qid int64 1 74.7M | question stringlengths 12 33.8k | date stringlengths 10 10 | metadata list | response_j stringlengths 0 115k | response_k stringlengths 2 98.3k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13,067 | For the [mod election questionnaire](https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8810/2016-moderator-election-qa-questionnaire), I asked about a hypothetical situation:
>
> A new-ish user posts a well-posed challenge that quickly gets many
> answers. An hour later, they edit in a restriction that invalidates
> most of the existing answers. An experienced user whose answer was
> invalidated comments that doing this is bad, and rolls back the edit.
> The poster insists on the change and re-adds it, and the two get into
> an edit war. Someone flags for moderator attention. What would you do
> in this situation as a moderator?
>
>
>
Besides conflict resolution, the issue is -- who has the final say on a challenge? Can the poster stick with an unpopular but legal decision? If they say, "downvote all you want, I'm keeping it how I want", should our community or moderators be able to override that?
>
> I believe we don't have a real, recent consensus on the matter of
> challenge ownership. ... It would probably be good to have a clearer picture on the question of challenge ownership though, and we should probably discuss this some time on meta — ideally before the above situation occurs. -- Martin Ender♦
>
>
>
Please consider the [answers of the former mod candidates](https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8810/2016-moderator-election-qa-questionnaire) , which show a lot of thought put into this issue. | 2017/06/22 | [
"https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/13067",
"https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/users/20260/"
] | As long as the post is signed with the OP's name: the OP
--------------------------------------------------------
Maybe it sounds a bit harsh, but I don't want to see my (user)name in prominent position under any post that I don't agree with. Yes, on principle. It should be mandatory to make the post a community wiki before deciding against the OP. | The Asker
=========
IMHO, the person who asks a question is the one who:
1. Gets rep from the question
2. Went to the trouble of asking the question, and
3. Has special powers over the question (can delete or close the question at any rep level),
Therefore, they should have the final say over what goes in the question (even if it isn't as good as suggested alternatives) as long as it conforms to site policy and meta consensuses (eg. Be Nice, objective winning criteria, etc). Therefore, they should be the ones with final control over the question.
**That being said, however, if your question could be improved, please do accept the improvements, or your question is likely to be heavily downvoted/closed.**
So, in conclusion, given that the person who asks a question gets/loses rep from it, went to the effort of writing the question, and has special control over the question, they should be the one with final control over the question, with the caveat that the question conforms to site policy and meta consensuses. |
13,067 | For the [mod election questionnaire](https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8810/2016-moderator-election-qa-questionnaire), I asked about a hypothetical situation:
>
> A new-ish user posts a well-posed challenge that quickly gets many
> answers. An hour later, they edit in a restriction that invalidates
> most of the existing answers. An experienced user whose answer was
> invalidated comments that doing this is bad, and rolls back the edit.
> The poster insists on the change and re-adds it, and the two get into
> an edit war. Someone flags for moderator attention. What would you do
> in this situation as a moderator?
>
>
>
Besides conflict resolution, the issue is -- who has the final say on a challenge? Can the poster stick with an unpopular but legal decision? If they say, "downvote all you want, I'm keeping it how I want", should our community or moderators be able to override that?
>
> I believe we don't have a real, recent consensus on the matter of
> challenge ownership. ... It would probably be good to have a clearer picture on the question of challenge ownership though, and we should probably discuss this some time on meta — ideally before the above situation occurs. -- Martin Ender♦
>
>
>
Please consider the [answers of the former mod candidates](https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8810/2016-moderator-election-qa-questionnaire) , which show a lot of thought put into this issue. | 2017/06/22 | [
"https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/13067",
"https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/users/20260/"
] | For starters, I'll quote what I said in the election questionnaire:
>
> There is an important consideration here: does the edit improve the quality of the challenge enough that it's worth invalidating answers? Closing a loophole that allows the challenge to be trivially solved is (usually) good. Disallowing the use of a language or set of languages is (usually) bad.
>
>
> With that in mind, I'd lock the question to prevent further edits until the situation can be resolved. I would then create a chat room for the OP and the editor, explain and link to relevant site policies, and moderate a discussion between them so that they can reach an understanding. Once everything has been cleared up, I'd edit the question in the appropriate way (either keeping or discarding the contentious edit), and unlock it.
>
>
>
Should the OP and the editor not be able to reach an agreement, I believe the best course of action would be to have a meta discussion about it, so that the community could weigh in. Once a consensus has been reached, the challenge should be edited to match the consensus (if needed), and unlocked. Should the edit war continue, re-locking the challenge would be appropriate, as well as other disciplinary actions towards the offending users (e.g. a suspension)
While I believe that challenge authors have a significant amount of authority over the content of their challenges, they do not have absolute authority. When there is a dispute between the author and the community, the community should win the dispute. Ultimately, PPCG belongs to the community, not to individual users, so the will of the community should trump the will of an individual if the community has consensus. This is the philosophy that we follow for our meta policies.
As always, major edits to challenges that completely change the challenge should be avoided (by both the author and the community), but minor edits that improve the challenge (e.g. fixing spelling and/or grammar issues, adding or improving test cases, removing offensive or flamebaiting content) are acceptable and encouraged. | The questionnaire you linked had me taking a cautious stance:
>
> This is a tricky one right off the bat. My *personal* opinion (which I've
> only really expressed in the mod chatroom and which I've been meaning to
> bring up on meta) is that the community should be able to (and should)
> outweigh the poster of the challenge on certain issues. Clearly if the OP
> self-vandalizes the question, the community has this right—but [how far does
> this go?](https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8788/should-language-specific-code-golf-challenges-be-explicitly-disallowed#comment25158_8788)
>
>
> [...]
>
>
> My personal opinion? This is comparable to the first question in that it's a
> question of whether the community should be able to override the original
> poster of a challenge. Accordingly, my own view is similar: yes, to a certain
> extent, experienced users should be able to overhaul a new user's challenge.
> (The problem then becomes: to what extent? That's a discussion for meta.)
>
>
>
That was over a year ago, and accordingly, my opinions have changed. But before
I go any further, I'd like to make it clear that this is still my personal
opinion as a normal user of PPCG, and as a moderator I will continue to make
decisions based on community consensus rather than my views in particular.
The reason I want to make that clarification is that this viewpoint could be
somewhat contentious. While I previously said, or at least implied, that there
should be explicit limits to the extent that the community can overhaul
challenges, I now propose that all challenges be treated as collaborative
community efforts in which the original author has little to no special formal
privilege.
Already the tone of this post is starting to sound evocative of the "Stack
Exchange mission"—the idea that the purpose of Stack Exchange Q&A sites is to
build a repository of questions and their answers rather than to help their
users directly. And in the past, I might have run with that idea, but as has
made itself clear many times over, we are very much [not the typical Q&A
site](https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/q/8350/3808).
So if we're trying to intentionally distance ourselves from the idea of the
"standard" Stack Exchange site, why else do I want to retain the concept of
posts' being a collaborative effort for challenges? (Obviously I'm not arguing
that solutions to challenges should be freely editable by anyone, but one could
claim that solutions already are built collaboratively in some ways in that
comments are very frequently used to suggest improvements.)
The reality, as I see it, is that we have nothing to gain by arbitrarily
granting extra formal power in deciding the rules and terms of a challenge to a
particular user. On the contrary, there are a plethora of reasons against
denying this power from the entirety of the site community: the challenge can
be edited to fit in with site-wide standards that are difficult to objectively
quantify (unnecessary I/O restrictions or language-specific challenges, for
example), and ideally (although I concede that this might not always be the
case) the challenge will end up in a state that best reflects the interests of
the community as a whole.
But all I've done so far in terms of addressing the original question—"Who has
the final say?"—is answer with "not the OP." Inevitably there will be
disagreements, not just between the OP and the community but among the members
of the community as well. (In my view, the former should be treated no
differently than the latter.) The question presupposes that in these cases, an
absolute authority has to be established to resolve the conflict.
I don't necessarily think this is the case. I think that collectively, we have
enough common sense to judge the suitability and overall opinion of a given
change and act accordingly. This is already basically how meta consensus works,
and the outstanding culture of suggesting improvements on answers that is
already in place only further goes to show how good at collaboration the PPCG
community is.
So no, I no longer think there should be explicit limits on the extent of the
community's reach in terms of editing challenges. There should be soft limits,
based on common sense guidelines as well as all the complexities of PPCG
"standards" that can't practically be codified or even put into words. This is
also why I keep saying that the OP shouldn't have any extra *formal*
privilege—in practice, of course the OP's opinion is going to be treated
differently for trivial questions that don't really matter or details
particular to the challenge.
Sorry for the rant/wall of text, but as I mentioned way back in the
questionnaire, this is a topic long overdue for discussion and one that I've
kept quiet about for quite a while. |
13,067 | For the [mod election questionnaire](https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8810/2016-moderator-election-qa-questionnaire), I asked about a hypothetical situation:
>
> A new-ish user posts a well-posed challenge that quickly gets many
> answers. An hour later, they edit in a restriction that invalidates
> most of the existing answers. An experienced user whose answer was
> invalidated comments that doing this is bad, and rolls back the edit.
> The poster insists on the change and re-adds it, and the two get into
> an edit war. Someone flags for moderator attention. What would you do
> in this situation as a moderator?
>
>
>
Besides conflict resolution, the issue is -- who has the final say on a challenge? Can the poster stick with an unpopular but legal decision? If they say, "downvote all you want, I'm keeping it how I want", should our community or moderators be able to override that?
>
> I believe we don't have a real, recent consensus on the matter of
> challenge ownership. ... It would probably be good to have a clearer picture on the question of challenge ownership though, and we should probably discuss this some time on meta — ideally before the above situation occurs. -- Martin Ender♦
>
>
>
Please consider the [answers of the former mod candidates](https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8810/2016-moderator-election-qa-questionnaire) , which show a lot of thought put into this issue. | 2017/06/22 | [
"https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/13067",
"https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/users/20260/"
] | For starters, I'll quote what I said in the election questionnaire:
>
> There is an important consideration here: does the edit improve the quality of the challenge enough that it's worth invalidating answers? Closing a loophole that allows the challenge to be trivially solved is (usually) good. Disallowing the use of a language or set of languages is (usually) bad.
>
>
> With that in mind, I'd lock the question to prevent further edits until the situation can be resolved. I would then create a chat room for the OP and the editor, explain and link to relevant site policies, and moderate a discussion between them so that they can reach an understanding. Once everything has been cleared up, I'd edit the question in the appropriate way (either keeping or discarding the contentious edit), and unlock it.
>
>
>
Should the OP and the editor not be able to reach an agreement, I believe the best course of action would be to have a meta discussion about it, so that the community could weigh in. Once a consensus has been reached, the challenge should be edited to match the consensus (if needed), and unlocked. Should the edit war continue, re-locking the challenge would be appropriate, as well as other disciplinary actions towards the offending users (e.g. a suspension)
While I believe that challenge authors have a significant amount of authority over the content of their challenges, they do not have absolute authority. When there is a dispute between the author and the community, the community should win the dispute. Ultimately, PPCG belongs to the community, not to individual users, so the will of the community should trump the will of an individual if the community has consensus. This is the philosophy that we follow for our meta policies.
As always, major edits to challenges that completely change the challenge should be avoided (by both the author and the community), but minor edits that improve the challenge (e.g. fixing spelling and/or grammar issues, adding or improving test cases, removing offensive or flamebaiting content) are acceptable and encouraged. | As long as the post is signed with the OP's name: the OP
--------------------------------------------------------
Maybe it sounds a bit harsh, but I don't want to see my (user)name in prominent position under any post that I don't agree with. Yes, on principle. It should be mandatory to make the post a community wiki before deciding against the OP. |
13,067 | For the [mod election questionnaire](https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8810/2016-moderator-election-qa-questionnaire), I asked about a hypothetical situation:
>
> A new-ish user posts a well-posed challenge that quickly gets many
> answers. An hour later, they edit in a restriction that invalidates
> most of the existing answers. An experienced user whose answer was
> invalidated comments that doing this is bad, and rolls back the edit.
> The poster insists on the change and re-adds it, and the two get into
> an edit war. Someone flags for moderator attention. What would you do
> in this situation as a moderator?
>
>
>
Besides conflict resolution, the issue is -- who has the final say on a challenge? Can the poster stick with an unpopular but legal decision? If they say, "downvote all you want, I'm keeping it how I want", should our community or moderators be able to override that?
>
> I believe we don't have a real, recent consensus on the matter of
> challenge ownership. ... It would probably be good to have a clearer picture on the question of challenge ownership though, and we should probably discuss this some time on meta — ideally before the above situation occurs. -- Martin Ender♦
>
>
>
Please consider the [answers of the former mod candidates](https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8810/2016-moderator-election-qa-questionnaire) , which show a lot of thought put into this issue. | 2017/06/22 | [
"https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/13067",
"https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/users/20260/"
] | The questionnaire you linked had me taking a cautious stance:
>
> This is a tricky one right off the bat. My *personal* opinion (which I've
> only really expressed in the mod chatroom and which I've been meaning to
> bring up on meta) is that the community should be able to (and should)
> outweigh the poster of the challenge on certain issues. Clearly if the OP
> self-vandalizes the question, the community has this right—but [how far does
> this go?](https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8788/should-language-specific-code-golf-challenges-be-explicitly-disallowed#comment25158_8788)
>
>
> [...]
>
>
> My personal opinion? This is comparable to the first question in that it's a
> question of whether the community should be able to override the original
> poster of a challenge. Accordingly, my own view is similar: yes, to a certain
> extent, experienced users should be able to overhaul a new user's challenge.
> (The problem then becomes: to what extent? That's a discussion for meta.)
>
>
>
That was over a year ago, and accordingly, my opinions have changed. But before
I go any further, I'd like to make it clear that this is still my personal
opinion as a normal user of PPCG, and as a moderator I will continue to make
decisions based on community consensus rather than my views in particular.
The reason I want to make that clarification is that this viewpoint could be
somewhat contentious. While I previously said, or at least implied, that there
should be explicit limits to the extent that the community can overhaul
challenges, I now propose that all challenges be treated as collaborative
community efforts in which the original author has little to no special formal
privilege.
Already the tone of this post is starting to sound evocative of the "Stack
Exchange mission"—the idea that the purpose of Stack Exchange Q&A sites is to
build a repository of questions and their answers rather than to help their
users directly. And in the past, I might have run with that idea, but as has
made itself clear many times over, we are very much [not the typical Q&A
site](https://codegolf.meta.stackexchange.com/q/8350/3808).
So if we're trying to intentionally distance ourselves from the idea of the
"standard" Stack Exchange site, why else do I want to retain the concept of
posts' being a collaborative effort for challenges? (Obviously I'm not arguing
that solutions to challenges should be freely editable by anyone, but one could
claim that solutions already are built collaboratively in some ways in that
comments are very frequently used to suggest improvements.)
The reality, as I see it, is that we have nothing to gain by arbitrarily
granting extra formal power in deciding the rules and terms of a challenge to a
particular user. On the contrary, there are a plethora of reasons against
denying this power from the entirety of the site community: the challenge can
be edited to fit in with site-wide standards that are difficult to objectively
quantify (unnecessary I/O restrictions or language-specific challenges, for
example), and ideally (although I concede that this might not always be the
case) the challenge will end up in a state that best reflects the interests of
the community as a whole.
But all I've done so far in terms of addressing the original question—"Who has
the final say?"—is answer with "not the OP." Inevitably there will be
disagreements, not just between the OP and the community but among the members
of the community as well. (In my view, the former should be treated no
differently than the latter.) The question presupposes that in these cases, an
absolute authority has to be established to resolve the conflict.
I don't necessarily think this is the case. I think that collectively, we have
enough common sense to judge the suitability and overall opinion of a given
change and act accordingly. This is already basically how meta consensus works,
and the outstanding culture of suggesting improvements on answers that is
already in place only further goes to show how good at collaboration the PPCG
community is.
So no, I no longer think there should be explicit limits on the extent of the
community's reach in terms of editing challenges. There should be soft limits,
based on common sense guidelines as well as all the complexities of PPCG
"standards" that can't practically be codified or even put into words. This is
also why I keep saying that the OP shouldn't have any extra *formal*
privilege—in practice, of course the OP's opinion is going to be treated
differently for trivial questions that don't really matter or details
particular to the challenge.
Sorry for the rant/wall of text, but as I mentioned way back in the
questionnaire, this is a topic long overdue for discussion and one that I've
kept quiet about for quite a while. | As long as the post is signed with the OP's name: the OP
--------------------------------------------------------
Maybe it sounds a bit harsh, but I don't want to see my (user)name in prominent position under any post that I don't agree with. Yes, on principle. It should be mandatory to make the post a community wiki before deciding against the OP. |
217,798 | there are some people who are your friend in the time of need,and they ignore you the other times,so what do you call them? a poet calls them "flies around a sweetmeat". | 2014/12/31 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/217798",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/89324/"
] | **"a fair-weather friend"** is an idiom.
>
> * "someone who is your friend only when things are pleasant or going well for you" [TFD](http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/fair-weather+friend)
> * "loyal or helpful only during times of success and happiness" [Merriam-Webster](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fair-weather)
>
>
>
You could also say "an opportunistic friend", "an opportunistic friendship" | The term I would use is "false friends." |
217,798 | there are some people who are your friend in the time of need,and they ignore you the other times,so what do you call them? a poet calls them "flies around a sweetmeat". | 2014/12/31 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/217798",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/89324/"
] | The term I would use is "false friends." | Although not exact you may also want to consider
>
> Left out in the cold
>
>
>
or
>
> Fair weather friend
>
>
>
or
>
> Dropped like a hot potato
>
>
>
Individual words which apply to the set of circumstances you describe are
>
> Ostracised
>
>
> |
217,798 | there are some people who are your friend in the time of need,and they ignore you the other times,so what do you call them? a poet calls them "flies around a sweetmeat". | 2014/12/31 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/217798",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/89324/"
] | **"a fair-weather friend"** is an idiom.
>
> * "someone who is your friend only when things are pleasant or going well for you" [TFD](http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/fair-weather+friend)
> * "loyal or helpful only during times of success and happiness" [Merriam-Webster](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fair-weather)
>
>
>
You could also say "an opportunistic friend", "an opportunistic friendship" | >
> "What you mean, 'We,' kemosabe?"
>
>
>
This [the following additions, to obey the site's rules to the letter] is very much like having to explain a joke after you've told it, but [Howard Schweber writes at The World Post, 1969](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-schweber/what-you-mean-we-kemosabe_b_360034.html):
>
> In a classic Mad Magazine cartoon ... the Lone Ranger and Tonto are
> surrounded by a horde of hostile Indian warriors. The Lone Ranger says
> to Tonto "what do we do, now?," to which Tonto replies, "what you mean
> 'we,' kemosabe?"
>
>
>
[Tonto usually referred to his senior partner as 'kemosabe'] [and the 'real' Tonto wouldn't have dreamt of such disloyalty]
The joke is old and quite well known. At the link [Punchline Regularly Tossed Out Without the Jokes They Come From](http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/archive/index.php/t-687245.html), 'Chanteuse' adds: 'I always heard this said, "What mean WE, white man?" ' I came across it recently in one of Trow's *Maxwell* novels. |
217,798 | there are some people who are your friend in the time of need,and they ignore you the other times,so what do you call them? a poet calls them "flies around a sweetmeat". | 2014/12/31 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/217798",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/89324/"
] | **"a fair-weather friend"** is an idiom.
>
> * "someone who is your friend only when things are pleasant or going well for you" [TFD](http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/fair-weather+friend)
> * "loyal or helpful only during times of success and happiness" [Merriam-Webster](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fair-weather)
>
>
>
You could also say "an opportunistic friend", "an opportunistic friendship" | Although not exact you may also want to consider
>
> Left out in the cold
>
>
>
or
>
> Fair weather friend
>
>
>
or
>
> Dropped like a hot potato
>
>
>
Individual words which apply to the set of circumstances you describe are
>
> Ostracised
>
>
> |
217,798 | there are some people who are your friend in the time of need,and they ignore you the other times,so what do you call them? a poet calls them "flies around a sweetmeat". | 2014/12/31 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/217798",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/89324/"
] | >
> "What you mean, 'We,' kemosabe?"
>
>
>
This [the following additions, to obey the site's rules to the letter] is very much like having to explain a joke after you've told it, but [Howard Schweber writes at The World Post, 1969](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-schweber/what-you-mean-we-kemosabe_b_360034.html):
>
> In a classic Mad Magazine cartoon ... the Lone Ranger and Tonto are
> surrounded by a horde of hostile Indian warriors. The Lone Ranger says
> to Tonto "what do we do, now?," to which Tonto replies, "what you mean
> 'we,' kemosabe?"
>
>
>
[Tonto usually referred to his senior partner as 'kemosabe'] [and the 'real' Tonto wouldn't have dreamt of such disloyalty]
The joke is old and quite well known. At the link [Punchline Regularly Tossed Out Without the Jokes They Come From](http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/archive/index.php/t-687245.html), 'Chanteuse' adds: 'I always heard this said, "What mean WE, white man?" ' I came across it recently in one of Trow's *Maxwell* novels. | Although not exact you may also want to consider
>
> Left out in the cold
>
>
>
or
>
> Fair weather friend
>
>
>
or
>
> Dropped like a hot potato
>
>
>
Individual words which apply to the set of circumstances you describe are
>
> Ostracised
>
>
> |
1,415,343 | I am using Lighttpd + FastCGI + Django on a dev machine. I start FastCGI server via manage.py's command line option.
Problem is that I do make changes to sources quite often and I need to get FastCGI to pick up those changes automatically, just as "./manage.py runserver" does.
Is there a command-line option for that, perhaps, or any other solutions? | 2009/09/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1415343",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/62194/"
] | Have you looked at the code in the runserver part of manage.py that does the monitoring? I see no reason you could not just copy-paste that code into a custom manage.py script and set it to run the lighty restart command when changes were detected.
Alternatively, you could run a separate python program that did the restart using a package like pyinotify:
<http://trac.dbzteam.org/pyinotify> | I'm wondering if anyone has ever gotten this to work? I have tried implementing a reload mechanism using django's autoreload.py, unfortunately, I get errors when the fork occurs like:
django/core/servers/fastcgi.py", line 180, in runfastcgi
WSGIServer(WSGIHandler(), \*\*wsgi\_opts).run()
File "build/bdist.freebsd-6.4-RELEASE-p9-amd64/egg/flup/server/fcgi\_fork.py", line 140, in run
File "build/bdist.freebsd-6.4-RELEASE-p9-amd64/egg/flup/server/preforkserver.py", line 119, in run
File "build/bdist.freebsd-6.4-RELEASE-p9-amd64/egg/flup/server/preforkserver.py", line 450, in \_installSignalHandlers
ValueError: signal only works in main thread
My ideal setup would be to be able to reload/kill my fcgi process and start a new one after each time a code change is detected, similar to how django does this with their internal server. I also tried removing the threading from autoreload.py that would get past this error, but it does not seem to run the server properly (still investigating that).
Perhaps someone has tried CherryPies autoreload.py in the settings.py file for django? |
81,854 | Are there any laws in the UK which could prevent an employee from bringing their well-behaved dog to work with them, and just have it sit or lie down near your desk out of the way? *For the sake of this question assume that management and all staff are happy with this.*
I live and work in the UK, and can only find things relating to the USA. | 2016/12/21 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/81854",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/33229/"
] | <https://www.contactlaw.co.uk/277-nolink-uk/area-of-law-faqs/employment-law-faqs/workplace-information-faqs/3765-faqs-bringing-pets-to-work.html>
That doesn't cite a source, but there are similar results that echo the advice on this link. Anecdotally, a guy at my office sometimes brings his dog into the office when he has to work over night. The dog is well behaved and you wouldn't know it was there.
I can't find a law that prevents this but it's important to note this doesn't make it 'right'. You would still need to seek permission from your employer. I'm not a lawyer but I think your first step would be to broach the subject with them rather than a lawyer as a first step. | There are a few things to consider.
* Health and safety: Will the dog bite? Are there any allergies, staff
and clients alike?
* Working environment: Will this have a negative impact on any staff?
Will this impact be considered in their performance reviews?
* General other: Is this an office? Is there a physical product? Will
there be issues with warranties, etc?
I've worked in a couple of places with office dogs. They tend to make the day go by much easier. |
50,858 | I would like to encrypt my disk, as while I don't have anything illegal, there are some things I would rather not be interrogated about or cause confiscation of my belongings while going through customs in the US or other countries.
I have 1 300gb hdd, which has about 100gb free. I would like to encrypt the contents, but do not want to be forced to give up the encryption key.
The solution to this seems to be to use a truecrypt hidden volume. However, my concern, is to allow my data to grow as needed, naturally. I was considering using a hidden OS partition, but wonder how reliable this is.
So, can a hidden OS partition be any size, and can it be protected against files written outside of it?
Is there a way to hide the size of a hidden volume? If Someone sees my 'main' volume, and see it only has 1gb of files, will this show as 299gb free, or will the hidden volume visibly be taking up space?
Otherwise, the used space would be a giveaway..., if so, is there any way to overcome this?
Is it possible to boot windows without a password, i.e. normally, and then boot my 'real' hidden OS volume only with a password? | 2009/10/04 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/50858",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/11534/"
] | The best way would be not to encrypt your whole drive, but simply create a volume on the drive (as a file)...
Some tips:
* Use a file archive extension (zip, 7z, rar)... It's rather easy to claim if they come upon it that the file contained a backup and seems to be corrupted now. [Don't use zip for a volume over 4GB... Zip files cannot exceed 4GB, having a larger file would arose suspicion].
* Or use a unknown extension (.sync for example) and if asked, say it is used to backup a smart device which isn't with you.
* Don't create a volume with a round number of bytes (say exactly 10GB). That's way too suspicious.
* If they ask why TrueCrypt is installed, just say you have an external hard-drive encrypted with it for security against thieves, which is not with you right now. | It is really up to you what to do... If you are stopped, they can request your encryption keys and detain you if you refuse to reveal them.
I personally would just opt for either full drive encryption using Bitlocker on Windows, or if that is a no go, I would use Truecrypt and just normally set up a drive from a file.
If you go to any effort to hide, it would just look a lot more suspicious than having the files unencrypted.
Sorry, I know that this is not really what you want to see, but if you really do not want anyone to see your files, you are probably just best off leaving your laptop at home and using remote desktop or remote access or similar. |
50,858 | I would like to encrypt my disk, as while I don't have anything illegal, there are some things I would rather not be interrogated about or cause confiscation of my belongings while going through customs in the US or other countries.
I have 1 300gb hdd, which has about 100gb free. I would like to encrypt the contents, but do not want to be forced to give up the encryption key.
The solution to this seems to be to use a truecrypt hidden volume. However, my concern, is to allow my data to grow as needed, naturally. I was considering using a hidden OS partition, but wonder how reliable this is.
So, can a hidden OS partition be any size, and can it be protected against files written outside of it?
Is there a way to hide the size of a hidden volume? If Someone sees my 'main' volume, and see it only has 1gb of files, will this show as 299gb free, or will the hidden volume visibly be taking up space?
Otherwise, the used space would be a giveaway..., if so, is there any way to overcome this?
Is it possible to boot windows without a password, i.e. normally, and then boot my 'real' hidden OS volume only with a password? | 2009/10/04 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/50858",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/11534/"
] | The best way would be not to encrypt your whole drive, but simply create a volume on the drive (as a file)...
Some tips:
* Use a file archive extension (zip, 7z, rar)... It's rather easy to claim if they come upon it that the file contained a backup and seems to be corrupted now. [Don't use zip for a volume over 4GB... Zip files cannot exceed 4GB, having a larger file would arose suspicion].
* Or use a unknown extension (.sync for example) and if asked, say it is used to backup a smart device which isn't with you.
* Don't create a volume with a round number of bytes (say exactly 10GB). That's way too suspicious.
* If they ask why TrueCrypt is installed, just say you have an external hard-drive encrypted with it for security against thieves, which is not with you right now. | I don't think that truecrypt would be able to make an OS volume that would boot normally. If you are encrypting the OS partition then I'm not sure how much you would gain by using a hidden volume. You would also have to install your OS twice, once in the hidden volume and once in the ordinary volume, and make the ordinary OS look full enough to be your actual OS.
Obviously I don't know what it is that you want to keep hidden, but I would agree with the other answers that making a volume in a file would be a better option.
Lastly, encryption is restricted in some countries. For instance, France had laws that meant encryption was tightly controlled and you could be required to hand over keys. Some brief research shows that they are changing these laws.
Have you considered using an on-line backup service like Mozy to store the files you want kept secret. During travelling you could leave a backup copy on removeable media at home and delete them from your laptop. Mozy make a network drive available that you can use to restore any files you want over the internet. Or you could encrypt the files and put them on a service like MS sky drive, or whatever they call it now. |
50,858 | I would like to encrypt my disk, as while I don't have anything illegal, there are some things I would rather not be interrogated about or cause confiscation of my belongings while going through customs in the US or other countries.
I have 1 300gb hdd, which has about 100gb free. I would like to encrypt the contents, but do not want to be forced to give up the encryption key.
The solution to this seems to be to use a truecrypt hidden volume. However, my concern, is to allow my data to grow as needed, naturally. I was considering using a hidden OS partition, but wonder how reliable this is.
So, can a hidden OS partition be any size, and can it be protected against files written outside of it?
Is there a way to hide the size of a hidden volume? If Someone sees my 'main' volume, and see it only has 1gb of files, will this show as 299gb free, or will the hidden volume visibly be taking up space?
Otherwise, the used space would be a giveaway..., if so, is there any way to overcome this?
Is it possible to boot windows without a password, i.e. normally, and then boot my 'real' hidden OS volume only with a password? | 2009/10/04 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/50858",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/11534/"
] | **The hidden partiton is inherently completely hidden** - it lurks within the free space of the normal "outer" encrypted partition. There is no record of it, nor it's size, and you can only access it by providing it's own password.
**There are two ways of mounting the outer encrypted partition.** Only by it's own password, or also accompanied by the hidden partition's password to inform the system of the existence of the hidden partition.
**If you mount it without the hidden partition's password**, the system has no knowledge of it, and there's no way to know there's data to be found in the free space. Since it has no knowledge of it, **the hidden data is not protected**, and any writes done to the free space are potentially overwriting hidden data. Tough luck.
**If you mount it by also providing the hidden partition's password**, the system will know where the hidden data is, and **the hidden data will be kept protected**. It prevents any overwrites with an error. It will not move the hidden data around to avoid the overwrite, because this would compromize it's security - it will only prevent the overwrite with a write error (in fact also making the whole system read-only until a remount).
So in everyday use, **you'd have to always mount it with both passwords** - but if you're forced to provide a password, you can only provide the normal password, and there will be no way to know that you have created a hidden partition too. There is no huge "hidden.dat" -file or such, only free space, which if examined, will show random incoherent bytes.
Of course, if you're using the hidden area from an OS that's not itself running in a hidden partition, there is a risk that the OS or some of the applications used for handling the data betray the existence, or even store a cached copy, of files in the hidden partition.
In your case even the OS would be within the hidden partition, creating a hidden operating system. In this case, there's no risk of it being compromized. (Of course there are *always* risks from *outside* the system, like getting keylogged, monitored by hidden cameras, remotely viewed by psychics, socially engineered by spychicks, abducted by aliens, and so on... but you get the idea.)
You'd also need to have a decoy operating system on an different partition (using the outer encrypted partition for data), for plausible deniability. You'd also need to use the decoy quite often for non-sensitive work so that it wouldn't look suspicious. So yes, I would imagine **size might become a problem** there, since writes to the data area (that contains the hidden operating system within the free space) have a good chance of failing (when colliding with the hidden data) unless there's a lot of truly free space. But I'm not familiar with usage of hidden operating systems, and there might well be some countermeasure for this that I'm not aware of.
The [TrueCrypt documentation](http://www.truecrypt.org/docs/) has quite a lot of stuff about this, and it's well worth reading. | The best way would be not to encrypt your whole drive, but simply create a volume on the drive (as a file)...
Some tips:
* Use a file archive extension (zip, 7z, rar)... It's rather easy to claim if they come upon it that the file contained a backup and seems to be corrupted now. [Don't use zip for a volume over 4GB... Zip files cannot exceed 4GB, having a larger file would arose suspicion].
* Or use a unknown extension (.sync for example) and if asked, say it is used to backup a smart device which isn't with you.
* Don't create a volume with a round number of bytes (say exactly 10GB). That's way too suspicious.
* If they ask why TrueCrypt is installed, just say you have an external hard-drive encrypted with it for security against thieves, which is not with you right now. |
50,858 | I would like to encrypt my disk, as while I don't have anything illegal, there are some things I would rather not be interrogated about or cause confiscation of my belongings while going through customs in the US or other countries.
I have 1 300gb hdd, which has about 100gb free. I would like to encrypt the contents, but do not want to be forced to give up the encryption key.
The solution to this seems to be to use a truecrypt hidden volume. However, my concern, is to allow my data to grow as needed, naturally. I was considering using a hidden OS partition, but wonder how reliable this is.
So, can a hidden OS partition be any size, and can it be protected against files written outside of it?
Is there a way to hide the size of a hidden volume? If Someone sees my 'main' volume, and see it only has 1gb of files, will this show as 299gb free, or will the hidden volume visibly be taking up space?
Otherwise, the used space would be a giveaway..., if so, is there any way to overcome this?
Is it possible to boot windows without a password, i.e. normally, and then boot my 'real' hidden OS volume only with a password? | 2009/10/04 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/50858",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/11534/"
] | It is really up to you what to do... If you are stopped, they can request your encryption keys and detain you if you refuse to reveal them.
I personally would just opt for either full drive encryption using Bitlocker on Windows, or if that is a no go, I would use Truecrypt and just normally set up a drive from a file.
If you go to any effort to hide, it would just look a lot more suspicious than having the files unencrypted.
Sorry, I know that this is not really what you want to see, but if you really do not want anyone to see your files, you are probably just best off leaving your laptop at home and using remote desktop or remote access or similar. | I don't think that truecrypt would be able to make an OS volume that would boot normally. If you are encrypting the OS partition then I'm not sure how much you would gain by using a hidden volume. You would also have to install your OS twice, once in the hidden volume and once in the ordinary volume, and make the ordinary OS look full enough to be your actual OS.
Obviously I don't know what it is that you want to keep hidden, but I would agree with the other answers that making a volume in a file would be a better option.
Lastly, encryption is restricted in some countries. For instance, France had laws that meant encryption was tightly controlled and you could be required to hand over keys. Some brief research shows that they are changing these laws.
Have you considered using an on-line backup service like Mozy to store the files you want kept secret. During travelling you could leave a backup copy on removeable media at home and delete them from your laptop. Mozy make a network drive available that you can use to restore any files you want over the internet. Or you could encrypt the files and put them on a service like MS sky drive, or whatever they call it now. |
50,858 | I would like to encrypt my disk, as while I don't have anything illegal, there are some things I would rather not be interrogated about or cause confiscation of my belongings while going through customs in the US or other countries.
I have 1 300gb hdd, which has about 100gb free. I would like to encrypt the contents, but do not want to be forced to give up the encryption key.
The solution to this seems to be to use a truecrypt hidden volume. However, my concern, is to allow my data to grow as needed, naturally. I was considering using a hidden OS partition, but wonder how reliable this is.
So, can a hidden OS partition be any size, and can it be protected against files written outside of it?
Is there a way to hide the size of a hidden volume? If Someone sees my 'main' volume, and see it only has 1gb of files, will this show as 299gb free, or will the hidden volume visibly be taking up space?
Otherwise, the used space would be a giveaway..., if so, is there any way to overcome this?
Is it possible to boot windows without a password, i.e. normally, and then boot my 'real' hidden OS volume only with a password? | 2009/10/04 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/50858",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/11534/"
] | **The hidden partiton is inherently completely hidden** - it lurks within the free space of the normal "outer" encrypted partition. There is no record of it, nor it's size, and you can only access it by providing it's own password.
**There are two ways of mounting the outer encrypted partition.** Only by it's own password, or also accompanied by the hidden partition's password to inform the system of the existence of the hidden partition.
**If you mount it without the hidden partition's password**, the system has no knowledge of it, and there's no way to know there's data to be found in the free space. Since it has no knowledge of it, **the hidden data is not protected**, and any writes done to the free space are potentially overwriting hidden data. Tough luck.
**If you mount it by also providing the hidden partition's password**, the system will know where the hidden data is, and **the hidden data will be kept protected**. It prevents any overwrites with an error. It will not move the hidden data around to avoid the overwrite, because this would compromize it's security - it will only prevent the overwrite with a write error (in fact also making the whole system read-only until a remount).
So in everyday use, **you'd have to always mount it with both passwords** - but if you're forced to provide a password, you can only provide the normal password, and there will be no way to know that you have created a hidden partition too. There is no huge "hidden.dat" -file or such, only free space, which if examined, will show random incoherent bytes.
Of course, if you're using the hidden area from an OS that's not itself running in a hidden partition, there is a risk that the OS or some of the applications used for handling the data betray the existence, or even store a cached copy, of files in the hidden partition.
In your case even the OS would be within the hidden partition, creating a hidden operating system. In this case, there's no risk of it being compromized. (Of course there are *always* risks from *outside* the system, like getting keylogged, monitored by hidden cameras, remotely viewed by psychics, socially engineered by spychicks, abducted by aliens, and so on... but you get the idea.)
You'd also need to have a decoy operating system on an different partition (using the outer encrypted partition for data), for plausible deniability. You'd also need to use the decoy quite often for non-sensitive work so that it wouldn't look suspicious. So yes, I would imagine **size might become a problem** there, since writes to the data area (that contains the hidden operating system within the free space) have a good chance of failing (when colliding with the hidden data) unless there's a lot of truly free space. But I'm not familiar with usage of hidden operating systems, and there might well be some countermeasure for this that I'm not aware of.
The [TrueCrypt documentation](http://www.truecrypt.org/docs/) has quite a lot of stuff about this, and it's well worth reading. | It is really up to you what to do... If you are stopped, they can request your encryption keys and detain you if you refuse to reveal them.
I personally would just opt for either full drive encryption using Bitlocker on Windows, or if that is a no go, I would use Truecrypt and just normally set up a drive from a file.
If you go to any effort to hide, it would just look a lot more suspicious than having the files unencrypted.
Sorry, I know that this is not really what you want to see, but if you really do not want anyone to see your files, you are probably just best off leaving your laptop at home and using remote desktop or remote access or similar. |
50,858 | I would like to encrypt my disk, as while I don't have anything illegal, there are some things I would rather not be interrogated about or cause confiscation of my belongings while going through customs in the US or other countries.
I have 1 300gb hdd, which has about 100gb free. I would like to encrypt the contents, but do not want to be forced to give up the encryption key.
The solution to this seems to be to use a truecrypt hidden volume. However, my concern, is to allow my data to grow as needed, naturally. I was considering using a hidden OS partition, but wonder how reliable this is.
So, can a hidden OS partition be any size, and can it be protected against files written outside of it?
Is there a way to hide the size of a hidden volume? If Someone sees my 'main' volume, and see it only has 1gb of files, will this show as 299gb free, or will the hidden volume visibly be taking up space?
Otherwise, the used space would be a giveaway..., if so, is there any way to overcome this?
Is it possible to boot windows without a password, i.e. normally, and then boot my 'real' hidden OS volume only with a password? | 2009/10/04 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/50858",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/11534/"
] | **The hidden partiton is inherently completely hidden** - it lurks within the free space of the normal "outer" encrypted partition. There is no record of it, nor it's size, and you can only access it by providing it's own password.
**There are two ways of mounting the outer encrypted partition.** Only by it's own password, or also accompanied by the hidden partition's password to inform the system of the existence of the hidden partition.
**If you mount it without the hidden partition's password**, the system has no knowledge of it, and there's no way to know there's data to be found in the free space. Since it has no knowledge of it, **the hidden data is not protected**, and any writes done to the free space are potentially overwriting hidden data. Tough luck.
**If you mount it by also providing the hidden partition's password**, the system will know where the hidden data is, and **the hidden data will be kept protected**. It prevents any overwrites with an error. It will not move the hidden data around to avoid the overwrite, because this would compromize it's security - it will only prevent the overwrite with a write error (in fact also making the whole system read-only until a remount).
So in everyday use, **you'd have to always mount it with both passwords** - but if you're forced to provide a password, you can only provide the normal password, and there will be no way to know that you have created a hidden partition too. There is no huge "hidden.dat" -file or such, only free space, which if examined, will show random incoherent bytes.
Of course, if you're using the hidden area from an OS that's not itself running in a hidden partition, there is a risk that the OS or some of the applications used for handling the data betray the existence, or even store a cached copy, of files in the hidden partition.
In your case even the OS would be within the hidden partition, creating a hidden operating system. In this case, there's no risk of it being compromized. (Of course there are *always* risks from *outside* the system, like getting keylogged, monitored by hidden cameras, remotely viewed by psychics, socially engineered by spychicks, abducted by aliens, and so on... but you get the idea.)
You'd also need to have a decoy operating system on an different partition (using the outer encrypted partition for data), for plausible deniability. You'd also need to use the decoy quite often for non-sensitive work so that it wouldn't look suspicious. So yes, I would imagine **size might become a problem** there, since writes to the data area (that contains the hidden operating system within the free space) have a good chance of failing (when colliding with the hidden data) unless there's a lot of truly free space. But I'm not familiar with usage of hidden operating systems, and there might well be some countermeasure for this that I'm not aware of.
The [TrueCrypt documentation](http://www.truecrypt.org/docs/) has quite a lot of stuff about this, and it's well worth reading. | I don't think that truecrypt would be able to make an OS volume that would boot normally. If you are encrypting the OS partition then I'm not sure how much you would gain by using a hidden volume. You would also have to install your OS twice, once in the hidden volume and once in the ordinary volume, and make the ordinary OS look full enough to be your actual OS.
Obviously I don't know what it is that you want to keep hidden, but I would agree with the other answers that making a volume in a file would be a better option.
Lastly, encryption is restricted in some countries. For instance, France had laws that meant encryption was tightly controlled and you could be required to hand over keys. Some brief research shows that they are changing these laws.
Have you considered using an on-line backup service like Mozy to store the files you want kept secret. During travelling you could leave a backup copy on removeable media at home and delete them from your laptop. Mozy make a network drive available that you can use to restore any files you want over the internet. Or you could encrypt the files and put them on a service like MS sky drive, or whatever they call it now. |
6,279 | What is the most profitable 25-day investment I can make that
guarantees that I at least get the principal back? Notes:
* Many brokers accept credit card deposits w/ no fees, and the
credit card company counts it as a purchase, so I have a 25-day
grace period with no interest.
* So, I can invest using my credit card, pull back the money within
25 days, and show a profit. I can then repeat the process monthly. I
have 100K total spending limit, so the profit might be nontrivial.
* I know Treasury notes/bills/strips (whichever ones expire in
~25 days) and money market funds are two options, but are there any
more profitable ones?
* I'm OK w/ the profit being variable (even zero), but need to
preserve the principal to pay back my credit card. | 2011/02/13 | [
"https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/6279",
"https://money.stackexchange.com",
"https://money.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | For this scheme to work, you would require an investment with no chance of a loss. Money market accounts and short-term t-bills are about your only options.
The other thing is that you will need to be very careful to never miss the payment date. One month's late charges will probably wipe out a few months' profit.
The only other caveat, which I'm sure you've considered, is that having your credit maxed out will hurt your credit score. | Although this scheme is likely to get shut down rather quickly by either your broker or credit card company some points you seem to have missed out on.
Properly timed you should be able to get ~55 days of grace period (30 day billing cycle + 25 day grace period) assuming you pay everything off every month and charge immediately following the statement date.
You will need to avoid certain card issuers that code all transactions with financial institutions as cash advances (Citibank in paticular). If it is possible it would be in your best interest to lower cash advance limits to 0 to avoid any chance of cash advance fees. If your credit card attempts to process it as a cash advance the transaction will just be declined and you won't be out anything. Otherwise one cash advance fee will eat several months worth of profits.
As far as investments with guaranteed principal goes the only thing you can realistically do is money market accounts and maybe treasury notes. Anything else and the short term price fluctuation may leave you high and dry.
If this scheme were to work you would be much better off attempting to get rewards for the purchases than anything you could invest in. If you used a 2% card and churned it every month you would be looking at a 24% return on credit card rewards. Even 1% rewards gives you a 12% annual return which is going to beat anything you could invest the money in. |
6,279 | What is the most profitable 25-day investment I can make that
guarantees that I at least get the principal back? Notes:
* Many brokers accept credit card deposits w/ no fees, and the
credit card company counts it as a purchase, so I have a 25-day
grace period with no interest.
* So, I can invest using my credit card, pull back the money within
25 days, and show a profit. I can then repeat the process monthly. I
have 100K total spending limit, so the profit might be nontrivial.
* I know Treasury notes/bills/strips (whichever ones expire in
~25 days) and money market funds are two options, but are there any
more profitable ones?
* I'm OK w/ the profit being variable (even zero), but need to
preserve the principal to pay back my credit card. | 2011/02/13 | [
"https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/6279",
"https://money.stackexchange.com",
"https://money.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | For this scheme to work, you would require an investment with no chance of a loss. Money market accounts and short-term t-bills are about your only options.
The other thing is that you will need to be very careful to never miss the payment date. One month's late charges will probably wipe out a few months' profit.
The only other caveat, which I'm sure you've considered, is that having your credit maxed out will hurt your credit score. | A lot of these schemes fail to take into account the time/effort you have to spend in order to extract the small amount of profit you would get. If there were easy money to be made, people would start making it and the company that was allowing themselves to be swindled would put an end to that deal. So these things usually don't last.
You [used to be able to order dollar coins](http://www.fatwallet.com/forums/finance/837472/) from the mint via credit card, with no shipping. This was risk free and allowed you to earn credit card points. But the mint has effectively plugged this hole. |
11,234 | I was asked a question my one of my teachers. What is TCP port 0 reserved for? I did a bit of searching and research found 2 reasons:
1. For linux based system, to get the next available port from the OS that the program can use. Like asking for dynamically allocated ports.
2. Packets that don't need port numbers (like ICMP) use port number 0 in their packet.
But these seemed like something that has evolved to be used for, just because port 0 was not being used for anything else. I did not find any use of port 0 that was assigned by 'IANA' in the beginning. Is there anything that was officially assigned to port 0? | 2014/10/01 | [
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/11234",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/users/8280/"
] | **Disclaimer**: My answer can be considered as having conflict of interest to some people as the material I reference in my answer is actually initially created by me.
Neither IETF nor IANA currently (as of 2019) have any documented real-world use for the TCP port 0, however the book "UNIX Network Programming" by Richard Stevens et.al. teaches people to obtain an dynamically assigned port by binding to port 0. This practice is documented in several other places including Linux and FreeBSD man page.
~~Currently, there is an open [bug](https://www.austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=1068) at Austin Group (the group who develops POSIX and Single Unix Specification) concerning this waiting resolution.~~
Currently there is a [bug](https://www.austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=1068) at Austin Group that had been accepted, which amends the standard to support the binding to port 0 behavior for TCP and UDP. The next revision - Issue 8 / Single Unix Specification ver 5 is expected to have these changes incorporated. | TCP port 0 has a *special meaning in many socket API*s (especially in the common Berkeley socket API that the POSIX API grew out of). It requests an ephemeral/dynamic port from the stack. Probably for that reason IANA has reserved that port, so that it is not used in general.
*Within* the actual stack, port 0 has no special meaning (nor does any other number have). Due to its API use it might be (very) hard to put it into actual use though. And simply, there's no point to try.
Note that ports are only used with some transport-layer protocols. ICMP (which actually belongs to the network layer although it is encapsulated like an L4 protocol) doesn't use ports. |
11,234 | I was asked a question my one of my teachers. What is TCP port 0 reserved for? I did a bit of searching and research found 2 reasons:
1. For linux based system, to get the next available port from the OS that the program can use. Like asking for dynamically allocated ports.
2. Packets that don't need port numbers (like ICMP) use port number 0 in their packet.
But these seemed like something that has evolved to be used for, just because port 0 was not being used for anything else. I did not find any use of port 0 that was assigned by 'IANA' in the beginning. Is there anything that was officially assigned to port 0? | 2014/10/01 | [
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/11234",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/users/8280/"
] | **Disclaimer**: My answer can be considered as having conflict of interest to some people as the material I reference in my answer is actually initially created by me.
Neither IETF nor IANA currently (as of 2019) have any documented real-world use for the TCP port 0, however the book "UNIX Network Programming" by Richard Stevens et.al. teaches people to obtain an dynamically assigned port by binding to port 0. This practice is documented in several other places including Linux and FreeBSD man page.
~~Currently, there is an open [bug](https://www.austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=1068) at Austin Group (the group who develops POSIX and Single Unix Specification) concerning this waiting resolution.~~
Currently there is a [bug](https://www.austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=1068) at Austin Group that had been accepted, which amends the standard to support the binding to port 0 behavior for TCP and UDP. The next revision - Issue 8 / Single Unix Specification ver 5 is expected to have these changes incorporated. | Port 0
------
•Port 0 is reserved for binding purposes, whenever you will try to bind with port 0, a random available port will be binded instead of 0.
•That random port is decided by the OS.
•It is very useful for programmers by reducing their effort by automatically finding available port instead of programmer doing it also increasing the speed of the program.
•However, trying to connect a socket with providing its port as 0 will definitely cause failure to connect as it is considered invalid everywhere except in binding
•In case all ports from 1 to 65535 are used and you try to bind with port 0. A binding error or failure will be caused.
****Also, ICMP doesn't use any port, not even 0**** |
11,234 | I was asked a question my one of my teachers. What is TCP port 0 reserved for? I did a bit of searching and research found 2 reasons:
1. For linux based system, to get the next available port from the OS that the program can use. Like asking for dynamically allocated ports.
2. Packets that don't need port numbers (like ICMP) use port number 0 in their packet.
But these seemed like something that has evolved to be used for, just because port 0 was not being used for anything else. I did not find any use of port 0 that was assigned by 'IANA' in the beginning. Is there anything that was officially assigned to port 0? | 2014/10/01 | [
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/11234",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/users/8280/"
] | TCP port 0 has a *special meaning in many socket API*s (especially in the common Berkeley socket API that the POSIX API grew out of). It requests an ephemeral/dynamic port from the stack. Probably for that reason IANA has reserved that port, so that it is not used in general.
*Within* the actual stack, port 0 has no special meaning (nor does any other number have). Due to its API use it might be (very) hard to put it into actual use though. And simply, there's no point to try.
Note that ports are only used with some transport-layer protocols. ICMP (which actually belongs to the network layer although it is encapsulated like an L4 protocol) doesn't use ports. | Port 0
------
•Port 0 is reserved for binding purposes, whenever you will try to bind with port 0, a random available port will be binded instead of 0.
•That random port is decided by the OS.
•It is very useful for programmers by reducing their effort by automatically finding available port instead of programmer doing it also increasing the speed of the program.
•However, trying to connect a socket with providing its port as 0 will definitely cause failure to connect as it is considered invalid everywhere except in binding
•In case all ports from 1 to 65535 are used and you try to bind with port 0. A binding error or failure will be caused.
****Also, ICMP doesn't use any port, not even 0**** |
36,746 | I have a 51.8lb Sharp Aquos LC46D85U that I'd like to mount above my fireplace.
The problem is that there aren't any studs (at least none that I can find) behind my wood walls. My walls are not wood paneling; they're solid tongue-in-groove wood (see picture).
The only structure I can find behind the walls is a few *horizontal* bars of wood at intervals. The wood walls are nailed into these horizontal braces. The intervals are too widely spaced for me to get all mounting bracket screws into them. I could get either the top or bottom mounting screws into them, but not both.
Given that the walls are wood (not just paneling), do you think they would be able to bear a 52lb TV mounted to it? If not, how should I safely mount my TV given my lack of studs?
 | 2013/12/14 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/36746",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/18620/"
] | I agree with BMitch that there's horizontal strapping over the studs. You might want to try a [Bosch GMS120 Wall Scanner](http://www.boschtools.com/Products/Tools/Pages/BoschProductDetail.aspx?pid=GMS120) instead of a regular stud finder. It claims it can find wood substructures 1-1/2" deep which is going to be about how deep your studs are from the front of the panels.
The other side of the wall is probably an exterior wall which will make this difficult but try finding the studs from that side. Also electrical boxes are usually mounted on the side of studs so use them as a cue.
Another option, would be to try and figure out where the studs are through trial and error. Measure out from one corner, factor in the depth of the panels and strapping from the side wall then over your fireplace drill a small exploratory hole near where a stud should be but not directly over the strapping. Poke around with a wire bent into the shape of an L and see if you can find a stud. If you can't try measuring from the opposite wall. Once you find one you should be able to easily find the rest since they should be space 16" on center.
Just remember to get longer lag bolts.
Also, there are some replies in this [forum thread](http://www.avsforum.com/t/911832/mounting-tv-to-wall-with-plywood) that might be useful to you.
I had to mount a TV fairly high. Make sure you get a mount that has tilt control to reduce neck strain. | Ecenrwal is right.
You can even add a few more if you choose. The screws that are usually provided with those kits have screws that are long enough to go through drywall then into the stud. You really only need screws that are 1" long, 1 1/4" at most. Yes the ergonomics aren't the best, but if you have a large screen (50" and bigger) you need to view the tv from a distance that reduces the angle to were it won't cramp your neck My TV is set like that, I am 59 years old and it does not get to me at all. Our sofa is 12' back, the view is great.
If your mantel projection is sufficient, it will protect the TV. Mine is set above the woodburning fireplace, it was cranking out the heat after a couple of hours burning red oak, it was not getting the TV hot at all. It is a zero clearance prefab Heatolator brand I installed myself, the mantel has a 8 1/2" projection at the top, with the TV 5" above to the bottom edge and the top of the mantel is 16" above the firebox top. Although everything gets really hot, yes, but there is a "wall" of cooler air entering the firebox from the room at the same top edge. That makes the front of the box cooler than the front. |
36,746 | I have a 51.8lb Sharp Aquos LC46D85U that I'd like to mount above my fireplace.
The problem is that there aren't any studs (at least none that I can find) behind my wood walls. My walls are not wood paneling; they're solid tongue-in-groove wood (see picture).
The only structure I can find behind the walls is a few *horizontal* bars of wood at intervals. The wood walls are nailed into these horizontal braces. The intervals are too widely spaced for me to get all mounting bracket screws into them. I could get either the top or bottom mounting screws into them, but not both.
Given that the walls are wood (not just paneling), do you think they would be able to bear a 52lb TV mounted to it? If not, how should I safely mount my TV given my lack of studs?
 | 2013/12/14 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/36746",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/18620/"
] | I agree with BMitch that there's horizontal strapping over the studs. You might want to try a [Bosch GMS120 Wall Scanner](http://www.boschtools.com/Products/Tools/Pages/BoschProductDetail.aspx?pid=GMS120) instead of a regular stud finder. It claims it can find wood substructures 1-1/2" deep which is going to be about how deep your studs are from the front of the panels.
The other side of the wall is probably an exterior wall which will make this difficult but try finding the studs from that side. Also electrical boxes are usually mounted on the side of studs so use them as a cue.
Another option, would be to try and figure out where the studs are through trial and error. Measure out from one corner, factor in the depth of the panels and strapping from the side wall then over your fireplace drill a small exploratory hole near where a stud should be but not directly over the strapping. Poke around with a wire bent into the shape of an L and see if you can find a stud. If you can't try measuring from the opposite wall. Once you find one you should be able to easily find the rest since they should be space 16" on center.
Just remember to get longer lag bolts.
Also, there are some replies in this [forum thread](http://www.avsforum.com/t/911832/mounting-tv-to-wall-with-plywood) that might be useful to you.
I had to mount a TV fairly high. Make sure you get a mount that has tilt control to reduce neck strain. | This answer is way too late - I just saw the post now. One look at that and I'm sure you live in Hawaii. That wall is Single Wall Construction. Your're right about it being tongue in groove. It's probably 3/4" redwood. I would NOT put screws into that. The wood is too soft and will probably not hold. I would actually bolt it on. Understand that you will be able to see it clearly from the other side of the wall. So it matters what's behind the wall. I think the only other way is to actually build another wall in front of that one. People do this but it would be a lot of work and expense if your only goal is to mount a TV.
I'm sure you've already dealt with this. I'd be really curious to find out what you did and how it worked for you. |
36,746 | I have a 51.8lb Sharp Aquos LC46D85U that I'd like to mount above my fireplace.
The problem is that there aren't any studs (at least none that I can find) behind my wood walls. My walls are not wood paneling; they're solid tongue-in-groove wood (see picture).
The only structure I can find behind the walls is a few *horizontal* bars of wood at intervals. The wood walls are nailed into these horizontal braces. The intervals are too widely spaced for me to get all mounting bracket screws into them. I could get either the top or bottom mounting screws into them, but not both.
Given that the walls are wood (not just paneling), do you think they would be able to bear a 52lb TV mounted to it? If not, how should I safely mount my TV given my lack of studs?
 | 2013/12/14 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/36746",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/18620/"
] | If you use decent screws, you should have no problem mounting right to the surface wood, without worrying about where you are behind it. It's a much more robust material than drywall, and 52 lbs is not all that heavy. You could certainly line up the top bracket screws with a strap and use longer screws there, but you probably don't **need** to. | Ecenrwal is right.
You can even add a few more if you choose. The screws that are usually provided with those kits have screws that are long enough to go through drywall then into the stud. You really only need screws that are 1" long, 1 1/4" at most. Yes the ergonomics aren't the best, but if you have a large screen (50" and bigger) you need to view the tv from a distance that reduces the angle to were it won't cramp your neck My TV is set like that, I am 59 years old and it does not get to me at all. Our sofa is 12' back, the view is great.
If your mantel projection is sufficient, it will protect the TV. Mine is set above the woodburning fireplace, it was cranking out the heat after a couple of hours burning red oak, it was not getting the TV hot at all. It is a zero clearance prefab Heatolator brand I installed myself, the mantel has a 8 1/2" projection at the top, with the TV 5" above to the bottom edge and the top of the mantel is 16" above the firebox top. Although everything gets really hot, yes, but there is a "wall" of cooler air entering the firebox from the room at the same top edge. That makes the front of the box cooler than the front. |
36,746 | I have a 51.8lb Sharp Aquos LC46D85U that I'd like to mount above my fireplace.
The problem is that there aren't any studs (at least none that I can find) behind my wood walls. My walls are not wood paneling; they're solid tongue-in-groove wood (see picture).
The only structure I can find behind the walls is a few *horizontal* bars of wood at intervals. The wood walls are nailed into these horizontal braces. The intervals are too widely spaced for me to get all mounting bracket screws into them. I could get either the top or bottom mounting screws into them, but not both.
Given that the walls are wood (not just paneling), do you think they would be able to bear a 52lb TV mounted to it? If not, how should I safely mount my TV given my lack of studs?
 | 2013/12/14 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/36746",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/18620/"
] | If you use decent screws, you should have no problem mounting right to the surface wood, without worrying about where you are behind it. It's a much more robust material than drywall, and 52 lbs is not all that heavy. You could certainly line up the top bracket screws with a strap and use longer screws there, but you probably don't **need** to. | This answer is way too late - I just saw the post now. One look at that and I'm sure you live in Hawaii. That wall is Single Wall Construction. Your're right about it being tongue in groove. It's probably 3/4" redwood. I would NOT put screws into that. The wood is too soft and will probably not hold. I would actually bolt it on. Understand that you will be able to see it clearly from the other side of the wall. So it matters what's behind the wall. I think the only other way is to actually build another wall in front of that one. People do this but it would be a lot of work and expense if your only goal is to mount a TV.
I'm sure you've already dealt with this. I'd be really curious to find out what you did and how it worked for you. |
50,333,949 | I have a project that I need to put an **Internet Address** and also add a new field called **ShortName** for all **groups** in the **Notes NAB**.
I am able to put the values and save the document , I tried with a doc.save and a computewithform. This is the Group form.
After the change, people in that group are no longer able to access the application.
Do you have an idea what I am doing wrong ?
User A is in group XYZ.
I added internetaddress xyz.com and a shortname text field xyzmigration
Application A is having an ACL with the group XYZ as editor. When User A tries to open the Application A, he get a not authorize. If I delete both values, User A is able to open the database.
Thanks for your help | 2018/05/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/50333949",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/7721691/"
] | for angular6
you should use 1 (providedIn root) for make a injectable singleton service to all the application, or provideIn X for produce the instance of that service only when X is loaded.
2 could be usefull to override the injection with another new implementation (testing?)
Angular 6 introduces provideIn because previusly all services was globaly asigned as providers of the root bundle and being instanced at start despite of them not being used by any module. | The difference is..
1) For each module instance, you'll have a service instance.
2) You'll have the same instance for each component. |
50,333,949 | I have a project that I need to put an **Internet Address** and also add a new field called **ShortName** for all **groups** in the **Notes NAB**.
I am able to put the values and save the document , I tried with a doc.save and a computewithform. This is the Group form.
After the change, people in that group are no longer able to access the application.
Do you have an idea what I am doing wrong ?
User A is in group XYZ.
I added internetaddress xyz.com and a shortname text field xyzmigration
Application A is having an ACL with the group XYZ as editor. When User A tries to open the Application A, he get a not authorize. If I delete both values, User A is able to open the database.
Thanks for your help | 2018/05/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/50333949",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/7721691/"
] | Official Angular doc **Where to configure providers**
<https://angular.io/guide/hierarchical-dependency-injection#where-to-register>
>
> Instead of specifying the root injector, you can set providedIn to a
> specific NgModule.
>
>
> ...
>
>
> This is generally no different from configuring the injector of the
> NgModule itself, except that the service is tree-shakable if the
> NgModule doesn't use it. It can be useful for a library that offers a
> particular service that some components might want to inject
> optionally, and leave it up to the app whether to provide the service.
>
>
> | The difference is..
1) For each module instance, you'll have a service instance.
2) You'll have the same instance for each component. |
50,333,949 | I have a project that I need to put an **Internet Address** and also add a new field called **ShortName** for all **groups** in the **Notes NAB**.
I am able to put the values and save the document , I tried with a doc.save and a computewithform. This is the Group form.
After the change, people in that group are no longer able to access the application.
Do you have an idea what I am doing wrong ?
User A is in group XYZ.
I added internetaddress xyz.com and a shortname text field xyzmigration
Application A is having an ACL with the group XYZ as editor. When User A tries to open the Application A, he get a not authorize. If I delete both values, User A is able to open the database.
Thanks for your help | 2018/05/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/50333949",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/7721691/"
] | for angular6
you should use 1 (providedIn root) for make a injectable singleton service to all the application, or provideIn X for produce the instance of that service only when X is loaded.
2 could be usefull to override the injection with another new implementation (testing?)
Angular 6 introduces provideIn because previusly all services was globaly asigned as providers of the root bundle and being instanced at start despite of them not being used by any module. | Official Angular doc **Where to configure providers**
<https://angular.io/guide/hierarchical-dependency-injection#where-to-register>
>
> Instead of specifying the root injector, you can set providedIn to a
> specific NgModule.
>
>
> ...
>
>
> This is generally no different from configuring the injector of the
> NgModule itself, except that the service is tree-shakable if the
> NgModule doesn't use it. It can be useful for a library that offers a
> particular service that some components might want to inject
> optionally, and leave it up to the app whether to provide the service.
>
>
> |
56,836,205 | I have all MFC stuff installed foe my VS-2019 Porfessional.
I miss the Add New Item "MFC Class From Tyspelib" used in former version to create a simple IDispatch wrapper.
I checked everything and I installed the same stuff like in VS-2017. I see this in my VS-2017 version.
What did I miss? | 2019/07/01 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/56836205",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2790621/"
] | Many Wizards, including that, have been removed from the VS2019.
The release notes say:
>
> [Deprecations - Visual Studio 2019](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/releases/2019/release-notes-v16.0#-deprecations)
>
>
> * The following C++ ATL/MFC wizards are no longer available: ATL COM+ 1.0 Component Wizard, ATL Active Server Pages Component Wizard, ATL OLE DB Provider Wizard, ATL Property Page Wizard, ATL OLE DB Consumer Wizard, MFC ODBC Consumer, MFC class from ActiveX control, and **MFC class from Type Lib**. Sample code for these technologies is archived at [Microsoft Docs](https://learn.microsoft.com/) and the [VCSamples GitHub repository](https://github.com/Microsoft/VCSamples).
>
>
>
---
These changes start from VS2017 ver 15.3.
The change began with this edition, but no consistent behavior was completed.
[Add ATL Simple Object in Visual Studio 2017](https://stackoverflow.com/q/46522232/9014308)
If you can do what you want with VS2017's latest version 15.9.13, you should work there and port to VS2019.
Furthermore, some work is impossible in 15.9.13. In that case, you need to work with older versions in the following way and port to VS2019
* User registration at <https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/>
* Download and install the product version below if you have a MSDN subscription, otherwise uses the Community version.
+ Visual Studio 2017 (version 15.0) (Note: This should never be updated)
+ Visual Studio 2015 with Update 3
If this is not possible, you will need to do something manually that Wizard did automatically. | This wizard was removed in VS2017 15.3, but then returned in VS2019 16.8. It also available in VS2022.
<https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/typelib-and-activex-now-supported-in-mfc-wizards/>
But Microsoft documentation is still outdated. Now VS 2019 does not have "Add class from typelib" option at project context menu. Instead, you need to "Add"->"New Item..." and find "MFC Class from Typelib" |
13,721 | The name/code for customer groups is limited to 32 characters. A client has groups with names that are longer.
Is there any reason not to increase the length? | 2014/01/23 | [
"https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/13721",
"https://magento.stackexchange.com",
"https://magento.stackexchange.com/users/4385/"
] | The only reason I can think of is that if not documented, an old co-worker would have to look to stack exchange when adapting some legacy code only to find this question posed and in turn answering why this legacy code broke. | Some DBMS have a limitation in column name length and Magento should respect that limit because its DB abstraction layer virtually allows it to run on DBMS other than MySQL.
I say "virtually" because, for example, it seems that Oracle 10g max column name length is limited to 30 characters: <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/756558/what-is-the-maximum-length-of-a-table-name-in-oracle>).
MySQL max column name length extends to 64 instead: <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6868302/maximum-length-of-a-table-name-in-mysql>.
Kind regards |
592,476 | In an argument, is there a single term or fallacy for a scenario where someone concedes a debate just for the sake that the opponent wants it conceded that way
For eg: *Yes, I agree to what you say because you always want your point to be accepted as true* | 2022/07/25 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/592476",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/458260/"
] | OK I agree - **anything for a quiet life**
>
> [MacMillan](https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/anything-for-a-quiet-life)
>
> used for saying that you will let someone do what they want in order to avoid an argument
>
>
> | The closest term I can think of is "Acquiescence". Perhaps a "placatory concession" would also fit. |
19,020 | I am sure there are different methodologies to arrive at such a number. Can someone **in layman terms** describe some of the most widely used and trusted methods and what data are used? Sorry I am outside the field of climate modeling so the simpler the better.
I can imagine a satellite observation-based model that calculates emissions on a spatial basis but I am not sure if our technology is advanced enough to do that accurately. However, this method would not allow segregation of GHG by source/sectors (electricity generation, cement production, agriculture etc.) | 2020/01/19 | [
"https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/19020",
"https://earthscience.stackexchange.com",
"https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/users/18761/"
] | Your question is simple enough, but the answer depends on what exactly you're looking for.
Who is emitting where right now?
--------------------------------
Real-time global monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions with a high spatial resolution is an emerging technology. We have very useful satellites (see Jean-Marie Privals answer), but they have limitations:
* All existing public satellites with instruments for high-resolution GHG measurements are in low Earth orbit, so they only see a particular place when they pass over, not all the time. So far only the [Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS)](https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/214) on the Chinese FengYung (FY)-4A satellite can in theory monitor CO₂ from a geostationary viewpoint, which allows for "continuous" monitoring (probably meaning hourly; it takes a while to scan the area of interest), but from what I've heard GIIRS is not performing very well. Europe plans to launch the [Infra-Red Sounder (IRS)](https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/232) in 2023. Either way, their spatial resolution will be much worse than for the low Earth orbit satellites, because geostationary orbit is so far away.
* They rely on visible radiation. Although attempts to retrieve from infrared radiation exist, their information content is quite poor (for an Arctic methane example, see [Holl et al. (2016)](https://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/9/1961/2016/)). In Jean-Marie Privals answer you can see an illustration of how reflected sunlight is used as a retrieval.
* They usually need clear skies. We can't look below the clouds, but even retrieving above the cloud would require a very accurate characterisation of the cloud, and clouds are tricky. So usually we just assume that the GHG concentration is the same with or without clouds, even when it probably isn't.
* Some private satellites exist with a very high spatial resolution, but I can't find much verifiable information about them. [GHGSat](https://www.ghgsat.com/who-we-are/our-satellites/claire/) claims a spatial resolution of less than 50 metre. Inevitably, that comes at the cost of field of view (12×12 km² claimed), it will only view a spot when actively pointing, so although it may be able to point anywhere on Earth, it will only view very specific areas and is in that sense not global. It appears [many similar commercial instruments are planned in the near future](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-17/new-wave-of-satellites-could-pinpoint-greenhouse-gas-offenders).
>
> I can imagine a satellite observation-based model that calculates emissions on a spatial basis but I am not sure if our technology is advanced enough to do that accurately. However, this method would not allow segregation of GHG by source/sectors (electricity generation, cement production, agriculture etc.)
>
>
>
The spatial resolution of about 2 km may be good enough for that, unless the electricity plant is next to the cement producer, the emissions occur at night, the factory is switched off when the satellite happens to pass over, or it's cloudy (there are attempts to retrieve in the presence of clouds, but it's harder).
So while satellites are certainly very useful in GHG monitoring, it's difficult to get everything from satellites alone.
Where were emissions last month?
--------------------------------
We can average daytime GHG contentration measurements over the period of a month. Combined with chemistry and circulation models, we can then try to estimate in what regions of the Earth those emissions may have occurred, but not with a precision high enough to tell "electricity or cement". This is an average of CO₂ measurements for July 2009:
The limitations are less serious now: the satellite has multiple attempts to capture a particular scene, and will usually see at least one clear-sky overpass per month, probably multiple. In the image above, there was probably also some form of data fusion to combine with other sources or fill gaps using neighbouring pixels. The longer the time period we average over, the smoother the distribution will look.
What were global emissions last year?
-------------------------------------
However, if you are looking for *global* emissions averaged over a long time period, we can make use of the observation that CO₂, and to a lesser degree CH₄, is a well-mixed gas. Here, well-mixed means that it stays long enough in the atmosphere to reach pretty much everywhere given enough time. That means that ultimately, it doesn't matter where you emit. That's why "global" CO₂ concentrations may be measured at Mauna Kea (Hawaii, USA), even though this is far away from any emissions. However, that also means that it doesn't tell us whether the CO₂ was emitted in India, Italy, or Idaho. And much of the emitted CO₂ gets absorbed by the oceans, so the delta between this year and last is not enough to determine global emissions. | Satellite data is relatively new and is likely to be used to compare and refine calculations of emissions by other means rather than used as the principle means for estimating emissions.
Consumption based accounting is the main way we get the declared emissions, including methane, nitrous oxides and carbon monoxide and others as well as CO2, for the world or individual nations under internationally agreed UNFCCC guidelines.
Consumption based emissions are calculated from how much fossil fuels of each type are used and what their emissions factors are - how much fuel of each type, what kind of use for each type and how much emissions for that use. Similarly industrial emissions and products as well as land uses and estimates of how much emissions or take up of CO2 by the different uses is all calculated. |
194,957 | I finally installed Ubuntu in my desktop, but now, when I open Winword files with the text editor, it opens but all the formatting is off. How can I open the file properly? | 2012/10/01 | [
"https://askubuntu.com/questions/194957",
"https://askubuntu.com",
"https://askubuntu.com/users/93750/"
] | Try the MS Word replacement, LibreOffice Writer. There are a whole group of open office application to replace MS Office apps.
A text editor such as GEdit is, by definition, only a plain text editor, not a "rich text" editor. Formatting is not desired, since these editors are used for editing plain text configuration files. | A [text Editor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor) can and should only be used to open and edit text file. Text file means files which contain only text or characters. Winword files are not text files, because they contains text as well as formatting information, color etc. These are called [Word processor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processor) file or document file.
What you were doing is, trying to open an word file with a text editor. It is like trying to open word file with Notepad. Some text editors are smart enough to show only the text from an word file. But it is not always the case, most of the text editor won't open the file.
Use LibreOffice which is included in Ubuntu by default. It should also be opened by default if you try to open an Word file. There are other alternative too, such as Abiword, OpenOffice etc.
As the answer of the title of the question, I would say, No, you cannot without clearing all formatting from the file, i.e making it a text file.
If you want to really convert the word file to text file, open it with Gedit and From menu, select *File* → *Save as* and give it a name. The file will be saved as a text file.
This link can be helpful:
* [Text Editor vs Word processor files - Wikipedia Article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor#Plain_text_files_vs._word_processor_files) |
194,957 | I finally installed Ubuntu in my desktop, but now, when I open Winword files with the text editor, it opens but all the formatting is off. How can I open the file properly? | 2012/10/01 | [
"https://askubuntu.com/questions/194957",
"https://askubuntu.com",
"https://askubuntu.com/users/93750/"
] | Try the MS Word replacement, LibreOffice Writer. There are a whole group of open office application to replace MS Office apps.
A text editor such as GEdit is, by definition, only a plain text editor, not a "rich text" editor. Formatting is not desired, since these editors are used for editing plain text configuration files. | Besides the difference pointed out in the other answers between plain/rich text, there is also antiword to convert from .doc to .txt
Antiword is a free MS-Word reader for Linux, RISC OS, and DOS. It converts the documents from Word 2, 6, 7, 97, 2000, 2002, and 2003 to text, Postscript, and XML/DocBook. Antiword tries to keep the layout of the document intact. |
125,291 | Are handbooks on a particular field you are interested in, the fastest and most comprehensive way of learning about that field. For instance, if I were interested in cognitive science would a book like "Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Science" be the best way to go. Also, if there are multiple handbooks from different publishers which one should I pick? | 2019/02/20 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/125291",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/104727/"
] | German academia traditionally expects that one will use all relevant titles, so Prof. Dr. is pretty common there. Likewise other places with an academic system related to Germany in some way. As you note, in the US this would be very uncommon and the two titles you mention often used interchangeably there, even when it isn't clear that both apply.
And, if I remember correctly, it is always Prof. Dr. and never Dr. Prof. since the professorship was earned after the doctorate and is a "higher level" honorific. But "Herr Prof. Dr." doesn't fit that rule, I guess. | Yes, it is common to use both, and the reason is that these are two completely different categories. Doctorates are academic degrees that come in different flavors including "Dr. h.c." and "Dr. habil.". They indicate the academic level, just like Bachelor or Master degrees. For academic degrees, you typically use all degrees on the highest level, so you don't mention a Master degree when someone also holds a PhD, but you mention all doctorates. "Professor" on the other hand is (in almost all cases) an official title which you mention just like you would always refer to a judge as "Judge XXX", whether or not he/she's holds a PhD. That also explains the order: Titles come first, and you lose them when you lose the job. Degrees become part of the name (so to say, until recently, it was possible to have them on your ID card.) |
125,291 | Are handbooks on a particular field you are interested in, the fastest and most comprehensive way of learning about that field. For instance, if I were interested in cognitive science would a book like "Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Science" be the best way to go. Also, if there are multiple handbooks from different publishers which one should I pick? | 2019/02/20 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/125291",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/104727/"
] | German academia traditionally expects that one will use all relevant titles, so Prof. Dr. is pretty common there. Likewise other places with an academic system related to Germany in some way. As you note, in the US this would be very uncommon and the two titles you mention often used interchangeably there, even when it isn't clear that both apply.
And, if I remember correctly, it is always Prof. Dr. and never Dr. Prof. since the professorship was earned after the doctorate and is a "higher level" honorific. But "Herr Prof. Dr." doesn't fit that rule, I guess. | I have personally never seen Prof. Dr. X. At least from my experience Prof. is reserved for those who are teaching a course, but do not have a Ph.D. degree (graduate students teaching intro level undergrad courses) or faculty members who only have a MA/MS degree. Dr. in contrast is used for people who have a Ph.D. degree. |
125,291 | Are handbooks on a particular field you are interested in, the fastest and most comprehensive way of learning about that field. For instance, if I were interested in cognitive science would a book like "Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Science" be the best way to go. Also, if there are multiple handbooks from different publishers which one should I pick? | 2019/02/20 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/125291",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/104727/"
] | German academia traditionally expects that one will use all relevant titles, so Prof. Dr. is pretty common there. Likewise other places with an academic system related to Germany in some way. As you note, in the US this would be very uncommon and the two titles you mention often used interchangeably there, even when it isn't clear that both apply.
And, if I remember correctly, it is always Prof. Dr. and never Dr. Prof. since the professorship was earned after the doctorate and is a "higher level" honorific. But "Herr Prof. Dr." doesn't fit that rule, I guess. | All the other answers focus on the formal importance of titles and etiquette in German speaking countries. While refering to a person by his/her titles is normal, has not to be taken too far.
Still the level of formality isn't always the same. While the name and titles on a board can be meter long, normally an entitled person is approached by students as Herr/Frau followed by the most prestigious title and that suffices.
Professor will work well in your case. And this depends on situations, too. You might be for a beer after session and call American professors by name, it could be seen bizarre to switch to professor even, not to mention Mr or Sir professor :)
The language will often,if not always, be English, and somehow the level of formality goes along with.
I have worked in Austria and visited Germany. I never heard of herr Prof. Dr. or viceversa if not in pompous presentation as in special academic events. For sure students do not approach someone using two titles.
So there is nothing to worry about.
Edit: driven by other answers and comments I have focused on german speaking academia. I see the Q is more general. In a way the answer is still valid as Professor serves well the purpose of directly speaking to whom has that title (for foreigners, europeans or not, in Europe). Again printed material, official listing, ecc. might well detail all the titles. So Prof. Dr. might be encountered, but it will be always in the same fashion as the OP has already experienced, namely a third person or a third inanimate thing as a board introducing you an entitled person. |
125,291 | Are handbooks on a particular field you are interested in, the fastest and most comprehensive way of learning about that field. For instance, if I were interested in cognitive science would a book like "Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Science" be the best way to go. Also, if there are multiple handbooks from different publishers which one should I pick? | 2019/02/20 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/125291",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/104727/"
] | German academia traditionally expects that one will use all relevant titles, so Prof. Dr. is pretty common there. Likewise other places with an academic system related to Germany in some way. As you note, in the US this would be very uncommon and the two titles you mention often used interchangeably there, even when it isn't clear that both apply.
And, if I remember correctly, it is always Prof. Dr. and never Dr. Prof. since the professorship was earned after the doctorate and is a "higher level" honorific. But "Herr Prof. Dr." doesn't fit that rule, I guess. | *Background*.
In Italy, [Dottore](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dottore) (short version dr. or dott.) refers to those who hold either a bachelor's degree, or a graduate degree, or a Ph.D., or those who are physicians.
*Reply*.
Those who both serve as physicians and teach at medical school are commonly regarded as Prof. Dott. or Prof. Dr. |
125,291 | Are handbooks on a particular field you are interested in, the fastest and most comprehensive way of learning about that field. For instance, if I were interested in cognitive science would a book like "Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Science" be the best way to go. Also, if there are multiple handbooks from different publishers which one should I pick? | 2019/02/20 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/125291",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/104727/"
] | Yes, it is common to use both, and the reason is that these are two completely different categories. Doctorates are academic degrees that come in different flavors including "Dr. h.c." and "Dr. habil.". They indicate the academic level, just like Bachelor or Master degrees. For academic degrees, you typically use all degrees on the highest level, so you don't mention a Master degree when someone also holds a PhD, but you mention all doctorates. "Professor" on the other hand is (in almost all cases) an official title which you mention just like you would always refer to a judge as "Judge XXX", whether or not he/she's holds a PhD. That also explains the order: Titles come first, and you lose them when you lose the job. Degrees become part of the name (so to say, until recently, it was possible to have them on your ID card.) | I have personally never seen Prof. Dr. X. At least from my experience Prof. is reserved for those who are teaching a course, but do not have a Ph.D. degree (graduate students teaching intro level undergrad courses) or faculty members who only have a MA/MS degree. Dr. in contrast is used for people who have a Ph.D. degree. |
125,291 | Are handbooks on a particular field you are interested in, the fastest and most comprehensive way of learning about that field. For instance, if I were interested in cognitive science would a book like "Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Science" be the best way to go. Also, if there are multiple handbooks from different publishers which one should I pick? | 2019/02/20 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/125291",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/104727/"
] | Yes, it is common to use both, and the reason is that these are two completely different categories. Doctorates are academic degrees that come in different flavors including "Dr. h.c." and "Dr. habil.". They indicate the academic level, just like Bachelor or Master degrees. For academic degrees, you typically use all degrees on the highest level, so you don't mention a Master degree when someone also holds a PhD, but you mention all doctorates. "Professor" on the other hand is (in almost all cases) an official title which you mention just like you would always refer to a judge as "Judge XXX", whether or not he/she's holds a PhD. That also explains the order: Titles come first, and you lose them when you lose the job. Degrees become part of the name (so to say, until recently, it was possible to have them on your ID card.) | All the other answers focus on the formal importance of titles and etiquette in German speaking countries. While refering to a person by his/her titles is normal, has not to be taken too far.
Still the level of formality isn't always the same. While the name and titles on a board can be meter long, normally an entitled person is approached by students as Herr/Frau followed by the most prestigious title and that suffices.
Professor will work well in your case. And this depends on situations, too. You might be for a beer after session and call American professors by name, it could be seen bizarre to switch to professor even, not to mention Mr or Sir professor :)
The language will often,if not always, be English, and somehow the level of formality goes along with.
I have worked in Austria and visited Germany. I never heard of herr Prof. Dr. or viceversa if not in pompous presentation as in special academic events. For sure students do not approach someone using two titles.
So there is nothing to worry about.
Edit: driven by other answers and comments I have focused on german speaking academia. I see the Q is more general. In a way the answer is still valid as Professor serves well the purpose of directly speaking to whom has that title (for foreigners, europeans or not, in Europe). Again printed material, official listing, ecc. might well detail all the titles. So Prof. Dr. might be encountered, but it will be always in the same fashion as the OP has already experienced, namely a third person or a third inanimate thing as a board introducing you an entitled person. |
125,291 | Are handbooks on a particular field you are interested in, the fastest and most comprehensive way of learning about that field. For instance, if I were interested in cognitive science would a book like "Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Science" be the best way to go. Also, if there are multiple handbooks from different publishers which one should I pick? | 2019/02/20 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/125291",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/104727/"
] | All the other answers focus on the formal importance of titles and etiquette in German speaking countries. While refering to a person by his/her titles is normal, has not to be taken too far.
Still the level of formality isn't always the same. While the name and titles on a board can be meter long, normally an entitled person is approached by students as Herr/Frau followed by the most prestigious title and that suffices.
Professor will work well in your case. And this depends on situations, too. You might be for a beer after session and call American professors by name, it could be seen bizarre to switch to professor even, not to mention Mr or Sir professor :)
The language will often,if not always, be English, and somehow the level of formality goes along with.
I have worked in Austria and visited Germany. I never heard of herr Prof. Dr. or viceversa if not in pompous presentation as in special academic events. For sure students do not approach someone using two titles.
So there is nothing to worry about.
Edit: driven by other answers and comments I have focused on german speaking academia. I see the Q is more general. In a way the answer is still valid as Professor serves well the purpose of directly speaking to whom has that title (for foreigners, europeans or not, in Europe). Again printed material, official listing, ecc. might well detail all the titles. So Prof. Dr. might be encountered, but it will be always in the same fashion as the OP has already experienced, namely a third person or a third inanimate thing as a board introducing you an entitled person. | I have personally never seen Prof. Dr. X. At least from my experience Prof. is reserved for those who are teaching a course, but do not have a Ph.D. degree (graduate students teaching intro level undergrad courses) or faculty members who only have a MA/MS degree. Dr. in contrast is used for people who have a Ph.D. degree. |
125,291 | Are handbooks on a particular field you are interested in, the fastest and most comprehensive way of learning about that field. For instance, if I were interested in cognitive science would a book like "Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Science" be the best way to go. Also, if there are multiple handbooks from different publishers which one should I pick? | 2019/02/20 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/125291",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/104727/"
] | *Background*.
In Italy, [Dottore](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dottore) (short version dr. or dott.) refers to those who hold either a bachelor's degree, or a graduate degree, or a Ph.D., or those who are physicians.
*Reply*.
Those who both serve as physicians and teach at medical school are commonly regarded as Prof. Dott. or Prof. Dr. | I have personally never seen Prof. Dr. X. At least from my experience Prof. is reserved for those who are teaching a course, but do not have a Ph.D. degree (graduate students teaching intro level undergrad courses) or faculty members who only have a MA/MS degree. Dr. in contrast is used for people who have a Ph.D. degree. |
125,291 | Are handbooks on a particular field you are interested in, the fastest and most comprehensive way of learning about that field. For instance, if I were interested in cognitive science would a book like "Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Science" be the best way to go. Also, if there are multiple handbooks from different publishers which one should I pick? | 2019/02/20 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/125291",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/104727/"
] | *Background*.
In Italy, [Dottore](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dottore) (short version dr. or dott.) refers to those who hold either a bachelor's degree, or a graduate degree, or a Ph.D., or those who are physicians.
*Reply*.
Those who both serve as physicians and teach at medical school are commonly regarded as Prof. Dott. or Prof. Dr. | All the other answers focus on the formal importance of titles and etiquette in German speaking countries. While refering to a person by his/her titles is normal, has not to be taken too far.
Still the level of formality isn't always the same. While the name and titles on a board can be meter long, normally an entitled person is approached by students as Herr/Frau followed by the most prestigious title and that suffices.
Professor will work well in your case. And this depends on situations, too. You might be for a beer after session and call American professors by name, it could be seen bizarre to switch to professor even, not to mention Mr or Sir professor :)
The language will often,if not always, be English, and somehow the level of formality goes along with.
I have worked in Austria and visited Germany. I never heard of herr Prof. Dr. or viceversa if not in pompous presentation as in special academic events. For sure students do not approach someone using two titles.
So there is nothing to worry about.
Edit: driven by other answers and comments I have focused on german speaking academia. I see the Q is more general. In a way the answer is still valid as Professor serves well the purpose of directly speaking to whom has that title (for foreigners, europeans or not, in Europe). Again printed material, official listing, ecc. might well detail all the titles. So Prof. Dr. might be encountered, but it will be always in the same fashion as the OP has already experienced, namely a third person or a third inanimate thing as a board introducing you an entitled person. |
1,016,527 | I am interested in purchasing a NAS array as a home server, and I am looking at currently 4x2TB drives in a 4-bay Netgear ReadyNAS array.
I understand that RAID is not a backup and am will be backing up to other locations, however the current NAS that I have contains only one internal hard drive and I was looking to get one with more capacity and redundancy (so in case one of the drives fails I don't have to restore everything from backups and it is more reliable than just having 1 drive, etc).
Is there a recommended RAID mode for a small 4-bay NAS? I was looking into RAID 5 because I wanted to have more storage for a cheaper price than using RAID 1 and having to purchase double the capacity. Is this an okay solution? Or is there another mode for this scenario considered better? | 2015/12/21 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/1016527",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/448612/"
] | Without having the Word file in front of my to see exactly how it behaves, I found the information [here](http://wordribbon.tips.net/T010837_Pictures_Move_on_their_Own.html) very detailed in explaining how to anchor images and format their layout.
1. Select the image in the Word doc
2. Select Layout Options
3. Select "Fix position on page" and then "See more..."
4. Ensure the Lock Anchor checkbox is selected and the "Move object with text" checkbox is not selected | I guess one needs to change the "layout view" to "paper layout" instead of "column layout" and everything is on place - in the ready-only doc. |
1,016,527 | I am interested in purchasing a NAS array as a home server, and I am looking at currently 4x2TB drives in a 4-bay Netgear ReadyNAS array.
I understand that RAID is not a backup and am will be backing up to other locations, however the current NAS that I have contains only one internal hard drive and I was looking to get one with more capacity and redundancy (so in case one of the drives fails I don't have to restore everything from backups and it is more reliable than just having 1 drive, etc).
Is there a recommended RAID mode for a small 4-bay NAS? I was looking into RAID 5 because I wanted to have more storage for a cheaper price than using RAID 1 and having to purchase double the capacity. Is this an okay solution? Or is there another mode for this scenario considered better? | 2015/12/21 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/1016527",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/448612/"
] | Without having the Word file in front of my to see exactly how it behaves, I found the information [here](http://wordribbon.tips.net/T010837_Pictures_Move_on_their_Own.html) very detailed in explaining how to anchor images and format their layout.
1. Select the image in the Word doc
2. Select Layout Options
3. Select "Fix position on page" and then "See more..."
4. Ensure the Lock Anchor checkbox is selected and the "Move object with text" checkbox is not selected | This is "by design", [according to Microsoft](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/2755123). It seems like they designed Read mode to work well for large blocks of text, but not so much for documents with pictures, shapes or text frames in them. In such cases, they recommend that you switch to another viewing mode:
>
> **Cause**
>
> This behavior is by design. In Read mode, text is resized
> according to the zoom settings. However, shapes, pictures, and text
> boxes are resized so that you can read the text more easily.
> Additionally, some text wrapping options affect the layout of objects
> in Read mode.
>
>
> **Workaround**
>
> To work around the issue, view the document
> by using different zoom settings. Or, view the document in Print
> Layout view.
>
>
> |
287,927 | Does the reward scale with anything else than the Sponsors perk? What decides the reward you will get from the eagle (and how much views/subs/bucks its gonna give you?) | 2016/10/12 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/287927",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/15236/"
] | The Sponsor Eagle randomly decides what prize you get, although Bux are rare and only appear about once a day.
However, the ability to watch an AD to increase how much you get is determined by both the size of the reward compared to your Level, and how many times you've watched an AD to increase it. The biggest prizes (including Bux) do not allow viewing to increase the reward, and once you've watched a set number of ADs in a day, you can't get any more bonuses. | No the Sponsor Eagle reward is a randomly generated Eagle that appears every 5 minutes or so. The reward is also randomized depending on your level. |
287,927 | Does the reward scale with anything else than the Sponsors perk? What decides the reward you will get from the eagle (and how much views/subs/bucks its gonna give you?) | 2016/10/12 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/287927",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/15236/"
] | The prizes scale with both level and the sponsors perk. The higher the level you are the better rewards you will receive.
You will receive at random the following:
* Bux (once a day)
* Views
* Subscribers
Sometimes, the sponsor eagle will allow you to triple your reward by watching an advertisement. There is a limited number of times you can triple your reward per day, and it is not always offered. | No the Sponsor Eagle reward is a randomly generated Eagle that appears every 5 minutes or so. The reward is also randomized depending on your level. |
287,927 | Does the reward scale with anything else than the Sponsors perk? What decides the reward you will get from the eagle (and how much views/subs/bucks its gonna give you?) | 2016/10/12 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/287927",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/15236/"
] | The Sponsor Eagle randomly decides what prize you get, although Bux are rare and only appear about once a day.
However, the ability to watch an AD to increase how much you get is determined by both the size of the reward compared to your Level, and how many times you've watched an AD to increase it. The biggest prizes (including Bux) do not allow viewing to increase the reward, and once you've watched a set number of ADs in a day, you can't get any more bonuses. | The prizes scale with both level and the sponsors perk. The higher the level you are the better rewards you will receive.
You will receive at random the following:
* Bux (once a day)
* Views
* Subscribers
Sometimes, the sponsor eagle will allow you to triple your reward by watching an advertisement. There is a limited number of times you can triple your reward per day, and it is not always offered. |
224,617 | By some reason SAGA does not appear into Processing Toolbox list although I have checked it to be active. See screen capture. What could be the problem?
QGIS vesion is 2.18.2 and OS is Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial).
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/H9Z3I.jpg) | 2017/01/16 | [
"https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/224617",
"https://gis.stackexchange.com",
"https://gis.stackexchange.com/users/84560/"
] | Don't get worried. All you need to do is install SAGA on your system. It happened in my System as well. I tried many suggestions available on the internet but without success. I was really confused about what to do and I thought it would be very difficult.
Then Luck favored me. I thought I would give a try by myself.
I simply wrote this on my terminal and ran it.
*sudo apt install saga*
And there it is. It works. The simplest solution to that problem is found.
All the best. | I had the same problem, to solve just compile the 2.2.3 version of saga (do not install from ubuntugis).
It works with these configuration:
* QGIS 2.14-ltr needs SAGA 2.2.3
* QGIS 2.18-ltr needs SAGA 2.3.1
Just have to compile SAGA from source ([link to version download](https://sourceforge.net/projects/saga-gis/files/)), DO NOT install from any repository. This works with ltr qgis repository too. |
2,848 | I edited this question on [Network naming in Arch Linux](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/67577/network-naming-on-arch-linux) and, as the original tags did not fully describe the range of issues at play, I included a couple more, most notably [systemd](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/systemd "show questions tagged 'systemd'") and [udev](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/udev "show questions tagged 'udev'"): both of which are essential to the Arch networking stack.
Another user removed these tags and left a comment reproving me for adding them:
> please, don't add tags focusing on the kind of answer it will gather, but in the question itself.
Putting aside for the moment the applicability, or otherwise, of these tags for this question, the more general principle that this approach suggests is that the choice of tags should be circumscribed by the questioner's ignorance.
So, if someone doesn't know that the X server is running their display and they have a question about logging in to a black screen but they don't include [xorg](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/xorg "show questions tagged 'xorg'"), then it shouldn't be added?
By adding additional tags I haven't tampered with the questioner's original intent (or, indeed with the question itself), but added to the *relevant* metadata attached to the question.
To clarify: should tags only be added that are already explicitly included in the question. And, if not, how much discretion do we have to include additional tags that provide relevant context? | 2014/04/07 | [
"https://unix.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2848",
"https://unix.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://unix.meta.stackexchange.com/users/6761/"
] | The main function of tags on the site is to allow experts to follow tags that they're able to answer questions about. (They additionally can be used for several other things, like searching, but fulltext and Google do a better job of searching.)
Given, this isn't so important on our fairly small site; it was functionality developed for much larger sites, like Stack Overflow.
So, to determine if a question should be tagged [systemd](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/systemd "show questions tagged 'systemd'") you'd ask yourself, "is this question something that is within the unique expertise of a systemd expert?" The person asking the question takes the initial stab at this, but its ultimately up to the rest of the community how questions are tagged.
Trivial example: if a person asks about getting a script to run every 30 minutes, its appropriate to retag to include [cron](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/cron "show questions tagged 'cron'") even though the OP has obviously never heard of cron. | Ok, let act like [rational people](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_choice_theory#Definition_and_scope) and compare the benefits/costs of adding the tags the way you are doing:
1. I won't argue the fact that udev/systemd is relevant for the context of the question. But, I would argue that you shouldn't just narrow down the topic to just that?
You can see [Alex answer](https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/67588/41104) which doesn't do mention of systemd nor udev, and was able to provide an answer. If the tagging was done in the start and he was ignoring either udev or systemd tag, conscientiously or inconscientiously, he wouldn't be able to share the knowledge he has. This would be prejudicial for SE which objective is sharing knowledge.
2. Is in our hands explain OP showing the world parting from **his point of view**. It doesn't matter how good you write an answer if OP himself wouldn't be able to understand how to arrive to the conclusions you have made, and is a fatal mistake presume OP's has other knowledge related to the question he's about to ask. If you don't take into account this, your answer will be rather pointless for OP and any answerer that write a suboptimal answer but it clarifies the OP doubt would be more beneficial.
3. Remember that tags is the answer to "is my question about ... ?". OP doesn't even know what udev is, nor understand systemd. The scope of his question is within the realm of "Arch Linux" with the subset of "networking" and the "ifupdown" scripts. Any answer that doesn't take into account this and guides OP to the real causes of his issues will be undeniably a bad answer for the OP.
4. The marginal gains of including more tags is infinitesimally less that the marginal costs of narrowing down the topic. If I could perfectly offer a valid answer without involving udev/systemd and don't do that because the udev or systemd tags or worse, someone looking for the same information but knows what is udev/systemd and is looking for an answer that doesn't involve either, will evade that question because it will interpret that all answers will to some extent touch the topic of udev/systemd which he's not looking for. This would produce a possible duplicated to the same question which could be avoided in the first place with a correct tagging.
5. More tags means more people might view the question, yes, but it also means that if you narrow it down too much, is more likely people will not look at the question. Is a double-edged sword. That I know enough about a topic, doesn't mean that I will know about all the possibles branch of the topic.
6. At the end of the day, you didn't need systemd nor udev tags to find the question, which means that is very likely that the tagging was done perfectly fine.
7. Is true that you can use as many tags as you like, but keep them **pertinent/relevant to the question asked**. This goes both ways: that I want to install something from source and I incidentally used firefox to download it doesn't mean that the question needs the firefox tag; that incidentally the question is related to udev/systemd but isn't included in the body of the question nor interactions with OP makes you think he has knowledge about it doesn't meant that you should tag it with udev/systemd.
Relevant <https://meta.stackexchange.com/a/59334/213575> |
4,333,578 | I want to create an application that user can minimize to taskbar on Windows XP.
Like
1. [**iTunes**](http://www.online-tech-tips.com/computer-tips/how-to-minimize-itunes-to-the-windows-taskbar/)
2. Windows Media Player
3. Google search | 2010/12/02 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/4333578",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/58737/"
] | You are looking to create an [Application Desktop Toolbar](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc144177%28VS.85%29.aspx) A simple example on doing so in C# with a Band Object is available here:
<http://www.codeproject.com/KB/shell/dotnetbandobjects.aspx> | It is known as [DESK BAND](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa969320.aspx) |
2,299 | What broad methods are there to detect fraud, anomalies, fudging, etc. in scientific works produced by a third party? (I was motivated to ask this by the recent [Marc Hauser affair](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Hauser#Scientific_misconduct).) Usually for election and accounting fraud, some variant of [Benford's Law](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benfords_law) is cited. I am not sure how this could be applied to *e.g.* the Marc Hauser case, because Benford's Law requires numbers to be approximately log uniform.
As a concrete example, suppose a paper cited the p-values for a large number of statistical tests. Could one transform these to log uniformity, then apply Benford's Law? It seems like there would be all kinds of problems with this approach (*e.g.* some of the null hypotheses might legitimately be false, the statistical code might give p-values which are only approximately correct, the tests might only give p-values which are uniform under the null asymptotically, etc.) | 2010/09/02 | [
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/2299",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/795/"
] | Great Question!
In the scientific context there are various kinds of problematic reporting and problematic behaviour:
* **Fraud**: I'd define fraud as a deliberate intention on the part of the author or analyst to misrepresent the results and where the misrepresentation is of a sufficiently grave nature. The main example being complete fabrication of raw data or summary statistics.
* **Error**: Data analysts can make errors at many phases of data analysis from data entry, to data manipulation, to analyses, to reporting, to interpretation.
* **Inappropriate behaviour**: There are many forms of inappropriate behaviour. In general, it can be summarised by an orientation which seeks to confirm a particular position rather than search for the truth.
Common examples of inappropriate behaviour include:
* Examining a series of possible dependent variables and only reporting the one that is statistically significant
* Not mentioning important violations of assumptions
* Performing data manipulations and outlier removal procedures without mentioning it, particularly where these procedures are both inappropriate and chosen purely to make the results look better
* Presenting a model as confirmatory which is actually exploratory
* Omitting important results that go against the desired argument
* Choosing a statistical test solely on the basis that it makes the results look better
* Running a series of five or ten under-powered studies where only one is statistically significant (perhaps at p = .04) and then reporting the study without mention of the other studies
In general, I'd hypothesise that **incompetence** is related to all three forms of problematic behaviour. A researcher who does not understand how to do good science but otherwise wants to be successful will have a greater incentive to misrepresent their results, and is less likely to respect the principles of ethical data analysis.
The above distinctions have implications for detection of problematic behaviour.
For example, if you manage to discern that a set of reported results are wrong, it still needs to be ascertained as to whether the results arose from fraud, error or inappropriate behaviour. Also, I'd assume that various forms of inappropriate behaviour are far more common than fraud.
With regards to detecting problematic behaviour, I think it is largely a skill that comes from experience working with **data**, working with a **topic**, and working with **researchers**. All of these experiences strengthen your expectations about what data should look like. Thus, major deviations from expectations start the process of searching for an explanation. Experience with researchers gives you a sense of the kinds of inappropriate behaviour which are more or less common. In combination this leads to the generation of hypotheses. For example, if I read a journal article and I am surprised with the results, the study is underpowered, and the nature of the writing suggests that the author is set on making a point, I generate the hypothesis that the results perhaps should not be trusted.
**Other Resources**
* Robert P. Abelson [Statistics as a Principled Argument](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0805805281) has a chapter titled "On Suspecting Fishiness" | Actually, Benford's Law is an incredibly powerful method. This is because the Benford's frequency distribution of first digit is applicable to all sorts of data set that occur in the real or natural world.
You are right that you can use Benford's Law in only certain circumstances. You say that the data has to have a uniform log distribution. Technically, this is absolutely correct. But, you could describe the requirement in a much simpler and lenient way. All you need is that the data set range crosses at least one order of magnitude. Let's say from 1 to 9 or 10 to 99 or 100 to 999. If it crosses two orders of magnitude, you are in business. And, Benford's Law should be pretty helpful.
The beauty of Benford's Law is that it helps you narrow your investigation really quickly on the needle(s) within the hay stack of data. You look for the anomalies whereby the frequency of first digit is much different than Benford frequencies. Once you notice that there are two many 6s, you then use Benford's Law to focus on just the 6s; but, you take it now to the first two digits (60, 61, 62, 63, etc...). Now, maybe you find out there are a lot more 63s then what Benford suggest (you would do that by calculating Benford's frequency: log(1+1/63) that gives you a value close to 0%). So, you use Benford to the first three digits. By the time you find out there are way too many 632s (or whatever by calculating Benford's frequency: log (1+1/632)) than expected you are probably on to something. Not all anomalies are frauds. But, most frauds are anomalies.
If the data set that Marc Hauser manipulated are natural unconstrained data with a related range that was wide enough, then Benford's Law would be a pretty good diagnostic tool. I am sure there are other good diagnostic tools also detecting unlikely patterns and by combining them with Benford's Law you could most probably have investigated the Marc Hauser affair effectively (taking into consideration the mentioned data requirement of Benford's Law).
I explain Benford's Law a bit more in this short presentation that you can see here:
<http://www.slideshare.net/gaetanlion/benfords-law-4669483> |
400,649 | I've currently got 12 notebooks, [HP ProBook 4535s](http://h18000.www1.hp.com/products/quickspecs/14044_ca/14044_ca.HTML#Overview), that are being used by a local government group for board meetings. These are used only for the board members during the board meetings and only to display the content off of their intranet web servers. So they're pulled out of their closet, setup, and put back into their closet after use.
What I'm trying to reverse engineer is something to easily mount the power packs under the conference room table. I need to be able to have someone plug these in, secure the power packs, and disassemble the whole mess relatively easily. The table already has a dozen holes in it for dropping the power cables through and we've currently got power mounted under the table, what I'm looking for is something like this:
I've seen these kinds of things around over the years used for mounting power packs in data closets. I have no idea what the heck the actual term for it would be.
So the actual question: What the heck is that thing called and where can I buy a dozen?
Alternative answers I wouldn't mind seeing: How the heck can I do this differently? | 2012/06/20 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/400649",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/62482/"
] | Take a look at these guys:
<http://www.cableorganizer.com/cable-corral/>
They're wire cages that you mount to the bottom of the table. you can slap the power supplies in there and use the cable management part to keep excess cordage out of the way. | Zoredache's suggestion of just using velcro cable ties is good, screw some strips of velcro (use washers so the screws don't tear through the velcro) to the underside of the table.
If it was me, I'd be inclined to go for something more permanent. Get a second power supply for each laptop and mount them under the table with something like [screw mount cable ties.](http://www.uline.ca/BL_3213/Screw-Mount-Cable-Ties)
Added: If you do an image search for "u bracket" "c bracket" or "j bracket" some of the resulting metal or plastic brackets might also be workable - you'd basically be making small shelves under the table to put the power supplies on. |
70,766,419 | I'm developing a site with react and nextjs. So in the API folder, I write some API endpoints. Now I don't know how can I protect them from clients?
I want to use these APIs directly from the site. and I won't the user be able to access API from his browser.
With jwt can I solve this problem? Or right solution is something else? | 2022/01/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/70766419",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4713303/"
] | If it's your own API endpoints, it should be running on its own server, e.g. Express.js.
If it's a 3rd-party API, you could add private information like password, API keys, etc, onto a .env file. You don't need to hide the API endpoints themselves in this case as they will be visible to the client anyway. | if your client never triggers a request to your server then your API should not be visible, but also you can add some pretty basic validation in the case that someone reaches your API, like read a specific token in your API that only your server knows or something like that. |
9,238,312 | Is there any link to download cakePHP 1.3 and 2.0 API for offline reading? I searched the web a lot but everybody is talking about to generate API by <https://github.com/cakephp/api_generator>
Is there no solution for persons like me who are not able to or don't want to use such a tool? | 2012/02/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9238312",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1180290/"
] | You can build a copy of the <http://api.cakephp.org> website locally for offline use by cloning the git repository for the site and following the instructions in the README found here: <https://github.com/cakephp/cakephp-api-docs/tree/2.x> | download the epub format from <http://book.cakephp.org/2.0/en/>
you will need tool like calibre (http://calibre-ebook.com/download\_windows) to read the document though |
29,679 | I do not understand the fire stones and trades Ezekiel 28:11-19
>
> **28**11 Moreover the word of the LORD came to me:
>
> 12 "Son of man, raise a lamentation over the king of Tyre, and say to him,
>
> Thus says the Lord GOD:
>
> "You were the signet of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty.
>
> 13 You were in Eden, the garden of God;
>
> every precious stone was your covering, carnelian, topaz, and jasper, chrysolite, beryl,
>
> and onyx, sapphire, carbuncle, and emerald;
>
> and wrought in gold were your settings and your engravings.
>
> On the day that you were created they were prepared.
>
> 14 With an anointed guardian cherub I placed you; you were on the holy mountain of God;
>
> in the midst of **the stones of fire** you walked.
>
> 15 You were blameless in your ways from the day you were created,
>
> till iniquity was found in you.
>
> 16 In **the abundance of your trade** you were filled with violence, and you sinned;
>
> so I cast you as a profane thing from the mountain of God,
>
> and the guardian cherub drove you out from the midst of **the stones of fire.**
>
> 17 Your heart was proud because of your beauty;
>
> you corrupted your wisdom for the sake of your splendor.
>
> I cast you to the ground;
>
> I exposed you before kings, to feast their eyes on you.
>
> 18 By the multitude of your iniquities, in the unrighteousness of **your trade**
>
> you profaned your sanctuaries;
>
> so I brought forth fire from the midst of you;
>
> it consumed you, and I turned you to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all who saw you.
>
> 19 All who know you among the peoples are appalled at you;
>
> you have come to a dreadful end and shall be no more for ever."
>
>
> | 2017/09/24 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/29679",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | Thou hast been in Eden, the garden of God, Ezekiel 28:13.
Thou art the anointed cherub, 28:14.
Thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire, 28:14.
Thou wast perfect till . . . iniquity was found in thee, 28:15.
I will destroy thee from the midst of the stones of fire, 28:16.
The Entity who appeared in Eden and who also, Job 2:1, was found among
the sons of God, was later cast out of heaven, Revelation 12:9.
Elsewhere, the angels, the sons of God (by creation) are described : who
maketh his angels spirits and his ministers a flame of fire, Hebrews 1:7.
Thus I believe that the stones of fire are those also described as
flames of fire. In the context of Ezekiel 28, where the description
relates very much to the earthly effects of the Entity's power,
stone is used as an analogy for stone lasts as long as Creation.
Whereas flame of fire is a more heavenly description, since no fuel
is mentioned, only flame itself.
Ezekiel 28 is addressed to the King of Tyre (an office) but is not
addressed, by name, to the person in that office. Thus I believe
that the office is to be seen prophetically and as an allusion.
The office was the most powerful one at that time, on earth, which
equates to the heavenly situation of the Entity, before the successful
campaign of Michael, and his support, rid heaven of the unwanted one.
Nigel. | The Torah and some prophets including Ezekiel use a non-standard method of gematria that is sourced to the Wheel of the Chariot (a.k.a. the Seven Palaces).
The Wheel (and its gematria) looks like this:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/XFKyw.jpg)
Ezekiel also uses architectonic gematria that links the conformations of the Wheel/Seven Palaces to the Temple.
I've done the calculations up to line 14, but I haven't been able to work out what he's doing with 15-19 yet, however using the correct gematria as a method of exegesis should help you discover the meaning for yourself. I recommend that you use the interlinear feature of [biblehub.com](http://biblehub.com/interlinear/ezekiel/28-1.htm) to work with the original hebrew (as I have done).
**Tyre** (צֹ֜ר 290).
After rebuking the leader for his excessive pride, Ezekiel starts to needle him saying “Is no secret hidden from you?” (28:3). Then in 28:13 Ezekiel numbers the Garden of Eden to 265 which is the gate number of Samekh on the 7 palaces and represents the Solar radiance of God descending to the Temple on Earth. He then makes a list of 9 precious stones, gold and two musical instruments and these are meant to be added together and then divided by 6. The last is indicated by the final phrase “on the day you were created they were prepared” as all men were created on the 6th day.
>
> 350 Sapphire + 220 Beryl + 45 Sardius + 98 Topaz + 91 Diamond + 48
> Onyx + 104 Jasper + 150 Emerald + 312 Carbuncle + 20 Gold + 114
> Tabrets + 188 Pipes = 1740.
>
>
> 1740 / 6 = 290 = Tyre.
>
>
>
This would tend to suggest that the leader of Tyre was initiated into the secret of the Merkabah. Additionally, the gate number 265 may have indicated time conversion by base 60, as Samekh is 60, and 1740 seconds is 29:00 minutes.
To save you some time I've numbered the following phrases for you:
>
> Ezekiel 28:14:
>
>
> כְּר֔וּב 228 ; Cherub
>
>
> מִמְשַׁ֖ח 91 ; anointed
>
>
> הַסּוֹכֵ֑ךְ 111 ; the covers
>
>
> בְּהַ֨ר + קֹ֤דֶשׁ + אֱלֹהִים֙ ; Mountain 207 + Holy 107 + Elohim 86 =
> 400
>
>
> הָיִ֔יתָ 29 ; you were
>
>
> אַבְנֵי 63 ; stones
>
>
> 4 אֵ֖שׁ ; fire
>
>
> הִתְהַלָּֽכְתָּ 68 ; you walked
>
>
>
Usually when scribes are laying out calculations and they say "in the midst" or "in the middle" they simply expect you to divide the sum they're referencing by 2 in order to half it, however it is not usual for scribes to work with fractions so I'm not sure what Ezekiel intended by the phrase "from the midst of the stones of fire".
"Stones of fire" adds up to 67 which is the same as הַשָּׂטָ֖ן ‘Hassatan’ (67); the Satan. If the stones of fire are metaphors for Satan it might explain line 15: "Perfect [was] you in your ways from the day you were created until was found iniquity in" but much more work needs to be done with this chapter before any firm conclusions can be made.
>
> Ezekiel 28:16
>
>
> בְּרֹ֣ב 204 ; By the abundance
>
>
> רְכֻלָּתְךָ֗ 274 ; of your merchandise/trade
>
>
> Note that 274 is a gate number on the Wheel, i.e. Resh + Ayin + Daleth = 274.
>
>
>
---
More information about the providence and origin of the Seven Palaces can be found with my answer on BH [here](https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/4933/meaning-of-et%D7%90%D7%AA-and-vet%D7%95%D6%B0%D7%90%D6%B5%D6%A5%D7%AA-in-genesis-11), and also on my profile as well as my website: bethshebaashe.com |
29,679 | I do not understand the fire stones and trades Ezekiel 28:11-19
>
> **28**11 Moreover the word of the LORD came to me:
>
> 12 "Son of man, raise a lamentation over the king of Tyre, and say to him,
>
> Thus says the Lord GOD:
>
> "You were the signet of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty.
>
> 13 You were in Eden, the garden of God;
>
> every precious stone was your covering, carnelian, topaz, and jasper, chrysolite, beryl,
>
> and onyx, sapphire, carbuncle, and emerald;
>
> and wrought in gold were your settings and your engravings.
>
> On the day that you were created they were prepared.
>
> 14 With an anointed guardian cherub I placed you; you were on the holy mountain of God;
>
> in the midst of **the stones of fire** you walked.
>
> 15 You were blameless in your ways from the day you were created,
>
> till iniquity was found in you.
>
> 16 In **the abundance of your trade** you were filled with violence, and you sinned;
>
> so I cast you as a profane thing from the mountain of God,
>
> and the guardian cherub drove you out from the midst of **the stones of fire.**
>
> 17 Your heart was proud because of your beauty;
>
> you corrupted your wisdom for the sake of your splendor.
>
> I cast you to the ground;
>
> I exposed you before kings, to feast their eyes on you.
>
> 18 By the multitude of your iniquities, in the unrighteousness of **your trade**
>
> you profaned your sanctuaries;
>
> so I brought forth fire from the midst of you;
>
> it consumed you, and I turned you to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all who saw you.
>
> 19 All who know you among the peoples are appalled at you;
>
> you have come to a dreadful end and shall be no more for ever."
>
>
> | 2017/09/24 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/29679",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | The Verses 11-19 speaks of Satan himself, who was “created”, not born. He was the chief Cherub in all his beauty before being cast out. This is a symbolic reference to the King of Tyre, but does not speak of him in these versus. For the king of Tyre was born, and not in the garden. Nor was he a Cherub of the garden. Lay hold for just a minute on the versus, and how they describe something created by God in all its beauty and majesty, but then cast out of the garden to be consumed by the very fire inside of itself. This is when Satan was cast down....after his rebellion in the garden. | The Torah and some prophets including Ezekiel use a non-standard method of gematria that is sourced to the Wheel of the Chariot (a.k.a. the Seven Palaces).
The Wheel (and its gematria) looks like this:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/XFKyw.jpg)
Ezekiel also uses architectonic gematria that links the conformations of the Wheel/Seven Palaces to the Temple.
I've done the calculations up to line 14, but I haven't been able to work out what he's doing with 15-19 yet, however using the correct gematria as a method of exegesis should help you discover the meaning for yourself. I recommend that you use the interlinear feature of [biblehub.com](http://biblehub.com/interlinear/ezekiel/28-1.htm) to work with the original hebrew (as I have done).
**Tyre** (צֹ֜ר 290).
After rebuking the leader for his excessive pride, Ezekiel starts to needle him saying “Is no secret hidden from you?” (28:3). Then in 28:13 Ezekiel numbers the Garden of Eden to 265 which is the gate number of Samekh on the 7 palaces and represents the Solar radiance of God descending to the Temple on Earth. He then makes a list of 9 precious stones, gold and two musical instruments and these are meant to be added together and then divided by 6. The last is indicated by the final phrase “on the day you were created they were prepared” as all men were created on the 6th day.
>
> 350 Sapphire + 220 Beryl + 45 Sardius + 98 Topaz + 91 Diamond + 48
> Onyx + 104 Jasper + 150 Emerald + 312 Carbuncle + 20 Gold + 114
> Tabrets + 188 Pipes = 1740.
>
>
> 1740 / 6 = 290 = Tyre.
>
>
>
This would tend to suggest that the leader of Tyre was initiated into the secret of the Merkabah. Additionally, the gate number 265 may have indicated time conversion by base 60, as Samekh is 60, and 1740 seconds is 29:00 minutes.
To save you some time I've numbered the following phrases for you:
>
> Ezekiel 28:14:
>
>
> כְּר֔וּב 228 ; Cherub
>
>
> מִמְשַׁ֖ח 91 ; anointed
>
>
> הַסּוֹכֵ֑ךְ 111 ; the covers
>
>
> בְּהַ֨ר + קֹ֤דֶשׁ + אֱלֹהִים֙ ; Mountain 207 + Holy 107 + Elohim 86 =
> 400
>
>
> הָיִ֔יתָ 29 ; you were
>
>
> אַבְנֵי 63 ; stones
>
>
> 4 אֵ֖שׁ ; fire
>
>
> הִתְהַלָּֽכְתָּ 68 ; you walked
>
>
>
Usually when scribes are laying out calculations and they say "in the midst" or "in the middle" they simply expect you to divide the sum they're referencing by 2 in order to half it, however it is not usual for scribes to work with fractions so I'm not sure what Ezekiel intended by the phrase "from the midst of the stones of fire".
"Stones of fire" adds up to 67 which is the same as הַשָּׂטָ֖ן ‘Hassatan’ (67); the Satan. If the stones of fire are metaphors for Satan it might explain line 15: "Perfect [was] you in your ways from the day you were created until was found iniquity in" but much more work needs to be done with this chapter before any firm conclusions can be made.
>
> Ezekiel 28:16
>
>
> בְּרֹ֣ב 204 ; By the abundance
>
>
> רְכֻלָּתְךָ֗ 274 ; of your merchandise/trade
>
>
> Note that 274 is a gate number on the Wheel, i.e. Resh + Ayin + Daleth = 274.
>
>
>
---
More information about the providence and origin of the Seven Palaces can be found with my answer on BH [here](https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/4933/meaning-of-et%D7%90%D7%AA-and-vet%D7%95%D6%B0%D7%90%D6%B5%D6%A5%D7%AA-in-genesis-11), and also on my profile as well as my website: bethshebaashe.com |
29,679 | I do not understand the fire stones and trades Ezekiel 28:11-19
>
> **28**11 Moreover the word of the LORD came to me:
>
> 12 "Son of man, raise a lamentation over the king of Tyre, and say to him,
>
> Thus says the Lord GOD:
>
> "You were the signet of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty.
>
> 13 You were in Eden, the garden of God;
>
> every precious stone was your covering, carnelian, topaz, and jasper, chrysolite, beryl,
>
> and onyx, sapphire, carbuncle, and emerald;
>
> and wrought in gold were your settings and your engravings.
>
> On the day that you were created they were prepared.
>
> 14 With an anointed guardian cherub I placed you; you were on the holy mountain of God;
>
> in the midst of **the stones of fire** you walked.
>
> 15 You were blameless in your ways from the day you were created,
>
> till iniquity was found in you.
>
> 16 In **the abundance of your trade** you were filled with violence, and you sinned;
>
> so I cast you as a profane thing from the mountain of God,
>
> and the guardian cherub drove you out from the midst of **the stones of fire.**
>
> 17 Your heart was proud because of your beauty;
>
> you corrupted your wisdom for the sake of your splendor.
>
> I cast you to the ground;
>
> I exposed you before kings, to feast their eyes on you.
>
> 18 By the multitude of your iniquities, in the unrighteousness of **your trade**
>
> you profaned your sanctuaries;
>
> so I brought forth fire from the midst of you;
>
> it consumed you, and I turned you to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all who saw you.
>
> 19 All who know you among the peoples are appalled at you;
>
> you have come to a dreadful end and shall be no more for ever."
>
>
> | 2017/09/24 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/29679",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | This passage is not about the Satan but rather about the city of Tyre. Tyre was the main seaport on the east side of the Mediterranean sea. Ezekiel uses superlative figures to describe its wealth.
The "fiery stones" are the many jewels described in verse 13 that apparently adorned the city and would have been stunning and glorious with the sunlight reflecting back at it:
>
> 13 You were in Eden, the garden of God;
> **every precious stone was your covering, carnelian, topaz, and jasper, chrysolite, beryl, and onyx, sapphire, carbuncle, and emerald;
> and wrought in gold were your settings and your engravings.**
>
>
>
The trading floors were the expanses where business was conducted:
<https://www.jetsetter.com/magazine/1549/must-see-spots-in-Nova-Scotia> | The Torah and some prophets including Ezekiel use a non-standard method of gematria that is sourced to the Wheel of the Chariot (a.k.a. the Seven Palaces).
The Wheel (and its gematria) looks like this:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/XFKyw.jpg)
Ezekiel also uses architectonic gematria that links the conformations of the Wheel/Seven Palaces to the Temple.
I've done the calculations up to line 14, but I haven't been able to work out what he's doing with 15-19 yet, however using the correct gematria as a method of exegesis should help you discover the meaning for yourself. I recommend that you use the interlinear feature of [biblehub.com](http://biblehub.com/interlinear/ezekiel/28-1.htm) to work with the original hebrew (as I have done).
**Tyre** (צֹ֜ר 290).
After rebuking the leader for his excessive pride, Ezekiel starts to needle him saying “Is no secret hidden from you?” (28:3). Then in 28:13 Ezekiel numbers the Garden of Eden to 265 which is the gate number of Samekh on the 7 palaces and represents the Solar radiance of God descending to the Temple on Earth. He then makes a list of 9 precious stones, gold and two musical instruments and these are meant to be added together and then divided by 6. The last is indicated by the final phrase “on the day you were created they were prepared” as all men were created on the 6th day.
>
> 350 Sapphire + 220 Beryl + 45 Sardius + 98 Topaz + 91 Diamond + 48
> Onyx + 104 Jasper + 150 Emerald + 312 Carbuncle + 20 Gold + 114
> Tabrets + 188 Pipes = 1740.
>
>
> 1740 / 6 = 290 = Tyre.
>
>
>
This would tend to suggest that the leader of Tyre was initiated into the secret of the Merkabah. Additionally, the gate number 265 may have indicated time conversion by base 60, as Samekh is 60, and 1740 seconds is 29:00 minutes.
To save you some time I've numbered the following phrases for you:
>
> Ezekiel 28:14:
>
>
> כְּר֔וּב 228 ; Cherub
>
>
> מִמְשַׁ֖ח 91 ; anointed
>
>
> הַסּוֹכֵ֑ךְ 111 ; the covers
>
>
> בְּהַ֨ר + קֹ֤דֶשׁ + אֱלֹהִים֙ ; Mountain 207 + Holy 107 + Elohim 86 =
> 400
>
>
> הָיִ֔יתָ 29 ; you were
>
>
> אַבְנֵי 63 ; stones
>
>
> 4 אֵ֖שׁ ; fire
>
>
> הִתְהַלָּֽכְתָּ 68 ; you walked
>
>
>
Usually when scribes are laying out calculations and they say "in the midst" or "in the middle" they simply expect you to divide the sum they're referencing by 2 in order to half it, however it is not usual for scribes to work with fractions so I'm not sure what Ezekiel intended by the phrase "from the midst of the stones of fire".
"Stones of fire" adds up to 67 which is the same as הַשָּׂטָ֖ן ‘Hassatan’ (67); the Satan. If the stones of fire are metaphors for Satan it might explain line 15: "Perfect [was] you in your ways from the day you were created until was found iniquity in" but much more work needs to be done with this chapter before any firm conclusions can be made.
>
> Ezekiel 28:16
>
>
> בְּרֹ֣ב 204 ; By the abundance
>
>
> רְכֻלָּתְךָ֗ 274 ; of your merchandise/trade
>
>
> Note that 274 is a gate number on the Wheel, i.e. Resh + Ayin + Daleth = 274.
>
>
>
---
More information about the providence and origin of the Seven Palaces can be found with my answer on BH [here](https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/4933/meaning-of-et%D7%90%D7%AA-and-vet%D7%95%D6%B0%D7%90%D6%B5%D6%A5%D7%AA-in-genesis-11), and also on my profile as well as my website: bethshebaashe.com |
29,679 | I do not understand the fire stones and trades Ezekiel 28:11-19
>
> **28**11 Moreover the word of the LORD came to me:
>
> 12 "Son of man, raise a lamentation over the king of Tyre, and say to him,
>
> Thus says the Lord GOD:
>
> "You were the signet of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty.
>
> 13 You were in Eden, the garden of God;
>
> every precious stone was your covering, carnelian, topaz, and jasper, chrysolite, beryl,
>
> and onyx, sapphire, carbuncle, and emerald;
>
> and wrought in gold were your settings and your engravings.
>
> On the day that you were created they were prepared.
>
> 14 With an anointed guardian cherub I placed you; you were on the holy mountain of God;
>
> in the midst of **the stones of fire** you walked.
>
> 15 You were blameless in your ways from the day you were created,
>
> till iniquity was found in you.
>
> 16 In **the abundance of your trade** you were filled with violence, and you sinned;
>
> so I cast you as a profane thing from the mountain of God,
>
> and the guardian cherub drove you out from the midst of **the stones of fire.**
>
> 17 Your heart was proud because of your beauty;
>
> you corrupted your wisdom for the sake of your splendor.
>
> I cast you to the ground;
>
> I exposed you before kings, to feast their eyes on you.
>
> 18 By the multitude of your iniquities, in the unrighteousness of **your trade**
>
> you profaned your sanctuaries;
>
> so I brought forth fire from the midst of you;
>
> it consumed you, and I turned you to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all who saw you.
>
> 19 All who know you among the peoples are appalled at you;
>
> you have come to a dreadful end and shall be no more for ever."
>
>
> | 2017/09/24 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/29679",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | The Verses 11-19 speaks of Satan himself, who was “created”, not born. He was the chief Cherub in all his beauty before being cast out. This is a symbolic reference to the King of Tyre, but does not speak of him in these versus. For the king of Tyre was born, and not in the garden. Nor was he a Cherub of the garden. Lay hold for just a minute on the versus, and how they describe something created by God in all its beauty and majesty, but then cast out of the garden to be consumed by the very fire inside of itself. This is when Satan was cast down....after his rebellion in the garden. | Thou hast been in Eden, the garden of God, Ezekiel 28:13.
Thou art the anointed cherub, 28:14.
Thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire, 28:14.
Thou wast perfect till . . . iniquity was found in thee, 28:15.
I will destroy thee from the midst of the stones of fire, 28:16.
The Entity who appeared in Eden and who also, Job 2:1, was found among
the sons of God, was later cast out of heaven, Revelation 12:9.
Elsewhere, the angels, the sons of God (by creation) are described : who
maketh his angels spirits and his ministers a flame of fire, Hebrews 1:7.
Thus I believe that the stones of fire are those also described as
flames of fire. In the context of Ezekiel 28, where the description
relates very much to the earthly effects of the Entity's power,
stone is used as an analogy for stone lasts as long as Creation.
Whereas flame of fire is a more heavenly description, since no fuel
is mentioned, only flame itself.
Ezekiel 28 is addressed to the King of Tyre (an office) but is not
addressed, by name, to the person in that office. Thus I believe
that the office is to be seen prophetically and as an allusion.
The office was the most powerful one at that time, on earth, which
equates to the heavenly situation of the Entity, before the successful
campaign of Michael, and his support, rid heaven of the unwanted one.
Nigel. |
29,679 | I do not understand the fire stones and trades Ezekiel 28:11-19
>
> **28**11 Moreover the word of the LORD came to me:
>
> 12 "Son of man, raise a lamentation over the king of Tyre, and say to him,
>
> Thus says the Lord GOD:
>
> "You were the signet of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty.
>
> 13 You were in Eden, the garden of God;
>
> every precious stone was your covering, carnelian, topaz, and jasper, chrysolite, beryl,
>
> and onyx, sapphire, carbuncle, and emerald;
>
> and wrought in gold were your settings and your engravings.
>
> On the day that you were created they were prepared.
>
> 14 With an anointed guardian cherub I placed you; you were on the holy mountain of God;
>
> in the midst of **the stones of fire** you walked.
>
> 15 You were blameless in your ways from the day you were created,
>
> till iniquity was found in you.
>
> 16 In **the abundance of your trade** you were filled with violence, and you sinned;
>
> so I cast you as a profane thing from the mountain of God,
>
> and the guardian cherub drove you out from the midst of **the stones of fire.**
>
> 17 Your heart was proud because of your beauty;
>
> you corrupted your wisdom for the sake of your splendor.
>
> I cast you to the ground;
>
> I exposed you before kings, to feast their eyes on you.
>
> 18 By the multitude of your iniquities, in the unrighteousness of **your trade**
>
> you profaned your sanctuaries;
>
> so I brought forth fire from the midst of you;
>
> it consumed you, and I turned you to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all who saw you.
>
> 19 All who know you among the peoples are appalled at you;
>
> you have come to a dreadful end and shall be no more for ever."
>
>
> | 2017/09/24 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/29679",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | This passage is not about the Satan but rather about the city of Tyre. Tyre was the main seaport on the east side of the Mediterranean sea. Ezekiel uses superlative figures to describe its wealth.
The "fiery stones" are the many jewels described in verse 13 that apparently adorned the city and would have been stunning and glorious with the sunlight reflecting back at it:
>
> 13 You were in Eden, the garden of God;
> **every precious stone was your covering, carnelian, topaz, and jasper, chrysolite, beryl, and onyx, sapphire, carbuncle, and emerald;
> and wrought in gold were your settings and your engravings.**
>
>
>
The trading floors were the expanses where business was conducted:
<https://www.jetsetter.com/magazine/1549/must-see-spots-in-Nova-Scotia> | Thou hast been in Eden, the garden of God, Ezekiel 28:13.
Thou art the anointed cherub, 28:14.
Thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire, 28:14.
Thou wast perfect till . . . iniquity was found in thee, 28:15.
I will destroy thee from the midst of the stones of fire, 28:16.
The Entity who appeared in Eden and who also, Job 2:1, was found among
the sons of God, was later cast out of heaven, Revelation 12:9.
Elsewhere, the angels, the sons of God (by creation) are described : who
maketh his angels spirits and his ministers a flame of fire, Hebrews 1:7.
Thus I believe that the stones of fire are those also described as
flames of fire. In the context of Ezekiel 28, where the description
relates very much to the earthly effects of the Entity's power,
stone is used as an analogy for stone lasts as long as Creation.
Whereas flame of fire is a more heavenly description, since no fuel
is mentioned, only flame itself.
Ezekiel 28 is addressed to the King of Tyre (an office) but is not
addressed, by name, to the person in that office. Thus I believe
that the office is to be seen prophetically and as an allusion.
The office was the most powerful one at that time, on earth, which
equates to the heavenly situation of the Entity, before the successful
campaign of Michael, and his support, rid heaven of the unwanted one.
Nigel. |
33,541,942 | Windows Identity Foundation (WIF) is around for a while, may be 5 to 7 years or more!, now Microsoft made WIF part of .net framework (4.5) itself. As we know WIF is a middleware for building identity aware applications.
As the trend on the web technology is changing, we have now need to incorporate multiple other identity providers (Google, Facebook etc.), in our application.
Now the industry got other Middleware technologies like OWIN, ASP.NET Identity etc.,
My Question,
Is still the WIF relevant and do we need to consider using it for new projects?
Or
Do we need to implement OWIN as alternative middleware? (As I understand Microsoft is betting on OWIN / KATANA moving forward).
Please share your thoughts. | 2015/11/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/33541942",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/656863/"
] | For new projects I highly recommend considering Katana and ASP.NET 5 OWIN middleware.
WIF remains supported as part of the .NET framework, however we stopped adding new features long ago - all the innovation has been poured in Katana and OWIN middleware in general. Also, we like to think that the OWIN middleware is significantly easier to use :) Again, if your project has legacy aspects that impose the use of WIF, you can go ahead knowing we'll support you: but if you have any chance of choosing, the OWIN middleware is the best path moving forward. | Totally agree with @vibronet but to answer the question - yes - still relevant.
There's a ton of WIF out there - I support lots of customers who still use it.
OWIN is easier to use but the nice thing about WIF is that everything is in the web.config so the details are more explicit and easier to change. However, that comes at the cost of a fairly steep learning curve.
Refer: [OWIN : Differences with WIF](http://nzpcmad.blogspot.co.nz/2015/09/owin-differences-with-wif.html) and [WIF : Wrappers around protocols](http://nzpcmad.blogspot.co.nz/2015/10/wif-wrappers-around-protocols.html).
As per the links:
"You can think of OWIN as MVC and WIF as Forms. Forms are still supported but all the new whizzy features and all the code samples relate to MVC.
It's important to note the neither OWIN nor WIF are protocols - they are the wrappers around the protocols. The protocols underneath both are identical." |
33,541,942 | Windows Identity Foundation (WIF) is around for a while, may be 5 to 7 years or more!, now Microsoft made WIF part of .net framework (4.5) itself. As we know WIF is a middleware for building identity aware applications.
As the trend on the web technology is changing, we have now need to incorporate multiple other identity providers (Google, Facebook etc.), in our application.
Now the industry got other Middleware technologies like OWIN, ASP.NET Identity etc.,
My Question,
Is still the WIF relevant and do we need to consider using it for new projects?
Or
Do we need to implement OWIN as alternative middleware? (As I understand Microsoft is betting on OWIN / KATANA moving forward).
Please share your thoughts. | 2015/11/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/33541942",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/656863/"
] | For new projects I highly recommend considering Katana and ASP.NET 5 OWIN middleware.
WIF remains supported as part of the .NET framework, however we stopped adding new features long ago - all the innovation has been poured in Katana and OWIN middleware in general. Also, we like to think that the OWIN middleware is significantly easier to use :) Again, if your project has legacy aspects that impose the use of WIF, you can go ahead knowing we'll support you: but if you have any chance of choosing, the OWIN middleware is the best path moving forward. | Also consider we have moved some of the functionality of WIF into an open source project we refer to as Wilson. You can check it out here: <https://github.com/AzureAD/azure-activedirectory-identitymodel-extensions-for-dotnet> |
33,541,942 | Windows Identity Foundation (WIF) is around for a while, may be 5 to 7 years or more!, now Microsoft made WIF part of .net framework (4.5) itself. As we know WIF is a middleware for building identity aware applications.
As the trend on the web technology is changing, we have now need to incorporate multiple other identity providers (Google, Facebook etc.), in our application.
Now the industry got other Middleware technologies like OWIN, ASP.NET Identity etc.,
My Question,
Is still the WIF relevant and do we need to consider using it for new projects?
Or
Do we need to implement OWIN as alternative middleware? (As I understand Microsoft is betting on OWIN / KATANA moving forward).
Please share your thoughts. | 2015/11/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/33541942",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/656863/"
] | Totally agree with @vibronet but to answer the question - yes - still relevant.
There's a ton of WIF out there - I support lots of customers who still use it.
OWIN is easier to use but the nice thing about WIF is that everything is in the web.config so the details are more explicit and easier to change. However, that comes at the cost of a fairly steep learning curve.
Refer: [OWIN : Differences with WIF](http://nzpcmad.blogspot.co.nz/2015/09/owin-differences-with-wif.html) and [WIF : Wrappers around protocols](http://nzpcmad.blogspot.co.nz/2015/10/wif-wrappers-around-protocols.html).
As per the links:
"You can think of OWIN as MVC and WIF as Forms. Forms are still supported but all the new whizzy features and all the code samples relate to MVC.
It's important to note the neither OWIN nor WIF are protocols - they are the wrappers around the protocols. The protocols underneath both are identical." | Also consider we have moved some of the functionality of WIF into an open source project we refer to as Wilson. You can check it out here: <https://github.com/AzureAD/azure-activedirectory-identitymodel-extensions-for-dotnet> |
24,556 | How is it possible to get the latest transactions txid in real-time? I mean to implement something similar to what blockchain.info does on its homepage. How do they do it to get all transactions info that happens on the network? I'm talking about zero-confirmation transactions.
**EDIT**
I have found out the API getrawmempool. Does this answer the question? Does it contain all the real-time transactions in the network for the current live block? | 2014/04/13 | [
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24556",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/15064/"
] | blockchain.info offers a web socket for real time information about blocks and tranasactions.
Have a look at <https://blockchain.info/it/api/api_websocket>
-- UPDATE
to avoid relying on third party services, I would now suggest to use a bitcoin node with zmq | A synced bitcoind daemon has a command showing txid of transactions passing thru it. It may be impossible to see the whole network at once from one spot, or know whether you can or not. |
24,556 | How is it possible to get the latest transactions txid in real-time? I mean to implement something similar to what blockchain.info does on its homepage. How do they do it to get all transactions info that happens on the network? I'm talking about zero-confirmation transactions.
**EDIT**
I have found out the API getrawmempool. Does this answer the question? Does it contain all the real-time transactions in the network for the current live block? | 2014/04/13 | [
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24556",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/15064/"
] | getrawmempool is the solution as mentioned in the edit of the question and validated by the comment in the question. | A synced bitcoind daemon has a command showing txid of transactions passing thru it. It may be impossible to see the whole network at once from one spot, or know whether you can or not. |
28,878,202 | I have a view: 
Can someone help me to layout these views that they all look the same on every iPhone? I mean size is dynamic and views shrink according to screen size.
I have tried aspect ration and other layout options but none helped. | 2015/03/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/28878202",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4424344/"
] | if you want to change the view sizes on different screens using auto layout ,you have to add the height and width constraints .then only it changes view size.
Steps:
1. open your project in xcode.
2. goto storyboard choose Auto layout ,select your view ,
3. in Xcode From the Editor menu, choose Pin\Width and Height both
<http://www.raywenderlich.com/50317/beginning-auto-layout-tutorial-in-ios-7-part-1> | As per your question please look at the link below it might help solving your problem of multiple views size and layout.
<https://stackoverflow.com/a/27471120/4101371>
you can also refer:
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nl2iMF0yKW8&list=PLXCowKcXAVgrxHKLWTa4HxNPrSmTj3D-_>
I've also added this link in the answer in above answer. |
64,989 | Prompted by David Siegel's [answer](https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/64967/can-photographs-of-landmark-properties-be-used-commercially),
specifically his final sentence:
>
> if a building is old enough that it is not protected by copyright, there is no protection.
>
>
>
Would this apply when the building has recently been altered in some way?
I assume that a substantial alteration, such as a new wing, might have its own copyright but what about a fresh lick of paint on the front door or having wooden window frames replaced with uPVC ones?
I appreciate that it is highly likely to be fact-specific and although I've added the [united-states](/questions/tagged/united-states "show questions tagged 'united-states'") tag for consistency, I'm interested in people's thoughts from any jurisdiction. | 2021/05/14 | [
"https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/64989",
"https://law.stackexchange.com",
"https://law.stackexchange.com/users/35069/"
] | The key to limits on protection of architectural works in the US is the definition of the term in [17 USC 101](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/101):
>
> An “architectural work” is the design of a building as embodied in any
> tangible medium of expression, including a building, architectural
> plans, or drawings. The work includes the overall form as well as the
> arrangement and composition of spaces and elements in the design, but
> does not include individual standard features.
>
>
>
The US Copyright office explains what this means in [Circular 41](https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ41.pdf), saying
>
> The authorship in an architectural work includes the overall form of
> the building — the exterior elevations of the building when viewed
> from the front, rear, and sides — as well as any arrangement and
> composition of walls or other permanent structures that divide the
> interior into separate rooms and spaces. Copyright does not protect
> the following elements:
>
>
> Individual standard features of the architectural work, such as
> windows, doors, or other staple building components.
>
>
> Standard configurations of spaces, such as a square bathroom or
> one-room cabin.
>
>
> Purely functional features of an architectural work, such as
> innovations in architectural engineering or construction techniques.
>
>
> Interior design, such as the selection and placement of furniture,
> lighting, paint, or similar items.
>
>
>
This explicitly excludes paint. [Chapter 300](https://www.copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship.pdf) of the *Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices* and especially [ch. 900](https://www.copyright.gov/comp3/chap900/ch900-visual-art.pdf) goes into further detail of things excluded, such as "Common architecture moldings, such as the volute used to decorate Ionic and Corinthian columns", "Common patterns, such as standard chevron, polka dot, checkerboard, or houndstooth designs". | The copyright, at least in the US, is on the **architectural design** as **implemented** in the building. I think it is obvious that simply repairing damaged paint would not affect this, any more than fixing a typo in a text long out of copyright grants a new copyright to a new edition.
A new wing would clearly have its own copyright, just as an added chapter would in an old book. But as with the book, only the new elements would be protected. Whether a change such as redoing windows in a different material would make the building a derivative work with a new copyright I am less sure of, but I am inclined to think not.
**Edit** Based on the provisions of 17 USC 101 quoted in another answer, things such as window replacements would **not** have a copyright effect. |
359,134 | In *El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie* (2019), the character, Skinny Pete is seen to be playing what appears to be a driving or racing game, with the HUD disabled. The movie is set in September 2010 as per the [Breaking Bad timeline](https://breakingbad.fandom.com/wiki/Timeline#Breaking_Bad_Timeline) (continues immediately after the final episode of *Breaking Bad*).
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/6nJZl.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/TLqAH.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/8RqBG.jpg)
What is the name of this game? | 2019/10/20 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/359134",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/4797/"
] | If a character's name has been changed by Blizzard - for violating naming policies, due to inactivity, or because it became a duplicate due to server transfers or undeletion - you will be prompted to enter a new name when you try to log into that character. If their old name is available, you can reclaim it; if it isn't, you will need to pick another one. | As I know, if the name was given to another character, you can't reclaim it back. So, here no answer for your question. Even if you contact them I think they don't reclaim names to you. So, here is the only way: buy [Blizzard name change service](https://us.shop.battle.net/en-us/product/world-of-warcraft-service-name-change).
Yeah, it costs 10$, but I don't see another way.
Good luck! |
9,981 | ***The Sandbox works best if you sort posts by "active" (click [here](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/9981/40609?answertab=active) to do so).***
---
Welcome to the Sandbox!
=======================
This ["Sandbox"](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(software_development)) is a place where Worldbuilding.SE users can get feedback on prospective questions they wish to [post](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions). This is useful, because new and experienced users can have trouble writing a clear and fully specified question.
* There is a much better chance of your question being well received if you post it in the Sandbox first.
*If you're here to help mentor Sandbox questions (**THANK YOU!**), jump to the "Helping in the Sandbox" section. If this sandbox has grown too full, jump to the "Maintenance" section.*
---
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======================
**Please take the time to read through the [Help Center > Asking](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/help/asking) pages.** We know it's a lot to read, but those pages contain the rules our mentors are using to judge your proposed question. If you have not taken the time to read through them, we ask that you do. It would also be beneficial to read through our Meta posts about [high concept questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4868), [open-ended questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6654), and what "[primarily opinion-based](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6436#6437)" means on a creative site like Worldbuilding.SE.
**To post a question to the Sandbox:**
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* Please be patient. While most sandbox reviews can be completed in a couple of days, some questions may require a week or more for review.
**Finally, please ignore votes.** We've asked mentors to not vote for Sandbox questions because questions change here too frequently. Nevertheless, those index fingers hovering over left mouse buttons are trained to vote, so votes occasionally appear. Please completely ignore votes that happen to appear for your proposed question.
When your question is ready
---------------------------
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2. Add a link to your main-site post to the bottom of the "Graduated Questions" list. The list is the accepted answer to this post.
3. Edit your Sandbox post so that it only contains the title and a link to the main-site post. *Delete everything else.*
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5. Finally, delete your Sandbox post. Users with enough rep can still see the post, but it will be moved automatically to the bottom of the answer list, making this Sandbox easier to use.
If you abandon your question
----------------------------
Occasionally a Sandbox question is abandoned. While crafting the question, you may discover the answer. Or you may realize that the question's basic premise can't be expressed within the [rules of Worldbuilding.SE](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/8491/40609). You may also simply forget that you have a question in the Sandbox. If you decide to abandon the question:
1. Edit your Sandbox post so that it only contains the title and a notice (e.g., "Abandoned question."). *Delete everything else.*
2. ***Delete all of your comments.***
3. Finally, delete your Sandbox post. Users with enough rep can still see the post, but it will be moved automatically to the bottom of the answer list, making this Sandbox easier to use.
**Please be aware** that questions without activity (edits to your question or comments left by you) for more than one month may be judged abandoned and removed. We'll leave a comment or two to get your attention, but eventually, forgotten questions will be cleaned up and deleted.
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======================
We are sincerely grateful for the many users who help mentor questions and new users here in the Sandbox. Sharing your experience adds considerably to the quality and enjoyment of the site. We invite you to help us by adhering to the following policies.
**Keep the Sandbox clean.** In order to [keep the Sandbox clean](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2244/sandbox-cleanup) users are encouraged to [look out for questions that have not seen any activity in some time](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/4912/28789).
1. If you notice the OP has not edited his/her proposed question or left a comment in 2 or more weeks, please tap the OP on the shoulder with a comment (e.g., "Are you still working on this question? This draft might be deleted if there is no further activity.")
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**Delete your comments when they no longer apply.** Please make it easy for others to see which comments are still relevant to the discussion by removing your obsolete comments. In addition you can ask a mod to [purge comments under graduated posts or move them to chat under abandoned posts](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/6231/28789) to make it easier for users that can see deleted posts to use the Sandbox.
**Please do not vote on proposed questions.** Questions in the Sandbox frequently change (it's why they're here) — and the moment they change your vote may no longer reflect your beliefs. It's unreasonable to expect mentors to constantly watch Sandbox questions and there is no automatic way (indeed, there's no way at all…) to notify voters when a question is edited. It is better to use comments. If you feel the question should be downvoted, explain the problem in a comment. If you feel the question is ready for the main site, say so in a comment. The dates on the comments allow other people to judge the relevance of your statements.
**Please do not answer questions here.** We know it's tempting, but answering the question in a comment will clog the comments and may not even be relevant to the final form of the question. If you have an answer for the proposed question, simply wait for it to be posted to the main site, and answer it there.
**Please do not edit a proposed question** unless you have the OP's permission to do so. The purpose of the Sandbox is two-fold: (a) to perfect a question and (b) to help users learn to craft good questions. If you jump in and fix a question you've subverted (b). Whenever possible, let the OP edit their proposed question. *Exception: If a question has been deleted but not properly cleaned up, help us out by editing the question to remove everything but the title. Thanks!*
**See the [Sandbox FAQ](http://meta.worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/q/639/2685) for more information on how to use the Sandbox.**
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Maintenance
===========
This section is referred to when a new sandbox is created. [In order to make the Sandbox easier to use](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/3813/6507), a new Sandbox question will be posted when the old one becomes too full (between 75 and 100 sandbox questions).
***Whomever creates the new page:** be sure you want to be actively involved with the Sandbox, because until it gets replaced in the future, you'll be notified of every proposed question and every comment.*
**(A) Update this previous sandbox list:**
The previous sandbox post should be locked as obsolete by a moderator and renamed to "Inactive Sandbox [Date]." Please add a link to the top of the old sandbox page to the new Sandbox.
* [Inactive Sandbox 2019-2022](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/7183/40609)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2018](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6168)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2017-18](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4835)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2014-2017](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/635)
If there are active questions in the old Sandbox, leave a comment for the users indicating that the old sandbox is closing and they either need to wrap up (preferred) or re-post the question in the new Sandbox.
**(B) Update these links after the new Sandbox is created:**
* [Help Center/on-topic](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/help/on-topic) (This requires the help of a moderator)
* [Sandbox FAQ](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/639#640) (The Sandbox FAQ has two links to the currently active sandbox: one in the question proper and one in the answer the above link takes you to.)
* The sort-by-active link at the top of the new Sandbox.
* The current sandbox link in our "[Welcome to Worldbuilding.SE!](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6388/welcome-to-worldbuilding-se)" page.
* Update the [worldbuilding-process](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/worldbuilding-process "show questions tagged 'worldbuilding-process'") [Wiki page](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/tags/worldbuilding-process/info) to point to the new Sandbox page.
**(C) Create the "Graduated Question List" answer and mark it a "Community Wiki."** | 2022/12/11 | [
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/9981",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40609/"
] | **Graduated Questions List**
In accordance with [Sandbox policy](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/1728), answers containing graduated questions will be deleted. This answer is designed to be a repository for all those questions that have graduated. It is a community wiki answer, so add in your question here, at the end of the list, once it is posted on the main site! Position #1 is an example of how to do this to get the ball rolling.
1. [Sandbox for proposed Questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/9981/40609)
2. [How large of a magma chamber do I need to geothermally power a small city?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/241544/how-large-of-a-magma-chamber-do-i-need-to-geothermally-power-a-small-city)
3. [How can muscle atrophy due to long gestation in artificial wombs be avoided?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/242595/how-can-muscle-atrophy-due-to-long-gestation-in-artificial-wombs-be-avoided)
4. [Knocking Out Zombies](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/243674/knocking-out-zombies) | How can I create a Lunar calendar for my community?
---------------------------------------------------
[time-keeping](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/time-keeping "show questions tagged 'time-keeping'") [prophecy](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/prophecy "show questions tagged 'prophecy'") [ancient-history](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/ancient-history "show questions tagged 'ancient-history'") [religion](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/religion "show questions tagged 'religion'")
I have a fictional clan of fortune tellers called the [Haruspex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruspex), based on an ancient Roman term for a person trained in the practice of divination. They have some Native American elements (such as tribal groups and membership based on [lineal decendency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineal_descendant)) and Romani/gypsy elements (they are nomadic and engage in fortune telling).
Some general background about the community:
* They follow a Lunar calendar and celebrate major celestial events like solstices and equinoxes. They believe in zodiacs and that zodiacs can affect one’s fate/destiny. Birthdays are celebrated every month, which really means not at all because they tend to be forgotten.
* Their lucky number is twelve:
+ Children are homeschooled in basic reading/writing/arithmetic and in divination until around age 11-12, at which point they are tested and accepted as a full-fledged member of the tribe.
+ There is a hierarchy which includes a Chief and twelve Sages that function as elders.
+ Each Sage specializes in one of 12 areas of divination, including astrology, scrying (crystal gazing), dream interpreting, etc. Members are sorted into one of these categories based on their birth month.
* They believe in Mother Nature and in a Devil. Their basic belief system that is that the celestial bodies (planets and stars) are the spiritual realm. (**Sandbox note:** I'm still adapting the belief system and will probably model it after the ancient Mayan system. I plan to ask about their religion in a separate question.)
* They are a Messianic tribe and believe a Savior will one day rise. However, there is a recorded prophecy that when the Savior arrives, Sages will die. The Sages believe my protagonist will become the Savior, based on their astrological calculations, and are terrified the prophecy will come true, so they take steps to control and manipulate my main character.
I want to create a Lunar calendar for my community, complete with holidays and rituals, but I’m at a loss as to how to go about it. I’ve researched the [Maya calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar) and might be interested in adapting it, but it seems like a complex system and I’m not sure where to start. Based on the beliefs I specified, how could I create a valid Lunar calendar for my tribe?
**Sandbox Questions**
1. How can I improve/adapt this question? Are my specifications clear?
2. Are the parameters for my community plausible? I know I combined several aspects of different cultures/belief systems in one, and I'm not sure if that makes it confusing for people who might already have certain associations with each system.
3. I intend to ask this as part of a series about this community, but as per SE guidelines, I'm limiting it to one question per post. Is it a problem if some of my questions may overlap, meaning I'll have to modify each question as I receive answers for others? Is it best to do this one question at a time? |
9,981 | ***The Sandbox works best if you sort posts by "active" (click [here](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/9981/40609?answertab=active) to do so).***
---
Welcome to the Sandbox!
=======================
This ["Sandbox"](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(software_development)) is a place where Worldbuilding.SE users can get feedback on prospective questions they wish to [post](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions). This is useful, because new and experienced users can have trouble writing a clear and fully specified question.
* There is a much better chance of your question being well received if you post it in the Sandbox first.
*If you're here to help mentor Sandbox questions (**THANK YOU!**), jump to the "Helping in the Sandbox" section. If this sandbox has grown too full, jump to the "Maintenance" section.*
---
Posting to the Sandbox
======================
**Please take the time to read through the [Help Center > Asking](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/help/asking) pages.** We know it's a lot to read, but those pages contain the rules our mentors are using to judge your proposed question. If you have not taken the time to read through them, we ask that you do. It would also be beneficial to read through our Meta posts about [high concept questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4868), [open-ended questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6654), and what "[primarily opinion-based](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6436#6437)" means on a creative site like Worldbuilding.SE.
**To post a question to the Sandbox:**
Post an answer to this post with the content of your proposed question. You can create as many answers as you have proposed questions, but it is recommended that you only work on one question at a time. The content of the post should be as close as possible to the format you would use when asking on the main site. If you would like, you may add a section at the bottom explaining what parts of the proposed question you are most worried about (See the [Sandbox FAQ](http://meta.worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/a/640/2685) for more information on suggested syntax).
**Once you have posted your proposed question,** users will be able to comment on it with feedback. You can then respond to their feedback with comments of your own, or make edits to your post to attempt to address their feedback (after editing, be sure to notify the user via a comment of your own, use *[@username](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/36026)* in your comment to make this happen). The feedback/edit cycle can go on for as long as needed until either you are confident that your question is ready to be asked on the main site, or you've decided the question just won't work.
* Please be patient. While most sandbox reviews can be completed in a couple of days, some questions may require a week or more for review.
**Finally, please ignore votes.** We've asked mentors to not vote for Sandbox questions because questions change here too frequently. Nevertheless, those index fingers hovering over left mouse buttons are trained to vote, so votes occasionally appear. Please completely ignore votes that happen to appear for your proposed question.
When your question is ready
---------------------------
1. [Post it to the main site](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/ask).
2. Add a link to your main-site post to the bottom of the "Graduated Questions" list. The list is the accepted answer to this post.
3. Edit your Sandbox post so that it only contains the title and a link to the main-site post. *Delete everything else.*
4. ***Delete all of your comments.***
5. Finally, delete your Sandbox post. Users with enough rep can still see the post, but it will be moved automatically to the bottom of the answer list, making this Sandbox easier to use.
If you abandon your question
----------------------------
Occasionally a Sandbox question is abandoned. While crafting the question, you may discover the answer. Or you may realize that the question's basic premise can't be expressed within the [rules of Worldbuilding.SE](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/8491/40609). You may also simply forget that you have a question in the Sandbox. If you decide to abandon the question:
1. Edit your Sandbox post so that it only contains the title and a notice (e.g., "Abandoned question."). *Delete everything else.*
2. ***Delete all of your comments.***
3. Finally, delete your Sandbox post. Users with enough rep can still see the post, but it will be moved automatically to the bottom of the answer list, making this Sandbox easier to use.
**Please be aware** that questions without activity (edits to your question or comments left by you) for more than one month may be judged abandoned and removed. We'll leave a comment or two to get your attention, but eventually, forgotten questions will be cleaned up and deleted.
---
Helping in the Sandbox
======================
We are sincerely grateful for the many users who help mentor questions and new users here in the Sandbox. Sharing your experience adds considerably to the quality and enjoyment of the site. We invite you to help us by adhering to the following policies.
**Keep the Sandbox clean.** In order to [keep the Sandbox clean](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2244/sandbox-cleanup) users are encouraged to [look out for questions that have not seen any activity in some time](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/4912/28789).
1. If you notice the OP has not edited his/her proposed question or left a comment in 2 or more weeks, please tap the OP on the shoulder with a comment (e.g., "Are you still working on this question? This draft might be deleted if there is no further activity.")
2. If you notice the OP has not edited his/her proposed question or left a comment in more than a month, please flag the question for moderator attention (e.g., "This Sandbox question has been inactive for a month."). ***Please do not take it upon yourself to delete the OP's question.***
**Delete your comments when they no longer apply.** Please make it easy for others to see which comments are still relevant to the discussion by removing your obsolete comments. In addition you can ask a mod to [purge comments under graduated posts or move them to chat under abandoned posts](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/6231/28789) to make it easier for users that can see deleted posts to use the Sandbox.
**Please do not vote on proposed questions.** Questions in the Sandbox frequently change (it's why they're here) — and the moment they change your vote may no longer reflect your beliefs. It's unreasonable to expect mentors to constantly watch Sandbox questions and there is no automatic way (indeed, there's no way at all…) to notify voters when a question is edited. It is better to use comments. If you feel the question should be downvoted, explain the problem in a comment. If you feel the question is ready for the main site, say so in a comment. The dates on the comments allow other people to judge the relevance of your statements.
**Please do not answer questions here.** We know it's tempting, but answering the question in a comment will clog the comments and may not even be relevant to the final form of the question. If you have an answer for the proposed question, simply wait for it to be posted to the main site, and answer it there.
**Please do not edit a proposed question** unless you have the OP's permission to do so. The purpose of the Sandbox is two-fold: (a) to perfect a question and (b) to help users learn to craft good questions. If you jump in and fix a question you've subverted (b). Whenever possible, let the OP edit their proposed question. *Exception: If a question has been deleted but not properly cleaned up, help us out by editing the question to remove everything but the title. Thanks!*
**See the [Sandbox FAQ](http://meta.worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/q/639/2685) for more information on how to use the Sandbox.**
---
Maintenance
===========
This section is referred to when a new sandbox is created. [In order to make the Sandbox easier to use](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/3813/6507), a new Sandbox question will be posted when the old one becomes too full (between 75 and 100 sandbox questions).
***Whomever creates the new page:** be sure you want to be actively involved with the Sandbox, because until it gets replaced in the future, you'll be notified of every proposed question and every comment.*
**(A) Update this previous sandbox list:**
The previous sandbox post should be locked as obsolete by a moderator and renamed to "Inactive Sandbox [Date]." Please add a link to the top of the old sandbox page to the new Sandbox.
* [Inactive Sandbox 2019-2022](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/7183/40609)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2018](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6168)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2017-18](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4835)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2014-2017](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/635)
If there are active questions in the old Sandbox, leave a comment for the users indicating that the old sandbox is closing and they either need to wrap up (preferred) or re-post the question in the new Sandbox.
**(B) Update these links after the new Sandbox is created:**
* [Help Center/on-topic](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/help/on-topic) (This requires the help of a moderator)
* [Sandbox FAQ](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/639#640) (The Sandbox FAQ has two links to the currently active sandbox: one in the question proper and one in the answer the above link takes you to.)
* The sort-by-active link at the top of the new Sandbox.
* The current sandbox link in our "[Welcome to Worldbuilding.SE!](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6388/welcome-to-worldbuilding-se)" page.
* Update the [worldbuilding-process](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/worldbuilding-process "show questions tagged 'worldbuilding-process'") [Wiki page](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/tags/worldbuilding-process/info) to point to the new Sandbox page.
**(C) Create the "Graduated Question List" answer and mark it a "Community Wiki."** | 2022/12/11 | [
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/9981",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40609/"
] | **Graduated Questions List**
In accordance with [Sandbox policy](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/1728), answers containing graduated questions will be deleted. This answer is designed to be a repository for all those questions that have graduated. It is a community wiki answer, so add in your question here, at the end of the list, once it is posted on the main site! Position #1 is an example of how to do this to get the ball rolling.
1. [Sandbox for proposed Questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/9981/40609)
2. [How large of a magma chamber do I need to geothermally power a small city?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/241544/how-large-of-a-magma-chamber-do-i-need-to-geothermally-power-a-small-city)
3. [How can muscle atrophy due to long gestation in artificial wombs be avoided?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/242595/how-can-muscle-atrophy-due-to-long-gestation-in-artificial-wombs-be-avoided)
4. [Knocking Out Zombies](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/243674/knocking-out-zombies) | >
> **Foreword**
>
>
> I am posting this question in the sandbox because:
>
>
> 1. It is huge, and the chances I'm making some kind of mistake are correspondingly high.
> 2. It has a weird format for a question, and I'm not sure if there's a better way to construct it.
> 3. It may appear to some readers to be about brainstorming, and I would like to find out how common that perspective is and maybe have a chance to defend/explain, if necessary.
> 4. I really care about this question and want to give it the best chance it has.
>
>
> If you are able and willing to take the time to read it and give me feedback, thank you! I greatly appreciate it.
>
>
>
ForeverWorld: What problems require intervention?
=================================================
Abstract
--------
Suppose a god-like entity of some kind (Q from Star Trek? Stargate's Oma Desala? The Author of a fantasy world?) has an **earth-like world that he would like to preserve, roughly in its current kind of state, Forever.** Not just until the sun goes nova...Forever. Not just until the heat death of the universe...for actual ever. However, obviously, this will require various interventions. A planet like earth is always changing and evolving, and various entropies will eventually render it un-earthlike. **The goal of this question is to list all (or as many as are knowable) of the problems that would require intervention** for our Q-lookalike to maintain the planet in an earth-like state, Forever.
Scope and constraints
---------------------
* We are not concerned with the entity's powers or what kind of interventions he may or may not make. For the purposes of this question, we are only listing the problems that require intervention, not attempting to suggest the interventions themselves.
* We are concerned with problems that affect the planet itself, and by extension, its sun and moon. Problems affecting galaxies, stellar neighbourhoods, and the greater cosmos are out of scope for this question. We can pretend, if you like, that the sun, moon, and planet are the sole contents of an otherwise empty and stable infinite vacuum.
* If there are two or more related problems that seem like they would be solved by a single intervention, I would still like to list all of them. For example, the loss of the planet's plate tectonics and the loss of its magnetic field both result from the loss of convection in the mantle/core, but it's desirable to list all three problems--not just the loss of convection.
* Similarly, if there is a slow-acting problem that would only occur if other faster-acting problems were mitigated by unknown, "black-boxed" interventions, it's desirable to list this problem too. For example, if orbit-decay via gravity waves only becomes a problem long after the sun would have died, let's assume that an intervention prevents the sun from dying--so we *will* need to contend with the problem of orbital decay via gravity waves.
* We are not concerned with problems arising from the actions of humans or intelligent species and their impacts on the planet/moon/sun. These are simply out of scope for this question.
Helpful answers
---------------
I have listed as many effects as I can think of that meet these criteria. I've broken them down in categories and assigned them IDs so that other dependent effects can reference them. I've also indicated where I am uncertain if an effect is legitimate and invite correction.
A helpful answer will:
* Confirm, amend, correct or refute any relevant effects I've already listed
* Enumerate any additional effects I am missing; preferably categorizing and referencing other relevant effects
Effects list
------------
**Sun, Moon & Orbits**
1.1 Over time, the sun will run out of fuel for fusion; after forever, it will be dead and emit no light.
1.2 Over time, the sun will run out of fuel for fusion; after forever, it will have destroyed the planet via red giant stage and/or nova.
1.3 Over time, planet will transfer rotational energy into moon's orbit; after forever, the moon will be further away.
1.4 Over time, planet will transfer rotational energy into moon's orbit; after forever, the planet will be rotating slower.
1.5 Over time, planet & moon will lose orbital energy via friction with solar wind; after forever, the planet & moon will crash into the sun.
1.6 Over time, the moon will lose mass via spalling from solar wind; after forever, the moon will be destroyed. ***[Uncertain!]***
1.7 Over time, planet & moon will lose orbital energy via gravity waves; after forever, the planet & moon will crash into the sun. ***[Uncertain!]***
1.8 Over time, planet & moon will gain or lose orbital energy via light pressure; after forever, the planet & moon will crash into the sun or be moved to a different orbit. ***[Uncertain!]***
**Lithosphere & Core**
2.1 Over time, the planet's core and mantle will shed heat and cool; after forever, it will be dead and frozen.
2.2 Over time, the planet's radioactive elements will decay; after forever, there will be no more radioactive elements.
2.3 Over time, the planet's heavy elements will sink to the core; after forever, there will be no more heavy elements in the crust/mantle.
2.4 The planet's magnetic field depends on convection in the core; because of 2.1, it will lose its magnetic field.
2.5 The planet's tectonic movement depends on convection in the mantle; because of 2.1, it will lose its tectonic movement.
**Atmosphere**
3.1 Over time, hydrogen in the planet's atmosphere will escape into space; after forever, the atmosphere will have lost all its free hydrogen.
3.2 Over time, water in the planet's atmosphere is photolysed; because of 3.1, the atmosphere will lose all its water.
3.3 Over time, even molecules of heavier gasses occasionally escape into space; after forever, the atmosphere will escape into space. ***[Uncertain!]***
**Oceans**
4.1 Over time, the planet's oceans will accummulate salts; after forever, they will have a greatly increased salinity ***[Uncertain!]***
4.2 Over time, water in the ocean evaporates; because of 3.2, the oceans will disappear via evaporation.
**Land**
5.1 Many kinds of geographical features are formed by tectonics; because of 2.5; those kinds of features will stop occurring.
5.2 Some kinds of geographical features are formed by wind erosion; because of 3.3; those kinds of features will stop occurring.
5.3 Many kinds of geographical features are formed by water erosion; because of 4.2; those kinds of features will stop occurring.
**Biosphere**
*6.1 Evolution of life is an ongoing and non-cyclical process; after forever, ??? [Uncertain!]*
>
> This (6.1) is a weird one, and I expect to be asking about it in a separate question. Feel free to comment on it if you already know of relevant research or resources, but otherwise I expect it's better to wait for the dedicated question.
>
>
>
6.2 Life depends on many conditions; because of 3.3, 4.2, or several among 1.\*, life would die out. |
9,981 | ***The Sandbox works best if you sort posts by "active" (click [here](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/9981/40609?answertab=active) to do so).***
---
Welcome to the Sandbox!
=======================
This ["Sandbox"](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(software_development)) is a place where Worldbuilding.SE users can get feedback on prospective questions they wish to [post](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions). This is useful, because new and experienced users can have trouble writing a clear and fully specified question.
* There is a much better chance of your question being well received if you post it in the Sandbox first.
*If you're here to help mentor Sandbox questions (**THANK YOU!**), jump to the "Helping in the Sandbox" section. If this sandbox has grown too full, jump to the "Maintenance" section.*
---
Posting to the Sandbox
======================
**Please take the time to read through the [Help Center > Asking](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/help/asking) pages.** We know it's a lot to read, but those pages contain the rules our mentors are using to judge your proposed question. If you have not taken the time to read through them, we ask that you do. It would also be beneficial to read through our Meta posts about [high concept questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4868), [open-ended questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6654), and what "[primarily opinion-based](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6436#6437)" means on a creative site like Worldbuilding.SE.
**To post a question to the Sandbox:**
Post an answer to this post with the content of your proposed question. You can create as many answers as you have proposed questions, but it is recommended that you only work on one question at a time. The content of the post should be as close as possible to the format you would use when asking on the main site. If you would like, you may add a section at the bottom explaining what parts of the proposed question you are most worried about (See the [Sandbox FAQ](http://meta.worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/a/640/2685) for more information on suggested syntax).
**Once you have posted your proposed question,** users will be able to comment on it with feedback. You can then respond to their feedback with comments of your own, or make edits to your post to attempt to address their feedback (after editing, be sure to notify the user via a comment of your own, use *[@username](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/36026)* in your comment to make this happen). The feedback/edit cycle can go on for as long as needed until either you are confident that your question is ready to be asked on the main site, or you've decided the question just won't work.
* Please be patient. While most sandbox reviews can be completed in a couple of days, some questions may require a week or more for review.
**Finally, please ignore votes.** We've asked mentors to not vote for Sandbox questions because questions change here too frequently. Nevertheless, those index fingers hovering over left mouse buttons are trained to vote, so votes occasionally appear. Please completely ignore votes that happen to appear for your proposed question.
When your question is ready
---------------------------
1. [Post it to the main site](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/ask).
2. Add a link to your main-site post to the bottom of the "Graduated Questions" list. The list is the accepted answer to this post.
3. Edit your Sandbox post so that it only contains the title and a link to the main-site post. *Delete everything else.*
4. ***Delete all of your comments.***
5. Finally, delete your Sandbox post. Users with enough rep can still see the post, but it will be moved automatically to the bottom of the answer list, making this Sandbox easier to use.
If you abandon your question
----------------------------
Occasionally a Sandbox question is abandoned. While crafting the question, you may discover the answer. Or you may realize that the question's basic premise can't be expressed within the [rules of Worldbuilding.SE](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/8491/40609). You may also simply forget that you have a question in the Sandbox. If you decide to abandon the question:
1. Edit your Sandbox post so that it only contains the title and a notice (e.g., "Abandoned question."). *Delete everything else.*
2. ***Delete all of your comments.***
3. Finally, delete your Sandbox post. Users with enough rep can still see the post, but it will be moved automatically to the bottom of the answer list, making this Sandbox easier to use.
**Please be aware** that questions without activity (edits to your question or comments left by you) for more than one month may be judged abandoned and removed. We'll leave a comment or two to get your attention, but eventually, forgotten questions will be cleaned up and deleted.
---
Helping in the Sandbox
======================
We are sincerely grateful for the many users who help mentor questions and new users here in the Sandbox. Sharing your experience adds considerably to the quality and enjoyment of the site. We invite you to help us by adhering to the following policies.
**Keep the Sandbox clean.** In order to [keep the Sandbox clean](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2244/sandbox-cleanup) users are encouraged to [look out for questions that have not seen any activity in some time](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/4912/28789).
1. If you notice the OP has not edited his/her proposed question or left a comment in 2 or more weeks, please tap the OP on the shoulder with a comment (e.g., "Are you still working on this question? This draft might be deleted if there is no further activity.")
2. If you notice the OP has not edited his/her proposed question or left a comment in more than a month, please flag the question for moderator attention (e.g., "This Sandbox question has been inactive for a month."). ***Please do not take it upon yourself to delete the OP's question.***
**Delete your comments when they no longer apply.** Please make it easy for others to see which comments are still relevant to the discussion by removing your obsolete comments. In addition you can ask a mod to [purge comments under graduated posts or move them to chat under abandoned posts](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/6231/28789) to make it easier for users that can see deleted posts to use the Sandbox.
**Please do not vote on proposed questions.** Questions in the Sandbox frequently change (it's why they're here) — and the moment they change your vote may no longer reflect your beliefs. It's unreasonable to expect mentors to constantly watch Sandbox questions and there is no automatic way (indeed, there's no way at all…) to notify voters when a question is edited. It is better to use comments. If you feel the question should be downvoted, explain the problem in a comment. If you feel the question is ready for the main site, say so in a comment. The dates on the comments allow other people to judge the relevance of your statements.
**Please do not answer questions here.** We know it's tempting, but answering the question in a comment will clog the comments and may not even be relevant to the final form of the question. If you have an answer for the proposed question, simply wait for it to be posted to the main site, and answer it there.
**Please do not edit a proposed question** unless you have the OP's permission to do so. The purpose of the Sandbox is two-fold: (a) to perfect a question and (b) to help users learn to craft good questions. If you jump in and fix a question you've subverted (b). Whenever possible, let the OP edit their proposed question. *Exception: If a question has been deleted but not properly cleaned up, help us out by editing the question to remove everything but the title. Thanks!*
**See the [Sandbox FAQ](http://meta.worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/q/639/2685) for more information on how to use the Sandbox.**
---
Maintenance
===========
This section is referred to when a new sandbox is created. [In order to make the Sandbox easier to use](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/3813/6507), a new Sandbox question will be posted when the old one becomes too full (between 75 and 100 sandbox questions).
***Whomever creates the new page:** be sure you want to be actively involved with the Sandbox, because until it gets replaced in the future, you'll be notified of every proposed question and every comment.*
**(A) Update this previous sandbox list:**
The previous sandbox post should be locked as obsolete by a moderator and renamed to "Inactive Sandbox [Date]." Please add a link to the top of the old sandbox page to the new Sandbox.
* [Inactive Sandbox 2019-2022](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/7183/40609)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2018](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6168)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2017-18](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4835)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2014-2017](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/635)
If there are active questions in the old Sandbox, leave a comment for the users indicating that the old sandbox is closing and they either need to wrap up (preferred) or re-post the question in the new Sandbox.
**(B) Update these links after the new Sandbox is created:**
* [Help Center/on-topic](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/help/on-topic) (This requires the help of a moderator)
* [Sandbox FAQ](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/639#640) (The Sandbox FAQ has two links to the currently active sandbox: one in the question proper and one in the answer the above link takes you to.)
* The sort-by-active link at the top of the new Sandbox.
* The current sandbox link in our "[Welcome to Worldbuilding.SE!](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6388/welcome-to-worldbuilding-se)" page.
* Update the [worldbuilding-process](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/worldbuilding-process "show questions tagged 'worldbuilding-process'") [Wiki page](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/tags/worldbuilding-process/info) to point to the new Sandbox page.
**(C) Create the "Graduated Question List" answer and mark it a "Community Wiki."** | 2022/12/11 | [
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/9981",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40609/"
] | **Graduated Questions List**
In accordance with [Sandbox policy](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/1728), answers containing graduated questions will be deleted. This answer is designed to be a repository for all those questions that have graduated. It is a community wiki answer, so add in your question here, at the end of the list, once it is posted on the main site! Position #1 is an example of how to do this to get the ball rolling.
1. [Sandbox for proposed Questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/9981/40609)
2. [How large of a magma chamber do I need to geothermally power a small city?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/241544/how-large-of-a-magma-chamber-do-i-need-to-geothermally-power-a-small-city)
3. [How can muscle atrophy due to long gestation in artificial wombs be avoided?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/242595/how-can-muscle-atrophy-due-to-long-gestation-in-artificial-wombs-be-avoided)
4. [Knocking Out Zombies](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/243674/knocking-out-zombies) | **What's the next species to be domesticated by humans**
So, in my world-building project, 700 years in the future, humanity has advanced to the point of having a small interstellar empire. This is all just back story, I just want help writing this question:
What's the next species to be likely domesticated by humans?
* Foxes and Hedgehogs, domesticated in the 1950s and 1980s respectively, have at this point become common pets on earth, foxes being even popular alternatives to dogs in interstellar colonization do too (REASON UNDETERMINED)
* Personal candidates: Capybaras, reindeer (only partly domesticated), Corvids, Leopord Gekos, Bearded dragons, and most common Exotic pets
* I really have no idea on how to ask this question or even where in the wider Stack Exchange network this would really fit into |
9,981 | ***The Sandbox works best if you sort posts by "active" (click [here](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/9981/40609?answertab=active) to do so).***
---
Welcome to the Sandbox!
=======================
This ["Sandbox"](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(software_development)) is a place where Worldbuilding.SE users can get feedback on prospective questions they wish to [post](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions). This is useful, because new and experienced users can have trouble writing a clear and fully specified question.
* There is a much better chance of your question being well received if you post it in the Sandbox first.
*If you're here to help mentor Sandbox questions (**THANK YOU!**), jump to the "Helping in the Sandbox" section. If this sandbox has grown too full, jump to the "Maintenance" section.*
---
Posting to the Sandbox
======================
**Please take the time to read through the [Help Center > Asking](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/help/asking) pages.** We know it's a lot to read, but those pages contain the rules our mentors are using to judge your proposed question. If you have not taken the time to read through them, we ask that you do. It would also be beneficial to read through our Meta posts about [high concept questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4868), [open-ended questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6654), and what "[primarily opinion-based](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6436#6437)" means on a creative site like Worldbuilding.SE.
**To post a question to the Sandbox:**
Post an answer to this post with the content of your proposed question. You can create as many answers as you have proposed questions, but it is recommended that you only work on one question at a time. The content of the post should be as close as possible to the format you would use when asking on the main site. If you would like, you may add a section at the bottom explaining what parts of the proposed question you are most worried about (See the [Sandbox FAQ](http://meta.worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/a/640/2685) for more information on suggested syntax).
**Once you have posted your proposed question,** users will be able to comment on it with feedback. You can then respond to their feedback with comments of your own, or make edits to your post to attempt to address their feedback (after editing, be sure to notify the user via a comment of your own, use *[@username](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/36026)* in your comment to make this happen). The feedback/edit cycle can go on for as long as needed until either you are confident that your question is ready to be asked on the main site, or you've decided the question just won't work.
* Please be patient. While most sandbox reviews can be completed in a couple of days, some questions may require a week or more for review.
**Finally, please ignore votes.** We've asked mentors to not vote for Sandbox questions because questions change here too frequently. Nevertheless, those index fingers hovering over left mouse buttons are trained to vote, so votes occasionally appear. Please completely ignore votes that happen to appear for your proposed question.
When your question is ready
---------------------------
1. [Post it to the main site](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/ask).
2. Add a link to your main-site post to the bottom of the "Graduated Questions" list. The list is the accepted answer to this post.
3. Edit your Sandbox post so that it only contains the title and a link to the main-site post. *Delete everything else.*
4. ***Delete all of your comments.***
5. Finally, delete your Sandbox post. Users with enough rep can still see the post, but it will be moved automatically to the bottom of the answer list, making this Sandbox easier to use.
If you abandon your question
----------------------------
Occasionally a Sandbox question is abandoned. While crafting the question, you may discover the answer. Or you may realize that the question's basic premise can't be expressed within the [rules of Worldbuilding.SE](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/8491/40609). You may also simply forget that you have a question in the Sandbox. If you decide to abandon the question:
1. Edit your Sandbox post so that it only contains the title and a notice (e.g., "Abandoned question."). *Delete everything else.*
2. ***Delete all of your comments.***
3. Finally, delete your Sandbox post. Users with enough rep can still see the post, but it will be moved automatically to the bottom of the answer list, making this Sandbox easier to use.
**Please be aware** that questions without activity (edits to your question or comments left by you) for more than one month may be judged abandoned and removed. We'll leave a comment or two to get your attention, but eventually, forgotten questions will be cleaned up and deleted.
---
Helping in the Sandbox
======================
We are sincerely grateful for the many users who help mentor questions and new users here in the Sandbox. Sharing your experience adds considerably to the quality and enjoyment of the site. We invite you to help us by adhering to the following policies.
**Keep the Sandbox clean.** In order to [keep the Sandbox clean](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2244/sandbox-cleanup) users are encouraged to [look out for questions that have not seen any activity in some time](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/4912/28789).
1. If you notice the OP has not edited his/her proposed question or left a comment in 2 or more weeks, please tap the OP on the shoulder with a comment (e.g., "Are you still working on this question? This draft might be deleted if there is no further activity.")
2. If you notice the OP has not edited his/her proposed question or left a comment in more than a month, please flag the question for moderator attention (e.g., "This Sandbox question has been inactive for a month."). ***Please do not take it upon yourself to delete the OP's question.***
**Delete your comments when they no longer apply.** Please make it easy for others to see which comments are still relevant to the discussion by removing your obsolete comments. In addition you can ask a mod to [purge comments under graduated posts or move them to chat under abandoned posts](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/6231/28789) to make it easier for users that can see deleted posts to use the Sandbox.
**Please do not vote on proposed questions.** Questions in the Sandbox frequently change (it's why they're here) — and the moment they change your vote may no longer reflect your beliefs. It's unreasonable to expect mentors to constantly watch Sandbox questions and there is no automatic way (indeed, there's no way at all…) to notify voters when a question is edited. It is better to use comments. If you feel the question should be downvoted, explain the problem in a comment. If you feel the question is ready for the main site, say so in a comment. The dates on the comments allow other people to judge the relevance of your statements.
**Please do not answer questions here.** We know it's tempting, but answering the question in a comment will clog the comments and may not even be relevant to the final form of the question. If you have an answer for the proposed question, simply wait for it to be posted to the main site, and answer it there.
**Please do not edit a proposed question** unless you have the OP's permission to do so. The purpose of the Sandbox is two-fold: (a) to perfect a question and (b) to help users learn to craft good questions. If you jump in and fix a question you've subverted (b). Whenever possible, let the OP edit their proposed question. *Exception: If a question has been deleted but not properly cleaned up, help us out by editing the question to remove everything but the title. Thanks!*
**See the [Sandbox FAQ](http://meta.worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/q/639/2685) for more information on how to use the Sandbox.**
---
Maintenance
===========
This section is referred to when a new sandbox is created. [In order to make the Sandbox easier to use](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/3813/6507), a new Sandbox question will be posted when the old one becomes too full (between 75 and 100 sandbox questions).
***Whomever creates the new page:** be sure you want to be actively involved with the Sandbox, because until it gets replaced in the future, you'll be notified of every proposed question and every comment.*
**(A) Update this previous sandbox list:**
The previous sandbox post should be locked as obsolete by a moderator and renamed to "Inactive Sandbox [Date]." Please add a link to the top of the old sandbox page to the new Sandbox.
* [Inactive Sandbox 2019-2022](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/7183/40609)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2018](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6168)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2017-18](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4835)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2014-2017](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/635)
If there are active questions in the old Sandbox, leave a comment for the users indicating that the old sandbox is closing and they either need to wrap up (preferred) or re-post the question in the new Sandbox.
**(B) Update these links after the new Sandbox is created:**
* [Help Center/on-topic](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/help/on-topic) (This requires the help of a moderator)
* [Sandbox FAQ](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/639#640) (The Sandbox FAQ has two links to the currently active sandbox: one in the question proper and one in the answer the above link takes you to.)
* The sort-by-active link at the top of the new Sandbox.
* The current sandbox link in our "[Welcome to Worldbuilding.SE!](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6388/welcome-to-worldbuilding-se)" page.
* Update the [worldbuilding-process](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/worldbuilding-process "show questions tagged 'worldbuilding-process'") [Wiki page](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/tags/worldbuilding-process/info) to point to the new Sandbox page.
**(C) Create the "Graduated Question List" answer and mark it a "Community Wiki."** | 2022/12/11 | [
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/9981",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40609/"
] | **Graduated Questions List**
In accordance with [Sandbox policy](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/1728), answers containing graduated questions will be deleted. This answer is designed to be a repository for all those questions that have graduated. It is a community wiki answer, so add in your question here, at the end of the list, once it is posted on the main site! Position #1 is an example of how to do this to get the ball rolling.
1. [Sandbox for proposed Questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/9981/40609)
2. [How large of a magma chamber do I need to geothermally power a small city?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/241544/how-large-of-a-magma-chamber-do-i-need-to-geothermally-power-a-small-city)
3. [How can muscle atrophy due to long gestation in artificial wombs be avoided?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/242595/how-can-muscle-atrophy-due-to-long-gestation-in-artificial-wombs-be-avoided)
4. [Knocking Out Zombies](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/243674/knocking-out-zombies) | **Lengthening Earth’s Day/Night Cycle**
**Tags**
geophysics hard-science post-apocalypse humans science-based
**Proposed Question**
Which of these is the most scientifically plausible way to bring the Earth to a 28- to 30-hour day (i.e. rotation speed) in the “near future” (~200 years) for my post-apocalyptic, world-building concept?
* A. Asteroid impact?
* B. Neutron star fly-by?
* C. A closer moon?
* D. Internal disruption to Earth’s core (inner or outer)?
* E. Other?: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
NOTES:
• Killing off most (but not all) of humanity is not a problem; it’s preferred.
• Major geophysical disasters expected.
• Earth’s orbit may or may not be affected.
• Tidal locking NOT preferred.
• Reduction in magnetic field is expected.
**Sandbox Questions**
1. Is a multiple-choice-type question acceptable? The options are based on the research I’ve already done.
2. Is an open-ended “Other?” at the end acceptable?
3. I think this question works here in “Worldbuilding” as it’s the geophysics basis of the world being built, but if you think otherwise, let me know. |
9,981 | ***The Sandbox works best if you sort posts by "active" (click [here](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/9981/40609?answertab=active) to do so).***
---
Welcome to the Sandbox!
=======================
This ["Sandbox"](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(software_development)) is a place where Worldbuilding.SE users can get feedback on prospective questions they wish to [post](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions). This is useful, because new and experienced users can have trouble writing a clear and fully specified question.
* There is a much better chance of your question being well received if you post it in the Sandbox first.
*If you're here to help mentor Sandbox questions (**THANK YOU!**), jump to the "Helping in the Sandbox" section. If this sandbox has grown too full, jump to the "Maintenance" section.*
---
Posting to the Sandbox
======================
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---------------------------
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If you abandon your question
----------------------------
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---
Maintenance
===========
This section is referred to when a new sandbox is created. [In order to make the Sandbox easier to use](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/3813/6507), a new Sandbox question will be posted when the old one becomes too full (between 75 and 100 sandbox questions).
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* [Inactive Sandbox 2018](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6168)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2017-18](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4835)
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If there are active questions in the old Sandbox, leave a comment for the users indicating that the old sandbox is closing and they either need to wrap up (preferred) or re-post the question in the new Sandbox.
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* Update the [worldbuilding-process](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/worldbuilding-process "show questions tagged 'worldbuilding-process'") [Wiki page](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/tags/worldbuilding-process/info) to point to the new Sandbox page.
**(C) Create the "Graduated Question List" answer and mark it a "Community Wiki."** | 2022/12/11 | [
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/9981",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40609/"
] | How can I create a Lunar calendar for my community?
---------------------------------------------------
[time-keeping](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/time-keeping "show questions tagged 'time-keeping'") [prophecy](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/prophecy "show questions tagged 'prophecy'") [ancient-history](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/ancient-history "show questions tagged 'ancient-history'") [religion](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/religion "show questions tagged 'religion'")
I have a fictional clan of fortune tellers called the [Haruspex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruspex), based on an ancient Roman term for a person trained in the practice of divination. They have some Native American elements (such as tribal groups and membership based on [lineal decendency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineal_descendant)) and Romani/gypsy elements (they are nomadic and engage in fortune telling).
Some general background about the community:
* They follow a Lunar calendar and celebrate major celestial events like solstices and equinoxes. They believe in zodiacs and that zodiacs can affect one’s fate/destiny. Birthdays are celebrated every month, which really means not at all because they tend to be forgotten.
* Their lucky number is twelve:
+ Children are homeschooled in basic reading/writing/arithmetic and in divination until around age 11-12, at which point they are tested and accepted as a full-fledged member of the tribe.
+ There is a hierarchy which includes a Chief and twelve Sages that function as elders.
+ Each Sage specializes in one of 12 areas of divination, including astrology, scrying (crystal gazing), dream interpreting, etc. Members are sorted into one of these categories based on their birth month.
* They believe in Mother Nature and in a Devil. Their basic belief system that is that the celestial bodies (planets and stars) are the spiritual realm. (**Sandbox note:** I'm still adapting the belief system and will probably model it after the ancient Mayan system. I plan to ask about their religion in a separate question.)
* They are a Messianic tribe and believe a Savior will one day rise. However, there is a recorded prophecy that when the Savior arrives, Sages will die. The Sages believe my protagonist will become the Savior, based on their astrological calculations, and are terrified the prophecy will come true, so they take steps to control and manipulate my main character.
I want to create a Lunar calendar for my community, complete with holidays and rituals, but I’m at a loss as to how to go about it. I’ve researched the [Maya calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar) and might be interested in adapting it, but it seems like a complex system and I’m not sure where to start. Based on the beliefs I specified, how could I create a valid Lunar calendar for my tribe?
**Sandbox Questions**
1. How can I improve/adapt this question? Are my specifications clear?
2. Are the parameters for my community plausible? I know I combined several aspects of different cultures/belief systems in one, and I'm not sure if that makes it confusing for people who might already have certain associations with each system.
3. I intend to ask this as part of a series about this community, but as per SE guidelines, I'm limiting it to one question per post. Is it a problem if some of my questions may overlap, meaning I'll have to modify each question as I receive answers for others? Is it best to do this one question at a time? | >
> **Foreword**
>
>
> I am posting this question in the sandbox because:
>
>
> 1. It is huge, and the chances I'm making some kind of mistake are correspondingly high.
> 2. It has a weird format for a question, and I'm not sure if there's a better way to construct it.
> 3. It may appear to some readers to be about brainstorming, and I would like to find out how common that perspective is and maybe have a chance to defend/explain, if necessary.
> 4. I really care about this question and want to give it the best chance it has.
>
>
> If you are able and willing to take the time to read it and give me feedback, thank you! I greatly appreciate it.
>
>
>
ForeverWorld: What problems require intervention?
=================================================
Abstract
--------
Suppose a god-like entity of some kind (Q from Star Trek? Stargate's Oma Desala? The Author of a fantasy world?) has an **earth-like world that he would like to preserve, roughly in its current kind of state, Forever.** Not just until the sun goes nova...Forever. Not just until the heat death of the universe...for actual ever. However, obviously, this will require various interventions. A planet like earth is always changing and evolving, and various entropies will eventually render it un-earthlike. **The goal of this question is to list all (or as many as are knowable) of the problems that would require intervention** for our Q-lookalike to maintain the planet in an earth-like state, Forever.
Scope and constraints
---------------------
* We are not concerned with the entity's powers or what kind of interventions he may or may not make. For the purposes of this question, we are only listing the problems that require intervention, not attempting to suggest the interventions themselves.
* We are concerned with problems that affect the planet itself, and by extension, its sun and moon. Problems affecting galaxies, stellar neighbourhoods, and the greater cosmos are out of scope for this question. We can pretend, if you like, that the sun, moon, and planet are the sole contents of an otherwise empty and stable infinite vacuum.
* If there are two or more related problems that seem like they would be solved by a single intervention, I would still like to list all of them. For example, the loss of the planet's plate tectonics and the loss of its magnetic field both result from the loss of convection in the mantle/core, but it's desirable to list all three problems--not just the loss of convection.
* Similarly, if there is a slow-acting problem that would only occur if other faster-acting problems were mitigated by unknown, "black-boxed" interventions, it's desirable to list this problem too. For example, if orbit-decay via gravity waves only becomes a problem long after the sun would have died, let's assume that an intervention prevents the sun from dying--so we *will* need to contend with the problem of orbital decay via gravity waves.
* We are not concerned with problems arising from the actions of humans or intelligent species and their impacts on the planet/moon/sun. These are simply out of scope for this question.
Helpful answers
---------------
I have listed as many effects as I can think of that meet these criteria. I've broken them down in categories and assigned them IDs so that other dependent effects can reference them. I've also indicated where I am uncertain if an effect is legitimate and invite correction.
A helpful answer will:
* Confirm, amend, correct or refute any relevant effects I've already listed
* Enumerate any additional effects I am missing; preferably categorizing and referencing other relevant effects
Effects list
------------
**Sun, Moon & Orbits**
1.1 Over time, the sun will run out of fuel for fusion; after forever, it will be dead and emit no light.
1.2 Over time, the sun will run out of fuel for fusion; after forever, it will have destroyed the planet via red giant stage and/or nova.
1.3 Over time, planet will transfer rotational energy into moon's orbit; after forever, the moon will be further away.
1.4 Over time, planet will transfer rotational energy into moon's orbit; after forever, the planet will be rotating slower.
1.5 Over time, planet & moon will lose orbital energy via friction with solar wind; after forever, the planet & moon will crash into the sun.
1.6 Over time, the moon will lose mass via spalling from solar wind; after forever, the moon will be destroyed. ***[Uncertain!]***
1.7 Over time, planet & moon will lose orbital energy via gravity waves; after forever, the planet & moon will crash into the sun. ***[Uncertain!]***
1.8 Over time, planet & moon will gain or lose orbital energy via light pressure; after forever, the planet & moon will crash into the sun or be moved to a different orbit. ***[Uncertain!]***
**Lithosphere & Core**
2.1 Over time, the planet's core and mantle will shed heat and cool; after forever, it will be dead and frozen.
2.2 Over time, the planet's radioactive elements will decay; after forever, there will be no more radioactive elements.
2.3 Over time, the planet's heavy elements will sink to the core; after forever, there will be no more heavy elements in the crust/mantle.
2.4 The planet's magnetic field depends on convection in the core; because of 2.1, it will lose its magnetic field.
2.5 The planet's tectonic movement depends on convection in the mantle; because of 2.1, it will lose its tectonic movement.
**Atmosphere**
3.1 Over time, hydrogen in the planet's atmosphere will escape into space; after forever, the atmosphere will have lost all its free hydrogen.
3.2 Over time, water in the planet's atmosphere is photolysed; because of 3.1, the atmosphere will lose all its water.
3.3 Over time, even molecules of heavier gasses occasionally escape into space; after forever, the atmosphere will escape into space. ***[Uncertain!]***
**Oceans**
4.1 Over time, the planet's oceans will accummulate salts; after forever, they will have a greatly increased salinity ***[Uncertain!]***
4.2 Over time, water in the ocean evaporates; because of 3.2, the oceans will disappear via evaporation.
**Land**
5.1 Many kinds of geographical features are formed by tectonics; because of 2.5; those kinds of features will stop occurring.
5.2 Some kinds of geographical features are formed by wind erosion; because of 3.3; those kinds of features will stop occurring.
5.3 Many kinds of geographical features are formed by water erosion; because of 4.2; those kinds of features will stop occurring.
**Biosphere**
*6.1 Evolution of life is an ongoing and non-cyclical process; after forever, ??? [Uncertain!]*
>
> This (6.1) is a weird one, and I expect to be asking about it in a separate question. Feel free to comment on it if you already know of relevant research or resources, but otherwise I expect it's better to wait for the dedicated question.
>
>
>
6.2 Life depends on many conditions; because of 3.3, 4.2, or several among 1.\*, life would die out. |
9,981 | ***The Sandbox works best if you sort posts by "active" (click [here](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/9981/40609?answertab=active) to do so).***
---
Welcome to the Sandbox!
=======================
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---
Posting to the Sandbox
======================
**Please take the time to read through the [Help Center > Asking](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/help/asking) pages.** We know it's a lot to read, but those pages contain the rules our mentors are using to judge your proposed question. If you have not taken the time to read through them, we ask that you do. It would also be beneficial to read through our Meta posts about [high concept questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4868), [open-ended questions](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6654), and what "[primarily opinion-based](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6436#6437)" means on a creative site like Worldbuilding.SE.
**To post a question to the Sandbox:**
Post an answer to this post with the content of your proposed question. You can create as many answers as you have proposed questions, but it is recommended that you only work on one question at a time. The content of the post should be as close as possible to the format you would use when asking on the main site. If you would like, you may add a section at the bottom explaining what parts of the proposed question you are most worried about (See the [Sandbox FAQ](http://meta.worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/a/640/2685) for more information on suggested syntax).
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* Please be patient. While most sandbox reviews can be completed in a couple of days, some questions may require a week or more for review.
**Finally, please ignore votes.** We've asked mentors to not vote for Sandbox questions because questions change here too frequently. Nevertheless, those index fingers hovering over left mouse buttons are trained to vote, so votes occasionally appear. Please completely ignore votes that happen to appear for your proposed question.
When your question is ready
---------------------------
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5. Finally, delete your Sandbox post. Users with enough rep can still see the post, but it will be moved automatically to the bottom of the answer list, making this Sandbox easier to use.
If you abandon your question
----------------------------
Occasionally a Sandbox question is abandoned. While crafting the question, you may discover the answer. Or you may realize that the question's basic premise can't be expressed within the [rules of Worldbuilding.SE](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/8491/40609). You may also simply forget that you have a question in the Sandbox. If you decide to abandon the question:
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**Please be aware** that questions without activity (edits to your question or comments left by you) for more than one month may be judged abandoned and removed. We'll leave a comment or two to get your attention, but eventually, forgotten questions will be cleaned up and deleted.
---
Helping in the Sandbox
======================
We are sincerely grateful for the many users who help mentor questions and new users here in the Sandbox. Sharing your experience adds considerably to the quality and enjoyment of the site. We invite you to help us by adhering to the following policies.
**Keep the Sandbox clean.** In order to [keep the Sandbox clean](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2244/sandbox-cleanup) users are encouraged to [look out for questions that have not seen any activity in some time](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/4912/28789).
1. If you notice the OP has not edited his/her proposed question or left a comment in 2 or more weeks, please tap the OP on the shoulder with a comment (e.g., "Are you still working on this question? This draft might be deleted if there is no further activity.")
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**Delete your comments when they no longer apply.** Please make it easy for others to see which comments are still relevant to the discussion by removing your obsolete comments. In addition you can ask a mod to [purge comments under graduated posts or move them to chat under abandoned posts](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/6231/28789) to make it easier for users that can see deleted posts to use the Sandbox.
**Please do not vote on proposed questions.** Questions in the Sandbox frequently change (it's why they're here) — and the moment they change your vote may no longer reflect your beliefs. It's unreasonable to expect mentors to constantly watch Sandbox questions and there is no automatic way (indeed, there's no way at all…) to notify voters when a question is edited. It is better to use comments. If you feel the question should be downvoted, explain the problem in a comment. If you feel the question is ready for the main site, say so in a comment. The dates on the comments allow other people to judge the relevance of your statements.
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Maintenance
===========
This section is referred to when a new sandbox is created. [In order to make the Sandbox easier to use](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/a/3813/6507), a new Sandbox question will be posted when the old one becomes too full (between 75 and 100 sandbox questions).
***Whomever creates the new page:** be sure you want to be actively involved with the Sandbox, because until it gets replaced in the future, you'll be notified of every proposed question and every comment.*
**(A) Update this previous sandbox list:**
The previous sandbox post should be locked as obsolete by a moderator and renamed to "Inactive Sandbox [Date]." Please add a link to the top of the old sandbox page to the new Sandbox.
* [Inactive Sandbox 2019-2022](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/7183/40609)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2018](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6168)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2017-18](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4835)
* [Inactive Sandbox 2014-2017](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/635)
If there are active questions in the old Sandbox, leave a comment for the users indicating that the old sandbox is closing and they either need to wrap up (preferred) or re-post the question in the new Sandbox.
**(B) Update these links after the new Sandbox is created:**
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* The sort-by-active link at the top of the new Sandbox.
* The current sandbox link in our "[Welcome to Worldbuilding.SE!](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6388/welcome-to-worldbuilding-se)" page.
* Update the [worldbuilding-process](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/worldbuilding-process "show questions tagged 'worldbuilding-process'") [Wiki page](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/tags/worldbuilding-process/info) to point to the new Sandbox page.
**(C) Create the "Graduated Question List" answer and mark it a "Community Wiki."** | 2022/12/11 | [
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/9981",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40609/"
] | How can I create a Lunar calendar for my community?
---------------------------------------------------
[time-keeping](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/time-keeping "show questions tagged 'time-keeping'") [prophecy](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/prophecy "show questions tagged 'prophecy'") [ancient-history](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/ancient-history "show questions tagged 'ancient-history'") [religion](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/religion "show questions tagged 'religion'")
I have a fictional clan of fortune tellers called the [Haruspex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruspex), based on an ancient Roman term for a person trained in the practice of divination. They have some Native American elements (such as tribal groups and membership based on [lineal decendency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineal_descendant)) and Romani/gypsy elements (they are nomadic and engage in fortune telling).
Some general background about the community:
* They follow a Lunar calendar and celebrate major celestial events like solstices and equinoxes. They believe in zodiacs and that zodiacs can affect one’s fate/destiny. Birthdays are celebrated every month, which really means not at all because they tend to be forgotten.
* Their lucky number is twelve:
+ Children are homeschooled in basic reading/writing/arithmetic and in divination until around age 11-12, at which point they are tested and accepted as a full-fledged member of the tribe.
+ There is a hierarchy which includes a Chief and twelve Sages that function as elders.
+ Each Sage specializes in one of 12 areas of divination, including astrology, scrying (crystal gazing), dream interpreting, etc. Members are sorted into one of these categories based on their birth month.
* They believe in Mother Nature and in a Devil. Their basic belief system that is that the celestial bodies (planets and stars) are the spiritual realm. (**Sandbox note:** I'm still adapting the belief system and will probably model it after the ancient Mayan system. I plan to ask about their religion in a separate question.)
* They are a Messianic tribe and believe a Savior will one day rise. However, there is a recorded prophecy that when the Savior arrives, Sages will die. The Sages believe my protagonist will become the Savior, based on their astrological calculations, and are terrified the prophecy will come true, so they take steps to control and manipulate my main character.
I want to create a Lunar calendar for my community, complete with holidays and rituals, but I’m at a loss as to how to go about it. I’ve researched the [Maya calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar) and might be interested in adapting it, but it seems like a complex system and I’m not sure where to start. Based on the beliefs I specified, how could I create a valid Lunar calendar for my tribe?
**Sandbox Questions**
1. How can I improve/adapt this question? Are my specifications clear?
2. Are the parameters for my community plausible? I know I combined several aspects of different cultures/belief systems in one, and I'm not sure if that makes it confusing for people who might already have certain associations with each system.
3. I intend to ask this as part of a series about this community, but as per SE guidelines, I'm limiting it to one question per post. Is it a problem if some of my questions may overlap, meaning I'll have to modify each question as I receive answers for others? Is it best to do this one question at a time? | **What's the next species to be domesticated by humans**
So, in my world-building project, 700 years in the future, humanity has advanced to the point of having a small interstellar empire. This is all just back story, I just want help writing this question:
What's the next species to be likely domesticated by humans?
* Foxes and Hedgehogs, domesticated in the 1950s and 1980s respectively, have at this point become common pets on earth, foxes being even popular alternatives to dogs in interstellar colonization do too (REASON UNDETERMINED)
* Personal candidates: Capybaras, reindeer (only partly domesticated), Corvids, Leopord Gekos, Bearded dragons, and most common Exotic pets
* I really have no idea on how to ask this question or even where in the wider Stack Exchange network this would really fit into |
9,981 | ***The Sandbox works best if you sort posts by "active" (click [here](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/q/9981/40609?answertab=active) to do so).***
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***Whomever creates the new page:** be sure you want to be actively involved with the Sandbox, because until it gets replaced in the future, you'll be notified of every proposed question and every comment.*
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The previous sandbox post should be locked as obsolete by a moderator and renamed to "Inactive Sandbox [Date]." Please add a link to the top of the old sandbox page to the new Sandbox.
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If there are active questions in the old Sandbox, leave a comment for the users indicating that the old sandbox is closing and they either need to wrap up (preferred) or re-post the question in the new Sandbox.
**(B) Update these links after the new Sandbox is created:**
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* The sort-by-active link at the top of the new Sandbox.
* The current sandbox link in our "[Welcome to Worldbuilding.SE!](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6388/welcome-to-worldbuilding-se)" page.
* Update the [worldbuilding-process](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/worldbuilding-process "show questions tagged 'worldbuilding-process'") [Wiki page](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/tags/worldbuilding-process/info) to point to the new Sandbox page.
**(C) Create the "Graduated Question List" answer and mark it a "Community Wiki."** | 2022/12/11 | [
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/9981",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40609/"
] | How can I create a Lunar calendar for my community?
---------------------------------------------------
[time-keeping](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/time-keeping "show questions tagged 'time-keeping'") [prophecy](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/prophecy "show questions tagged 'prophecy'") [ancient-history](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/ancient-history "show questions tagged 'ancient-history'") [religion](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/religion "show questions tagged 'religion'")
I have a fictional clan of fortune tellers called the [Haruspex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruspex), based on an ancient Roman term for a person trained in the practice of divination. They have some Native American elements (such as tribal groups and membership based on [lineal decendency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineal_descendant)) and Romani/gypsy elements (they are nomadic and engage in fortune telling).
Some general background about the community:
* They follow a Lunar calendar and celebrate major celestial events like solstices and equinoxes. They believe in zodiacs and that zodiacs can affect one’s fate/destiny. Birthdays are celebrated every month, which really means not at all because they tend to be forgotten.
* Their lucky number is twelve:
+ Children are homeschooled in basic reading/writing/arithmetic and in divination until around age 11-12, at which point they are tested and accepted as a full-fledged member of the tribe.
+ There is a hierarchy which includes a Chief and twelve Sages that function as elders.
+ Each Sage specializes in one of 12 areas of divination, including astrology, scrying (crystal gazing), dream interpreting, etc. Members are sorted into one of these categories based on their birth month.
* They believe in Mother Nature and in a Devil. Their basic belief system that is that the celestial bodies (planets and stars) are the spiritual realm. (**Sandbox note:** I'm still adapting the belief system and will probably model it after the ancient Mayan system. I plan to ask about their religion in a separate question.)
* They are a Messianic tribe and believe a Savior will one day rise. However, there is a recorded prophecy that when the Savior arrives, Sages will die. The Sages believe my protagonist will become the Savior, based on their astrological calculations, and are terrified the prophecy will come true, so they take steps to control and manipulate my main character.
I want to create a Lunar calendar for my community, complete with holidays and rituals, but I’m at a loss as to how to go about it. I’ve researched the [Maya calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar) and might be interested in adapting it, but it seems like a complex system and I’m not sure where to start. Based on the beliefs I specified, how could I create a valid Lunar calendar for my tribe?
**Sandbox Questions**
1. How can I improve/adapt this question? Are my specifications clear?
2. Are the parameters for my community plausible? I know I combined several aspects of different cultures/belief systems in one, and I'm not sure if that makes it confusing for people who might already have certain associations with each system.
3. I intend to ask this as part of a series about this community, but as per SE guidelines, I'm limiting it to one question per post. Is it a problem if some of my questions may overlap, meaning I'll have to modify each question as I receive answers for others? Is it best to do this one question at a time? | **Lengthening Earth’s Day/Night Cycle**
**Tags**
geophysics hard-science post-apocalypse humans science-based
**Proposed Question**
Which of these is the most scientifically plausible way to bring the Earth to a 28- to 30-hour day (i.e. rotation speed) in the “near future” (~200 years) for my post-apocalyptic, world-building concept?
* A. Asteroid impact?
* B. Neutron star fly-by?
* C. A closer moon?
* D. Internal disruption to Earth’s core (inner or outer)?
* E. Other?: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
NOTES:
• Killing off most (but not all) of humanity is not a problem; it’s preferred.
• Major geophysical disasters expected.
• Earth’s orbit may or may not be affected.
• Tidal locking NOT preferred.
• Reduction in magnetic field is expected.
**Sandbox Questions**
1. Is a multiple-choice-type question acceptable? The options are based on the research I’ve already done.
2. Is an open-ended “Other?” at the end acceptable?
3. I think this question works here in “Worldbuilding” as it’s the geophysics basis of the world being built, but if you think otherwise, let me know. |
114,292 | I have only basic knowledge of the TeX internals, so I hope what I am saying here is not complete nonsense. If I understand correctly, in TeX, horizontal positioning / line breaking is done using a rather advanced algorithm based on a paragraph-level optimization (Knuth-Plass); it allows for concepts such as glue and line break penalties, and gives considerably better results than the more naive approach of, say, MS Word.
On the other hand, I seem to understand that nothing similar is used for *vertical* positioning of text. Lines are shipped out as soon as they are done and pages are filled using the obvious greedy algorithm. Widows and orphans are handled using special tricks.
[EDIT: this is not entirely correct, see [Hendrik Vogt's answer](https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/115563/1371) below --- there is an optimization algorithm involved, although it's only local optimization over a single page and not KP]
So, a question arises naturally to me:
>
> why isn't something similar to Knuth-Plass used also for page breaks and the vertical layout of text? Are there major complications?
>
>
> | 2013/05/14 | [
"https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/114292",
"https://tex.stackexchange.com",
"https://tex.stackexchange.com/users/1371/"
] | this was addressed by Knuth in a q&a session in st. petersburg, florida, published in tugboat:
- [TUG'95: Questions and Answers with Prof. Donald E. Knuth](http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb17-1/tb50knut.pdf), pp.18 (bottom of column 2) - 20; the session was republished in *Digital Typography*, with the relevant question starting on p.594.
the page-breaking problem was also the subject of Michael Plass' dissertation, [Optimal Pagination Techniques for Automatic Typesetting Systems](https://www.tug.org/docs/plass/plass-thesis.pdf), posted on the tug web site. | It was proved by Plass, that the page breaking problem can be NP-complete. Computers were about 10^4 times slower than nowadays, so it was a problem. |
114,292 | I have only basic knowledge of the TeX internals, so I hope what I am saying here is not complete nonsense. If I understand correctly, in TeX, horizontal positioning / line breaking is done using a rather advanced algorithm based on a paragraph-level optimization (Knuth-Plass); it allows for concepts such as glue and line break penalties, and gives considerably better results than the more naive approach of, say, MS Word.
On the other hand, I seem to understand that nothing similar is used for *vertical* positioning of text. Lines are shipped out as soon as they are done and pages are filled using the obvious greedy algorithm. Widows and orphans are handled using special tricks.
[EDIT: this is not entirely correct, see [Hendrik Vogt's answer](https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/115563/1371) below --- there is an optimization algorithm involved, although it's only local optimization over a single page and not KP]
So, a question arises naturally to me:
>
> why isn't something similar to Knuth-Plass used also for page breaks and the vertical layout of text? Are there major complications?
>
>
> | 2013/05/14 | [
"https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/114292",
"https://tex.stackexchange.com",
"https://tex.stackexchange.com/users/1371/"
] | It was proved by Plass, that the page breaking problem can be NP-complete. Computers were about 10^4 times slower than nowadays, so it was a problem. | I wrote a [typesetting system](https://github.com/lkesteloot/teamten/tree/master/src/main/java/com/teamten/typeset) that uses Knuth-Plass for both horizontal and vertical mode. Using it for vertical mode made some things more complex than they would have been otherwise. (For example, a page break to an odd page, switching number of columns, or positioning footnotes.) But I was able to specify things like "Try to put images on the same spread as the image reference". Also I was able to avoid breaking footnotes altogether. These things are really only possible later in a chapter, so it's of limited use. |
114,292 | I have only basic knowledge of the TeX internals, so I hope what I am saying here is not complete nonsense. If I understand correctly, in TeX, horizontal positioning / line breaking is done using a rather advanced algorithm based on a paragraph-level optimization (Knuth-Plass); it allows for concepts such as glue and line break penalties, and gives considerably better results than the more naive approach of, say, MS Word.
On the other hand, I seem to understand that nothing similar is used for *vertical* positioning of text. Lines are shipped out as soon as they are done and pages are filled using the obvious greedy algorithm. Widows and orphans are handled using special tricks.
[EDIT: this is not entirely correct, see [Hendrik Vogt's answer](https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/115563/1371) below --- there is an optimization algorithm involved, although it's only local optimization over a single page and not KP]
So, a question arises naturally to me:
>
> why isn't something similar to Knuth-Plass used also for page breaks and the vertical layout of text? Are there major complications?
>
>
> | 2013/05/14 | [
"https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/114292",
"https://tex.stackexchange.com",
"https://tex.stackexchange.com/users/1371/"
] | this was addressed by Knuth in a q&a session in st. petersburg, florida, published in tugboat:
- [TUG'95: Questions and Answers with Prof. Donald E. Knuth](http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb17-1/tb50knut.pdf), pp.18 (bottom of column 2) - 20; the session was republished in *Digital Typography*, with the relevant question starting on p.594.
the page-breaking problem was also the subject of Michael Plass' dissertation, [Optimal Pagination Techniques for Automatic Typesetting Systems](https://www.tug.org/docs/plass/plass-thesis.pdf), posted on the tug web site. | Your assumption isn't *quite* correct, TeX doesn't simply use a greedy algorithm to fill pages. Each page break is chosen in such a way that *at this point* it is optimal. In order to achieve this, TeX actually typesets more material than would fit on the page and then chooses the break with the smallest badness. For example, if there's some vertical space that can be stretched or shrunk, then widows and orphans can be avoided in most cases. Or TeX uses the available shrink to fit not only a section header but also the first two lines of the corresponding section onto the current page.
What TeX does *not* do is optimizing over the *whole set* of page breaks. So it can happen that the first page break is just great, but only at the price of the second one being lousy; TeX doesn't look as far ahead as the *next* page break. The main reason for this seems to be memory constraints of the computers at the time TeX was designed. From the TeXbook, page 110:
>
> TeX breaks lists of lines into pages by computing badness ratings and penalties, more or less as it does when breaking paragraphs into lines. But pages are made up one at a time and removed from TeX’s memory; there is no looking ahead to see how one page break will affect the next one. In other words, TeX uses a special method to find the optimum breakpoints for the lines in an entire paragraph, but it doesn’t attempt to find the optimum breakpoints for the pages in an entire document. The computer doesn’t have enough high-speed memory capacity to remember the contents of several pages, so TeX simply chooses each page break as best it can, by a process of “local” rather than “global” optimization.
>
>
>
It appears that the typesetting system [Lout](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/lout/index.php?title=FAQ) does some optimization of page breaks over several pages:
>
> Lout uses Knuth's (the author of TeX, on which LaTeX is based) optimal line breaking algorithm, and has extended it to paragraph breaking across pages.
>
>
> |
114,292 | I have only basic knowledge of the TeX internals, so I hope what I am saying here is not complete nonsense. If I understand correctly, in TeX, horizontal positioning / line breaking is done using a rather advanced algorithm based on a paragraph-level optimization (Knuth-Plass); it allows for concepts such as glue and line break penalties, and gives considerably better results than the more naive approach of, say, MS Word.
On the other hand, I seem to understand that nothing similar is used for *vertical* positioning of text. Lines are shipped out as soon as they are done and pages are filled using the obvious greedy algorithm. Widows and orphans are handled using special tricks.
[EDIT: this is not entirely correct, see [Hendrik Vogt's answer](https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/115563/1371) below --- there is an optimization algorithm involved, although it's only local optimization over a single page and not KP]
So, a question arises naturally to me:
>
> why isn't something similar to Knuth-Plass used also for page breaks and the vertical layout of text? Are there major complications?
>
>
> | 2013/05/14 | [
"https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/114292",
"https://tex.stackexchange.com",
"https://tex.stackexchange.com/users/1371/"
] | this was addressed by Knuth in a q&a session in st. petersburg, florida, published in tugboat:
- [TUG'95: Questions and Answers with Prof. Donald E. Knuth](http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb17-1/tb50knut.pdf), pp.18 (bottom of column 2) - 20; the session was republished in *Digital Typography*, with the relevant question starting on p.594.
the page-breaking problem was also the subject of Michael Plass' dissertation, [Optimal Pagination Techniques for Automatic Typesetting Systems](https://www.tug.org/docs/plass/plass-thesis.pdf), posted on the tug web site. | I wrote a [typesetting system](https://github.com/lkesteloot/teamten/tree/master/src/main/java/com/teamten/typeset) that uses Knuth-Plass for both horizontal and vertical mode. Using it for vertical mode made some things more complex than they would have been otherwise. (For example, a page break to an odd page, switching number of columns, or positioning footnotes.) But I was able to specify things like "Try to put images on the same spread as the image reference". Also I was able to avoid breaking footnotes altogether. These things are really only possible later in a chapter, so it's of limited use. |
114,292 | I have only basic knowledge of the TeX internals, so I hope what I am saying here is not complete nonsense. If I understand correctly, in TeX, horizontal positioning / line breaking is done using a rather advanced algorithm based on a paragraph-level optimization (Knuth-Plass); it allows for concepts such as glue and line break penalties, and gives considerably better results than the more naive approach of, say, MS Word.
On the other hand, I seem to understand that nothing similar is used for *vertical* positioning of text. Lines are shipped out as soon as they are done and pages are filled using the obvious greedy algorithm. Widows and orphans are handled using special tricks.
[EDIT: this is not entirely correct, see [Hendrik Vogt's answer](https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/115563/1371) below --- there is an optimization algorithm involved, although it's only local optimization over a single page and not KP]
So, a question arises naturally to me:
>
> why isn't something similar to Knuth-Plass used also for page breaks and the vertical layout of text? Are there major complications?
>
>
> | 2013/05/14 | [
"https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/114292",
"https://tex.stackexchange.com",
"https://tex.stackexchange.com/users/1371/"
] | Your assumption isn't *quite* correct, TeX doesn't simply use a greedy algorithm to fill pages. Each page break is chosen in such a way that *at this point* it is optimal. In order to achieve this, TeX actually typesets more material than would fit on the page and then chooses the break with the smallest badness. For example, if there's some vertical space that can be stretched or shrunk, then widows and orphans can be avoided in most cases. Or TeX uses the available shrink to fit not only a section header but also the first two lines of the corresponding section onto the current page.
What TeX does *not* do is optimizing over the *whole set* of page breaks. So it can happen that the first page break is just great, but only at the price of the second one being lousy; TeX doesn't look as far ahead as the *next* page break. The main reason for this seems to be memory constraints of the computers at the time TeX was designed. From the TeXbook, page 110:
>
> TeX breaks lists of lines into pages by computing badness ratings and penalties, more or less as it does when breaking paragraphs into lines. But pages are made up one at a time and removed from TeX’s memory; there is no looking ahead to see how one page break will affect the next one. In other words, TeX uses a special method to find the optimum breakpoints for the lines in an entire paragraph, but it doesn’t attempt to find the optimum breakpoints for the pages in an entire document. The computer doesn’t have enough high-speed memory capacity to remember the contents of several pages, so TeX simply chooses each page break as best it can, by a process of “local” rather than “global” optimization.
>
>
>
It appears that the typesetting system [Lout](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/lout/index.php?title=FAQ) does some optimization of page breaks over several pages:
>
> Lout uses Knuth's (the author of TeX, on which LaTeX is based) optimal line breaking algorithm, and has extended it to paragraph breaking across pages.
>
>
> | I wrote a [typesetting system](https://github.com/lkesteloot/teamten/tree/master/src/main/java/com/teamten/typeset) that uses Knuth-Plass for both horizontal and vertical mode. Using it for vertical mode made some things more complex than they would have been otherwise. (For example, a page break to an odd page, switching number of columns, or positioning footnotes.) But I was able to specify things like "Try to put images on the same spread as the image reference". Also I was able to avoid breaking footnotes altogether. These things are really only possible later in a chapter, so it's of limited use. |
84,902 | I have a high-hitpoint character who barges down hallways without regard to traps because that's what His Guy would do. In reality, he's metagaming: doing this because he knows he has the HPs to soak up the damage.
I call it metagaming because he's using his knowledge of trap damage (from a mechanics perspective) and history from other games (where traps are often "props" that do trivial damage) to make decisions for his character.
Of course I could make them spectacularly painful/deadly but the underlying problem is he's taking away from other characters who enjoy finding and disarming traps. If I make them deadly enough to hurt him then it will likely kill the squishier types.
In a perfect world I could discuss this with him privately but there are real life group politics I have to deal with.
Is there an in-game way to curb this behavior and help transition trap handling to those who prefer a more subtle approach? | 2016/07/29 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/84902",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/22265/"
] | ***Option One:*** This really isn't a problem. The other players aren't complaining, and so we can see that this is not really that big a deal. Relax, go with the flow, and chuckle along with the group when a 60-pound block of stone drops on his head, the player and stone both freeze briefly, and then the stone splits cleanly down the middle and the fighter carries on as if he hasn't even noticed.
(Obviously this option is written in the form of assuming itself to be true. If the assumptions are wrong, then so is the rest of this option.)
***Option Two:***
If he is *effectively-immune* to the traps, due to the nature of the traps (not dealing significant enough damage, having no lasting effects, etc), then the immediate problem is the nature of the traps.
* Poison traps (ongoing damage)
* Crippling traps (reduced speed, reduced ability to fight, etc)
* Ability-damage traps (especially Con - attack the *source* of the HP...)
* Trapping traps (Making him *stuck* until the trap is disarmed, possibly taking ongoing damage as he struggles.)
* Movement traps (that send him somewhere else)
If he doesn't get the hint, double them up. Get him stuck in a trap that causes ongoing Con damage after dropping him into a pit. And then suddenly the rat-swarm surges out of the little holes in the walls, and he can't move to defend himself. But that's ok, the lowering ceiling with the poisonous spikes embedded in it will crush all the rats that stick around.
"Ok fine. How much damage?"
"All of it. It kills you."
"Yea but how much--"
"Every single hp. Take all the HP you have left, then add all the possible amount of damage you could resist with your best rolls, then add a hundred for a safety margin, and then double it just because you asked twice. And then the flame-jets start up, to take care of anything left."
"It's too bad, the rogue would have spotted it easily, if you hadn't just gone tramping down the hall like a dire-elephant."
*ehem!* "Suddenly you jerk to wakefulness, slowly realizing it was a dream. But it lingers in your mind. If -you- could think of such a horrifying trap, what would stop others from doing so?"
A party's resources are finite. The casters only have so many spell slots they can prepare healing spells in. The Wands of Cure Light will run out eventually. The portable hole full of potions still has a certain real number of potions in it. You can only take 1 Long Rest per day. And so on.
If you change the nature of the traps to very-high damage, but low-DC to spot and disable, it clearly becomes a matter of one character disproportionately using up the party's recovery resources at an artificially high rate, when it would require less (or none) if the party didn't simply blunder straight into every trap.
***Option Three:*** Invert the question! (bet you thought it was done after that wall of text!)
So we can all see that the player quite happily marches face-first into every trap he can. But *why* is he doing this?
*Is he metagaming?* "Based on the math, I'm too strong to fail, and just tripping on the trap gets it out of the way the fastest!"
*Is he playing a role?* "What, you didn't know I had 6 Wisdom? Yea, he thinks it's a really smart and efficient way to handle it. He just can't process the cause and effect relationships of "always getting hurt" as being caused by "walking into traps face-first."
*Is the rest of the party unable to act effectively without him stepping into bulldozer mode?* If the rest of the party is just spending vast parts of each session talking about how to deal with a minor problem in front of them ("is *this* door trapped?" This isn't about major plot points) then they probably need a kick in the butt.
*Is he lacking some other more appropriate opportunities to "show off"?* Is there a balanced amount of combat in the game, where he can show off what a good fighter he is?
All of these are things you should talk to the player about, if you haven't already. | Two other options that haven't been mentioned are to have traps where the damage reflects who walks into it. So the damage it does is proportional to the hit points of the person who springs it. That way it will do more damage to the tank but not so much to the weaker characters.
Another option is to have a trap that doesn't get set of by someone running into it. So he runs past too fast to set the trap off and then the other characters set the trap off as they follow at normal pace.
The second option punishes the other players but maybe when done once he’ll think more about running into them. |
84,902 | I have a high-hitpoint character who barges down hallways without regard to traps because that's what His Guy would do. In reality, he's metagaming: doing this because he knows he has the HPs to soak up the damage.
I call it metagaming because he's using his knowledge of trap damage (from a mechanics perspective) and history from other games (where traps are often "props" that do trivial damage) to make decisions for his character.
Of course I could make them spectacularly painful/deadly but the underlying problem is he's taking away from other characters who enjoy finding and disarming traps. If I make them deadly enough to hurt him then it will likely kill the squishier types.
In a perfect world I could discuss this with him privately but there are real life group politics I have to deal with.
Is there an in-game way to curb this behavior and help transition trap handling to those who prefer a more subtle approach? | 2016/07/29 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/84902",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/22265/"
] | I think @nitsua60 has a pretty good point there with the idea that things should be discussed with everyone.
However, I've had groups where we discussed things and decided to say "F\* disarming, lets send the tank down the hall and consequences be damned" (or for one party, summoned monkeys. Poor monkeys.)
If you personally dislike that behavior and don't want to reward it, alarming, disabling and imprisoning traps are good options.
A fourth option that isn't used a lot is loot destruction. Your players might not like it a whole lot, but set some traps that result in them directly losing loot and they'll care a **lot** more. They set off the temple alarm? Okay, the treasury guards just took all the extra magic items and fled. Your party just lost 60% of the best loot they could've gotten. If they miss out on that fact, you can 'accidentally' lament the fact that they missed the coolest stuff when doing a post run recap, or wait until the after session socializing starts to talk about it.
Traps that require the party to use more consumables (in my experience) result in a night of players talking about how to overcome similar things without consumables in the future.
Traps that result in loot lost forever cause weeks of remorse and discussion on how to get all the loot in the future. Even if the items lost are ones you wouldn't ever use in the first place. | **Are the traps interesting?**
Obviously they are not to the fighter, who is more than happy to pay the hit-point-tax as long as it means that he doesn't have to waste time with traps, but are the other players actually interested in trap-filled hallways, or are the traps mostly fun for you?
Because if they're mostly fun for you, my solution is:
*Take out the traps.*
Let him charge down an empty hallway, and everyone will be happier because most traps aren't actually that much fun. I mean, they are when Indiana Jones does it, but when we do it it's just "Roll Dex to not take 5 damage" and that's not particularly interesting.
Alternatively,
*Don't hide the traps*
He may be more hesitant to walk into a trap when he already knows it's there, and the trap suddenly becomes something to interact with (and figure out how to disarm) rather than damage-for-walking. Throw in something that takes him out of the combat right before an ambush, if he just walks into it (fall in a 30 foot pit, goblins start throwing spears at the party from the other side) and he'll know to avoid just walking into traps he already knows are there. (And hopefully it'll be an interesting encounter, which is the point?)
I would recommend this article: <http://arsludi.lamemage.com/index.php/90/bad-trap-syndrome/> on why not to use bad traps, and the follow-up on how to use non-bad traps. I've stolen my ideas liberally from it.
tl;dr: If your players are skipping something, limit its inclusion. |
84,902 | I have a high-hitpoint character who barges down hallways without regard to traps because that's what His Guy would do. In reality, he's metagaming: doing this because he knows he has the HPs to soak up the damage.
I call it metagaming because he's using his knowledge of trap damage (from a mechanics perspective) and history from other games (where traps are often "props" that do trivial damage) to make decisions for his character.
Of course I could make them spectacularly painful/deadly but the underlying problem is he's taking away from other characters who enjoy finding and disarming traps. If I make them deadly enough to hurt him then it will likely kill the squishier types.
In a perfect world I could discuss this with him privately but there are real life group politics I have to deal with.
Is there an in-game way to curb this behavior and help transition trap handling to those who prefer a more subtle approach? | 2016/07/29 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/84902",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/22265/"
] | As has been said in other posts, traps can do more than just damage. Why are you just running straight damage traps anyways? If he's metagaming, he's gaming you, not the system.
Here's a big list of other things traps can do, so you can set him straight:
* Inflict a condition, such as
poison, unconscious, charmed (very funny!), restrained, paralyzed, blind, deaf, frightened, petrified, prone, or stunned.
* Inflict ranks of exhaustion.
* Cause suffocation or drowning rules to come into play.
* Reset after triggering, so you can't just set it off and be on your way.
* Cast a spell. (That alone is enough material for thousands of unique traps.)
* Relocate the character. (Garbage chute trap!)
* Some traps may be capable of moving or relocating themselves.
* Rearrange or alter the local environment. (Close the easy path and force you down the hard way.)
* Be subtle. (They don't need to know they even activated a trap.)
* Be annoying. (*I.e.* a loud beeping sound that follows the group everywhere they go. A digital alarm clock can be used to do this.)
* Be disguised as, included in, or include a puzzle.
* Be manned. (Ever heard of an ambush?)
* Close a path. (Like: the way out.)
* Cause insanity.
* Curse someone.
* Be totally obvious but unavoidable.
* Be alive. (Like the knight statues lining the walls that TOTALLY aren't going to jump you immediately after your back is turned.)
* Reward players for deactivating them rather than just activating them. (*I.e.* you disassemble the mechanism and find its bearings are made from precious gemstones!)
* Drain xp. (If you are truly sadistic)
* Be a static effect or structure; not something you activate or deactivate. (Every wrong path and dead end in a maze is this type of trap.)
* Use bait or a lure. (A golden cup on a pedestal? Just like cheese in a mouse trap.)
* Be useful. (Hey, if we know this thing is here, why don't we lure our enemies back into it?)
* Look totally mundane. (The door knob falls out in your hand as you pull to open the door.)
* Spawn monsters.
* Intentionally mislead, distract, or confuse the target, wasting their time.
* Take their stuff.
* Have a way out.
* Trick them into a false sense if security.
* Do nothing more insidious than simply watch them constantly.
* Demoralize them.
* Trick them into thinking they've already completed the dungeon.
* Alter encounters and traps elsewhere. (An alarm is a good example. So would taking some bait treasure that awakens all the golem guardians on the way out.)
* Initiate a new situation, series of events, or action sequence. (Run from that boulder! Get across that bridge as it crumbles behind you! Oh no, the walls/ceiling are closing in on you! The room begins to fill with a mysterious gas! Etc.)
* Be a distraction for something else entirely.
* Not actually be a trap, despite looking very much like one.
* Actually be composed of multiple smaller traps.
* Have a trapped trigger mechanism to prevent tampering.
* Look like one type of trap, but actually does something else. (Looks like a pitfall, but is actually a well disguised downward staircase; the surrounding floor tiles trigger poison arrows.)
* Be disgusting.
* Outright kill a guy.
* Malfunction or backfire.
* Be built by the players.
Some good movies to watch for trap inspiration include all of the SAW films, any Indiana Jones movie, Labyrinth, Home Alone series, and Cube 2 & 3. | Play the game boldly!
=====================
Every other answer seems like it's from one DM to another, so here's this from a player's perspective:
>
> **Player:** I go about five feet down the hall, and I check for traps.
>
>
> **DM:** Roll Perception, please.
>
>
> **Player:** Is 15 high enough?
>
>
> **DM:** That's adding your key stat, training, and a bonus for the circumstance because I know you're moving slowly, right?
>
>
> **Player:** [*Beat.*] Right.
>
>
> **DM:** You see nothing, I mean, it appears to be a dusty tiled hall.
>
>
> **Player:** Okay, I another five feet forward and check for traps.
>
>
> **Other Players:** [*In unison.*] O, come on!
>
>
>
*Yawn.*
Another answer suggested not hiding traps, which is one way to do it, I guess, Maybe. But that is *still* boring and approaches things wrong.
Think about marching order. DMs ask players to have a marching order because DMs like to roll for surprise.
>
> **DM:** Marching order, please
>
>
> **Players:** We'll put the fighter and barbarian in front, the wizard and cleric in the middle, and the rogue out back about twenty feet behind so he can flank. Tell us when the encounter starts, okay?
>
>
>
But even *that* is boring, right? Handling traps like wilderness encounters would be a start. Just *invert* the standard marching order. Instead of the DM rolling Perception for the fighter, the DM's rolling it for the rogue.
Here's something even better. Rather than making the traps deadlier, more interesting, or requiring *even more* talking, try this:
>
> **DM:** Okay, team, after you crush that bugbear, the darkness yawns in yonder doorway.
>
>
> **Player:** I charge through it. I don't even care if anyone follows.
>
>
> **DM:** Okay, so you're running fast, and [*pauses to roll*] it looks like you've tripped a trap. [*Rolls again.*] Bam! The bear trap closes on your leg. Take 7 damage. How would the rest of you like to proceed?
>
>
> **Other Players:** Well, we will quietly walk down the hall, hoping our slow movement allows us to spot traps. Yeah, and if this guy can get himself out of that bear trap, that's swell.
>
>
> **DM:** So the rogue is in front? Sorry. Force of habit, guys!
>
>
> **Other Players:** Um. Yeah.
>
>
> **DM:** Okay. [*Rolls dice.*] So, just as you move through the torchlight to a corner you spot a small silver knob at shoulder height.
>
>
> **Player:** Hey, guys, just pull on it! Okay? *Please?*
>
>
>
That impetuous player is trying to tell the DM that things are boring! I am telling you that you would *never* read *that* book. So don't make four other people *live* it.
It just comes down to how you play the game. I did a whole 300-page Paizo adventure path in *D&D 3.5e* with a player who always led, and checked for traps please every five feet. My impetuous character was reduced to cartographer.
Talk through how a situation will be handled. Repeat what the characters decided to do, add a description of the consequences, and move the story forward. Don't get bogged down by traps everywhere. |
84,902 | I have a high-hitpoint character who barges down hallways without regard to traps because that's what His Guy would do. In reality, he's metagaming: doing this because he knows he has the HPs to soak up the damage.
I call it metagaming because he's using his knowledge of trap damage (from a mechanics perspective) and history from other games (where traps are often "props" that do trivial damage) to make decisions for his character.
Of course I could make them spectacularly painful/deadly but the underlying problem is he's taking away from other characters who enjoy finding and disarming traps. If I make them deadly enough to hurt him then it will likely kill the squishier types.
In a perfect world I could discuss this with him privately but there are real life group politics I have to deal with.
Is there an in-game way to curb this behavior and help transition trap handling to those who prefer a more subtle approach? | 2016/07/29 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/84902",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/22265/"
] | As has been said in other posts, traps can do more than just damage. Why are you just running straight damage traps anyways? If he's metagaming, he's gaming you, not the system.
Here's a big list of other things traps can do, so you can set him straight:
* Inflict a condition, such as
poison, unconscious, charmed (very funny!), restrained, paralyzed, blind, deaf, frightened, petrified, prone, or stunned.
* Inflict ranks of exhaustion.
* Cause suffocation or drowning rules to come into play.
* Reset after triggering, so you can't just set it off and be on your way.
* Cast a spell. (That alone is enough material for thousands of unique traps.)
* Relocate the character. (Garbage chute trap!)
* Some traps may be capable of moving or relocating themselves.
* Rearrange or alter the local environment. (Close the easy path and force you down the hard way.)
* Be subtle. (They don't need to know they even activated a trap.)
* Be annoying. (*I.e.* a loud beeping sound that follows the group everywhere they go. A digital alarm clock can be used to do this.)
* Be disguised as, included in, or include a puzzle.
* Be manned. (Ever heard of an ambush?)
* Close a path. (Like: the way out.)
* Cause insanity.
* Curse someone.
* Be totally obvious but unavoidable.
* Be alive. (Like the knight statues lining the walls that TOTALLY aren't going to jump you immediately after your back is turned.)
* Reward players for deactivating them rather than just activating them. (*I.e.* you disassemble the mechanism and find its bearings are made from precious gemstones!)
* Drain xp. (If you are truly sadistic)
* Be a static effect or structure; not something you activate or deactivate. (Every wrong path and dead end in a maze is this type of trap.)
* Use bait or a lure. (A golden cup on a pedestal? Just like cheese in a mouse trap.)
* Be useful. (Hey, if we know this thing is here, why don't we lure our enemies back into it?)
* Look totally mundane. (The door knob falls out in your hand as you pull to open the door.)
* Spawn monsters.
* Intentionally mislead, distract, or confuse the target, wasting their time.
* Take their stuff.
* Have a way out.
* Trick them into a false sense if security.
* Do nothing more insidious than simply watch them constantly.
* Demoralize them.
* Trick them into thinking they've already completed the dungeon.
* Alter encounters and traps elsewhere. (An alarm is a good example. So would taking some bait treasure that awakens all the golem guardians on the way out.)
* Initiate a new situation, series of events, or action sequence. (Run from that boulder! Get across that bridge as it crumbles behind you! Oh no, the walls/ceiling are closing in on you! The room begins to fill with a mysterious gas! Etc.)
* Be a distraction for something else entirely.
* Not actually be a trap, despite looking very much like one.
* Actually be composed of multiple smaller traps.
* Have a trapped trigger mechanism to prevent tampering.
* Look like one type of trap, but actually does something else. (Looks like a pitfall, but is actually a well disguised downward staircase; the surrounding floor tiles trigger poison arrows.)
* Be disgusting.
* Outright kill a guy.
* Malfunction or backfire.
* Be built by the players.
Some good movies to watch for trap inspiration include all of the SAW films, any Indiana Jones movie, Labyrinth, Home Alone series, and Cube 2 & 3. | Two other options that haven't been mentioned are to have traps where the damage reflects who walks into it. So the damage it does is proportional to the hit points of the person who springs it. That way it will do more damage to the tank but not so much to the weaker characters.
Another option is to have a trap that doesn't get set of by someone running into it. So he runs past too fast to set the trap off and then the other characters set the trap off as they follow at normal pace.
The second option punishes the other players but maybe when done once he’ll think more about running into them. |
84,902 | I have a high-hitpoint character who barges down hallways without regard to traps because that's what His Guy would do. In reality, he's metagaming: doing this because he knows he has the HPs to soak up the damage.
I call it metagaming because he's using his knowledge of trap damage (from a mechanics perspective) and history from other games (where traps are often "props" that do trivial damage) to make decisions for his character.
Of course I could make them spectacularly painful/deadly but the underlying problem is he's taking away from other characters who enjoy finding and disarming traps. If I make them deadly enough to hurt him then it will likely kill the squishier types.
In a perfect world I could discuss this with him privately but there are real life group politics I have to deal with.
Is there an in-game way to curb this behavior and help transition trap handling to those who prefer a more subtle approach? | 2016/07/29 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/84902",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/22265/"
] | In addition to the other really good advices you can find here:
My opinion is that **your player does not perceive the dungeon as a dangerous place to be**. If you can make this change, all your players will react accordingly.
Examples:
* let them meet an "adventurer hero superstar" outside the dungeon, which is much more powerful and well known than the characters, just to found his corpse later inside the dungeon with a tiny hole on the neck, inside an empty room.
* prepare an apparently empty dungeon. For the first part describe accurately the environment, give sinister detail of the rooms, strange sounds, false alarms, horrid books... but no monster at all (for the first part).
* place the signs of recent passage of a monster notoriously too strong for them (only clues and tracks, they will meet him only if they act really stupid).
* make a different section of the dungeon look more menacing (darker, unholy runes on a door, spider's silk/blood everywhere, warped walls) if possible with a dark story, just to send a clear message: from now on shit got serious.
* make a trap spottable without a check at the start of the dungeon (because of a damaged door or something like that) and then put a really nasty effect on it.
Only stupid characters will activate it, and your duty as a DM is to make him regret that.
* make a section of the dungeon where you can enter and cannot escape easily where ALL kind of healing does not work.
These and some more evil DM techniques should make the characters worry and think about their HP as a limited precious resource rather than a big safe number.
Extra:
* if you fear to hit "good players" place a low DC to spot/disarm the traps
* explain how the discovered trap works, so the players can pass through without activating it and use it to their advantage luring stupid monsters inside.
* make some of the traps of the dungeon that deal permanent damage (a damage type you can heal only with some really expensive spells)
* make a trap that makes a cage fall off the ceiling/make appear a pit, followed by monsters, armed with ranged weapons, giving them a large edge in the fight.
* talking about pits... why not acid/lava pool traps? you have an armor huh? what about a swim check to avoid drowning, too?
* many many Health points? hit an ability score that is precious to that particular character, or even all...
I hope this helps :) | Our DM moved the trap and replaced it with a Glyph of Anit-Metagaming, I mean Warding. The transgressor was quite "shocked" at the switch up. |
84,902 | I have a high-hitpoint character who barges down hallways without regard to traps because that's what His Guy would do. In reality, he's metagaming: doing this because he knows he has the HPs to soak up the damage.
I call it metagaming because he's using his knowledge of trap damage (from a mechanics perspective) and history from other games (where traps are often "props" that do trivial damage) to make decisions for his character.
Of course I could make them spectacularly painful/deadly but the underlying problem is he's taking away from other characters who enjoy finding and disarming traps. If I make them deadly enough to hurt him then it will likely kill the squishier types.
In a perfect world I could discuss this with him privately but there are real life group politics I have to deal with.
Is there an in-game way to curb this behavior and help transition trap handling to those who prefer a more subtle approach? | 2016/07/29 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/84902",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/22265/"
] | What's wrong with what he's doing? As far as he can tell, *this is a good strategy*. He's exceptionally tough, and running through traps has worked for him in the past, so he believes it'll be fine in the future.
If you don't want this strategy to work, you'll need to try a different kind of trap.
A few options come to mind:
* more damage
* different damage
* traps that actually trap you
* alarms
More Damage
-----------
You could always make traps that do more damage, so instead of shooting out arrows, the traps might shoot out massive ballista bolts. But like you said, this would make the traps *much* more dangerous for the squishier characters.
Different Damage
----------------
Instead of dealing out injuries, a trap could harm you in other ways. Maybe that was just a tiny cut, but now you're infected with a horrible disease. Something sprayed your eyes, and now you're blind. That goop you fell into is making all your equipment rust. Whatever got on your skin is attracting insects everywhere you go, and it smells so bad no one will let you into their homes.
Traps that Trap
---------------
Imagine a trap that does no damage (or very little), but actually traps anyone who springs it. Think of a pit trap, or a cage with a door that springs shut.
Tripping the trap is worse than disarming it. It leaves you in a position you don't want to be in.
Alarms
------
Some "traps" might not do any damage or trap anyone, but they might set off an alarm.
Imagine a trap that does nothing but sound a large gong, reverberating through the tunnels. Now the defenders of the fortress know someone's there, which is exactly what you didn't want to happen. | I think @nitsua60 has a pretty good point there with the idea that things should be discussed with everyone.
However, I've had groups where we discussed things and decided to say "F\* disarming, lets send the tank down the hall and consequences be damned" (or for one party, summoned monkeys. Poor monkeys.)
If you personally dislike that behavior and don't want to reward it, alarming, disabling and imprisoning traps are good options.
A fourth option that isn't used a lot is loot destruction. Your players might not like it a whole lot, but set some traps that result in them directly losing loot and they'll care a **lot** more. They set off the temple alarm? Okay, the treasury guards just took all the extra magic items and fled. Your party just lost 60% of the best loot they could've gotten. If they miss out on that fact, you can 'accidentally' lament the fact that they missed the coolest stuff when doing a post run recap, or wait until the after session socializing starts to talk about it.
Traps that require the party to use more consumables (in my experience) result in a night of players talking about how to overcome similar things without consumables in the future.
Traps that result in loot lost forever cause weeks of remorse and discussion on how to get all the loot in the future. Even if the items lost are ones you wouldn't ever use in the first place. |
84,902 | I have a high-hitpoint character who barges down hallways without regard to traps because that's what His Guy would do. In reality, he's metagaming: doing this because he knows he has the HPs to soak up the damage.
I call it metagaming because he's using his knowledge of trap damage (from a mechanics perspective) and history from other games (where traps are often "props" that do trivial damage) to make decisions for his character.
Of course I could make them spectacularly painful/deadly but the underlying problem is he's taking away from other characters who enjoy finding and disarming traps. If I make them deadly enough to hurt him then it will likely kill the squishier types.
In a perfect world I could discuss this with him privately but there are real life group politics I have to deal with.
Is there an in-game way to curb this behavior and help transition trap handling to those who prefer a more subtle approach? | 2016/07/29 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/84902",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/22265/"
] | ***Option One:*** This really isn't a problem. The other players aren't complaining, and so we can see that this is not really that big a deal. Relax, go with the flow, and chuckle along with the group when a 60-pound block of stone drops on his head, the player and stone both freeze briefly, and then the stone splits cleanly down the middle and the fighter carries on as if he hasn't even noticed.
(Obviously this option is written in the form of assuming itself to be true. If the assumptions are wrong, then so is the rest of this option.)
***Option Two:***
If he is *effectively-immune* to the traps, due to the nature of the traps (not dealing significant enough damage, having no lasting effects, etc), then the immediate problem is the nature of the traps.
* Poison traps (ongoing damage)
* Crippling traps (reduced speed, reduced ability to fight, etc)
* Ability-damage traps (especially Con - attack the *source* of the HP...)
* Trapping traps (Making him *stuck* until the trap is disarmed, possibly taking ongoing damage as he struggles.)
* Movement traps (that send him somewhere else)
If he doesn't get the hint, double them up. Get him stuck in a trap that causes ongoing Con damage after dropping him into a pit. And then suddenly the rat-swarm surges out of the little holes in the walls, and he can't move to defend himself. But that's ok, the lowering ceiling with the poisonous spikes embedded in it will crush all the rats that stick around.
"Ok fine. How much damage?"
"All of it. It kills you."
"Yea but how much--"
"Every single hp. Take all the HP you have left, then add all the possible amount of damage you could resist with your best rolls, then add a hundred for a safety margin, and then double it just because you asked twice. And then the flame-jets start up, to take care of anything left."
"It's too bad, the rogue would have spotted it easily, if you hadn't just gone tramping down the hall like a dire-elephant."
*ehem!* "Suddenly you jerk to wakefulness, slowly realizing it was a dream. But it lingers in your mind. If -you- could think of such a horrifying trap, what would stop others from doing so?"
A party's resources are finite. The casters only have so many spell slots they can prepare healing spells in. The Wands of Cure Light will run out eventually. The portable hole full of potions still has a certain real number of potions in it. You can only take 1 Long Rest per day. And so on.
If you change the nature of the traps to very-high damage, but low-DC to spot and disable, it clearly becomes a matter of one character disproportionately using up the party's recovery resources at an artificially high rate, when it would require less (or none) if the party didn't simply blunder straight into every trap.
***Option Three:*** Invert the question! (bet you thought it was done after that wall of text!)
So we can all see that the player quite happily marches face-first into every trap he can. But *why* is he doing this?
*Is he metagaming?* "Based on the math, I'm too strong to fail, and just tripping on the trap gets it out of the way the fastest!"
*Is he playing a role?* "What, you didn't know I had 6 Wisdom? Yea, he thinks it's a really smart and efficient way to handle it. He just can't process the cause and effect relationships of "always getting hurt" as being caused by "walking into traps face-first."
*Is the rest of the party unable to act effectively without him stepping into bulldozer mode?* If the rest of the party is just spending vast parts of each session talking about how to deal with a minor problem in front of them ("is *this* door trapped?" This isn't about major plot points) then they probably need a kick in the butt.
*Is he lacking some other more appropriate opportunities to "show off"?* Is there a balanced amount of combat in the game, where he can show off what a good fighter he is?
All of these are things you should talk to the player about, if you haven't already. | At first, it may seem like the character's behavior is not something a person would actually do, an important thing to consider is the [5e interpretation of HP](https://open5e.com/combat/damage-and-healing.html).
>
> Hit points represent a combination of physical and mental durability, the will to live, and luck. Creatures with more hit points are more difficult to kill. Those with fewer hit points are more fragile.
>
>
> A creature’s current hit points (usually just called hit points) can be any number from the creature’s hit point maximum down to 0. This number changes frequently as a creature takes damage or receives healing.
>
>
> Whenever a creature takes damage, that damage is subtracted from its hit points. The loss of hit points has no effect on a creature’s capabilities until the creature drops to 0 hit points.
>
>
>
If the hero gets hit by a spear trap and fails the Dexterity save, that doesn't mean the trap draws blood. He may narrowly dodge it and get more tired, or have it be absorbed by the armor, leaving a bruise. This wouldn't necessarily deter a headstrong hero as much as, say, getting stabbed in the gut, so his behavior is reasonable (for a fantasy hero).
A character won't be visibly wounded until multiple attacks. At my table, I've house-ruled that a character is "bloodied" (ala 4th Edition) at half-health, and I tell my players when an enemy is bleeding.
If this sounds like something you would like, you could add this to your game and also rule that a character bloodied by a trap must succeed on a Charisma save or become too frightened to walk in front anymore. |
84,902 | I have a high-hitpoint character who barges down hallways without regard to traps because that's what His Guy would do. In reality, he's metagaming: doing this because he knows he has the HPs to soak up the damage.
I call it metagaming because he's using his knowledge of trap damage (from a mechanics perspective) and history from other games (where traps are often "props" that do trivial damage) to make decisions for his character.
Of course I could make them spectacularly painful/deadly but the underlying problem is he's taking away from other characters who enjoy finding and disarming traps. If I make them deadly enough to hurt him then it will likely kill the squishier types.
In a perfect world I could discuss this with him privately but there are real life group politics I have to deal with.
Is there an in-game way to curb this behavior and help transition trap handling to those who prefer a more subtle approach? | 2016/07/29 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/84902",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/22265/"
] | Two other options that haven't been mentioned are to have traps where the damage reflects who walks into it. So the damage it does is proportional to the hit points of the person who springs it. That way it will do more damage to the tank but not so much to the weaker characters.
Another option is to have a trap that doesn't get set of by someone running into it. So he runs past too fast to set the trap off and then the other characters set the trap off as they follow at normal pace.
The second option punishes the other players but maybe when done once he’ll think more about running into them. | Our DM moved the trap and replaced it with a Glyph of Anit-Metagaming, I mean Warding. The transgressor was quite "shocked" at the switch up. |
84,902 | I have a high-hitpoint character who barges down hallways without regard to traps because that's what His Guy would do. In reality, he's metagaming: doing this because he knows he has the HPs to soak up the damage.
I call it metagaming because he's using his knowledge of trap damage (from a mechanics perspective) and history from other games (where traps are often "props" that do trivial damage) to make decisions for his character.
Of course I could make them spectacularly painful/deadly but the underlying problem is he's taking away from other characters who enjoy finding and disarming traps. If I make them deadly enough to hurt him then it will likely kill the squishier types.
In a perfect world I could discuss this with him privately but there are real life group politics I have to deal with.
Is there an in-game way to curb this behavior and help transition trap handling to those who prefer a more subtle approach? | 2016/07/29 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/84902",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/22265/"
] | Spontaneously I see three approaches to this problem, besides talking to him about his character still feeling the pain and that it is not really a good idea to take the damage willingly when there is a way to avoid it.
**1. Make the traps hit multiple targets**
For example a trap in form of a gas leaking and spreading along the whole corridor and affecting his allies, which hide behind him. Also this gas might stay for a while unless the group figures out a way to get rid of it. (He is split from the rest of the group)
**2. Make the traps not about damage but about other side effects**
Maybe an early warning system for the Goblins dwelling deeper in the cavern. So it's irrelevant who activates the trap. The side effect would be that the Goblins are prepared, in greater numbers and maybe get into advantageous positions and won't be surprised.
Another idea would be a deep hole which he falls into and the enemies are lurking right around the corner and attack the group with him inside the hole. So he cannot protect his allies until he gets out of the hole (alone or with help).
**3. Introduce longer lasting debuffs with the traps**
A poisoned dart trap, he gets some damage, but additionally he is dizzy and his attacks are weakened for a while or he is blinded/poisoned etc. | It seems like the player's idea of the game is that traps take off a manageable amount of non-essential HP that the character is uniquely equipped to lose, and therefore can be defused with the character's face without anything of value being lost in or out of character. All of that's important, and that opens up a few other options that haven't been covered in addition to the traps that change from targeting HP to something else, and talking about the gameplay that's being lost for the more traditional trap handlers.
There is always going to be a metagame. The problem isn't its existence but that the state of it is minimizing a character's strength and that it's not providing interesting choices (Angry GM, as linked in other answers, has nice posts on both traps and the metagame that are well worth reading).
### First: non-essential HP
DnD is in many ways a game about resource management.
* *What are the pressures on HP as a resource?*
* Is that HP needed for an upcoming fight?
* Are there a lot of traps in the dungeon and some form of time pressure?
### Second: the purpose of traps.
One of the truths of war is that an obstacle is irrelevant unless it's watched. The same applies for D&D.
* If the trap exists in a vacuum where it's a simple matter of make a
skill check to not say "eight hours later", it's a choice without
consequence, and can be handily outsourced to a coin (This is a
perennial problem with traps incidentally, and Angry GM has an
article specifically about it). This is incidentally where traps
that have longer term effects come in, such as ones that attack gear
because those can never be handwaved away by just resting afterwards. That lets them stand on their own.
* If that trap is part of a complete breakfast, I mean adventuring day,
then *is that adventuring day challenging the players* if the meat slab
can just laugh off a fireball to the face because the player knows it
won't make the difference between success and something else?
### Third: the character is uniquely equipped to lose that HP.
D&D has some useful features that let you make something a bigger threat to one party member than another. I'm going to take a wild guess and say that the person with disarming skills has a better dexterity save than the person with a disarming face. If that's the case, then you can increase the damage on the trap for the person who's trying to handle traps with their face, without making it too big a risk for the traditional trap handler, by using something with a dexterity save for reduced damage.
### Fourth: is there nothing of value being lost in or out of character?
That's most likely a place for a talk with the players to evaluate their understanding of the game and what's going on and whether something important is being lost out of character.
### The Meta Game, point 1
Do keep in mind that that method of trap handling isn't intrinsically bad (soaking up the damage) it's the monoculture that's a problem. Once you've gotten an idea of what you can do with those different levers, that could let you do some very interesting things with adventure design.
For example you could establish a trap type or two in a dungeon where the party's pressured not to rest until it's over, and it clearly makes sense to have the character who can disarm them deal with it in a vacuum. Then you take that trap and use it to gate terrain or limit the party in some other way during a combat. Is it then worth a turn of a character's attention, should you avoid it or should you take the damage, and who should take that damage? That way you've got your characters making choices in character with ramifications, which is cool and good design.
### The Meta Game, point 2
Keep in mind that the player's idea of the game's unwritten rules is that traps are a manageable HP loss and that you're going to be trying to change that concept, so *foreshadow those changes heavily*.
* For example, if you're introducing traps that attack gear, an empty
trap with a bent, rust-pitted long sword with the fine filigree
barely visible would be a good heads up. *Don't be subtle there*, or
there will be recrimination later because you can't just rest back
gear, and *that has to be an informed choice not a gotcha*.
* You can do this with knowledge as well, for example, if you have a
pit trap, a character who wears heavy armor habitually would know
what an unholy clatter that armor would make if they fell and had to
get back up again, and they'd expect every monster in the area would
hear.
* You can do similar things to foreshadow nastier adventuring days,
traps that target different defenses and so on. |
84,902 | I have a high-hitpoint character who barges down hallways without regard to traps because that's what His Guy would do. In reality, he's metagaming: doing this because he knows he has the HPs to soak up the damage.
I call it metagaming because he's using his knowledge of trap damage (from a mechanics perspective) and history from other games (where traps are often "props" that do trivial damage) to make decisions for his character.
Of course I could make them spectacularly painful/deadly but the underlying problem is he's taking away from other characters who enjoy finding and disarming traps. If I make them deadly enough to hurt him then it will likely kill the squishier types.
In a perfect world I could discuss this with him privately but there are real life group politics I have to deal with.
Is there an in-game way to curb this behavior and help transition trap handling to those who prefer a more subtle approach? | 2016/07/29 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/84902",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/22265/"
] | **If he doesn't care about avoiding damage, then find something he *does* want to avoid, and make some traps do that**.
Classic example: say the heroes infiltrated the BBEG's trap-filled residence, but Leeroy the Overenthusiastic Fighter here doesn't care about traps. So he soaks up some damage from the first couple traps... until one of the traps is actually a kind of snare. Suddenly Leeroy isn't hurt (no worse than before triggering that trap anyway), but he's hanging by one foot from the ceiling, *and* you're hearing the loudest alarm bells you've ever heard in your lives. Seriously; it's like they've got Big Ben in the next room over or something.
So now you've totally ruined whatever element of surprise you might have had, and the party has a choice to make. They can leave him behind to hunt down the BBEG, but this leaves Leeroy at the mercy of the-gods-only-know-what creatures might walk by, *and* the party is down a man for the big fight coming up. Or they can break pursuit to get our pal Mr. Jenkins out of his predicament, but then the BBEG will either flee the building and get away, or he'll have a nasty surprise set up for when they do reach him. | I think a mix of all the strategies presented here is probably a good idea--including the "no, this is fine" bit. That is, use a mix of traps: ones which trap, or debilitate, or deal massive damage (note: the "lethal to squishy characters" problem can be solved in many ways, eg requiring dex saves, only triggering once, etc), but also ones which the fighter can take a direct hit from and then smash with his face. After all, there are (admittedly rareish) monsters a rogue can slice to bits, but that'll quite literally eat a fighter alive, so why not the other way around for traps?
The "talk to your players" bit is also important. If you try to convince a player that they're playing the game wrong without incentivising other models of play, it might go over well, but if a trap suddenly, with 0 explanation or warning from you, chops off two thirds of the fighter's health, or, worse, punishes the entire party with poison gas or loot denial, the consequences could be a lot worse. If it helps, you could do a trap-that-traps first and then use that as a jumping-off point after game to say that you're going to be trying more diverse traps.
As a side note: it's possible that your fighter will persist in his behavior anyway. Maybe he *is* really committed to his character, even if he initially designed his characters personality that way for meta game reasons. Maybe the party will think its funny and he enjoys the spotlight. In this case, you may need to be more creative, and not punish him or the party too badly. For example, using Pork's loot loss suggestion, but giving the party the opportunity to chase after the guards to get their loot, with greater effort. Or encouraging the other party members to restrain their tough, but lovable idiot so that he doesn't get them all killed. |
2,616,429 | I'm having a lot of difficulty getting strophe's 'attach()' function working.
I am working on a social network where users will be surfing pages and at the same time keep their chat connection on. I don't want to reconnect/reauthorize on every page so as per this link, <http://groups.google.com/group/strophe/browse_thread/thread/430da5e788278f3a/93c48c88164f382f?show_docid=93c48c88164f382f&fwc=1>, i am storing the SID and RID into a cookie onunload.
On the next page when i try to use the new SID and RID (after incrementing it by 1) my session is already destroyed. Ejabberd reports "Error on HTTP put. Reason: bad\_key"
WTF is happening? | 2010/04/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2616429",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/278518/"
] | Without more logging information from ejabberd or Firebug, this will be hard to diagnose. Is the correct RID actually stored in the cookie? What does ejabberd think is the last stanza you sent, and what RID value does it have? What is the first stanza and the first RID value on the new page? How long between those two stanzas?
Updated: The reason the session gets canceled is due to the security model of BOSH. Effectively, the SID and RID pair are secret. If you know the pair, you can attach to the session. In order to keep people form being able to guess, the RID is picked randomly from a very large space. If you send an RID outside a very small window from the current RID, it will disconnect the session. The window is usually (RID, RID + 5) or so. | I managed to solve the problem.
The rid was being double incremented between the page loads. By incrementing it only once the session attach started working.
I don't know why the session got cancelled, but here's what happened :
1. Because the RID is +2 more than the previous ones, ejabberd stores the request in buffer and does not forward it to clients
2. The next 2 requests also get stored
3. The one after that causes ejabberd to cancel the session
Any clues? |
6,102 | Metal coated plastics are commercially abundant now-a-days. I want to know how they're plated.
Before posting, I did a quick search and found a [nice link](http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/custom-manufacturing-fabricating/how-to-metalize-plastic). It refers to this process as *metallization*, although I'm not convinced by the term. Is it right ?
That site already provided the basic information. However, it would be great if someone can mention a few examples(which metal/plastic used) for the various methods deployed. | 2013/09/01 | [
"https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/6102",
"https://chemistry.stackexchange.com",
"https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/users/2059/"
] | I couldn't comment on the name.
I am familiar with vacuum deposition, but i have only come across deposition on silicon, not plastic. the substrate ad metal are put in a vacuum chamber, the vacuum means that now the metal can be evaporated at a much lower temperature, and is then deposited onto the substrate.(see link)
I did an experiment of electroless plating of plastic with nickel. I can't say what plastic it was, probably PS or PP. usually electro plating requires electrodes and current to flow between them. electroless plating uses a electrochemical reaction in which a metal precipitates. Due to the treatment of the plastic the metal prefers to precipitate onto the plastic (this is a very simplistic information see liks for more information if you're interested)
the method I used in my experiment:
the plastic is cleaned by diping it in a base bath (sodium carbonate, trisodium phosphate, sodium hydroxide), this is mostly to remove oily debris .
* Etching: ...etches the plastic to create microscopic pores that improve
adhesion of metal and following steps
* Sensibilization: plastic is
dipped in ti solution, keeps the palladium at its reduced state (next
step)
* Activation: plastic is dipped in a palladium solution, Palladium
catalyses the formation of nickel particles.
* Plating: since there is no current flowing another particle has to be oxidized for the nickel to be reduced. in this case the reaction used is oxidation of hypophosphite to phosphite
The result was a very nice metallic finish.
more information:
* [Electroless nickel plating on Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroless_nickel_plating)
* [plating kit](http://www.caswellplating.com/electroplating-anodizing/nickel-plating-kits/electroless-nickel-plating-kits.html?p=2)
* [plenty of information on electroless deposition](http://www.tau.ac.il/~chemlaba/Files/Electroless/12777_01.pdf)
* [evaporation-deposition](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation_%28deposition%29) | That recipe is taken from book dedicated to chemical restoration techniques: [ISBN 5-7245-0274-7](http://www.allbeton.ru/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%28%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%29/), 1990.
Method 1.
1) AgNO3, 5g + water, 60ml. Divide to 20 and 40 ml solutions.
2) 40ml of Solution(1) + NH4OH, slowly, active mixing. Dark precipitation occurs.
3) Solution(2) + 20ml of Solution(1), add 5ml per 2 sec. Then add NH4OH. You obtain cloudy solution (otherwise, add more AgNO3 solution).
4) Solution (3) diluted up to 500ml.
Now we can reduce Ag to obtain metalic layer.
1) Refined sugar, 75g + water, 500-600 ml
2) Solution(1) + H2SO4, 10ml, 10%. Boil for 5-6 h
3) Solution(2) becomes dark-yellow. Cool it.
4) Dilute soluion(3) up to 1L.
5) Before using dilute 10 times.
When you mix 2 solutions Ag is reduced as precipitate: Ag(NH3)2OH -> Ag + NH3 + OH- |
88,995 | It has been 18 days since my dad did a wire transfer from India to Canada and I still haven't got my money. When my dad contacted his bank they are saying the money has been received but my bank is saying that I have received no money. All the information that was filled in like swift code and account number were correct. Is there anything that can be done in this situation. | 2018/01/03 | [
"https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/88995",
"https://money.stackexchange.com",
"https://money.stackexchange.com/users/66384/"
] | Ask your dad to lodge a Beneficiary claims non-receipt with his Bank. They can trace and inform if and when the payment was credited. | Yes. Contact the Indian Bank as soon as possible and alert them about possible error. They can request receiving bank about the deposit information and verify the transaction details. |
88,995 | It has been 18 days since my dad did a wire transfer from India to Canada and I still haven't got my money. When my dad contacted his bank they are saying the money has been received but my bank is saying that I have received no money. All the information that was filled in like swift code and account number were correct. Is there anything that can be done in this situation. | 2018/01/03 | [
"https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/88995",
"https://money.stackexchange.com",
"https://money.stackexchange.com/users/66384/"
] | Ask your dad to lodge a Beneficiary claims non-receipt with his Bank. They can trace and inform if and when the payment was credited. | I went to my financial advisor and showed her my papers for that wire transfer with all the sender's and receiver's details and because the receiver's bank info and his account number and mine matched she was able to give me a written letter that no wire transfer was made into that account and gave me the transaction history and my bank statement for these two months. After this I sent these three documents to the sender( In this case my dad) and his bank was able to cancel the wire.
There are two more things that my advisor told me. 1 If any of the receiver's bank info was wrong and any account with that wrong info doesn't exist that wire would have been cancelled and sent back to the sender or the third party company's account (if you did a wire through a third party) and the sender will have to request it back.
2. In any case the wire with wrong info was successful and received the bank would not be able to do anything. In this case the sender or his bank will have to contact the receiver and without the receiver's consent the wire can't be cancelled or reversed. You should contact your lawyer in this case. |
1,637 | Given a 3D space and a light source, I use ray casting to determine the shadows generated in the scene. If I'm to store the shadow data (boundary of the shadow, object which cast the shadow, etc.) what is an efficient way to go about it?
Edit:
Its basically for an application where I want to be able to move the shadow around manually to see the change in the 3d objects position. Say I apply a force to the shadow of a ball, I can actually see the ball move and also the change in the shadow. So I need to be able to set up colliders for the shadow and hence need a way to be able to store the boundary of the shadow and information about the object that cast it to carry out the actions. | 2015/10/19 | [
"https://computergraphics.stackexchange.com/questions/1637",
"https://computergraphics.stackexchange.com",
"https://computergraphics.stackexchange.com/users/1879/"
] | If the goal is mouse interactivity, you can do with a simple "shadow buffer", i.e. an image that holds the identity of the occluding object (if any) on every rendered pixel. You will compute this map during the casting process as you shoot the rays to the source.
In case there are several occluding objects, it is up to you to choose which one to consider (or keep a linked list of all occluding objects). If there are several sources, you can keep one map per source. | You might want to look into signed distance field textures. They are very efficient and high quality for monochromatic images like shadows. They work by storing a clamped, signed distance from the pixel to the shape. Working this way, the distances play nicely with the bilinear interpolation of texture sampling, so you can have very nice results for very low resolution. You can also give them a soft edge to have a soft shadow look. |
58,446 | I have a mono audio signal which I want to output on two boxes. Can I just connect the speakers in series or parallel (which?) or do I have to do something more advanced (and if so, what)? | 2013/02/19 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/58446",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | A **ganged potentiometer** is two or more variable resistors of the same or sometimes different value, ganged together on one adjusting shaft, normally used on stereo systems as a volume control so that one can vary the volume of both channels at the same time.
They are commercially available with from two to four sections.
Ganged pots are also used for tone controls, pan controls, as well as in power supplies and other electronic lab equipment. | Aside from Ganged, other common names are Quad Potentiometer, or 4 Channel Potentiometer.
Although multi-channel pots are more common in digital IC versions, due to size saving packages they come in, and are easier to construct. |
2,544 | I have hooked up the EV3 brick and the Ultrasonic sensor (on port 4) from the older mindstorms set 8527, and using the most recent Labview software on windows 7.
I am trying to test the model for distance and to stop a few cm from the wall. The WAIT block in Labview does NOT have an option for Ultrasonic Sensor, but has one for Infrared Sensor, which does not seem to work. Has anyone noticed this missing menu option?
\*NOTE: The EV3 displays the distance in cm when the unltrasonic senor is connected to port 4 on the EV3. | 2013/11/17 | [
"https://bricks.stackexchange.com/questions/2544",
"https://bricks.stackexchange.com",
"https://bricks.stackexchange.com/users/3101/"
] | Once you download the block from the Lego site, you can import it into the LabVIEW by using the Tools tab and then Block Import, but first you need to be in an open program. LabVIEW will prompt you to browse your folders to find the downloaded file, and then select Import at the bottom of the window. Finally, you will need to close LabVIEW and reopen it to begin using the block in all of your programs. | You can download US and gyro blocks from lego.com. |
2,449,564 | I'm trying to figure out why can't Natural numbers be negative, following the axioms that can define real numbers and from them we can define natural numbers.
My book says that natural numbers can't be negative by saying that zero as no predecessor.
Thank you! | 2017/09/28 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2449564",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/485484/"
] | To summarise the comments:
Because they aren't, by definition. | >
> following the axioms that can define real numbers and from them we can define natural numbers.
>
>
>
In my book it's the reverse. We first define the natural numbers, then the integers, then the rationals and lastly the reals.
>
> My book says that natural numbers can't be negative by saying that zero as no predecessor.
>
>
>
And your book is quite right. If you allow negative numbers you get the integers. However, many times the nonnegative integers are of interest. It's nice to have a specific name for that set. We call them the natural numbers.
So it's not really that the natural numbers have to be the way they are, but rather that we have this thing that we occasionally are interested in and we want to give this thing a name, and we call them the natural numbers. |
8,698 | First, I don't see any manufacturer or online store telling whether an ESC is PPM controlled or not. Second, I have also been Googling and asking comments in [*all about ESCs*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZNxbxL7cdc) youtube videos for long, but I couldn't find anything useful.
>
> Why do I need PPM controlled ESCs?
>
>
>
I'm doing a project based on [AndroCopter](https://github.com/romainbaud/andro-copter) and its clearly mentioned that it specifically requires the use of PPM controlled ESCs.
>
> Can I use any ESCs available in the market for this project?
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>
>
It's also mentioned in the Github repo that PPM controlled ESCs are the most common ones. However from some who explained ESCs in Youtube video has commented back for my doubt telling that most common ESCs are PWM controlled which is contradicting the previous statement.
**PS**: I need to use Arduino Mega to control the four ESCs. And Arduino Mega is programmed to send out PPM signals which is exactly why I need PPM controlled ESCs. Correct me if I made any mistakes. | 2015/12/17 | [
"https://robotics.stackexchange.com/questions/8698",
"https://robotics.stackexchange.com",
"https://robotics.stackexchange.com/users/11281/"
] | I'm not an expert re: PPM communications but, from what I can tell, PPM signals contain pulses which are interpreted by the receiving microprocessor (or speed controller) as position commands. If the pulse is the smallest acceptable width, then the position of the servo will be commanded to go completely to one side; if the pulse is the largest acceptable width, then the position of the servo will be commanded to go completely to the other side. The PPM pulse is essentially a position setpoint, and the control of the power to achieve this position is up to the device that receives this signal.
On the other hand, a PWM signal will often directly regulate the amount of power that is transmitted to the motor. Consider the per cent that the PWM is ON - if it is ON 100% of the time, the motor will receive the highest possible amount of power. If the PWM signal is on at a 50% duty cycle, the motor will receive 50% of the available power.
Essentially a PWM signal is part of a lower-level control loop, as compared to the PPM signal. With the PPM signal, the speed controller takes care of the lower loops for you. | I believe there is confusion about these terms. Strictly speaking, the ESC is PWM controlled. Although the signal usually gets there from a transmitter and receiver signal that is PPM encoded.
It seems to me, that many sources will have you believe that PPM is just a multiplexed PWM like this:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rNJLl.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/8ezPY.jpg)
But in reality it is actually more like this:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/J4ycX.jpg)
Note in the final diagram that the actual PPM signal does not vary significantly in pulse width, only it's position is significant. Hence the term *Pulse Position Modulation*. From those positions, a controller will reconstruct a PWM signal that resembles what appears in the "Partial PPM Pulse" diagram (and is unfortunately labelled as PPM). That "PPM" signal (actually a multiplexed PWM signal) now has widths that are significant.
Rather unfortunately, neither that true PPM signal nor the so called PPM (actually multiplexed PWM) signal will make your ESC work correctly. It also has to be demultiplexed so that the information for only a *single channel* is fed to the ESC (or servo). This is in fact a PWM signal again.
It might be because the PWM has to have specific dimensions to work on the ESC that they don't want to use the term PWM, in other words its not just any generic PWM signal. Specifically the pulse width usually needs to be 1500µs long (+/- ~500µs) and occurs 20000µs apart (hence the 50Hz frequency), but there are alternatives to that scheme. Compare this to a PWM signal that can be used to control the brightness of an LED, for example, which can have any frequency and the widths can vary between 0% and 100% of the duty cycle. These are vastly different requirements from the PWM signal required to operate the ESC.
As far as I am aware, most ESCs used in RCs will have this type of control schema.
**So in conclusion:**
PPM when used to refer to ESCs is meant to be a specific kind of PWM. Any ESC that says it is PPM or PWM compatible is referring to the same thing. An alternative would be a serial motor controller, but I have never heard of one that was referred to as an ESC. Those are simply "motor controllers". For example, [these ones](https://www.pololu.com/search?%5Bsearch_type%5D=&query=motor%20controller&x=4&y=7). Also not that some of the controllers on that page are also PWM controlled, *but it is not the same kind of PWM -- more akin to the LED brightness control I mentioned above.* |
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