Smol-Data
Collection
Tried and tested mixes for strong pretraining • 14 items • Updated
• 2
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TIPS ON TALKS
Richard M. Felder
Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
North Carolina State
So you've got to give a formal talk in your class—a
presentation on a term project or in a laboratory or design course or a class
on public speaking. That can be a scary prospect if you're not used to doing
things like that. Everybody's nightmare is looking foolish in public, and a
public speech seems to most people like a perfect opportunity to do just that.
It really shouldn't be that frightening. Almost every day you have the
experience of talking when others are listening to you and you don't even think
about it—you just do it and it works out fine. There's something about
giving a SPEECH, though, that gets people into
a total panic. I'm not talking about feeling a bit nervous before the talk, you
understand: stage fright is perfectly normal and a little of it may even make
the talk better. (If you're too relaxed you could seem bored with your topic,
and speakers who sound bored lead to audiences who are bored.) If your
fear goes too far over the line, however, it can cut way down on your ability
There are a few things you can do to make your talk effective—and if you
know it's going to be a good talk, your pre-talk jitters are much more likely
to stay under control. Good speakers all learn these tricks sooner or later.
Sooner is better than later.
to your intended audience at their level. Avoid unnecessary jargon,
and also avoid material you know will be obvious or trivial to them. Be
persuasive—make your case.
- Include a clear introduction (motivate and
preview your talk), body, and summary (conclusions,
- Never present a large body of information without
summarizing the main points on a PowerPoint slide or a transparency.
Be aware that your audience can only absorb a small fraction of what they
hear and much more of what they can see.
- Use slides containing mostly short bulleted lists,
diagrams, charts, and bulleted lists. A picture is worth a lot more
than a thousand words. If possible, use presentation software (like
PowerPoint) to generate the slides. Avoid long complete sentences.
- Keep slides
uncluttered and non-cheesy (avoid flashy colors, random builds and
transitions, frequent sound effects). Contrast the writing and
background—light on dark is usually best for PowerPoint, vice versa
- Use a san serif font (such as Arial) and large type (at least 24 pt) for text in
slides. Serif fonts (such as Times New Roman, which this
document uses) is better for printed documents. DON’T USE ALL
CAPS—it’s not that easy to read, and it looks
- Skip (or at least minimize) the math.
Collections of equations are usually boring and/or incomprehensible in a
lecture. If you're talking about a mathematical model, focus on what it
does (predicts, correlates) and how well (or poorly) it works. If anyone
wants details of the math, they can ask for them later. (They won't.)
- Print PowerPoint files as handouts, 3 slides per
page. Put supplementary lecture notes next to slides, refer to them
- Plan a closing line. Even if you give a great
talk, ending it with "Um, I guess that's all I've got" or
"I think that's the last slide" will do nothing for your cause.
Say something like "That concludes my presentation—thank you
for your attention" or "I'll be happy to take questions now—thanks
for coming " or simply "Thank
- Rehearse several times and make sure the timing is
right. Try to come in at least two minutes under your target time for
the presentation. If you're running longer than that, find ways to cut it
professional. Dress appropriately, hands out of pockets, no slang,
- Never read word-for-word from a script. Very
few people have the skill to read directly from a prepared text without
putting their audience to sleep. Use the points on the slides to guide you
through the talk.
- Make frequent eye contact with people in every
part of the room. Don't just look at your notes or the screen or the
people directly in front of you.
- Try to sound interested in your subject. If
necessary, fake it. An obvious lack of interest on the part of the
speaker almost guarantees that the talk will not go well.
- Keep track of the time. If you see you're
running short or long, try to adjust the speed of your presentation to
- If you take questions, remember that "I'm
sorry—I don't know" is a perfectly acceptable answer.
Trying to bluff your way through a tough question is usually a losing
And that's all there is to it. These practices
may not make you the world's most spellbinding speaker, but they're bound to
make your talk much better than it would have been without them. They also may
not make speaking in public one of your favorite experiences, but they'll
probably make you feel better about it than you do now and every little bit
helps. Give them a try in your next presentation and see if they don't work for | <urn:uuid:33ab434e-7fa1-4bc4-aa57-e4f2df33d7d8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/Papers/speakingtips.htm | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282110.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00274-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937854 | 1,166 | 3.203125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
The heart of the Reggio Emilia philosophy is best reflected in an environment that encompasses the child with three “teachers”, or protagonists.
It is the child’s relationship with parents, teachers, and the environment that ignites their own knowledge and learning through a carefully curated curriculum that engages and builds upon the child’s current knowledge, recognizing that knowledge cannot simply be provided for the child.
The first teacher--the parent--takes on the role of an active partner and guide in the education of the child.
The second is the classroom teacher. Often working in pairs, the classroom teacher assumes the role of the researcher and intentionally engages children in meaningful work and conversation.
The third teacher is the environment--a setting designed to not only be functional but also beautiful and reflective of the child’s learning. | <urn:uuid:63b7ea6f-acd0-4f5e-b868-853c60a07715> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.rivereastschool.org/our-space | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206031946-20231206061946-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.937027 | 173 | 3.109375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Under plans announced today, trainee teachers will be forced to sit tough new literacy and numeracy exams before being allowed to enter the classroom amid concerns over standards in the three-Rs.
But how tough are the new tests really going to be? And how do they compare with the current system?
Find out for yourself by trying the below questions – remember, calculators are allowed for the current tests, but not for the proposed new questions...
Current numeracy question (calculator allowed)
An ICT teacher compares the cost of building a paper-based ICT portfolio with the cost of using commercial e-portfolio software. The number of pupils on the course is 125. On average each paper-based portfolio includes 75 printed pages.
Costs are: printing – 2.5p per page; ring binder – 75p.
The total cost of the e-portfolio software is £250.00 per year.
How much money would the school save by using the e-portfolio software? Give your answer to the nearest pound.
Current literacy question
Spell the missing word in the sentence (requires audio):
Nadine was _________ that she had passed her Geography examination.
Apart from the _________ details, the art lesson was truly inspired.
Proposed numerical question (no calculator allowed)
1. The cost, £C, of advertising in a newspaper is worked out using the formula: C = 0.4n + 0.75 where n is the number of words in the advertisement.
a) The cost of an advertisement is £11.55. How many words are in the advertisement?
b) If I have only £9.00, how many words can I afford?
2. The mean age of the 11 members of a football team is 22 years.
a) When one member of the football team was sent off, the mean age of the rest of the team was 21 years. How old was the player who was sent off?
b) The modal age of the 11 players is 17 and only the 3 youngest players are aged 17. The median age of the 11 players is 20. What is the maximum possible age of one of the players?
Proposed composition question
‘Every teacher is a teacher of English. Discuss.’
Current numeracy question: £78
Current literacy question: relieved; administrative.
Proposed numeracy questions: 1. a) 27; b) 20; 2. a) 32 b) 41
Proposed composition question: ...
Further examples of the current types of questions trainee teachers are asked in the skills tests can be found online: | <urn:uuid:bbe4fc77-181d-4e34-a706-45ab68da6110> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/9634138/Would-you-pass-the-new-trainee-teacher-test.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832475.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00007-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950319 | 551 | 2.90625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Fast Failure for Learning
photo: Ben Filio
Educators say failure is part of the learning process. So how come schools always expect success the first time around?
A land of tiny elves or a world of postapocalyptic robots might not resemble a classroom, but the problem-solving happening in a video game player’s mind often mirrors the same process of tackling a tricky puzzle on a test. But unlike a test, when a player runs out of lives in a game, he or she just heads back to the menu screen, determined to figure it out the next time around.
Experiencing failure is an integral part of any learning process. From carpentry to robotics, failure is responsible for many of the innovations of modern life. But what’s unique about video games and digital technologies—or just play for that matter—is that they provide a unique way for students to fail while learning without major repercussions, and usually while having some fun. Play, whether with technology or not, requires kids to problem solve, experiment, and sometimes flat-out fail in a safe environment where being wrong isn’t judged.
Katie Salen, executive director of the Institute of Play and founder of Quest2Learn, spoke about the benefits of failure at SXSW in 2012. An expert in game design for learning, Salen believes schools miss a huge teaching opportunity when they view failure as exclusively negative.
“I think that’s a way of reframing failure for the design of learning that looks very different than the current narrative around failure in most schools, which is failure is a thing you want to avoid at all costs. In fact, when you fail, you’re often only given one try. So you get an F on a test and you sort of move on,” Salen said. “So what we’re starting to think about is how we can design environments of learning that support this notion of repeated failure?”
John Seely Brown talks about play as an essential route to making sense of an ever-changing world, and that play will be important throughout our lives, not just in childhood. In order to make sense of this changing world, he says, we need the freedom to explore, mess up, reflect, and try again. “Where imaginations play, learning happens,” he has said.
As much as flops, mess-ups and do-overs help students learn, encouraging both failures and game-use in classrooms requires a new way of thinking. Drew Davidson, director of Carnegie Mellon University’s Entertainment Technology Center, believes the entire idea of what it means to fail while learning should be reimagined in education.
“I think it’s the idea of recontextualizing what we mean by failure. So it’s not in the context of what schools normally think of which is failure means you failed the test, or failure means you’re not making the grade, but getting more of a design perspective in it, where failure means you’re working towards the right idea,” Davidson said in a video at Spotlight on Digital Media and Learning. He said at a college level, experimentation in design and development processes is more encouraged, but at younger levels it’s less common to allow students to fail.
“It’s almost a truism that people say you can learn from your mistakes. But in schools, it seems they want the antithesis: Success, success, success,” Davidson said in another post about how failing helps kids learn faster.
Sometimes, just letting students know some failure is expected can help them learn more quickly. In one study, children performed better on reading comprehension and difficult anagrams if they were told failure is a normal part of learning than if they weren’t given that message at all.
Diana Laufenberg, a teacher at the Science Leadership Academy in Philadelphia, speaking at a TEDxMidAtlantic talk, explained that with the benefits of the one-to-one laptop program in her classroom comes the possibility that students won’t always collect the right answers the first time.
“You have to have to get comfortable with this idea of allowing kids to fail as part of the learning process. We deal right now with in the educational landscape with an infatuation with a culture of one right answer that can be properly bubbled in on the average multiple choice test,” Laufenberg said. “To tell kids to never be wrong, to ask them to always have the right answer, doesn’t allow them to learn.”
Of course, this is not a problem confined to schools. Adults in general have forgotten how to play and fail. Adulthood has a tendency to squelch the play right out of us. As Pablo Picasso said, “Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows up.” | <urn:uuid:fbee876e-2da9-40aa-a077-d771b1673d50> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://hivepgh.sproutfund.org/blog/2013/06/13/fast-failure-for-learning/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689624.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923104407-20170923124407-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.959202 | 1,026 | 3.25 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
submitted by Donna Bollenbach, Suncoast Chapter
(originally printed in The Grapevine, the Suncoast Chapter's monthly newsletter)
Back in October, I ran into a friend at a native plant talk. He enthusiastically told me about a colony of Celestial Lilies, Nemastylis floridana, that were blooming in central Florida, and hastily drew me a map to locate the beautiful and endangered wildflowers. The map was very rough, so I tried to ask questions, but the talk we were both attending started, and I was left with this somewhat cryptic diagram. In any case, that weekend my husband, Bob, and I decided we were going to try find the spot, and invited a few unsuspecting friends for the hunt.
I first tried to see Celestial Lilies at Kissimmee Prairie Preserve. It was late fall, a little pass their peak blooming time, and all we found was one bud. With at least six pairs of eyes staring at it, it did not open. I should also say that Celestial Lilies are unusual in that they only open for a few hours in the late afternoon. For this reason, Roger Hammer has affectionately named it “the happy hour flower.”
|Fly visiting Dicerandra modesta|
We left for our journey at around 2 pm the following Sunday, with the map and some information I had pulled off Google. I remembered the words Huckleberry, Poinciana, and 17-92. So, when I found a preserve off Huckleberry Road in the vicinity of those roads, we thought we had it.
Blushing Scrub Mint
The first property we visited didn’t look like the habitat for the Celestial Lily, but it was perfect habitat for Blushing Scrub Balm, Dicerandra modesta, and we saw lots of it. It is also an endangered Florida native, but endemic to scrub habitat versus the moist open flatwoods that the Celestial Lily like to grow in. The flowers of the Blushing Scrub Balm are white with bright pink spots, reminding me of mint peppermint candies. This was our first time seeing it, so we did not mind being off track for the lilies.
The lilies looked like little blue stars that had dropped down from the cosmos. They were delicate, yet vibrant. They were scattered about in an understory of pine. Bright yellow sunflowers stood in contrast with the purple/blue flowers. A few isolated blooms were right along the trail. There was one rare white lily morph that seemed past its prime. The sight was a perfect end to serendipitous day. | <urn:uuid:d0b13a87-bb10-4c4b-910e-93b6b1fdb5e2> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://fnpsblog.blogspot.cz/2016/12/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813608.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221103712-20180221123712-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.973652 | 549 | 2.59375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Presentation Speech by Professor H. Pleijel, Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, on December 10, 1938
Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies
With what we know today of the structure of atoms, we understand perfectly the hopeless task undertaken by alchemists of old, striving to transmute the different elements one to another, and to transform lead and mercury into gold. With the means at their command, they could not work on the essential part of the atom, that is to say the nucleus. The chemical binding forces and most of the physical phenomena, such as radiation, etc., originate in the outermost parts of the atom, in the light, negatively charged electrons orbiting around the nucleus. The characteristic feature of atoms and what makes atoms different from each other, however, is the number of positive unit charges of electricity, or the number of protons, contained in the nucleus. It is this charge which holds together the light, negative electrons that spread, like the planets round the sun, in circular layers round the central nucleus.
At the present level of our knowledge, everything points to the fact that the nuclei of the atoms are composed of particles of two types, one being a heavy particle that has been given the name of neutron as it lacks electric charge, and the other being called proton, of the same mass as the neutron but with a positive unit charge. A proton is nothing but the nucleus of the lightest atom, i.e. hydrogen. A helium nucleus has two protons and two neutrons; the atom of carbon has six protons and six neutrons, and so on. The atoms are numbered according to the number of protons, or unit charges in the nucleus, with hydrogen as number 1 and uranium as number 92, which is the heaviest element known to date.
Meanwhile, it has been found that the nucleus of an atom can contain a number of neutrons less than or in excess of the normal. These atoms, that present the same physical and chemical qualities as the normal atom except that the weight is different, have received the name of isotopes. As an example of an isotope, we can cite the heavy-hydrogen atom discovered by Urey which is a constituent of so-called heavy water. There exist hydrogen isotopes with one or two neutrons in the nucleus.
After all the fruitless attempts at the transmutation of one element into another, the firm conviction grew last century that the different atoms, 92 in number, were indestructible and immutable units of the structure of matter. There was thus great sensation when the Frenchman Becquerel, in 1892, discovered that the element uranium distintegrated giving off strong radiation. Research on this radiation proved that it consisted among others of the helium nuclei that were emitted at very high speed from the uranium atoms. Thus, when one part of the uranium nuclei disintegrates explosively, new substances are formed that disintegrate in their turn, giving off radiations, and so on, until a final stable product is formed which is found to be lead. Among the substances included in this chain, there is the highly radioactive substance radium, which Madame Curie discovered and succeeded in producing. Soon after the radioactivity of uranium was discovered, it was established that this same characteristic occurred in another element, thorium, and later it appeared that this was also the case with the element called actinium. The end-product of the disintegration of these two last-named elements is lead also. However, the lead obtained in these three series is not identical, in so far as the number of constituent neutrons is concerned. The lead that comes from the uranium has 124 neutrons in the nucleus, that which comes from thorium has 126 and that which comes from actinium has 125. So we have three isotopes of lead. Lead as found in nature is usually a mixture of these three types.
It must be noted in this respect that however strong the effect of a substance that is radioactive, it is in many instances only a very small part of the number of atoms that disintegrates. Thus, for a half of the number of uranium atoms to disintegrate, it would take four and a half thousand million years. For radium, the corresponding length of time would be one thousand six hundred years. Other radioactive materials would by contrast only take seconds or days for half of the number of atoms to disintegrate.
As the idea of immutability of the atoms of the elements had to be abandoned, one was back at the age-old problem of the alchemists, the transmutation of the elements. Lord Rutherford was the first to put forward the idea that it would be possible, with the help of the heavy-helium nuclei that are thrown off at great speed by the natural radioactive substances, to split atoms. He met with success in several cases. For the sake of example, we will be content to mention that if a nitrogen nucleus has been struck by the bombarding helium nuclei, a hydrogen nucleus is ejected from the former, and that the rests together with the captured helium nucleus form an oxygen nucleus. By this means helium and nitrogen were thus changed into oxygen and hydrogen. The atom of oxygen that was obtained by this method was however not the ordinary oxygen atom, an atom that has eight neutrons in the nucleus, but an oxygen atom with nine neutrons. This meant that an oxygen isotope had been obtained. This occurs in nature, although rarely; among 12,500 ordinary oxygen atoms, one oxygen isotope is found.
Rutherford's experiments on the splitting of atoms have later been continued by the husband-and-wife team Joliot-Curie, among others, who also used helium nuclei as projectiles. They found that often when new isotopes were formed, these isotopes were radioactive, and distintegrated emitting radioactive radiations. This discovery was of great importance, for it opened up the possibility of obtaining, by artificial processes, substances capable of replacing radium, a material that was both very costly and hard to come by.
Using helium nuclei and also hydrogen nuclei as projectiles, however, one can not split atoms with atomic numbers higher than 20; therefore, only part of the lighter elements of the series of atoms can so be split.
It was granted to today's Nobel Prize winner, Professor Fermi, to succeed in shattering even the heavier and the heaviest elements in the Periodic System.
Fermi used neutrons as projectiles in his experiments.
We have earlier spoken of the neutron as one of the two building-stones in atom nuclei. The existence of the neutron is however only a recent discovery. Rutherford had suspected the existence of a heavy particle without electric charge and had even given it the name neutron; it was given to one of his pupils, Chadwick, to find the neutron in the extremely strong radiation given off by beryllium subjected to the effect of a radioactive substance. The neutron has qualities that make it particularly suitable as a projectile in atomic fission. Both the helium nucleus and the hydrogen nucleus carry electric charges. The strong electric forces of repulsion developed when such a charged particle comes within reach of an atomic nucleus, deflect the projectile. The neutron being uncharged continues on its course without suffering any hindrance until it is stopped by direct impact on a nucleus. As the dimensions of the nuclei are extremely small compared with the distances that separates the different parts of the atoms, such impacts are of rare occurrence. As a result, beams of neutrons, experiment has shown, can pass through armour-plates metres thick without appreciable reduction in speed taking place.
The result which Fermi was able to achieve by using neutron bombardments have proved to be of inestimable value, and have shed new light on the structure of atom nuclei.
At first, the source of radiation was a mixture of beryllium powder and a radioactive substance. Today, neutrons are artificially produced by bombarding beryllium or lithium with heavy-hydrogen nuclei, whereby these substances emit neutrons with high energy. The neutron beams so produced are particularly powerful.
When using neutrons as projectiles, these are captured in the nucleus. In the case of the lighter elements, a hydrogen nucleus or a helium nucleus is ejected instead. With the heavier elements, however, the forces that interlink the atomic parts are so strong that, at least with neutron speeds that can be obtained by present methods, there is no ejection of any material part. The surplus energy disappears in the form of electromagnetic radiations (gamma-radiations). As there is no variation in the charge, an isotope is obtained of the initial substance. This isotope, in many cases unstable, disintegrates giving off radioactive radiations. Radioactive materials are thus obtained as a rule.
It was some six months after their first experiment with neutron irradiation that Fermi and his co-workers came by chance on a new discovery which proved to be of the greatest importance. They observed namely that the effect of neutron irradiation was often extremely increased, when the rays were allowed to pass through water or paraffin. Minute study of this phenomenon showed that the speed of the neutrons was slowed down on impact with the hydrogen nuclei which were present in these substances. Contrary to what one had reasons to believe, it appeared that the slow neutrons had a much more powerful effect than the fast neutrons. It was further found that the strongest effect was achieved at a certain speed, which is different for different substances. This phenomenon has therefore been compared with resonance found in optics and acoustics.
With low-speed neutrons, Fermi and his co-workers were successful in producing radioactive isotopes of all the elements with the exception of hydrogen and helium and part of the radioactive substances. More than four hundred new radioactive substances have thus been obtained. A certain number of these has effects stronger than radium as regards radioactivity. Of these substances, more than half were products of bombardment by neutrons. The half-lives of these artificial radioactive substances appear comparatively short, varying from one second to several days.
As we have said, during the irradiation of heavy elements by neutrons, the neutrons are captured and incorporated in the nucleus, and an isotope is thus formed of the primary substance, and this isotope is radioactive. When the isotope decays, however, negative electrons - as can be proved - are projected and new substances are formed with higher positive charges, and therefore substances with higher rank number.
This general pattern that Fermi has found to be the rule when heavy substances are subjected to irradiation by neutrons, took on special interest when applied by him to the last element in the series of elements, viz. uranium, which has rank number 92. Following this process, the first product of disintegration should be an element with 93 positive electric charges and a new element would thus have been found, lying outside the old series. Fermi's researches on uranium made it most probable that a series of new elements could be found, which exist beyond the element up to now held to be the heaviest, namely uranium with rank number 92. Fermi even succeeded in producing two new elements, 93 and 94 in rank number. These new elements he called Ausenium and Hesperium.
Along with Fermi's significant discoveries, and to a certain extent equivalent, can be placed his experimental skill, his brilliant inventiveness and his intuition. These qualities have found expression in the creation of refined research methods which made it possible to demonstrate the existence of these newly formed substances, which occur in extremely small quantities. The same goes for the measurement of the speed at which the different radioactive products disintegrate, particularly since in many cases several disintegration products with different half-lives are simultaneously involved.
Professor Fermi. The Royal Swedish Academy
of Sciences has awarded you the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1938
for your discovery of new radioactive substances belonging to the
entire field of the elements and for the discovery, which you
made in the course of your studies, of the selective powers of
the slow neutrons.
We offer our congratulations and we express the most vivid admiration for your brilliant researches, which throw new light on the structure of atomic nuclei and which open up new horizons for the future development of atomic investigation.
We ask you now to receive the Nobel Prize from the hands of His Majesty the King.
From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1938 | <urn:uuid:b6b633a4-2b63-4d47-97d4-1e7879b6b6af> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/press.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122933.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00150-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965459 | 2,592 | 3.515625 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Jumpstart! Storymaking is a collection of games and activities to develop the creative process of 'storymaking'. It focuses upon 'storytelling for writing' as well as creating a whole school culture of storytelling, reading and writing. Storymaking is the process of retelling, innovating and creating new stories. Like the best-selling Jumpstart! Literacy, this book contains imaginative 'quick-fire' ideas that could be used as creative warm-ups and starters or developed into lessons. There are over 100 provocative and thought-provoking games and activities, intended to 'jumpstart' storytelling, reading and writing in any Key Stage 1, 2 or 3 classroom. Practical, easy-to-do and vastly entertaining, the 'jumpstarts' will appeal to busy teachers.
- Publication Date:
- 28 / 11 / 2008 | <urn:uuid:39a26ef1-4eb6-48ca-82ee-59846b7eb499> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.qbd.com.au/jumpstart-storymaking/pie-corbett/9780203886038/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607636.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523122457-20170523142457-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.916159 | 171 | 2.9375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
The term patch
may refer to:
- Patch (synthesizer), a sound setting for musical synthesizers
- Patch cable, an electrical or optical cable used to connect devices for signal routing
- Autopatch or phone patch, used in amateur radio to access an outgoing connection
- Patch and mosaic, a habitat patch in landscape ecology
- A small garden where fruit or vegetables are grown (e.g. pumpkin patch)
- Patch (computing), a fix for a software program where the actual binary executable and related files are modified.
- Patch (Unix), a UNIX utility that applies a script generated by the diff program to a set of files, allowing changes from one file to be automatically applied to another file.
- Patch, a 3-D Bézier curve used in computer graphics, or a primitive in some 3-D software packages | <urn:uuid:a68d9e7f-0129-4720-a01d-6d9e7192c97e> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.reference.com/browse/cinder-patch | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304598.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00068-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.838076 | 180 | 2.796875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Chapter 5 the binomial probability comment on the tree diagrams section the reversal of conditional probabilities when using tree diagrams. 658 chapter 9 discrete mathematics • determining probabilities • venn diagrams and tree diagrams • conditional probability • binomial distributions. Tree diagrams bayes's theorem poisson probabilities chapter 13 sampling practice of statistics in the life sciences effectively teaches essential. Quizlet provides statistics chapter 5 probability activities, flashcards and games start learning today for free.
Probability tree diagrams calculating probabilities can be hard, sometimes we add them, sometimes we multiply them, and often it is hard to figure out what to do. Solving probability problems using probability tree diagrams, how to draw probability tree diagrams for independent events (with replacement), how to draw probability tree diagrams for dependent events (without replacement), examples with. About the author deborah rumsey has a phd in statistics from the ohio state university (1993) upon graduating, she joined the.
Use a tree to find the probabilities of each possible the binomial distribution is 4 tree and venn diagrams by openstax read online course. Levels of probabilistic reasoning of high school students about binomial generally supported by tree diagrams levels of probabilistic reasoning of high. Chapter notes: 23 discrete probability distributions drawing a tree diagram 23c the binomial the binomial probabilities can be related to tree diagrams.Probability and game theory – course syllabus - probabilities & binomial coefficients - tree diagrams information sets,. It consists of branches that are labeled with either frequencies or probabilities tree diagrams can make the binomial distribution is quizovercom uses. Chapter 1 markov chains these probabilities uniquely determine the probabilities of all events of the binomial markov chainabernoulli process is a sequence of. Tree diagrams 5 natalie has three experimental, and binomial probabilities you can use the skills in this chapter † to find probabilities involved. Chapter 7: 1 understand hundred thousand table and tree diagrams to compute probabilities to know how to compute binomial probabilities by hand but you. Compute probabilities of binomial so how can we find probabilities let's look at a tree diagram of the the binomial probability distribution function. Stp 231 test 2 review chapter 3 relative frequency distributions and probabilities 4 venn diagrams 5 tree diagrams specifics binomial probabilities a.
Chapter 5 binomial distribution this has come from the second of the tree diagrams: x 3 note that tables of cumulative binomial probabilities are. Probability tree diagram tree diagrams - how many different one-cheese and one-topping math 201 chapter 4: probability - find probabilities from table a. Mr rogers ap statistics class objectives for probabilities use a tree diagram to list problems but tree diagrams are and an even more. 53 tree diagrams and counting techniques chapter 6- the binomial probability distribution and related topics 62 binomial probabilities.
To count permutations and combinations chapter 11-1 and tree diagrams chapter 11-4 probabilities and to use binomial distributions. Tree diagrams and binomial probabilities (chapter 20) example 2 405 self tutor john plays peter at tennis the first to win two sets wins the match. Chapter 6: random variables and the normal determine the outcomes with a tree diagram: compute probabilities using the binomial. S1 tutorials stuart the examsolutions guy 2017-09-08t11:59:28+00:00 tree diagrams binomial distribution binomial probabilities on a calculator.
Tree diagrams organize probability models that have several stages chapter 13: binomial distribution binomial probabilities are best found using software. Chapter 7: probability last tree diagrams are often helpful in understanding conditional probability [this is because the probabilities of all possibilities. Mathematics b senior syllabus 2008 -identification of the binomial situation and use of tables or technology for binomial probabilities -qcs: tree diagrams as a. The basic practice of statistics fifth edition contents tree diagrams xxx chapter 13 binomial distributions xxx binomial probabilities xxx.Download
2018. Term Papers. | <urn:uuid:b47f3e63-dbac-4abb-a113-13efd08dbf71> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://kwpaperryui.representcolumb.us/tree-diagrams-and-binomial-probabilities-chapter.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591332.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719222958-20180720002958-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.817311 | 800 | 3.984375 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Online destinations to help you brush up on your tech skills
Reading, writing and arithmetic will always have their place, but coding, programming and designing are gaining in importance. Here’s how to keep up.
Blackboards and pencils are going the way of slate and inkwells as schools around Australia keep pace with innovations in technology.
Recent studies have revealed that ‘high-tech workers’ will be some of the most in-demand by the year 2030.
When combined with the prediction that by 2021 at least 90 per cent of the workforce will need a basic level of digital literacy, it is easy to understand why it is so important for children to be tech-savvy.
As a parent coming into the 2017 school year, helping modern kids with school work can be daunting!
For those who were educated in the seventies, eighties and nineties, submitting an assignment typed on a computer was the upper echelon of digital know-how.
Many professional industries still operate without the intricate use of modern digital technology, leaving some parents in the dark when it comes to the software and skills that children are expected to have an understanding of in their everyday schooling.
To fill in the gaps on at least some of what your kids view as the norm, there are a number of resources you can access online.
Digital knowledge courses
These free courses cover 12 different ‘languages’, but not the French, German and Japanese types that parents might be used to from their schooling days.
You can choose from a number of course options, each of which is clearly laid out with an introduction and exercises to help you learn.
Code Academy has a library of articles you can refer to at any time as well as glossaries for each coding language.
A handy feature is the forums page, which invites you to put a question to other users - very helpful when that assignment deadline is looming!
Hosted in Sydney and Melbourne, Coding Kickstarter's free short courses give you an introduction to coding.
Run on Wednesdays and Sundays, the two hour session explains the basics of code, helping you to understand the terminology and showing you how to build the most basic of apps.
Now that many school assignments are expected to be handed in online or even in website form, having a couple of hours’ worth of knowledge under your belt might really help you to support your child with their studies.
You can reap the benefits of Khan Academy, even as an adult.
Under the Academy’s Computing section are courses on computer programming, computer science and creating web pages.
There is also a special ‘Hour of Code’ that gives quick introductions on how to create web pages or draw with code.
Khan Academy is US-based but offers courses that cost nothing and are ad free.
Courses for kids
As a beginner adult, sometimes it is easiest to learn at from scratch! You might even take the opportunity to learn alongside your child.
There are many websites and courses that make a game out of learning to code that you and your little one can investigate together.
Many parents don’t use technology on a daily basis and find themselves faced with a challenge when it comes to understanding the equipment and software programs their child requires in order to do their best at school.
From the ever-upgraded Microsoft Office suite, to the cloud-based Google Drive and Adobe Suite, if you don’t encounter these in your daily life they can easily bamboozle you.
Fortunately, getting the hang of things and helping your child is made simpler thanks to the many online tutorials available.
Some skills that you may wish to consider acquiring in order to get you through the school semester as a parent include:
Using an iPad
Mastering Microsoft Office
Creating documents, spreadsheets and powerpoint presentations in Google Drive
Editing images using Photoshop
Website building with Wordpress and Wix
- Wordpress tutorial videos from wpbeginner.com
- Getting started with learn.wordpress.com
- Free tutorials from wix.com
You may even find that the benefit of building these digital skills will not just come in assisting your child with their homework.
Increasingly, knowledge of technology comes in handy in all areas of life. From creating birthday invitations to starting a small business on the side, being tech-savvy can reap rewards in more ways than one.
Access to online education resources is taking Australia by storm; just make sure you use a safe password when you sign up to any online service. | <urn:uuid:198368c6-4081-4bca-828d-9f64bd49c48e> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://mcx.nbnco.com.au/blog/education/brush-up-on-your-tech-skills-online | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038492417.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418133614-20210418163614-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.950525 | 939 | 2.890625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
These are the things I CAN eat: Since fruits often contain allergens from different classes of food allergens, fruit allergic individuals may display different reactions to the same fruit. But things we do not eat can also contain allergens, and if these allergens closely resemble certain protein structures in our food, cross reactions can occur. After all, they are heart happy foods right? Occupational allergy and asthma.
Cross Reactive Food
Choose toys that are made of wood, metal, or cloth that does not contain elastic. Those who work in manufacturing of latex products are also at greater risk, as well as children with congenital neurological abnormalities such as spina bifida and people with bladder problems. The foods that contain cross-reactive allergens are banana, kiwi, avocado, chestnut white potato and tomato. Often mild, these symptoms can be accompanied by skin reactions, asthma and rhinitis. Other signs include hay fever, itchy and swollen eyes, a runny nose and sneezing following latex exposure.
Managing latex allergies at home : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Latex allergy is diagnosed by an allergy blood test. The goal will be to enable you to lead a life that is as normal and symptom-free as possible. This primarily involves avoiding contact with latex. Occupational asthma is a common problem seen in adult workers exposed to latex materials that use a cornstarch donning powder, which may carry latex protein into the ambient environment. But there is still a solid core list of about 10 foods—banana, avocado, cherries, kiwifruit, papaya, potato, tomato, apple, carrot, and melons—that deserve to be considered as potentially problematic in the wake of latex allergy. In addition, if your allergy is severe: Allergic reactions in the mouth are typically lichenoid but occasionally urticarial or anaphylactoid, and dermatological reactions in HCPs are usually contact dermatitis or eczema — so direct skin contact is best avoided.
The goal will be to enable you to lead a life that is as normal and symptom-free as possible. Inside the protein structure of an apple, there is a protein molecule called Mal d 1. Although a simple skin test for latex allergy demonstrates good performance characteristics, negative screen results do not preclude a future reaction. Overview What is natural rubber latex? Attempt to schedule procedures as the first case in the operating room for the day. Cross Reactions Summary Environment-food cross reactions can be as complicated or even more complicated to recognize as food allergies and food intolerances. Depending on the country in question, spices have become some of the most common food allergens. | <urn:uuid:90cba0dc-7d80-478f-946c-34c7bc03662d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://eblip8.info/latex/latex-food-allergy-list.php | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710765.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130160457-20221130190457-00774.warc.gz | en | 0.939458 | 545 | 2.828125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Controversy Associated With Dissociative Disorders
In a normal state, mental dissociation can occur, but a connection with the surroundings can easily be established if needed. However, for some individuals, mental dissociation is pervasive. It becomes hard for such individuals to recall experiences or break down their memories. Dissociative disorders create issues with how an individual recalls events, their identity, and experiences. Most of the controversies surrounding dissociative disorders are related to the causes of such disorders, the diagnosis process, identification, and treatment of dissociative disorder patients.
There exists a lot of conflict on the etiology of dissociative disorders. Most of the disorders are associated with traumatic and stressful events and experiences. Others might be a result of medical usage and treatment regimens, while others might be a result of substance use and abuse. Dissociative disorders might also result from other mental disorders, such as anxiety and bipolar disorders. Other arguments related dissociative disorders to socio-cultural causes. Therefore, dissociative disorders cannot be directly attributed to any behaviors, health conditions, or substance usage.
Another controversy is related to the categorization, diagnosis, and differentiation of dissociative disorders. Dissociative disorders, according to the DSM-5, are categorized as mental disorders associated with memory, identity, behavior, and emotional problems. The diagnoses for dissociative disorders may overlap between the three types of dissociative disorders. Dissociative disorders are associated with a multitude of comorbidities, including mental disorders identified by the DSM-5, such as conversion disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety disorder, among others. Therefore, it is hard to develop distinct causes of dissociative disorder and establish the validity of diagnoses.
Professional Beliefs about Dissociative Disorders
A lot of debates exist today among health professionals on dissociative disorders. The conflict among professionals is on the causes and diagnostics criteria for the disorders. Health professionals, especially in psychiatry and psychology, hold varied beliefs on dissociative disorders, with some relating it to traumatic experiences and others relating the disorders to multiple causes, including genetic, neurobiological development, and clinical causes. These debates and controversies have led to the development of various notions about dissociative disorders.
There exist beliefs that dissociative disorders are a fad. The take of dissociative disorders as a fad has been fueled by false memory researchers who identified dissociative disorders as manifestations of false memories, meaning they are not valid mental disorders (Ross, 2022). Drawing from the work by McHugh (2013), another belief long held is that dissociative disorders are a North American issue and overly diagnosed. Other beliefs, as illustrated by Barlow et al. (2016), present dissociative disorders as rare and vary across cultures, making them hard to diagnose. This has resulted in the view that dissociative disorders are not as serious as other mental disorders categorized by the DSM-5.
Another of the most prevalent beliefs is that dissociative disorders are mostly a result of treatments and medicines rather than past traumatic experiences. McHugh (2013) also points out that some literature has argued that the treatment of dissociative disorders risked causing more mental harm to the patient. Although most of these beliefs have been refuted by research on dissociative disorders, a large number of practicing professionals still argue on the basis of such beliefs.
Strategies for Maintaining a Therapeutic Relationship with a Client with a Dissociative Disorder.
The diagnosis and treatment process of dissociative disorder patients remains one of the most underserved fields with a substantial impact on public health (Loewenstein, 2022). The issue remains to be the confusing nature of dealing with the disorders’ patients and the varying undistinctive nature of its symptoms. However, a therapeutic relationship with patients is important to achieve better mental outcomes. A therapeutic relationship with clients with a dissociative disorder can be maintained by taking time to understand their emotions from a neutral perspective, understanding what triggers them, and educating them on such emotions and how to manage them. According to Kornhaber et al. (2016), therapeutic relationships with a patient could be improved by taking time to therapeutically listen to the patient, respond professionally to the patient’s expressed emotions, identify their unmet needs and wants, and placing the patient at the center of the therapy sessions.
Having sufficient knowledge of dissociative disorders is another way in which to develop and maintain a therapeutic relationship with a client who has dissociative disorders. Knowledge can help therapists look beyond beliefs and myths about dissociative disorders and differentiate between related manifestations from other mental disorders. Bolsinger et al. (2019) point out that improving research efforts in acute psychiatric settings and promoting awareness can create necessary competencies for both clinicians and patients, which can facilitate a good therapeutic relationship in such care settings.
Clinical, Ethical, and Legal Considerations in Nursing Practice Related To Dissociative Disorders
The beliefs held by professionals on dissociative disorders in the health care sectors, especially those tasked with diagnosing and treating dissociative disorders, have an impact on clinical, ethical, and legal considerations when dealing with related patients. One of the major legal and ethical considerations is the accountability of people with dissociative disorders for their actions. For instance, in a case trial, an individual cannot be held accountable if they claim to have dissociative disorders. However, the advice of a qualified mental health specialist is required to ascertain the psychological fitness of the convicted to stand or not stand for trial (Rocchio, 2020). In clinical settings, mental health nurses handling patients with dissociative disorders need to understand the vulnerabilities associated with such patients and provide person-centered therapy and care that best meets their emotional condition. This consideration reduces the chances of causing unintended mental harm to the patient during therapy.
Brand, B. L., Sar, V., Stavropoulos, P., Krüger, C., Korzekwa, M., Martínez-Taboas, A., & Middleton, W. (2016). Separating fact from fiction: An empirical examination of six myths about dissociative identity disorder. Harvard review of psychiatry.
Barlow, D. H., Durand, V. M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2016). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach. Cengage learning.
Bolsinger, J., Jaeger, M., Hoff, P., & Theodoridou, A. (2020). Challenges and opportunities in building and maintaining a good therapeutic relationship in acute psychiatric settings: A narrative review. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 965.
Kornhaber, R., Walsh, K., Duff, J., & Walker, K. (2016). Enhancing adult therapeutic interpersonal relationships in the acute health care setting: an integrative review. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare, 9, 537.
Loewenstein, R. J. (2022). Dissociation debates: Everything you know is wrong. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience.
McHugh, P. (2013). Do fads ever die?. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 201(4), 357-358.
Rocchio, L. M. (2020). Ethical and professional considerations in the forensic assessment of complex trauma and dissociation. Psychological injury and law, 13(2), 124-134.
Ross, C. (2022). False Memory Researchers Misunderstand Repression, Dissociation and Freud. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 1-15.
We’ll write everything from scratch
The DSM-5 is a diagnostic tool. It has evolved over the decades, as have the classifications and criteria within its pages. It is used not just for diagnosis, however, but also for billing, access to services, and legal cases. Not all practitioners are in agreement with the content and structure of the DSM-5, and dissociative disorders are one such area. These disorders can be difficult to distinguish and diagnose. There is also controversy in the field over the legitimacy of certain dissociative disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder, which was formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Examine the controversy surrounding dissociative disorders. You will also explore clinical, ethical, and legal considerations pertinent to working with patients with these disorders.
Review this week’s Learning Resources on dissociative disorders.
Use the Library to investigate the controversy regarding dissociative disorders. Locate at least three scholarly articles that you can use to support your Assignment.
The Assignment (2–3 pages)
Explain the controversy that surrounds dissociative disorders.
Explain your professional beliefs about dissociative disorders, supporting your rationale with at least three scholarly references from the literature.
Explain strategies for maintaining the therapeutic relationship with a client that may present with a dissociative disorder.
Finally, explain ethical and legal considerations related to dissociative disorders that you need to bring to your practice and why they are important. | <urn:uuid:dea50d3a-340a-4685-aa98-8ee05fab7a6f> | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | https://eminencepapers.com/controversy-associated-with-dissociative-disorders/ | 2024-07-21T14:12:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763517701.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20240721121510-20240721151510-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.93167 | 1,863 | 3.0625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Some 200 environmental and land defense activists were killed around the world last year, including 54 in Mexico, which became the deadliest country in the annual report by the international NGO Global Witness.
More than three-quarters of the killings took place in Latin America, with double-digit death tolls in Colombia, Brazil, and Nicaragua.
It was the third consecutive year of increases for Mexico and a jump from 30 such activists killed in 2020.
“Most of these crimes happen in places that are far away from power and are inflicted on those with, in many ways, the least amount of power,” the report, published on Wednesday, said.
Global Witness warned: “Our data on killings is likely to be an underestimate, given that many murders go unreported, particularly in rural areas and in particular countries.”
The victims died fighting resource exploitation and in land disputes. Conflicts over mining were tied to 27 deaths worldwide, the most for any sector.
Fifteen of those mining-related killings were in Mexico.
In the western Mexican state of Jalisco, local politician Jose Santos Isaac Chavez was killed in April 2021. He had made opposition to a long-running mine a central part of an election campaign.
Days before the vote, he was found dead in his car, which had been driven off a cliff, and his body showed evidence of torture. Armed men had dragged him out of his home and driven him away in his own vehicle.
The same month, Sandra Liliana Pena Chocue, an indigenous governor in southwestern Colombia who had fought for the eradication of coca crops in Caldono, a town in Cauca county, was killed near her home by armed men.
Overall, killings of environmental activists in Colombia dropped in 2021 to 33 from 65 the year before. The Philippines saw fewer such killings too, 19 compared with 30 in 2020.
In the Democratic Republic of Congo, all eight recorded victims were killed in the Virunga national park in the east of the country.
The park is home to some of the world’s last mountain gorillas, but armed groups frequently vie for control of the area’s natural resources.
Global Witness called on governments to enforce laws that protect activists and require informed consent from indigenous groups, while also holding companies accountable throughout their global operations and showing zero tolerance for attacks on land defenders.
“Activists and communities play a crucial role as a first line of defense against ecological collapse, as well as being frontrunners in the campaign to prevent it,” Global Witness chief executive Mike Davis said in the report.
This article was reposted from Morning Star. | <urn:uuid:14e9a9c3-e199-489a-9b01-5394821f811d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/200-environmental-activists-killed-worldwide-last-year-says-global-witness-report/ | 2024-03-04T22:36:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476532.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304200958-20240304230958-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.98413 | 546 | 2.65625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
The landscape of education has changed dramatically in recent years. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 online learning has become an increasingly popular mode of education for students of all ages.
Despite the gains made, online learning also comes with its unique set of challenges that can affect a student’s performance.
In this article, we explore effective strategies for students to thrive in online learning.
Time Management: The Key to Success in Online Learning
One of the most critical factors for success in online learning is effective time management. Unlike traditional classroom settings, online learning requires you to manage your time independently. Also, you need to create your own schedules. Without proper time management skills, you can quickly become overwhelmed and fall behind on your coursework.
Here are some tips for managing time effectively in an online learning environment:
Create a Study Schedule
Create a study schedule that outlines your daily and weekly goals. Plan specific times for studying, assignments, and other coursework. Having a schedule will help you stay organized and ensure that you allocate enough time for each task.
Set deadlines for yourself and stick to them. Treat online learning as you would do in a traditional classroom setting. Again, setting deadlines for yourself will help you stay on track and complete your coursework on time.
Prioritize your tasks based on their importance and deadlines. Focus on the most critical tasks first and avoid procrastination. Use tools such as to-do lists or task management apps to keep track of your tasks and prioritize them accordingly.
Avoid multitasking as it can reduce your productivity and focus. When studying or completing assignments, try to eliminate distractions, such as social media or other unrelated tasks, and focus on one task at a time.
Taking regular breaks during your study sessions can actually improve your productivity. Schedule short breaks in your study schedule to avoid burnout and to give your brain time to relax and recharge.
Be flexible with your schedule and be prepared to adapt to changes. Online learning comes with unexpected challenges. Typical examples include technical issues or personal commitments, so it’s important to be flexible and adjust your schedule accordingly.
Self-Motivation: Keeping Yourself Engaged in Online Learning
Another crucial aspect of thriving in online learning is self-motivation. Without the structure and accountability of a traditional classroom, you need to find ways to stay motivated and engaged.
Here are some strategies for self-motivation in online learning:
Set clear and achievable goals for yourself, both short-term and long-term. Goals can help you stay focused and motivated to complete your coursework. As a result, celebrate your achievements when you reach your goals. Set SMART goals.
Find Your Motivation
Identify your reasons for pursuing online learning and remind yourself of them regularly. Whether it’s to gain new skills, further your career, or pursue a personal interest, understanding your motivation can help you stay committed to your studies
Create a Reward System
Create a reward system for yourself to celebrate your progress. For example, treat yourself to something you enjoy after completing a challenging assignment or finishing a module. Rewards can help boost your motivation and make the learning process more enjoyable.
Stay Connected with Peers
Online learning can sometimes feel isolating, so it’s essential to stay connected with your peers. However, you’ll enjoy it, if you participate in online discussion forums, join virtual study groups, or engage in group projects. Also, your peers can provide support, motivation, and a sense of community, which can help you stay engaged in your coursework.
Stay Positive and Manage Stress
Online learning can be challenging, and there may be times when you feel overwhelmed or stressed. It’s important to stay positive and manage stress effectively.
Practice self-care techniques such as exercise, meditation, or talking to a supportive friend or family member. A positive mindset and stress management skills can help you stay motivated and focused on your learning goals.
Seek feedback from your instructors or classmates on your coursework. Arguably, feedback gives you an idea about your strengths and areas for improvement. Hence, helping you to stay motivated and continually improve your performance. As a result, consider feedback as an important learning opportunity. You can also use feedback to enhance your skills and knowledge.
Building a Supportive Learning Environment: Creating the Right Setup for Success
A supportive learning environment is crucial for thriving in online learning. Your study environment significantly impacts your concentration. It also motivates you and affects your overall success in your coursework.
Here are some strategies for building a supportive learning environment:
Create a Dedicated Study Space
Designate a specific area in your home as your study space. Make sure it is well-lit, comfortable, and free from distractions.
Set Up Your Technology
Ensure that you have the necessary technology and tools for online learning. For example a reliable internet connection, a functioning computer or laptop, etc. Familiarize yourself with the online learning platform and any communication tools used by your instructors and classmates.
Organize Your Materials
Keep your study materials, such as textbooks, notes, and assignments, organized and easily accessible. Use folders or digital tools to store and manage your coursework efficiently. Bear in mind, an organized study environment can reduce stress and help you stay focused.
Limit distractions in your study environment. Turn off notifications on your phone and close unnecessary tabs on your computer. Avoid engaging in unrelated activities during your study sessions.
Establish a Routine
Create a study routine and stick to it. A consistent study schedule helps to establish a routine and makes online learning a part of your daily life. Consistency is also key to building a supportive learning environment.
Reach out for support when needed. If you have questions or face challenges in your coursework, don’t hesitate to talk to your instructors or classmates. Online learning platforms often have support resources, such as online tutorials or academic advisors, that can provide assistance when needed.
Mastering Time Management: Maximizing Productivity in the Digital Age
Time management is critical for success in online learning, as it requires self-discipline and effective organization skills.
Here are some tips for mastering time management and maximizing productivity in the digital age:
Create a Study Schedule
Plan out your study sessions in advance by creating a study schedule. Set specific times for studying, completing assignments, and reviewing course materials. Make sure to include breaks in your schedule to avoid burnout and maintain focus.
Identify the most important tasks and prioritize them. Focus on completing high-priority tasks first to ensure that you are making progress on your coursework. Avoid multitasking, as it can decrease productivity and hinder your ability to concentrate.
Use Time-Blocking Techniques
Time-blocking involves allocating specific time slots for different tasks or activities. Use time-blocking techniques to schedule dedicated time for studying, assignments, and other responsibilities. This can help you stay focused and organized, and ensure that you are making efficient use of your time.
Use Productivity Tools
Take advantage of productivity tools and apps that can help you stay organized and manage your time effectively. Tools such as task managers, calendars, and time-tracking apps may be of help.
Procrastination can be a significant obstacle to online learning. As a result, identify the reasons why you tend to procrastinate and find strategies to overcome them. Then, break tasks into smaller, manageable chunks, set deadlines for yourself, and reward yourself for completing tasks on time.
Be Flexible and Adapt
Be prepared to adapt your study schedule and time management strategies as needed. Online learning can come with unexpected challenges, such as technical issues or personal responsibilities. Thus, stay flexible and adjust your plan accordingly to ensure that you can manage your time effectively.
Maximizing Engagement: Staying Active and Participating in Online Learning
Active engagement is crucial for thriving in online learning. It requires active participation and interaction with course materials, instructors, and classmates.
Here are some strategies for maximizing engagement in online learning:
Actively Participate in Discussions
Participate actively in online discussions, forums, or virtual study groups. Share your thoughts, ask questions, and engage in discussions with your classmates and instructors. This can help you stay connected, expand your understanding of the course material, and develop critical thinking skills.
Complete Interactive Coursework
Many online courses include interactive coursework, such as quizzes, assignments, or simulations. Complete these activities actively and thoughtfully, as they can provide valuable opportunities for applying and reinforcing your learning. Engage with the content, think critically, and reflect on your responses to deepen your understanding of the material.
Collaborate with Peers
Collaborate with your peers on group assignments, projects, or discussions. Engage in meaningful discussions, share ideas, and learn from each other’s perspectives. Undoubtedly, collaboration can foster a sense of community and create a more interactive and dynamic learning experience.
If you have questions or need clarification on course material, do not hesitate to seek help from your instructors or classmates. Use discussion forums, email, or virtual office hours to ask questions and engage in discussions. Active participation and seeking clarification can enhance your understanding of the course material and ensure that you are on the right track.
Set Goals and Reflect
Set goals for your online learning experience and regularly reflect on your progress. Reflect on your strengths and areas for improvement. Then, identify strategies to enhance your engagement.
Create a Support System
Create a support system of peers, mentors, or family members. These people should be able to encourage, motivate, and support you throughout your journey. Hence, connect with your classmates, and form study groups. You can also take advantage of virtual networking opportunities. A support system helps you to stay energised, accountable, and engaged in your online learning experience.
Taking Care of Your Well-being: Managing Stress and Maintaining a Healthy Balance
Online learning requires you to manage multiple responsibilities. You also have to adapt to a different learning environment. As a result, you must be conscious of your well-being.
Here are some strategies for managing stress and maintaining a healthy balance:
Make self-care a priority. Get enough sleep, eat healthily, and exercise regularly. Take breaks during your study sessions to relax, stretch, or do activities that you enjoy. Practising self-care can help you manage stress, maintain focus, and stay energized.
Identify and manage sources of stress. Break tasks into smaller, manageable chunks, set realistic expectations, and avoid overloading yourself with too many responsibilities. Practice stress-reducing techniques, such as deep breathing, mindfulness, or meditation. Seek support from friends, family, or mental health professionals if you feel overwhelmed.
Maintain a Healthy Work-life Balance
It’s essential to maintain a healthy balance between your online learning and other responsibilities. Set boundaries, create a schedule that allows for personal time, and avoid overworking. Additionally, make time for activities that you enjoy. Such activities may include hobbies, spending time with loved ones, or engaging in physical activities.
Practice Time Management
Effective time management is crucial for managing stress and maintaining a healthy balance. Prioritize your tasks, create a study schedule, and avoid procrastination. Therefore, by managing your time effectively, you can prevent last-minute cramming and reduce stress related to deadlines.
Foster Social Connections
Online learning can sometimes be a lonely journey. So, it is important to foster social connections to maintain your well-being.
First, participate in virtual discussions and engage in group activities.
Second, connect with your peers through social media or virtual meetups.
Next, build social connections to provide emotional support and reduce stress.
Finally, create a sense of community in your online learning experience.
Overcoming Challenges in Online Learning
Online learning may come with its fair share of challenges. However, these strategies can help you overcome them:
Technical issues such as poor internet connectivity, hardware problems, or software glitches can disrupt your online learning experience. In order to play it safe, ensure that you have a reliable internet connection and access to updated hardware and software. If your internet isn’t stable, try other internet service providers in your country. Be proactive in troubleshooting technical issues and seek help from technical support or classmates if needed.
Time management is a big issue for many people not only students. While managing your time effectively in an online learning environment is tough, you can still stand out. First of all, you need to balance multiple responsibilities. As such, create a study schedule, set clear goals, and prioritize your tasks. Additionally, avoid multitasking and focus on one task at a time. Lastly, use time management tools, such as calendars or to-do lists, to stay organized and on track.
As you already know, procrastination is never a friend to your success. But how do you overcome it? Well, set deadlines for yourself, break tasks into smaller, manageable chunks, and hold yourself accountable. Use positive reinforcement, such as rewarding yourself after completing a task, to motivate yourself.
Lack of Motivation
Whereas staying motivated in an online learning environment can be challenging, there are still some prudent ways to excel. Thus, engage in activities that inspire and motivate you, such as reading the success stories of others who have thrived in online learning.
Distractions are a major challenge in online learning. Fundamentally, there are distractions at home, ie. social media, household chores, or family responsibilities. Fortunately, you can create a dedicated study space that is free from distractions. Additionally, turn off notifications on your devices. Finally, communicate your study schedule with your family members. Don’t forget to practise self-discipline and stay focused on your tasks.
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grinding - Search Results
Articles About grinding
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One process for hard finishing gears is generating gear grinding. Due to its high process efficiency, generating gear grinding has replaced other grinding processes such as profile grinding in batch production of small- and middle-sized gears. Yet despite the wide industrial application of generating gear grinding, the process design is based on experience along with time- and cost-intensive trials. The science-based analysis of generating gear grinding demands a high amount of time and effort, and only a few published scientific analyses exist. In this report a thermo-mechanical process model that describes influences on the surface zone in generating gear grinding is introduced.
The grinding of gears with dish wheels (Maad type grinding machines) is widely viewed as the most precise method of gear grinding because of the very short and simple kinematic links between the gear and the tool, and also because the cutting edges of the wheels represent planar surfaces. However, in this grinding method, depending on the parameters of the gears and one of the adjustments (such as the number of teeth encompassed by the grinding wheels), so-called overtravel at the tip or at the root of the teeth being ground generally occurs. When this happens, machining with only one wheel takes place. As a result, the profile error and the length of the generating path increases while productivity decreases.
Dressable vitrified bond CBN grinding tools combine the advantages of other common tool systems in generating gear grinding. Yet despite those technological advantages, there is only a small market distribution of these grinding tools due to high tool costs. Furthermore, scant literature exists regarding generating gear grinding with dressable CBN. This is especially true regarding the influence of the grinding tool system on manufacturing-related component properties. The research objective of this report is to determine the advantages of dressable CBN tools in generating gear grinding.
The merits of CBN physical characteristics over conventional aluminum oxide abrasives in grinding performance are reviewed. Improved surface integrity and consistency in drive train products can be achieved by the high removal rate of the CBN grinding process. The influence of CBN wheel surface conditioning procedure on grinding performance is also discussed.
Power train designs which employ gears with cone angles of approximately 2 degrees to 5 degrees have become quite common. It is difficult, if not impossible, to grind these gears on conventional bevel gear grinding machines. Cylindrical gear grinding machines are better suited for this task. This article will provide an overview of this option and briefly introduce four grinding variation possibilities.
Until recently, form gear grinding was conducted almost exclusively with dressable, conventional abrasive grinding wheels. In recent years, preformed, plated Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) wheels have been introduced to this operation and a considerable amount of literature has been published that claim that conventional grinding wheels will be completely replaced in the future. The superior machining properties of the CBN wheel are not disputed in this paper.
This article investigates fillet features consequent to tooth grinding by generating methods. Fillets resulting from tooth cutting and tooth grinding at different pressure angles and with different positions of grinding wheel are compared. Ways to improve the final fillet of the ground teeth with regard to tooth strength and noise, as well as the grinding conditions, are shown. "Undergrinding" is defined and special designs for noiseless gears are described.
This article shows the newest developments to reduce overall cycle time in grinding wind power gears, including the use of both profile grinding and threaded wheel grinding.
Excessive machine tool vibration during a precision grinding operation can result in poor workpiece quality in the form of chatter, rough finishes, burn, etc. One possible reason for excessive vibration is directly associated with the relationship between natural frequencies of a machine tool system and the operating speed of the grinding wheel spindle.
Because of the better thermal conductivity of CBN abrasives compared to that of conventional aluminum oxide wheels, CBN grinding process, which induces residual compressive stresses into the component, and possibly improves the subsequent stress behavior. This thesis is the subject of much discussion. In particular, recent Japanese publications claim great advantages for the process with regard to an increased component load capacity, but do not provide further details regarding the technology, test procedures or components investigated. This situation needs clarification, and for the this reason the effect of the CBN grinding material on the wear behavior and tooth face load capacity of continuously generated ground gears was further investigated.
It isn't for everyone, but... Within the installed base of modern CNC gear profile grinding machines (approximately 542 machines worldwide), grinding from the solid isn't frequent, but a growing number of gear profile grinder users are applying it successfully using CBN-plated wheels.
Gear grinding is one of the most expensive and least understood aspects of gear manufacturing. But with pressures for reduced noise, higher quality and greater efficiency, gear grinding appears to be on the rise.
In the quest for ever more exacting and compact commercial gears, precision abrasives are playing a key production role - a role that can shorten cycle time, reduce machining costs and meet growing market demand for such requirements as light weights, high loads, high speed and quiet operation. Used in conjunction with high-quality grinding machines, abrasives can deliver a level of accuracy unmatched by other manufacturing techniques, cost-effectively meeting AGMA gear quality levels in the 12 to 15 range. Thanks to advances in grinding and abrasive technology, machining has become one of the most viable means to grind fast, strong and quiet gears.
This article deals with certain item to be taken into consideration for gear grinding, common problems that arise in gear grinding and their solutions. The discussion will be limited to jobbing or low-batch production environments, where experimental setup and testing is not possible for economic and other reasons.
Modern gearboxes are characterized by high torque load demands, low running noise and compact design. In order to fulfill these demands, profile and lead modifications are being applied more often than in the past. This paper will focus on how to produce profile and lead modifications by using the two most common grinding processes—threaded wheel and profile grinding. In addition, more difficult modifications—such as defined flank twist or topological flank corrections—will also be described in this paper.
When gears are case-hardened, it is known that some growth and redistribution of stresses that result in geometric distortion will occur. Aerospace gears require post case-hardening grinding of the gear teeth to achieve necessary accuracy. Tempering of the case-hardened surface, commonly known as grinding burn, occurs in the manufacturing process when control of the heat generation at the surface is lost.
Grinding is a technique of finish-machining, utilizing an abrasive wheel. The rotating abrasive wheel, which id generally of special shape or form, when made to bear against a cylindrical shaped workpiece, under a set of specific geometrical relationships, will produce a precision spur or helical gear. In most instances the workpiece will already have gear teeth cut on it by a primary process, such as hobbing or shaping. There are essentially two techniques for grinding gears: form and generation. The basic principles of these techniques, with their advantages and disadvantages, are presented in this section.
Generating gear grinding is one of the most important finishing processes for small and medium-sized gears, its process design often determined by practical knowledge. Therefore a manufacturing simulation with the capability to calculate key values for the process — such as the specific material removal rate — is developed here. Indeed, this paper presents first results of a model for a local analysis of the value. Additionally, an empirical formula — based on a multiple regression model for a global value describing the process — is provided.
Flexibility and productivity are the keywords in today’s grinding operations. Machines are becoming more flexible as manufacturers look for ways to produce more parts at a lower cost. What used to take two machines or more now takes just one.
In order to improve load-carrying capacity and noise behavior, gears usually have profile and lead modifications. Furthermore, in gears where a specified tooth-flank load application direction (for drive and coast flanks) is a design enhancement, or even compulsory, the asymmetric tooth profile is a further solution. Nowadays, many gears need to be hard finished. Continuous generating grinding offers a very high process efficiency, but is this process able to grind all modifications, especially asymmetric gears? Yes, it is!
The goal of gear drive design is to transit power and motion with constant angular velocity. Current trends in gear drive design require greater load carrying capacity and increased service life in smaller, quieter, more efficient gearboxes. Generally, these goals are met by specifying more accurate gears. This, combined with the availability of user-friendly CNC gear grinding equipment, has increased the use of ground gears.
This paper presents the results of a study performed to measure the change in residual stress that results from the finish grinding of carburized gears. Residual stresses were measured in five gears using the x-ray diffraction equipment in the Large Specimen Residual Stress Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
The benefits of ground gears are well known. They create less noise, transmit more power and have longer lives than non-ground gears. But grinding has always been thought of as an expensive process, one that was necessary only for aerospace or other high-tech gear manufacturing.
The bevel gear grinding process, with conventional wheels, has been limited to applications where the highest level of quality is required.
New divisions, open houses and the continued rise of the Industrial Internet of Things - There's been a lot going on in gear grinding in the past year.
Recent breakthroughs in profile grinding software are helping Anderson Precision Gears and others meet wind power’s insatiable appetite for faster production of large, high-quality gears.
Modern manufacturing processes have become an ally of the product designer in producing higher quality, higher performing components in the transportation industry. This is particularly true in grinding systems where the physical properties of CBN abrasives have been applied to improving cycle times, dimensional consistency, surface integrity and overall costs. Of these four factors, surface integrity offers the greatest potential for influencing the actual design of highly stressed, hardened steel components.
The fundamental purpose of gear grinding is to consistently and economically produce "hard" or "soft" gear tooth elements within the accuracy required by the gear functions. These gear elements include tooth profile, tooth spacing, lead or parallelism, axial profile, pitch line runout, surface finish, root fillet profile, and other gear geometry which contribute to the performance of a gear train.
For over 50 years, grinding has been an accepted method of choice for improving the quality of gears and other parts by correcting heat treat distortions. Gears with quality levels better than AGMA 10-11 or DIN 6-7 are hard finished, usually by grinding. Other applications for grinding include, but are not limited to, internal/external and spur/helical gear and spline forms, radius forms, threads and serrations, compressor rotors, gerotors, ball screw tracks, worms, linear ball tracks, rotary pistons, vane pump rotators, vane slots, and pump spindles.
Grinding of bevel and hypoid gears creates on the surface a roughness structure with lines that are parallel to the root. Imperfections of those lines often repeat on preceding teeth, leading to a magnification of the amplitudes above the tooth mesh frequency and their higher harmonics. This phenomenon is known in grinding and has led in many cylindrical gear applications to an additional finishing operation (honing). Until now, in bevel and hypoid gear grinding, a short time lapping of pinion and gear after the grinding operation, is the only possibility to change the surface structure from the strongly root line oriented roughness lines to a diffuse structure.
This paper acknowledges the wide variety of manufacturing processes--especially in grinding--utlized in the production of bevel gears...
The latest machines, tooling and technology for gear grinding were featured at IMTS 2012.
Bevel gear manufacturers live in one of two camps: the face hobbing/lapping camp, and the face milling/grinding camp.
This machine concept facilitates highly productive profile grinding for large workpieces. The range for external and internal gears comprises models for manufacturing workpieces up to 2,000 millimeters – for industrial gear units, wind power, and marine propulsion applications
Instances of damage to discontinuous form ground and surface-hardened gears, especially of large scale, have recently increased. This may be attributed partly to a faulty grinding process with negative effects on the surface zones and the surface properties.
The hobbing and generation grinding production processes are complex due to tool geometry and kinematics. Expert knowledge and extensive testing are required for a clear attribution of cause to work piece deviations. A newly developed software tool now makes it possible to simulate the cutting procedure of the tool and superimpose systematic deviations on it. The performance of the simulation software is illustrated here with practical examples. The new simulation tool allows the user to accurately predict the effect of errors. With this knowledge, the user can design and operate optimal, robust gearing processes.
Liebherr is well-known as one of the world’s largest privately owned companies — a titan in heavy industry specializing in cranes, trucks and mammoth earth moving and mining equipment.
In comparison to the visionary Industry 4.0 - or the Fourth Industrial Revolution - the machine tool industry can appear rather down-to-earth.
An analysis of possibilities for the selection of tool geometry parameters was made in order to reduce tooth profile errors during the grinding of gears by different methods. The selection of parameters was based on the analysis of he grid diagram of a gear and a rack. Some formulas and graphs are presented for the selection of the pressure angle, module and addendum of the rack-tool. The results from the grinding experimental gears confirm the theoretical analysis.
Much of the existing guidelines for making large, high-performance gears for wind turbine gearboxes exhibit a need for improvement. Consider: the large grinding stock used to compensate for heat treatment distortion can significantly reduce manufacturing productivity; and, materials and manufacturing processes are two other promising avenues to improvement. The work presented here investigates quenchable alloy steels that, combined with specifically developed Case-hardening and heat treatment processes, exhibits reduced distortion and, in turn, requires a smaller grinding stock.
When hardened steel components are ground, there is always the possibility of damage to the steel in the form of residual stress or microstructural changes. Methods for detecting this sort of damage have always had one or more drawbacks, such as cost, time, complexity, subjectivity, or the use of hazardous chemicals.
When Dr. Hermann J. Stadtfeld speaks, people tend to listen. Considered one of the world’s foremost experts on bevel gears, Stadtfeld, the vice president of bevel gear technology at Gleason, recently revealed several cutting-edge advancements that the company has been working on.
Whether you spent time at Gear Expo in Indianapolis or EMO in Hannover, there was certainly new technology attracting attention. Machine tools are faster, more efficient and can integrate numerous functions in a single setup. Grinding technology is turning science upside down and inside out with high-speed removal rates and increased throughput.
The grinding/abrasives market is rapidly changing, thanks to new technology, more flexibility and an attempt to lower customer costs. Productivity is at an all-time high in this market, and it’s only going to improve with further R&D. By the time IMTS 2014 rolls around this September, the gear market will have lots of new toys and gadgets to offer potential customers. If you haven’t upgraded any grinding/abrasives equipment in the last five years, now might be a good time to consider the investment.
The quality of a gear and its performance is determined by the following five parameters, which should be specified for each gear: Pitch diameter, involute form, lead accuracy, spacing accuracy, and true axis of rotation. The first four parameters can be measured or charted and have to be within tolerance with respect to the fifth. Pitch diameter, involute, lead, and spacing of a gear can have master gear quality when measured or charted on a testing machine, but the gear might perform badly if the true axis of rotation after installation is no longer the same one used when testing the gear.
Grinding in one form or another has been used for more than 50 years to correct distortions in gears caused by the high temperatures and quenching techniques associated with hardening. Grinding improves the lead, involute and spacing characteristics. This makes the gear capable of carrying the high loads and running at the high pitch line velocities required by today's most demanding applications. Gears that must meet or exceed the accuracy requirements specified by AGMA Quality 10-11 or DIN Class 6-7 must be ground or hard finished after hear treatment.
Borazon is a superabrasive material originally developed by General Electric in 1969. It is a high performance material for machining of high alloy ferrous and super alloy materials. Borazon CBN - Cubic Born Nitride - is manufactured with a high temperature, high pressure process similar to that utilized with man-made diamond. Borazon is, next to diamond, the hardest abrasive known; it is more than twice as hard as aluminum oxide. It has an extremely high thermal strength compared to diamond. It is also much less chemically reactive with iron, cobalt or nickel alloys.
This paper intends to determine the load-carrying capacity of thermally damaged parts under rolling stress. Since inspection using real gears is problematic, rollers are chosen as an acceptable substitute. The examined scope of thermal damage from hard finishing extends from undamaged, best-case parts to a rehardening zone as the worst case. Also, two degrees of a tempered zone have been examined.
Guidelines are insurance against mistakes in the often detailed work of gear manufacturing. Gear engineers, after all, can't know all the steps for all the processes used in their factories.
When you push 850 horsepower and 9,000 rpm through a racing transmission, you better hope it stands up. Transmission cases and gears strewn all over the racetrack do nothing to enhance your standing, nor that of your transmission supplier.
In order to grind gears burn-free and as productively as possible, a better understanding of the process is required.
A considerable improvement in the performance of the machining of hard to grind materials can be achieved by means of CBN wheels.
Machine tool companies are expanding capabilities to better accommodate the changing face of manufacturing. Customers want smaller-sized equipment to take up less valuable floor space, multifunctional machines that can handle a variety of operations and easy set-up changes that offer simplified operation and maintenance.
In conventional gear grinders, grinding wheels with Alundum grains and a hardness of about 2000 HV have been used for finishing steel gears with hardnesses up to about 1000HV. In this case, the accuracy of the gears ground is greatly affected by wear of the grinding wheel because the difference in hardness is comparatively small when the gears are fully hardened.
This paper introduces the latest process developments for the hard-finishing of gears, specifically in regard to controlling the so-called flank twist.
New freedom of motion available with CNC generators make possible improving tooth contact on bevel and hypoid gears. Mechanical machines by their nature are inflexible and require a special mechanism for every desired motion. These mechanisms are generally exotic and expensive. As a result, it was not until the introduction of CNC generators that engineers started exploring motion possibilities and their effect on tooth contact.
With increasingly smaller returns from improving the speed of the actual gear grinding process, improving your setup time has become a primary way to keep improving efficiency. Here's the latest on how you can do that today.
Looking for some simple yet useful advice heading into IMTS 2016? Never second guess your machine tool investment. Flexibility is a mandatory requirement in gear manufacturing today. Accuracy, reliability and efficiency must improve with each new machine tool purchase. Innovation is always the end game. So it comes as no surprise that IMTS 2016 attendees will have plenty of gear grinding technologies to consider this fall.
Could you explain to me the difference between spiral bevel gear process face hobbing-lapping, face milling-grinding and Klingelnberg HPG? Which one is better for noise, load capacity and quality?
For two days in Saline, Michigan, Liebherr's clients, customers and friends came together to discuss the latest gear products and technology. Peter Wiedemann, president of Liebherr Gear Technology Inc., along with Dr.-Ing. Alois Mundt, managing director, Dr.-Ing. Oliver Winkel, head of application technology, and Dr.-Ing. Andreas Mehr, technology development shaping and grinding, hosted a variety of informative presentations.
Analysis of helical involute gears by tooth contact analysis shows that such gears are very sensitive to angular misalignment leading to edge contact and the potential for high vibration. A new topology of tooth surfaces of helical gears that enables a favorable bearing contact and a reduced level of vibration is described. Methods for grinding helical gears with the new topology are proposed. A TCA program simulating the meshing and contact of helical gears with the new topology has been developed. Numerical examples that illustrate the proposed ideas are discussed.
"Documentation is not a Substitute for an Intuitive Interface." The author explores the development of modern controls for a CNC gear grinding machine.
For maximum life in carburized and ground gearing, I have been advised that fully grinding a radius into the root gives maximum resistance against fatigue failures. Others have advised that a hobbed and unground radius root form is best. Which is best, and why?
A different method to produce a sample that has a very consistent amount of thermal damage.
A reader wants to know: Are profile ground and hobbed globoidal worm sets better than multi-axis CNC generated globoidal worm gear sets for reduction of noise and vibration?
Ground bevel and hypoid gears have a designed motion error that defines parts of their NVH behavior. The surface structure is defined by the hard finishing process.
In the design process of transmissions, one major criterion is the resulting noise emission of the powertrain due to gear excitation. Within the past years, much investigation has shown that the noise emission can be attributed to quasi-static transmission error. Therefore, the transmission error can be used for a tooth contact analysis in the design process, as well as a characteristic value for quality assurance by experimental inspections.
Gear Technology interviews Scott Yoders of Liebherr about the latest gear machining technologies of relevance to automotive manufacturers.
THE FINAL CHAPTER This is the last in the series of chapters excerpted from Dr. Hermann J. Stadtfeld's Gleason Bevel Gear Technology - a book written for specialists in planning, engineering, gear design and manufacturing. The work also addresses the technical information needs of researchers, scientists and students who deal with the theory and practice of bevel gears and other angular gear systems. While all of the above groups are of course of invaluable importance to the gear industry, it is surely the students who hold the key to its future. And with that knowledge it is reassuring to hear from Dr. Stadtfeld of the enthusiastic response he has received from younger readers of these chapter installments.
When a customer needed gears delivered in three weeks, here’s how Brevini Wind got it done.
Hofler Rapid 6000 Makes North American Debut at Highway Machine Company.
Hard Gear Finishing (HGF), a relatively new technology, represents an advance in gear process engineering. The use of Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) equipment ensures a high precision synchronous relationship between the tool spindle and the work spindle as well as other motions, thereby eliminating the need for gear trains. A hard gear finishing machine eliminates problems encountered in two conventional methods - gear shaving, which cannot completely correct gear errors in gear teeth, and gear rolling, which lacks the ability to remove stock and also drives the workpiece without a geared relationship to the master rolling gear. Such a machine provides greater accuracy, reducing the need for conventional gear crowning, which results in gears of greater face width than necessary.
Profitable hard machining of tooth flanks in mass production has now become possible thanks to a number of newly developed production methods. As used so far, the advantages of hard machining over green shaving or rolling are the elaborately modified tooth flanks are produced with a scatter of close manufacturing tolerances. Apart from an increase of load capacity, the chief aim is to solve the complex problem of reducing the noise generation by load-conditioned kinematic modifications of the tooth mesh. In Part II, we shall deal with operating sequences and machining results and with gear noise problems.
Tom Lang of Kapp Technologies shares his views on the trends affecting ground gears.
New machine promises DIN 2 accuracy and unique features at low cost.
The honing of gears - by definition - facilitates ease of operation, low noise and smoother performance in a transmission. Honing also contributes to reduced friction in the powertrain. Both the intense cutting (roughing process) as well as the functionally fine- finishing of transmission gears can be performed in one setup, on one machine.
This paper initially defines bias error—the “twisted tooth phenomenon.” Using illustrations, we explain that bias error is a by-product of applying conventional, radial crowning methods to produced crowned leads on helical gears. The methods considered are gears that are finished, shaped, shaved, form and generated ground. The paper explains why bias error occurs in these methods and offers techniques used to limit/eliminate bias error. Sometimes, there may be a possibility to apply two methods to eliminate bias error. In those cases, the pros/cons of these methods will be reviewed.
After shaping or hobbing, the tooth flanks must be either chamfered or duburred. Here it is paramount that the secondary burr produced will not be formed into the flank, but to the face of the gear, because during hardening, the secondary burr will straighten up and, due to its extreme hardness, will lead to excessive tool wear.
The GS:TE-LM thread grinder from Drake Manufacturing is fitted with a robot load/unload system that provides maximum throughput for high-volume production of ground threads.
Gleason 350GMS helps put higher quality, more reliable gears into its next-generation TC10 automatic transmission.
When designing hardened and ground spur gears to operate with minimum noise, what are the parameters to be considered? should tip and/or root relief be applied to both wheel and pinion or only to one member? When pinions are enlarged and he wheel reduced, should tip relief be applied? What are the effects on strength, wear and noise? For given ratios with enlarged pinions and reduced wheels, how can the gear set sized be checked or adjusted to ensure that the best combination has been achieved?
Cubitron II wheels are put to the test in this case study.
The complete Industry News section from the July 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
Every so often manufacturing is jolted out of its inertia by a transformative technology – one that fundamentally changes not only the way products are made, but also the economics of the business.
Non-uniform gear wear changes gear topology and affects the noise performance of a hypoid gear set. The aggregate results under certain vehicle driving conditions could potentially result in unacceptable vehicle noise performance in a short period of time. This paper presents the effects of gear surface parameters on gear wear and the measurement/testing methods used to quantify the flank wear in laboratory tests.
Previews of manufacturing technology related to gears that will be on display at IMTS 2012.
Gear noise associated with tooth surface topography is a fundamental problem in many applications. Operations such as shaving, gear grinding and gear honing are usually used to finish the gear surface. Often, gears have to be treated by a combination of these operations, e.g. grinding and honing. This is because gear honing operations do not remove enough stock although they do create a surface lay favorable for quiet operation. See Fig. 1 for typical honing process characteristics. Gear grinding processes, on the other hand, do remove stock efficiently but create a noisy surface lay.
Spur gear surface endurance tests were conducted to investigate CBN ground AISI 9310 spur gears for use in aircraft applications, to determine their endurance characteristics and to compare the results with the endurance of standard vitreous ground AISI 9310 spur gears. Tests were conducted with VIM-VAR AISI 9210 carburized and hardened gears that were finish ground with either CBN or vitreous grinding methods. Test conditions were an inlet oil temperature of 320 K (116 degree F), an outlet oil temperature of 350 K (170 degree F), a maximum Hertz stress of 1.71 GPa (248 ksi), and a speed of 10,000 rpm. The CBN ground gears exhibited a surface fatigue life that was slightly better than the vitreous ground gears. The subsurface residual stress of the CBN ground gears was approximately the same as that for the standard vitreous ground gears for the CBN grinding method used.
Question: When evaluating charts from a gear inspection machine, it is sometimes found that the full length of the profile traces vary, and that sometimes they are less than the length of active profile (above start of active profile-SAP) by up to 20%. This condition could be caused by a concentricity error between tooth grinding and shaping, or by unequal stock removal when grinding. (See Fig. 1.) Is it possible that some of the variation is coming from the inspection machine? How can variation from the inspection machine be reduced?
When it comes to setting the standard for gear making, the auto industry often sets the pace. Thus when automakers went to grinding after hardening to assure precision, so did the machine shops that specialize in gearing. But in custom manufacturing of gears in small piece counts, post-heat treat grinding can grind away profits too.
When manufacturing powder metal (PM) gears lead crowning is not achievable in the compaction process. This has to be accomplished either by shaving, grinding or honing. Each of these processes has their merits and draw backs. When employing rolling using a roll burnishing machine lead crowning can be accomplished but due to errors in profile a hard finishing operation such as grinding is used by the industry. In this paper a helical PM gear that has sufficient tolerance class after rolling has been tested in a test rig for durability and the wear has been studied.
C & B Machinery Meets Rigorous Demands with Installation of Manufacturing Cell.
In order to increase the load carrying capacity of hardened gears, the distortion of gear teeth caused by quenching must be removed by precision cutting (skiving) and/or grinding. In the case of large gears with large modules, skiving by a carbide hob is more economical than grinding when the highest accuracy is not required.
In the past, the blades of universal face hobbing cutters had to be resharpened on three faces. Those three faces formed the active part of the blade. In face hobbing, the effective cutting direction changes dramatically with respect to the shank of the blade. Depending on the individual ratio, it was found that optimal conditions for the chip removal action (side rake, side relief and hook angle) could just be established by adjusting all major parameters independently. This, in turn, results automatically in the need for the grinding or resharpening of the front face and the two relief surfaces in order to control side rake, hook angle and the relief and the relief angles of the cutting and clearance side.
Grinding fluids from Norton|Saint-Gobain, digital micrometer from Mahr, grinding centers from Haas Multigrind, updated software from KISSsoft.
Traditionally, high-quality gears are cut to shape from forged blanks. Great accuracy can be obtained through shaving and grinding of tooth forms, enhancing the power capacity, life and quietness of geared power transmissions. In the 1950s, a process was developed for forging gears with teeth that requires little or no metal to be removed to achieve final geometry. The initial process development was undertaken in Germany for the manufacture of bevel gears for automobile differentials and was stimulated by the lack of available gear cutting equipment at that time. Later attention has turned to the forging of spur and helical gears, which are more difficult to form due to the radial disposition of their teeth compared with bevel gears. The main driver of these developments, in common with most component manufacturing, is cost. Forming gears rather than cutting them results in increased yield from raw material and also can increase productivity. Forging gears is therefore of greater advantage for large batch quantities, such as required by the automotive industry.
New grinding machines, multi-tasking machines, gear software and tools for gear manufacturers.
Manufacturing involute gears using form grinding or form milling wheels are beneficial to hobs in some special cases, such as small scale production and, the obvious, manufacture of internal gears. To manufacture involute gears correctly the form wheel must be purpose-designed, and in this paper the geometry of the form wheel is determined through inverse calculation. A mathematical model is presented where it is possible to determine the machined gear tooth surface in three dimensions, manufactured by this tool, taking the finite number of cutting edges into account. The model is validated by comparing calculated results with the observed results of a gear manufactured by an indexable insert milling cutter.
Vibration and noise from wind turbines can be significantly influenced - and therefore reduced - by selecting suitable gearing modifications. New options provided by manufacturers of machine tools and grinding machines, and especially state-of-the-art machines and controls, provide combined gearing modifications - or topological gearing corrections - that can now be reliably machined. Theoretical investigations of topological modifications are discussed here with the actual machining and their possible use.
High demands for cost-effectiveness and improved product quality can be achieved via a new low pressure carburizing process with high pressure gas quenching. Up to 50% of the heat treatment time can be saved. Furthermore, the distortion of the gear parts could be reduced because of gas quenching, and grinding costs could be saved. This article gives an overview of the principles of the process technology and the required furnace technology. Also, some examples of practical applications are presented.
Traditionally, a worm or a multi-stage gear box has been used when a large speed ratio is required. However, such boxes will become obsolete as size and efficiency become increasingly important considerations for a modern transmission. The single-enveloped worm gear has a maximum speed ratio of only 40 to 60. Its efficiency is only 30 to 60 per cent. The necessity of using bronze for the worm gear and grinding nitoalloy steel for the worm drives up material and manufacturing costs.
When parts you manufacture pass through numerous processes such as deep hole drilling, machining, hobbing and grinding, a CMM is essential when your customers require 100 percent in-process and final inspection.
Beveloid gears are used to accommodate a small shaft angle. The manufacturing technology used for beveloid gearing is a special setup of cylindrical gear cutting and grinding machines. A new development, the so-called Hypoloid gearing, addresses the desire of gear manufacturers for more freedoms. Hypoloid gear sets can realize shaft angles between zero and 20° and at the same time, allow a second shaft angle (or an offset) in space that provides the freedom to connect two points in space.
Cubic boron nitride (CBN) finishing of carburized gearing has been shown to have certain economic and geometric advantages and, as a result, it has been applied to a wide variety of precision gears in many different applications. In critical applications such as aerospace drive systems, however, any new process must be carefully evaluated before it is used in a production application. Because of the advantages associated with this process, a test program was instituted to evaluate the load capacity of aerospace-quality gears finished by the CBN process as compared to geometrically identical gears finished by conventional grinding processes. This article presents a brief description of the CBN process, its advantages in an aerospace application, and the results of an extensive test program conducted by Boeing Helicopters (BH) aimed at an evaluation of the effects of this process on the scoring, surface durability, and bending fatigue properties of spur gears. In addition, the results of an x-ray diffraction study to determine the surface and subsurface residual stress distributions of both shot-peened and nonshot-peened CBN-ground gears as compared to similar conventionally ground gears are also presented.
For this interview, we spoke with George Wyss, president, and Dennis Richmond, vice president of Reishauer Corporation about gear grinding and its place in gear manufacturing today.
"A Decade of Performance" is the theme of the American Gear Manufacturers Association Gear Expo 97, to be held October 19-22 at Detroit's Cobo Hall. Products and services related to every aspect of the gear manufacturing process, from turning and grinding the blanks to coating and inspection of the gears,will be represented at the show.
The capabilities and limitations of manufacturing gears by conventional means are well-known and thoroughly documented. In the search to enhance or otherwise improve the gear-making process, manufacturing methods have extended beyond chip-cutting - hobbing, broaching, shaping, shaving, grinding, etc. and their inherent limitations based on cutting selection and speed, feed rates, chip thickness per tooth, cutting pressure, cutter deflection, chatter, surface finish, material hardness, machine rigidity, tooling, setup and other items.
I'm a big believer in the value of IMTS as a marketplace where gear manufacturers can go and look at the latest machine tools and processes; compare hobbing machines, gear grinders and inspection equipment; see turning, milling or grinding machines in action; and ask questions of the various vendors all in one place. This year's IMTS promised to be the biggest ever, and I have no doubt that it will be a valuable experience to those who go there looking for ways to improve the way they manufacture products.
News Items About grinding
1 United Grinding to Display Innovations at GrindTec 2014 (January 27, 2014)
United Grinding, the largest single-source provider of complete and integrated grinding solutions, will showcase its latest grinding, ero... Read News
2 Burka-Kosmos Offers Latest Grinding Wheel (February 3, 2014)
The Mira Ice product line of gear grinding wheels was developed in order to meet the requirements of profile grinding larger gears. A new... Read News
3 Supertec to Present Seven New Grinding Machines at IMTS (June 16, 2010)
Supertec Machinery will exhibit seven new grinding machine models/types at this year's IMTS. They will be located in the Grinding Pav... Read News
4 CIMCOOL 609 Designed for Grinding Performance (June 29, 2011)
CIMCOOL Fluid Technology has created CIMTECH 609, an innovative hybrid developed for superior grinding performance and excellent machinin... Read News
5 Industry Gathers for United Grinding Symposium (June 24, 2014)
The world's largest event in the grinding machine industry drew to a close in Thun (Switzerland) with an enthusiastic audience. Every... Read News
6 Junker Acquires Majority Share in Brazilian Grinding Machine Manufacturer (March 19, 2015)
The Junker Group recently added Brazilian grinding machine manufacturer ZEMA to its corporate group. ZEMA was founded back in 1953, has m... Read News
7 True Gear & Spline Increases Grinding Capacity With New Niles ZP 12 (June 26, 2015)
True Gear& Spline Ltd. recently added CNC gear profile grinding to their machining capabilities with their newly installed Niles ZP 1... Read News
8 Hewland Engineering Expands Grinding Capabilities (May 13, 2015)
Hewland Engineering recently announced a multi-million pound investment in state-of-the-art spiral bevel grinding capability, due to arri... Read News
9 Kapp Offers Advancements in Gear Grinding (April 23, 2012)
Two grinding machines with flexible process capabilities will be on display at booth N-7036 at the IMTS in Chicago, Illinois, September 1... Read News
10 Junker Group Extends Grinding Machine Range with Corundum Line (June 4, 2018)
The Junker Group has extended its range of grinding machines: With its new Zema corundum line, the company is offering efficient solution... Read News
11 Gleason Offers Wobble Compensation in Gear Grinding (December 27, 2012)
Conventional grinding cycles for cylindrical gears typically involve a significant amount of time dedicated to the manual alignment of th... Read News
12 EMAG Offers Hard Turning and Grinding Advantages (March 12, 2013)
The advantages of the process combination hard turning + grinding lie in process stream consolidation, improved component quality and gre... Read News
13 Körber Schleifring Becomes United Grinding (November 12, 2013)
Körber Schleifring, a global provider of grinding machine technology and its North American arm United Grinding Techologies are now ... Read News
14 C&B Machinery Offers Clamp Bore Disc Grinding Machine (November 22, 2013)
C & B Machinery has received multiple orders for its latest generation Model CBV-3 Clamp Bore disc grinding machine. The automotive i... Read News
15 Ultra Grind Offers Two Meter Grinding Capacity (July 31, 2012)
The Hardinge Grinding Group introduces a new 2-meter capacity, UltraGrind 2000 grinding machine manufactured by Jones & Shipman, a Ke... Read News
16 Oelheld Develops HSS Grinding Oil (January 24, 2014)
SintoGrind HSS was especially developed for profile and flute grinding of steel alloys and in particular for High-Speed-Steel and medical... Read News
17 Grinding Wheel Improves Surface Finish (October 29, 2009)
The SK23w ceramic grinding wheel specification from Burka-Kosmos drastically increases the Q'w and V'w rates. This type of grindi... Read News
18 Junker Builds New Platform for Cylindrical and Non-Cylindrical Grinding of Workpieces (June 24, 2015)
Junker recently built a new platform for cylindrical and non-cylindrical grinding of workpieces with a swing diameter of 470 mm and a par... Read News
19 Haas Multigrind CA and CB Machines Utilize High-Capacity Grinding Wheel Shelf Magazines (August 3, 2017)
All Haas Multigrind grinding centers are available with an automatic wheel changer. This feature enables Haas customers to combine ... Read News
20 Röhm KZF-S External Clamping Collet Chucks Designed for Gear Surface Face Grinding (December 7, 2016)
Röhm Products of America now offers a powered external clamping chuck for gear surface face grinding. The KZF-S collet chuck is espe... Read News
21 Junker JUMAT Machine Offers Simultaneous Grinding of ID, OD and Faces of Gears (May 31, 2017)
Junker has introduced the JUMAT 6S 18-20S-18, the latest of Junker's JUMAT series of modular grinding machines, which is capable of g... Read News
22 Service Network and Worcester Polytechnik Launch Grinding Consortium (April 14, 2006)
Service Network is spearheading an effort with Worcester Polytechnic Institute to form a grinding research center located in Worcester, M... Read News
23 Nortons New Gear Grinding Wheels Increase Life of Parallel Axis Spur Gears (April 11, 2006)
The new BRGg VPHS high speed grinding wheels from Saint Gobain are designed to reduce cycle times by increasing metal removal rates. The ... Read News
24 Makinos New Grinding Machining Center Grinds, Drills, Bores and Mills on the Same Machine (January 9, 2007)
Makino introduced the G5 Grinder horizontal machining center, capable of grinding, drilling, boring and milling all on the same machine.... Read News
25 Schafer Gear Adds New Grinding Equipment (May 24, 2007)
Schafer Gear Works invested in new production equipment, including new gear grinding machines in the company's South Bend, IN, and Ro... Read News
26 Sigma Pool Merges All Grinding Activities (February 7, 2005)
Sigma Pool partners have merged all activities in the field of cylindrical gear grinding under the roof of Liebherr-Verzahntechnik GmbH i... Read News
27 Kapp's Rotor Grinding Technology Improves Efficiency by 30 Percent (June 15, 2007)
The Kapp RX 59 allows the rotors used in air compressors to be manufactured on the machines by using a high precision grinding process.Ro... Read News
28 Samputensil Introduces High Capacity Grinding Machine (January 6, 2006)
The new 250G generating grinding machine from Samputensili, introduced at EMO 2005 was developed to achieve a shorter cycle time. Acco... Read News
29 Hewland Installs Klingelnberg Oerlikon G60 Spiral Bevel Gear Grinding Machine (November 16, 2015)
Hewland Engineering recently announce the installation of a Klingelnberg Oerlikon G60 spiral bevel gear grinding machine. Utilizing Kling... Read News
30 United Grinding?s Newest Machine Grinds Shafts and Chucked Workpieces (April 11, 2006)
[photo] The Studen S242 from United Grinding is designed for the hard turning and grinding of high-precision applications for both shaf... Read News
31 Saint-Gobain Introduces Grinding App (August 27, 2012)
Saint-Gobain Abrasives has recently introduced a Norton Abrasives Grinding App. This application includes three calculators includi... Read News
32 New Depressed Center Wheels Introduced by Camel Grinding Wheels (April 6, 2006)
CGW-Camel Grinding Wheels has introduced Fast Cut Series Aluminum Oxide Type 27 Depressed Center Wheels with N-grade bond for right angle... Read News
33 Klingelnberg Opens Blade Grinding Center in Mexico (October 27, 2011)
In August 2011, Klingelnberg's Mexico site was moved to a new facility in Querétaro City. This investment is part of the compa... Read News
34 Gleason Improves Quality for Large Gear Grinding (April 23, 2010)
Gleason's latest generation of Profile Grinding Machines now can be equipped to perform a new process called OPTI-GRIND that signific... Read News
35 Gleason Offers Profile Grinding on Threaded Wheel Gear Grinding Machines (March 27, 2013)
Gleason Corporation recently announced the availability of a Profile Grinding option for its 300TWG Threaded Wheel Grinding Machine... Read News
36 Cinetec Grinding Moves Headquarters to Hagerstown, Maryland (May 29, 2007)
Cinetic Landis Grinding Corp. relocated its headquarters and manufacturing/assembly facility approximately 15 miles to Hagerstown, MD. ... Read News
37 Dapra Offers Grinding and Deburring Tools (October 3, 2011)
Dapra's series of Biax hand-held, air-powered tools include lightweight grinders and variable-speed deburring machines. The SRD 3-55/... Read News
38 Bryant Celebrates 100 Years of Grinding (November 24, 2008)
Bryant Grinder, a division of Vermont Machine Tool Corporation, is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2009, making it one of the olde... Read News
39 Holroyd Sells Grinding Machines to Chinese Company (December 20, 2011)
U.K.-based Holroyd Machine Tools and Components of Milnrow, Lancashire, a division of the Precision Technologies Group, has announced the... Read News
40 Vomat Filtration Systems Provide 100 Percent Separation of Clean and Dirty Grinding Oil (December 20, 2017)
To manufacture precision tools, tool manufacturers must optimally coordinate all parameters involved in the process such as edge preparat... Read News
41 Elliot Tool Technology Carbide-Roll Burnishing Tools Designed to Eliminate Grinding, Honing and Polishing Processes (May 11, 2016)
Carbide-Roll Burnishing Tools by Elliott Tool Technology, which produce a mirror-like surface finish while eliminating secondary operatio... Read News
42 Saint-Gobain Norton Quantum3 Depressed Center Grinding Wheels Designed to Decrease Downtime, Improve User Comfort (March 29, 2016)
Saint-Gobain Abrasives has introduced Norton Quantum3 (NQ3) Depressed Center Grinding Wheels. Featuring a proprietary grain along with a ... Read News
43 Samputensili SG 160 Sky Grind Introduces Dry Grinding of Gears to Star SU Line (December 24, 2015)
Samputensili has recently launched a world premiere at EMO Milan 2015. The new machine, the SG 160 Sky Grind, is designed to eliminate th... Read News
44 Klingelnberg to Showcase Oerlikon G 30 Bevel Gear Grinding Machine at Gear Expo (September 9, 2015)
Klingelnberg will be exhibiting its capabilities with a presentation of cutting-edge technology “made in Germany” in the form... Read News
45 Chevalier Grinder Features Rough and Fine-Grinding Cycles (February 3, 2017)
The FSG-1224ADIII is fully automatic on the X- and Y-axis, includes 2-axis servo control and a new PLC controller that features a grind c... Read News
46 EMAG VLC 100 GT Combines Vertical Turning and Finish Grinding in One Package (March 31, 2017)
When it comes to machining times, combining various machining processes in one setup offers enormous savings potential. With the combinat... Read News
47 Gleason 410SCG Shaving Cutter Grinding Machine Speeds Up Shaving Cutter Re-Sharpening (November 8, 2017)
Gleason is meeting the global need for fast, high quality re-sharpening of shaving cutters up to 400 mm in diameter and Module 14 with th... Read News
48 DVS Technology Group Presenting Gear Grinding Solutions at EMO (September 20, 2017)
The EMO fair booth of DVS Technology Group in Hall 17, Booth C46 will be focusing on the high-precision machining of components for power... Read News
49 Meister Abrasives HPL Grinding Wheels Naturally Release Lubricant as they Grind (August 17, 2017)
Meister Abrasives new HPL (High Performance Lubrication) Grinding Wheels rely on premium grade CBN crystals fixed with durable, porous, i... Read News
50 ANCA Motion LinX Linear Motor Technology Now Equipped on Grinding Machines for Improved Chip Evacuation (May 18, 2017)
Highly polished flutes and gash surfaces improve chip evacuation and aid tool performance. The smoother surface enables swarf (or chips) ... Read News
51 Gleason Genesis 200GX Threaded Wheel Grinding Machine to be Introduced at Gear Expo (August 5, 2015)
Gleason recently announced it will introduce advanced machines, tooling, and global customer support services covering a wide array of pr... Read News
52 Junker and Zema to Exhibit Gear Grinding Machines Together at EMO Milano (July 30, 2015)
At EMO Milano 2015, Junker Group and Zema will be exhibiting together for the first time in Europe: Zema will be demonstrating a cylindri... Read News
53 PTG to Showcase Grinding in Germany (February 12, 2014)
PTG Deutschland GmbH, the German-based division of Britain’s Precision Technologies Group, has chosen GrindTec 2014 to showcase its... Read News
54 Forest City Gear Expands Small Diameter ID/OD Grinding Capability (December 13, 2017)
Forest City Gear has expanded its capabilities for the hard finishing of smaller diameter gears with particularly tight ID and length tol... Read News
55 3M Introduces Cubitron II Conventional Wheels for Gear Grinding (November 1, 2013)
3M Abrasive Systems is introducing 3M Cubitron II Conventional Wheels for Gear Grinding, giving engineers new tools to take the manufactu... Read News
56 Norton Grinding Abrasives Feature Bond Technology (June 20, 2013)
Norton Abrasives, a brand of Saint-Gobain, has developed and launched Norton Vitrium3, the next generation of bonded abrasives prod... Read News
57 United Grinding Invites Customers to Grinding Symposium (March 5, 2014)
The United Grinding Group – Körber Schleifring up until EMO 2013 – has clearly understood the signs of the times in the ... Read News
58 United Grinding Announces New President (March 27, 2014)
United Grinding North America, Inc. recently announced that current president and CEO, Rodger Pinney, has been elected as vice chairman... Read News
59 Junker Delivers 500th Grinding Machine to Volkswagen Group (June 10, 2015)
Grinding machine manufacturer Junker recently celebrated a milestone as the Volkswagen Group recently purchased their 500th Junker grindi... Read News
60 DiaGrind 535-5 Offers Advantages in Gear Honing and Grinding (June 11, 2014)
The multifunctional metalworking fluid DiaGrind 535-5 has many enthusiastic users all over the world. They range from small shops to mult... Read News
61 Vomat Offers Temp Stability During Grinding (May 23, 2014)
In order to produce high-performance cutting tools, tool manufacturers go to great lengths to get all manufacturing parameters right. Production conditions have tremendous influence on the final quality of the tool... Read News
62 EMAG Introduces Small Grinding Center (April 15, 2014)
Demand for components such as gearwheels, planetary gears, chain gears or flanged components for cars typically runs in quantities of millions... Read News
63 Holroyd Launches Worm Gear Grinding Stations (May 31, 2013)
Holroyd Precision Limited has launched a brand new, full CNC machine range that is specifically designed to provide ultra-high levels of ... Read News | <urn:uuid:d3ca20ce-fb3a-48bd-a3f3-457e84b3915e> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.kaywa.geartechnology.com/subjects/grinding/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591455.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720002543-20180720022543-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.923884 | 11,476 | 2.65625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
In cattle production, nothing is more important than fertility. Without it, herds can’t grow and milk doesn’t flow.
For decades, fertility in U.S. dairy cattle has been on a drastic decline. Every failure to conceive throws off the herd’s delicate rhythm of production, making it harder for farmers to deliver milk and other foods we love.
Holly Neibergs, animal scientist at Washington State University, is studying the cause of this complex problem.
Exploring the genetic roots of fertility in hopes of halting the decline, she launched a three-year, $500,000 research project this spring, funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Farmers have watched in concern as dairy cattle fertility has fallen dramatically over the past 30 years.
Today, on average, cows and heifers—first-time mother cows—will successfully conceive more than 90 percent of the time. In beef cattle, 60 percent or fewer cows will still be pregnant 35 days later. In dairy cows, the rate is even worse, about 30 percent.
“It’s taking more tries to get cattle pregnant,” Neibergs said. “Every pregnancy loss costs farmers as much as $600. If your heifers are losing a third of their pregnancies, that adds up fast.”
“Infertility is a huge and costly problem,” she added.
With more time to stay with their mothers before weaning, calves born on time are bigger, healthier, heavier, and have more value.
“But every time you miss, the chance that that calf is going to stay with the herd and be productive becomes more and more remote,” Neibergs said. “A well-timed pregnancy is better for the cow, the calf, the herd—and the bottom line.”
Answers in the DNA
Studying cattle fertility for more than a decade, Neibergs believes fertility decline is related to a cow’s uterine environment, which is partly determined by genetics. Cows with poor fertility may have DNA mutations that make it harder for them to successfully stay pregnant.
Working with collaborators Christopher Seabury at Texas A&M, Jeremy Taylor and Thomas Spencer at the University of Missouri, and Thomas Geary at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Neibergs and her students will compare DNA from cows with great pregnancy rates to those with poor fertility. That involves analyzing hundreds of thousands of genetic fingerprints from more than 3,000 beef and dairy cows across a range of breeds.
“We’re looking for DNA associated with fertility, conception, and maintaining pregnancy,” she said. “We’re going to find the differences in their DNA that are making their uterine environment different—fertile for one, infertile for another.”
Once they find those genetic markers, cattle breeders will be able to select for fertility, breeding cattle that maintain pregnancy successfully and predictably. Animal scientists could also find new opportunities to develop fertility treatments.
Solving the fertility challenge will help dairy farmers meet the growing global demand for milk and other dairy products at a lower cost, ensuring consumers have an affordable supply of the foods we enjoy.
“With just a blood sample, we will be able to tell which calves will have high fertility, as soon as they’re born,” Neibergs said. “Instead of a decline, we’d see a fertility increase—and healthier, more valuable and more productive beef and dairy herds.” | <urn:uuid:5ba38351-1211-4ef1-8462-16094265dbdf> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://news.cahnrs.wsu.edu/article/dna-could-solve-puzzling-cattle-fertility-decline/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864256.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621172638-20180621192638-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.952942 | 752 | 3.53125 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
NUI Galway Research Highlights Harmful Effects of Noise Exposure
Monday, 20 December 2010
A Postgraduate research project recently completed in the School of Physics focusing on noise levels at Irish traditional music and Irish rock performances, has shown high levels of noise exposure among musicians and the potential for increased risks to hearing. This study also highlights the need for increased awareness training in relation to the harmful effects of repeated high noise exposure among musicians. Some of the results exceeded the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 2007 relating to the control of noise at work. The data from the project shows that personal noise exposures of all the rock/pop musicians sampled exceed the 87dB(A) exposure limit value as detailed in the 2007 regulations and half of the traditional Irish musicians sampled exceeded the 87dB(A) exposure limit value. To obtain these results, Helena O'Sullivan, an MSc student with Dr Marie Coggins at the School of Physics in NUI Galway, measured noise levels at static monitoring points on the stage during the music performance, and ranged from 85 to 90 dB(A) during traditional Irish music performances and from 101 – 107 dB(A) during Irish rock/pop music performances. The personal noise exposure level of one band member (either the singer or the drummer) was also measured, and they ranged from 100 to 102 dB(A) for members of the Irish rock/pop bands and 88 - 95 dB(A) for members of the Traditional Irish music bands. The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 2007 relating to the control of noise at work, sets out an exposure action value of 85dB(A) and an exposure limit value of 87dB(A) for a daily or weekly personal exposure. These limits apply to people working in a noisy environment and do not apply to the general public. Workers who are regularly exposed to noise levels of 85dB (A) have an increased risk of noise induced hearing loss. Dr Marie Coggins, Director of the MSc in Occupational Health and Safety Programme at NUI Galway says: "The harmful effects of repeated exposure to high sound levels, have long been recognised, and much progress has been made in reducing noise exposures in many work environments. However, high noise levels and exposure to noise continues to be an issue for the entertainment sector. This project highlights the need for further investigation in the area." Using the data collected in the study, an estimate for the eight hour equivalent noise dose for comparison with the recommended guidelines in the 2007 regulations, was calculated. This estimate does not take into consideration other sources of noise exposure that the band members may have received at another point in their day, and so may be underestimating the risk. Results from a questionnaire survey, as part of the research, detailing experiences musicians report in relation to noise exposure show that 52% of respondents regularly experience a ringing sensation in their ears after a performance, and 60% reported that they do not use hearing protection. Helena O'Sullivan has just completed a one year taught MSc programme in Occupational Health and Safety at NUI Galway.
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Nearly everyone wishes to live a happy and healthy life, but there are times when a person falls sick to some illness or gets injured. The most essential thing people need in times of difficulty, such as illness or injury, is financial support that could cover the medical expenses.
Health insurance is a valuable type of insurance plan that covers or pays for the medical or surgical expenses, prescription drugs, and some dental expenses incurred by the insured person. People with health insurance are called ‘insured or subscribers’ and pay a certain amount of money, which saves them from medical expenses.
Importance of Healthcare System:
The Healthcare system is an essential component of medical business in a society and includes the provision of broad range of services to people of all ages. The healthcare system ensures that the medical services are met according to the condition and demands of the patients. In recent times, there have been numerous changes in the medical field, and the healthcare system must adapt technological advancement to properly look after the patients and ensure proper treatment is carried out.
As the population grows, the importance of the healthcare system intensifies particularly in times of any global pandemic like one caused by Coronavirus, which has put tremendous pressure on the capacity and capability of health institutions and healthcare providers. There has been rapid integration of innovation and technology in the healthcare system to ensure the physical and mental health being of people.
Types of Healthcare:
The healthcare billing companies play a vital role in the healthcare system that is divided into three categories that are primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care.
- In Primary care, the healthcare provider serves as the first contact and provide day to day healthcare to patients
- In Secondary care, the primary healthcare physician may refer the patient to a specialist doctor or surgeon who has more knowledge on the patient’s symptoms and health condition.
- In Tertiary care, the patient is referred by both the primary and secondary healthcare providers to a bigger medical center that has advanced facilities.
What is the role of Medical Billing and Coding in the Healthcare System?
In the US, healthcare providers receive certain compensation for delivering medical services in the best of manners to the patients, the medical services includes diagnosing, evaluating, and treating patients.
Medical Billing is a term used to denote the process in which the health practitioners such as the doctors and nurses fill forms according to medical services rendered to the patients so that claims can be submitted to the insurance companies and payments may be received. Medical billing is a process that converts the healthcare service into a billing claim.
Medical coding, on the other hand, is a process where medical services, equipment, diagnosis, and medical procedures are converted into universal alphanumeric codes. A clinical coder is a qualified and certified professional who analyzes the medical and clinical statements and assign codes according to a given classification system.
Both medical billing and coding are considered the backbone of the healthcare revenue cycle that ensures that the healthcare provides are timely compensated for the medical and clinical services they provide to the patients. Codes help in accurate and efficient billing.
The procedure and diagnosis are used to the effectiveness of a medical procedure or to track the spread of the disease. But the main purpose of medical billing and coding companies in Georgia is for reimbursement to the healthcare providers.
Why Medical Bill is Significant:
When a person is ill, going to a doctor may seem like only one interaction between a patient and doctor, but it is part of a large network of information, rendering of medical services and payments. The complete medical diagnosis and treatment is a three-way process that includes
- Healthcare Provider (includes hospitals, clinics, physicians, emergency rooms, physical therapists, and outpatient facilities)
- Insurance Company or payer
The role of the medical biller is to discuss and arrange proper payment between the three parties. The biller ensures that Healthcare providers are compensated correctly for their services. The biller collects the information about the patient and medical procedure from the ‘superbill,’ then that information is compiled in the form of a bill for the insurance company, which is called a ‘claim.’ The claim contains the patient’s
- Medical history
- Demographic information
- Insurance coverage: and
- What medical procedures (procedure codes) or services were rendered and why (diagnosis codes)
There are different types of health insurance, where some procedures and services are covered, and some are not. It is the job of the medical biller to interpret the patient’s insurance plan or coverage and use the information to prepare an accurate claim. A medical biller uses both procedure and diagnosis codes presented by medical coders to make a claim.
- Procedure codes are CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) or HCPCS (Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System) codes, and it tells the ‘payer’ what service was provided
- Diagnosis codes are ICD (International Classification of Diseases) codes that show medical necessity.
The medical biller also ensures that the claim is compliant, which means that information is factually correct. If the claim is approved, it is sent back to the biller with the amount that the payer will pay. The biller then takes the balance and sends it to the patient.
Reasons for Professional Medical Billing Services:
The seamless provision of medical services is not easy as the healthcare providers have to not only administer the appropriate care to the patients but perform the administrative tasks as well. Medical billing consumes valuable time, which can be used to resolve more pressing issues. The process of finding and training the right candidates to manage the billing and coding task can also be time-consuming and challenging. Also, if the claims are wrongly processed, then it can put a negative image on the medical practice.
Traditionally, most medical practices such as hospitals, clinics, and other medical institutions used to take care of billing through paper and files, but now most of the claim submissions and transactions are made through electronic means.
The cost-effective solution for most healthcare providers is employing third party professional medical billing firms that can perform effective claims management. Pettigrew Insurance is one of the finest and dependable company that provides medical billing and consulting services and efficiently process, submits, and do follow-ups on insurance claims to save the medical staff’s time.
The medical billing software companies employ a qualified and skilled team who are familiar with the specific payers and can work diligently, knowing about a company’s particular policies to get payment in minimum time. The billing company can also perform follow-ups on refused claims and pursue delinquent bills. The advantages of employing medical billing companies are
- Improved and fast workflow without overburdening the medical staff
- No confusion when dealing with particular and specific payer’s payment policies
- Reduction in claim processing and submission errors
- Extensive follow-ups are done to ensure that providers are reimbursed swiftly
- The claims are processed at a faster rate, and even rejected claims are pursued
- Streamlines the entire revenue cycle of healthcare management
- Patient satisfaction improves significantly when claims are processed timely and quickly
- Per patient cost is considerably reduced
- All clients are given designated account, and a representative is assigned who is familiar with the specific medical practice.
One of the best advantages of medical billing and consulting solutions is that the complications in steps of claims submission and billings are reduced, and the stress levels of the staff are lessened.
You can find more information on medical billing and its advantages Here.
The cost of billing and coding services varies between companies, but it is mostly determined on the setup fee, the total number of claims submitted, a monthly fee, and a collection fee. Today, nearly every medical practice uses some sort of management software solution that can keep track of patients, schedule appointments, and store key medical information. In the fast-paced medical environment, the medical billing conference or solution are helping with a smooth flow of the healthcare revenue cycle and timely delivery of quality healthcare to patients. | <urn:uuid:b17b53b9-8fc3-4f1d-bcf3-7730a42bd09b> | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | https://www.pettigrewmedical.com/the-growing-importance-and-value-of-medical-billing-services/ | 2024-04-16T14:37:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817095.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416124708-20240416154708-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.954602 | 1,646 | 3.34375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
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The first men and women who traveled in space — in the 1960s — depended on the sacrifices of other animals that gave their lives for the advancement of human knoweldge about the conditions in outer space beyond this planet's protective ozone layer, about the effects of weightlessness on living organisms, and about the effects of stress on behavior. Preparations for human space activities depended on the ability of animals that flew during and after the 1940s to survive and thrive. Let's look at Russia's space dogs first, then the other animals in space.
Near the end of the 1950s, the U.S.S.R. was preparing to send a dog into orbit above Earth. The Soviets used nine so-called Space Dogs to test spacesuits in the unpressurized cabins of spaceflight capsules. For practice suborbital flights, the dogs Albina and Tsyganka were blasted upward to the edge of Earth's atmosphere at an altitude of 53 miles where they were ejected to ride safely down to Earth in their ejection seats.
Subsequent suborbital flights by the space dogs reached altitudes as high as 300 miles. Then came the stunning 1957 launches of Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 to orbit.
Laika and Sputnik 2
Scientists in the Soviet Union were sure that organisms from Earth could live in space. To demonstrate that, they sent the world's second artificial space satellite — Sputnik 2 — to space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on November 3, 1957.
[Tass News Agency photo via Russian Space Agency]
On board was a live mongrel dog named Laika (Barker in Russian) on a life-support system. Laika also was known as Kudryavka (Little Curly in Russian). The American press nicknamed the dog Muttnik.
While other animals had made suborbital flights, Laika was the first animal to go into orbit. She suffered no ill effects while she was alive in an orbit at an altitude near 2,000 miles.
Laika had been a stray dog — mostly a Siberian husky and around three years old — rounded up from the Moscow streets and trained for spaceflight. She was carried aloft in a capsule which remained attached to the converted SS-6 intercontinental ballistic missile which rocketed her to orbit.
The 1,120-lb. Sputnik 2 was outfitted with scientific gauges, life-support systems, and padded walls, but was not designed for recovery. Laika was supported inside the satellite by a harness that allowed some movement and access to food and water. Electrodes transmitted vital signs including heartbeat, blood pressure and breathing rate.
The American press nicknamed the dog Muttnik. She captured the hearts of people around the world as the batteries that operated her life-support system ran down and the capsule air ran out. Life slipped away from Laika a few days into her journey. Later, Sputnik 2 fell into the atmosphere and burned on April 14, 1958.
Today, Laika again captures the hearts of people with a monument to her erected 40 years after her spaceflight by the Russians to honor fallen cosmonauts at Star City outside Moscow. The likeness of Laika can be seen peeping out from behind the cosmonauts in the monument.
Laika also is remembered on a plaque at the Moscow research center where she was trained.
Later Russian Dogs in Space
During the Sputnik series of satellites, the Russians prepared to send men to orbit by sending dogs first. At least thirteen Russian dogs were launched toward orbit between November 1957 and March 1961.
By order of flight, they were:
Laika (Barker in Russian)
Bars (Panther or Lynx)
Lisichka ( Little Fox)
Strelka (Little Arrow)
Pchelka (Little Bee)
Mushka (Little Fly)
Damka (Little Lady)
Zvezdochka (Little Star).
Verterok or Veterok (Little Wind)
Ugolyok or Ugolek (Little Piece of Coal)
Five of the dogs died in flight:
Laika, Bars, Lisichka, Pchelka, and Mushka.
Here are their stories:
Bars and Lisichka
On July 28, 1960 a test flight related to the Vostok spacecraft was launched. The booster exploded during launch and the dogs Bars (Panther or Lynx) and Lisichka ( Little Fox) on board the spacecraft were killed.
Belka and Strelka
Korabl-Sputnik-2 (Spaceship Satellite-2), also known as Sputnik 5, was launched on August 19, 1960. On board were the dogs Belka ( Squirrel) and Strelka (Little Arrow). Also on board were 40 mice, 2 rats and a variety of plants.
After a day in orbit, the spacecraft's retrorocket was fired and the landing capsule and the dogs were safely recovered. They were the first living animals to survive orbital flight.
Strelka later gave birth to six puppies, one of which was given to Caroline Kennedy, daughter of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, by Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev.
Today, the bodies of Strelka and Belka remain preserved at the Memorial Museum of Astronautics in Moscow. Belka sits in a glass case in the museum while Strelka is part of a traveling exhibit that has visited the U.S., China, Australia, Israel and other countries.
Pchelka and Mushka
Space dogs Pchelka (Little Bee) and Mushka (Little Fly) were launched on December 1, 1960 aboard Korabl-Sputnik-3, also known as Sputnik 6. This spacecraft also spent a day in orbit . However, the retrofire burn was not performed with the correct orientation and the capsule reentered the atmosphere at too steep an angle and was destroyed.
Damka and Krasavka
On December 22, 1960 another Korabl Sputnik was launched carrying the dogs Damka (Little Lady) and Krasavka (Beauty). The booster's upper rocket stage failed and the launch was aborted. The dogs were safely recovered after their unplanned suborbital flight.
Chernushka and Sputnik 9
Korabl-Sputnik-4, also known as Sputnik 9 was launched on March 9, 1961 and carried the black dog Chernushka (Blackie) on a one orbit mission. Also onboard the spacecraft was a dummy cosmonaut, mice and a guinea pig.
Zvezdochka and Sputnik 10
Korabl-Sputnik-5, also known as Sputnik 10 was launched on March 25, 1961 and carried the dog Zvezdochka (Little Star) and a dummy cosmonaut — a wooden mannequin — on a one orbit mission. This final rehearsal for the Vostok 1 flight was successful. Days later, Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space on April 12, 1961, spending 108 minutes orbiting above Earth in his Vostok 1 capsule.
Verterok and Ugolyok
The biosatellite Kosmos 110 (also known as Voskhod 3) was launched on February 22, 1966 and carried the dogs Verterok or Veterok (Little Wind) and Ugolyok or Ugolek (Little Piece of Coal).
The dogs were to be observed in orbit for 23 days via video transmission and biomedical telemetry. Their spacecraft landed on March 16, 1966 after a 22 day flight.
Theirs still stands as the canine spaceflight record and was not surpassed by humans until the flight of Skylab 2 in June 1974.
Monkeys and Other Animals
A variety of large and small animals — not just dogs — have been flown to space for science experiments in orbit.
Fruit flies were launched on a V2 rocket from White Sands, New Mexico, to the edge of space in July 1946 to study the effects of high-altitude radiation. The rocket reached an altitude of about 100 miles.
How high is high? » Where does space begin? »
Monkeys named Albert
The very first primates ever fired to an altitude near space were the monkeys Albert 1 and Albert 2. They died in 1949 in the nose cones of captured German V-2 rockets during U.S. launch tests.
The V-2 rockets carried Air Force Aero Medical Laboratory monkeys named Albert I, II, III, and IV high in the atmosphere to see how they might withstand space conditions. All of the monkeys survived the upward trip, but were killed when parachutes failed to open and the nose cones impacted the ground.
Yorick and 11 Mice
A monkey and mice died in 1951 when their parachute failed to open after the the U.S. Air Force launched an Aerobee rocket from Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico.
Later that year — on September 20 — the U.S. Air Force launched the first animal flight near space that ended with a live occupant. The nosecone on the Aerobee rocket carried a monkey named Yorick and 11 mice to a height of 45 miles. Space is said to began at 50 miles. When the animals were recovered alive, it went down in the record book as the first successful flight near space for living creatures.
The last Air Force launch of an Aerobee rocket on — May 22, 1952 — carried two mice named Mildred and Albert, and two Phillipine monkeys named Patricia and Mike. Scientists watched the signal from a video camera in the nosecone to see the effects of acceleration, weightlessness and deceleration as the monkeys and mice flew to an altitude of 36 miles.
To measure effects of 2,000-mile-per-hour acceleration, Mike was strapped in a prone position and Patricia was supported upright in a seated position. The mice were seen floating in a holding drum as they encountered weightlessness. The animals survived the parachute landing. Patricia and Mike lived the rest of their lives at the National Zoological Park at Washington, D.C.
Gordo the Squirrel Monkey
America turned away from preparing for human space flight for half a decade. In those years before NASA, the military focused on missiles as weapons.
Laika re-focused the nation's attention on spaceflight. A year after her launch, the U.S. Army launched a squirrel monkey named Gordo aboard a Jupiter AM-13 booster on a suborbital flight on December 13, 1958. The monkey completed the flight up and down safely. However, during his recovery, a flotation device in the rocketºs nose cone failed and Gordo died.
Monkeys Able and Baker
The U.S. launched two monkeys six months later — a female rhesus named Able and a female squirrel monkey named Baker — aboard a Jupiter AM-18 rocket suborbital flight in 1959. The monkeys flew to an altitude of 300 miles up at speeds over 10,000 mph. The monkeys were weightless for nine minutes. They were recovered successfully. Afterward, sensors that had been used to transmit vital signs data were removed in surgery. During the operation, Able died from the anesthetic.
Sam and Miss Sam
Mercury capsules atop Little Joe rockets were used to blast the rhesus monkeys Sam and Miss Sam to space. Sam lifted off on December 4, 1959, and traveled 55 miles into space. He tested a Mercury couch and restraint harness that would be used to protect astronauts during high acceleration periods in manned Mercury flights. Sam was recovered alive in the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, by the USS Borie. Back in the lab, he reportedly embraced Miss Sam joyfully.
Miss Sam, in turn, journeyed upward in a Mercury capsule on January 21, 1960. However, she flew only to an altitude of nine miles during a 58-minute test of an escape system for future Mercury manned flights. She also was recovered in the Atlantic Ocean, by a Marine helicopter.
A Chimpanzee Ham
Ham was named in honor of Holloman Aerospace Medical Center, New Mexico, where the chimpanzees lived and also in honor of Holloman commander Lt. Col. Hamilton Blackshear. In training for his suborbital flight to space, the four-year-old chimpanzee practiced with three other chimps pulling levers to receive rewards for correct choices. Eventually, Ham was blasted off inside Mercury capsule number 5 atop a Redstone rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on January 31, 1961. His mission was to prove that live animals aboard a spacecraft could carry out their jobs during launch, weightlessness and reentry.
Unfortunately, Ham's rocket overshot and boosted the chimp in his capsule to a speed of 5,857 mph. That was 1,457 mph faster than planned, which resulted in Ham experiencing 1.7 more minutes of weightlessness than projected. He was weightless for a total of 6.6 minutes. The excess power also shot the capsule 122 miles off course. Even so, Ham was able to perform his tasks almost perfectly.
The Mercury capsule landed far outside the Atlantic Ocean target zone at 12:12 p.m., 60 miles from the nearest recovery ship, the destroyer Ellison. Lying on its side in the water, the capsule was battered by waves. Tears in the landing bag capsized the craft. An open cabin pressure relief valve let sea water in. It was beginning to submerge when Navy rescue helicopter pilots found it. At 2:52 p.m. a helicopter managed to snag the craft and lift it and 800 pounds of sea water out of the ocean. After dangling all the way to a ship, the capsule was lowered to the deck. Nine minutes later Ham came out in good condition. He happily accepted an apple and half an orange.
Ham survived in good condition to retire to the National Zoological Park at Washington, D.C., on April 2, 1963. The success of his Mercury capsule flight led directly to the launch of Alan Shepard on America's first human suborbital flight on May 5, 1961.
Enos in Orbit
The first non-human primate in orbit was the chimp Enos launched November 29, 1961, in a Mercury capsule in preparation for manned flight. Enos was said to be the first "living being" sent to orbit by the United States.
Primates are mammals, such as humans, apes, monkeys and lemurs, having large brains, eyes that look forward with a highly developed sense of vision, flexible hands and feet, and usually opposable thumbs they can bend to help pick up objects. Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first primate in orbit when he flew in space in April 1961. Of course, other primates had been sent almost to space earlier and other animals, the Russian space dogs, had been in orbit before Enos or Gagarin.
Enos blasted off atop an Atlas 5 rocket and completed two orbits before being brought down one orbit early because his Mercury capsule was not performing exactly as planned. In even so, Enos successfully performed his jobs in space. After the success of the chimp's flight, John Glenn was launched on February 20, 1962, to become the first American to orbit Earth.
Felix the Cat
France launched a black and white stray tomcat of the Paris streets on October 18, 1963, on Veronique AGI sounding rocket No. 47 from the Hammaguir test range in Algeria. Was it a male named Felix. Or a female named Felicette? Whichever, it was the first cat in space as the capsule in the rocket's nose cone separated at 120 miles altitude and descended by parachute. Electrodes in the cat's brain transmitted neurological impulses to a ground station. The cat was recovered. Another cat flight on October 24, 1963, failed and was not recovered. Flights were directed by France's Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherches de Medecine Aeronautique (CERMA).
The U.S. launched a series of biological capsules to investigate the influence of space flight on living organisms.
Biosatellite I, launched Dec. 14, 1966, was lost when the retrorocket failed to ignite and it could not land.
Biosatellite 2, launched Sept. 7, 1967, was recovered. The scientific payload included 13 biology and radiation experiments exposed to microgravity during 45 hours in Earth orbit. Living things in the biological capsule included insects, frog eggs, microorganisms and plants. The three-day flight was cut short by the threat of a tropical storm in the recovery area and a communication problem between the satellite in orbit and the tracking systems on the ground.
Biosatellite 3, launched June 29, 1969, three weeks before the first men were to land on the Moon. A male pig-tailed monkey (Macaca nemestrina) named Bonnie was the passenger set to orbit in Biosatellite 3 for a month. Unfortunately, Bonnie had to brought down, ill from loss of body fluids, after only 8.8 days. He died shortly after landing on July 7.
Russia, cooperating with the U.S. and European nations, has flown a number of biosatellites in orbit, testing different kinds of plants and animals in weightlessness. The biological test flights have carried white Czechoslovakian rats, rhesus monkeys, squirrel monkeys, newts, fruit flies, fish and others.
Orbiting Frog Otolith
The Orbiting Frog Otolith satellite (OFO-A), launched by the U.S. on Nov. 9, 1970, from Wallops Island, Virginia, on a Scout rocket, carried two bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). Biologists wanted a better understanding of the effect of microgravity on the otolith, a sensory organ that responds to changes in an animal's orientation within Earth's gravitational field. The Frog Otolith Experiment Package (FOEP) kept the two frogs alive in orbit. They were housed in a water-filled, self-contained centrifuge which supplied the test acceleration during orbit. The FOEP stayed in orbit for seven days. The satellite was not recovered.
Arabella, the Orb Weaver
NASA's Skylab 3 space station crew flight on July 28, 1973, carried a student experiment with Arabella, the orb weaving garden spider (Araneus diadematus) for 59.5 days. The spider, which had a distinctive white cross mark on its abdomen, was able to weave the traditional orb web in the near-zero-gravity environment only with practice. Such webs are logarithmic spirals – sometimes incorrectly referred to as concentric circles – of silk threads that are small in the center and larger at the outer area of the web. A spider uses its own sense of its weight to determine the amount of silk to spin into the web, so gravity is important in the construction. The Skylab student experiment observed how microgravity affected Arabella's weight sensing ability.
The U.S.S.R. launched a series of biological capsules to investigate the influence of space flight on living organisms. The series of Bion satellites was designed to study the effects of radiation and the space environment on biology. The Bion satellite is modified from a Zenit type of spysat. It is lofted to space by a Soyuz rocket from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia. Bion launches began in 1973. The first Bion carried tortoises, rats, insects, and fungi. Other missions have carried plants, mold, quail eggs, fish, newts, frogs, cells, and seeds. Starting with Bion 6, the missions carried pairs of monkeys.
- Bion 1/Cosmos 605 launched on Oct. 31, 1973, looked into the influence of space flight on living organisms and tested life-support systems for biological entities. The capsule as recovered.
- Bion 2/Cosmos 690 launched Oct. 23, 1974, investigated the upper atmosphere and outer space.
- Bion 3/Cosmos 782 launched Nov. 25, 1975, carried 25 rats and other animals. It was the first time that the United States participated in the Soviet Cosmos Program. Scientists from France, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. participated in these investigations.
- Bion 4/Cosmos 936 launched August 3, 1977, carried 30 rats among experiments from the U.S.S.R., the U.S., Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic. The biosatellite was recovered near Kustanay in Central Asia after orbiting for 18.5 days.
- Bion 5/Cosmos 1129 launched Sept. 25, 1979, carried 37 rats biology experiments in embryo development and radiation medicine from Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the German Democratic Republic, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Experiments included the first attempt to breed rats in space.
- Bion 6/Cosmos 1514 launched Dec. 14, 1983, carried monkeys named Abrek and Bion and several pregnant rats. It was the first U.S.S.R. orbital flight of a non-human primate. More than 60 experiments were performed by scientists from Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, France, the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. American scientists conducted three experiments on the primates and another experiment on the rat subjects. The capsule was recovered.
- Bion 7/Cosmos 1667 launched July 10, 1985, carried monkeys named Verniy and Gordiy. It was the second USSR biosatellite mission with a primate payload. It also featured a large rodent payload. Countries participating in the mission were the USSR, U.S., France, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary. The U.S. conducted only a single experiment cardiovascular experiment on one of the two flight monkeys.
- Bion 8/Cosmos 1887 launched Sept. 29, 1987, carried monkeys named Drema and Erosha, ten rats and other animals.
- Bion 9/Cosmos 2044 launched Sept. 15, 1989, carried 29 U.S. and U.S.S.R. life science experiments conducted on two rhesus monkeys, ten rats, fish, amphibians, insects, worms, protozoans, cell cultures and plants. The monkeys were named Zhankonya and Zabiyaka. It was was the seventh Soviet Biosatellite to orbit the Earth with joint U.S./U.S.S.R. experiments. Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Canada, Poland, Britain, Romania, Czechoslovakia and the European Space Agency also participated.
- Bion 10/Cosmos 2229 launched Dec. 29, 1992, carried monkeys named Ivasha and Krosha. After 12 days in Earth orbit, the capsule was recovered north of the city of Karaganda. This Cosmos 2229 mission also was referred to as Bion 10, because it was the tenth in a series of Soviet/Russian unmanned satellites carrying biological experiments.
- Bion 11 launched 24 December 1996 carried monkeys named Lalik and Multik.
First Manned Animal Lab in Orbit
NASA began a series of shuttle flights carrying live animals to space with the launch of Challenger flight STS-51B on April 28, 1985. Two squirrel monkeys and 24 albino rats were housed in Spacelab, a reusable space laboratory developed for NASA shuttles by the European Space Agency. Known as Spacelab-3, it actually was the second flight of Spacelab.
Scientists wanted to see if there were any physical and behavior changes brought about by space flight. The adult male monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were housed in life-supporting cages. They were not restrained and instrument probes were not implanted in the monkeys.
"The two monkeys on Spacelab 3 were purposely not given names. However, if my memory serves me right, they did have numbers which were 385-80 and 3065," according to J.W. Cremin, Spacelab 3 mission manager.
During the flight, both monkeys ate less food and were less active in space than on the ground. One monkey adapted quickly to microgravity. The other exhibited symptoms like the condition astronauts refer to as Space Adaptation Syndrome. That indisposed monkey did not eat and drank little water for four days of flight. On the fifth day, the astronauts hand-fed banana pellets to him and he began to act more like the first monkey.
After Challenger returned to Earth on May 5, 1985, the monkeys and rats were healthy and in good condition. Post-flight tissue analyses were not performed on the flight monkeys. That means they were not killed.
Green Tree Frogs
In 1990, a Japanese reporter took green tree frogs to the Mir space station.
Oyster Toad Fish and Crickets
U.S. shuttle Columbia and a crew of seven astronauts launched April 17, 1998, on flight STS-90, a Neurolab mission taking along a menagerie of 170 newborn rats and pregnant mice, 229 tiny swordtail fish, 135 snails, four prehistoric-looking oyster toad fish, and 1,500 cricket eggs and larvae. The animals were in the Spacelab module in Columbia's cargo bay. The seven astronauts studied how the very-low-gravity environment of near-Earth orbit influenced the animals' brains and central nervous systems.
Animals aboard shuttle Columbia's last flight
Columbia flight STS-107 was lost with its crew of seven astronauts on February 1, 2003. Much of the science data gathered during 16 days in orbit was lost. However, NASA was able to harvest some experimental results because the astronauts had beamed their data down by radio while still in space. Other experiments were recovered amidst the debris on the ground.
Surprisingly, hundreds of worms, known as C. elegans, were found alive. They were the only live experiments found. About the size of a pencil point, the worms have a life cycle of 7-10 days. Those found were four to five generations removed from the original worms sent to space in Columbia to test a synthetic nutrient solution.
The shuttle carried other small animals, including silkworms, spiders, carpenter bees, harvester ants, and Japanese killfish. It also carried roses, moss and other plants, as well as bacteria and slime mold.
The moss Ceratodon was flown on Columbia to study how gravity affects cell organization. The moss was sprayed during the flight with a chemical that destroyed its protein fiber. Then formaldehyde was used to preserve the dead moss. Some of the moss was found in the debris.
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What Is Apraxia?
Apraxia is a neurological condition that is not well understood. people who have it, even though their muscles are normal,
Find it difficult or impossible to make certain motor movements. dyspraxia is recognized as milder types of apraxia.
Apraxia (called if mild “dyspraxia”) is a neurological disorder defined by the loss of capacity to perform or perform qualified motions and gestures, despite having the willingness and physical capacity to perform them.
Apraxia is the result of brain cerebral hemispheric dysfunction, particularly the parietal lobe, and may result from many illnesses or brain damage, there are several types of apraxia that can happen alone or in conjunction.
Apraxia can happen in various forms, one type is apraxia of the orofacial. people with orofacial apraxia can not carry out certain movements involving facial muscles on a voluntary basis.
They may not, for example, be able to tap or wink their lips, another form of apraxia affects the ability of a person to deliberately move arms and legs.
The most common is buccofacial or orofacial apraxia, resulting in the failure to perform on-command facial motions such as brushing lips, whistling, coughing, or winking.
Other kinds of apraxia include limb-kinetic apraxia (incapacity to create fine, accurate arm or leg motions), ideomotor apraxia (incapacity to create correct motion in reaction to a verbal command), ideational apraxia (incapacity to coordinate action.
Childhood apraxia of speech.
Childhood speech apraxia (CAS) is a rare speech disorder where it is difficult for a kid to make precise moves when talking.
The brain in CAS is struggling to develop speech movement plans. the voice muscles are not weak with this disease, but they do not perform usually because the brain has trouble directing or coordinating the motions.
To talk properly, the brain of your child must learn how to create plans telling his or her voice muscles how to move the lips, jaw and tongue in ways that result in precise sounds and phrases spoken with ordinary velocity and rhythm.
CAS is often treated with speech therapy in which, with the help of a speech-language pathologist, children practice the right way to say words, syllables and phrases.
Apraxia is the result of brain damage, it is called acquired apraxia when apraxia develops in a person who has previously been able to perform the tasks or abilities.
Childhood speech apraxia is a motor speech disturbance, there’s something in the brain of the child that doesn’t allow messages to get to the muscles of the mouth to properly produce speech.
The cause is mostly unknown. CAS is not a “outgrown” disorder, but will not progress without treatment for children with CAS.
Little data are available on how many children have speech apraxia in their childhood, the percentage of kids diagnosed with the disease seems to be rising, but how the incidence has changed over time is difficult to assess.
The most common causes of acquired apraxia are:
- Increased accessibility of CAS studies.
- Brain tumor.
- Traumatic brain injury.
- Evaluation and identification of earlier age.
- Certain mitochondrial disorders.
- Increased awareness by practitioners and relatives of childhood language apraxis.
- Condition that causes the brain and nervous system to deteriorate gradually (neurodegenerative disease).
Signs and symptoms.
The three most prevalent characteristics in kids with speech apraxis, according to the American Speech-LanguageHearing Association (ASHA, 2007), are:
- Difficulty generating words and phrases that are longer, more complicated.
- Inappropriate intonation and stress in word / phrase manufacturing (e.g., timing, rhythm and speech flow difficulties).
- Inconsistent consonant and vowel mistakes in repeated syllable or word productions (for instance, a kid says the same word differently every time he attempts to create it).
Some additional language manufacturing features connected with speech apraxia in adolescence
- Vowel sound mistakes.
- Multiple and/or uncommon errors in noise.
- Late development of the early words and sounds of the child.
- A decreased inventory of sound (for example, a lack of expected variety of consonant and vowel sounds at some age).
- Differences in automatic speech performance (such as “hello” and “thank you”) as opposed to voluntary speech. In most instances, apraxia of speech affects volunteer speech more.
- Excessive mouth movements or attempts to position the mouth for the production of sound.
- Errors in terms of sound manufacturing (such as omitted, switched, or added to phrases and phrases).
- The number of words produced is persistent or frequently regressed. | <urn:uuid:fa255253-187e-444f-a5be-49748f624a10> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://health-reform-info.com/apraxia-symptoms-2019/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496672170.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122222322-20191123011322-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.924578 | 1,030 | 3.90625 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
type of mills for plant cement,Cement mill - WikipediaA cement mill is the equipment used to grind the hard, nodular clinker from the cement kiln into . If more than this amount forms, crystallization of gypsum on their re-hydration causes .. The cement mills on a cement plant are usually sized for a clinker consumption considerably greater than the output of the plant's kilns.type of mills for plant cement,Grinding trends in the cement industry - Cement Lime GypsumIn the case of new orders, vertical mills have increased their share to over 60 . grinding processes and mill types used by the industry have increased rather . Worldwide, there are around 600 separate grinding plants in the cement industry.
type of mills for plant cement | <urn:uuid:a0d378b3-21ce-403b-9c81-8e551ab1b6dd> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://rejoicebc.co.za/17666_type-of-mills-for-plant-cement.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528702.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420060931-20190420082931-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.927693 | 155 | 2.828125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
But a new study from a team led by molecular microbiologist Jacob Malone from the John Innes Center in the UK has found we might not be the only farmers involved in selection of positive traits. Plants themselves are more than capable of tailoring their ecosystem to 'farm' their favored species of microbe.
According to the team's analysis, barley (Hordeum vulgare) – the crop behind much of the world's beer supply – carefully manages the communities of microbes surrounding its roots by the amount of sugar it releases.
In spite of industrial agriculture's aura of control, it turns out a major dimension of crop breeding has fallen under the scientific radar: the microbiome in the soil directly around a plant's roots, or 'rhizosphere'.
Beneficial microbes can make or break a plant's success. For instance, plants that can harness Pseudomonas bacteria enjoy benefits like enhanced nutrient availability, suppressed pathogens, and primed immune systems.
But Pseudomonas is a fickle friend: it can colonize a wide variety of host plants, so there's competition among plants to rope in the best of these tiny livestock.
Malone's team wanted to find out why and how different barley varieties grown in the same soil environment recruited different beneficial rhizobacteria and fungi.
The experiment involved two cultivars of barley plants: one which is a 200-year-old landrace malting barley, Chevallier, and another which is a modern cultivar released in 2004 referred to as Tipple.
Agricultural crops can be loosely categorized as either landraces or modern cultivars. 'Landrace' comes from the German word landrasse, meaning 'country-breed', and though its definition is ever-evolving, a landrace crop can loosely be understood as a local species of domesticated plant that has adapted over time to its ecological and cultural environment (and not through deliberate selection).
Modern cultivars, on the other hand, are not necessarily local, have been specifically selected and bred for certain genetic traits, and are sometimes hybridized, often for industrial-level production.
Modern cereal varieties like the Tipple barley "have been intensively bred for positive agricultural traits including high yield and seed starch content, short straw, and good malting properties," the team writes.
"While incorporation of these positive traits has substantially improved yield and crop quality, the wider effect of these changes on plant physiology and ecological impact, and hence the sustainability of the resulting crops, are poorly understood," they add.
The team grew both kinds of barley from seed for three weeks after germination in a controlled greenhouse lab, and then took a rhizosphere sample from three different plants for each cultivar. After incubating these microbes on agar, they randomly selected 20 isolates per plant, resulting in 120 isolates to represent the rhizospheres of each cultivar.
"We observed distinct differences in the abundance of rhizosphere and root-associated microbes between the two varieties, with Tipple recruiting significantly more Pseudomonas bacteria than Chevallier," the team reports.
They found the plants were recruiting Pseudomonas with specific genetic and physical features, much like a human farmer selects their crops based on desired characteristics.
Tipple cultivar plants had higher levels of simple sugars called monosaccharides in their root secretions, favoring Pseudomonas adapted to grow on these carbon sources.
On the other hand, the Chevallier roots harbored a far more microbially diverse rhizosphere, a reflection of the plants' complex root secretions. The landrace plants also appeared to have far more control over their 'farm's' soil fungus: Candida species were almost entirely excluded, while Saitozyma species were strongly enriched.
The Tipple plants, on the other hand, appeared to be incapable of influencing the fungi that grew around their roots, resulting in reduced fungal diversity.
"Our results support a cultivar-dependent link between plant growth and the composition of the recruited microbiome, suggesting the microbiome shaping we see here has real consequences for plant health," the team writes, adding that this process is more complex than they previously suspected.
"Determining the extent to which the phenomena we describe here can be observed for crops growing in farm fields is a key challenge for future research," the authors say.
This research was published in PLOS Biology. | <urn:uuid:74e301f8-7245-46ab-8e65-f38e272b13e9> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.sciencealert.com/these-hardy-plants-have-figured-out-how-to-farm-microbes-in-their-soil | 2024-12-07T08:08:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066426671.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207071733-20241207101733-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.949185 | 903 | 3.625 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
The properties of metals provide unique benefits and advantage for their recycling. Unlike other recycled materials, such as paper and plastic, metals can be repeatedly recycled without degradation of their properties. Metals from secondary sources are just as good as metals from the primary sources.
Practiced since ancient times, scrap metal recycling embodies the spirit of sustainable development. That is, "development, which meets the requirements of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to fulfill their own needs," as defined by the World Commission on Environment and Development. Recycling widens the efficient use of metals and minerals, reduces pressures on landfills and incinerators, which results in significant major energy savings compared to primary production.
Some of the important categories of scrap metal recycling include -
- Lead / Acid Battery Recycling
- Nickel Content Battery Recycling
- Electronic Scrap Recycling
- Used Iron & Steel Recycling
- Scrap Steel & Iron Recycling
- Mill Prepared Steel Scrap Recycling
- Railroad Scrap & Ship Breaking
- Copper Scrap Recycling
- Bronze and Brass Scrap Recycling
- Aluminum Scrap Recycling
- Zinc Scrap Recycling
- Magnesium Scrap Recycling
- Tin Scrap Recycling
- Lead Scrap Recycling
- Stainless Steel Alloy Scrap Recycling
- Titanium Scrap Recycling
- Tungsten Scrap Recycling
- Exotic Metals Scrap Recycling
- Scrap Gold Recovery
- Silver Recovery
- Scrap Platinum Group Metals
- Scrap Catalytic Converter Recycling
- Mixed Precious Metals Recycling
The recycling of scrap metals has been in practice since ancient times and today it has become a multi-billion dollar business across the world. The recycling companies collect the metal scrap from individuals, machine shops, manufacturers, government entities, and other industries. Scrap metal is composed of several items that include, - aluminum cans, used pipe, automobiles, appliances, sheet metal buildings, pots, computer components, pans, bicycles, lawn furniture, copper wire, obsolete equipment, old structural steel building frames, tin cans, etc.
These recycled metals have found uses in the production of automobiles, structural steel, aluminum siding, and toys. According to experts, every time a ton of steel is recycled, 2500 pounds of iron ore, 1000 pounds of coal and 40 pounds of limestone are preserved.
To promote scrap metal recycling and to further promote the greater awareness of the industry's role in conserving the future through recycling, government in different countries have established industry associations representing companies that process, trade and industrially consume scrap commodities.Types of Scrap Metals
Scrap metal can be categorized into two types, viz. - ferrous and nonferrous. Scrap iron and steel are referred as ferrous scrap that include - scrap from old cars, steel beams, household appliances, railroad tracks, ships, and food packaging and other containers.
Nonferrous scrap metals include scrap metals other than steel and iron. Some common examples of non-ferrous scrap, include - aluminum (including foil and cans), copper, zinc, lead, nickel, cobalt, titanium, chromium, and precious metals. Although there is less nonferrous scrap than ferrous scrap, it is often financially more worthy. Millions of tonnes of nonferrous scrap metal is recycled by processors and consumed by secondary smelter, refiners, fabricators, ingot makers, foundries, and other industries.
Scrap metal, ferrous as well as nonferrous, can be categorized as either "home scrap" or "purchased scrap."
Home scrap is scrap yielded at the mill, refinery, or foundry, and is usually remelted and used again at the same plant. Home scrap never leaves the plant.
Steel scrap is necessary in the process of making new steel and can be recycled several times without loosing its properties. Due to its magnetic characteristics, the metal is easy to recover even from unsorted waste and residual waste from waste plants.
Aluminum foil, laminates will oxidize in an incinerator and discharge energy similar to coal. Aluminum cans will generally melt releasing some energy and when cooled can be separated from the bottom ash.
Purchased scrap represents the fractions of the metals, which need to be collected before they can be recycled. Large goods, such as vehicles and fridges have historically been collected by scrap metal merchants because of the value of the metal recovered. New legislations concerning the recycling of fridges and of end-of-life vehicles is changing the specific role of the metals recyclers in the collection and processing of these goods, however their importance in recovering the metal components has not changed.Savings From Recycling
The savings from scrap metal recycling stems from two common processes in primary metal reduction. First, the comminution (particle size reduction) of minerals, often hard rock minerals, is usually essential for subsequent chemical and physical treatment. About 60% of the total energy used in the production of most metals is absorbed when crushing and grinding the ores. Second, primary production is preceded on reducing the metals from their chemically stable oxide or sulfide mineral form, an inherently energy intensive exercise. Thermo chemical reduction (e.g. iron ore in the blast furnace) is typically less demanding than electrolytic reduction however it still needs higher temperatures than secondary smelting.
Electrolytic reduction, which is used for zinc and aluminum, is very energy intensive. To exemplify, energy savings made when metals are produced from secondary sources versus primary sources are - zinc, 60 %; steel, 74%; lead, 76%; copper, 85% and aluminum, 95%.
In addition, the reduction in pollution made from recycling can be significant.
- For aluminum, there is a 79 % material conservation, a 95 % reduction in emissions and a 97 % reduction of effluents through recycling.
- For steel, one sees a 90% savings in virgin materials, an 86% emissions reduction, a 40% effluent reduction, a 76% water pollution reduction and a 97% mining waste reduction through recycling.
- Of course, many of these advantages also transform into significant economic savings for producers.
When a recyclable metallic material makes up part of a stream emitted from an industrial facility, the material is pertained to as "new scrap," expressing that it never comprises part of a final product. Recycling such new scrap within the same facility, or to another facility as a raw material, is a typical example of waste minimization at source, widely recognized as the most efficient technique of pollution prevention. Reprocessing of "old scrap," material, which has come to the end of its beneficial life, diverts this metal from disposal in landfill.
The increasing cost and problems of landfilling, and the degrading grade and increasing complexity of mineral reserves, will persist to tip the scales in favor of increased recycling.Future Outlook
The recycling of metal is primarily market-driven across the world and this will continue to be the case for the foreseeable future. This strength, however, is largely a reflection of continuously increasing metals consumption and waste production. As long as this is the case, and as long as the prices of scrap metal remain high, the recycling rates are expected to see at least a marginal yearly improvement. | <urn:uuid:adcb7dac-41a2-4a67-ad8a-28f28c9fedff> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.themetalcasting.com/scrap-metal-recycling.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696653.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926160416-20170926180416-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.933007 | 1,529 | 3.1875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
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