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2,330,700 | Recurrent terminal ventricle cyst: a case report. | The terminal ventricle (TV) of Krause is a rare cystic dilation of the conus' central canal. Due to limited understanding surrounding its pathophysiology, optimal management remains controversial. We report a 25-year-old female presenting with acute paraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging spine revealed a cystic conus medullaris lesion in keeping with an incidental TV cyst. However, the patient experienced a rapid resolution of symptoms. We hypothesize that the TV cyst spontaneously ruptured and auto-decompressed. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an enlarging symptomatic TV cyst with spontaneous rupture and resolution of symptoms, highlighting the variable natural history of this condition. |
2,330,701 | Somatostatin and Its Receptors in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Cardioprotection. | Little is known about the role of the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST) in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection. Here, we investigated the direct cardiocytoprotective effect of SST on ischemia/reperfusion injury in cardiomyocyte cultures, as well as the expression of SST and its receptors in pig and human heart tissues. SST induced a bell-shaped, concentration-dependent cardiocytoprotection in both adult rat primary cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cells subjected to simulated ischemia/reperfusion injury. Furthermore, in a translational porcine closed-chest acute myocardial infarction model, ischemic preconditioning increased plasma SST-like immunoreactivity. Interestingly, SST expression was detectable at the protein, but not at the mRNA level in the pig left ventricles. <i>SSTR1</i> and <i>SSTR2</i>, but not the other SST receptors, were detectable at the mRNA level by PCR and sequencing in the pig left ventricle. Moreover, remote ischemic conditioning upregulated <i>SSTR1</i> mRNA. Similarly, SST expression was also detectable in healthy human interventricular septum samples at the protein level. Furthermore, SST-like immunoreactivity decreased in interventricular septum samples of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. <i>SSTR1, SSTR2,</i> and <i>SSTR5</i> but not <i>SST</i> and the other SST receptors were detectable at the mRNA level by sequencing in healthy human left ventricles. In addition, in healthy human left ventricle samples, <i>SSTR1</i> and <i>SSTR2</i> mRNAs were expressed especially in vascular endothelial and some other cell types as detected by RNA Scope<sup>®</sup> <i>in situ</i> hybridization. This is the first demonstration that SST exerts a direct cardiocytoprotective effect against simulated ischemia/reperfusion injury. Moreover, SST is expressed in the heart tissue at the peptide level; however, it is likely to be of sensory neural origin since its mRNA is not detectable. SSTR1 and SSTR2 might be involved in the cardioprotective action of SST, but other mechanisms cannot be excluded. |
2,330,702 | Wisket rat model of schizophrenia: Impaired motivation and, altered brain structure, but no anhedonia. | It is well-known that the poor cognition in schizophrenia is strongly linked to negative symptoms, including motivational deficit, which due to, at least partially, anhedonia. The goal of this study was to explore whether the schizophrenia-like Wisket animals with impaired motivation (obtained in the reward-based hole-board test), also show decreased hedonic behavior (investigated with the sucrose preference test). While neurochemical alterations of different neurotransmitter systems have been detected in the Wisket rats, no research has been performed on structural changes. Therefore, our additional aim was to reveal potential neuroanatomical and structural alterations in different brain regions in these rats. The rats showed decreased general motor activity (locomotion, rearing and exploration) and impaired task performance in the hole-board test compared to the controls, whereas no significant difference was observed in the sucrose preference test between the groups. The Wisket rats exhibited a significant decrease in the frontal cortical thickness and the hippocampal area, and moderate increases in the lateral ventricles and cell disarray in the CA3 subfield of hippocampus. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the hedonic behavior and neuroanatomical alterations in a multi-hit animal model of schizophrenia. The results obtained in the sucrose preference test suggest that anhedonic behavior might not be involved in the impaired motivation obtained in the hole-board test. The neuropathological changes agree with findings obtained in patients with schizophrenia, which refine the high face validity of the Wisket model. |
2,330,703 | Pontocerebellar atrophy is the hallmark neuroradiological finding in late-onset Tay-Sachs disease. | Late-onset Tay-Sachs disease (LOTS) is a form of GM2 gangliosidosis, an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia, lower motor neuron disease, and psychiatric impairment due to mutations in the HEXA gene. The aim of our work was to identify the characteristic brain MRI findings in this presumably underdiagnosed disease.</AbstractText>Clinical data and MRI findings from 16 patients (10F/6 M) with LOTS from two centers were independently assessed by two readers and compared to 16 age- and sex-related controls.</AbstractText>Lower motor neuron disease (94%), psychiatric symptoms-psychosis (31%), cognitive impairment (38%) and depression (25%)-and symptoms of cerebellar impairment including dysarthria (94%), ataxia (81%) and tremor (69%), were the most common clinical features. On MRI, pontocerebellar atrophy was a constant finding. Compared to controls, LOTS patients had smaller mean middle cerebellar peduncle diameter (p < 0.0001), mean superior cerebellar peduncle diameter (p = 0.0002), mesencephalon sagittal area (p = 0.0002), pons sagittal area (p < 0.0001), and larger 4th</sup> ventricle transversal diameter (p < 0.0001). Mild corpus callosum thinning (37.5%), mild cortical atrophy (18.8%), and white matter T2 hyperintensities (12.5%) were also present.</AbstractText>Given the characteristic clinical course and MRI findings of the pontocerebellar atrophy, late-onset Tay-Sachs disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adult-onset cerebellar ataxias.</AbstractText>© 2021. Fondazione Società Italiana di Neurologia.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,704 | Cerebrospinal fluid-tissue exchange revealed by phase alternate labeling with null recovery MRI. | To develop phase alternate labeling with null recovery (PALAN) MRI methods for the quantification of the water exchange between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other surrounding tissues in the brain.</AbstractText>In both T1</sub> -PALAN and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)-PALAN MRI methods, the cerebrospinal fluid signal was nulled, whereas the partial recovery of other tissues with shorter T1</sub> (T1</sub> -PALAN) or lower ADC values (ADC-PALAN) was labeled by alternating the phase of pulses. The water exchange was extracted from the difference between the recovery curves of CSF with and without labeling.</AbstractText>Both T1</sub> -PALAN and ADC-PALAN observed a rapid occurrence of CSF water exchange with the surrounding tissues at 67 ± 56 ms and 13 ± 2 ms transit times, respectively. The T1</sub> and ADC-PALAN signal peaked at 1.5 s. The CSF water exchange was 1153 ± 270 mL/100 mL/min with T1</sub> -PALAN in the third and lateral ventricles, which was higher than 891 ± 60 mL/100 mL/min obtained by ADC-PALAN. T1</sub> -PALAN ∆S values for the rostral and caudal ventricles are 0.015 ± 0.013 and 0.034 ± 0.01 (p = 0.022, n = 5), whereas similar <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> values in both rostral and caudal lateral ventricles were observed by ADC-PALAN (3.9 ± 1.9 × 10-3</sup> vs 4.4 ± 1.4 × 10-3</sup> ; p = 0.66 and n = 5).</AbstractText>The PALAN methods are suitable tools to study CSF water exchange across different compartments in the brain.</AbstractText>© 2021 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,705 | Left Ventricular Assist Device Reinsertion for Recurrence of End-Stage Heart Failure Eleven Years after Device Removal: Case Report.<Pagination><StartPage>e139</StartPage><EndPage>e141</EndPage><MedlinePgn>e139-e141</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1097/MAT.0000000000001614</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>After demonstrated myocardial recovery in patients with durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support, the device may occasionally be explanted. A 38-year-old female with nonischemic cardiomyopathy underwent implantation of an LVAD as a bridge-to-transplant therapy. After one year, the patient demonstrated sufficient myocardial recovery allowing the LVAD to be explanted. A Teflon felt strip plug was created and placed within the apical sewing ring to occlude the opening into the left ventricle. Eleven years later, the patient presented with recurrence of severe heart failure. Due to morbid obesity, the patient was not a heart transplant candidate. Therefore, a second LVAD was implanted with a concomitant gastric sleeve procedure. When the plug was surgically removed from the sewing ring, no thrombus was observed; however, the ventricular surface was completely endothelialized. The patient recovered without any complications, was discharged from the hospital, and is currently listed for a heart transplant. This case demonstrates remission from heart failure lasting for more than a decade. If a second LVAD is needed due to exacerbation of severe heart failure, it can be safely introduced through the previous sewing ring after removing the Teflon plug.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © ASAIO 2022.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Akay</LastName><ForeName>Mehmet H</ForeName><Initials>MH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>From the Department of Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Salas De Armas</LastName><ForeName>Ismael</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Patel</LastName><ForeName>Manish K</ForeName><Initials>MK</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nathan</LastName><ForeName>Sriram</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kar</LastName><ForeName>Biswajit</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gregoric</LastName><ForeName>Igor D</ForeName><Initials>ID</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-2290-2964</Identifier></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D002363">Case Reports</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>17</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>ASAIO J</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9204109</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1058-2916</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>9002-84-0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D011138">Polytetrafluoroethylene</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020878" MajorTopicYN="N">Device Removal</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006333" MajorTopicYN="Y">Heart Failure</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000601" MajorTopicYN="N">surgery</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016027" MajorTopicYN="Y">Heart Transplantation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006353" MajorTopicYN="Y">Heart-Assist Devices</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011138" MajorTopicYN="N">Polytetrafluoroethylene</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012189" MajorTopicYN="N">Retrospective Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016896" MajorTopicYN="N">Treatment Outcome</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>Disclosure: The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>21</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>40</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">34799527</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1097/MAT.0000000000001614</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">00002480-202208000-00019</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Slaughter M: Myocardial recovery after chronic mechanical assist device support: fact or fiction? Congest Heart Fail 10: 74–75, 2004.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cohn WE, Gregoric ID, Radovancevic B, Frazier OH: A felt plug simplifies left ventricular assist device removal after successful bridge to recovery. J Heart Lung Transplant 26: 1209–1211, 2007.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Razeghi P, Myers TJ, Frazier OH, Taegtmeyer H: Reverse remodeling of the failing human heart with mechanical unloading. Emerging concepts and unanswered questions. Cardiology 98: 167–174, 2002.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Frazier OH, Benedict CR, Radovancevic B, et al.: Improved left ventricular function after chronic left ventricular unloading. Ann Thorac Surg 62: 675–81, 1996.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Pan S, Aksut B, Wever-Pinzon OE, et al.: Incidence and predictors of myocardial recovery on long-term left ventricular assist device support: Results from the United Network for Organ Sharing database. J Heart Lung Transplant 34: 1624–1629, 2015.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Birks EJ, Drakos SG, Patel SR, et al.: Prospective multicenter study of myocardial recovery using left ventricular assist devices (RESTAGE-HF [Remission from Stage D Heart Failure]): Medium-term and primary end point results. Circulation 142: 2016–2028, 2020.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Phan K, Huo YR, Zhao DF, Yan TD, Tchantchaleishvili V: Ventricular recovery and pump explantation in patients supported by left ventricular assist devices: A systematic review. ASAIO J 62: 219–231, 2016.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Potapov EV, Stepanenko A, Hennig E, Hetzer R, Krabatsch T: A titanium plug simplifies left ventricular assist device removal after myocardial recovery. J Heart Lung Transplant 29: 1316–1317, 2010.</Citation></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">34799091</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1097-685X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Nov</Month><Day>05</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</ISOAbbreviation></Journal>Commentary: Is it the tricuspid valve, is it the right ventricle? Have we improved? | After demonstrated myocardial recovery in patients with durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support, the device may occasionally be explanted. A 38-year-old female with nonischemic cardiomyopathy underwent implantation of an LVAD as a bridge-to-transplant therapy. After one year, the patient demonstrated sufficient myocardial recovery allowing the LVAD to be explanted. A Teflon felt strip plug was created and placed within the apical sewing ring to occlude the opening into the left ventricle. Eleven years later, the patient presented with recurrence of severe heart failure. Due to morbid obesity, the patient was not a heart transplant candidate. Therefore, a second LVAD was implanted with a concomitant gastric sleeve procedure. When the plug was surgically removed from the sewing ring, no thrombus was observed; however, the ventricular surface was completely endothelialized. The patient recovered without any complications, was discharged from the hospital, and is currently listed for a heart transplant. This case demonstrates remission from heart failure lasting for more than a decade. If a second LVAD is needed due to exacerbation of severe heart failure, it can be safely introduced through the previous sewing ring after removing the Teflon plug. |
2,330,706 | Prediction of persistent ventricular dilation by initial ventriculomegaly and clot volume in a porcine model. | While intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is associated with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation (PHVD), not all infants affected by high-grade IVH develop PHVD. The authors aimed to determine clot-associated predictors of PHVD in a porcine model by varying the amount and rate of direct intraventricular injection of whole autologous blood.</AbstractText>Seven 1-week-old piglets underwent craniectomy and injection of autologous blood into the right lateral ventricle. They survived for a maximum of 28 days. MRI was performed prior to injection, immediately postoperatively, and every 7 days thereafter. T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) sequences were used to segment ventricular and clot volumes. Spearman correlations were used to determine the relationship between blood and clot volumes and ventricular volumes over time.</AbstractText>The maximum ventricular volume was up to 12 times that of baseline. One animal developed acute hydrocephalus on day 4. All other animals survived until planned endpoints. The interaction between volume of blood injected and duration of injection was significantly associated with clot volume on the postoperative scan (p = 0.003) but not the amount of blood injected alone (p = 0.38). Initial postoperative and day 7 clot volumes, but not volume of blood injected, were correlated with maximum (p = 0.007 and 0.014) and terminal (p = 0.014 and 0.036) ventricular volumes. Initial postoperative ventricular volume was correlated with maximum and terminal ventricular volume (p = 0.007 and p = 0.014).</AbstractText>Initial postoperative, maximum, and terminal ventricular dilations were associated with the amount of clot formed, rather than the amount of blood injected. This supports the hypothesis that PHVD is determined by clot burden rather than the presence of blood products and allows further testing of early clot lysis to minimize PHVD risk.</AbstractText> |
2,330,707 | <i>D*</i> from diffusion MRI reveals a correspondence between ventricular cerebrospinal fluid volume and flow in the ischemic rodent model. | Quantitative measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and volume and longitudinal monitoring of CSF dynamics provide insights into the compensatory characteristics of post-stroke CSF. In this study, we compared the MRI pseudo-diffusion index (<i>D*</i>) of live and sacrificed rat brains to confirm the effect of ventricular CSF flow on diffusion signals. We observed the relationship between the CSF peak velocities and <i>D*</i> through Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to further understand the source of <i>D*</i> contrast. We also determined the dominant CSF flow using <i>D*</i> in three directions. Finally, we investigated the dynamic evolutions of ventricular CSF flow and volume in a stroke rat model (<i>n</i> = 8) from preoperative to up to 45 days after surgery and determined the correlation between ventricular CSF volume and flow. MC simulations showed a strong positive correlation between the CSF peak velocity and <i>D*</i> (<i>r</i> = 0.99). The dominant CSF flow variations in the 3D ventricle could be measured using the maximum <i>D*</i> map. A longitudinal positive correlation between ventricular CSF volume and <i>D*</i> was observed in the lateral (<i>r</i> = 0.74) and ventral-third (<i>r</i> = 0.81) ventricles, respectively. The directional <i>D*</i> measurements provide quantitative CSF volume and flow information, which would provide useful insights into ischemic stroke with diffusion MRI. |
2,330,708 | Identification of astroglia-like cardiac nexus glia that are critical regulators of cardiac development and function. | Glial cells are essential for functionality of the nervous system. Growing evidence underscores the importance of astrocytes; however, analogous astroglia in peripheral organs are poorly understood. Using confocal time-lapse imaging, fate mapping, and mutant genesis in a zebrafish model, we identify a neural crest-derived glial cell, termed nexus glia, which utilizes Meteorin signaling via Jak/Stat3 to drive differentiation and regulate heart rate and rhythm. Nexus glia are labeled with gfap, glast, and glutamine synthetase, markers that typically denote astroglia cells. Further, analysis of single-cell sequencing datasets of human and murine hearts across ages reveals astrocyte-like cells, which we confirm through a multispecies approach. We show that cardiac nexus glia at the outflow tract are critical regulators of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic system. These data establish the crucial role of glia on cardiac homeostasis and provide a description of nexus glia in the PNS. |
2,330,709 | Osteolytic effects of tumoral estrogen signaling in an estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer bone metastasis model. | Estrogen receptor α-positive (ER+) subtypes of breast cancer have the greatest predilection for forming osteolytic bone metastases (BMETs). Because tumor-derived factors mediate osteolysis, a possible role for tumoral ERα signaling in driving ER+ BMET osteolysis was queried using an estrogen (E2</sub>)-dependent ER+ breast cancer BMET model.</AbstractText>Female athymic Foxn1nu</sup> mice were inoculated with human ER+ MCF-7 breast cancer cells via the left cardiac ventricle post-E2</sub> pellet placement, and age- and dose-dependent E2</sub> effects on osteolytic ER+ BMET progression, as well as direct bone effects of E2</sub>, were determined.</AbstractText>Osteolytic BMETs, which did not form in the absence of E2</sub> supplementation, occurred with the same frequency in young (5-week-old) vs.</i> skeletally mature (16-week-old) E2</sub> (0.72 mg)-treated mice, but were larger in young mice where anabolic bone effects of E2</sub> were greater. However, in mice of a single age and across a range of E2</sub> doses, anabolic E2</sub> bone effects were constant, while osteolytic ER+ BMET lesion incidence and size increased in an E2</sub>-dose-dependent fashion. Osteoclasts in ER+ tumor-bearing (but not tumor-naive) mice increased in an E2</sub>-dose dependent fashion at the bone-tumor interface, while histologic tumor size and proliferation did not vary with E2</sub> dose. E2</sub>-inducible tumoral secretion of the osteolytic factor parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was dose-dependent and mediated by ERα, with significantly greater levels of secretion from ER+ BMET-derived tumor cells.</AbstractText>These results suggest that tumoral ERα signaling may contribute to ER+ BMET-associated osteolysis, potentially explaining the greater predilection for ER+ tumors to form clinically-evident osteolytic BMETs.</AbstractText> |
2,330,710 | An Unsuspected Intraventricular Schwannoma. | Intraventricular schwannomas are rarely encountered in neurosurgical practice. The development and progression of a schwannoma within the ventricular system is still a hypothesised theory. Here, we present a case of a 59-year-old female who presented with a three-week history of headaches. Her symptoms progressively worsened, with resultant altered mental status within the last week. Imaging scans of the brain demonstrated a well-defined mass within the right lateral ventricle with associated midline shift and obstructive hydrocephalus. A parietal craniotomy and resection of the intraventricular mass was performed. Her postoperative course was uneventful. Histopathological assessment depicted a biphasic pattern of Antoni A and B, with a strongly positive S100. This was in keeping with an intraventricular schwannoma. The diagnosis of an intraventricular schwannoma does not fit within the classical differential framework for ventricular masses. These tumours are extremely uncommon but fortunately, they are typically benign. Therefore, adequate surgical resection remains the gold standard of care for these unfamiliar masses. |
2,330,711 | Representations of the olfactory bulb and tracts in images of the medieval cell doctrine. | This article presents a collection of previously overlooked, stereotyped, abstract, anatomical representations of the olfactory bulbs and tracts that were printed as part of schematic woodcuts of the medieval cell doctrine, generally in the early-sixteenth century but extending into the seventeenth century and, in at least one case, to the mid-nineteenth century. A representation of the olfactory bulbs is incorporated into many of these woodcuts, beginning with an illustration by German physician, philosopher, and theologian Magnus Hundt in 1501 in his <i>Antropologium</i>, which showed central projections of the two olfactory bulbs joining in the meshwork of the <i>rete mirabile</i>. German physician and anatomist Johann Eichmann, known as Johannes Dryander, modified Hundt's figure for his own monograph in 1537 but retained the representation of the olfactory bulbs. In 1503, German Carthusian humanist writer Gregor Reisch published an influential and highly copied woodcut in his <i>Margarita philosophica</i>, showing connections from the olfactory bulbs overlying the bridge of the nose (as well as from other special sense organs) to the <i>sensus communis</i> in the anterior cell or ventricle. In the following centuries, numerous authors derived similar figures from Reisch's original schematic illustration of the medieval cell doctrine, including Brunschwig (1512, 1525), Głogowczyk (1514), Romberch/Host (1520), Leporeus/Le Lièvre (1520, 1523), Dolce (1562), Lull/Bernardus de Lavinheta (1612), and Elliotson (1835). Similar representations were provided by Peyligk (1518) and Eck (1520). These stereotyped schematic images linked the olfactory bulbs to olfaction before the advent of more realistic images beginning in the mid-sixteenth century. |
2,330,712 | Combined effects of elevated rearing temperature and dietary energy level on heart morphology and growth performance of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). | Cardiac abnormalities may pose a threat to salmonid aquaculture due to their potential detrimental effect on fish health and welfare. The teleost heart is an extremely plastic organ with important morphological differences between wild and farmed fish that include ventricular shape, alignment of the bulbus arteriosus and epicardial fat deposition. However, little is known about how different factors and interactions among them may affect cardiac morphology of Atlantic salmon. To determine whether rearing temperature could induce cardiac malformations in large Tasmanian Atlantic salmon, we examined a range of cardiac morphology indicators and growth parameters in a population of 1-2 kg seawater salmon (n = 60 temperature<sup>-1</sup> diet<sup>-1</sup> ) exposed to control and elevated temperatures of 15 and 19°C, respectively, while fed one of two commercial feeds with different dietary energy levels. Most fish possessed conspicuous fat around the heart with a tendency towards a rounded ventricle and a more obtuse angle of the bulbus arteriosus. However, fish showed no significant differences in heart shape and bulbus alignment in relation to water temperature and dietary energy. These results suggest that cardiac morphology of large Atlantic salmon is unlikely to be affected by rearing temperature and dietary energy during the grow-out phase. |
2,330,713 | Risk factors for poor outcomes of spontaneous supratentorial cerebral hemorrhage after surgery. | This study aimed to explore the factors affecting the outcomes of spontaneous supratentorial cerebral hemorrhage 90 days after surgery.</AbstractText>A total of 256 patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage underwent craniotomy evacuation of hematoma. The control group included 120 patients who received conservative treatment. The patients were divided into two subgroups based on a bifurcation of the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 90 days after clinical therapeutics: good outcome (mRS score 0-3) and poor outcome (mRS score 4-6). The differences in clinical and imaging data between the two subgroups were analyzed. Based on difference analysis results, a binary logistic regression model was constructed to analyze the influencing factors related to poor outcomes.</AbstractText>The difference analysis results in the surgery group showed statistically significant differences in age, sex, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) on admission, coronary atherosclerosis, smoking, stroke history, blood glucose, D-dimer, hematoma size, deep cerebral hemorrhage, midline shift, hematoma burst into the ventricle, vortex sign, island sign, and black hole sign. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that deep cerebral hemorrhage, midline shift, and age > 58 years independently correlated with the poor outcomes of patients after surgery. The binary logistic regression results of the control group showed that age > 58 years and GCS ≤ 8 independently correlated with the poor outcomes of patients.</AbstractText>Deep cerebral hemorrhage, midline shift, and age > 58 years significantly increased the risk of adverse prognosis in patients after surgery. The findings might help select the clinical treatment plan and evaluate the postoperative prognosis of patients.</AbstractText>© 2021. The Author(s).</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,714 | Atrioventricular Longitudinal Mechanics Using Novel Speckle-Tracking Improved Risk Stratification Beyond Baseline Thyroid Hormone in Asymptomatic Subclinical Hypothyroidism.<Pagination><StartPage>e012433</StartPage><MedlinePgn>e012433</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.121.012433</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">Hypothyroidism is reportedly associated with increased cardiovascular risk and heart failure. We aimed to elucidate the mechanistic influence of atrio-ventricular deformations and their prognostic utilizations in asymptomatic subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS">We assessed speckle-tracking of deformations among 4173 population-based asymptomatic individuals classified as euthyroid (0.25< thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] ≤4.0 μIU/mL, n=3799) or having mild (4< TSH ≤10.0 μIU/mL, n=349) or marked (TSH >10 μIU/mL, n=25) SCH. We further related deformational indices to outcomes of atrial fibrillation and heart failure.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">Despite borderline differences in indexed left ventricular mass and left atrial volume (<i>P</i>=0.054 and 0.051), those classified as mild and marked SCH presented with modest but significant reductions of global longitudinal strain, and showed elevated E/tissue Doppler imaging (TDI)-e', markedly diminished peak atrial longitudinal strain and higher left atrial stiffness (all <i>P</i><0.05) when compared with euthyroid subjects. A higher TSH level was independently associated with reduced TDI-s'/TDI-e', worse global atrio-ventricular strains (global longitudinal strain/peak atrial longitudinal strain), elevated E/TDI-e', and worsened left atrial strain rate components (all <i>P</i><0.05). Over a median 5.6 years (interquartile range, 4.7-6.5 years) follow-up, myocardial deformations yielded independent risk prediction using Cox regression in models adjusted for baseline covariates, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, E/e', and treatment effect. Incorporation of global atrio-ventricular strain (global longitudinal strain/peak atrial longitudinal strain) and strain rates further showed improved risk reclassification when added to the baseline TSH strata (classified as euthyroid and mild and marked SCH; all <i>P</i><0.05). Cox regression models remained significant with improved risk reclassification beyond TSH-based strata by using slightly different deformational cutoffs after excluding marked SCH group.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">Hypothyroidism, even when asymptomatic, may widely influence subclinical atrio-ventricular mechanical functions that may lead to higher heart failure and atrial fibrillation risk. We proposed the potential usefulness and prognostic utilization of myocardial strains in such population.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y" EqualContrib="Y"><LastName>Huang</LastName><ForeName>Wen-Hung</ForeName><Initials>WH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (W.-H.H., K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., C.-I.L., C.-C.H., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y" EqualContrib="Y"><LastName>Sung</LastName><ForeName>Kuo-Tzu</ForeName><Initials>KT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (W.-H.H., K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., C.-I.L., C.-C.H., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine (K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., J.-L.L., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kuo</LastName><ForeName>Jen-Yuan</ForeName><Initials>JY</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (W.-H.H., K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., C.-I.L., C.-C.H., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine (K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., J.-L.L., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Ying-Ju</ForeName><Initials>YJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Telemedicine Center (Y.-J.C., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huang</LastName><ForeName>Chun-Ta</ForeName><Initials>CT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-T.H., J.-L.L.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chien</LastName><ForeName>Shih-Chieh</ForeName><Initials>SC</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tsai</LastName><ForeName>Jui-Peng</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (W.-H.H., K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., C.-I.L., C.-C.H., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine (K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., J.-L.L., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan (J.-P.T., T.-C.H.).</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lo</LastName><ForeName>Chi-In</ForeName><Initials>CI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (W.-H.H., K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., C.-I.L., C.-C.H., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hsiao</LastName><ForeName>Chih-Chung</ForeName><Initials>CC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (W.-H.H., K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., C.-I.L., C.-C.H., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lin</LastName><ForeName>Jiun-Lu</ForeName><Initials>JL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-T.H., J.-L.L.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine (K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., J.-L.L., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tsai</LastName><ForeName>I-Hsien</ForeName><Initials>IH</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yun</LastName><ForeName>Chun-Ho</ForeName><Initials>CH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Radiology (C.-H.Y.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Su</LastName><ForeName>Cheng-Huang</ForeName><Initials>CH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine (K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., J.-L.L., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hung</LastName><ForeName>Ta-Chuan</ForeName><Initials>TC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan (J.-P.T., T.-C.H.).</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yeh</LastName><ForeName>Hung-I</ForeName><Initials>HI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (W.-H.H., K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., C.-I.L., C.-C.H., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Telemedicine Center (Y.-J.C., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine (K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., J.-L.L., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hung</LastName><ForeName>Chung-Lieh</ForeName><Initials>CL</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-2858-3493</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (W.-H.H., K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., C.-I.L., C.-C.H., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Telemedicine Center (Y.-J.C., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine (K.-T.S., J.-Y.K., J.-P.T., J.-L.L., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y., C.-L.H.), Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Biomedical Sciences (C.-L.H.), Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>16</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101479935</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1941-9651</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D015415">Biomarkers</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>9002-71-5</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D013972">Thyrotropin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058070" MajorTopicYN="N">Asymptomatic Diseases</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001281" MajorTopicYN="N">Atrial Fibrillation</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="Y">etiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="N">physiopathology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015415" MajorTopicYN="N">Biomarkers</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="N">blood</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015150" MajorTopicYN="N">Echocardiography, Doppler</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005500" MajorTopicYN="N">Follow-Up Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006325" MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Atria</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000000981" MajorTopicYN="Y">diagnostic imaging</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="N">physiopathology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006333" MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Failure</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="Y">etiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="N">physiopathology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006352" MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Ventricles</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000000981" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnostic imaging</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="N">physiopathology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007037" MajorTopicYN="N">Hypothyroidism</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="Y">blood</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015994" MajorTopicYN="N">Incidence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011379" MajorTopicYN="N">Prognosis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012189" MajorTopicYN="N">Retrospective Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018570" MajorTopicYN="N">Risk Assessment</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013624" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Taiwan</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013972" MajorTopicYN="N">Thyrotropin</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="Y">blood</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016277" MajorTopicYN="N">Ventricular Function, Left</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">atrial fibrillation</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">cardiovascular diseases</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">heart failure</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">hypothyroidism</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">risk factors</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>16</Day><Hour>17</Hour><Minute>10</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>17</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>28</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">34784240</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.121.012433</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">34783929</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>16</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1875-8312</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Nov</Month><Day>16</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The international journal of cardiovascular imaging</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Int J Cardiovasc Imaging</ISOAbbreviation></Journal>Right ventricular function during trastuzumab therapy for breast cancer. | Cardiotoxicity (CDT) is the main adverse effect related to trastuzumab (TTZ). The role of the right ventricle (RV) in this context is not clear. We aimed to evaluate the longitudinal changes in RV function during TTZ therapy and to determine RV function changes associated with subclinical CDT. Breast cancer patients underwent echocardiograms at the beginning of TTZ treatment (Exam 1) and every 3 months during the first year (Exams 2, 3, and 4). Subclinical CDT was defined as ≥ 12% relative reduction of left ventricle global longitudinal strain (LV GLS). Twenty-five women (52.1 ± 13.1 y-o) were included. We found a decrease in LV ejection fraction between the first and fourth exams (Ex1: 64.1% ± 4.9 vs Ex4: 60.9% ± 4.9, p = 0.003) and the LV GLS gradually decreased during follow-up (Ex1: - 20.6% ± 2.0; Ex2: - 19.4% ± 2.1; Ex3: - 19.2% ± 1.8; Ex4: - 19.0% ± 2.1, all p < 0.05). RV GLS changed from baseline to 3 month and to 6 month (Ex1: - 23.9% ± 1.6; Ex2: - 22.5% ± 2.1; Ex3: - 22.5% ± 2.3, all p < 0.05), and the RV Fractional Area Change was lower in the third exam (Ex1: 44.3% ± 6.6 vs Ex3: 39.9% ± 6.0, p = 0.004). We found subclinical CDT in 13 patients (52%); worsening in RV parameters did not differ between those with and without subclinical CDT. In this sample, the RV function decreased during TTZ therapy and the decrease was not associated to the observed LV cardiotoxicity. |
2,330,715 | The Effect of Everolimus on Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA) in Children with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. | Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas (SEGAs) are slow-growing glioneuronal tumors typically found around the ventricles of the brain, particularly near the foramen of Monro in 15%-20% of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Surgical resection is the standard treatment for these symptomatic tumors. The mTOR inhibitor everolimus can be regarded as an alternative treatment for SEGAs due to the complications of surgery. The present study primarily aimed to specify the effect of everolimus on SEGA volume change before and after treatment. The secondary objective was to determine the effect of this drug on renal angiomyolipoma (AML), skin lesions, and seizures in TSC patients.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="MATERIALS & METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">This pre- and post-treatment clinical trial was performed on 14 children (eight females and six males with a mean age of 10 years) previously diagnosed with TSC based on the diagnostic criteria. The subjects received oral everolimus at a dose of 3 mg/m2</sup> for at least six months.</AbstractText>Half of the patients had more than 30% of volume loss in SEGA, and in 28.5% of them, a ≥ 50% reduction in SEGA volume was observed (P=0.01). Moreover, 92.9% of the patients had a ≥ 50% decrease in the frequency of seizures (P=0.000). The response rate in AML and skin lesions was 14.2% and 50%, respectively.</AbstractText>Everolimus significantly reduced the seizure frequency and SEGA volume in the subjects; hence, it can be used as a potential alternative treatment for symptomatic SEGA in TSC patients.</AbstractText> |
2,330,716 | Impairment of motor skills in children with achondroplasia-usefulness of brain and cranio-cervical junction evaluation by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging: a case-control study. | Most infants and children with achondroplasia show delayed motor skill development; however, some patients may have clinical consequences related to cranio-cervical junction stenosis and compression.</AbstractText>To assess, using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), quantitative variables linked to neuromotor impairment in achondroplasic children.</AbstractText>In total, 24 achondroplasic children underwent pediatric neurological assessment and were grouped in two cohorts according to relevant motor skill impairment. Achondroplasic children with (n=12) and without (n=12) motor symptoms were identified, and brain MRI scans were quantitatively evaluated. 3D fast spoiled gradient echo T1-weighted images were used to assess: supratentorial intracranial volumes (SICV); supratentorial intracranial brain volume (SICBV); SICV/SICBV ratio; posterior cranial fossa volume (PCFV); posterior cranial fossa brain volume (PCBFV); PCFV/PCFBV ratio; ventricular and extra-ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes; foramen magnum (FM) area; and jugular foramina (JF) areas.</AbstractText>In both groups, SICV/SICBV ratio, supratentorial ventricular and extra-ventricular space volumes were increased while SICBV was increased only in the asymptomatic group (P</i> < 0.05). PCFV/PCFBV ratio, IV ventricle, infratentorial extra-ventricular spaces volumes were reduced (P</i> < 0.05) in the symptomatic group while PCFBV was increased only in the asymptomatic group (P</i> < 0.05). Foramen magnum (FM) area was more reduced in the symptomatic group than the asymptomatic group (P</i> < 0.05) but no correlation between FM area and ventriculomegaly was found (P</i> > 0.05).</AbstractText>Evaluation of the FM area together with infratentorial ventricular and extra-ventricular space volume reduction may be helpful in differentiating patients at risk of developing motor skill impairment. Further investigation is needed to better understand the temporal profile between imaging and motor function in order to propose possible personalized surgical treatment.</AbstractText> |
2,330,717 | ECG and Pacing Criteria for Differentiating Conduction System Pacing from Myocardial Pacing. | During His-Purkinje conduction system (HPS) pacing, it is crucial to confirm capture of the His bundle or left bundle branch versus myocardialonly capture. For this, several methods and criteria for differentiation between non-selective (ns) capture - capture of the HPS and the adjacent myocardium - and myocardial-only capture were developed. HPS capture results in faster and more homogenous depolarisation of the left ventricle than right ventricular septal (RVS) myocardial-only capture. Specifically, the depolarisation of the left ventricle (LV) does not require slow cell-to-cell spread of activation from the right side to the left side of the interventricular septum but begins simultaneously with QRS onset as in native depolarisation. These phenomena greatly influence QRS complex morphology and form the basis of electrocardiographic differentiation between HPS and myocardial paced QRS. Moreover, the HPS and the working myocardium are different tissues within the heart muscle that vary not only in conduction velocities but also in refractoriness and capture thresholds. These last two differences can be exploited for the diagnosis of HPS capture using dynamic pacing manoeuvres, namely differential output pacing, programmed stimulation and burst pacing. This review summarises current knowledge of this subject. |
2,330,718 | Measurement of local orientation of cardiomyocyte aggregates in human left ventricle free wall samples using X-ray phase-contrast microtomography. | Most cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle wall are grouped in aggregates of four to five units that are quasi-parallel to each other. When one or more "cardiomyocyte aggregates" are delimited by two cleavage planes, this defines a "sheetlet" that can be considered as a "work unit" that contributes to the thickening of the wall during the cardiac cycle. In this paper, we introduce the skeleton method to measure the local three-dimensional (3D) orientation of cardiomyocyte aggregates in the sheetlets in three steps: data segmentation; extraction of the skeleton of the sheetlets; and calculation of the local orientation of the cardiomyocyte aggregates inside the sheetlets. These data include a series of virtual tissue volumes and five transmural human left ventricle free wall samples, imaged with 3D synchrotron radiation phase-contrast microtomography, and reconstructed with a 3.5×3.5×3.5μm<sup>3</sup> voxel size. We computed the local orientation of the cardiomyocyte aggregates inside the sheetlets with a working window of 112×112×112μm<sup>3</sup> in size. These data demonstrate that the skeleton method can provide accurate 3D measurements and reliable screening of the 3D evolution of the orientation of cardiomyocyte aggregates within the sheetlets. We showed that in regions that contain one population of quasi-parallel sheetlets, the orientation of the cardiomyocyte aggregates undergo "oscillations" along the perpendicular direction of the sheetlets. In regions that contain two populations of sheetlets with a different angular range, we demonstrate some discontinuity of the helix angle of the cardiomyocyte aggregates at the interface between the two populations. |
2,330,719 | Ventricle wall resection contributes to supramaximal resection and prognosis in SVZ-involved frontal gliomas: A single center retrospective study. | Frontal glioma frequently invaded the subventricular zone (SVZ), which existed glioma stem cells and might be involved in the development of primary and recurrent gliomas. We attempted to identify whether ventricle wall resection contributed to the maximal extent of resection (EOR) and increased the patient's survival during frontal glioma resection.</AbstractText>A total of 151 adult patients with primary SVZ-involved frontal gliomas were obtained between January 2012 and December 2018. We analyzed clinical data, EOR, complications and survival profiles between the ventricle wall group and the ventricle intact/opening group.</AbstractText>Applying ventricle wall removal had similar effect on the improvement of neurological function compared to applying ventricle intact/opening and did not increase the incidence of new neurological deficits, hydrocephalus, and ependymal dissemination in SVZ-involved frontal gliomas. A positive correlation was identified between EOR and the ventricle wall handling (r = 0.487, P < 0.001), which indicated that ventricle wall resection could contribute to achieve supramaximal resection. Applying supramaximal resection and ventricle wall resection could significantly prolong overall survival and progression free survival. Ventricle wall resection could be regarded as an independent prognostic indicator for both overall survival and progression free survival in patients with SVZ-involved frontal gliomas.</AbstractText>Ventricle wall resection in SVZ-involved frontal gliomas could contribute to achieve supramaximal resection and could significantly prolong overall survival and progression free survival.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,720 | An updated model of hydrocephalus in sheep to evaluate the performance of a device for ambulatory wireless monitoring of cerebral pressure through shunts. | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion by shunts is the most common surgical treatment for hydrocephalus. Though effective, shunts are associated with risk of dysfunction leading to multiple surgical revisions, affecting patient quality-of-life and incurring high healthcare costs. There is a need for ambulatory monitoring systems for life-long assessment of shunt status. The present study aimed to develop a preclinical model assessing the feasibility of our wireless device for continuous monitoring of cerebral pressure in shunts.</AbstractText>We first adapted a previous hydrocephalus model in sheep, which used an intracisternal kaolin injection. Seven animals were used to establish the model, and 1 sheep with naturally dilated ventricles was used as control. Hydrocephalus was confirmed by clinical examination and brain imaging before inserting the ventriculoperitoneal shunts and the monitoring device allowing continuous measurement of the pressure through the shunt for a few days in 3 sheep. An external ventricular drain was used as gold standard.</AbstractText>Our results showed that a reduction in kaolin dose associated to postoperative management was crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality rates in the model. Ventriculomegaly was confirmed by imaging 4 days after injection of 75mg kaolin into the cisterna magna. For the implanted sheep, recordings revealed high sensitivity of our sensor in detecting fluctuations in cerebral pressure compared to conventional measurements.</AbstractText>This proof-of-concept study highlights the potential of this preclinical model for testing new shunt devices.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,721 | Administration of anti-ERMAP antibody ameliorates Alzheimer's disease in mice. | Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating age-related neurodegenerative disorder and characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognitive functions, which are associated with amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques. Immune cells play an important role in the clearance of Aβ deposits. Immune responses are regulated by immune regulators in which the B7 family members play a crucial role. We have recently identified erythroid membrane-associated protein (ERMAP) as a novel B7 family-related immune regulator and shown that ERMAP protein affects T cell and macrophage functions.</AbstractText>We produced a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against ERMAP protein and then determined the ability of the mAb to affect cognitive performance and AD pathology in mice.</AbstractText> We have shown that the anti-ERMAP mAb neutralizes the T cell inhibitory activity of ERMAP and enhances macrophages to phagocytose Aβ in vitro. Administration of the mAb into AD mice improves cognitive performance and reduces Aβ plaque load in the brain. This is related to increased proportion of T cells, especially IFNγ-producing T cells, in the spleen and the choroid plexus (CP), enhanced expression of immune cell trafficking molecules in the CP, and increased migration of monocyte-derived macrophages into the brain. Furthermore, the production of anti-Aβ antibodies in the serum and the macrophage phagocytosis of Aβ are enhanced in the anti-ERMAP mAb-treated AD mice.</AbstractText>Our results suggest that manipulating the ERMAP pathway has the potential to provide a novel approach to treat AD patients.</AbstractText>© 2021. The Author(s).</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,722 | Evaluation of the correlation of the new Ballard scoring with the ultrasonographic optical nerve sheath diameter and brain volume of preterm infants. | Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurements with magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in preterm infants are similar.</AbstractText>We measured ultrasonographic ONSD and calculated the brain volumes of preterm infants using two-dimensional cranial ultrasonography and explored the relationships thereof with gestational age, birth weight, head circumference, and new Ballard score.</AbstractText>This prospective study included preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit without intracranial pathology. Two images per eye were obtained from a linear array ultrasound transducer placed on the patient's superior eyelid. The ONSD was measured 3 mm behind the globe. The brain was considered an ellipsoid, and estimated absolute brain volumes were calculated by subtracting the volumes of the two lateral ventricles from the total brain volumes.</AbstractText>A total of 143 preterm infants (male 74, female 69) included in the study. The mean gestational age of the study population was 29.7 weeks (23-36), and the mean birth weight was 1390 g (500-2850). There was a significant difference in ONSD between the male and female gender. A significant, strong, and positive correlation was found between ONSD measurements and gestational age (r 0.901, p < 0.001), new Ballard score (r 0.946, p < 0.001), birth weight, head circumference, and brain volumes.</AbstractText>Our results suggested that ONSD measurements are highly correlated with anthropometry, and it could be a promising bedside, non-invasive objective tool for the determination of exact gestational age postnatally along with the new Ballard score.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,723 | Primary intraventricular tumors - Imaging characteristics, post-treatment changes and relapses. | Primary intraventricular neoplasms are rare tumors that originate from the ependymal or subependymal, septum pellucidum, choroid plexus and the supporting arachnoid tissue. Knowledge of the common locations of these tumors within the ventricular system, together with key imaging characteristics and presentation age, can significantly narrow the differential diagnosis. In 2016, the WHO reorganized the classification of several primary CNS tumors by combining histopathological and molecular data. This study highlights the imaging characteristics, histopathological and molecular data, treatment strategies and post-treatment changes of primary intraventricular tumors. Molecular-based diagnosis can not only aid in patient stratification and personalized treatment, but it can also provide prognostic and predictive value independent of WHO classification. |
2,330,724 | Cell cycle arrest determines adult neural stem cell ontogeny by an embryonic Notch-nonoscillatory Hey1 module. | Quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mouse brain are the source of neurogenesis that regulates innate and adaptive behaviors. Adult NSCs in the subventricular zone are derived from a subpopulation of embryonic neural stem-progenitor cells (NPCs) that is characterized by a slower cell cycle relative to the more abundant rapid cycling NPCs that build the brain. Yet, how slow cell cycle can cause the establishment of adult NSCs remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Notch and an effector Hey1 form a module that is upregulated by cell cycle arrest in slowly dividing NPCs. In contrast to the oscillatory expression of the Notch effectors Hes1 and Hes5 in fast cycling progenitors, Hey1 displays a non-oscillatory stationary expression pattern and contributes to the long-term maintenance of NSCs. These findings reveal a novel division of labor in Notch effectors where cell cycle rate biases effector selection and cell fate. |
2,330,725 | Nocturnal Dipping and Left Ventricular Mass Index in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Cohort. | The physiologic nocturnal BP decline is often blunted in patients with CKD; however, the consequences of BP nondipping in children are largely unknown. Our objective was to determine risk factors for nondipping and to investigate if nondipping is associated with higher left ventricular mass index in children with CKD.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS">We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of ambulatory BP monitoring and echocardiographic data in participants of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children study. Multivariable linear and spline regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship of risk factors with dipping and of dipping with left ventricular mass index.</AbstractText>Within 552 participants, mean age was 11 (±4) years, mean eGFR was 53 (±20) ml/min per 1.73 m2</sup>, and 41% were classified as nondippers. In participants with nonglomerular CKD, female sex and higher sodium intake were significantly associated with less systolic and diastolic dipping (P</i>≤0.05). In those with glomerular CKD, Black race and greater proteinuria were significantly associated with less systolic and diastolic dipping (P</i>≤0.05). Systolic dipping and diastolic dipping were not significantly associated with left ventricular mass index; however, in spline regression plots, diastolic dipping appeared to have a nonlinear relationship with left ventricular mass index. As compared with diastolic dipping of 20%-25%, dipping of <20% was associated with 1.41-g/m2.7</sup>-higher left ventricular mass index (95% confidence interval, -0.47 to 3.29), and dipping of >25% was associated with 1.98-g/m2.7</sup>-higher left ventricular mass index (95% confidence interval, -0.77 to 4.73), although these relationships did not achieve statistical significance.</AbstractText>Black race, female sex, and greater proteinuria and sodium intake were significantly associated with blunted dipping in children with CKD. We did not find a statistically significant association between dipping and left ventricular mass index.</AbstractText>This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2021_12_20_CJN09810721.mp3.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022 by the American Society of Nephrology.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,726 | Subcellular Localization of Connexin 26 in Cardiomyocytes and in Cardiomyocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. | Connexins (Cxs) are a family of membrane-spanning proteins, expressed in vertebrates and named according to their molecular weight. They are involved in tissue homeostasis, and they function by acting at several communication levels. Cardiac Cxs are responsible for regular heart function and, among them, Cx26 and Cx43 are widely expressed throughout the heart. Cx26 is present in vessels, as well as in cardiomyocytes, and its localization is scattered all over the cell aside from at the intercalated discs as is the case for the other cardiac Cxs. However, having been found in cardiomyocytes only recently, both its subcellular localization and its functional characterization in cardiomyocytes remain poorly understood. Therefore, in this study we aimed to obtain further data on the localization of Cx26 at the subcellular level. Our TEM immunogold analyses were performed on rat heart ventricles and differentiated H9c2 cardiac cell sections as well as on differentiated H9c2 derived extracellular vesicles. The results confirmed the absence of Cx26 at intercalated discs and showed the presence of Cx26 at the level of different subcellular compartments. The peculiar localization at the level of extracellular vesicles suggested a specific role for cardiac Cx26 in inter-cellular communication in an independent gap junction manner. |
2,330,727 | Relationship between Blood Vessels and Migration of Neuroblasts in the Olfactory Neurogenic Region of the Rodent Brain. | Neural precursors originating in the subventricular zone (SVZ), the largest neurogenic region of the adult brain, migrate several millimeters along a restricted migratory pathway, the rostral migratory stream (RMS), toward the olfactory bulb (OB), where they differentiate into interneurons and integrate into the local neuronal circuits. Migration of SVZ-derived neuroblasts in the adult brain differs in many aspects from that in the embryonic period. Unlike in that period, postnatally-generated neuroblasts in the SVZ are able to divide during migration along the RMS, as well as they migrate independently of radial glia. The homophilic mode of migration, i.e., using each other to move, is typical for neuroblast movement in the RMS. In addition, it has recently been demonstrated that specifically-arranged blood vessels navigate SVZ-derived neuroblasts to the OB and provide signals which promote migration. Here we review the development of vasculature in the presumptive neurogenic region of the rodent brain during the embryonic period as well as the development of the vascular scaffold guiding neuroblast migration in the postnatal period, and the significance of blood vessel reorganization during the early postnatal period for proper migration of RMS neuroblasts in adulthood. |
2,330,728 | Adult Neurogenesis: A Story Ranging from Controversial New Neurogenic Areas and Human Adult Neurogenesis to Molecular Regulation. | The generation of new neurons in the adult brain is a currently accepted phenomenon. Over the past few decades, the subventricular zone and the hippocampal dentate gyrus have been described as the two main neurogenic niches. Neurogenic niches generate new neurons through an asymmetric division process involving several developmental steps. This process occurs throughout life in several species, including humans. These new neurons possess unique properties that contribute to the local circuitry. Despite several efforts, no other neurogenic zones have been observed in many years; the lack of observation is probably due to technical issues. However, in recent years, more brain niches have been described, once again breaking the current paradigms. Currently, a debate in the scientific community about new neurogenic areas of the brain, namely, human adult neurogenesis, is ongoing. Thus, several open questions regarding new neurogenic niches, as well as this phenomenon in adult humans, their functional relevance, and their mechanisms, remain to be answered. In this review, we discuss the literature and provide a compressive overview of the known neurogenic zones, traditional zones, and newly described zones. Additionally, we will review the regulatory roles of some molecular mechanisms, such as miRNAs, neurotrophic factors, and neurotrophins. We also join the debate on human adult neurogenesis, and we will identify similarities and differences in the literature and summarize the knowledge regarding these interesting topics. |
2,330,729 | Hindbrain Administration of Oxytocin Reduces Food Intake, Weight Gain and Activates Catecholamine Neurons in the Hindbrain Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Rats. | Existing studies show that CNS oxytocin (OT) signaling is important in the control of energy balance, but it is unclear which neurons may contribute to these effects. Our goals were to examine (1) the dose-response effects of acute OT administration into the third (3V; forebrain) and fourth (4V; hindbrain) ventricles to assess sensitivity to OT in forebrain and hindbrain sites, (2) the extent to which chronic 4V administration of OT reduces weight gain associated with the progression of diet-induced obesity, and (3) whether nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) catecholamine neurons are downstream targets of 4V OT. Initially, we examined the dose-response effects of 3V and 4V OT (0.04, 0.2, 1, or 5 μg). 3V and 4V OT (5 μg) suppressed 0.5-h food intake by 71.7 ± 6.0% and 60 ± 12.9%, respectively. 4V OT (0.04, 0.2, 1 μg) reduced food intake by 30.9 ± 12.9, 42.1 ± 9.4, and 56.4 ± 9.0%, respectively, whereas 3V administration of OT (1 μg) was only effective at reducing 0.5-h food intake by 38.3 ± 10.9%. We subsequently found that chronic 4V OT infusion, as with chronic 3V infusion, reduced body weight gain (specific to fat mass) and tended to reduce plasma leptin in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats, in part, through a reduction in energy intake. Lastly, we determined that 4V OT increased the number of hindbrain caudal NTS Fos (+) neurons (156 ± 25) relative to vehicle (12 ± 3). The 4V OT also induced Fos in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; marker of catecholamine neurons) (+) neurons (25 ± 7%) relative to vehicle (0.8 ± 0.3%). Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that OT within the hindbrain is effective at reducing food intake, weight gain, and adiposity and that NTS catecholamine neurons in addition to non-catecholaminergic neurons are downstream targets of CNS OT. |
2,330,730 | Impact of ventricle size on neuropsychological outcomes in treated pediatric hydrocephalus: an HCRN prospective cohort study. | In pediatric hydrocephalus, shunts tend to result in smaller postoperative ventricles compared with those following an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). The impact of the final treated ventricle size on neuropsychological and quality-of-life outcomes is currently undetermined. Therefore, the authors sought to ascertain whether treated ventricle size is associated with neurocognitive and academic outcomes postoperatively.</AbstractText>This prospective cohort study included children aged 5 years and older at the first diagnosis of hydrocephalus at 8 Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network sites from 2011 to 2015. The treated ventricle size, as measured by the frontal and occipital horn ratio (FOR), was compared with 25 neuropsychological tests 6 months postoperatively after adjusting for age, hydrocephalus etiology, and treatment type (ETV vs shunt). Pre- and posttreatment grade point average (GPA), quality-of-life measures (Hydrocephalus Outcome Questionnaire [HOQ]), and a truncated preoperative neuropsychological battery were also compared with the FOR.</AbstractText>Overall, 60 children were included with a mean age of 10.8 years; 17% had ≥ 1 comorbidity. Etiologies for hydrocephalus were midbrain lesions (37%), aqueductal stenosis (22%), posterior fossa tumors (13%), and supratentorial tumors (12%). ETV (78%) was more commonly used than shunting (22%). Of the 25 neuropsychological tests, including full-scale IQ (q = 0.77), 23 tests showed no univariable association with postoperative ventricle size. Verbal learning delayed recall (p = 0.006, q = 0.118) and visual spatial judgment (p = 0.006, q = 0.118) were negatively associated with larger ventricles and remained significant after multivariate adjustment for age, etiology, and procedure type. However, neither delayed verbal learning (p = 0.40) nor visual spatial judgment (p = 0.22) was associated with ventricle size change with surgery. No associations were found between postoperative ventricle size and either GPA or the HOQ.</AbstractText>Minimal associations were found between the treated ventricle size and neuropsychological, academic, or quality-of-life outcomes for pediatric patients in this comprehensive, multicenter study that encompassed heterogeneous hydrocephalus etiologies.</AbstractText> |
2,330,731 | FoxO1 Regulates Neuropeptide Y and Pro-opiomelanocortin in the Hypothalamus of Rat Offspring Small for Gestational Age. | Adulthood obesity, diabetes, and metabolic diseases are associated with small for gestational age (SGA) newborns. This association could be related to abnormal appetite signaling pathways in the hypothalamus. This study investigated the appetite regulation by the hypothalamus of SGA newborns by establishing an SGA rat model and culturing SGA neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in vitro. Models of SGA were established by maternal food restriction embryonic day 10 (E10). At E18, postpartum day 1 (P1), and P5, hypothalamic neural precursor cells (NPCs) of offspring were cultured in vitro. Immunofluorescence, Western blot (WB), and qRT-PCR were used to assess NPY, POMC, and FoxO1 expression levels. The effects on mRNA expression of the FoxO1-specific inhibitor AS1842856 were examined. The results indicated that compared with controls, NPY was higher, and POMC was lower at embryonic day 18 (E18), postpartum day 1 (P1), and P5. The proliferation and migration of NPCs in the third ventricle of SGA hypothalami were lower than in controls. After treatment with the FoxO1 inhibitor AS1842856, the differences in the mRNA expression of NPY and POMC between the two groups disappeared. NPY and POMC mRNA levels in the SGA group treated with AS1842856 were not significantly different compared with the control group without AS1842856 treatment. In conclusion, SGA pups showed an increase in appetite-promoting NPY and a decrease in appetite-reducing POMC, probably contributing to adulthood weight gain, obesity, and endocrine disorders. |
2,330,732 | Fusion imaging in brain structure measurements on a fetus phantom, combining real-time ultrasound with magnetic resonance imaging. | To assess synchronisation of MRI and US in measuring foetus phantom head structures; inter-method, intra- and inter-observer differences on biparietal diameter (BPD), head diameter, anterio-posterior head diameter (HAP) and lateral ventricle structures (VS).</AbstractText>Fusion Imaging (FI) has been performed by combining MRI and US simultaneously. Axial scans of 1.5 Tesla MRI on a foetus phantom were acquired and uploaded on a US machine (EPIQ 7G, Philips). A PercuNav US tracker allowed the system to recognise and display the position of the transducer. A fetal phantom tracker was used as a phantom reference. Real-time US of the phantom head was performed by synchronising the uploaded MRI images using different landmarks. Synchronisation has been assessed by taking measurements after rotating the US probe by 90. Measurements were taken by three different observers twice. Differences in measurements between MRI and US, inter-, intra-observer differences in all measurements were assessed.</AbstractText>BPD, HAP and VS measurements before rotation were 0.13 ± 0.06 cm, 0.46 ± 0.09 cm and 0.4 ± 0.23 cm (width) and mean 0.6 ± 0.25 cm (length) larger at MRI than at US using any number of landmarks. After US probe rotation VS were 0.3 ± 0.24 cm in width and 0.3 ± 0.27 cm in length. Intra- and inter-observer differences in all measurements were small.</AbstractText>FI showed good synchronisation in measurements. BPD, HAP and VS were larger at MRI than US, likely a result of the way images are generated. Intra-, inter-observer differences between measurements were small. This can be important when reporting geometric measures from FI.</AbstractText>© 2021 The Authors. Australasian Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australasian Society for Ultrasound in Medicine.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,733 | Magnolol Attenuates Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Fibrosis in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertensive Rats Through Inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. | Right ventricular (RV) remodeling is one of the essential pathological features in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). RV hypertrophy or fibrosis are the leading causes of RV remodeling. Magnolol (6, 6', 7, 12-tetramethoxy-2,2'-dimethyl-1-β-berbaman, C18H18O2) is a compound isolated from <i>Magnolia Officinalis</i>. It possesses multiple pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation. This study aims to evaluate the effects and underlying mechanisms of magnolol on RV remodeling in hypoxia-induced PAH. <i>In vivo</i>, male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 10% O<sub>2</sub> for 4 weeks to establish an RV remodeling model, which showed hypertrophic and fibrotic features (increases of Fulton index, cellular size, hypertrophic and fibrotic marker expression), accompanied by an elevation in phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3; these changes were attenuated by treating with magnolol. <i>In vitro</i>, the cultured H9c2 cells or cardiac fibroblasts were exposed to 3% O<sub>2</sub> for 48 h to induce hypertrophy or fibrosis, which showed hypertrophic (increases in cellular size as well as the expression of ANP and BNP) or fibrotic features (increases in the expression of collagen Ⅰ, collagen Ⅲ, and α-SMA). Administration of magnolol and TG-101348 or JSI-124 (both JAK2 selective inhibitors) could prevent myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, accompanied by the decrease in the phosphorylation level of JAK2 and STAT3. Based on these observations, we conclude that magnolol can attenuate RV hypertrophy and fibrosis in hypoxia-induced PAH rats through a mechanism involving inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Magnolol may possess the potential clinical value for PAH therapy. |
2,330,734 | Comprehensive Assessment of Fetal Bilateral Ventriculomegaly Based on Genetic Disorders, Cytomegalovirus Infection, Extra Prenatal Imaging and Pregnancy Outcomes in a Tertiary Referral Center. | This retrospective study aimed to systematically evaluate the genetic disorders, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, extra ultrasound findings and outcomes of fetuses with bilateral ventriculomegaly (BVM).</AbstractText>Data from pregnancies with fetal BVM were obtained between 2014 and 2020. The cases were divided into groups of isolated bilateral ventriculomegaly (IBVM) and non-isolated bilateral ventriculomegaly (NIBVM) according to the presence of extra prenatal imaging. Subgroups of mild, moderate, and severe were determined according to lateral ventricle widths. The NIBVM group was further classified into pregnancies with soft markers, non-structural abnormalities, and structural abnormalities.</AbstractText>A total of 353 pregnancies were enrolled, including 153 cases of IBVM and 200 cases of NIBVM. Conventional karyotyping was performed on 192 samples, and 15 cases of numerical abnormalities and 3 cases of unbalanced structural abnormalities were identified. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was concurrently performed on 108 of them and revealed additional 5 cases (4.7%) of copy number variants with clinical significance. CMV DNA testing was performed on 154 of the 192 cases that underwent invasive prenatal diagnosis, and a positive result was found in 2 (1.3%) cases. In the IBVM group, the percentage of favorable prognosis in the mild, moderate and severe pregnancies were 94.4%, 79.2%, and 4.8%, respectively, and the termination of pregnancy (TOP) rates were 4.6%, 20.8%, and 85.7%, respectively. In both the mild and moderate NIBVM, the TOP rates progressively increased and the favorable prognosis survival rates progressively decreased relative to the soft markers, non-structural abnormalities, and structural abnormalities, respectively. Approximately 94.1% of severe NIBVM ended in termination.</AbstractText>Genetic disorders and fetal infection are important etiology of BVM. CMA is highly recommended for genetic disorders' evaluation. Pregnancies with severe BVM always ended in TOP, while in mild-to-moderate NIBVM, prenatal imaging by ultrasound and/or MRI plays important roles in the pregnancy outcomes.</AbstractText>© 2021 Guo et al.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,735 | Ischemic Stroke following COVID-19 in a Patient without Comorbidities. | Stroke is a rare complication of COVID-19. Post-COVID-19 stroke occurs mainly in older patients who have preexisting vascular risk factors. Most strokes are possibly related to hypercoagulability associated with COVID-19 where elevated D-dimer levels were the most common finding. In this case, post-COVID-19 ischemic stroke occurred in a relatively young patient without preexisting cerebrovascular risk factors which were rarely reported before. Case Presentation</i>. A 40-year-old male presented lack of concentration, sluggish mind, and forgetfulness. The patient has a positive COVID-19 history 5 weeks ago. The noncontrast MSCT scan confirmed multifocal lacunar cerebral infarction on the left lateral ventricle. Laboratory tests showed an increase in D-dimer of 1.22 g/ml.</AbstractText>In COVID-19 patients without comorbidities, ischemic stroke should be considered.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2021 Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon et al.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,736 | Effect of peripherally derived steroid hormones on the expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the rat choroid plexus. | Peripherally derived steroids affect steroid production in the brain via the blood-brain barrier. However, steroid concentrations are lower in the cerebrospinal fluid than those in the blood, indicating restricted influx of steroids because of their metabolization by choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells. Here, we analyzed the gene expression of steroidogenic enzymes [cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), 17α-hydroxylase/C17-C20 lyase (P450c17), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1), aromatase (Cyp19a1), and 5α-reductase type 1 (5α-R1)]. These genes were expressed to a lesser extent in the CP than in the testis and to a similar extent in the cerebral cortex. However, P450scc levels were higher in the CP than in the cerebral cortex, whereas Cyp19a1 levels showed the opposite trend. We also evaluated the effects of orchiectomy and testosterone on the expression of these genes. P450c17 and 5α-R1 levels were unaffected by orchiectomy, whereas P450scc and 3β-HSD levels were increased and decreased, respectively. Cyp19a1 expression increased upon testosterone treatment, whereas that of 17β-HSD decreased upon orchiectomy or administration of testosterone. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that 17β-HSD was expressed in the cytoplasm of CP epithelial cells. These results indicate that CP epithelial cells synthesize and convert the certain types of steroids to contribute to the homeostasis of steroids in the brain. J. Med. Invest. 68 : 238-243, August, 2021. |
2,330,737 | <i>Molossinema wimsatti</i> infection in the brain of Pallas's mastiff bats (<i>Molossus molossus</i>). | The present report describes two cases of infection by Molossinema wimsatti in the brain of Pallas's mastiff bats (Molossus molossus). The first bat was captured and killed by a domestic cat in a suburban area of the municipality of Patos, Paraiba, northeastern Brazil. The second bat was found crawling on the ground in the same area before dying. No gross lesions were found at necropsy. Histology of the central nervous system revealed filarioid nematodes in the brain ventricles and cerebellum. There were adults, subadults and eggs, the latter sometimes containing microfilariae. No inflammatory response was observed in bat 1, while bat 2 presented a mild lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis. Three nematodes were recovered and submitted for parasitological examination. The diagnosis of M. wimsatti infection was based on the histomorphological and parasitological characteristics of the agent and its location in the brain ventricular system of insectivorous bats. The infection likely occurs in other insectivorous bats from South American and Caribbean countries but may be overlooked. |
2,330,738 | Neuroendoscopic lavage for the management of neonatal post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a retrospective series. | Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) is a common complication of preterm birth, and optimal treatment remains uncertain. Neuroendoscopic lavage (NEL) has gained interest as a method for removal of intraventricular haematoma, with outcomes suggesting it to be safe and potentially effective.</AbstractText>A retrospective review was carried identifying infants who underwent NEL for post-IVH hydrocephalus at our institution. Data was extracted on patient baseline demographics, comorbidities, complications, re-operation requirement, and neurodevelopmental outcomes.</AbstractText>Twenty-six patients (17 male) were identified, who underwent NEL at a mean age of 39 weeks and 4 days. Eighteen patients underwent simultaneous endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). Mean patient follow-up was 57.7 months ± 11.8 months. A total of 17/26 patients went on to require a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS). Nine patients did not require further surgical management of hydrocephalus; all had been managed with NEL + ETV. The relative risk of requiring VPS with NEL + ETV compared with NEL alone was 0.500 (CI: 0.315-0.794; p = 0.0033). The 24-month survival rate of VPS inserted following NEL was 64.7%. Exactly 5/26 (19.2%) had post-procedure complications: 2 CSF leaks (7.7%), 2 infections (7.7%), and 1 rebleed within 72 h of NEL (3.8%). On long-term follow-up, 22/25 patients achieved good motor outcome, either walking independently or with mobility aids. A total of 8/15 children attended mainstream schooling with adaption.</AbstractText>NEL is safe and potentially efficacious treatment for neonatal IVH. The procedure may reduce shunt dependence and, for those who require CSF diversion, improve shunt survival. Neurodevelopmentally, good motor and cognitive outcome can be achieved.</AbstractText>© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,739 | Post-injury ventricular enlargement associates with iron in choroid plexus but not with seizure susceptibility nor lesion atrophy-6-month MRI follow-up after experimental traumatic brain injury. | Ventricular enlargement is one long-term consequence of a traumatic brain injury, and a risk factor for memory disorders and epilepsy. One underlying mechanisms of the chronic ventricular enlargement is disturbed cerebrospinal-fluid secretion or absorption by choroid plexus. We set out to characterize the different aspects of ventricular enlargement in lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) rat model by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and discovered choroid plexus injury in rats that later developed hydrocephalus. We followed the brain pathology progression for 6 months and studied how the ventricular growth was associated with the choroid plexus injury, cortical lesion expansion, hemorrhagic load or blood perfusion deficits. We correlated MRI findings with the seizure susceptibility in pentylenetetrazol challenge and memory function in Morris water-maze. Choroid plexus injury was validated by ferric iron (Prussian blue) and cytoarchitecture (Nissl) stainings. We discovered choroid plexus injury that accumulates iron in 90% of FPI rats by MRI. The amount of the choroid plexus iron remained unaltered 1-, 3- and 6-month post-injury. During this time, the ventricles kept on growing bilaterally. Ventricular growth did not depend on the cortical lesion severity or the cortical hemorrhagic load suggesting a separate pathology. Instead, the results indicate choroidal injury as one driver of the post-traumatic hydrocephalus, since the higher the choroid plexus iron load the larger were the ventricles at 6 months. The ventricle size or the choroid plexus iron load did not associate with seizure susceptibility. Cortical hypoperfusion and memory deficits were worse in rats with greater ventricular growth. |
2,330,740 | FGF10 promotes cardiac repair through a dual cellular mechanism increasing cardiomyocyte renewal and inhibiting fibrosis. | Promoting cardiomyocyte renewal represents a major therapeutic approach for heart regeneration and repair. Our study aims to investigate the relevance of FGF10 as a potential target for heart regeneration.</AbstractText>Our results first reveal that Fgf10 levels are up-regulated in the injured ventricle after MI. Adult mice with reduced Fgf10 expression subjected to MI display impaired cardiomyocyte proliferation and enhanced cardiac fibrosis, leading to a worsened cardiac function and remodelling post-MI. In contrast, conditional Fgf10 overexpression post-MI revealed that, by enhancing cardiomyocyte proliferation and preventing scar-promoting myofibroblast activation, FGF10 preserves cardiac remodelling and function. Moreover, FGF10 activates major regenerative pathways including the regulation of Meis1 expression levels, the Hippo signalling pathway and a pro-glycolytic metabolic switch. Finally, we demonstrate that elevated FGF10 levels in failing human hearts correlate with reduced fibrosis and enhanced cardiomyocyte proliferation.</AbstractText>Altogether, our study shows that FGF10 promotes cardiac regeneration and repair through two cellular mechanisms: elevating cardiomyocyte renewal and limiting fibrosis. This study thus identifies FGF10 as a clinically relevant target for heart regeneration and repair in man.</AbstractText>Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2021. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,741 | Staged operations for a hypervascular mixed germ cell tumor with growing teratoma syndrome: a case report. | A mixed germ cell tumor with a teratoma component can become enlarged following chemotherapy, and such an event is diagnosed as growing teratoma syndrome. Removing large, hypervascular tumors including a tumor encased by developed vasculatures from the pineal region is challenging during a single operation.</AbstractText>A 15-year-old male underwent chemotherapy for mixed germ cell tumors according to the KSPNO G082 protocol. This case of a mixed germ cell tumor with growing teratoma syndrome was recognized very early during chemotherapy. The tumor was completely removed during the staged operations. First, the anteriorly located tumor on the third ventricle was removed via the transcallosal interforniceal approach, and 1 month later, the occipital transtentorial approach was used for the pineal tumor with decreased vascularity.</AbstractText>Performing staged operations could be recommended for large hypervascular pineal tumors, which can be safely removed during the second operation once vascularity has decreased.</AbstractText>© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,742 | Green oxygen power plants in the brain rescue neuronal activity. | Neuronal activity in the brain depends on mostly aerobic generation of energy equivalents and thus on a constant O<sub>2</sub> supply. Oxygenation of the vertebrate brain has been optimized during evolution by species-specific uptake and transport of O<sub>2</sub> that originally derives from the phototrophic activity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in the environment. Here, we employed a concept that exploits transcardial injection and vascular distribution of unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria in the brain of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> tadpoles. Using oxygen measurements in the brain ventricle, we found that these microorganisms robustly produce sizable amounts of O<sub>2</sub> upon illumination. In a severe hypoxic environment, when neuronal activity has completely ceased, the photosynthetic O<sub>2</sub> reliably provoked a restart and rescue of neuronal activity. In the future, phototrophic microorganisms might provide a novel means to directly increase oxygen levels in the brain in a controlled manner under particular eco-physiological conditions or following pathological impairments. |
2,330,743 | New curative approach using embolization followed by moderate-dose radiotherapy after surgical failure for large right heart metastasis. | Cardiac metastasis is a rare fatal event. An intracavitary right tumor mainly in the ventricle is difficult to manage. Literature reports suggest that cardiac surgery in oligometastatic patients could offer median survival of 1 year. We investigated salvage treatment comprising transcoronary tumor embolization followed 15 days later by cardiac radiotherapy (40.5 Gy/15 fractions).</AbstractText>We report two cases of severe right cardiac metastasis with a history of abdominal cancer managed by this salvage treatment following residual cardiac mass after previous cardiac surgery.</AbstractText>Both symptomatic patients improved progressively and were locally controlled for at least 1 year without toxicity.</AbstractText>© 2021 The Author(s).</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,744 | Treatment of <i>BRAF</i> V600E mutated ganglioglioma of the third ventricle with dabrafenib. | Ganglioglioma (GG) of the third ventricle is rare. Surgical excision of tumors in this location is associated with high morbidity due to nearby eloquent brain centers. Alternative treatments, when available, should be considered to reduce risks of surgical treatment.</AbstractText>We present the case of a 21-year-old female diagnosed with a BRAF V600E mutated GG of the third ventricle. After an endoscopic biopsy and insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, the patient was started on the BRAF</i> inhibitor dabrafenib, as an alternative to surgery or radiation. Nearly 2 years after starting dabrafenib, her tumor appearance on serial magnetic resonance imaging is stable, and she has maintained a good quality of life with no new neurological symptoms.</AbstractText>The disease control thus far suggests targeted medical therapy of GG of the third ventricle with BRAF</i> inhibitors may have efficacy and should be a considered treatment modality.</AbstractText>Copyright: © 2021 Surgical Neurology International.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,745 | Tetraventricular noncommunicating hydrocephalus: Case report and literature review. | Tetraventricular hydrocephalus is a common presentation of communicating hydrocephalus. Conversely, cases with noncommunicating etiology impose a diagnostic challenge and are often neglected and underdiagnosed. Herein, we present a review of literature for clinical, diagnostic, and surgical aspects regarding noncommunicating tetrahydrocephalus caused by primary fourth ventricle outlet obstruction (FVOO), illustrating with a case from our service.</AbstractText>We performed a research on PubMed database crossing the terms "FVOO," "tetraventriculomegaly," and "hydrocephalus" in English. Fifteen articles (a total of 34 cases of primary FVOO) matched our criteria and were, therefore, included in this study besides our own case.</AbstractText>Most cases presented in adulthood (47%), equally divided between male and female. Clinical presentation was unspecific, commonly including headache, nausea, and dizziness as symptoms (35.29%, 21.57%, and 9.80%, respectively), with ataxic gait (65%) and papilledema (40%) being the most frequent signs. MRI and CT were the imaging modalities of choice (11 patients each), often associated with CSF flow studies, such as cine MRI and CT ventriculogram. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) was both the most popular and effective surgical approach (50.85% of cases, with 18.91% of recurrence) followed by ventricle-peritoneal shunt (16.95% of patients, 23.0% of recurrence).</AbstractText>FVOO stands for a poorly understood etiology of noncommunicating tetrahydrocephalus. With the use of ETV, these cases, once hopeless, had its morbimortality and recurrence reduced greatly. Therefore, its suspicion and differentiation from other forms of tetrahydrocephalus can improve its natural course, reinforcing the importance of its acknowledgment.</AbstractText>Copyright: © 2021 Surgical Neurology International.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,746 | Persistence of communicating hydrocephalus post choroid plexus tumor resection: Case reports and review of literature. | Hydrocephalus is the most common presentation of choroid plexus tumors; it is thought to be caused either by mass effect obstructing the cerebrospinal fluid pathways or secretory properties of the tumor. In these case reports, we present two cases of choroid plexus tumors with persistence of communicating hydrocephalus postoperatively and review similar reports in the literature.</AbstractText>Case 1: a 2-month-old baby girl presented with bulging fontanelle, sunsetting eyes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed large third ventricle mass with communicating hydrocephalus. She underwent complete excision of tumor through transcortical approach with perioperative intraventricular hemorrhage. Hydrocephalus persisted postoperatively and the patient required permanent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. Case 2: a 16-year-old boy presented decreased visual acuity, papilledema, and morning headaches. MRI showed a tumor in the right ventricle and communicating hydrocephalus. He underwent transparietal resection of the tumor. In both cases, hydrocephalus persisted postoperatively and patients required permanent VP shunt. Review of similar cases showed the majority of cases required permanent shunting.</AbstractText>Choroid plexus tumor patients can present with communicating hydrocephalus that may persist post tumor resection for different etiologies. Careful follow-up to determine the need for cerebrospinal fluid diversion through a permanent VP shunt is important.</AbstractText>Copyright: © 2021 Surgical Neurology International.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,747 | Peak ependymal cell stretch overlaps with the onset locations of periventricular white matter lesions. | Deep and periventricular white matter hyperintensities (dWMH/pvWMH) are bright appearing white matter tissue lesions in T2-weighted fluid attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance images and are frequent observations in the aging human brain. While early stages of these white matter lesions are only weakly associated with cognitive impairment, their progressive growth is a strong indicator for long-term functional decline. DWMHs are typically associated with vascular degeneration in diffuse white matter locations; for pvWMHs, however, no unifying theory exists to explain their consistent onset around the horns of the lateral ventricles. We use patient imaging data to create anatomically accurate finite element models of the lateral ventricles, white and gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid, as well as to reconstruct their WMH volumes. We simulated the mechanical loading of the ependymal cells forming the primary brain-fluid interface, the ventricular wall, and its surrounding tissues at peak ventricular pressure during the hemodynamic cycle. We observe that both the maximum principal tissue strain and the largest ependymal cell stretch consistently localize in the anterior and posterior horns. Our simulations show that ependymal cells experience a loading state that causes the ventricular wall to be stretched thin. Moreover, we show that maximum wall loading coincides with the pvWMH locations observed in our patient scans. These results warrant further analysis of white matter pathology in the periventricular zone that includes a mechanics-driven deterioration model for the ventricular wall. |
2,330,748 | A probabilistic deep motion model for unsupervised cardiac shape anomaly assessment. | Automatic shape anomaly detection in large-scale imaging data can be useful for screening suboptimal segmentations and pathologies altering the cardiac morphology without intensive manual labour. We propose a deep probabilistic model for local anomaly detection in sequences of heart shapes, modelled as point sets, in a cardiac cycle. A deep recurrent encoder-decoder network captures the spatio-temporal dependencies to predict the next shape in the cycle and thus derive the outlier points that are attributed to excessive deviations from the network prediction. A predictive mixture distribution models the inlier and outlier classes via Gaussian and uniform distributions, respectively. A Gibbs sampling Expectation-Maximisation (EM) algorithm computes soft anomaly scores of the points via the posterior probabilities of each class in the E-step and estimates the parameters of the network and the predictive distribution in the M-step. We demonstrate the versatility of the method using two shape datasets derived from: (i) one million biventricular CMR images from 20,000 participants in the UK Biobank (UKB), and (ii) routine diagnostic imaging from Multi-Centre, Multi-Vendor, and Multi-Disease Cardiac Image (M&Ms). Experiments show that the detected shape anomalies in the UKB dataset are mostly associated with poor segmentation quality, and the predicted shape sequences show significant improvement over the input sequences. Furthermore, evaluations on U-Net based shapes from the M&Ms dataset reveals that the anomalies are attributable to the underlying pathologies that affect the ventricles. The proposed model can therefore be used as an effective mechanism to sift shape anomalies in large-scale cardiac imaging pipelines for further analysis. |
2,330,749 | What Are the Double Lines of the Fetal Cavum Septi Pellucidi on Ultrasound? | To demonstrate the significance of the double line appearance of the septi pellucidi laminae (SPL) on fetal ultrasound.</AbstractText>A total of 522 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies (15 to 39 weeks' gestational age) with fetal ultrasounds were enrolled. The presence of a single versus double line SP as well as measurement of the cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) was determined retrospectively. Ultrasound settings from the CSP images were recorded. Thickness of the SPL was measured in 20 ultrasound and 14 MRI cases; histology was reviewed from one neonate. Maternal BMI and gestational age were also recorded.</AbstractText>The presence of double line SPL is a normal sonographic finding, seen in 47% (188/403) of normal fetuses. Thickness of the SPL in 10 cases with double line averaged 1.4 mm and in 10 cases with single line averaged 0.8 mm; MRI measurements were within 0.1 mm of the corresponding ultrasound measurements. Double line cavum was more often seen with mid-dynamic contrast range settings (5, 6) rather than high range settings (7-10) (P value <.05). The double line was only visualized on ultrasound when the angle of insonation was at or near perpendicular to the laminae; it was never visualized on coronal ultrasound imaging or MRI imaging.</AbstractText>A double line septum pellucidum lamina is a normal finding seen in almost 50% of uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. It may be attributed to borders of cell layers within each lamina that form separate specular reflections on both sides; this can be accentuated by ultrasound settings and beam angulation.</AbstractText>© 2021 American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,750 | Brain transcriptome analysis of a CLN2 mouse model as a function of disease progression. | Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, (NCLs or Batten disease) are a group of inherited, early onset, fatal neurodegenerative diseases associated with mutations in 13 genes. All forms of the disease are characterized by lysosomal accumulation of fluorescent storage material, as well as profound neurodegeneration, but the relationship of the various genes' function to a single biological process is not obvious. In this study, we used a well-characterized mouse model of classical late infantile NCL (cLINCL) in which the tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (Tpp1) gene is disrupted by gene targeting, resulting in loss of detectable TPP1 activity and leading to progressive neurological phenotypes including ataxia, increased motor deficiency, and early death.</AbstractText>In order to identify genes and pathways that may contribute to progression of the neurodegenerative process, we analyzed forebrain/midbrain and cerebellar transcriptional differences at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months of age in control and TPP1-deficient mice by global RNA-sequencing.</AbstractText>Progressive neurodegenerative inflammatory responses involving microglia, astrocytes and endothelial cells were observed, accompanied by activation of leukocyte extravasation signals and upregulation of nitric oxide production and reactive oxygen species. Several astrocytic (i.e., Gfap, C4b, Osmr, Serpina3n) and microglial (i.e., Ctss, Itgb2, Itgax, Lyz2) genes were identified as strong markers for assessing disease progression as they showed increased levels of expression in vivo over time. Furthermore, transient increased expression of choroid plexus genes was observed at 2 months in the lateral and fourth ventricle, highlighting an early role for the choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid in the disease pathology. Based on these gene expression changes, we concluded that neuroinflammation starts, for the most part, after 2 months in the Tpp1-/-</sup> brain and that activation of microglia and astrocytes occur more rapidly in cerebellum than in the rest of the brain; confirming increased severity of inflammation in this region.</AbstractText>These findings have led to a better understanding of cLINCL pathological onset and progression, which may aid in development of future therapeutic treatments for this disease.</AbstractText>© 2021. The Author(s).</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,751 | A novel model of acquired hydrocephalus for evaluation of neurosurgical treatments. | Many animal models have been used to study the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus; most of these have been rodent models whose lissencephalic cerebral cortex may not respond to ventriculomegaly in the same way as gyrencephalic species and whose size is not amenable to evaluation of clinically relevant neurosurgical treatments. Fewer models of hydrocephalus in gyrencephalic species have been used; thus, we have expanded upon a porcine model of hydrocephalus in juvenile pigs and used it to explore surgical treatment methods.</AbstractText>Acquired hydrocephalus was induced in 33-41-day old pigs by percutaneous intracisternal injections of kaolin (n = 17). Controls consisted of sham saline-injected (n = 6) and intact (n = 4) animals. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed to evaluate ventriculomegaly at 11-42 days post-kaolin and to plan the surgical implantation of ventriculoperitoneal shunts at 14-38-days post-kaolin. Behavioral and neurological status were assessed.</AbstractText>Bilateral ventriculomegaly occurred post-induction in all regions of the cerebral ventricles, with prominent CSF flow voids in the third ventricle, foramina of Monro, and cerebral aqueduct. Kaolin deposits formed a solid cast in the basal cisterns but the cisterna magna was patent. In 17 untreated hydrocephalic animals. Mean total ventricular volume was 8898 ± 5917 SD mm3</sup> at 11-43 days of age, which was significantly larger than the baseline values of 2251 ± 194 SD mm3</sup> for 6 sham controls aged 45-55 days, (p < 0.001). Past the post-induction recovery period, untreated pigs were asymptomatic despite exhibiting mild-moderate ventriculomegaly. Three out of 4 shunted animals showed a reduction in ventricular volume after 20-30 days of treatment, however some developed ataxia and lethargy, from putative shunt malfunction.</AbstractText>Kaolin induction of acquired hydrocephalus in juvenile pigs produced an in vivo model that is highly translational, allowing systematic studies of the pathophysiology and clinical treatment of hydrocephalus.</AbstractText>© 2021. The Author(s).</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,752 | Isolated Enhancement Effect is the Only MRI Finding for Wernicke's encephalopathy. | Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is an acute neuropsychiatric disorder that results from thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. The typical clinical manifestations, which occur as triads in 20% of patients with the disorder, are acute mental status changes, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has important value in diagnosis as it can reveal abnormalities in the thalamus, mammillary body, third and fourth ventricles, and periaqueductal area. Here we describe a 44-year-old female patient with WE, in the context of fasting following bowel surgery. The unique neuroimaging findings were symmetrical mammillary body and dorsal midbrain abnormalities, only evident on contrast-enhanced brain MRI. |
2,330,753 | Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Presenting as Psychosis. | Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a syndrome characterized by gait disturbance, dementia, urinary incontinence, and dilation of ventricular system with normal opening cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Idiopathic NPH (i NPH) presenting as psychosis is uncommon.</AbstractText>The objective of this study is to describe idiopathic NPH presenting as Psychosis.</AbstractText>Patients availing dementia care service from three tertiary care hospitals, across Kerala, with a diagnosis of psychosis were evaluated.</AbstractText>Three patients with NPH, diagnosed as per the consensus criteria, presenting as psychosis are described. Patient 1: Fifty-five-year-old lady with psychosis was found to have iNPH. She gave history of psychosis relieved with successful shunting of the hydrocephalus. She developed recurrence of psychosis each time the hydrocephalus recurred due to shunt malfunction and was relieved with correction of hydrocephalus with shunting. Patient 2 was a 67-year-old gentleman with long history of pyschosis with paranoid ideas. Five years after onset of illness, he developed gait apraxia, and a CT scan done showed normal pressure hydrocephalus. Patient 3 had bipolar illness since age of 60 years of age. He also developed gait apraxia 5 years into the illness and was diagnosed as having iNPH following imaging.</AbstractText>All the patients had psychosis much before other features of iNPH developed. One of the patient's psychosis was temporally associated with onset and offset of hydrocephalus, thereby strongly supporting the causative nature of iNPH. iNPH though rare can be one of the causes for late onset secondary psychosis.</AbstractText> |
2,330,754 | HuR/Cx40 downregulation causes coronary microvascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. | Patients with diabetes with coronary microvascular disease (CMD) exhibit higher cardiac mortality than patients without CMD. However, the molecular mechanism by which diabetes promotes CMD is poorly understood. RNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR) is a key regulator of mRNA stability and translation; therefore, we investigated the role of HuR in the development of CMD in mice with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic mice exhibited decreases in coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR; a determinant of coronary microvascular function) and capillary density in the left ventricle. HuR levels in cardiac endothelial cells (CECs) were significantly lower in diabetic mice and patients with diabetes than the controls. Endothelial-specific HuR-KO mice also displayed significant reductions in CFVR and capillary density. By examining mRNA levels of 92 genes associated with endothelial function, we found that HuR, Cx40, and Nox4 levels were decreased in CECs from diabetic and HuR-KO mice compared with control mice. Cx40 expression and HuR binding to Cx40 mRNA were downregulated in CECs from diabetic mice. Cx40-KO mice exhibited decreased CFVR and capillary density, whereas endothelium-specific Cx40 overexpression increased capillary density and improved CFVR in diabetic mice. These data suggest that decreased HuR contributes to the development of CMD in diabetes through downregulation of gap junction protein Cx40 in CECs. |
2,330,755 | Pioglitazone restores phosphorylation of downregulated caveolin-1 in right ventricle of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. | Caveolin-1 (cav-1) plays a role in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH is characterized by a loss of cav-1 in pulmonary arteries; however, less is known regarding its role in the hypertrophied right ventricle (RV). We aimed to characterize the role of cav-1 and Hsp90 in the RV of MCT-induced PAH and their impact on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Additionally, we focused on restoration of cav-1 expression with pioglitazone administration.</AbstractText>Male 12-week-old Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with monocrotaline (60 mg/kg). Selected proteins (cav-1, eNOS, pSer1177eNOS, Hsp90) and mRNAs (cav-1α, cav-1β, eNOS) were determined in the RV and left ventricle (LV) 4 weeks later. In a separate MCT-induced PAH study, pioglitazone (10 mg/kg/d, orally) administration started on day 14 after MCT.</AbstractText>MCT induced RV hypertrophy and lung enlargement. Cav-1 and pTyr14cav-1 were decreased in RV. Caveolin-1α (cav-1α) and caveolin-1β (cav-1β) mRNAs were decreased in both ventricles. Hsp90 protein was increased in RV. eNOS and pSer1177eNOS proteins were unchanged in the ventricles. eNOS mRNA was reduced in RV. Pioglitazone treatment increased oxygen saturation and pTyr14cav-1 vs. MCT group.</AbstractText>Restoration of pTyr14cav-1 did not lead to amelioration of the disease, nor did it prevent RV hypertrophy and fibrosis, which was indicated by an increase in Acta2, Nppb, Col3a1, and Tgfβ1 mRNA.</AbstractText> |
2,330,756 | Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor restores blood-brain barrier integrity of aged mice after ischaemic stroke/reperfusion through anti-inflammation via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. | Ischaemic stroke remains a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide and ageing-associated inflammation for the aged patients specifically leads to worse post-stroke blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption than young subjects. Accordingly, suppression of excessive inflammation can alleviate BBB injury, which provides potential therapeutic treatment for ischaemic stroke of the aged. Prior studies revealed that mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) regulated inflammatory response and alleviated liver injury in ageing. However, it is unclear whether MANF confer similar benefit to BBB of aged mice suffered from ischaemic stroke. Transient cerebral ischaemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was conducted in aged mice (18-20 months old). MANF was injected into the right lateral ventricle 2 h after MCAO. BBB integrity, tight junctional proteins, ultrastructure of microvessels, infarct volume, neurological scores, brain water content, pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil infiltration rate were determined 72 h after MCAO. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced senescent bEnd.3 cells were applied in the <i>in vitro</i> study to investigate the possible mechanism. First, we confirmed that ischaemic stroke/reperfusion in senescent condition promoted the over-expression of MANF on brain endothelial cells. Then, MANF supplement could suppress the pro-inflammatory factor production, restore BBB integrity and then alleviate infarct volume, neurological scores, brain water content and neutrophil infiltration rate. In addition, MANF maintained BBB integrity after ischaemic stroke of aged condition dependent on TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway via intervention of pro-inflammatory factors production. In summary, the recognition of MANF in the process of BBB breakdown at aged condition may offer novel therapeutic approaches for ischaemic stroke. |
2,330,757 | Lower cerebral oxygen utilization is associated with Alzheimer's disease-related neurodegeneration and poorer cognitive performance among apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers. | Oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO<sub>2</sub>) are markers of cerebral oxygen homeostasis and metabolism that may offer insights into abnormal changes in brain aging. The present study cross-sectionally related OEF and CMRO<sub>2</sub> to cognitive performance and structural neuroimaging variables among older adults (n = 246, 74 ± 7 years, 37% female) and tested whether apolipoprotein E (<i>APOE</i>)-ε4 status modified these associations. Main effects of OEF and CMRO<sub>2</sub> were null (p-values >0.06), and OEF interactions with <i>APOE</i>-ε4 status on cognitive and structural imaging outcomes were null (p-values >0.06). However, CMRO<sub>2</sub> interacted with <i>APOE-</i>ε4 status on language (p = 0.002), executive function (p = 0.03), visuospatial (p = 0.005), and episodic memory performances (p = 0.03), and on hippocampal (p = 0.006) and inferior lateral ventricle volumes (p = 0.02). In stratified analyses, lower oxygen metabolism related to worse language (p = 0.02) and episodic memory performance (p = 0.03) among <i>APOE-</i>ε4 carriers only. Associations between CMRO<sub>2</sub> and cognitive performance were primarily driven by <i>APOE-</i>ε4 carriers with existing cognitive impairment. Congruence across language and episodic memory results as well as hippocampal and inferior lateral ventricle volume findings suggest that <i>APOE</i>-ε4 may interact with cerebral oxygen metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegeneration. |
2,330,758 | Clinical characteristics and outcome of hydrocephalus in neurosarcoidosis: a retrospective cohort study and review of the literature. | Hydrocephalus is reported in approximately one-tenth of neurosarcoidosis patients. However, data on clinical characteristics and outcome are lacking. In this retrospective study, we present 11 patients with neurosarcoidosis and hydrocephalus on neuroimaging. Median age was 52 years and seven were female (64%). Presenting symptoms consisted of headache in 8 out of 11 (73%), vertigo in 5 (46%), gait abnormalities in 4 (36%), diplopia in 2 (18%) and decreased visual acuity in 1 (9%). Cranial imaging showed obstructive hydrocephalus in 10 (91%) and non-obstructive hydrocephalus in 1 (9%) out of 11, obstruction occurred at the level of the fourth ventricle in 6 out of 10 (60%). Treatment consisted of glucocorticoids in all the patients with additional methotrexate or azathioprine in 6 (55%) and infliximab in 1 (9%) patient. Neurosurgical intervention was performed in 10 out of 11 (91%) patients. Treatment led to remission, improvement or stabilization of disease in 9 out of 10 (90%) of patients. One patient died due to cerebral herniation despite neurosurgical decompression and CSF shunting. Median modified Rankin scale score at last follow-up was 2 (range 0-6). A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on hydrocephalus due to neurosarcoidosis identified 36 patients that compared to our patients had a lower median age at onset and a higher mortality. Acute obstructive hydrocephalus due to neurosarcoidosis is a potentially fatal medical emergency requiring neurosurgical intervention and initiation of immunosuppressive therapy. If patients survive the initial phase, the outcome is generally favorable. |
2,330,759 | TSC2 somatic mosaic mutation, including extra-tumor tissue, may be the developmental cause of solitary subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. | Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs) are tumors that usually arise in the wall of one or the other lateral ventricle near a foramen of Monro, most often on a background of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). TSC has a variety of clinical manifestations caused by germline mutations of the TSC complex subunit 1 or 2 (TSC1, TSC2) genes. SEGAs without clinical manifestations of TSC are termed solitary SEGAs, which are hypothesized to be caused by tumor-only TSC1/2 mutations, or "forme fruste" of TSC with somatic mosaic mutations. However, it is difficult to distinguish between the two. Here, we report three patients with genetically investigated solitary SEGAs and review this rare manifestation.</AbstractText>SEGA was completely removed in two patients and partially removed in one. Genetic analyses were performed on the tumor tissue and on peripheral blood via DNA microarray, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and next-generation sequencing with ultra-deep sequencing of mutation points.</AbstractText>All three patients had tumors with TSC2 somatic mutations and loss of heterozygosity (LOH). In one patient, the same TSC2 mutation was also detected in 1% of leukocytes in his blood. The tumors did not recur, and clinical manifestations of TSC did not develop during the 4-year follow-up.</AbstractText>The genetic cause of solitary SEGAs may be a TSC2 mutation with LOH. In patients with solitary SEGA, mosaic mutations may present in other organs, and TSC may clinically manifest later in life; therefore, patients should be followed up for prolonged periods.</AbstractText>© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,760 | Complications of neuroendoscopic septostomy. | The advent of neuroendoscopy revolutionized the management of complex hydrocephalus. Fenestration of the septum pellucidum (septostomy) is often a therapeutic and/or necessary intervention in neuroendoscopy. However, these procedures are not without risk. The authors sought to record the incidence and types of complications. They attempted to discern if there was decreased likelihood of septostomy complications in patients who underwent endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV)/choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) as compared with those who underwent other procedures and those with larger ventricles preoperatively. The authors investigated different operative techniques and their possible relationships to septostomy complications.</AbstractText>The authors retrospectively reviewed all neuroendoscopic procedures with Current Procedural Terminology code 62161 performed from January 2003 until June 2019 at their institution. Septostomy, either alone or in conjunction with other procedures, was performed in 118 cases. Basic demographic characteristics, clinical histories, operative details/findings, and adverse events (intraoperative and postoperative) were collected. Pearson chi-square and univariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Patients with incomplete records were excluded.</AbstractText>Of 118 procedures, 29 (24.5%) septostomies had either intraoperative or postoperative complications. The most common intraoperative complication was bleeding, as noted in 12 (10.2%) septostomies. Neuroendocrine dysfunction, including apnea, bradycardia, neurological deficit, seizure, etc., was the most common postoperative complication and seen after 15 (12.7%) procedures. No significant differences in complications were noted between ventricular size or morphology or between different operative techniques or ventricular approaches. There was no significant difference between the complication rate of patients who underwent ETV/CPC and that of patients who underwent septostomy as a part of other procedures. Greater length of surgery (OR 1.013) was associated with septostomy complications.</AbstractText>Neuroendoscopy for hydrocephalus due to varying etiologies provides significant utility but is not without risk. The authors did not find associations between larger ventricular size or posterior endoscope approach and lower complication rates, as hypothesized. No significant difference in complication rates was noted between septostomy performed during ETV/CPC and other endoscopic procedures requiring septostomy.</AbstractText> |
2,330,761 | Adult human neurogenesis: early studies clarify recent controversies and go further. | Evidence on adult mammalian neurogenesis and scarce studies with human brains led to the idea that adult human neurogenesis occurs in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus and in the subventricular zone (SVZ). However, findings published from 2018 rekindled controversies on adult human SGZ neurogenesis. We systematically reviewed studies published during the first decade of characterization of adult human neurogenesis (1994-2004) - when the two-neurogenic-niche concept in humans was consolidated - and compared with further studies. The synthesis of both periods is that adult human neurogenesis occurs in an intensity ranging from practically zero to a level comparable to adult mammalian neurogenesis in general, which is the prevailing conclusion. Nonetheless, Bernier and colleagues showed in 2000 intriguing indications of adult human neurogenesis in a broad area including the limbic system. Likewise, we later showed evidence that limbic and hypothalamic structures surrounding the circumventricular organs form a continuous zone expressing neurogenesis markers encompassing the SGZ and SVZ. The conclusion is that publications from 2018 on adult human neurogenesis did not bring novel findings on location of neurogenic niches. Rather, we expect that the search of neurogenesis beyond the canonical adult mammalian neurogenic niches will confirm our indications that adult human neurogenesis is orchestrated in a broad brain area. We predict that this approach may, for example, clarify that human hippocampal neurogenesis occurs mostly in the CA1-subiculum zone and that the previously identified human rostral migratory stream arising from the SVZ is indeed the column of the fornix expressing neurogenesis markers. |
2,330,762 | In-silico study of accuracy and precision of left-ventricular strain quantification from 3D tagged MRI. | Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) allows quantifying myocardial tissue deformation and strain based on the tagging principle. In this work, we investigate accuracy and precision of strain quantification from synthetic 3D tagged MRI using equilibrated warping. To this end, synthetic biomechanical left-ventricular tagged MRI data with varying tag distance, spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were generated and processed to quantify errors in radial, circumferential and longitudinal strains relative to ground truth. Results reveal that radial strain is more sensitive to image resolution and noise than the other strain components. The study also shows robustness of quantifying circumferential and longitudinal strain in the presence of geometrical inconsistencies of 3D tagged data. In conclusion, our study points to the need for higher-resolution 3D tagged MRI than currently available in practice in order to achieve sufficient accuracy of radial strain quantification. |
2,330,763 | Left ventricular performance by work and wasted energy: is strain not sufficient?<Pagination><StartPage>198</StartPage><EndPage>199</EndPage><MedlinePgn>198-199</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1093/ehjci/jeab233</ELocationID><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smiseth</LastName><ForeName>Otto A</ForeName><Initials>OA</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3005-9954</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases, Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016421">Editorial</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016420">Comment</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101573788</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2047-2404</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="CommentOn"><RefSource>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021 Aug 25;:</RefSource><PMID Version="1">34432004</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006352" MajorTopicYN="Y">Heart Ventricles</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000000981" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnostic imaging</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016277" MajorTopicYN="Y">Ventricular Function, Left</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>17</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>12</Hour><Minute>16</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">34739071</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8788002</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeab233</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">6421638</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Folse R, Braunwald E.  Determination of fraction of left ventricular volume ejected per beat and of ventricular end-diastolic and residual volumes. 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An expert consensus document of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging.</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">34729586</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Tyberg JV, Forrester JS, Wyatt HL, Goldner SJ, Parmley WW, Swan HJ.  An analysis of segmental ischemic dysfunction utilizing the pressure-length loop. Circulation  1974;49:748–54.</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">4817712</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Suga H.  Total mechanical energy of a ventricle model and cardiac oxygen consumption. Am J Physiol  1979;236:H498–505.</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">426086</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Russell K, Eriksen M, Aaberge L, Wilhelmsen N, Skulstad H, Remme EW  et al.  A novel clinical method for quantification of regional left ventricular pressure-strain loop area: a non-invasive index of myocardial work. Eur Heart J  2012;33:724–33.</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC3303715</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">22315346</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Aalen JM, Donal E, Larsen CK, Duchenne J, Lederlin M, Cvijic M  et al.  Imaging predictors of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: left ventricular work asymmetry by echocardiography and septal viability by cardiac magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J  2020;41:3813–23.</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7599033</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32918449</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Roemer S, Jaglan A, Santos D, Umland M, Jain R, Tajik AJ  et al.  The utility of myocardial work in clinical practice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr  2021;34:807–18.</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33895250</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Tokodi M, Oláh A, Fábián A, Lakatos BK, Hizoh I, Ruppert M  et al.  Novel insights into the athlete's heart: is myocardial work the new champion of systolic function?  Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging  2021; doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeab162.</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8788018</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">34432004</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">34738885</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>05</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1467-1107</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Nov</Month><Day>05</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Cardiology in the young</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Cardiol Young</ISOAbbreviation></Journal>Does interatrial communication affect post-operative course of children undergoing tetralogy of Fallot repair? Single centre retrospective cohort study: propensity score matching. | During tetralogy of Fallot repair, leaving or even create an interatrial communication may facilitate post-operative course particularly with right ventricle restrictive physiology. The aim of our study is to assess the influence of atrial communication on post-operative course of tetralogy of Fallot repair.</AbstractText>Retrospectively, we studied all children who had tetralogy of Fallot repair (2003-2018). We divided them into two groups: tetralogy of Fallot repair with interatrial communication (TOFASD) group and tetralogy of Fallot repair with intact atrial septum (TOFIAS) group. We performed propensity match score for specific pre- or intra-operative variables and compared groups for post-operative outcome variables. Secondarily, we looked for right ventricle restrictive physiology incidence and influence of early repair performed before 3 months of age on post-operative course.</AbstractText>One hundred and sixty children underwent tetralogy of Fallot repair including (93) cases of TOFIAS (58%) and (67) cases of TOFASD (42%). With propensity matching score, 52 patients from each group were compared. Post-operative course was indifferent in term of positive pressure ventilation time, vasoactive inotropic score, creatinine and lactic acid levels, duration and amount of chest drainage and length of intensive care unit and hospital stay. Right ventricle restrictive physiology occurred in 38% of patients with no effects on outcome. 12/104 patients (12%) with early repair needed longer pressure ventilation time (p = 0.003) and intensive care unit stay (p = 0.02).</AbstractText>Leaving interatrial communication in tetralogy of Fallot repair did not affect post-operative course. As well, right ventricle restrictive physiology did not affect post-operative course. Infants undergoing early tetralogy of Fallot repair may require longer duration of positive pressure ventilation time and intensive care unit stay.</AbstractText> |
2,330,764 | Right Ventricle Dilation Detected on Point-of-Care Ultrasound Is a Predictor of Poor Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. | During the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for judicious use of diagnostic tests and to limit personnel exposure has led to increased use and dependence on point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) examinations. We reviewed POCUS findings in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for acute respiratory failure with COVID-19 and correlated the findings to severity of illness and 30-day outcomes.</AbstractText>Patients admitted to the ICU in March and April 2020 were reviewed for inclusion (acute hypoxemic respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 pneumonia; documentation of POCUS findings).</AbstractText>Forty-three patients met inclusion criteria. B lines and pleural thickening were associated with a lower PaO2</sub>/FiO2</sub> by 71 (P</i> = .005; adjusted R</i> 2</sup> = 0.24). Right ventricle (RV) dilation was more common in patients with 30-day mortality (P</i> = .02) and was a predictor of mortality when adjusted for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and age (odds ratio, 12.0; P</i> = .048). All patients with RV dilation had bilateral B lines with pleural irregularities.</AbstractText>Although lung ultrasound abnormalities are prevalent in patients with severe disease, RV involvement seems to be predictive of outcomes. Further studies are needed to discern the etiology and pathophysiology of RV dilation in COVID-19.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2021 Frontline Medical Communications Inc., Parsippany, NJ, USA.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,765 | Ganglioglioma Arising from the Septum Pellucidum. | A 24-year-old gentleman presented to us with complaints of occasional headache for 2 years. Magnetic resonance imaging showed enhancing supra sellar mass with nonenhancing cystic components, extending superiorly up to the body of bilateral lateral ventricle, laterally displacing septum pellucidum, and compressing the third ventricle with obstructive hydrocephalus. Hormone profile depicted adrenocorticotropic hormone <5.00 pg/mL, growth hormone 1.32 ng/mL, insulin-like growth factor-1 <3.0 ng/mL. The patient underwent surgical resection. Histological finding was suggestive of ganglioglioma World Health Organization grade I. Customized immunohistochemistry panel was advised and revealed positive CD 56, NSE, and GFAP immunohistochemical stains. Gangliogliomas are less frequent neoplastic lesions confined to only a handful of case reports and studies. Accounting less than 2% of intracranial neoplasms, these lesions primarily affect those in the first 3 decades of their life. As ubiquitous it is in nature, we hereby present a case of ganglioglioma in a young adult male arising from septum pellucidum. |
2,330,766 | Intratumoral Hemorrhage After Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy for Obstructive Hydrocephalus Caused by Brain Tumors. | Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for obstructive hydrocephalus and endoscopic biopsy (EB) for intraventricular and paraventricular tumors are standard therapies because they are minimally invasive procedures. Although EB-associated hemorrhagic risk has been well documented, there have been only a few reports on hemorrhagic risk associated with ETV. We conducted a single-institution retrospective study on the incidence of hemorrhage secondary to EB and/or ETV.</AbstractText>We retrospectively reviewed patient characteristics, procedure, pathological findings, and complications including hemorrhage of 100 patients with intraventricular and paraventricular tumors who underwent EB and/or ETV at our institution from 2000 to 2020.</AbstractText>EB/ETV combined surgery (combined group), EB-alone surgery (EB-alone group), and ETV-alone surgery (ETV-alone group) were performed in 44 (44%), 24 (24%), and 32 (32%) patients, respectively, and all procedures were successful. The rates of definitive and suggestive diagnoses in EB were 76.5% and 23.5%, respectively. Adverse events were observed in 6 patients. In the combined group, acute obstruction of the ETV stoma was observed in 1 patient and transient double vision was observed in 1 patient. Transient aqueductal stenosis/obstruction was observed in 2 patients in the EB-alone group. In the ETV-alone group, hemorrhage was observed in 2 patients; these patients developed intratumoral hemorrhage despite ETV-alone surgery. Subsequently, these 2 patients underwent tumor removal, and the histopathological diagnosis was atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor in both.</AbstractText>For obstructive hydrocephalus with atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, physicians must be aware of the risk of postoperative intratumoral hemorrhage after performing ETV.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,767 | Colloid Cyst: A Potentially Life-Threatening Etiology of Severe Headache in a Patient With Migraine. | Headache is a common cause of emergency department (ED) visits. Migraine is a prevalent neurological disorder that is encountered by emergency physicians in day-to-day practice. However, patients with a known history of migraines should be carefully evaluated when presenting with headaches and serious pathologies of headache should be ruled out. We report the case of a 43-year-old woman, with a known history of classic migraine, who presented to the ED with a severe headache. She described the headache as persistent generalized pain. The headache was worse on awakening and bending. The headache did not improve with the use of oral sumatriptan. She reported that the current episode of headache is more severe than her usual migraine headaches. The patient underwent a cranial CT scan which demonstrated a homogenously hyperdense well-defined round lesion located in the midline at the approximate location of the foramen of Monro with prominent lateral ventricles, conferring the diagnosis of the colloid cyst. The patient underwent a right craniotomy with resection of the cyst using the transcallosal approach. Recognition of this important diagnosis is crucial to prevent serious neurological complications by having timely management. |
2,330,768 | Serious illness conversations in pulmonary hypertension. | Pulmonary arterial hypertension has evolved from a fatal disease with few treatment options to a chronic condition with improved survival. This improvement is possible through development of effective therapies as well as the expansion of risk stratification scores to assist clinical decision making. Despite improved disease control, quality of life, and overall prognosis, many challenges remain. The treatment itself is burdensome, with significant impact on quality of life. Many patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension still present with advanced, often end-stage disease. Increased use of mechanical circulatory support and catheter-based interventions have expanded use of extracorporeal life support and right ventricle assist devices. For these reasons as well as the long-term relationships pulmonary hypertension physicians have with patients and their families, navigating the course of the illness in a considered, proactive way is essential. Understanding individual goals and revisiting them as they change over time requires comfort with the conversation itself. There are many barriers and challenges to having effective, compassionate conversations in the clinical setting with time constraints being the most often cited. Compressed visits are necessarily focused on the clinical aspects, therapy and medication adherence and tolerance. Clinicians are sometimes wary of diminishing hope in the face of ongoing treatment. Having sufficient experience and comfort with these discussions can be empowering. In this paper, we discuss the challenges involved and propose a framework to assist in incorporating these discussions into clinical care. |
2,330,769 | Clinical Application of Microsurgery Using the Cerebellar Medulla Fissure Approach in Severe Ventricular Hemorrhage with Casting of the Fourth Ventricle and Its Influence on Neurological Recovery. | To investigate the clinical application of microsurgery using the cerebellar medulla fissure approach in severe ventricular hemorrhage with casting of the fourth ventricle and its effect on neurological recovery.</AbstractText>A total of 80 patients with severe intraventricular hemorrhage accompanied by casting and dilation of the fourth ventricle who were admitted to the neurosurgery department between July 2019 and December 2020 were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, with 40 patients in each group. The drainage tube extubation time and length of hospital stay of the two groups were compared. The 3-day hematoma clearance of the two groups was observed. Postoperative consciousness was evaluated by GCS, and the patients' recovery was evaluated by GOS at three months. The activities of daily living (ADL) scores of the two groups were compared to evaluate patients' postoperative self-care ability. The incidence of postoperative complications in the two groups was collected. Independent risk factors for poor prognosis were analyzed by logistics regression.</AbstractText>The postoperative hospitalization time and the drainage tube extubation time in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The ratio of hematoma clearance ≥90% in the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group. Postoperative GCS scores and GOS scores in the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group. The rate of postoperative complications in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The rate of good ADL grading in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Age and surgical method were independent risk factors for poor prognosis.</AbstractText>Microsurgery using the cerebellar medulla fissure approach can effectively improve the condition of severe ventricular hemorrhage with casting of the fourth ventricle and promote the recovery of patients' neurological function.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2021 Feng Gao et al.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,770 | Immunohistochemical evidence for adult human neurogenesis in health and disease. | Postnatal and adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and subgranular zone of animals such as rodents and non-human primates has been observed with many different technical approaches. Since most techniques used in animals cannot be used in humans, the majority of human neurogenesis studies rely on postmortem immunohistochemistry. This technique is difficult in human tissue, due to poor and variable preservation of antigens and samples. Nevertheless, a survey of the literature reveals that most published studies provide evidence for childhood and adult neurogenesis in the human brain stem cell niches. There are some conflicting results even when assessing the same markers and when using the same antibodies. Focusing on immunohistochemical studies on post-mortem human sections, we discuss the relative robustness of the literature on adult neurogenesis. We also discuss the response of the subventricular and subgranular zones to human disease, showing that the two niches can respond differently and that the stage of disease impacts neurogenesis levels. Thus, we highlight strong evidence for adult human neurogenesis, discuss other work that did not find it, describe obstacles in analysis, and offer other approaches to evaluate the neurogenic potential of the subventricular and subgranular zones of Homo sapiens. This article is categorized under: Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Reproductive System Diseases > Stem Cells and Development. |
2,330,771 | Needle insufflation into the liver as a cause of massive gas embolus and CVA. | Laparoscopy is being applied more frequently and in broader applications. Complications of this technique are infrequent, and rare among them are gas emboli due to insufflation. This paper describes a 65-year-old obese female presenting for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy who suffered a cerebral vascular accident after Veress needle insertion into undiagnosed severe fatty liver led to a massive gas embolus. Our patient experienced immediate cardiac compromise and acute monoparesis. Intra-operative transesophageal echocardiogram revealed copious air in the right atria and ventricle. A needle track within the liver was visible on a post-operative computerized tomography scan. The patient made a full recovery, but this acts as a reminder to be vigilant for potential complications of laparoscopy and highlights challenges of laparoscopic entry in the severely obese. |
2,330,772 | Extracellular LGALS3BP regulates neural progenitor position and relates to human cortical complexity. | Basal progenitors (BPs), including intermediate progenitors and basal radial glia, are generated from apical radial glia and are enriched in gyrencephalic species like humans, contributing to neuronal expansion. Shortly after generation, BPs delaminate towards the subventricular zone, where they further proliferate before differentiation. Gene expression alterations involved in BP delamination and function in humans are poorly understood. Here, we study the role of LGALS3BP, so far known as a cancer biomarker, which is a secreted protein enriched in human neural progenitors (NPCs). We show that individuals with LGALS3BP de novo variants exhibit altered local gyrification, sulcal depth, surface area and thickness in their cortex. Additionally, using cerebral organoids, human fetal tissues and mice, we show that LGALS3BP regulates the position of NPCs. Single-cell RNA-sequencing and proteomics reveal that LGALS3BP-mediated mechanisms involve the extracellular matrix in NPCs' anchoring and migration within the human brain. We propose that its temporal expression influences NPCs' delamination, corticogenesis and gyrification extrinsically. |
2,330,773 | Astrocytes and retrograde degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease: removing axonal debris. | The dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons (DA cells) in healthy people present a slow degeneration with aging, which produces cellular debris throughout life. About 2%-5% of people present rapid cell degeneration of more than 50% of DA cells, which produces Parkinson's disease (PD). Neuroinflammation accelerates the cell degeneration and may be critical for the transition between the slow physiological and the rapid pathological degeneration of DA cells, particularly when it activates microglial cells of the medial forebrain bundle near dopaminergic axons. As synaptic debris produced by DA cell degeneration may trigger the parkinsonian neuroinflammation, this study investigated the removal of axonal debris produced by retrograde degeneration of DA cells, paying particular attention to the relative roles of astrocytes and microglia.</AbstractText>Rats and mice were injected in the lateral ventricles with 6-hydroxydopamine, inducing a degeneration of dopaminergic synapses in the striatum which was not accompanied by non-selective tissue damage, microgliosis or neuroinflammation. The possible retrograde degeneration of dopaminergic axons, and the production and metabolization of DA-cell debris were studied with immunohistochemical methods and analyzed in confocal and electron microscopy images.</AbstractText>The selective degeneration of dopaminergic synapses in the striatum was followed by a retrograde degeneration of dopaminergic axons whose debris was found within spheroids of the medial forebrain bundle. These spheroids retained mitochondria and most (e.g., tyrosine hydroxylase, the dopamine transporter protein, and amyloid precursor protein) but not all (e.g., α-synuclein) proteins of the degenerating dopaminergic axons. Spheroids showed initial (autophagosomes) but not late (lysosomes) components of autophagy (incomplete autophagy). These spheroids were penetrated by astrocytic processes of the medial forebrain bundle, which provided the lysosomes needed to continue the degradation of dopaminergic debris. Finally, dopaminergic proteins were observed in the cell somata of astrocytes. No microgliosis or microglial phagocytosis of debris was observed in the medial forebrain bundle during the retrograde degeneration of dopaminergic axons.</AbstractText>The present data suggest a physiological role of astrocytic phagocytosis of axonal debris for the medial forebrain bundle astrocytes, which may prevent the activation of microglia and the spread of retrograde axonal degeneration in PD.</AbstractText>© 2021. The Author(s).</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,774 | The medieval cell doctrine: Foundations, development, evolution, and graphic representations in printed books from 1490 to 1630. | The medieval cell doctrine was a series of related psychological models based on ancient Greco-Roman ideas in which cognitive faculties were assigned to "cells," typically corresponding to the cerebral ventricles. During Late Antiquity and continuing during the Early Middle Ages, Christian philosophers attempted to reinterpret Aristotle's <i>De Anima</i>, along with later modifications by Herophilos and Galen, in a manner consistent with religious doctrine. The resulting medieval cell doctrine was formulated by the fathers of the early Christian Church in the fourth and fifth centuries. Printed images of the doctrine that appeared in medical, philosophical, and religious works, beginning with "graphic incunabula" at the end of the fifteenth century, extended and evolved a manuscript tradition that had been in place since at least the eleventh century. Some of these early psychological models just pigeonholed the various cognitive faculties in different non-overlapping bins within the brain (albeit without any clinicopathologic evidence supporting such localizations), while others specifically promoted or implied a linear sequence of events, resembling the process of digestion. By the sixteenth century, printed images of the doctrine were usually linear three-cell versions with few exceptions having four or five cells. Despite direct challenges by Massa and Vesalius in the sixteenth century, and Willis in the seventeenth century, the doctrine saw its most elaborate formulations in the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth centuries with illustrations by the Paracelsan physicians Bacci and Fludd. Overthrow of the doctrine had to await abandonment of Galenic cardiovascular physiology from the late-seventeenth to early-eighteenth centuries. |
2,330,775 | Intracranial Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma in Fourth Ventricle. | We present an extremely rare case of intracranial extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. A 36-year-old male presented with dizziness persisting for 2 weeks. MRI of the patient showed well-enhanced mass of fourth ventricle. The tumor was totally removed under telovelar approach. Pathology results confirmed an intracranial extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. Adjuvant radiotherapy was initiated one month after the surgery, and MRI followed 3 months after initial operation and showed no evidence of tumor recurrence. |
2,330,776 | Effects of an external ventricular drain alert protocol on venticulostomy placement time in the emergency department. | Timely ventriculostomy placement is critical in the management of neurosurgical emergencies. Prompt external ventricular drain (EVD) placement has been shown to improve long-term patient outcomes and decrease the length of ICU and hospital stays. Successful and efficient EVD placement requires seamless coordination among multiple healthcare teams. In this study, the authors sought to identify factors favoring delayed ventriculostomy via a quality improvement initiative and to implement changes to expedite EVD placement.</AbstractText>Through process mapping, root cause analysis, and interviews with staff, the authors identified the lack of a standardized mechanism for alerting necessary healthcare teams as a major contributor to delays in EVD placement. In December 2019, an EVD alert system was developed to automatically initiate an EVD placement protocol and to alert the neurosurgery department, pharmacy, core laboratory, and nursing staff to prepare for EVD placement. The time to EVD placement was tracked prospectively using time stamps in the electronic medical record.</AbstractText>A total of 20 patients who underwent EVD placement between December 2019 and April 2021, during the EVD alert protocol initiation, and 18 preprotocol control patients (January 2018 to December 2019) met study inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The mean time to EVD placement in the control group was 71.88 minutes compared with 50.3 minutes in the EVD alert group (two-tailed t-test, p = 0.025). The median time to EVD placement was 64 minutes in the control group compared with 52 minutes in the EVD alert group (rank-sum test, p = 0.0184). All patients from each cohort exhibited behavior typical of stable processes, with no violation of Shewhart rules and no special cause variations on statistical process control charts.</AbstractText>A quality improvement framework helped identify sources of delays to EVD placement in the emergency department. An automated EVD alert system was a simple intervention that significantly reduced the time to EVD placement in the emergency department and can be easily implemented at other institutions to improve patient care.</AbstractText> |
2,330,777 | A clinically applicable strategy to estimate the in vivo distribution of mechanical material properties of the right ventricular wall. | A clinically applicable approach to estimate the in vivo mechanical material properties of the heart wall is presented. This optimization-based inverse estimation approach applies a shape-based objective functional combined with rigid body registration and incremental parameterization of heterogeneity to use standard clinical imaging data along with simplified representations of cardiac function to provide consistent and physically meaningful solution estimates. The capability of the inverse estimation algorithm is evaluated through application to two clinically obtained human datasets to estimate the passive elastic mechanical properties of the heart wall, with an emphasis on the right ventricle. One dataset corresponded to a subject with normal heart function, while the other corresponded to a subject with severe pulmonary hypertension, and therefore expected to have a substantially stiffer right ventricle. Patient-specific pressure-driven bi-ventricle finite element analysis was used as the forward model and the endocardial surface of the right ventricle was used as the target data for the inverse problem. By using the right ventricle alone as the target of the inverse problem the relative sensitivity of the objective function to the right ventricle properties is increased. The method was able to identify material properties to accurately match the corresponding shape of the simplified forward model to the clinically obtained target data, and the properties obtained for the example cases are consistent with the clinical expectation for the right ventricle. Additionally, the material property estimates indicate significant heterogeneity in the heart wall for both subjects, and more so for the subject with pulmonary hypertension. |
2,330,778 | FOXR1 regulates stress response pathways and is necessary for proper brain development. | The forkhead box (Fox) family of transcription factors are highly conserved and play essential roles in a wide range of cellular and developmental processes. We report an individual with severe neurological symptoms including postnatal microcephaly, progressive brain atrophy and global developmental delay associated with a de novo missense variant (M280L) in the FOXR1 gene. At the protein level, M280L impaired FOXR1 expression and induced a nuclear aggregate phenotype due to protein misfolding and proteolysis. RNAseq and pathway analysis showed that FOXR1 acts as a transcriptional activator and repressor with central roles in heat shock response, chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding and cellular response to stress pathways. Indeed, FOXR1 expression is increased in response to cellular stress, a process in which it directly controls HSPA6, HSPA1A and DHRS2 transcripts. The M280L mutant compromises FOXR1's ability to respond to stress, in part due to impaired regulation of downstream target genes that are involved in the stress response pathway. Quantitative PCR of mouse embryo tissues show Foxr1 expression in the embryonic brain. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we found that deletion of mouse Foxr1 leads to a severe survival deficit while surviving newborn Foxr1 knockout mice have reduced body weight. Further examination of newborn Foxr1 knockout brains revealed a decrease in cortical thickness and enlarged ventricles compared to littermate wild-type mice, suggesting that loss of Foxr1 leads to atypical brain development. Combined, these results suggest FOXR1 plays a role in cellular stress response pathways and is necessary for normal brain development. |
2,330,779 | Unraveling the Metabolic Derangements Occurring in Non-infarcted Areas of Pig Hearts With Chronic Heart Failure. | <b>Objective:</b> After myocardial infarction (MI), the non-infarcted left ventricle (LV) ensures appropriate contractile function of the heart. Metabolic disturbance in this region greatly exacerbates post-MI heart failure (HF) pathology. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic derangements occurring in the non-infarcted LV that could trigger cardiovascular deterioration. <b>Methods and Results:</b> We used a pig model that progressed into chronic HF over 3 months following MI induction. Integrated gene and metabolite signatures revealed region-specific perturbations in amino acid- and lipid metabolism, insulin signaling and, oxidative stress response. Remote LV, in particular, showed impaired glutamine and arginine metabolism, altered synthesis of lipids, glucose metabolism disorder, and increased insulin resistance. <i>LPIN1, PPP1R3C, PTPN1, CREM</i>, and <i>NR0B2</i> were identified as the main effectors in metabolism dysregulation in the remote zone and were found differentially expressed also in the myocardium of patients with ischemic and/or dilated cardiomyopathy. In addition, a simultaneous significant decrease in arginine levels and altered <i>PRCP, PTPN1</i>, and <i>ARF6</i> expression suggest alterations in vascular function in remote area. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study unravels an array of dysregulated genes and metabolites putatively involved in maladaptive metabolic and vascular remodeling in the non-infarcted myocardium and may contribute to the development of more precise therapies to mitigate progression of chronic HF post-MI. |
2,330,780 | Efficient Ventricular Parameter Estimation Using AI-Surrogate Models. | The onset and progression of pathological heart conditions, such as cardiomyopathy or heart failure, affect its mechanical behaviour due to the remodelling of the myocardial tissues to preserve its functional response. Identification of the constitutive properties of heart tissues could provide useful biomarkers to diagnose and assess the progression of disease. We have previously demonstrated the utility of efficient AI-surrogate models to simulate passive cardiac mechanics. Here, we propose the use of this surrogate model for the identification of myocardial mechanical properties and intra-ventricular pressure by solving an inverse problem with two novel AI-based approaches. Our analysis concluded that: (i) both approaches were robust toward Gaussian noise when the ventricle data for multiple loading conditions were combined; and (ii) estimates of one and two parameters could be obtained in less than 9 and 18 s, respectively. The proposed technique yields a viable option for the translation of cardiac mechanics simulations and biophysical parameter identification methods into the clinic to improve the diagnosis and treatment of heart pathologies. In addition, the proposed estimation techniques are general and can be straightforwardly translated to other applications involving different anatomical structures. |
2,330,781 | Age-dependent decline of copper clearance at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. | The homeostasis of copper (Cu) in the central nervous system is regulated by the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal (CSF) barrier (BCB) in the choroid plexus. While proteins responsible for Cu uptake, release, storage and intracellular trafficking exist in the choroid plexus, the influence of age on Cu clearance from the CSF via the choroid plexus and how Cu transporting proteins contribute to the process are unelucidated. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the aging process diminishes Cu clearance from the CSF of rats by disrupting Cu transporting proteins in the choroid plexus. Data from ventriculo-cisternal perfusion experiments demonstrated greater <sup>64</sup>Cu radioactivity in the CSF effluents of older rats (18 months) compared to younger (1 month) and adult (2 months) rats, suggesting much slower removal of Cu by the choroid plexus in old animals. Studies utilizing qPCR and immunofluorescence revealed an age-specific expression pattern of Cu transporting proteins in the choroid plexus. Moreover, proteomic analyses unraveled age-specific proteomes in the choroid plexus with distinct pathway differences, particularly associated with extracellular matrix and neurodevelopment between young and old animals. Taken together, these findings support an age-dependent deterioration in CSF Cu clearance, which appears to be associated with altered subcellular distribution of Cu transporting proteins and proteomes in the choroid plexus. |
2,330,782 | Cold exposure aggravates pulmonary arterial hypertension through increased miR-146a-5p, miR-155-5p and cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. | Cold temperatures can aggravate pulmonary diseases and promote pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); however, the underlying mechanism has not been fully explored.</AbstractText>To explore the effect of chronic cold exposure on the production of inflammatory cytokines and microRNAs (miRNAs) in a monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH model.</AbstractText>Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into a Control (23.5 ± 2 °C), Cold (5.0 ± 1 °C for ten days), MCT (60 mg/kg body weight i.p.), and MCT + Cold (ten days of cold exposure after 3 weeks of MCT injection). Hemodynamic parameters, right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy, and pulmonary arterial medial wall thickness were determined. IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were determined using western blotting. miR-21-5p and -3p, miR-146a-5p and -3p, and miR-155-5p and -3p and plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) and mRNA expression of Cd68, Cd163, Bmpr2, Smad5, Tgfbr2, and Smad3 were determined using RT-qPCR.</AbstractText>The MCT + Cold group had aggravated RV hypertrophy hemodynamic parameters, and pulmonary arterial medial wall thickness. In lungs of the MCT + Cold, group the protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were higher than those in the MCT group. The mRNA expression of Cd68 and Cd163 were higher in the MCT + Cold group. miR-146a-5p and miR-155-5p levels were higher in the plasma EVs and lungs of the MCT + Cold group. Cold exposure promoted a greater decrease in miR-21-5p, Bmpr2, Smad5, Tgfbr2, and Smad3 mRNA expression in lungs of the MCT + Cold group.</AbstractText>Cold exposure aggravates MCT-induced PAH with an increase in inflammatory marker and miRNA levels in the plasma EVs and lungs.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,783 | Resident macrophage-dependent immune cell scaffolds drive anti-bacterial defense in the peritoneal cavity. | Peritoneal immune cells reside unanchored within the peritoneal fluid in homeostasis. Here, we examined the mechanisms that control bacterial infection in the peritoneum using a mouse model of abdominal sepsis following intraperitoneal Escherichia coli infection. Whole-mount immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy of the peritoneal wall and omentum revealed that large peritoneal macrophages (LPMs) rapidly cleared bacteria and adhered to the mesothelium, forming multilayered cellular aggregates composed by sequentially recruited LPMs, B1 cells, neutrophils, and monocyte-derived cells (moCs). The formation of resident macrophage aggregates (resMφ-aggregates) required LPMs and thrombin-dependent fibrin polymerization. E. coli infection triggered LPM pyroptosis and release of inflammatory mediators. Resolution of these potentially inflammatory aggregates required LPM-mediated recruitment of moCs, which were essential for fibrinolysis-mediated resMφ-aggregate disaggregation and the prevention of peritoneal overt inflammation. Thus, resMφ-aggregates provide a physical scaffold that enables the efficient control of peritoneal infection, with implications for antimicrobial immunity in other body cavities, such as the pleural cavity or brain ventricles. |
2,330,784 | Primary uterine broad ligament ependymoma with CHEK2 p.H371Y germline mutation: A CARE-compliant case report uterine broad ligament ependymoma. | Ependymomas arise from ependymal cells lining the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord and can occur throughout the whole neuraxis. The lesion rarely occurs in extracranial or extraspinal regions, particularly in the uterine broad ligament. Thus, for the pathogenesis of nonsacral extra-central nervous system (CNS) ependymomas remains elusive. Here, we describe a rare case of primary uterine broad ligament. ependymoma with cell-cycle-checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) p.H371Y germline mutation. A 45-year-old woman presented with a uterine mass. The transvaginal sonographic examination confirmed a 4.4 cm × 3.7 cm, cystic and solid, mass located on the right side uterine wall near isthmus. First, laparoscopy with the neoplasm resection was carried out. Based on morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of tumor cells that expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S-100, and vimentin, the tumor was diagnosed as an ependymoma. After that, she underwent a laparotomic total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymphadenectomy. Furthermore, we performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the patient's resected tumor tissue and peripheral blood and identified a novel CHEK2 p.H371Y germline mutation. Following surgery, the patient received oral tamoxifen (10 mg 2/day) and followed by letrozole (2.5 mg/day) for 6 months. The patient remained disease-free after 4 years of follow-up. Conceivably, CHEK2 p.H371Y is a driving gene for the development of extra-CNS ependymoma. |
2,330,785 | Third Ventricle Volume Predicts Functional Outcome in Chronic Subdural Hematoma. | There is a lack of evidence demonstrating the utility of computed tomography (CT) to predict chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) clinical outcomes. We aim to analyze the role of tomographic volumetric analysis in patients with CSDH.</AbstractText>We performed a retrospective study of patients undergoing burr-hole craniostomy (BHC) for CSDH over five years at a tertiary care center. Degree of midline shift, radiographic density, subdural hematoma volume, acute blood volume, and third ventricle (3VV) and fourth ventricle (4VV) volume were estimated using semiautomatic segmentation of preoperative CT. Postoperative functional outcome was measured by two endpoints: National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at discharge and short-term modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 6-week follow-up. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using nonparametric tests. Discriminative capacity and optimal thresholds of independent variables were calculated by means of receiving-operative curves (ROC).</AbstractText>A total of 79 patients were included for analysis with a median age of 78.5 years. Greater preoperative 3VV independently correlated with poor discharge NIHSS (p = .01) and short-term mRS (p = .03). A cutoff value of 0.545 mL demonstrated the highest sensitivity (77.1%) and specificity (88.8%) with an odds ratio for an mRS functional dependence of 9.29 (p = .001).</AbstractText>Greater preoperative tomographic 3VV independently prognosticates poor discharge NIHSS and 6-week mRS. A threshold 3VV of 0.545 mL can be used to identify patients at higher risk of being dependent at first protocolized follow-up.</AbstractText>© 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,786 | Novel compound heterozygous variant of TOE1 results in a mild type of pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 7: an expansion of the clinical phenotype. | The target of EGR1 protein 1 (TOE1) is a 3-exonuclease belonging to the Asp-Glu-Asp-Asp deadenylase family that plays a vital role in the maturation of a variety of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Bi-allelic variants in TOE1 have been reported to cause a rare and severe neurodegenerative syndrome, pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 7 (PCH7) (OMIM # 614,969), which is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, developmental delay, and ambiguous genitalia. Here, we describe the case of a 5-year-6-month-old female Chinese patient who presented with cerebral dysplasia, moderate intellectual disability, developmental delay, and dystonia. Trio whole-exome sequencing revealed two previously unreported heterozygous variants of TOE1 in the patient, including a maternal inherited splicing variant c.237-2A > G and a de novo missense variant c.551G > T, p.Arg184Leu. TA clone sequencing showed trans status of the two variants, indicating the missense variant occurred on the paternal strand in the patient. Clinical features of the patient were mostly concordant with previous reports but brain deformities (enlarged lateral ventricle and deepened cerebellum sulcus without microcephaly and reduced cerebellar volume) were less severe than in typical PCH7 patients. Moreover, the patient had no gonadal malformation, which is common and variable in patients with PCH7. In summary, we report the case of a Chinese patient with atypical PCH7 caused by a novel TOE1 compound variant. Our work suggests that variations in the TOE1 gene can lead to highly variable clinical phenotypes. |
2,330,787 | Hypothalamic administration of sargahydroquinoic acid elevates peripheral thermogenic signaling and ameliorates high fat diet-induced obesity through the sympathetic nervous system. | Sargassum serratifolium (C. Agardh) C.Agardh, a marine brown alga, has been consumed as a food and traditional medicine in Asia. A previous study showed that the meroterpenoid-rich fraction of an ethanolic extract of S. serratifolium (MES) induced adipose tissue browning and suppressed diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome when orally supplemented. Sargahydroquinoic acid (SHQA) is a major component of MES. However, it is unclear whether SHQA regulates energy homeostasis through the central nervous system. To examine this, SHQA was administrated through the third ventricle in the hypothalamus in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice and investigated its effects on energy homeostasis. Chronic administration of SHQA into the brain reduced body weight without a change in food intake and improved metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes. Cold experiments and biochemical analyses indicated that SHQA elevated thermogenic signaling pathways, as evidenced by an increase in body temperature and UCP1 signaling in white and brown adipose tissues. Peripheral denervation experiments using 6-OHDA indicated that the SHQA-induced anti-obesity effect is mediated by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, possibly by regulating genes associated with sympathetic outflow and GABA signaling pathways. In conclusion, hypothalamic injection of SHQA elevates peripheral thermogenic signaling and ameliorates diet-induced obesity. |
2,330,788 | Genomic approaches to improve the clinical diagnosis and management of patients with congenital hydrocephalus. | Congenital hydrocephalus (CH), characterized by incomplete clearance of CSF and subsequent enlargement of brain ventricles, is the most common congenital brain disorder. The lack of curative strategies for CH reflects a poor understanding of the underlying pathogenesis. Herein, the authors present an overview of recent findings in the pathogenesis of CH from human genetic studies and discuss the implications of these findings for treatment of CH. Findings from these omics data have the potential to reclassify CH according to a molecular nomenclature that may increase precision for genetic counseling, outcome prognostication, and treatment stratification. Beyond the immediate patient benefits, genomic data may also inform future clinical trials and catalyze the development of nonsurgical, molecularly targeted therapies. Therefore, the authors advocate for further application of genomic sequencing in clinical practice by the neurosurgical community as a diagnostic adjunct in the evaluation and management of patients diagnosed with CH. |
2,330,789 | Three-Dimensional Quantitative Analysis of the Brainstem Safe Entry Zones Based on Internal Structures. | Brainstem safe entry zones (EZs) are gates to access the intrinsic pathology of the brainstem. We performed a quantitative analysis of the intrinsic surgical corridor limits of the most commonly used EZs and illustrated these through an inside perspective using 2-dimensional photographs, 3-dimensional photographs, and interactive 3-dimensional model reconstructions.</AbstractText>A total of 26 human brainstems (52 sides) with the cerebellum attached were prepared using the Klingler method and dissected. The safe working areas and distances for each EZ were defined according to the eloquent fiber tracts and nuclei.</AbstractText>The largest safe distance corresponded to the depth for the lateral mesencephalic sulcus (4.8 mm), supratrigeminal (10 mm), epitrigeminal (13.2 mm), peritrigeminal (13.3 mm), lateral transpeduncular (22.3 mm), and infracollicular (4.6 mm); the rostrocaudal axis for the perioculomotor (11.7 mm), suprafacial (12.6 mm), and transolivary (12.8 mm); and the mediolateral axis for the supracollicular (9.1 mm) and infracollicular (7 mm) EZs. The safe working areas were 46.7 mm2</sup> for the perioculomotor, 21.3 mm2</sup> for the supracollicular, 14.8 mm2</sup> for the infracollicular, 33.1 mm2</sup> for the supratrigeminal, 34.3 mm2</sup> for the suprafacial, 21.9 mm2</sup> for the infrafacial, and 51.7 mm2</sup> for the transolivary EZs.</AbstractText>The largest safe distance in most EZs corresponded to the depth, followed by the rostrocaudal axis and, finally, the mediolateral axis. The transolivary had the largest safe working area of all EZs. The supracollicular EZ had the largest safe area to access the midbrain tectum and the suprafacial EZ for the floor of the fourth ventricle.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,790 | Outcomes of duct stenting and modified Blalock-Taussig shunt in cyanotic congenital heart disease with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation.<Pagination><StartPage>875</StartPage><EndPage>883</EndPage><MedlinePgn>875-883</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s00380-021-01978-w</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Transcatheter ductus arteriosus stenting (DS) is emerging as an alternative method to modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (MBTS) in providing pulmonary blood flow in cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">To evaluate post-procedural outcomes and survival between patients undergoing DS and MBTS.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">All infants ≤ 60 days of age having CCHD with diminished pulmonary blood flow who underwent palliative procedure either with MBTS or DS at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital during January 1st, 2013 and December 31th, 2017 were retrospectively reviewed.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">98 patients were included; 34 patients underwent a transcatheter DS and 64 patients underwent MBTS. There was no significant difference in post-procedural outcomes and overall mortality rate between two groups (17.6% in MBTS group and 6.1% in DS group, p = 0.09). Single ventricle morphology was the major risk factor associated with increased mortality compared with biventricular morphology (aHR 3.9, 95% CI 1.49-10.2, p = 0.01). There was similar number of early and pre-repair additional interventions focusing on MBTS/DS patency between two groups. The MBTS group had a greater number of early interventions on PA branch stenosis related to baseline diagnosis. Risk factors associated with additional intervention were pre-existing pulmonary branch stenosis (aHR 2.54, 95% CI 1.3-4.97, p = 0.006) and body weight less than 2.5 kg (aHR 3.33, 95% CI 1.57-7.08, p = 0.003). Having pulmonic valve perforation or balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty to promote antegrade pulmonary blood flow could result in a lower number of additional interventions required before definitive repair.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Duct stenting is a feasible and safe alternative to MBTS in cyanotic infants with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation. However, mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with single ventricle that required careful follow-up after procedure.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2021. Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lekchuensakul</LastName><ForeName>Sarin</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-6601-5916</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. sarin.l@chula.ac.th.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cardiac Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand. sarin.l@chula.ac.th.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Somanandana</LastName><ForeName>Rattawanlop</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cardiac Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Namchaisiri</LastName><ForeName>Jule</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cardiac Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Benjacholamas</LastName><ForeName>Vichai</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cardiac Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lertsapcharoen</LastName><ForeName>Pornthep</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cardiac Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>29</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Japan</Country><MedlineTA>Heart Vessels</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8511258</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0910-8327</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058366" MajorTopicYN="Y">Blalock-Taussig Procedure</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003251" MajorTopicYN="N">Constriction, Pathologic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006330" MajorTopicYN="Y">Heart Defects, Congenital</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnosis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000601" MajorTopicYN="N">surgery</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007223" MajorTopicYN="N">Infant</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011651" MajorTopicYN="N">Pulmonary Artery</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000601" MajorTopicYN="N">surgery</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011652" MajorTopicYN="N">Pulmonary Circulation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011666" MajorTopicYN="Y">Pulmonary Valve Stenosis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012189" MajorTopicYN="N">Retrospective Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016896" MajorTopicYN="N">Treatment Outcome</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Duct stenting</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Duct-dependent pulmonary circulation</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Modified Blalock Taussig shunt (MBTS)</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Patent ductus arteriosus 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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 147:672–677</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.09.055</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Djer M, Madiyono B, Sastroasmoro S, Putra S (2016) Stent implantation into ductus arteriosus: a new alternative of palliative treatment of duct-dependent pulmonary circulation. Paediatr Indones 44:30–36</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.14238/pi44.1.2004.30-6</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">34714224</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>29</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1467-1107</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Oct</Month><Day>29</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Cardiology in the young</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Cardiol Young</ISOAbbreviation></Journal>Prevalence of fatigue in adults with congenital heart disease. | Transcatheter ductus arteriosus stenting (DS) is emerging as an alternative method to modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (MBTS) in providing pulmonary blood flow in cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation.</AbstractText>To evaluate post-procedural outcomes and survival between patients undergoing DS and MBTS.</AbstractText>All infants ≤ 60 days of age having CCHD with diminished pulmonary blood flow who underwent palliative procedure either with MBTS or DS at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital during January 1st, 2013 and December 31th, 2017 were retrospectively reviewed.</AbstractText>98 patients were included; 34 patients underwent a transcatheter DS and 64 patients underwent MBTS. There was no significant difference in post-procedural outcomes and overall mortality rate between two groups (17.6% in MBTS group and 6.1% in DS group, p = 0.09). Single ventricle morphology was the major risk factor associated with increased mortality compared with biventricular morphology (aHR 3.9, 95% CI 1.49-10.2, p = 0.01). There was similar number of early and pre-repair additional interventions focusing on MBTS/DS patency between two groups. The MBTS group had a greater number of early interventions on PA branch stenosis related to baseline diagnosis. Risk factors associated with additional intervention were pre-existing pulmonary branch stenosis (aHR 2.54, 95% CI 1.3-4.97, p = 0.006) and body weight less than 2.5 kg (aHR 3.33, 95% CI 1.57-7.08, p = 0.003). Having pulmonic valve perforation or balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty to promote antegrade pulmonary blood flow could result in a lower number of additional interventions required before definitive repair.</AbstractText>Duct stenting is a feasible and safe alternative to MBTS in cyanotic infants with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation. However, mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with single ventricle that required careful follow-up after procedure.</AbstractText>© 2021. Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,791 | [Severe right ventricular heart failure]. | The article presents a clinical case of isolated, severe right ventricular heart failure in the absence of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of myocardial injury. |
2,330,792 | MRI diagnosis of spontaneous intraventricular tension-pneumocephalus in a 10-month-old male Saarloos Wolfdog. | A 10-month-old male Saarloos Wolfdog was presented with a history of multiple neurologic deficits that had acutely progressed. Neurologic examination findings localized signs to the cerebrum and brainstem. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed markedly enlarged and gas-filled lateral ventricles with a mass effect leading to cerebellar herniation. A right-sided defect of the cribriform plate with a dysplastic ethmoturbinate was identified as the inlet of air and origin of the intraventricular tension pneumocephalus. Surgical findings were consistent with a ruptured, congenital, nasal meningocele. |
2,330,793 | Abrogation of CC Chemokine Receptor 9 Ameliorates Ventricular Electrical Remodeling in Mice After Myocardial Infarction. | <b>Introduction:</b> Myocardial infarction (MI) triggers structural and electrical remodeling. CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) mediates chemotaxis of inflammatory cells in MI. In our previous study, CCR9 knockout has been found to improve structural remodeling after MI. Here, we further investigate the potential influence of CCR9 on electrical remodeling following MI in order to explore potential new measures to improve the prognosis of MI. <b>Methods and Results:</b> Mice was used and divided into four groups: CCR9<sup>+/+</sup>/Sham, CCR9<sup>-/-</sup>/Sham, CCR9<sup>+/+</sup>/MI, CCR9<sup>-/-</sup>/MI. Animals were used at 1 week after MI surgery. Cardiomyocytes in the infracted border zone were acutely dissociated and the whole-cell patch clamp was used to record action potential duration (APD), L-type calcium current (<i>I</i> <sub><i>Ca,L</i></sub> ) and transient outward potassium current (<i>I</i> <sub><i>to</i></sub> ). Calcium transient and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium content under stimulation of Caffeine were measured in isolated cardiomyocytes by confocal microscopy. Multielectrode array (MEA) was used to measure the conduction of the left ventricle. The western-blot was performed for the expression level of connexin 43. We observed prolonged APD<sub>90</sub>, increased <i>I</i> <sub><i>Ca,L</i></sub> and decreased <i>I</i> <sub><i>to</i></sub> following MI, while CCR9 knockout attenuated these changes (APD<sub>90</sub>: 50.57 ± 6.51 ms in CCR9<sup>-/-</sup>/MI vs. 76.53 ± 5.98 ms in CCR9<sup>+/+</sup>/MI, <i>p</i> < 0.05; <i>I</i> <sub><i>Ca,L</i></sub> : -13.15 ± 0.86 pA/pF in CCR9<sup>-/-</sup>/MI group vs. -17.05 ± 1.11 pA/pF in CCR9<sup>+/+</sup>/MI, <i>p</i> < 0.05; <i>I</i> <sub><i>to</i></sub> : 4.01 ± 0.17 pA/pF in CCR9<sup>-/-</sup>/MI group vs. 2.71 ± 0.16 pA/pF in CCR9<sup>+/+</sup>/MI, <i>p</i> < 0.05). The confocal microscopy results revealed CCR9 knockout reversed the calcium transient and calcium content reduction in sarcoplasmic reticulum following MI. MEA measurements showed improved conduction velocity in CCR9<sup>-/-</sup>/MI mice (290.1 ± 34.47 cm/s in CCR9<sup>-/-</sup>/MI group vs. 113.2 ± 14.4 cm/s in CCR9<sup>+/+</sup>/MI group, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Western-blot results suggested connexin 43 expression was lowered after MI while CCR9 knockout improved its expression. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study shows CCR9 knockout prevents the electrical remodeling by normalizing ion currents, the calcium homeostasis, and the gap junction to maintain APD and the conduction function. It suggests CCR9 is a promising therapeutic target for MI-induced arrhythmia, which warrants further investigation. |
2,330,794 | Diagnosis and analysis of primary central nervous system lymphoma based on MRI segmentation algorithm. | This paper summarizes the MRI imaging findings of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) in the posterior cranial fossa to improve the accuracy of PCNSL diagnosis in the posterior cranial fossa.</AbstractText>This study retrospectively analyzed the MRI imaging manifestations of 15 PCNSL posterior cranial fossa cases confirmed by puncture or surgical pathology from June 2017 to May 2018, including their occurrence sites, the number of lesions, MRI plain and enhanced manifestations, and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Imaging (MRS) performance.</AbstractText>A total of 15 cases were enrolled, including 10 cases of single lesion and five cases of multiple lesions. The total number of lesions was 25, which were in the cerebellar hemisphere and cerebellar vermis, midbrain, fourth ventricle, and pontine cerebellum. The lesions were round, irregular, nodular, patchy, with low or medium signals on T1WI, equal or slightly higher signals on T2WI, and enhanced with 25 meningiomas-like gray matter signals. All of them were significantly strengthened. "Acupoint sign" and "umbilical depression sign" were seen in eight lesions. There were 17 massive and nodular enhancements, four striped enhancements, three patchy enhancements, and one circular enhancement. five cases of DWI showed homogeneous high signal, two cases showed uneven high signal, and 3 cases showed medium signal. The ADC value of tumor parenchyma in 10 patients was (0.62±0.095)×10-3</sup>mm2</sup>/s. MRS examination showed obvious Lip peak in two cases.</AbstractText>PCNSL in posterior cranial fossa has certain characteristics. DWI, ADC value and MRS are helpful to improve the correct diagnosis rate of PCNSL.</AbstractText>Copyright: © Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,795 | The efficacy of Rhodiola Rosea based on DTI image Segmentation Algorithm for patients with delayed Encephalopathy caused by CO poisoning. | By using DTI image segmentation algorithm investigate the effect of large plants Rhodiola injection on myocardial injury in patients with acute severe CO poisoning (ACOP), and to explore the clinical and CT delayed encephalopathy after ACOP.</AbstractText>Seventy-two ACOP patients were randomly divided into control and observation group, 36 cases in each group from December 2015 - December 2017. The control group received hyperbaric oxygen, mannitol, dexamethasone, citicoline injection, gangliosides, dracone; observation group were large strain Rhodiola injection treatment group based on the once daily for two weeks of continuous treatment. The head CT, head MRI results were analyzed retrospectively.</AbstractText>(1) hsCRP and ET-1 in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group, and VEGF was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). No, NOS, and iNOS were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.01); (2) CT images of 16 cases showed bilateral symmetrical fusion lesions with blurred edges, low density, and oval center around the ventricle; (3) MRI showed that the lesion was located in the cerebral cortex, white matter lateral ventricle and/or basal ganglia in 12 cases.</AbstractText>Rhodiola can reduce myocardial vascular endothelial cell injury, improve cardiac function, and protect the damaged myocardium. Meanwhile, after acute CO poisoning delayed encephalopathy early for CT and MRI examination facilitate analysis and prognosis of the disease.</AbstractText>Copyright: © Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,796 | Age-related neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments of NRMT1 knockout mice are preceded by misregulation of RB and abnormal neural stem cell development. | N-terminal methylation is an important posttranslational modification that regulates protein/DNA interactions and plays a role in many cellular processes, including DNA damage repair, mitosis, and transcriptional regulation. Our generation of a constitutive knockout mouse for the N-terminal methyltransferase NRMT1 demonstrated its loss results in severe developmental abnormalities and premature aging phenotypes. As premature aging is often accompanied by neurodegeneration, we more specifically examined how NRMT1 loss affects neural pathology and cognitive behaviors. Here we find that Nrmt1<sup>-/-</sup> mice exhibit postnatal enlargement of the lateral ventricles, age-dependent striatal and hippocampal neurodegeneration, memory impairments, and hyperactivity. These morphological and behavior abnormalities are preceded by alterations in neural stem cell (NSC) development. Early expansion and differentiation of the quiescent NSC pool in Nrmt1<sup>-/-</sup> mice is followed by its subsequent depletion and many of the resulting neurons remain in the cell cycle and ultimately undergo apoptosis. These cell cycle phenotypes are reminiscent to those seen with loss of the NRMT1 target retinoblastoma protein (RB). Accordingly, we find misregulation of RB phosphorylation and degradation in Nrmt1<sup>-/-</sup> mice, and significant de-repression of RB target genes involved in cell cycle. We also identify novel de-repression of Noxa, an RB target gene that promotes apoptosis. These data identify Nα-methylation as a novel regulatory modification of RB transcriptional repression during neurogenesis and indicate that NRMT1 and RB work together to promote NSC quiescence and prevent neuronal apoptosis. |
2,330,797 | Sevoflurane protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via microrna-30c-5p modulating homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1. | Sevoflurane (SEV) has been reported to be an effective neuroprotective agent for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). However, the precise molecular mechanisms of Sev preconditioning in CIRI remain largely unknown. Therefore, CIRI model was established via middle cerebral artery occlusion method. SEV was applied before modeling. after successful modeling, lentivirus was injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain. Neurological impairment score was performed in each group, and histopathologic condition, infarct volume, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, microRNA (miR)-30 c-5p and homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 (HIPK1) were detected. Mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 cells were pretreated with SEV, and the <i>in vitro</i> model was stimulated via oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation. The corresponding plasmids were transfected, and the cell growth was detected, including inflammation and oxidative stress, etc. The targeting of miR-30 c-5p with HIPK1 was examined. The results clarified that reduced miR-30 c-5p and elevated HIPK1 were manifested in CIRI. SEV could improve CIRI and modulate the miR-30 c-5p-HIPK1 axis <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, and miR-30 c-5p could target HIPK1. Depressed miR-30 c-5p could eliminate the protection of SEV <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Repression of HIPK1 reversed the effect of reduced miR-30 c-5p on CIRI. Therefore, it is concluded that SEV is available to depress CIRI via targeting HIPK1 through upregulated miR-30 c-5p. |
2,330,798 | Loss of Function in Dopamine D3 Receptor Attenuates Left Ventricular Cardiac Fibroblast Migration and Proliferation <i>in vitro</i>. | Evidence suggests the existence of an intracardiac dopaminergic system that plays a pivotal role in regulating cardiac function and fibrosis through G-protein coupled receptors, particularly mediated by dopamine receptor 3 (D3R). However, the expression of dopamine receptors in cardiac tissue and their role in cardiac fibroblast function is unclear. In this brief report, first we determined expression of D1R and D3R both in left ventricle (LV) tissue and fibroblasts. Then, we explored the role of D3R in the proliferation and migration of fibroblast cell cultures using both genetic and pharmaceutical approaches; specifically, we compared cardiac fibroblasts isolated from LV of wild type (WT) and D3R knockout (D3KO) mice in response to D3R-specific pharmacological agents. Finally, we determined if loss of D3R function could significantly alter LV fibroblast expression of collagen types I (Col1a1) and III (Col3a1). Cardiac fibroblast proliferation was attenuated in D3KO cells, mimicking the behavior of WT cardiac fibroblasts treated with D3R antagonist. In response to scratch injury, WT cardiac fibroblasts treated with the D3R agonist, pramipexole, displayed enhanced migration compared to control WT and D3KO cells. Loss of function in D3R resulted in attenuation of both proliferation and migration in response to scratch injury, and significantly increased the expression of Col3a1 in LV fibroblasts. These findings suggest that D3R may mediate cardiac fibroblast function during the wound healing response. To our knowledge this is the first report of D3R's expression and functional significance directly in mouse cardiac fibroblasts. |
2,330,799 | Optimal Method for Fetal Brain Age Prediction Using Multiplanar Slices From Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging.<Pagination><StartPage>714252</StartPage><MedlinePgn>714252</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">714252</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3389/fnins.2021.714252</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The accurate prediction of fetal brain age using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may contribute to the identification of brain abnormalities and the risk of adverse developmental outcomes. This study aimed to propose a method for predicting fetal brain age using MRIs from 220 healthy fetuses between 15.9 and 38.7 weeks of gestational age (GA). We built a 2D single-channel convolutional neural network (CNN) with multiplanar MRI slices in different orthogonal planes without correction for interslice motion. In each fetus, multiple age predictions from different slices were generated, and the brain age was obtained using the mode that determined the most frequent value among the multiple predictions from the 2D single-channel CNN. We obtained a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.125 weeks (0.875 days) between the GA and brain age across the fetuses. The use of multiplanar slices achieved significantly lower prediction error and its variance than the use of a single slice and a single MRI stack. Our 2D single-channel CNN with multiplanar slices yielded a significantly lower stack-wise MAE (0.304 weeks) than the 2D multi-channel (MAE = 0.979, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and 3D (MAE = 1.114, <i>p</i> < 0.001) CNNs. The saliency maps from our method indicated that the anatomical information describing the cortex and ventricles was the primary contributor to brain age prediction. With the application of the proposed method to external MRIs from 21 healthy fetuses, we obtained an MAE of 0.508 weeks. Based on the external MRIs, we found that the stack-wise MAE of the 2D single-channel CNN (0.743 weeks) was significantly lower than those of the 2D multi-channel (1.466 weeks, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and 3D (1.241 weeks, <i>p</i> < 0.001) CNNs. These results demonstrate that our method with multiplanar slices accurately predicts fetal brain age without the need for increased dimensionality or complex MRI preprocessing steps.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2021 Hong, Yun, Park, Kim, Ou, Vasung, Rollins, Ortinau, Takeoka, Akiyama, Tarui, Estroff, Grant, Lee and Im.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hong</LastName><ForeName>Jinwoo</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yun</LastName><ForeName>Hyuk Jin</ForeName><Initials>HJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Park</LastName><ForeName>Gilsoon</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kim</LastName><ForeName>Seonggyu</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ou</LastName><ForeName>Yangming</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vasung</LastName><ForeName>Lana</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rollins</LastName><ForeName>Caitlin K</ForeName><Initials>CK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ortinau</LastName><ForeName>Cynthia M</ForeName><Initials>CM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Takeoka</LastName><ForeName>Emiko</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Akiyama</LastName><ForeName>Shizuko</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tarui</LastName><ForeName>Tomo</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Estroff</LastName><ForeName>Judy A</ForeName><Initials>JA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Grant</LastName><ForeName>Patricia Ellen</ForeName><Initials>PE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lee</LastName><ForeName>Jong-Min</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Im</LastName><ForeName>Kiho</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>K23 HD079605</GrantID><Acronym>HD</Acronym><Agency>NICHD NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>K23 HL141602</GrantID><Acronym>HL</Acronym><Agency>NHLBI NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>P50 HD105351</GrantID><Acronym>HD</Acronym><Agency>NICHD NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01 NS114087</GrantID><Acronym>NS</Acronym><Agency>NINDS NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>11</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Front Neurosci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101478481</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1662-453X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">age prediction</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">brain age</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">deep learning</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">fetal MRI</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">fetal brain</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>24</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>8</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>28</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>35</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>29</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>29</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">34707474</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8542770</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3389/fnins.2021.714252</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Alexander-Bloch A. 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Vis. 119 76–92. 10.1007/s11263-015-0812-2</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1007/s11263-015-0812-2</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">34706966</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>28</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1521-0103</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Oct</Month><Day>27</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Pharmacol Exp Ther</ISOAbbreviation></Journal>A putative new melatonin binding site in sheep brain, MTx: preliminary observations and characteristics. | The accurate prediction of fetal brain age using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may contribute to the identification of brain abnormalities and the risk of adverse developmental outcomes. This study aimed to propose a method for predicting fetal brain age using MRIs from 220 healthy fetuses between 15.9 and 38.7 weeks of gestational age (GA). We built a 2D single-channel convolutional neural network (CNN) with multiplanar MRI slices in different orthogonal planes without correction for interslice motion. In each fetus, multiple age predictions from different slices were generated, and the brain age was obtained using the mode that determined the most frequent value among the multiple predictions from the 2D single-channel CNN. We obtained a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.125 weeks (0.875 days) between the GA and brain age across the fetuses. The use of multiplanar slices achieved significantly lower prediction error and its variance than the use of a single slice and a single MRI stack. Our 2D single-channel CNN with multiplanar slices yielded a significantly lower stack-wise MAE (0.304 weeks) than the 2D multi-channel (MAE = 0.979, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and 3D (MAE = 1.114, <i>p</i> < 0.001) CNNs. The saliency maps from our method indicated that the anatomical information describing the cortex and ventricles was the primary contributor to brain age prediction. With the application of the proposed method to external MRIs from 21 healthy fetuses, we obtained an MAE of 0.508 weeks. Based on the external MRIs, we found that the stack-wise MAE of the 2D single-channel CNN (0.743 weeks) was significantly lower than those of the 2D multi-channel (1.466 weeks, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and 3D (1.241 weeks, <i>p</i> < 0.001) CNNs. These results demonstrate that our method with multiplanar slices accurately predicts fetal brain age without the need for increased dimensionality or complex MRI preprocessing steps.<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2021 Hong, Yun, Park, Kim, Ou, Vasung, Rollins, Ortinau, Takeoka, Akiyama, Tarui, Estroff, Grant, Lee and Im.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hong</LastName><ForeName>Jinwoo</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yun</LastName><ForeName>Hyuk Jin</ForeName><Initials>HJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Park</LastName><ForeName>Gilsoon</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kim</LastName><ForeName>Seonggyu</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ou</LastName><ForeName>Yangming</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vasung</LastName><ForeName>Lana</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rollins</LastName><ForeName>Caitlin K</ForeName><Initials>CK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ortinau</LastName><ForeName>Cynthia M</ForeName><Initials>CM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Takeoka</LastName><ForeName>Emiko</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Akiyama</LastName><ForeName>Shizuko</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tarui</LastName><ForeName>Tomo</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Estroff</LastName><ForeName>Judy A</ForeName><Initials>JA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Grant</LastName><ForeName>Patricia Ellen</ForeName><Initials>PE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lee</LastName><ForeName>Jong-Min</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Im</LastName><ForeName>Kiho</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>K23 HD079605</GrantID><Acronym>HD</Acronym><Agency>NICHD NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>K23 HL141602</GrantID><Acronym>HL</Acronym><Agency>NHLBI NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>P50 HD105351</GrantID><Acronym>HD</Acronym><Agency>NICHD NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01 NS114087</GrantID><Acronym>NS</Acronym><Agency>NINDS NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>11</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Front Neurosci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101478481</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1662-453X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">age prediction</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">brain age</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">deep learning</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">fetal MRI</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">fetal brain</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>24</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>8</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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In the present study, we describe a new melatonin binding site, named MTx, with a peculiar pharmacological profile. This site had a low affinity for 2-[<sup>125</sup>I]-melatonin in saturation assays in hypothalamus and retina (pK<sub>D</sub> = 9.13 {plus minus} 0.05, Bmax = 1.12 {plus minus} 0.11 fmol/mg protein and pK<sub>D</sub> = 8.81 {plus minus} 0.50, Bmax = 7.65 {plus minus} 2.64 fmol/mg protein, respectively) and a very high affinity, in competition assays, for melatonin (pKi = 13.08 {plus minus} 0.18), and other endogenous compounds. Using autoradiography, we showed a preferential localization of the MTx in periventricular areas of the sheep brain, with a density 3 to 8 times higher than those observed for ovine MT<sub>1</sub> In addition, using a set of well-characterized ligands, we showed that this site did not correspond to any of the following receptors: MT<sub>1</sub>, MT<sub>2</sub>, <i>MT<sub>3</sub></i> , D<sub>1</sub>, D<sub>2</sub>, noradrenergic, nor 5-HT<sub>2</sub> Based on its affinity for melatonin, MTx did not seem to be implicated in the integration of cerebral melatonin concentration variations since they were saturating for MTx. Nevertheless, it remained of prime importance because of its periventricular distribution, in close contact with the CSF, and its peculiar pharmacological profile responding to both melatoninergic and serotoninergic compounds. <b>Significance Statement</b> Herein a putative new melatonin binding site is described in sheep brain parts in close contact with the 3<sup>rd</sup> ventricle. The characteristics of the pharmacological profile of this site is different from anything previously reported in the literature. The present work forms the basis of future full pharmacological characterization. |
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