine dedicated frequencies of unsteady regimes. A PIV technique was applied to measure the velocity fields and its fluctuations, which were compared for the free and forced flow conditions. The active flow control was implemented by means of a continuous liquid supply with different flow rates through a slot channel located in the GV surface at the distaence of 60% of the chord length from the foil leading edge. It was found that the active mass injection does not influence the primary flow upstream of the slot channel position absolutely. At small angles of incidence, the injection flow at velocities in the range between zero to 0.76 of the mean bulk velocity was observed not to practically influence the distributions of turbulent characteristics so that the global difference is only between the free and forced flow conditions. For cavitation-free and cavitation inception cases, the active mass injection was shown to make the flow turbulence structure more developed and the wake past the GV section more intense. However, the active flow control system considered also allows a favorable and efficient flow manipulation, especially at the regimes with developed gas-vapor cavities. Moreover, the active flow management makes it possible to reduce substantially the amplitude or totally suppress the periodic cavity length oscillations and pressure pulsations associated with them.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>We studied cavitating flow over the suction side of a symmetric 2D foil - a scaled-down model of high-pressure hydroturbine guide vanes (GV) - in different cavitation regimes at several attack angles.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>High-speed imaging was used to analyze spatial patterns and time dynamics of the gas-vapor cavities, as well as for evaluating the characteristic integral parameters. A hydroacoustic pressure transducer was employed to register time-spectra of pressure fluctuations behind the hydrofoil and, thereby, determine dedicated frequencies of unsteady regimes. A PIV technique was applied to measure the velocity fields and its fluctuations, which were compared for the free and forced flow conditions. The active flow control was implemented by means of a continuous liquid supply with different flow rates through a slot channel located in the GV surface at the distance of 60% of the chord length from the foil leading edge.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>It was found that the active mass injection does not influence the primary flow upstream of the slot channel position absolutely. At small angles of incidence, the injection flow at velocities in the range between zero to 0.76 of the mean bulk velocity was observed not to practically influence the distributions of turbulent characteristics so that the global difference is only between the free and forced flow conditions. For cavitation-free and cavitation inception cases, the active mass injection was shown to make the flow turbulence structure more developed and the wake past the GV section more intense. However, the active flow control system considered also allows a favorable and efficient flow manipulation, especially at the regimes with developed gas-vapor cavities. Moreover, the active flow management makes it possible to reduce substantially the amplitude or totally suppress the periodic cavity length oscillations and pressure pulsations associated with them.<|/conclusions|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Psychology|Psychology,Negative correlation|Rumination,Depression(-1)|Rumination,Correlation|Rumination,Neuroscience|Functional magnetic resonance imaging,Audiology|Audiology,Depression (economics)|Depression (economics)<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Rumination", "Facial expression"], ["Rumination", "Negative correlation"], ["Rumination", "Depression"], ["Facial expression", "Negative correlation"], ["Facial expression", "Depression"], ["Alexithymia", "Depression"], ["Functional magnetic resonance imaging", "Depression"], ["Functional magnetic resonance imaging", "Facial expression"], ["Correlation", "Facial expression"], ["Correlation", "Rumination"], ["Clinical psychology", "Depression"], ["Psychiatry", "Depression"], ["Cognition", "Facial expression"], ["Neuroscience", "Functional magnetic resonance imaging"], ["Medicine", "Depression"], ["Internal medicine", "Depression"], ["Psychology", "Psychology"], ["Depression (economics)", "Depression (economics)"], ["Audiology", "Audiology"]]<|/concept_relations|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>The fate of subducted carbonates in the lower mantle and at the core-mantle boundary was modelled via experiments in the MgCO3-Fe0 system at 70–150 GPa and 800–2600 K in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. Using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and ex situ transmission electron microscopy we show that the reduction of Mg-carbonate can be exemplified by: 6MgCO3 + 19Fe = 8FeO +10(Mg0.6Fe0.4)O + Fe7C3 + 3C. The presented results suggest that the interaction of carbonates with Fe0 or Fe0-bearing rocks can produce Fe-carbide and diamond, which can accumulate in the D'' region, depending on its carbon to Fe ratio. Due to the sluggish kinetics of the transformation, diamond can remain metastable at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) unless it is in a direct contact with Fe-metal. In addition, it can be remobilized by redox melting accompanying the generation of mantle plumes.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>The fate of subducted carbonates in the lower mantle and at the core-mantle boundary<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>was modelled via experiments in the MgCO3-Fe0 system at 70–150 GPa and 800–2600 K in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. Using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and ex situ transmission electron microscopy we show that the reduction of Mg-carbonate can be exemplified by: 6MgCO3 + 19Fe = 8FeO +10(Mg0.6Fe0.4)O + Fe7C3 + 3C.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The presented results suggest that the interaction of carbonates with Fe0 or Fe0-bearing rocks can produce Fe-carbide and diamond, which can accumulate in the D'' region, depending on its carbon to Fe ratio. Due to the sluggish kinetics of the transformation, diamond can remain metastable at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) unless it is in a direct contact with Fe-metal. In addition, it can be remobilized by redox melting accompanying the generation of mantle plumes.<|/conclusions|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Mathematics|Integrator,Order (exchange)|Order (exchange),Computer science|Integrator,Mathematical analysis|Integrator<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["Exponential function", "Integrator"], ["Integrator", "Algorithm"], ["Mathematics", "Exponential function"], ["Applied mathematics", "Algorithm"], ["Computer science", "Algorithm"], ["Mathematical analysis", "Exponential function"], ["Order (exchange)", "Order (exchange)"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The review is devoted to the analysis of literature data related to the role of proteomic studies in the study of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Diagnosis of patients with atherosclerotic plaques before clinical manifestations is an arduous task.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>To assess the involvement of proteins in the pathological process of atherosclerosis, it is important to investigate the specific relationships between proteins in the arteries, expression and concentration of proteins. The development of proteomic technologies has made it possible to analyse the number of proteins associated with the development of the disease.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Analysis of the proteomic profile of the vascular wall in atherosclerosis can help to detect possible diagnostically significant protein structures or potential biomarkers of the disease and develop novel approaches to the diagnosis of atherosclerosis and its complications.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Medicine|Proteomics,Vascular disease|Coronary atherosclerosis,Coronary artery disease|Coronary atherosclerosis,Bioinformatics|Proteomics,Biology|Proteomics,Pathology|Proteomics,Vascular wall|Proteomics<|/concept_pairs|>
You are a scientific paper data analyst. Given an abstract and a list of candidate concepts, determine for each concept whether it is scientifically relevant to the paper (label 0) or not (label 1). A concept is relevant (0) only if it is explicitly discussed or directly implied in the abstract. Output a list of [concept, label] pairs in the same order as the input candidate concepts.
<|abstract|>This is a brief review of the investigations of receptivity and control of hypersonic shock layers. The present paper describes comprehensive numerical and experimental investigations of evolution of disturbances generated in the hypersonic viscous shock layer (VSL) on a flat plate by external acoustic waves and by perturbations introduced into the shock layer from the surface of model. The active control of intensity of pulsations is possible because both external acoustic waves and the periodic controlled disturbances introduced on the plate surface generate, in a shock layer, entropy-vorticity disturbances with identical spatial distributions and phase velocities.<|/abstract|><|possible_concepts|>Vortex, Mechanics, Vorticity, Polyadenylation, Humanities, Glycan<|/possible_concepts|>
<|concept_lable|>[["Vortex", 0], ["Mechanics", 0], ["Vorticity", 0], ["Polyadenylation", 1], ["Humanities", 1], ["Glycan", 1]]<|/concept_lable|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>A study of the production of Mueller-Navelet jets at 13 TeV LHC is presented, including BFKL resummation effects and investigating three different variants of the BLM scale optimization method. It is shown how the cross section and the azimuthal observables are affected by the exclusion of the events where, for a given rapidity interval between the two jets, one of these is produced in the central region.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>A study of the production of Mueller-Navelet jets at 13 TeV LHC is presented, including BFKL resummation effects and investigating three different variants of the BLM scale optimization method.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>It is shown how the cross section and the azimuthal observables are affected by the exclusion of the events where, for a given rapidity interval between the two jets, one of these is produced in the central region.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|><|/conclusions|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>Aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combined use of statins with ezetimibe in patients of various nosological groups of high and very high cardiovascular risk.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>A prospective interventional non-randomized study included 40 people, mean age 60.7±9.5 years, high and very high cardiovascular risk, who did not receive statin therapy or took statins without reaching the target low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol values. Patients were recommended to receive high-intensity statin therapy in combination with ezetimibe for 3 months. Biochemical parameters were determined by standard enzymatic methods and the beginning of combined lipid-correcting therapy and after 3 months.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Initial combination therapy with statin and ezetimibe is well tolerated and can reduce LDL cholesterol levels by 2 times within 3 months in various categories of patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Medicine|Ezetimibe,Cholesterol|Ldl cholesterol,Internal medicine|Internal medicine,Gastroenterology|Gastroenterology,Endocrinology|Endocrinology<|/concept_pairs|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The splitting of the delta-layers in the DA-pHEMT heterostructures has resulted in the increase of the spacer's effective thickness and growth of the low-field 2DEG mobility from 4000÷5000 cm2 V-1 s-1 up to 6500 cm2 V-1 s-1 at the temperature of 300 K and 2DEG density of 4.0×1012 cm-2. The 2DEG mobility in the δ-splitted DA-pHEMT heterostructures almost coincides with the mobility in standard pHEMT heterostructures, but the 2DEG density in the DA-pHEMT heterostructures is approximately twice higher.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The additional potential barrier in the DA-pHEMT heterostructures formed by the acceptors causes the reduction of the real-space transfer effect.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>Therefore, the drift saturation velocity in these heterostructures is higher than the drift saturation velocity in standard pHEMT heterostructures.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Acceptor|High-electron-mobility transistor,Heterojunction|High-electron-mobility transistor,Saturation (graph theory)|Saturation (graph theory),Materials science|Condensed matter physics,Voltage|Voltage,Physics|Condensed matter physics,Electric field|High-electron-mobility transistor,Transistor|High-electron-mobility transistor,Doping|High-electron-mobility transistor,Electron mobility|High-electron-mobility transistor<|/concept_pairs|>
Convert the list of concept pairs (formatted as concept1|concept2,concept3|concept4,...) into a structured JSON array of relations. Each relation must be a two-element array: ["conceptX", "conceptY"]. Preserve the original order and casing of concepts. Do not add extra fields, explanations, or metadata. Enclose the final JSON array strictly within <|concept_relations|> and <|/concept_relations|>.
<|concept_pairs|>Energy (signal processing)|KEKB,Physics|KEKB<|/concept_pairs|>
<|concept_relations|>[["KEKB", "Collider"], ["KEKB", "Energy (signal processing)"], ["KEKB", "Physics"], ["Collider", "Physics"], ["Collider", "Energy (signal processing)"], ["Physics", "Particle physics"], ["Physics", "Branching fraction"], ["Particle physics", "Branching fraction"]]<|/concept_relations|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>This paper was focused on studying of turbulent mixing in a model gas-turbine combustor by using planar laser-induced fluorescence.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The case of model fuel injection through the pilot jet with Re = 30 000 was considered. Acetone was used as a fluorescent tracer. Data processing methods including correction of sensor sensitivity, background signal correction and correction of non-uniformity of the laser sheet were described.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The instantaneous and averaged concentration fields and the concentration pulsations were demonstrated.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Engineering|Engineering,Acoustics|Acoustics,Physics|Physics,Materials science|Planar laser-induced fluorescence,Optics|Optics,Chemistry|Chemistry,Electronic engineering|Electronic engineering,TRACER|Planar laser-induced fluorescence,Gas turbines|Planar laser-induced fluorescence,Planar|Planar laser-induced fluorescence,Laser|Planar laser-induced fluorescence,Jet (fluid)|Planar laser-induced fluorescence,Computer science|Computer science,Mechanical engineering|Mechanical engineering,Mechanics|Mechanics,Combustion|Combustion,Fluorescence|Planar laser-induced fluorescence<|/concept_pairs|>
Split the provided abstract into three distinct scientific sections: (1) related_research (background and prior work), (2) research_methods (experimental design, subjects, procedures, or analytical approaches), and (3) conclusions (key findings, implications, or final statements). Each section must be non-overlapping and derived solely from the abstract text. Enclose each part with its corresponding XML-style tag: <|related_research|>...<|/related_research|>, <|research_methods|>...<|/research_methods|>, and <|conclusions|>...<|/conclusions|>.
<|abstract|>Using high-speed video recording and the method of dual laser scanning the gas-liquid flow was investigated in rectangular microchannels with an aspect ratio of 2.35 and 1.26. Experiments were earned out for the vertical flow of ethanol-nitrogen mixture in a microchannel with a cross section of 553×235 µm and for the horizontal flow of water-nitrogen mixture in a microchannel with a cross section of 315×250 µm. The T-mixer was used at the channel's inlet for gas-liquid flow formation. It was observed that elongated bubble, transition, and annular flows are the main regimes for a microchannel with a hydraulic diameter substantially less than the capillary constant. Using laser scanning, the maps of flow regimes for ethanol-nitrogen and water–nitrogen mixtures were obtained and discussed.<|/abstract|>
<|related_research|>Using high-speed video recording and the method of dual laser scanning the gas-liquid flow was investigated in rectangular microchannels with an aspect ratio of 2.35 and 1.26.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>Experiments were earned out for the vertical flow of ethanol-nitrogen mixture in a microchannel with a cross section of 553×235 µm and for the horizontal flow of water-nitrogen mixture in a microchannel with a cross section of 315×250 µm. The T-mixer was used at the channel's inlet for gas-liquid flow formation. Using laser scanning, the maps of flow regimes for ethanol-nitrogen and water–nitrogen mixtures were obtained and discussed.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>It was observed that elongated bubble, transition, and annular flows are the main regimes for a microchannel with a hydraulic diameter substantially less than the capillary constant.<|/conclusions|>
From the segmented abstract content (related_research, research_methods, and conclusions), identify meaningful concept pairs that represent semantic or functional associations (e.g., gene–pathway, stress–behavior, protein–receptor). Format each pair as 'conceptA|conceptB', with pairs separated by commas. Only include pairs that are explicitly or strongly implied in the text. Wrap the entire output with <|concept_pairs|> at the beginning and <|/concept_pairs|> at the end.
<|related_research|>The goal of this paper was to study the viscosity of liquids and gases in nanochannels.<|/related_research|><|research_methods|>The classical molecular dynamics method is used to simulate the viscosity of liquids in nanochannels. However, the transport coefficients are determined by the special fluctuation-dissipation theorems constructed by the authors on the basis of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. These theorems generalize the well-known Green–Kubo formulas. To simulate the transport coefficients of rarefied gases in nanochannels, a method of stochastic molecular modeling has been developed. The walls are assumed to be solid, and the interaction of fluid molecules with them is described by specular, diffuse, or specular-diffuse reflection laws.<|/research_methods|><|conclusions|>The dependences of the viscosity coefficient of argon and benzene in channels made of copper and aluminum with square and circular cross-sections on the size of the channel are studied. The fluid viscosity in the channel can be either greater or less than its viscosity in the bulk. It is shown that the effective viscosity of the fluid can be controlled by changing the material of the channel walls. The decisive role in this effect played the depth of the well of the interaction potential of the wall atoms; with its increase, the effective viscosity of the liquid increases. A strong anisotropy of the viscosity of the gases in nanochannels, even with rather large sizes, has been established. The viscosity coefficients in different directions can differ by more than ten times. In this case the determining role plays the interaction of the gas molecules with the walls of the channel again.<|/conclusions|>
<|concept_pairs|>Thermodynamics|Molecular dynamics,Nanofluidics|Molecular diffusion,Computational chemistry|Computational chemistry,Materials science|Molecular dynamics,Mechanics|Molecular dynamics,Chemical physics|Molecular dynamics,Chemistry|Molecular dynamics,Optics|Optics,Nanotechnology|Nanotechnology,Physics|Molecular dynamics<|/concept_pairs|>
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

NSU Academic Concept Paths Dataset

This dataset supports the research presented in:
"Constraint-Driven Small Language Models Based on Agent and OpenAlex Knowledge Graph: Mining Conceptual Pathways and Discovering Innovation Points in Academic Papers"
by Ziye Xia and Sergei S. Ospichev (2025).

It contains curated academic data from Novosibirsk State University (NSU), annotated with structured concept paths and innovation points grounded in the OpenAlex knowledge graph.

📁 Files

  • train.json: Training set (structured instruction-tuning data for the 4-stage agent pipeline)
  • val.json: Validation set
  • test.json: Test set (includes human-annotated innovation points)
  • concept_paths.json: Full list of 84,181 extracted concept paths
  • innovation_annotations.json: 1,196 expert-validated innovation points

📊 Statistics

Item Count
Papers 7,960
Unique OpenAlex Concepts 11,446
Concept Paths 84,181
Innovation Annotations 1,196
Concept Associations (validated) 127,203

🧠 Data Format (Example from train.json)

Each sample follows an instruction-tuning format:

{
  "instruction": "Extract concept pairs from the research methods section.",
  "input": "<research_methods>... text ...</research_methods>",
  "output": "[[\"Physics\", \"Superconductivity\"], [\"Materials Science\", \"High-Tc materials\"]]"
}
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Size of downloaded dataset files:
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Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:
21.8 MB
Number of rows:
27,676

Models trained or fine-tuned on Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent