message stringlengths 5 3.57k | message_type stringclasses 2
values | message_id int64 0 1 | conversation_id int64 0 11.7k |
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What type of organism is commonly used in preparation of foods such as cheese and yogurt?
0. protozoa
1. gymnosperms
2. viruses
3. mesophilic organisms
| instruction | 0 | 0 |
3. mesophilic organisms
Mesophiles grow best in moderate temperature, typically between 25°C and 40°C (77°F and 104°F). Mesophiles are often found living in or on the bodies of humans or other animals. The optimal growth temperature of many pathogenic mesophiles is 37°C (98°F), the normal human body temperature. Mesoph... | output | 1 | 0 |
What phenomenon makes global winds blow northeast to southwest or the reverse in the northern hemisphere and northwest to southeast or the reverse in the southern hemisphere?
0. muon effect
1. coriolis effect
2. centrifugal effect
3. tropical effect
| instruction | 0 | 1 |
1. coriolis effect
Without Coriolis Effect the global winds would blow north to south or south to north. But Coriolis makes them blow northeast to southwest or the reverse in the Northern Hemisphere. The winds blow northwest to southeast or the reverse in the southern hemisphere. | output | 1 | 1 |
Changes from a less-ordered state to a more-ordered state (such as a liquid to a solid) are always what?
0. unbalanced
1. reactive
2. exothermic
3. endothermic
| instruction | 0 | 2 |
2. exothermic
Summary Changes of state are examples of phase changes, or phase transitions. All phase changes are accompanied by changes in the energy of a system. Changes from a more-ordered state to a less-ordered state (such as a liquid to a gas) areendothermic. Changes from a less-ordered state to a more-ordered st... | output | 1 | 2 |
What is the least dangerous radioactive decay?
0. beta decay
1. gamma decay
2. zeta decay
3. alpha decay
| instruction | 0 | 3 |
3. alpha decay
All radioactive decay is dangerous to living things, but alpha decay is the least dangerous. | output | 1 | 3 |
Kilauea in hawaii is the world’s most continuously active volcano. very active volcanoes characteristically eject red-hot rocks and lava rather than this?
0. greenhouse gases
1. smoke and ash
2. carbon and smog
3. magma
| instruction | 0 | 4 |
1. smoke and ash
Example 3.5 Calculating Projectile Motion: Hot Rock Projectile Kilauea in Hawaii is the world’s most continuously active volcano. Very active volcanoes characteristically eject red-hot rocks and lava rather than smoke and ash. Suppose a large rock is ejected from the volcano with a speed of 25.0 m/s an... | output | 1 | 4 |
When a meteoroid reaches earth, what is the remaining object called?
0. meteorite
1. comet
2. meteor
3. orbit
| instruction | 0 | 5 |
0. meteorite
Meteoroids are smaller than asteroids, ranging from the size of boulders to the size of sand grains. When meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere, they vaporize, creating a trail of glowing gas called a meteor. If any of the meteoroid reaches Earth, the remaining object is called a meteorite. | output | 1 | 5 |
What kind of a reaction occurs when a substance reacts quickly with oxygen?
0. combustion reaction
1. invention reaction
2. Fluid Reaction
3. nitrogen reaction
| instruction | 0 | 6 |
0. combustion reaction
A combustion reaction occurs when a substance reacts quickly with oxygen (O 2 ). For example, in the Figure below , charcoal is combining with oxygen. Combustion is commonly called burning, and the substance that burns is usually referred to as fuel. The products of a complete combustion reaction... | output | 1 | 6 |
Organisms categorized by what species descriptor demonstrate a version of allopatric speciation and have limited regions of overlap with one another, but where they overlap they interbreed successfully?.
0. surface species
1. fitting species
2. ring species
3. species complex
| instruction | 0 | 7 |
2. ring species
Ring species Ring species demonstrate a version of allopatric speciation. Imagine populations of the species A. Over the geographic range of A there exist a number of subpopulations. These subpopulations (A1 to A5) and (Aa to Ae) have limited regions of overlap with one another but where they overlap th... | output | 1 | 7 |
Alpha emission is a type of what?
0. radiation
1. heat
2. radioactivity
3. light
| instruction | 0 | 8 |
2. radioactivity
One type of radioactivity is alpha emission. What is an alpha particle? What happens to an alpha particle after it is emitted from an unstable nucleus?. | output | 1 | 8 |
What is the stored food in a seed called?
0. pollin
1. membrane
2. endosperm
3. larval
| instruction | 0 | 9 |
2. endosperm
The stored food in a seed is called endosperm . It nourishes the embryo until it can start making food on its own. | output | 1 | 9 |
Zinc is more easily oxidized than iron because zinc has a lower reduction potential. since zinc has a lower reduction potential, it is a more what?
0. much metal
1. Trap metal
2. active metal
3. usually metal
| instruction | 0 | 10 |
2. active metal
One way to keep iron from corroding is to keep it painted. The layer of paint prevents the water and oxygen necessary for rust formation from coming into contact with the iron. As long as the paint remains intact, the iron is protected from corrosion. Other strategies include alloying the iron with othe... | output | 1 | 10 |
What is controlled by both genes and experiences in a given envionment?
0. reflexes
1. instincts
2. animal behaviors
3. learned behaviors
| instruction | 0 | 11 |
2. animal behaviors
Most animal behaviors are controlled by both genes and experiences in a given environment. | output | 1 | 11 |
What tells you how much of the food you should eat to get the nutrients listed on the label?
0. regular size
1. scoop size
2. longer size
3. serving size
| instruction | 0 | 12 |
3. serving size
The information listed at the right of the label tells you what to look for. At the top of the label, look for the serving size. The serving size tells you how much of the food you should eat to get the nutrients listed on the label. A cup of food from the label pictured below is a serving. The calories... | output | 1 | 12 |
What are used to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay?
0. nuclear symbols
1. trigonometric symbols
2. critical symbols
3. radioactive symbols
| instruction | 0 | 13 |
0. nuclear symbols
Nuclear symbols are used to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay. Let’s consider the example of the beta-minus decay of thorium-234 to protactinium-234. This reaction is represented by the equation:. | output | 1 | 13 |
What is controlled by regulatory proteins that bind to regulatory elements on dna?
0. amino acids
1. gene transcription
2. mRNA
3. substance transcription
| instruction | 0 | 14 |
1. gene transcription
Gene transcription is controlled by regulatory proteins that bind to regulatory elements on DNA. The proteins usually either activate or repress transcription. | output | 1 | 14 |
Boron only occurs naturally in compounds with what element?
0. helium
1. oxygen
2. nitrogen
3. carbon
| instruction | 0 | 15 |
1. oxygen
Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Boron and Silicon Boron constitutes less than 0.001% by weight of the earth’s crust. In nature, it only occurs in compounds with oxygen. Boron is widely distributed in volcanic regions as boric acid, B(OH)3, and in dry lake regions, including the desert areas of Calif... | output | 1 | 15 |
What organ systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body?
0. circulatory
1. vascular
2. pulmonary
3. nervous
| instruction | 0 | 16 |
0. circulatory
42.1 Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body. | output | 1 | 16 |
What occurs when the immune system attacks a harmless substance that enters the body from the outside?
0. panic attack
1. allergy
2. nausea
3. plague
| instruction | 0 | 17 |
1. allergy
An allergy occurs when the immune system attacks a harmless substance that enters the body from the outside. A substance that causes an allergy is called an allergen. It is the immune system, not the allergen, that causes the symptoms of an allergy. | output | 1 | 17 |
Fertilization is the union of a sperm and egg, resulting in the formation of what?
0. a cytoplasm
1. a nuclei
2. a bacteriophage
3. a zygote
| instruction | 0 | 18 |
3. a zygote
Fertilization is the union of a sperm and egg, resulting in the formation of a zygote. | output | 1 | 18 |
The plants alternation between haploid and diploud generations allow it to do what?
0. reproduce asexually and sexually
1. reproduce asexually and simultaneously
2. reproduce sexually and autonomously
3. reproduce asexually and biologically
| instruction | 0 | 19 |
0. reproduce asexually and sexually
All plants have a characteristic life cycle that includes alternation of generations . Plants alternate between haploid and diploid generations. Alternation of generations allows for both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction with spores produces haploid individuals c... | output | 1 | 19 |
Most of the chemical reactions in the body are facilitated by what?
0. proteins
1. enzymes
2. vitamins
3. carbohydrates
| instruction | 0 | 20 |
1. enzymes
Enzymes are critical to the body’s healthy functioning. They assist, for example, with the breakdown of food and its conversion to energy. In fact, most of the chemical reactions in the body are facilitated by enzymes. | output | 1 | 20 |
What is the termination of a pregnancy in progress called?
0. abortion
1. contraception
2. miscarriage
3. delivery
| instruction | 0 | 21 |
0. abortion
| output | 1 | 21 |
Cutting down on the use of chemical fertilizers and preserving wetlands are ways to prevent what "unlivable" regions in bodies of water?
0. inhabitable zones
1. hostile zones
2. fresh zones
3. dead zones
| instruction | 0 | 22 |
3. dead zones
Cutting down on the use of chemical fertilizers is one way to prevent dead zones in bodies of water. Preserving wetlands is also important. Wetlands are habitats such as swamps, marshes, and bogs where the ground is soggy or covered with water much of the year. Wetlands slow down and filter runoff before ... | output | 1 | 22 |
Which muscles allow your fingers to also make precise movements for actions?
0. paired muscles
1. intrinsic muscles
2. motoric muscles
3. fine movement muscles
| instruction | 0 | 23 |
1. intrinsic muscles
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand The intrinsic muscles of the hand both originate and insert within it (Figure 11.28). These muscles allow your fingers to also make precise movements for actions, such as typing or writing. These muscles are divided into three groups. The thenar muscles are on the radi... | output | 1 | 23 |
Testing what usually requires making observations or performing experiments?
0. hypothesis
1. variables
2. conclusion
3. homeostasis
| instruction | 0 | 24 |
0. hypothesis
Usually, testing a hypothesis requires making observations or performing experiments. In this case, we will look into existing scientific literature to see if either of these hypotheses can be disproved, or if one or both can be supported by the data. | output | 1 | 24 |
This sharing of electrons produces what is known as a covalent bond. covalent bonds are ~20 to 50 times stronger than what?
0. Mendelian systems
1. Newton's third law
2. gravitational pull
3. van der waals interactions
| instruction | 0 | 25 |
3. van der waals interactions
any other electron, they become a part of the molecule’s electron system.204 This sharing of electrons produces what is known as a covalent bond. Covalent bonds are ~20 to 50 times stronger than van der Waals interactions. What exactly does that mean? Basically, it takes 20 to 50 times mor... | output | 1 | 25 |
Water molecules move about continuously due to what type of energy?
0. seismic
1. potential
2. kinetic
3. optical
| instruction | 0 | 26 |
2. kinetic
Water molecules move about continuously due to their kinetic energy. When a crystal of sodium chloride is placed into water, the water’s molecules collide with the crystal lattice. Recall that the crystal lattice is composed of alternating positive and negative ions. Water is attracted to the sodium chloride... | output | 1 | 26 |
A small scale version of what type of map displays individual rock units?
0. seismic map
1. geographic map
2. polar map
3. geologic map
| instruction | 0 | 27 |
3. geologic map
Geologic maps display rock units and geologic features. A small scale map displays individual rock units while a large scale map shows geologic provinces. | output | 1 | 27 |
What is defined as a change in the inherited traits of organisms over time?
0. variation
1. evolution
2. divergence
3. generation
| instruction | 0 | 28 |
1. evolution
One idea is that evolution happens. Evolution is a change in the inherited traits of organisms over time. Living things have changed as descendants diverged from common ancestors in the past. | output | 1 | 28 |
What hormone, which is associated with luteinizing hormone and male sexuality, helps bring about physical changes in puberty?
0. testosterone
1. steroids
2. epinephrine
3. estrogen
| instruction | 0 | 29 |
0. testosterone
What causes puberty to begin? The hypothalamus in the brain “tells” the pituitary gland to secrete hormones that target the testes. The main pituitary hormone involved is luteinizing hormone (LH) . It stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone. Testosterone, in turn, promotes protein synthesis and gr... | output | 1 | 29 |
Where do angiosperms produce seeds in flowers?
0. ovaries
1. germs
2. cones
3. testes
| instruction | 0 | 30 |
0. ovaries
Seed plants called angiosperms produce seeds in the ovaries of flowers. | output | 1 | 30 |
In order to create food, what do photosynthetic protists use?
0. thermal energy
1. hydrocarbons
2. decayed matter
3. light energy
| instruction | 0 | 31 |
3. light energy
Photosynthetic protists use light energy to make food. They are major producers in aquatic ecosystems. | output | 1 | 31 |
What type of vertebrates are birds?
0. epidermal tetrapod
1. endothermic tetrapod
2. invertebrates
3. exothermic
| instruction | 0 | 32 |
1. endothermic tetrapod
Birds are endothermic tetrapod vertebrates. They are bipedal, which means they walk on two legs. Birds also lay amniotic eggs, and the eggs have hard, calcium carbonate shells. Although birds are the most recent class of vertebrates to evolve, they are now the most numerous vertebrates on Earth.... | output | 1 | 32 |
What type of ions do ionic compounds contain?
0. regular and irregular
1. positive and charged
2. negative and neutal
3. positive and negative
| instruction | 0 | 33 |
3. positive and negative
An ionic compound contains positive and negative ions. | output | 1 | 33 |
All living things need air and this to survive?
0. stimuli
1. habitat
2. ecosystem
3. water
| instruction | 0 | 34 |
3. water
| output | 1 | 34 |
The cells of all eukarya have a what?
0. chloroplast
1. epidermis
2. nucleus
3. necrosis
| instruction | 0 | 35 |
2. nucleus
Some Eukarya are also single-celled, but many are multicellular. Some have a cell wall; others do not. However, the cells of all Eukarya have a nucleus and other organelles. | output | 1 | 35 |
What type of plate boundaries produce huge mountain ranges in the ocean basin?
0. coherent
1. parallel
2. divergent
3. tractional
| instruction | 0 | 36 |
2. divergent
Divergent plate boundaries produce huge mountain ranges under water in every ocean basin. | output | 1 | 36 |
Interstitial carbides are produced by the reaction of most transition metals at high temperatures with what element?
0. hydrogen
1. carbon
2. oxygen
3. nitrogen
| instruction | 0 | 37 |
1. carbon
temperatures with electropositive metals such as those of groups 1 and 2 and aluminum produces ionic carbides, which contain discrete metal cations and carbon anions. The identity of the anions depends on the size of the second element. For example, smaller elements such as beryllium and aluminum give methide... | output | 1 | 37 |
Fungus-like protist saprobes play what role in a food chain and are specialized to absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter, such as dead organisms or their wastes?
0. aphids
1. decomposers
2. Soil
3. fluxes
| instruction | 0 | 38 |
1. decomposers
Agents of Decomposition The fungus-like protist saprobes are specialized to absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter, such as dead organisms or their wastes. For instance, many types of oomycetes grow on dead animals or algae. Saprobic protists have the essential function of returning inorganic nut... | output | 1 | 38 |
What are the sites of protein synthesis or assembly?
0. chloroplasts
1. ribosomes
2. chromosomes
3. plasma
| instruction | 0 | 39 |
1. ribosomes
Ribosomes are small organelles and are the sites of protein synthesis (or assembly). They are made of ribosomal protein and ribosomal RNA, and are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike other organelles, ribosomes are not surrounded by a membrane. Each ribosome has two parts, a large and a ... | output | 1 | 39 |
What must replicate in the cell cycle before meiosis i takes place?
0. dna
1. cell walls
2. sperm
3. meiotic fluid
| instruction | 0 | 40 |
0. dna
Meiosis I begins after DNA replicates during interphase of the cell cycle. In both meiosis I and meiosis II , cells go through the same four phases as mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. However, there are important differences between meiosis I and mitosis. The eight stages of meiosis are sum... | output | 1 | 40 |
What phenomenon is primarily the result of plate tectonic motions?
0. eruption
1. earthquake
2. tsunamis
3. volcanoes
| instruction | 0 | 41 |
1. earthquake
Earthquakes are primarily the result of plate tectonic motions. What type of stress would cause earthquakes at each of the three types of plate boundaries?. | output | 1 | 41 |
What is a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery called?
0. crystals
1. ganglion
2. organism
3. gangism
| instruction | 0 | 42 |
1. ganglion
Ganglia A ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery. Ganglia can be categorized, for the most part, as either sensory ganglia or autonomic ganglia, referring to their primary functions. The most common type of sensory ganglion is a dorsal (posterior) root ganglion. These ganglia are the cel... | output | 1 | 42 |
Where does most of our food come from?
0. angiosperms
1. microbes
2. lichen
3. gymnosperms
| instruction | 0 | 43 |
0. angiosperms
| output | 1 | 43 |
Gases are most ideal at high temperature and what pressure?
0. low
1. absolute
2. high
3. stable
| instruction | 0 | 44 |
0. low
Under what conditions then, do gases behave least ideally? When a gas is put under high pressure, its molecules are forced closer together as the empty space between the particles is diminished. A decrease in the empty space means that the assumption that the volume of the particles themselves is negligible is l... | output | 1 | 44 |
Hard igneous rocks and easily dissolved sedimentary rocks respond very differently to what natural force?
0. weathering
1. gravity
2. sunlight
3. evaporation
| instruction | 0 | 45 |
0. weathering
Each type of rock weathers in its own way. Certain types of rock are very resistant to weathering. Igneous rocks tend to weather slowly because they are hard. Water cannot easily penetrate them. Granite is a very stable igneous rock. Other types of rock are easily weathered because they dissolve easily in... | output | 1 | 45 |
A diet rich in calcium and what vitamin may reduce the risk of osteoporosis and related bone fractures?
0. niacin
1. vitamin A
2. vitamin C
3. vitamin d
| instruction | 0 | 46 |
3. vitamin d
Skeletal system problems include osteoporosis, bone fractures, and ligament sprains. A diet rick in calcium and vitamin D may reduce the risk of osteoporosis and related bone fractures. Following safe practices may also reduce the risk of fractures as well as sprains. | output | 1 | 46 |
How many people die from air pollution each year?
0. 14 million
1. 17 million
2. 5 million
3. 22 million
| instruction | 0 | 47 |
3. 22 million
Air pollution is harmful to human beings and other living things. About 22 million people die from air pollution each year. Breathing polluted air increases the risk of developing lung diseases such as asthma and lung cancer. Breathing bad air also increases the chances of dying from other diseases. Child... | output | 1 | 47 |
What substances serve as catalysts in most of the biochemical reactions that take place in organisms?
0. hormones
1. carbohydrates
2. enzymes
3. iseotrops
| instruction | 0 | 48 |
2. enzymes
Enzymes are involved in most of the biochemical reactions that take place in organisms. About 4,000 such reactions are known to be catalyzed by enzymes, but the number may be even higher. Enzymes allow reactions to occur at the rate necessary for life. | output | 1 | 48 |
The formation of an amalgam allows the metal to react with what?
0. helium and oxygen
1. cloth and plastic
2. air and water
3. blood and sweat
| instruction | 0 | 49 |
2. air and water
The metals of group 13 (Al, Ga, In, and Tl) are all reactive. However, passivation occurs as a tough, hard, thin film of the metal oxide forms upon exposure to air. Disruption of this film may counter the passivation, allowing the metal to react. One way to disrupt the film is to expose the passivated ... | output | 1 | 49 |
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Original dataset: https://huggingface.co/datasets/sciq
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