qid int64 1 74.7M | question stringlengths 12 33.8k | date stringlengths 10 10 | metadata list | response_j stringlengths 0 115k | response_k stringlengths 2 98.3k |
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67,476 | In my story, anyone who uses magic has to shut down their autonomic nervous system in order to gain enough control of their bodies and minds. What are the autonomic processes most immediately necessary for survival that a mage needs to consciously control while casting magic? Is there anything beyond breathing and heart beating that is absolutely necessary for moment-to-moment survival?
Edit:
Casting doesn't take much longer than a few seconds to a few minutes.
Some mages alter their bodies or are born into bodies specifically built for casting magic.
Tech level is mostly at around late medieval period. In the story, magic is something that was discovered after humanity had already reached godlike, Type 4 Civilization status. However, resulting war destroyed almost all traces of that civilization and its technology. | 2017/01/11 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/67476",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/25678/"
] | If you are in a very cold or very hot location, regulating the body temperature would also be essential for survival. Irreversible frostbite damage could happen within minutes if the mage neglected the peripheral circulation, and hypothermia could set in quite rapidly if the mage didn't properly constrict the blood vessels in the skin to reduce heat loss.
The autonomic nervous system also controls the core skeletal muscles, so if your mage wasn't paying attention, they might just stop being vertical. It also controls the reflex where when you tighten a muscle (eg quadriceps), the opposing muscle (in this case, hamstring) relaxes. Your mage might find themselves tearing their own muscles whenever they moved.
You wouldn't be able to focus your eyes without the autonomic nervous system. Your head wouldn't automatically turn toward a sound. Your eyes wouldn't stay fixed on an object when your head moved (think wobbly-cam and motion sickness, though the motion sickness is also autonomic).
You wouldn't reflexively pull away from hot things. Your pupils wouldn't respond to increased light by getting smaller.
Given that the mage can only focus on 7 plus or minus 2 items consciously, the chances of some kind of temporary pain, minor injury, or even permanent damage would be almost 100% unless the mage was motionless in a cotton-wool lined temperature-controlled coffin with their eyes closed.
But it wouldn't actually kill them, most likely, if they kept their heart beating and their lungs moving.
The autonomic nervous system is also responsible for the "fight or flight" response, so the mage would need to manage [all the components of that](http://www.diffen.com/difference/Parasympathetic_nervous_system_vs_Sympathetic_nervous_system) manually, too. | Well unless they were careful they might shit and piss themselves as the automatic nervous system controls amongst other things the anal sphincter and detrusor muscle. Avoiding such a misfortune is for many (including myself) absolutely necessary for moment-to-moment survival.
Jokes aside, **yes** besides being in control of respiration and cardiac regulation the ANS also initiates **vasoconstriction** in the event of the body being wounded. Particularily when haemorrhaging is severe (as one might expect from a injury sustained from a fight involving magic for example) immediate vasoconstriction can be the difference between life and death (death from acute blood loss). |
1,778,456 | As you all know, Google-Chrome-OS is released in VMWare Image File, VMDK.
I've downloaded it , however, I couldn't open it with VMWare Work Station and VMWare Player.
Also I've tried to open with Virtual Box in Ubuntu.
Thus, How could I get it? | 2009/11/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1778456",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2438460/"
] | VMDK is a virtual disk file, what you need is a VMX file. Cruise on over to [EasyVMX](http://www.easyvmx.com/easyvmx.shtml) and have it create one for you, then just replace the VMDK file it gives you with the Cnrome OS one.
EasyVMX is good since VMWare Player has no VM creation stuff in it (at least in version 2, not sure about 3). You had to use one of VMWare's other products to do that. | Generally, [this](http://infosecprogramming.webnode.in/news/running-backtrack-with-vmdk-files/) is how you open an OS folder containing a bunch of vdmk files on VMware Player. |
1,778,456 | As you all know, Google-Chrome-OS is released in VMWare Image File, VMDK.
I've downloaded it , however, I couldn't open it with VMWare Work Station and VMWare Player.
Also I've tried to open with Virtual Box in Ubuntu.
Thus, How could I get it? | 2009/11/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1778456",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2438460/"
] | you can also use vmware-mount from VMwares VDDK (Virtual Disk Development Kit):
<http://communities.vmware.com/community/vmtn/developer/forums/vddk>
this allows you to mount VMDK files as disk drives in windows or linux | Generally, [this](http://infosecprogramming.webnode.in/news/running-backtrack-with-vmdk-files/) is how you open an OS folder containing a bunch of vdmk files on VMware Player. |
1,778,456 | As you all know, Google-Chrome-OS is released in VMWare Image File, VMDK.
I've downloaded it , however, I couldn't open it with VMWare Work Station and VMWare Player.
Also I've tried to open with Virtual Box in Ubuntu.
Thus, How could I get it? | 2009/11/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1778456",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2438460/"
] | I was looking for a way to play VMDK files without the vmx file in VMware Player 5 and didn't find any explicit tutorial to do it. So after some time messing around with VMware PLayer 5, it turned out to be pretty simple, but not so intuitive. Here it is:
Create a new virtual machine from VMware Player 5;
There's no need to install an OS, since you already have the VMDK (Virtual Machine Disk);
Set the Virtual Machine to the OS you'll be playing (the one from the VMDK);
After creating the VM with the remaining creation wizard options, go to your VM settings;
There you can remove the existing hard drive and add a new one;
Upon addition of the new hard drive, point it to your existing VMDK file.
And that's it.
If you have problems starting the VM because VMware Player can't lock the VMDK file, rename/delete the dir/files with extension \*.lck from the directory where the \*.vmdk file is located.
Hope this is helpful. | you can also use vmware-mount from VMwares VDDK (Virtual Disk Development Kit):
<http://communities.vmware.com/community/vmtn/developer/forums/vddk>
this allows you to mount VMDK files as disk drives in windows or linux |
1,778,456 | As you all know, Google-Chrome-OS is released in VMWare Image File, VMDK.
I've downloaded it , however, I couldn't open it with VMWare Work Station and VMWare Player.
Also I've tried to open with Virtual Box in Ubuntu.
Thus, How could I get it? | 2009/11/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1778456",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2438460/"
] | I was looking for a way to play VMDK files without the vmx file in VMware Player 5 and didn't find any explicit tutorial to do it. So after some time messing around with VMware PLayer 5, it turned out to be pretty simple, but not so intuitive. Here it is:
Create a new virtual machine from VMware Player 5;
There's no need to install an OS, since you already have the VMDK (Virtual Machine Disk);
Set the Virtual Machine to the OS you'll be playing (the one from the VMDK);
After creating the VM with the remaining creation wizard options, go to your VM settings;
There you can remove the existing hard drive and add a new one;
Upon addition of the new hard drive, point it to your existing VMDK file.
And that's it.
If you have problems starting the VM because VMware Player can't lock the VMDK file, rename/delete the dir/files with extension \*.lck from the directory where the \*.vmdk file is located.
Hope this is helpful. | VMDK is a virtual disk file, what you need is a VMX file. Cruise on over to [EasyVMX](http://www.easyvmx.com/easyvmx.shtml) and have it create one for you, then just replace the VMDK file it gives you with the Cnrome OS one.
EasyVMX is good since VMWare Player has no VM creation stuff in it (at least in version 2, not sure about 3). You had to use one of VMWare's other products to do that. |
1,778,456 | As you all know, Google-Chrome-OS is released in VMWare Image File, VMDK.
I've downloaded it , however, I couldn't open it with VMWare Work Station and VMWare Player.
Also I've tried to open with Virtual Box in Ubuntu.
Thus, How could I get it? | 2009/11/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1778456",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2438460/"
] | you can also use vmware-mount from VMwares VDDK (Virtual Disk Development Kit):
<http://communities.vmware.com/community/vmtn/developer/forums/vddk>
this allows you to mount VMDK files as disk drives in windows or linux | WinMount provides an easiest way to mount VMDK as a virtual disk. You can read or write to the vmdk file without loading the virtual system.
Here shows you how to do: <http://www.winmount.com/mount_vmdk.html> |
1,778,456 | As you all know, Google-Chrome-OS is released in VMWare Image File, VMDK.
I've downloaded it , however, I couldn't open it with VMWare Work Station and VMWare Player.
Also I've tried to open with Virtual Box in Ubuntu.
Thus, How could I get it? | 2009/11/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1778456",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2438460/"
] | VMDK is a virtual disk file, what you need is a VMX file. Cruise on over to [EasyVMX](http://www.easyvmx.com/easyvmx.shtml) and have it create one for you, then just replace the VMDK file it gives you with the Cnrome OS one.
EasyVMX is good since VMWare Player has no VM creation stuff in it (at least in version 2, not sure about 3). You had to use one of VMWare's other products to do that. | For me my vmdk file was accompanied by a vmx file. Opening the vmx file worked for vmware player. |
1,778,456 | As you all know, Google-Chrome-OS is released in VMWare Image File, VMDK.
I've downloaded it , however, I couldn't open it with VMWare Work Station and VMWare Player.
Also I've tried to open with Virtual Box in Ubuntu.
Thus, How could I get it? | 2009/11/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1778456",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2438460/"
] | I was looking for a way to play VMDK files without the vmx file in VMware Player 5 and didn't find any explicit tutorial to do it. So after some time messing around with VMware PLayer 5, it turned out to be pretty simple, but not so intuitive. Here it is:
Create a new virtual machine from VMware Player 5;
There's no need to install an OS, since you already have the VMDK (Virtual Machine Disk);
Set the Virtual Machine to the OS you'll be playing (the one from the VMDK);
After creating the VM with the remaining creation wizard options, go to your VM settings;
There you can remove the existing hard drive and add a new one;
Upon addition of the new hard drive, point it to your existing VMDK file.
And that's it.
If you have problems starting the VM because VMware Player can't lock the VMDK file, rename/delete the dir/files with extension \*.lck from the directory where the \*.vmdk file is located.
Hope this is helpful. | WinMount provides an easiest way to mount VMDK as a virtual disk. You can read or write to the vmdk file without loading the virtual system.
Here shows you how to do: <http://www.winmount.com/mount_vmdk.html> |
1,778,456 | As you all know, Google-Chrome-OS is released in VMWare Image File, VMDK.
I've downloaded it , however, I couldn't open it with VMWare Work Station and VMWare Player.
Also I've tried to open with Virtual Box in Ubuntu.
Thus, How could I get it? | 2009/11/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1778456",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2438460/"
] | This is for vmware workstation 6.5
It is pretty far down.
select Create new virtual machine ->
select custom ->
on compatibility page take defaults ->
check I will install os later
-> click through several pages choosing other for OS, give it a name, make sure it IS NOT in the same folder as the VMDK file. Choose bridged network.
You will now see a screen asking to select disk, select existing virual disk. then browse and select the VMDK file | WinMount provides an easiest way to mount VMDK as a virtual disk. You can read or write to the vmdk file without loading the virtual system.
Here shows you how to do: <http://www.winmount.com/mount_vmdk.html> |
1,778,456 | As you all know, Google-Chrome-OS is released in VMWare Image File, VMDK.
I've downloaded it , however, I couldn't open it with VMWare Work Station and VMWare Player.
Also I've tried to open with Virtual Box in Ubuntu.
Thus, How could I get it? | 2009/11/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1778456",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2438460/"
] | Create a new Virtual machine in Virtual box,
Select OS type Other and version Other/Unknown
On the Virtual Hard Disk screen, select "Use existing hard disk" and enter the path to the VMDK file.
It should boot your Chrome OS just fine....
BTW Chrome OS goes from VBOX bios screen to login in 7 seconds on my system!!! | Generally, [this](http://infosecprogramming.webnode.in/news/running-backtrack-with-vmdk-files/) is how you open an OS folder containing a bunch of vdmk files on VMware Player. |
1,778,456 | As you all know, Google-Chrome-OS is released in VMWare Image File, VMDK.
I've downloaded it , however, I couldn't open it with VMWare Work Station and VMWare Player.
Also I've tried to open with Virtual Box in Ubuntu.
Thus, How could I get it? | 2009/11/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1778456",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2438460/"
] | Create a new Virtual machine in Virtual box,
Select OS type Other and version Other/Unknown
On the Virtual Hard Disk screen, select "Use existing hard disk" and enter the path to the VMDK file.
It should boot your Chrome OS just fine....
BTW Chrome OS goes from VBOX bios screen to login in 7 seconds on my system!!! | you can also use vmware-mount from VMwares VDDK (Virtual Disk Development Kit):
<http://communities.vmware.com/community/vmtn/developer/forums/vddk>
this allows you to mount VMDK files as disk drives in windows or linux |
84,733 | I bought a big box vanity with sink etc already attached. It was 1/4" off from being flush at the back so I decided to reseat it. Knifed and sawed the thing off then scraped the silicone off the sink/counter top.
Problem is, the wood sides are particle board and I can't get the silicone off. Nor can I cut or sand it without ruining the base. The majority of the lumpy caulk was on the sink side, so the remaining caulk on the base is fairly flat.
Is there anything I can use to simply reattach the vanity top with this residue silicone? | 2016/02/19 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/84733",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/50435/"
] | We generally don't recommend self leveling alternatives on a substrate other than concrete, vibrations over time can affect their stability. Best option is shims and plywood.
That being said, you're asking for a self leveling option. Your best bet would self leveling concrete, you'll need to pay attention to the substrate requirements, it says it accepts certain wood based substrates, however compare their requirements to your situation.
like:
<http://www.lowes.com/pd/MAPEI-Gray-and-Silver-Indoor-Floor-Patch-and-Leveler/1180155>
Also, most of these 'concretes' are safe for electrical radiant flooring installations. | If you have a 1.5” pour why not use fine aggregate cement? If your radiant heat is water tube based tack your tubes to the subfloor and pour.
If it is electrical, make sure to follow the MFG recommendations. Some tapes can be bedded in the cement and this helps even out the heat. One tape I used had to be covered and the covering almost doubled the install cost.
As long as your cement is not way two wet it will be fine. In my opinion a stronger floor that last the longest. |
84,733 | I bought a big box vanity with sink etc already attached. It was 1/4" off from being flush at the back so I decided to reseat it. Knifed and sawed the thing off then scraped the silicone off the sink/counter top.
Problem is, the wood sides are particle board and I can't get the silicone off. Nor can I cut or sand it without ruining the base. The majority of the lumpy caulk was on the sink side, so the remaining caulk on the base is fairly flat.
Is there anything I can use to simply reattach the vanity top with this residue silicone? | 2016/02/19 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/84733",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/50435/"
] | We generally don't recommend self leveling alternatives on a substrate other than concrete, vibrations over time can affect their stability. Best option is shims and plywood.
That being said, you're asking for a self leveling option. Your best bet would self leveling concrete, you'll need to pay attention to the substrate requirements, it says it accepts certain wood based substrates, however compare their requirements to your situation.
like:
<http://www.lowes.com/pd/MAPEI-Gray-and-Silver-Indoor-Floor-Patch-and-Leveler/1180155>
Also, most of these 'concretes' are safe for electrical radiant flooring installations. | I prefer the high performance cement for these applications.
<https://m.lowes.com/pd/High-Performance-Cement-by-Quikrete-Cement-Mix/50146060> |
72,718,725 | I'm currently working on a project. I did my first commit and then other people changed a lot from the beginning. When I go into iTerm i'm on the main branch and can see everything from the folder. Then I want to change something and go to my personal branch, but some files are deleting from the local folder.
How can I update my local folder in my personal branch with everything that is already on Git ? | 2022/06/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/72718725",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/18622426/"
] | Producer? No, apart from auto-create capability - when actually producer requests a metadata of a topic that does not exist, and that caused the backend to create a topic with default configuration (if enabled). Similar with consumers (fun fact: they can be configured [not to create topics](https://kafka.apache.org/31/documentation.html#consumerconfigs_allow.auto.create.topics) even if auto-creation is enabled).
If you want to have finer control, you'd need Kafka [Admin](https://kafka.apache.org/32/javadoc/org/apache/kafka/clients/admin/Admin.html) instance. | By default, producer API also will auto create topics, when a topic doesn't exist, and a producer trying to publish a message for the first time. But it is not recommended, as it may be created with default configuration values set at broker side.
When auto.create.topics.enable is set to true in Kafka configuration, the following are the circumstances under which a Kafka broker automatically creates a topic.
* Client requests metadata for a topic
* Producer sends message to a topic
* Consumer reads message from a topic
Hope this helps. |
2,306,423 | I often hear complaints that programming languages that make heavy use of symbols for brevity, most notably C and C++ (I'm not going to touch APL), are difficult to type because they require frequent use of the shift key. A year or two ago, I got tired of it myself, downloaded Microsoft's [Keyboard Layout Creator](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx), made a few changes to my layout, and have not once looked back. The speed difference is astounding; with these few simple changes I am able to type C++ code around 30% faster, depending of course on how hairy it is; best of all, my typing speed in ordinary running text is not compromised.
My questions are these: what alternate keyboard layouts have existed for programming, which have gained popularity, are any of them still in modern use, do you personally use any altered layout, and how can my layout be further optimised?
I made the following changes to a standard QWERTY layout. (I don't use [Dvorak](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard), but there is a [programmer Dvorak](http://www.kaufmann.no/roland/dvorak/) layout worth mentioning.)
* **Swap numbers with symbols** in the top row, because long or repeated literal numbers are typically replaced with named constants;
* **Swap backquote with tilde,** because backquotes are rare in many languages but destructors are common in C++;
* **Swap minus with underscore,** because underscores are common in identifiers;
* **Swap curly braces with square brackets,** because blocks are more common than subscripts; and
* **Swap double quote with single quote,** because strings are more common than character literals.
I suspect this last is probably going to be the most controversial, as it interferes the most with running text by requiring use of shift to type common contractions. This layout has significantly increased my typing speed in C++, C, Java, and Perl, and somewhat increased it in LISP and Python. | 2010/02/21 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2306423",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/246886/"
] | Overall, I think having a good text editor and knowing how to use it is better than trying to improve your typing speed. Being able to record and replay macros is sometimes a lifesaver, and a selection of shortcut-assigned code snippets can be handy because there's normally language-imposed limits on what can be turned into a library.
More generally, I think the real productivity enhancers are all about knowledge...
* Knowing what tools and libraries are available and how to use them.
* Knowing the overall structure of the code you're working on, not just your little bit.
* Knowing key algorithms, design patterns and idioms so you don't have to reinvent them.
* Knowing the rules well enough that you can be flexible - you know when to break them.
* Knowing your co-workers and their strengths, weaknesses etc - ie knowing when to figure something out yourself, but also when and who to ask.
FWIW, I'm not claiming to be strong on all those. I've always been too biassed towards solving problems myself, and with too strong a tendency towards reinventing the wheel and grand architectural schemes.
Anyway, I just have this suspicion that time spent changing and learning keyboard layouts would be a distraction from more important issues. | Changing the keyboard layout is a bad idea since it would (perhaps) boost your typing speed on one keyboard, but severely damage your typing speed on other keyboards or on computers where you don't have your special keyboard layout. I've found that it is often better to adjust yourself to the defaults, that having to change them everywhere. (Personally, my fingers are heavily Emacs-biased, which causes lots of typing friction everywhere else.) |
2,306,423 | I often hear complaints that programming languages that make heavy use of symbols for brevity, most notably C and C++ (I'm not going to touch APL), are difficult to type because they require frequent use of the shift key. A year or two ago, I got tired of it myself, downloaded Microsoft's [Keyboard Layout Creator](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx), made a few changes to my layout, and have not once looked back. The speed difference is astounding; with these few simple changes I am able to type C++ code around 30% faster, depending of course on how hairy it is; best of all, my typing speed in ordinary running text is not compromised.
My questions are these: what alternate keyboard layouts have existed for programming, which have gained popularity, are any of them still in modern use, do you personally use any altered layout, and how can my layout be further optimised?
I made the following changes to a standard QWERTY layout. (I don't use [Dvorak](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard), but there is a [programmer Dvorak](http://www.kaufmann.no/roland/dvorak/) layout worth mentioning.)
* **Swap numbers with symbols** in the top row, because long or repeated literal numbers are typically replaced with named constants;
* **Swap backquote with tilde,** because backquotes are rare in many languages but destructors are common in C++;
* **Swap minus with underscore,** because underscores are common in identifiers;
* **Swap curly braces with square brackets,** because blocks are more common than subscripts; and
* **Swap double quote with single quote,** because strings are more common than character literals.
I suspect this last is probably going to be the most controversial, as it interferes the most with running text by requiring use of shift to type common contractions. This layout has significantly increased my typing speed in C++, C, Java, and Perl, and somewhat increased it in LISP and Python. | 2010/02/21 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2306423",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/246886/"
] | I still hold that typing speed is not the main factor in the time it takes for a project to be completed. If it is, there is a big problem (Weeks of coding saves us hours of planning).
Regarding your question I prefer using the standard layout as it means I don't have to spend the first 10 minutes looking stupid when presented with a standard keyboard layout.
Some of the replacements you have suggested, e.g. the top row with the special characters doesn't make a ounce of difference as the outside finger on the other hand should be moving to shift at the same time.
IMHO One thing that helps above chaining layouts is using only keyboard shortcuts. Vim and Emacs are recommended. It makes moving text around far faster. | Make a simple key logger, then count the number of times each key is pressed. Run it for a day or two, then save the output to a text file. Do this every once and a while. It doesn't matter what layout you are using, as you are just seeing which keys are being used the most.
If you want to make a good layout, you can't be afraid to go away from the norm. I'd suggest putting the top 11 keys along the home row, then the next top 11 keys as the top row (leave the 2 keys above the return key as the least used keys), then the 3rd top 11 keys as the bottom row. There should be 4 keys left over now. Take those and put them in the -= and ]\ slots. Congrats! You have now made a great keyboard layout for your purposes! =D |
2,306,423 | I often hear complaints that programming languages that make heavy use of symbols for brevity, most notably C and C++ (I'm not going to touch APL), are difficult to type because they require frequent use of the shift key. A year or two ago, I got tired of it myself, downloaded Microsoft's [Keyboard Layout Creator](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx), made a few changes to my layout, and have not once looked back. The speed difference is astounding; with these few simple changes I am able to type C++ code around 30% faster, depending of course on how hairy it is; best of all, my typing speed in ordinary running text is not compromised.
My questions are these: what alternate keyboard layouts have existed for programming, which have gained popularity, are any of them still in modern use, do you personally use any altered layout, and how can my layout be further optimised?
I made the following changes to a standard QWERTY layout. (I don't use [Dvorak](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard), but there is a [programmer Dvorak](http://www.kaufmann.no/roland/dvorak/) layout worth mentioning.)
* **Swap numbers with symbols** in the top row, because long or repeated literal numbers are typically replaced with named constants;
* **Swap backquote with tilde,** because backquotes are rare in many languages but destructors are common in C++;
* **Swap minus with underscore,** because underscores are common in identifiers;
* **Swap curly braces with square brackets,** because blocks are more common than subscripts; and
* **Swap double quote with single quote,** because strings are more common than character literals.
I suspect this last is probably going to be the most controversial, as it interferes the most with running text by requiring use of shift to type common contractions. This layout has significantly increased my typing speed in C++, C, Java, and Perl, and somewhat increased it in LISP and Python. | 2010/02/21 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2306423",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/246886/"
] | I would approach your question in the following way.
The task is to organise a keyboard in such way as to minimise key strokes and hand movement for given text.
Steps toward a possible solution.
Make a program that:
1. Takes a text file with source code. (The bigger the better and from various sources!)
2. Counts the frequency of use of each symbol (its presence in the text).
3. (optional) Based on step 2: The program generates key stroke count for each symbol plus how far the hand has to go from central position. As a result you will have a measure how effective your keyboard layout is.
Now manually or by writing a program Redefine your layout in the following way. Put most frequently used symbol in a central position closer to your strong hand. The second symbol goes to your weak hand in central position. The third symbol goes back to your strong hand...and so on. Then you gradually move from central position of the hands into more "distant" areas of the keyboard. When all keyboard is full then you continue the process of assigning keys but this time with Shift key pressed. The other difference would be that you do not rotate strong and weak hand for each symbol when the Shift is down. With shift key down first you would fill in central positions on the keyboard and then move to more distant positions.
When you do all that perform step 3 again for the new layout to see how the layout was improved.
You may have to carry your keyboard with you at all times. On the bright side nobody will touch your computer. It will make you look like a Pro.
Finally, don't forget to share your findings. | Overall, I think having a good text editor and knowing how to use it is better than trying to improve your typing speed. Being able to record and replay macros is sometimes a lifesaver, and a selection of shortcut-assigned code snippets can be handy because there's normally language-imposed limits on what can be turned into a library.
More generally, I think the real productivity enhancers are all about knowledge...
* Knowing what tools and libraries are available and how to use them.
* Knowing the overall structure of the code you're working on, not just your little bit.
* Knowing key algorithms, design patterns and idioms so you don't have to reinvent them.
* Knowing the rules well enough that you can be flexible - you know when to break them.
* Knowing your co-workers and their strengths, weaknesses etc - ie knowing when to figure something out yourself, but also when and who to ask.
FWIW, I'm not claiming to be strong on all those. I've always been too biassed towards solving problems myself, and with too strong a tendency towards reinventing the wheel and grand architectural schemes.
Anyway, I just have this suspicion that time spent changing and learning keyboard layouts would be a distraction from more important issues. |
2,306,423 | I often hear complaints that programming languages that make heavy use of symbols for brevity, most notably C and C++ (I'm not going to touch APL), are difficult to type because they require frequent use of the shift key. A year or two ago, I got tired of it myself, downloaded Microsoft's [Keyboard Layout Creator](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx), made a few changes to my layout, and have not once looked back. The speed difference is astounding; with these few simple changes I am able to type C++ code around 30% faster, depending of course on how hairy it is; best of all, my typing speed in ordinary running text is not compromised.
My questions are these: what alternate keyboard layouts have existed for programming, which have gained popularity, are any of them still in modern use, do you personally use any altered layout, and how can my layout be further optimised?
I made the following changes to a standard QWERTY layout. (I don't use [Dvorak](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard), but there is a [programmer Dvorak](http://www.kaufmann.no/roland/dvorak/) layout worth mentioning.)
* **Swap numbers with symbols** in the top row, because long or repeated literal numbers are typically replaced with named constants;
* **Swap backquote with tilde,** because backquotes are rare in many languages but destructors are common in C++;
* **Swap minus with underscore,** because underscores are common in identifiers;
* **Swap curly braces with square brackets,** because blocks are more common than subscripts; and
* **Swap double quote with single quote,** because strings are more common than character literals.
I suspect this last is probably going to be the most controversial, as it interferes the most with running text by requiring use of shift to type common contractions. This layout has significantly increased my typing speed in C++, C, Java, and Perl, and somewhat increased it in LISP and Python. | 2010/02/21 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2306423",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/246886/"
] | I still hold that typing speed is not the main factor in the time it takes for a project to be completed. If it is, there is a big problem (Weeks of coding saves us hours of planning).
Regarding your question I prefer using the standard layout as it means I don't have to spend the first 10 minutes looking stupid when presented with a standard keyboard layout.
Some of the replacements you have suggested, e.g. the top row with the special characters doesn't make a ounce of difference as the outside finger on the other hand should be moving to shift at the same time.
IMHO One thing that helps above chaining layouts is using only keyboard shortcuts. Vim and Emacs are recommended. It makes moving text around far faster. | Changing the keyboard layout is a bad idea since it would (perhaps) boost your typing speed on one keyboard, but severely damage your typing speed on other keyboards or on computers where you don't have your special keyboard layout. I've found that it is often better to adjust yourself to the defaults, that having to change them everywhere. (Personally, my fingers are heavily Emacs-biased, which causes lots of typing friction everywhere else.) |
2,306,423 | I often hear complaints that programming languages that make heavy use of symbols for brevity, most notably C and C++ (I'm not going to touch APL), are difficult to type because they require frequent use of the shift key. A year or two ago, I got tired of it myself, downloaded Microsoft's [Keyboard Layout Creator](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx), made a few changes to my layout, and have not once looked back. The speed difference is astounding; with these few simple changes I am able to type C++ code around 30% faster, depending of course on how hairy it is; best of all, my typing speed in ordinary running text is not compromised.
My questions are these: what alternate keyboard layouts have existed for programming, which have gained popularity, are any of them still in modern use, do you personally use any altered layout, and how can my layout be further optimised?
I made the following changes to a standard QWERTY layout. (I don't use [Dvorak](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard), but there is a [programmer Dvorak](http://www.kaufmann.no/roland/dvorak/) layout worth mentioning.)
* **Swap numbers with symbols** in the top row, because long or repeated literal numbers are typically replaced with named constants;
* **Swap backquote with tilde,** because backquotes are rare in many languages but destructors are common in C++;
* **Swap minus with underscore,** because underscores are common in identifiers;
* **Swap curly braces with square brackets,** because blocks are more common than subscripts; and
* **Swap double quote with single quote,** because strings are more common than character literals.
I suspect this last is probably going to be the most controversial, as it interferes the most with running text by requiring use of shift to type common contractions. This layout has significantly increased my typing speed in C++, C, Java, and Perl, and somewhat increased it in LISP and Python. | 2010/02/21 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2306423",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/246886/"
] | I would approach your question in the following way.
The task is to organise a keyboard in such way as to minimise key strokes and hand movement for given text.
Steps toward a possible solution.
Make a program that:
1. Takes a text file with source code. (The bigger the better and from various sources!)
2. Counts the frequency of use of each symbol (its presence in the text).
3. (optional) Based on step 2: The program generates key stroke count for each symbol plus how far the hand has to go from central position. As a result you will have a measure how effective your keyboard layout is.
Now manually or by writing a program Redefine your layout in the following way. Put most frequently used symbol in a central position closer to your strong hand. The second symbol goes to your weak hand in central position. The third symbol goes back to your strong hand...and so on. Then you gradually move from central position of the hands into more "distant" areas of the keyboard. When all keyboard is full then you continue the process of assigning keys but this time with Shift key pressed. The other difference would be that you do not rotate strong and weak hand for each symbol when the Shift is down. With shift key down first you would fill in central positions on the keyboard and then move to more distant positions.
When you do all that perform step 3 again for the new layout to see how the layout was improved.
You may have to carry your keyboard with you at all times. On the bright side nobody will touch your computer. It will make you look like a Pro.
Finally, don't forget to share your findings. | Make a simple key logger, then count the number of times each key is pressed. Run it for a day or two, then save the output to a text file. Do this every once and a while. It doesn't matter what layout you are using, as you are just seeing which keys are being used the most.
If you want to make a good layout, you can't be afraid to go away from the norm. I'd suggest putting the top 11 keys along the home row, then the next top 11 keys as the top row (leave the 2 keys above the return key as the least used keys), then the 3rd top 11 keys as the bottom row. There should be 4 keys left over now. Take those and put them in the -= and ]\ slots. Congrats! You have now made a great keyboard layout for your purposes! =D |
2,306,423 | I often hear complaints that programming languages that make heavy use of symbols for brevity, most notably C and C++ (I'm not going to touch APL), are difficult to type because they require frequent use of the shift key. A year or two ago, I got tired of it myself, downloaded Microsoft's [Keyboard Layout Creator](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx), made a few changes to my layout, and have not once looked back. The speed difference is astounding; with these few simple changes I am able to type C++ code around 30% faster, depending of course on how hairy it is; best of all, my typing speed in ordinary running text is not compromised.
My questions are these: what alternate keyboard layouts have existed for programming, which have gained popularity, are any of them still in modern use, do you personally use any altered layout, and how can my layout be further optimised?
I made the following changes to a standard QWERTY layout. (I don't use [Dvorak](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard), but there is a [programmer Dvorak](http://www.kaufmann.no/roland/dvorak/) layout worth mentioning.)
* **Swap numbers with symbols** in the top row, because long or repeated literal numbers are typically replaced with named constants;
* **Swap backquote with tilde,** because backquotes are rare in many languages but destructors are common in C++;
* **Swap minus with underscore,** because underscores are common in identifiers;
* **Swap curly braces with square brackets,** because blocks are more common than subscripts; and
* **Swap double quote with single quote,** because strings are more common than character literals.
I suspect this last is probably going to be the most controversial, as it interferes the most with running text by requiring use of shift to type common contractions. This layout has significantly increased my typing speed in C++, C, Java, and Perl, and somewhat increased it in LISP and Python. | 2010/02/21 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2306423",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/246886/"
] | I still hold that typing speed is not the main factor in the time it takes for a project to be completed. If it is, there is a big problem (Weeks of coding saves us hours of planning).
Regarding your question I prefer using the standard layout as it means I don't have to spend the first 10 minutes looking stupid when presented with a standard keyboard layout.
Some of the replacements you have suggested, e.g. the top row with the special characters doesn't make a ounce of difference as the outside finger on the other hand should be moving to shift at the same time.
IMHO One thing that helps above chaining layouts is using only keyboard shortcuts. Vim and Emacs are recommended. It makes moving text around far faster. | Overall, I think having a good text editor and knowing how to use it is better than trying to improve your typing speed. Being able to record and replay macros is sometimes a lifesaver, and a selection of shortcut-assigned code snippets can be handy because there's normally language-imposed limits on what can be turned into a library.
More generally, I think the real productivity enhancers are all about knowledge...
* Knowing what tools and libraries are available and how to use them.
* Knowing the overall structure of the code you're working on, not just your little bit.
* Knowing key algorithms, design patterns and idioms so you don't have to reinvent them.
* Knowing the rules well enough that you can be flexible - you know when to break them.
* Knowing your co-workers and their strengths, weaknesses etc - ie knowing when to figure something out yourself, but also when and who to ask.
FWIW, I'm not claiming to be strong on all those. I've always been too biassed towards solving problems myself, and with too strong a tendency towards reinventing the wheel and grand architectural schemes.
Anyway, I just have this suspicion that time spent changing and learning keyboard layouts would be a distraction from more important issues. |
2,306,423 | I often hear complaints that programming languages that make heavy use of symbols for brevity, most notably C and C++ (I'm not going to touch APL), are difficult to type because they require frequent use of the shift key. A year or two ago, I got tired of it myself, downloaded Microsoft's [Keyboard Layout Creator](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx), made a few changes to my layout, and have not once looked back. The speed difference is astounding; with these few simple changes I am able to type C++ code around 30% faster, depending of course on how hairy it is; best of all, my typing speed in ordinary running text is not compromised.
My questions are these: what alternate keyboard layouts have existed for programming, which have gained popularity, are any of them still in modern use, do you personally use any altered layout, and how can my layout be further optimised?
I made the following changes to a standard QWERTY layout. (I don't use [Dvorak](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard), but there is a [programmer Dvorak](http://www.kaufmann.no/roland/dvorak/) layout worth mentioning.)
* **Swap numbers with symbols** in the top row, because long or repeated literal numbers are typically replaced with named constants;
* **Swap backquote with tilde,** because backquotes are rare in many languages but destructors are common in C++;
* **Swap minus with underscore,** because underscores are common in identifiers;
* **Swap curly braces with square brackets,** because blocks are more common than subscripts; and
* **Swap double quote with single quote,** because strings are more common than character literals.
I suspect this last is probably going to be the most controversial, as it interferes the most with running text by requiring use of shift to type common contractions. This layout has significantly increased my typing speed in C++, C, Java, and Perl, and somewhat increased it in LISP and Python. | 2010/02/21 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2306423",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/246886/"
] | I still hold that typing speed is not the main factor in the time it takes for a project to be completed. If it is, there is a big problem (Weeks of coding saves us hours of planning).
Regarding your question I prefer using the standard layout as it means I don't have to spend the first 10 minutes looking stupid when presented with a standard keyboard layout.
Some of the replacements you have suggested, e.g. the top row with the special characters doesn't make a ounce of difference as the outside finger on the other hand should be moving to shift at the same time.
IMHO One thing that helps above chaining layouts is using only keyboard shortcuts. Vim and Emacs are recommended. It makes moving text around far faster. | I would approach your question in the following way.
The task is to organise a keyboard in such way as to minimise key strokes and hand movement for given text.
Steps toward a possible solution.
Make a program that:
1. Takes a text file with source code. (The bigger the better and from various sources!)
2. Counts the frequency of use of each symbol (its presence in the text).
3. (optional) Based on step 2: The program generates key stroke count for each symbol plus how far the hand has to go from central position. As a result you will have a measure how effective your keyboard layout is.
Now manually or by writing a program Redefine your layout in the following way. Put most frequently used symbol in a central position closer to your strong hand. The second symbol goes to your weak hand in central position. The third symbol goes back to your strong hand...and so on. Then you gradually move from central position of the hands into more "distant" areas of the keyboard. When all keyboard is full then you continue the process of assigning keys but this time with Shift key pressed. The other difference would be that you do not rotate strong and weak hand for each symbol when the Shift is down. With shift key down first you would fill in central positions on the keyboard and then move to more distant positions.
When you do all that perform step 3 again for the new layout to see how the layout was improved.
You may have to carry your keyboard with you at all times. On the bright side nobody will touch your computer. It will make you look like a Pro.
Finally, don't forget to share your findings. |
2,306,423 | I often hear complaints that programming languages that make heavy use of symbols for brevity, most notably C and C++ (I'm not going to touch APL), are difficult to type because they require frequent use of the shift key. A year or two ago, I got tired of it myself, downloaded Microsoft's [Keyboard Layout Creator](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx), made a few changes to my layout, and have not once looked back. The speed difference is astounding; with these few simple changes I am able to type C++ code around 30% faster, depending of course on how hairy it is; best of all, my typing speed in ordinary running text is not compromised.
My questions are these: what alternate keyboard layouts have existed for programming, which have gained popularity, are any of them still in modern use, do you personally use any altered layout, and how can my layout be further optimised?
I made the following changes to a standard QWERTY layout. (I don't use [Dvorak](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard), but there is a [programmer Dvorak](http://www.kaufmann.no/roland/dvorak/) layout worth mentioning.)
* **Swap numbers with symbols** in the top row, because long or repeated literal numbers are typically replaced with named constants;
* **Swap backquote with tilde,** because backquotes are rare in many languages but destructors are common in C++;
* **Swap minus with underscore,** because underscores are common in identifiers;
* **Swap curly braces with square brackets,** because blocks are more common than subscripts; and
* **Swap double quote with single quote,** because strings are more common than character literals.
I suspect this last is probably going to be the most controversial, as it interferes the most with running text by requiring use of shift to type common contractions. This layout has significantly increased my typing speed in C++, C, Java, and Perl, and somewhat increased it in LISP and Python. | 2010/02/21 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2306423",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/246886/"
] | Make a simple key logger, then count the number of times each key is pressed. Run it for a day or two, then save the output to a text file. Do this every once and a while. It doesn't matter what layout you are using, as you are just seeing which keys are being used the most.
If you want to make a good layout, you can't be afraid to go away from the norm. I'd suggest putting the top 11 keys along the home row, then the next top 11 keys as the top row (leave the 2 keys above the return key as the least used keys), then the 3rd top 11 keys as the bottom row. There should be 4 keys left over now. Take those and put them in the -= and ]\ slots. Congrats! You have now made a great keyboard layout for your purposes! =D | Changing the keyboard layout is a bad idea since it would (perhaps) boost your typing speed on one keyboard, but severely damage your typing speed on other keyboards or on computers where you don't have your special keyboard layout. I've found that it is often better to adjust yourself to the defaults, that having to change them everywhere. (Personally, my fingers are heavily Emacs-biased, which causes lots of typing friction everywhere else.) |
17,858 | I have a [1-wire sensor](https://store.brewpi.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/1800x/040ec09b1e35df139433887a97daa66f/t/e/temp-sensor-threaded-ds18b20-2.jpg) which has the design I need and a hardware for working with PT100/PT1000 sensors. Can I turn the 1-wire sensor into a PT100/PT1000 sensor easily?
Note: this question has been raised during planning an electrical HERMS. | 2016/06/07 | [
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/17858",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/13774/"
] | you may want to ask this on the electronics stack exchange.
but to answer this here.
no, you cant replace a PT100 sensor, with a 1-wire temp sensor.
PT100/1000 are analog sensors, 1 wire sensors are digital.
as to convert a 1 wire, to an analog sensor, all depends on your knowledge of electronics, easy if you know a lot, hard if you dont know anything...
the way I would convert it would be to use a micro controller, like an msp430, to read the 1 wire, and then use ~~pwm or a DAC~~ Digital potentiometer to send the analog signal to your hardware. | Sorry, the two are very different - to make a OneWire sensor look like a PT100 sensor, you'd have to find some way to recreate the resistance in the wire that varies with temperature, which is how a PT100 works. The simplest way to do that would be to use a real PT100 sensor - emulating a PT100 sensor would be much harder and most likely introduce more error than just using a PT100.
On the other hand, can you change your sensing hardware to accept a OneWire sensor? See [brewpi.com](http://brewpi.com) for an example. |
160,071 | I'm trying to figure out how to control the color in the LED 5050 RGB strips--how are the 4 contact points usually mapped (my strip does not indicate). I'd also like to ratchet down the brightness--the strip currently runs on 12V/5 amps. To ratchet down the brightness, is that a reduction of voltage or amperage; how far can I ratchet down and still expect the LED strip to function; and how best to ratchet down? | 2015/03/16 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/160071",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/70075/"
] | The 4 conctact points are usually R/G/B anode/cathode and the 4th is common cathode/anode.
AFAIK both variations exist.
To control the brightness, the normal way is to use PWM - switch on the required power for a short period of time, switch it off. Do this at a high frequency.
By altering the time it is on/off, you can control the brightness. | Simple rgb led strips with four conductors come in both Common Anode (V+) or Common Cathode (Ground) options, with the other three conductors being the individual color pins. They also come in 12V nominal and 24v versions.
You can adjust brightness with a PWM controller, but a simple method for a constant brightness reduction is under volting the led strip. The 12v nominal strip works from 10 to 14 volts. The lower you go the less bright. 10 volts is about the minimum that you can go like this. |
6,315 | I have a question regarding the initial part of stop consonants in English.
Let's take /b/, the voiced bilabial stop consonant, as an example. When I produce this consonant, prior to the stop release, my lips are closed so airflow through my mouth is completely blocked. To vibrate the vocal cords, I send air through my nose. Does that mean the initial part of my /b/ is identical to the initial part of /m/, the bilabial nasal consonant? Is this how native speakers of English articulate this stop?
In general in English, are voiced stops articulated in the same manner as their nasal counterparts before the stop release? | 2014/01/05 | [
"https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/6315",
"https://linguistics.stackexchange.com",
"https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/users/2979/"
] | There are different kinds of stop consonant /b/.
1. Prevoiced /b/: this occurs in Spanish, French, Russian, etc; has a negative VOT. In other words, voicing starts before the closure. You can call it 'voice lagging time'.
2. Partially voiced /b/: this occurs in aspirating languages, and intially. has non-negative VOT (sure, you find some speakers with negative VOT).
3. What happens when you open velopharngeal port when you are producing a prevoiced /b/? You hear prenasalized /b/. And you can see prenasalization in Bantu languages. | If you let air escape through the nasal cavity during the oral closure, then yes--the first part of your /b/ is being articulated in the same way as an /m/.
This is not the standard way for native speakers of English to articulate stop consonants. If a native speaker actually (phonetically) voices her stops (i.e. if there actually is vocal fold vibration during the oral closure), the **vocal fold vibration is achieved by passing the air through to the *oral cavity only***. This is possible even when the oral cavity is completely sealed (due to the lips being closed, for example) because the air is a gas and is thus compressible. The walls of the cavity may also expand a bit to accommodate the greater volume of air. **You can convince yourself that this is true if you hold your nose shut with your fingers and attempt to "hum" with your lips closed.**
It is true that *maintaining* vocal fold vibration with both the oral and nasal cavities closed is difficult. This difficulty, along with the fact that there are more robust cues to (phonological) voicing in English (see [my response to a related question](https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/3398/understanding-voiced-consonants/3401#3401)), explains why **many native speakers don't actually phonetically voice their voiced stops!** If you record someone with consistent stop voicing and then go in and replace all of the voice bars with silence, all of the stops will still be perceived by other native speakers as voiced. |
60,211,290 | I have a AWS EC2 Instance running with a PEM file kept at a safe place.
Now I want to give sftp access to one of the user to a particular directory. For this they have given me the private key file of their system. Is it possible to somehow import that private key on AWS Instance? | 2020/02/13 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/60211290",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/410389/"
] | In general, private keys should not be distrubuted. You need the users public key. You can then place that public key in the ~/.ssh/authorized\_keys file for the user you want to allow access to. Note that you can use both sftp and scp to retrieve files from as server in a secure fashion. In my opintion, scp is easier to setup, but you may want sftp depending on your use case. If you want additional information on setting up SFTP, check [[How to setup an SFTP server on CentOS](https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-setup-an-sftp-server-on-centos/)](https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-setup-an-sftp-server-on-centos/). | If you need is share a directory, you can associate your EC2 instances to an EFS clúster and share a directory between two or more instances and you could have a private instance (only you will have ssh access) and other public (other users can access to this instance by ssh or sftp). |
60,211,290 | I have a AWS EC2 Instance running with a PEM file kept at a safe place.
Now I want to give sftp access to one of the user to a particular directory. For this they have given me the private key file of their system. Is it possible to somehow import that private key on AWS Instance? | 2020/02/13 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/60211290",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/410389/"
] | In general, private keys should not be distrubuted. You need the users public key. You can then place that public key in the ~/.ssh/authorized\_keys file for the user you want to allow access to. Note that you can use both sftp and scp to retrieve files from as server in a secure fashion. In my opintion, scp is easier to setup, but you may want sftp depending on your use case. If you want additional information on setting up SFTP, check [[How to setup an SFTP server on CentOS](https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-setup-an-sftp-server-on-centos/)](https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-setup-an-sftp-server-on-centos/). | Create public key and placed in ~/.ssh/authorized\_keys file for anyone user need to access.
You should using sftp instead of scp for secure purpose. |
276,257 | I recently decided to reinstall my Mythbuntu system, as it had been upgraded in phases from version 10.x and was throwing up fairly frequent errors.
The situation as was: Mythbuntu 12.something, running MythTV 0.26. Recordings are stored on a different drive to everything else, including the database.
How I proceeded:
1. Used the Mythbuntu Control Centre's builtin Backup command to back up settings and database to the recordings drive.
2. Reinstalled Mythbuntu from an up to date ISO, wiping the system drive in the process.
3. Updated to MythTV 0.26 using the Mythbuntu repo.
4. Edited fstab to mount the recordings drive in the appropriate place.
5. Used the Mythbuntu Control Centre's builtin Restore command to restore the database and settings.
The problem: Now mythfrontend insists that it can't find the database.
My guess is that one of the things that was backed up and restored was the mysql password for the database - but presumably on a new install this is different to the old install?
How can I find out the correct password? Or, am I barking totally up the wrong tree here?
Thanks :) I'm afraid my knowledge of mysql admin is rather limited. | 2013/03/30 | [
"https://askubuntu.com/questions/276257",
"https://askubuntu.com",
"https://askubuntu.com/users/133298/"
] | To answer my own question:
I was barking up the wrong tree. Mythbuntu's backup and restore correctly backs up and restores the password for the database with the database, but apparently not quite everywhere that it's needed (not in ~mythtv/.mythtv/config.xml). Manually editing the password in there to match the other config files (such as mysql.txt in the same directory) solved the problem.
For anybody who *does* actually need to know the MySQL password for a given user: I don't know if there's a way to find that out, but this page gives a way to reset it to a known value: <http://www.mythtv.org/wiki/Category:MySQL> | In my experience, when installing a secondary frontend, I grab the DB password from the backend (stored in the mythtv user's ~/.mythtv/config.xml) and use that for configuring the DB on the secondary frontend. It's always been working, so I assume this is a legitimate way to get the needed password. |
13,585 | I wanted to address this question [Is the electron actually a standing wave?](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/638202/is-the-electron-actually-a-standing-wave/638205#638205) , but as already today I wasted time and then the question was deleted, I wanted to make sure I would not waste more time , I started an answer and declared it as a place holder, implying I am working on it. The following happened:
0
>
> This post is hidden. It was deleted 3 mins ago by rob♦.
>
>
>
This was my place holder:
>
> How can an electron be both a standing wave and have its wave function spherically symmetric?
>
>
>
>
> place holder
>
>
>
Maybe I should thank rob for wasting some more of my time today, because the draft I was working on has disappeared too.
Can somebody tell me how I can avoid closures while working on an answer? Note that this was a recent question, not standing there for hours.
thanks | 2021/05/22 | [
"https://physics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/13585",
"https://physics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/1492/"
] | If your placeholder answer had *actually answered the question*, it would have stayed in place. It’s totally fine to write a partial answer and then edit it later to be longer or more detailed. But it should actually answer the question the entire time.
For example, *this* answer, whose [first version](https://physics.meta.stackexchange.com/revisions/13586/1) was just the first paragraph and a sentence promising to write some more. It turned out I was called away while expanding it, so the incomplete version was displayed for longer than I intended, but what was visible was an actual answer to the question.
My advice on the subject is still the same as in [this recent discussion](https://physics.meta.stackexchange.com/a/13431/44126):
>
> In the [extremely distant past](https://physics.meta.stackexchange.com/revisions/343/1), there was moderator advice about making “placeholder answers” which could be edited into proper shape even if the question was closed. However, the *intent* of that advice was that the “placeholder answer” would answer the question *from the outset*, even if the initial answer was incomplete. A number of users have interpreted that advice as license to make a content-free “stub” of an answer under an off-topic question, which they can edit into a complete answer and undelete even if the question is closed. Other users who notice new, complete answers to off-topic questions appearing long after the questions are closed tend to agree with you: it’s an abuse of the system. Don’t do that.
>
>
>
I think that “content-free stub” is a fair description of the first version of your answer, whose entire non-quoted text was “place holder.”
In general, an answer that has been hidden by the moderators for breaking some guideline can be restored if it’s edited into an acceptable form. In many cases, when the mods delete an answer, we’ll include advice about repairing the answer and raising a custom moderator flag for un-deletion. I didn’t include such advice when I deleted your answer, because my first two drafts sounded like I was offering to restore your answer even if the question was closed. Perhaps I should have tried a third time.
Also, it’s a shame that my interaction with your post caused your draft to disappear. I’m sure that was extra-frustrating. | The premise of this question is flawed. You seem to believe that your placeholder answer would prevent the question from being closed or deleted, and that is not generally true.
The OP of a question can choose to delete their own question (together with your answer) at any time until one of several criteria are met to block that action. (See [How does deleting work? What can cause a post to be deleted, and what does that actually mean? What are the criteria for deletion?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/5221/how-does-deleting-work-what-can-cause-a-post-to-be-deleted-and-what-does-that/5222#5222)). It could be that something about the circumstances of when you posted your stub would have triggered one of those, but generally speaking one would hope that there are not a lot of answers going onto questions that are getting as heavy negative feedback as you've suggested for at least one of the questions that you references in comments nor upvotes on a stub that doesn't (yet) provide a real answer.
Moreover, if you expected the question to be closed, which can happen even if answers are already posted, then roomba could well delete the question and answer in as few as 9 days depending on how many votes are cast.
Either way, your answer stood a chance of being deleted sooner or later if the question had serious problems. (And if it didn't then the stub was unnecessary by any measure.)
Beyond the technical points, what you're doing with the stub answer is trying to circumvent both the SE software and the other users on the site. Provided the question had issues that justified your concern about deletion or closure, then it would seem that you
1. Realized that the question had problems;
2. Realized that other users also saw the problems are were providing feedback including downvotes and/or close votes; and
3. Feared that the OP of the question would act on that feedback by deleting their question.
A primary purpose of downvoting a question is to induce the poster to delete it. (Related: <https://stackoverflow.blog/2011/06/13/optimizing-for-pearls-not-sand/>) That's why SE refunds the reputation lost on delete posts - Part of the "don't hold a grudge" approach taken by the site for users who correct their mistakes. In addition to trying to keep a question that you evidentially thought was poor on the site, if you had been successful you would also, as side effects, have:
1. Negated what you saw as the community's overall response to the question; and
2. Prevented the OP of the question from deleting their question, which then would expose them to more negative feedback rather than allowing them to gracefully back out, perhaps to regroup and post better later.
If you really thought the question was salvageable, then the appropriate recourse would be to fix the question first not to provide an answer to a question that even you (apparently) thought had significant issues. |
166,622 | when a server is receiving data from another computer, lets say that that data transmission was incomplete, and half of the file was sent. now where is this stored on a computer and is it stored on the main storage. basically what i want to ask is: are data packets stored individually on a computer one by one or all together? and can this data be recovered and viewed? according to my limited knowledge using a packet capture software the protocol it says that is being used is: tcp.so will a person trying to recover suffer from desynchronisation | 2017/08/02 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/166622",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | There is no single way these data will be handeled, i.e. it depends on the application receiving the data:
* If you have for example a web application with some way to upload data these data will probably be accumulated first into some temporary file on disk in some default or configuration dependent folder. Of course "on disk" might also be a RAM disk in which case the data are only in memory. But, if the connection closes (i.e. upload aborted) the data will usually deleted in which case they might still remain as bytes in some free space on the disk. And, some web applications might also accumulate the data just in memory, i.e. nothing gets written on disk.
* If you have an FTP server instead and upload a file it gets usually transferred directly on the place where the client wants it to be, i.e. no temporary file and no cleanup. But of course, details vary by FTP server implementation.
* With rsync you get again usually temporary files which usually get cleaned up on connection close.
* ... and different behavior for different applications
What is common for all storage done at the application level is that not the packets but the data will be stored, since a TCP based application has no idea of packet boundaries. This can be different with UDP based applications since with UDP a packet boundary is a message boundary (ignoring fragmented packets). But, UDP is usually not used for file transfer. | TCP is the most common protocol for internet communication as it is reliable (no data loss because a packet or two went missing) unlike other faster protocols like UDP (something that might be used for voice data, where its more important to keep the stream going than replay a 0.1s burst of static).
>
> Are data packets stored individually ...? and can this data be recovered and viewed?
>
>
>
TCP packets will never be stored on disk. Usually, an application will cache some data into memory, and if its a big file periodically flush online cache to the hard disk. So for example, you transfer 3.2mb data and connection breaks - maybe 3mb is saved to a temporary file while last 0.2mb was only in memory cache.
In this case, you can search for the 3mb file either in the actual download location or as a temporary file (different OS have differing places to store these). The in-memory data can't be retrieved once the downloading app has crashed.
>
> will a person trying to recover suffer from desynchronisation
>
>
>
If the app allows you to resume, e.g. download managers, then it is also smart enough to properly request any missing data from the server. |
87,560 | Many times I have used a dial-type meat thermometer, making sure it is not touching bone, and when it indicates it has reached the desired temperature (internal), I take the meat out and wait ten minutes, then find it is not fully cooked. I am inserting the thermometer, putting the meat into the pre-heated oven, and leaving the thermometer in the meat the entire time. Is this correct? | 2018/02/05 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/87560",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/64953/"
] | My experience with metal probes left in meat for the cooking period, if it is not a short cooking time, can give higher than accurate readings unless the item is large enough to bury a high percentage of the probe and still hit that optimal middle of thickest area without hitting bone. If too shallow, the metal can transfer heat itself to the measuring point so give a higher than true internal temp. This tends to happen more often for me with less dense meat. When this is a concern, I would suggest using the probe initially to get to temp, then moving it to a new location when it reads that you have reached temperature. It this thermal transfer via the metal is what is occurring for you, then the new positions should quickly drop to the true temperature and you will know you need addition time. The 2nd point is usually used for less time, so does not tend to have the same false rise.
All of this is predicated on using a calibrated device of a type of probe designed to allow leaving in as mentioned in answers and comments, i.e. not plastic, not instant read, etc. Those designed to remain in are often the ones with flexible cords to an out of oven base for reading and some wireless models. There are those that the readout is not remote, but those have the disadvantage of needing to open the oven. | It depends on the type of thermometer. Typically all metal/glass probes you would leave in, and plastic you certainly would not. However, if your thermometer is telling you internal temp is reached and 10 mins later you find it isn't, then something is wrong:
- you are not testing correctly. Make sure that you are inserting to the center of the meat, in the thickest portion, not touching bone
- you are aiming for the wrong temperature.
Keep in mind that continuation cooking will occur after you bring the meat out- the meat will typically rise 10 degrees after removing from the oven. |
87,560 | Many times I have used a dial-type meat thermometer, making sure it is not touching bone, and when it indicates it has reached the desired temperature (internal), I take the meat out and wait ten minutes, then find it is not fully cooked. I am inserting the thermometer, putting the meat into the pre-heated oven, and leaving the thermometer in the meat the entire time. Is this correct? | 2018/02/05 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/87560",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/64953/"
] | I think the common advice about not touching a bone is incorrect - and as a consequence of that advice, inaccurate ideal temperatures have been published.
I think the part of the meat internally touching a bone is always the last part to become done. Think of the cup of undercooked meat in the bone pocket in a T-bone, in lamb chops, in a pork chop; also consider how an undercooked chicken drumstick will often have a red bone or red fluid visible only when cutting through to the bone.
So my advice is actually:
1. as @rpierce stated, first calibrate your thermometer (0-2˚C in ice water means you are probably good to go, and a second check of boiling water at 99-100˚C to finish off if you want to be completely sure). You also may want to experiment to learn where the temperature reads. I recommend a tip-read thermometer, but a steel probe with a mechanical dimple in the side is often reading at that dimple.
2. Determine, ideally by looking at photographs of sous-vide cooked meats of the same species you are roasting (example <http://www.cookingissues.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/steaktemperatureswebsmall.jpg> for beef) exactly what temperature you want as your minimum
3. Use a thermometer probe with an alarm that is designed to leave in the meat while coooking, (Great example: "Meat Heat" on Amazon <https://www.amazon.co.uk/Digital-Thermometer-Stainless-Probe-Perfect-INCLUDED/dp/B012DS2ZY0> ) and touch it through to the bone where you expect the last-to-cook section will be. I.e. on a turkey, I recommend touching the thigh bone from above.
I trust this now answers the question in the title; "It depends on your thermometer".
4. Use the lowest oven temperature you need, to bring the roast to the target temperature within the time you have available. If you use a high temperature, you will have a steep temperature gradient (rainbow of cooked on the outside to moister on the inside) whereas if you use a lower temperature, you will have less or no gradient (evenly cooked interior) which you then may wish to sear in some way at some point during the cooking.
If you use a lower temperature and the meat is evenly cooked to the target temperature, you actually DO NOT NEED to rest. "Resting" such perfectly cooked meat will only cool it down. | It depends on the type of thermometer. Typically all metal/glass probes you would leave in, and plastic you certainly would not. However, if your thermometer is telling you internal temp is reached and 10 mins later you find it isn't, then something is wrong:
- you are not testing correctly. Make sure that you are inserting to the center of the meat, in the thickest portion, not touching bone
- you are aiming for the wrong temperature.
Keep in mind that continuation cooking will occur after you bring the meat out- the meat will typically rise 10 degrees after removing from the oven. |
87,560 | Many times I have used a dial-type meat thermometer, making sure it is not touching bone, and when it indicates it has reached the desired temperature (internal), I take the meat out and wait ten minutes, then find it is not fully cooked. I am inserting the thermometer, putting the meat into the pre-heated oven, and leaving the thermometer in the meat the entire time. Is this correct? | 2018/02/05 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/87560",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/64953/"
] | My experience with metal probes left in meat for the cooking period, if it is not a short cooking time, can give higher than accurate readings unless the item is large enough to bury a high percentage of the probe and still hit that optimal middle of thickest area without hitting bone. If too shallow, the metal can transfer heat itself to the measuring point so give a higher than true internal temp. This tends to happen more often for me with less dense meat. When this is a concern, I would suggest using the probe initially to get to temp, then moving it to a new location when it reads that you have reached temperature. It this thermal transfer via the metal is what is occurring for you, then the new positions should quickly drop to the true temperature and you will know you need addition time. The 2nd point is usually used for less time, so does not tend to have the same false rise.
All of this is predicated on using a calibrated device of a type of probe designed to allow leaving in as mentioned in answers and comments, i.e. not plastic, not instant read, etc. Those designed to remain in are often the ones with flexible cords to an out of oven base for reading and some wireless models. There are those that the readout is not remote, but those have the disadvantage of needing to open the oven. | I think the common advice about not touching a bone is incorrect - and as a consequence of that advice, inaccurate ideal temperatures have been published.
I think the part of the meat internally touching a bone is always the last part to become done. Think of the cup of undercooked meat in the bone pocket in a T-bone, in lamb chops, in a pork chop; also consider how an undercooked chicken drumstick will often have a red bone or red fluid visible only when cutting through to the bone.
So my advice is actually:
1. as @rpierce stated, first calibrate your thermometer (0-2˚C in ice water means you are probably good to go, and a second check of boiling water at 99-100˚C to finish off if you want to be completely sure). You also may want to experiment to learn where the temperature reads. I recommend a tip-read thermometer, but a steel probe with a mechanical dimple in the side is often reading at that dimple.
2. Determine, ideally by looking at photographs of sous-vide cooked meats of the same species you are roasting (example <http://www.cookingissues.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/steaktemperatureswebsmall.jpg> for beef) exactly what temperature you want as your minimum
3. Use a thermometer probe with an alarm that is designed to leave in the meat while coooking, (Great example: "Meat Heat" on Amazon <https://www.amazon.co.uk/Digital-Thermometer-Stainless-Probe-Perfect-INCLUDED/dp/B012DS2ZY0> ) and touch it through to the bone where you expect the last-to-cook section will be. I.e. on a turkey, I recommend touching the thigh bone from above.
I trust this now answers the question in the title; "It depends on your thermometer".
4. Use the lowest oven temperature you need, to bring the roast to the target temperature within the time you have available. If you use a high temperature, you will have a steep temperature gradient (rainbow of cooked on the outside to moister on the inside) whereas if you use a lower temperature, you will have less or no gradient (evenly cooked interior) which you then may wish to sear in some way at some point during the cooking.
If you use a lower temperature and the meat is evenly cooked to the target temperature, you actually DO NOT NEED to rest. "Resting" such perfectly cooked meat will only cool it down. |
87,560 | Many times I have used a dial-type meat thermometer, making sure it is not touching bone, and when it indicates it has reached the desired temperature (internal), I take the meat out and wait ten minutes, then find it is not fully cooked. I am inserting the thermometer, putting the meat into the pre-heated oven, and leaving the thermometer in the meat the entire time. Is this correct? | 2018/02/05 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/87560",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/64953/"
] | My experience with metal probes left in meat for the cooking period, if it is not a short cooking time, can give higher than accurate readings unless the item is large enough to bury a high percentage of the probe and still hit that optimal middle of thickest area without hitting bone. If too shallow, the metal can transfer heat itself to the measuring point so give a higher than true internal temp. This tends to happen more often for me with less dense meat. When this is a concern, I would suggest using the probe initially to get to temp, then moving it to a new location when it reads that you have reached temperature. It this thermal transfer via the metal is what is occurring for you, then the new positions should quickly drop to the true temperature and you will know you need addition time. The 2nd point is usually used for less time, so does not tend to have the same false rise.
All of this is predicated on using a calibrated device of a type of probe designed to allow leaving in as mentioned in answers and comments, i.e. not plastic, not instant read, etc. Those designed to remain in are often the ones with flexible cords to an out of oven base for reading and some wireless models. There are those that the readout is not remote, but those have the disadvantage of needing to open the oven. | I would not leave a dial-type meat thermometer in the cooking vessel (oven, smoker, etc.). I have two reasons for this.
First, by leaving it in the cooking vessel, you are heating the entire thermometer rather than just the probe tip, which could produce the off results you're seeing.
Second, the thermometer face plate may be of a material that you don't want to heat up beyond certain safe temperatures.
Probes that are meant to be left in the meat will typically be at the end of a longer wire that runs out to a device. Probe stays in the meat, and you read the temperature off the device. I have used these types of probes a lot for smoking brisket and pork butts.
Now, if it is just too convenient to leave the dial-type probe in the meat, and you're not concerned about my second reason, you could calibrate things to your liking. Keep the probe in the meat, and cook until it is actually done to your liking... whatever temperature your probe is reading becomes your new target for that probe.
You could also use a second probe to calibrate against, or calibrate your probe in a pot of boiling water. If it reads correctly, then you know it's something about being in the oven that's throwing it off. |
87,560 | Many times I have used a dial-type meat thermometer, making sure it is not touching bone, and when it indicates it has reached the desired temperature (internal), I take the meat out and wait ten minutes, then find it is not fully cooked. I am inserting the thermometer, putting the meat into the pre-heated oven, and leaving the thermometer in the meat the entire time. Is this correct? | 2018/02/05 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/87560",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/64953/"
] | I think the common advice about not touching a bone is incorrect - and as a consequence of that advice, inaccurate ideal temperatures have been published.
I think the part of the meat internally touching a bone is always the last part to become done. Think of the cup of undercooked meat in the bone pocket in a T-bone, in lamb chops, in a pork chop; also consider how an undercooked chicken drumstick will often have a red bone or red fluid visible only when cutting through to the bone.
So my advice is actually:
1. as @rpierce stated, first calibrate your thermometer (0-2˚C in ice water means you are probably good to go, and a second check of boiling water at 99-100˚C to finish off if you want to be completely sure). You also may want to experiment to learn where the temperature reads. I recommend a tip-read thermometer, but a steel probe with a mechanical dimple in the side is often reading at that dimple.
2. Determine, ideally by looking at photographs of sous-vide cooked meats of the same species you are roasting (example <http://www.cookingissues.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/steaktemperatureswebsmall.jpg> for beef) exactly what temperature you want as your minimum
3. Use a thermometer probe with an alarm that is designed to leave in the meat while coooking, (Great example: "Meat Heat" on Amazon <https://www.amazon.co.uk/Digital-Thermometer-Stainless-Probe-Perfect-INCLUDED/dp/B012DS2ZY0> ) and touch it through to the bone where you expect the last-to-cook section will be. I.e. on a turkey, I recommend touching the thigh bone from above.
I trust this now answers the question in the title; "It depends on your thermometer".
4. Use the lowest oven temperature you need, to bring the roast to the target temperature within the time you have available. If you use a high temperature, you will have a steep temperature gradient (rainbow of cooked on the outside to moister on the inside) whereas if you use a lower temperature, you will have less or no gradient (evenly cooked interior) which you then may wish to sear in some way at some point during the cooking.
If you use a lower temperature and the meat is evenly cooked to the target temperature, you actually DO NOT NEED to rest. "Resting" such perfectly cooked meat will only cool it down. | I would not leave a dial-type meat thermometer in the cooking vessel (oven, smoker, etc.). I have two reasons for this.
First, by leaving it in the cooking vessel, you are heating the entire thermometer rather than just the probe tip, which could produce the off results you're seeing.
Second, the thermometer face plate may be of a material that you don't want to heat up beyond certain safe temperatures.
Probes that are meant to be left in the meat will typically be at the end of a longer wire that runs out to a device. Probe stays in the meat, and you read the temperature off the device. I have used these types of probes a lot for smoking brisket and pork butts.
Now, if it is just too convenient to leave the dial-type probe in the meat, and you're not concerned about my second reason, you could calibrate things to your liking. Keep the probe in the meat, and cook until it is actually done to your liking... whatever temperature your probe is reading becomes your new target for that probe.
You could also use a second probe to calibrate against, or calibrate your probe in a pot of boiling water. If it reads correctly, then you know it's something about being in the oven that's throwing it off. |
20,962,339 | Hello i'm new to slick (and lwjgl) and was wondering if its best to stick to one class or multiple when I used straight java I used multiple classes but wasn't shoure about slick | 2014/01/07 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/20962339",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/3150675/"
] | Please do use multiple classes. Classes keep things organized, and it is easier to document. Also, you can use an ArrayList to have a lot of class instantiated and use them later on. The most important thing about multiple classes is that it is organized. It is hard to use only one class for a game, because there will be a lot of code, and you need to try to pack together everything. Use multiple classes! | Java is an object-oriented language for a reason, and classes are there to help you. Using multiple classes will allow you to break down the game logic and view it as the interactions between objects of different classes, limiting complexity and making the game easier to understand. I'm not sure what kind of game you're writing, but for example, you could have a Player class, of which the active player is a member, tracking things such as health or lives, position on screen, et cetera. The player object could then interact with objects of class Monster, Wall, Door, Chest, so on and so forth.
Using classes allows you to reuse code and avoid repeating yourself, manage the complexity of the project, and encapsulate logic. When you're working in Java, an object-oriented language, it'd be wise to try and write code that follows an object-oriented paradigm. |
20,509,252 | I am unable to checkout code from <http://svn.apache.org/viewvc/cxf/trunk> as i am getting error
>
> svn: E175011: Repository moved permanently; please relocate
>
>
>
But i dont see any alternate location | 2013/12/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/20509252",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/949827/"
] | I got redirected to <http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/cxf/trunk>
what client are you using that doesn't redirect? | On your SVN client give the URL as <http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/cxf/trunk/>
ViewVC may or may not give you extact details while performing a checkout. |
45,550 | Which is the best software for drawing below picture?
 | 2015/01/09 | [
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/45550",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/users/36778/"
] | You can try using CorelDraw X7 which is the software I use, it allows you to easily create vectors and retrace bitmaps images to vectors, also using line strokes it's pretty easy.
Inkscape It's a free software that it's used to edit SVG's so you can also try it. | This would be a breeze in Illustrator, especially with the stroke options that you can use to ad in the arrow heads. That is what I would use, although, you could probably get away with some way more basic software. |
45,550 | Which is the best software for drawing below picture?
 | 2015/01/09 | [
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/45550",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/users/36778/"
] | This would be a breeze in Illustrator, especially with the stroke options that you can use to ad in the arrow heads. That is what I would use, although, you could probably get away with some way more basic software. | You can try Adobe Illustrator! Its amazing tools to draw sketch and illustrate. |
45,550 | Which is the best software for drawing below picture?
 | 2015/01/09 | [
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/45550",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/users/36778/"
] | You can try using CorelDraw X7 which is the software I use, it allows you to easily create vectors and retrace bitmaps images to vectors, also using line strokes it's pretty easy.
Inkscape It's a free software that it's used to edit SVG's so you can also try it. | You can try Adobe Illustrator! Its amazing tools to draw sketch and illustrate. |
285,477 | I have a PC that controls some equipment, such as, cameras, solenoids, and DACs. There is also a 45KW nitrogen laser. The laser has its own service installed, but, when it turns on, there is a voltage spike that disrupts the USB devices on the PC. The PC is on a surge protector, but the spike still affects the PC in this way.
When this happens, shutters open, and the general operation is disrupted.
One option is to avoid the issue, and shut down the PC, power on the laser, and then turn the PC back on. This works well, but is tedious.
I have talked with the building manager, and he will not take any measures to improve the quality of the electrical services available (such as hire an electrician to install a Whole-House Suppressor).
I am looking into putting ferrite beads on the existing USB cables, but those have not arrived yet. Are there other options for noise suppression of this nature? | 2017/02/09 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/285477",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/54929/"
] | Apparently your system is suffering from susceptibility to EMI and low immunity to transients. Obviously your overall setup (with all USB devices and associated USB cables) was never tested to IEC 61000-4-x standards, especially to 4-4 EFT ([fast transient](https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Technology/Documents/Events2013/CI_Training_ARB_Tunis_April13/UIT_EMC_standards.pdf)) section.
The position of your building manager is understandable. Before installing some extra equipment, you need to find the root cause of your issue.
If the interference is coming from AC power mains, a battery-powered UPS is an easy solution. But if your PC doesn't reboot, the power is not likely the cause.
If USB is disrupted, you might want to look into the scale of communication disruption, whether any individual USB devices are disrupted, or the entire PC root hub gets reset and/or massive disconnects are happening.
If the interference (fast transient) is coming in a radiated way (coupling into USB cables), the simple ferrite blobs on USB cable coming to PC might help. However, most regular PCs have the shielding routed in completely wrong manner (shield is usually directly connected to signal ground plane on most mainboards at USB connectors), the ferrite beads might be not enough. In this case a good total (optical) isolation will solve the problem, see [USB3.0 optical cables from Corning Communication](https://www.corning.com/optical-cables-by-corning/worldwide/en/products/usb-optical-cables.html). This would be the best, although a bit pricey.
[**CORRECTION**: *The Corning cable does not provide galvanic isolation between grounds on connectors, as some audiophiles have discovered, and tolerance of data signals to common-mode is not specified or known. Corning didn't return the request for clarification*]
USB has a limited range of how much of common-mode shift it can tolerate (officially about 1-2V, or less for HS). If the disruption comes from excessive bouncing of common ground across multiple power sources supplying your USB devices, you may want to reduce the ground loop area by consolidating all power bricks into one area if possible, and use another local UPS to power them.
Overall, fighting Electromagnetic Interference is always a challenge, so good luck to you. | Your PC is probably suffering from a brown-out, a surge protector will not help with this issue.
If you do not need steep edges on your laser (a 45 kW laser is probably not modulated for communications?), then limit the inrush current to the laser. There are some thermistor based limiters available for the mains connection.
If you cannot change the mains connection (45kW are not plugged to the wall outlet, right?), you should consider an online ("continous conversion") UPS for the PC.
If it turns out that your PC really resets due to radiated electromagnetic interference, I would think the whole setup is not FCC compliant. That would be a bigger problem unless you are in a shielded lab environment. |
285,477 | I have a PC that controls some equipment, such as, cameras, solenoids, and DACs. There is also a 45KW nitrogen laser. The laser has its own service installed, but, when it turns on, there is a voltage spike that disrupts the USB devices on the PC. The PC is on a surge protector, but the spike still affects the PC in this way.
When this happens, shutters open, and the general operation is disrupted.
One option is to avoid the issue, and shut down the PC, power on the laser, and then turn the PC back on. This works well, but is tedious.
I have talked with the building manager, and he will not take any measures to improve the quality of the electrical services available (such as hire an electrician to install a Whole-House Suppressor).
I am looking into putting ferrite beads on the existing USB cables, but those have not arrived yet. Are there other options for noise suppression of this nature? | 2017/02/09 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/285477",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/54929/"
] | Apparently your system is suffering from susceptibility to EMI and low immunity to transients. Obviously your overall setup (with all USB devices and associated USB cables) was never tested to IEC 61000-4-x standards, especially to 4-4 EFT ([fast transient](https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Technology/Documents/Events2013/CI_Training_ARB_Tunis_April13/UIT_EMC_standards.pdf)) section.
The position of your building manager is understandable. Before installing some extra equipment, you need to find the root cause of your issue.
If the interference is coming from AC power mains, a battery-powered UPS is an easy solution. But if your PC doesn't reboot, the power is not likely the cause.
If USB is disrupted, you might want to look into the scale of communication disruption, whether any individual USB devices are disrupted, or the entire PC root hub gets reset and/or massive disconnects are happening.
If the interference (fast transient) is coming in a radiated way (coupling into USB cables), the simple ferrite blobs on USB cable coming to PC might help. However, most regular PCs have the shielding routed in completely wrong manner (shield is usually directly connected to signal ground plane on most mainboards at USB connectors), the ferrite beads might be not enough. In this case a good total (optical) isolation will solve the problem, see [USB3.0 optical cables from Corning Communication](https://www.corning.com/optical-cables-by-corning/worldwide/en/products/usb-optical-cables.html). This would be the best, although a bit pricey.
[**CORRECTION**: *The Corning cable does not provide galvanic isolation between grounds on connectors, as some audiophiles have discovered, and tolerance of data signals to common-mode is not specified or known. Corning didn't return the request for clarification*]
USB has a limited range of how much of common-mode shift it can tolerate (officially about 1-2V, or less for HS). If the disruption comes from excessive bouncing of common ground across multiple power sources supplying your USB devices, you may want to reduce the ground loop area by consolidating all power bricks into one area if possible, and use another local UPS to power them.
Overall, fighting Electromagnetic Interference is always a challenge, so good luck to you. | **Scenario 1: Brownout**
Hypothesis: switching on the laser lowers mains voltage for a short time.
You don't say if your USB devices are bus-powered or self-powered. Even if the PC does not crash from a brownout, any USB device powered from mains could also experience a transient loss of power. Its internal microcontroller could go haywire or reboot. One misbehaving USB device can make an USB bus go into la-la-land.
Solutions:
* borrow UPS from the IT guys and run everything (including all USB devices) from it. Does it fix the problem?...
* inquire with laser manufacturer about soft-start
**Scenario 2: EMC**
This is difficult to debug. I won't go into details... Adding ferrites could be beneficial, but I would rather suggest USB isolators. For USB1.1 devices, these are available and cheap. Recently USB2.0 high speed have become available, they are more expensive of course.
For example, Intona makes a USB2 isolator.
Icron makes an USB to fiber optics bridge, which can span long distances.
The famous Corning cable is useless as it does not isolate. |
604,215 | I am looking for a way to disable the animations for keyboard shortcut selection in Office 2013, especially Excel 2013. When you select a keyboard shortcut using Alt and a key sequence (e.g. Alt->H->O->H to change row height), each key-press causes an animation as the options become available. I use shortcuts **a lot** so this really takes up time.
I've disabled the typing and cell-movement animations through registry and disabled animations in Advanced System Settings, yet none of this has managed to stop the annoying shortcut animations. Any ideas, anybody? I'm desperate.
Thanks so much. | 2013/06/05 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/604215",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/229304/"
] | This worked perfectly for me:
>
> Windows Control Panel > Performance Information and Tools > Adjust Visual Effects
>
>
>
Uncheck the first option: Animate controls and elements inside windows.
Note however that disabling this will also disable any animations regarding Windows' buttons, scollbars, taskbar icons and popup windows, start button, copy dialog, etcetera.[[1]](http://www.eightforums.com/tutorials/39657-animate-controls-elements-inside-windows-off.html) | Disable Hardware Graphics Acceleration.
Excel > File > Options > Advanced.
Scroll down to the Display section and then enable the: *Disable Hardware Graphics Acceleration setting.*
If you have updated Office you can also look in:
Windows Control Panel > Performance Information and Tools > Adjust Visual Effects
Unclick the first option: *Animate controls and elements inside windows.* |
72,627 | I have an old house that's built on pillars and has shifted a little over time. We are remodeling the kitchen and just ripped up many layers of creatively installed flooring. We are down to the bottom layer of plywood and it dips on one side of the room (8"x 15" room) and then kind of comes back up.
We aren't sure how to tell how sloped it is or how much leveling is really necessary. We have heard that if we don't level it the tiles will eventually crack so we want to prevent that.
We are planning on putting down backer board in between the plywood and the tiles, will that be enough support or is it important to do some sort of leveling first? If we level with something like cement will we need another layer of plywood or can we put the backer board right on top?
Any advice appreciated, thanks so much! | 2015/08/29 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/72627",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/41957/"
] | You did hear correctly: the floor must be as flat as possible (and as rigid) in order to support the tile. You mentioned the floor being supported on posts. If there is enough head room a better repair is to shim-up the low spot from below. Depending on how severe the floor depression is this may entail hammering some store bought shims under the joists or installing concrete footings so as to support new posts.
The quick easy solution is to outline the low-spot of floor , mix-up a bag of self leveling floor mix, and trowel it into the depression feathering the edges.
It would also be a smart idea to check the other sections of floor that will get covered by tile for any squeaks, bounce or shifting. Nail or screw to secure them to joists.
When you are ready to begin installing the cement board it would be wise to embed the 3' x 5' x 1/2" cement boards in a thin slurry of thinset for complete support. Use cement board screws to affix them to the floor. | The concrete board and extra mud will be all you need. Lay the concrete board, then fill in where needed. |
729,335 | At the largest scale in the universe exist formations called filaments which form something like a spider web along the whole universe. But they seem to be quite static. So my question is about the fact that as planets and stars need to orbit around each other to not to collide and cause a collapse why then these megastructures do not need the same? | 2022/09/26 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/729335",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/253499/"
] | We live in a specific time and gather cosmological observations which we model with the mathematical theories proven successful up to now. These theories predict and explain stable gravitational states, as planetary systems, due to the conservation laws and mathematics of gravitational attraction, so these filaments may be part of this , within the timeline that we observe.
As for the future of the universe, [there are various theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe#Theories_about_the_end_of_the_universe) you might be interested to read, and the fate of the filaments will be in accord with the theory . | Because dark energy stabilizes matter from such fast collapsing as it should be. Comparing to gravity, influence of dark energy is as stronger as further we look in telescopes, but gravity becomes weaker with distance. On the other side, even without dark energy in the beginning of existance our universe was very homogeneous and should stay the same, but dark matter pulled usual matter to galaxies and created "spider webs" |
1,539,505 | A very flowery title indeed.
I have a PHP web application that is in the form of a web based wizard. A user can run through the wizard and select options, run process (DB queries) etc. They can go backwards and forwards and run process again and again.
I am trying to work out how to best save the state of what users do/did, what process they ran etc. So basically a glorified log that I can pull up later.
How do I save these states or sessions? One option which is being considered by my colleague is using an XML file for each session and to save everything there. My idea is to use a database table to do this.
There are pros and cons for each and I was hoping I could get answers on which option to go for? Suggestiosn of other options that are feasible would be great! Or what kind of questions should I ask myself to choose the right implementation.
**Technologies Currently Used**
Backend: PHP and MS SQL Server, running on Windows Server 2005
FrontEnd: HTML, CSS, JavaScript (JQuery)
Any help will be greatly appreciated.
EDIT
----
There will be only one/two/three users per site where this system will be launched. Each site will not be connected in any way. The system can have about 10 to 100 sessions per month. | 2009/10/08 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1539505",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/51649/"
] | Using a database is probably the way to go. Just create a simple table, that tracks actions by session id. Don't index anything, as you want inserting rows to be a low-cost operation (you can create a temp table, add indexes, and run reports on it later).
XML files could also work -- you'd want to write a separate file for each sessionid -- but doing analysis will probably be much more straightforward if you can leverage your database's featureset. | If you're talking about a large number of users doing there operations simultaneously, and you'd want to trace their steps, I think it's better to go for a database-oriented approach. The database server can optimize data flow and disk writes, leading to a better concurrent performance than constantly writing files on the disk. You really should try to stress-test the system, whichever you choose, to make sure performance does not suffer in the event of a big load. |
6,398 | [Moderator election #2](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) on Politics — your "graduation" election! — has come to a close, the votes have been tallied, and the new moderators are:
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/28994)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/18862)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/9801)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/3135)
They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew [as "regular" mods](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users?tab=moderators) shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for their time spent during the site's beta!
For details on how the voting played out, you can download the election results [here](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) or [view a summary report online](https://www.opavote.com/results/4842435011149824). | 2022/10/11 | [
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6398",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/5403/"
] | Thanks so much to everyone who took part, especially everyone who contributed questions to the candidates or who put themselves out there and nominated themselves! I’m very glad that the community was happy enough with the existing mod team to re-elect us all :D
Congratulations especially to ohwilleke, I’m looking forward to working with you. Enjoy all the shiny new buttons! | Thanks everyone for participating in the election by voting or even running as a candidate! I'm grateful for the renewed confidence in myself and the others on the pro-tem team.
I'm happy to welcome ohwilleke to the team and I'm sure we'll have a good time moderating the site. :) |
6,398 | [Moderator election #2](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) on Politics — your "graduation" election! — has come to a close, the votes have been tallied, and the new moderators are:
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/28994)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/18862)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/9801)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/3135)
They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew [as "regular" mods](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users?tab=moderators) shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for their time spent during the site's beta!
For details on how the voting played out, you can download the election results [here](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) or [view a summary report online](https://www.opavote.com/results/4842435011149824). | 2022/10/11 | [
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6398",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/5403/"
] | Thank you for showing us moderators your continuous trust and support by reelecting all three of us pro-tempore moderators.
And welcome to the team, ohwilleke. | I would imagine that this has to be one of if not *the most* difficult stack to moderate.
I know I've had my differences with some of you in the past on meta but hopefully with the understanding that it's a difficult volunteer position. I'm continuously grateful for the work you do, all of you, and thanks so much and congratulations! |
6,398 | [Moderator election #2](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) on Politics — your "graduation" election! — has come to a close, the votes have been tallied, and the new moderators are:
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/28994)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/18862)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/9801)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/3135)
They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew [as "regular" mods](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users?tab=moderators) shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for their time spent during the site's beta!
For details on how the voting played out, you can download the election results [here](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) or [view a summary report online](https://www.opavote.com/results/4842435011149824). | 2022/10/11 | [
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6398",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/5403/"
] | Thanks so much to everyone who took part, especially everyone who contributed questions to the candidates or who put themselves out there and nominated themselves! I’m very glad that the community was happy enough with the existing mod team to re-elect us all :D
Congratulations especially to ohwilleke, I’m looking forward to working with you. Enjoy all the shiny new buttons! | Thank you for showing us moderators your continuous trust and support by reelecting all three of us pro-tempore moderators.
And welcome to the team, ohwilleke. |
6,398 | [Moderator election #2](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) on Politics — your "graduation" election! — has come to a close, the votes have been tallied, and the new moderators are:
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/28994)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/18862)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/9801)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/3135)
They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew [as "regular" mods](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users?tab=moderators) shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for their time spent during the site's beta!
For details on how the voting played out, you can download the election results [here](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) or [view a summary report online](https://www.opavote.com/results/4842435011149824). | 2022/10/11 | [
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6398",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/5403/"
] | Thanks so much to everyone who took part, especially everyone who contributed questions to the candidates or who put themselves out there and nominated themselves! I’m very glad that the community was happy enough with the existing mod team to re-elect us all :D
Congratulations especially to ohwilleke, I’m looking forward to working with you. Enjoy all the shiny new buttons! | Welcome aboard (and back)! I've always felt this site was extremely well moderated and deserving of losing its Beta badge. Well earned and congrats on now being fully 'elected' moderators. |
6,398 | [Moderator election #2](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) on Politics — your "graduation" election! — has come to a close, the votes have been tallied, and the new moderators are:
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/28994)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/18862)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/9801)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/3135)
They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew [as "regular" mods](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users?tab=moderators) shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for their time spent during the site's beta!
For details on how the voting played out, you can download the election results [here](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) or [view a summary report online](https://www.opavote.com/results/4842435011149824). | 2022/10/11 | [
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6398",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/5403/"
] | Holy shit! I was sure somebody else would win. Bugger me.
Oh well. I'll try to figure out how to do this in the next little bit.
>
> They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew as "regular" mods
> shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please
> thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for
> their time spent during the site's beta!
>
>
>
Thanks so much for volunteering and for running in this election folks! | Welcome aboard (and back)! I've always felt this site was extremely well moderated and deserving of losing its Beta badge. Well earned and congrats on now being fully 'elected' moderators. |
6,398 | [Moderator election #2](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) on Politics — your "graduation" election! — has come to a close, the votes have been tallied, and the new moderators are:
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/28994)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/18862)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/9801)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/3135)
They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew [as "regular" mods](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users?tab=moderators) shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for their time spent during the site's beta!
For details on how the voting played out, you can download the election results [here](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) or [view a summary report online](https://www.opavote.com/results/4842435011149824). | 2022/10/11 | [
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6398",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/5403/"
] | Holy shit! I was sure somebody else would win. Bugger me.
Oh well. I'll try to figure out how to do this in the next little bit.
>
> They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew as "regular" mods
> shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please
> thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for
> their time spent during the site's beta!
>
>
>
Thanks so much for volunteering and for running in this election folks! | I want to take the opportunity to congratulate everyone, winners and and others that didn't get selected as mods in this election. Those that didn't get selected, please don't feel bad. We are here as a community. Everyone's voice is heard, whatever you feel wrong just say it.
And next time please participate. :)
Your participation made it a better election, please know it. |
6,398 | [Moderator election #2](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) on Politics — your "graduation" election! — has come to a close, the votes have been tallied, and the new moderators are:
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/28994)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/18862)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/9801)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/3135)
They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew [as "regular" mods](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users?tab=moderators) shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for their time spent during the site's beta!
For details on how the voting played out, you can download the election results [here](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) or [view a summary report online](https://www.opavote.com/results/4842435011149824). | 2022/10/11 | [
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6398",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/5403/"
] | Holy shit! I was sure somebody else would win. Bugger me.
Oh well. I'll try to figure out how to do this in the next little bit.
>
> They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew as "regular" mods
> shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please
> thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for
> their time spent during the site's beta!
>
>
>
Thanks so much for volunteering and for running in this election folks! | I would imagine that this has to be one of if not *the most* difficult stack to moderate.
I know I've had my differences with some of you in the past on meta but hopefully with the understanding that it's a difficult volunteer position. I'm continuously grateful for the work you do, all of you, and thanks so much and congratulations! |
6,398 | [Moderator election #2](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) on Politics — your "graduation" election! — has come to a close, the votes have been tallied, and the new moderators are:
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/28994)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/18862)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/9801)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/3135)
They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew [as "regular" mods](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users?tab=moderators) shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for their time spent during the site's beta!
For details on how the voting played out, you can download the election results [here](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) or [view a summary report online](https://www.opavote.com/results/4842435011149824). | 2022/10/11 | [
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6398",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/5403/"
] | Thanks everyone for participating in the election by voting or even running as a candidate! I'm grateful for the renewed confidence in myself and the others on the pro-tem team.
I'm happy to welcome ohwilleke to the team and I'm sure we'll have a good time moderating the site. :) | I want to take the opportunity to congratulate everyone, winners and and others that didn't get selected as mods in this election. Those that didn't get selected, please don't feel bad. We are here as a community. Everyone's voice is heard, whatever you feel wrong just say it.
And next time please participate. :)
Your participation made it a better election, please know it. |
6,398 | [Moderator election #2](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) on Politics — your "graduation" election! — has come to a close, the votes have been tallied, and the new moderators are:
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/28994)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/18862)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/9801)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/3135)
They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew [as "regular" mods](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users?tab=moderators) shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for their time spent during the site's beta!
For details on how the voting played out, you can download the election results [here](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) or [view a summary report online](https://www.opavote.com/results/4842435011149824). | 2022/10/11 | [
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6398",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/5403/"
] | Holy shit! I was sure somebody else would win. Bugger me.
Oh well. I'll try to figure out how to do this in the next little bit.
>
> They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew as "regular" mods
> shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please
> thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for
> their time spent during the site's beta!
>
>
>
Thanks so much for volunteering and for running in this election folks! | Thank you for showing us moderators your continuous trust and support by reelecting all three of us pro-tempore moderators.
And welcome to the team, ohwilleke. |
6,398 | [Moderator election #2](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) on Politics — your "graduation" election! — has come to a close, the votes have been tallied, and the new moderators are:
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/28994)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/18862)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/9801)
[](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/3135)
They will be replacing the "old" pro-tem crew [as "regular" mods](https://politics.stackexchange.com/users?tab=moderators) shortly (though most of them were that "old" crew anyway) — please thank them for volunteering, both for running in this election and for their time spent during the site's beta!
For details on how the voting played out, you can download the election results [here](https://politics.stackexchange.com/election/2) or [view a summary report online](https://www.opavote.com/results/4842435011149824). | 2022/10/11 | [
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6398",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/5403/"
] | Thanks everyone for participating in the election by voting or even running as a candidate! I'm grateful for the renewed confidence in myself and the others on the pro-tem team.
I'm happy to welcome ohwilleke to the team and I'm sure we'll have a good time moderating the site. :) | I would imagine that this has to be one of if not *the most* difficult stack to moderate.
I know I've had my differences with some of you in the past on meta but hopefully with the understanding that it's a difficult volunteer position. I'm continuously grateful for the work you do, all of you, and thanks so much and congratulations! |
2,608 | There was a bit of a tussle earlier about a specific question related to why a specific line of JavaScript code was crafted the way that it was:
>
> [What's the point of initializing a variable with the same value twice?](https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/122378/whats-the-point-of-initializing-a-variable-with-the-same-value-twice#question)
>
>
>
The [details are documented elsewhere](https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/q/2606/8), but suffice it to say there's obviously some confusion about whether these questions are on-topic here.
Our FAQ states the following:
>
> Programmers — Stack Exchange is a site for professional programmers who are interested in getting expert answers on conceptual questions about software development. If you have a question about…
>
>
> * design patterns
> * development methodologies
> * software architecture
>
>
> ... then you're in the right place to ask your question!
>
>
>
Additionally, the [blog post that introduces Programmers](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2010/12/introducing-programmers-stackexchange-com/) defines the distinction between Programmers and Stack Overflow as such:
>
> In a nutshell, Stack Overflow is for when you’re front of your compiler or editor working through code issues. Programmers is for when you’re in front of a whiteboard working through higher level conceptual programming issues. Hence the (awesome) whiteboard inspired design!
>
>
> Stated another way, Stack Overflow questions almost all have actual source code in the questions or answers. It’s much rarer (though certainly OK) for a Programmers question to contain source code.
>
>
>
In this specific question, the asker isn't working through issues with their code, they're asking a higher-level conceptual question about why the code was designed that way.
Finally, after speaking with the Stack Overflow moderators, they believed it was only just barely on-topic on Stack Overflow, but on the subjective side.
Given this background, are these questions on-topic here? If so, why? If not, why not? | 2011/11/29 | [
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2608",
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I personally think that these kinds of questions, and this question in particular, is a better fit for Stack Overflow, as it deals specifically with code syntax and usage. Had it been a more "conceptual" question (in the vein of "How is this technique useful in my software design?"), I would consider it a better fit here.
That said, questions should be migrated, not because they are a better fit on some other site, but because they are *clearly off-topic* on the originating site. | JoeMo asked:
>
> What's happening here and how are these two declarations different?
>
>
>
I see this as asking :
>
> "What does this code do?"
>
>
>
**NOT**
>
> Why the code was designed that way?
>
>
>
That is why i voted for the migration... Just my 2 cents. |
2,608 | There was a bit of a tussle earlier about a specific question related to why a specific line of JavaScript code was crafted the way that it was:
>
> [What's the point of initializing a variable with the same value twice?](https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/122378/whats-the-point-of-initializing-a-variable-with-the-same-value-twice#question)
>
>
>
The [details are documented elsewhere](https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/q/2606/8), but suffice it to say there's obviously some confusion about whether these questions are on-topic here.
Our FAQ states the following:
>
> Programmers — Stack Exchange is a site for professional programmers who are interested in getting expert answers on conceptual questions about software development. If you have a question about…
>
>
> * design patterns
> * development methodologies
> * software architecture
>
>
> ... then you're in the right place to ask your question!
>
>
>
Additionally, the [blog post that introduces Programmers](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2010/12/introducing-programmers-stackexchange-com/) defines the distinction between Programmers and Stack Overflow as such:
>
> In a nutshell, Stack Overflow is for when you’re front of your compiler or editor working through code issues. Programmers is for when you’re in front of a whiteboard working through higher level conceptual programming issues. Hence the (awesome) whiteboard inspired design!
>
>
> Stated another way, Stack Overflow questions almost all have actual source code in the questions or answers. It’s much rarer (though certainly OK) for a Programmers question to contain source code.
>
>
>
In this specific question, the asker isn't working through issues with their code, they're asking a higher-level conceptual question about why the code was designed that way.
Finally, after speaking with the Stack Overflow moderators, they believed it was only just barely on-topic on Stack Overflow, but on the subjective side.
Given this background, are these questions on-topic here? If so, why? If not, why not? | 2011/11/29 | [
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2608",
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | JoeMo asked:
>
> What's happening here and how are these two declarations different?
>
>
>
I see this as asking :
>
> "What does this code do?"
>
>
>
**NOT**
>
> Why the code was designed that way?
>
>
>
That is why i voted for the migration... Just my 2 cents. | I think they are off-topic here. They aren't about the whiteboard-level design questions. Once you move from system architecture and design to having your IDE open, you move from Programmers to Stack Overflow.
I also don't see which category of on-topic question the JavaScript snippit question falls under. In your quote of the FAQ, you left design patterns, development methodologies, and software architecture. It's none of those. I could be mistaken, but if it doesn't fall into a category of question that is called out in the FAQ, then it's off-topic and should be closed/migrated.
Honestly, Stack Overflow is the best place for this question as it stands now. I would rather honestly see it on Code Review, but their FAQ explicit disallows questions about "trouble-shooting, debugging, or understanding code snippets". |
2,608 | There was a bit of a tussle earlier about a specific question related to why a specific line of JavaScript code was crafted the way that it was:
>
> [What's the point of initializing a variable with the same value twice?](https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/122378/whats-the-point-of-initializing-a-variable-with-the-same-value-twice#question)
>
>
>
The [details are documented elsewhere](https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/q/2606/8), but suffice it to say there's obviously some confusion about whether these questions are on-topic here.
Our FAQ states the following:
>
> Programmers — Stack Exchange is a site for professional programmers who are interested in getting expert answers on conceptual questions about software development. If you have a question about…
>
>
> * design patterns
> * development methodologies
> * software architecture
>
>
> ... then you're in the right place to ask your question!
>
>
>
Additionally, the [blog post that introduces Programmers](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2010/12/introducing-programmers-stackexchange-com/) defines the distinction between Programmers and Stack Overflow as such:
>
> In a nutshell, Stack Overflow is for when you’re front of your compiler or editor working through code issues. Programmers is for when you’re in front of a whiteboard working through higher level conceptual programming issues. Hence the (awesome) whiteboard inspired design!
>
>
> Stated another way, Stack Overflow questions almost all have actual source code in the questions or answers. It’s much rarer (though certainly OK) for a Programmers question to contain source code.
>
>
>
In this specific question, the asker isn't working through issues with their code, they're asking a higher-level conceptual question about why the code was designed that way.
Finally, after speaking with the Stack Overflow moderators, they believed it was only just barely on-topic on Stack Overflow, but on the subjective side.
Given this background, are these questions on-topic here? If so, why? If not, why not? | 2011/11/29 | [
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2608",
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | JoeMo asked:
>
> What's happening here and how are these two declarations different?
>
>
>
I see this as asking :
>
> "What does this code do?"
>
>
>
**NOT**
>
> Why the code was designed that way?
>
>
>
That is why i voted for the migration... Just my 2 cents. | I think part of the problem with this particular question is that the title didn't match the body. The title asked a conceptual design question, but the body asked a syntax question. An edit to make them match one way or the other would make things much more clear.
The reason I voted to migrate was because without the basic syntax understanding he didn't have the background knowledge necessary to debate the merits of the conceptual design. Hence, I let the body text take precedence.
Also, I know not everyone subscribes to this philosophy, but one way I judge a question is by the answers it receives. In this case, the answer was directed toward the syntax end of the spectrum, rather than the conceptual design side, which means the answerer saw it as more of a syntax question as well. |
2,608 | There was a bit of a tussle earlier about a specific question related to why a specific line of JavaScript code was crafted the way that it was:
>
> [What's the point of initializing a variable with the same value twice?](https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/122378/whats-the-point-of-initializing-a-variable-with-the-same-value-twice#question)
>
>
>
The [details are documented elsewhere](https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/q/2606/8), but suffice it to say there's obviously some confusion about whether these questions are on-topic here.
Our FAQ states the following:
>
> Programmers — Stack Exchange is a site for professional programmers who are interested in getting expert answers on conceptual questions about software development. If you have a question about…
>
>
> * design patterns
> * development methodologies
> * software architecture
>
>
> ... then you're in the right place to ask your question!
>
>
>
Additionally, the [blog post that introduces Programmers](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2010/12/introducing-programmers-stackexchange-com/) defines the distinction between Programmers and Stack Overflow as such:
>
> In a nutshell, Stack Overflow is for when you’re front of your compiler or editor working through code issues. Programmers is for when you’re in front of a whiteboard working through higher level conceptual programming issues. Hence the (awesome) whiteboard inspired design!
>
>
> Stated another way, Stack Overflow questions almost all have actual source code in the questions or answers. It’s much rarer (though certainly OK) for a Programmers question to contain source code.
>
>
>
In this specific question, the asker isn't working through issues with their code, they're asking a higher-level conceptual question about why the code was designed that way.
Finally, after speaking with the Stack Overflow moderators, they believed it was only just barely on-topic on Stack Overflow, but on the subjective side.
Given this background, are these questions on-topic here? If so, why? If not, why not? | 2011/11/29 | [
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2608",
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I personally think that these kinds of questions, and this question in particular, is a better fit for Stack Overflow, as it deals specifically with code syntax and usage. Had it been a more "conceptual" question (in the vein of "How is this technique useful in my software design?"), I would consider it a better fit here.
That said, questions should be migrated, not because they are a better fit on some other site, but because they are *clearly off-topic* on the originating site. | I think they are off-topic here. They aren't about the whiteboard-level design questions. Once you move from system architecture and design to having your IDE open, you move from Programmers to Stack Overflow.
I also don't see which category of on-topic question the JavaScript snippit question falls under. In your quote of the FAQ, you left design patterns, development methodologies, and software architecture. It's none of those. I could be mistaken, but if it doesn't fall into a category of question that is called out in the FAQ, then it's off-topic and should be closed/migrated.
Honestly, Stack Overflow is the best place for this question as it stands now. I would rather honestly see it on Code Review, but their FAQ explicit disallows questions about "trouble-shooting, debugging, or understanding code snippets". |
2,608 | There was a bit of a tussle earlier about a specific question related to why a specific line of JavaScript code was crafted the way that it was:
>
> [What's the point of initializing a variable with the same value twice?](https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/122378/whats-the-point-of-initializing-a-variable-with-the-same-value-twice#question)
>
>
>
The [details are documented elsewhere](https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/q/2606/8), but suffice it to say there's obviously some confusion about whether these questions are on-topic here.
Our FAQ states the following:
>
> Programmers — Stack Exchange is a site for professional programmers who are interested in getting expert answers on conceptual questions about software development. If you have a question about…
>
>
> * design patterns
> * development methodologies
> * software architecture
>
>
> ... then you're in the right place to ask your question!
>
>
>
Additionally, the [blog post that introduces Programmers](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2010/12/introducing-programmers-stackexchange-com/) defines the distinction between Programmers and Stack Overflow as such:
>
> In a nutshell, Stack Overflow is for when you’re front of your compiler or editor working through code issues. Programmers is for when you’re in front of a whiteboard working through higher level conceptual programming issues. Hence the (awesome) whiteboard inspired design!
>
>
> Stated another way, Stack Overflow questions almost all have actual source code in the questions or answers. It’s much rarer (though certainly OK) for a Programmers question to contain source code.
>
>
>
In this specific question, the asker isn't working through issues with their code, they're asking a higher-level conceptual question about why the code was designed that way.
Finally, after speaking with the Stack Overflow moderators, they believed it was only just barely on-topic on Stack Overflow, but on the subjective side.
Given this background, are these questions on-topic here? If so, why? If not, why not? | 2011/11/29 | [
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2608",
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I personally think that these kinds of questions, and this question in particular, is a better fit for Stack Overflow, as it deals specifically with code syntax and usage. Had it been a more "conceptual" question (in the vein of "How is this technique useful in my software design?"), I would consider it a better fit here.
That said, questions should be migrated, not because they are a better fit on some other site, but because they are *clearly off-topic* on the originating site. | I think part of the problem with this particular question is that the title didn't match the body. The title asked a conceptual design question, but the body asked a syntax question. An edit to make them match one way or the other would make things much more clear.
The reason I voted to migrate was because without the basic syntax understanding he didn't have the background knowledge necessary to debate the merits of the conceptual design. Hence, I let the body text take precedence.
Also, I know not everyone subscribes to this philosophy, but one way I judge a question is by the answers it receives. In this case, the answer was directed toward the syntax end of the spectrum, rather than the conceptual design side, which means the answerer saw it as more of a syntax question as well. |
2,608 | There was a bit of a tussle earlier about a specific question related to why a specific line of JavaScript code was crafted the way that it was:
>
> [What's the point of initializing a variable with the same value twice?](https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/122378/whats-the-point-of-initializing-a-variable-with-the-same-value-twice#question)
>
>
>
The [details are documented elsewhere](https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/q/2606/8), but suffice it to say there's obviously some confusion about whether these questions are on-topic here.
Our FAQ states the following:
>
> Programmers — Stack Exchange is a site for professional programmers who are interested in getting expert answers on conceptual questions about software development. If you have a question about…
>
>
> * design patterns
> * development methodologies
> * software architecture
>
>
> ... then you're in the right place to ask your question!
>
>
>
Additionally, the [blog post that introduces Programmers](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2010/12/introducing-programmers-stackexchange-com/) defines the distinction between Programmers and Stack Overflow as such:
>
> In a nutshell, Stack Overflow is for when you’re front of your compiler or editor working through code issues. Programmers is for when you’re in front of a whiteboard working through higher level conceptual programming issues. Hence the (awesome) whiteboard inspired design!
>
>
> Stated another way, Stack Overflow questions almost all have actual source code in the questions or answers. It’s much rarer (though certainly OK) for a Programmers question to contain source code.
>
>
>
In this specific question, the asker isn't working through issues with their code, they're asking a higher-level conceptual question about why the code was designed that way.
Finally, after speaking with the Stack Overflow moderators, they believed it was only just barely on-topic on Stack Overflow, but on the subjective side.
Given this background, are these questions on-topic here? If so, why? If not, why not? | 2011/11/29 | [
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2608",
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I think part of the problem with this particular question is that the title didn't match the body. The title asked a conceptual design question, but the body asked a syntax question. An edit to make them match one way or the other would make things much more clear.
The reason I voted to migrate was because without the basic syntax understanding he didn't have the background knowledge necessary to debate the merits of the conceptual design. Hence, I let the body text take precedence.
Also, I know not everyone subscribes to this philosophy, but one way I judge a question is by the answers it receives. In this case, the answer was directed toward the syntax end of the spectrum, rather than the conceptual design side, which means the answerer saw it as more of a syntax question as well. | I think they are off-topic here. They aren't about the whiteboard-level design questions. Once you move from system architecture and design to having your IDE open, you move from Programmers to Stack Overflow.
I also don't see which category of on-topic question the JavaScript snippit question falls under. In your quote of the FAQ, you left design patterns, development methodologies, and software architecture. It's none of those. I could be mistaken, but if it doesn't fall into a category of question that is called out in the FAQ, then it's off-topic and should be closed/migrated.
Honestly, Stack Overflow is the best place for this question as it stands now. I would rather honestly see it on Code Review, but their FAQ explicit disallows questions about "trouble-shooting, debugging, or understanding code snippets". |
544,986 | The sentence is -
"A story of detention is a catalogue of things destroyed: not just years lost to captivity, but all of life's labour from before"
I get the meaning through context but what I have never read "from before" used in such a manner. Could you please help me understand what does it mean and how to use it in sentences? | 2020/08/27 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/544986",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/359708/"
] | It's dangerous to apply the grammar of prose to poetry. Here's, the punctuation changes the poet's observations on the nature of love. With periods, she has solved the mysteries of the heart. With question marks she at least acknowledges she might be just as lost as the rest of us. | They're rhetorical questions.
And even though they're effectively answering themselves, they're still in the form of a question, so should end with question marks.
Another way to phrase them that makes the questioning nature clearer would be
>
> Is love anything but than the passion I feel in my heart?
>
> Is passion anything but the energy of my soul?
>
> Is my soul anything but a fountain of emotions erupting?
>
>
> |
319,170 | I just "failed" this review audit.
<https://stackoverflow.com/review/low-quality-posts/11663700>
Apparently I should have labeled this answer as spam. Except that... it clearly wasn't.
The question in itself is one from 2011 that wouldn't pass current standards because it is asking for product recommendations. All the other answers are also links to products.
The product in this answer is, as the answer clearly identified, an open-source framework called "Summerbatch" that is distributed under the Apache 2 license. All of this is correct.
I don't see any reason at all why this answer should be classified as spam, or even deleted at all, as it is a good answer to a question that is bad by current standards.
I could see some rationale for downvoting it if you believe that bad questions shouldn't be answered, but deleting it is - as far as I know - reserved for things that aren't answers at all (or really spam/offensive).
---
To the duplicate suggester: this is a different audit, and in this case it is clearly not a spam, unlike your suggested duplicate, where even the OP indicated that he was doubting whether it was spam or not (and since it was a link to a youtube video advertising a commercial product without disclosure that it was such in the original posted, it was clearly spam). My case and your suggested duplicate are entirely different. | 2016/03/17 | [
"https://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/319170",
"https://meta.stackoverflow.com",
"https://meta.stackoverflow.com/users/981744/"
] | Firstly, as Chris mentions in his [answer](https://meta.stackoverflow.com/a/319176) it's always best to be wary of new answers to old questions - however, this is a bit of a weird one which I'll try to explain without too much boring detail.
The answer in this audit was spam flagged by six community members which caused the Community user to lock and delete the answer. Now, I do agree with you, that although it's not a great answer, in isolation it looks like a good faith answer to the (albeit now off-topic (and now closed)) question. If it's any consolation, I'd have probably failed the audit myself, and looking at the audit history of the post - you and I wouldn't be the only ones.
What you couldn't have known was that the same user posted the same answer to a different question (which was also spam flagged and deleted like above).
I'm guessing that the reviewers that monitor the new answers to old questions queue thought little of one answer coming in containing a url to a bad question, but upon seeing another one with the same url by the same poster in a short space of time, then proceeded to use their spam flags - hence where we are now.
The post should fall out of the audit system sooner rather than later. I wouldn't worry too much about the occasional failed audit - sadly no automated audit system can be perfect and this is a case where - let's just say it's not been exactly great.
If you'd have received a review ban on this - we'd have lifted it immediately after it was brought to our attention as audits shouldn't require you to do research to put the jigsaw together before making your choice.
It's frustrating, but for now, shrug it off, don't worry about it, and keep up the good work. | The wrinkle here is that this was a **new** answer (Feb 2016) to an **old** question (May 2011) that **had already been deleted through spam flags**.
This means that the system will automatically pick it as an audit candidate. You may not agree with spam flags, but the system thinks that it is and that's all that the audit system looks at. All you can do is raise the issue here and perhaps (though it's not certain) the team will remove this answer from the audit system.
The whole purpose of the audit system, as we keep saying, is to make sure you are paying attention. You should have noticed that it was an new answer to an old question and as such you should be on the look out for it being a possible spam answer to a recommendation question.
However, having said that, don't worry about the occasional failed audit. Everyone fails them from time to time (including moderators - I speak from personal experience here :( ). You should only start to worry if you fail several in a row. |
43,928 | I totally get why humans who have colonised a low gravity environment (Mars or an asteroid, for instance) are **skinny**. Muscles doing less work, square cube law, force output of a muscle proportional to its cross-sectional area, etc, etc.
But I don't get where the trope of them being **tall** comes from? Why would biology bother to go to the effort of making longer bones, when you could save all that calcium and phosphate for something else? Like when person X is growing their bones to 7 foot tall, person B instead uses the resources to build their first baby's skeleton. So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
What have I missed? Any clues gratefully received! | 2016/06/05 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/43928",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/21340/"
] | The usual logic for such tall low-gravity creatures is that we tend to assume taller is better, and low gravity removes some very real shackles which make tallness unstable.
I think one of the most fundamental advantages of such tall creatures is the ability to put sensor apparatus such as eyes and ears and noses far from the center of gravity of the creature. It takes a lot of energy to move the center of gravity of a creature, and that movement is often a commitment that predators can identify and act on. The ability to move a small sensor ball a distance, observe what the world looks like from that vantage point, and *then* decide to move is quite valuable.
A related trope would be that low-gravity worlders would move slowly and gracefully. This is highly related to the extended size of the creatures. Neuron transmissions are slow. They top out around 120m/s. The bigger one is, the slower the reactions must be unless one distributes those reactions (similar to how our patellar reflex, aka the "knee jerk," is handled in the spinal column, rather than the brain). However, this trope may have some truth to it. In lower gravities, sudden movements can be more dangerous. You can shift your momentum in ways that are hard to arrest. Thus, slow graceful movements may be valid.
(This forms a tail-chasing loop in movies. One easy way to make creatures feel slow and graceful is to make them very tall, because it is very hard to walk in a non-graceful way if you're tall in 1g, and most filming is done in 1g).
However, if we consider fast movement for a bit, there may be an advantage to long appendiges. The further your mass is from your center, the higher your moment of inertia is (a measure of how much you oppose changes in rotation). Control over moments of inertia is key to maintaing stability in high speed low gravity environments. A spine, in particularly, is *very* good at controlling moments to cause remarkable movements. Nowhere is this more obvious than a [cat turning itself right-side-up when it falls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtWbpyjJqrU). Cats do some really clever tricks with their spine to allow them to control their rotation to a remarkable degree. A creature with long appendages, such as arms and necks could do the same. In low-gravity combat, this could be a make or break skill. | >
> So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
>
>
>
As a general rule, increased height of humans who colonize low-gravity is produced not by natural or artificial selection but by reduced gravity. The hypothesis is that increased gravity makes people's bones grow shorter; reduced gravity allows them to grow longer.
Of course, we've never tried it with an actual human being. We don't send people into space until they're already full grown. We haven't even tried it with animals. We still send them from the ground and then take them back. We don't try raising them on the space station to see what happens.
It would take a long time for any slight advantages from reduced dietary resources to show up via natural selection. And you also might consider the possibility of American diets. If space is colonized by people who overeat, there is no benefit from taking fewer calories during childhood. Otherwise, everyone would be four feet tall rather than being mostly in the five to six range.
Evolution isn't smart. It doesn't do careful consideration of all options. It tries solutions randomly. Any that work can prosper. That's why there can be long-necked giraffes and shorter-necked zebras in the same area. It doesn't rely on sensible solutions, merely successful ones. |
43,928 | I totally get why humans who have colonised a low gravity environment (Mars or an asteroid, for instance) are **skinny**. Muscles doing less work, square cube law, force output of a muscle proportional to its cross-sectional area, etc, etc.
But I don't get where the trope of them being **tall** comes from? Why would biology bother to go to the effort of making longer bones, when you could save all that calcium and phosphate for something else? Like when person X is growing their bones to 7 foot tall, person B instead uses the resources to build their first baby's skeleton. So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
What have I missed? Any clues gratefully received! | 2016/06/05 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/43928",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/21340/"
] | Considering that all those lower-gravity environments have **artificial life support**, which (presumably) is kept at a nice, even temperature, then **if we presuppose** that the temperature is slightly warmer than what a human on earth in the natural environment experience (in other words, nobody **ever freezes or feels chilly**), then perhaps some observed phenomena come into play:
* [Bergmann's rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann%27s_rule), which states that humans (and other animals) are heavier in colder climates,
* [Allen's rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%27s_rule), which states that in warmer climates body surface increases for the same mass - which fits the tall, long-limbed, slender, low-G-er well.
Then, considering that food in an artificial life support environment may be a resource that is under pressure, a more efficient metabolism for a given mass may be a desirable trait:
* [Kleiber's law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiber%27s_law) seems to state that larger individuals have a slightly more efficient metabolic rate than smaller ones. (The graph in the article linked also has surface area in it, as per Allen's rule.)
At this point I ran out of imaginative ratios to google. There might be others. E.g., in chemistry, *a couple of centuries ago* (<-- this is irony - was long, long ago at any rate), I was taught that Alpine people were shorter and stockier due to a lower oxygen level at high altitudes - but for all that you know that might simply be genetics.
====
Update on oxygen levels in the artificial habitat (thanks, Drunken Code Monkey, for the comments): seems that a slightly increased oxygen level might also lead to better endurance, bigger humans, and an increased fire risk, perhaps toxicity at a certain threshold. It seems that the partial pressure of the atmosphere is also important. See e.g.:
* [Worldbuilding: What would be the effects on the human body if the oxygen level increased by a lot?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/4567/what-would-be-the-effects-on-the-human-body-if-the-oxygen-level-increased-by-a-l)
* [Science Daily: Rise in oxygen drove evolution of animal life 550 million years ago](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101217145647.htm)
* [Arizona State University: Big insects provide big answers about oxygen](https://research.asu.edu/stories/big-insects-provide-big-answers-about-oxygen)
I could still not find anything related to the height or body size of populations living in high-altitude/low-oxygen environments, although other adaptations are well known:
* [Wikipedia: High-altitude adaptation in humans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_adaptation_in_humans). | I think this may be a combination of some natural effects of low gravity and an opposite of the "Heavy Worlder" trope.
For the first; astronauts actually do "grow" when spending time in Zero G. True, this is just a matter of the spine expanding a bit (just 2" or so total) in the absence of gravity, but it would be easy to extrapolate "low gravity" to "taller people".
For the second; heavy gravity lends itself to a thick and short build to withstand the gravity and to make falls shorter. This would also be easy to extrapolate "low gravity" to "taller people".
These beliefs both lead to tall thin light-worlders whether or not it is actually realistic. |
43,928 | I totally get why humans who have colonised a low gravity environment (Mars or an asteroid, for instance) are **skinny**. Muscles doing less work, square cube law, force output of a muscle proportional to its cross-sectional area, etc, etc.
But I don't get where the trope of them being **tall** comes from? Why would biology bother to go to the effort of making longer bones, when you could save all that calcium and phosphate for something else? Like when person X is growing their bones to 7 foot tall, person B instead uses the resources to build their first baby's skeleton. So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
What have I missed? Any clues gratefully received! | 2016/06/05 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/43928",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/21340/"
] | First, I think writers like Niven and Smith before him found it obvious without question that a **heavy-gravity person would be short and squat**: Smith wrote of the [Family D'Alembert](http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pe.cgi?35449) starting in 1963, who were adapted to a 3G world. Later Niven (perhaps an homage) wrote of people from [a 3G world](http://larryniven.wikia.com/wiki/Jinx) a decade layer. Not only are they similarly described physically but their great strength is used a a plot point. Since the specific "3G" is also the same, I would suppose that Smith influenced Niven.
Niven, in the same Universe of stories and then in related but distinct works, wrote of people either adapted to or born in *low* G. Literarily, it made sence to **make them the opposite**: people adapted to 3G are short and squat, so people adapted to [3/5 G](http://larryniven.wikia.com/wiki/We_Made_It) are very tall.
Literarily, it makes sense to have people from different planets look different as well as have different cultures, just as we are used to today with diverse populations from across the globe. Other traits are chosen sometimes arbitrarily, and we suppose they may be due to *founder effect*: in Niven's example, the Crashlanders are prone to be exceptionally tall albinos. The latter is *not a developmental trait caused by the environment*!
But, the traits that do take over the population might be *permitted* due to environment. Founders who had the albino gene did not find it a disadvantage because they lived underground without natural sunlight, anyway. Familial tallness was in the founding population, and was *less of a disadvantage* on the low-G world, so it flourished moreso than it would have on Earth. | I kind of assumed it was a side effect of growth in low gravity... That is, normal growth represents a balance among biological and external forces including gravity, and lower gravity could allow the bones to overgrow, becoming long but perhaps fragile. But I may be crediting Niven with scientific prescience. :-)
(On the other hand, the 3G build was explicitly the result of genetic engineering.) |
43,928 | I totally get why humans who have colonised a low gravity environment (Mars or an asteroid, for instance) are **skinny**. Muscles doing less work, square cube law, force output of a muscle proportional to its cross-sectional area, etc, etc.
But I don't get where the trope of them being **tall** comes from? Why would biology bother to go to the effort of making longer bones, when you could save all that calcium and phosphate for something else? Like when person X is growing their bones to 7 foot tall, person B instead uses the resources to build their first baby's skeleton. So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
What have I missed? Any clues gratefully received! | 2016/06/05 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/43928",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/21340/"
] | Considering that all those lower-gravity environments have **artificial life support**, which (presumably) is kept at a nice, even temperature, then **if we presuppose** that the temperature is slightly warmer than what a human on earth in the natural environment experience (in other words, nobody **ever freezes or feels chilly**), then perhaps some observed phenomena come into play:
* [Bergmann's rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann%27s_rule), which states that humans (and other animals) are heavier in colder climates,
* [Allen's rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%27s_rule), which states that in warmer climates body surface increases for the same mass - which fits the tall, long-limbed, slender, low-G-er well.
Then, considering that food in an artificial life support environment may be a resource that is under pressure, a more efficient metabolism for a given mass may be a desirable trait:
* [Kleiber's law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiber%27s_law) seems to state that larger individuals have a slightly more efficient metabolic rate than smaller ones. (The graph in the article linked also has surface area in it, as per Allen's rule.)
At this point I ran out of imaginative ratios to google. There might be others. E.g., in chemistry, *a couple of centuries ago* (<-- this is irony - was long, long ago at any rate), I was taught that Alpine people were shorter and stockier due to a lower oxygen level at high altitudes - but for all that you know that might simply be genetics.
====
Update on oxygen levels in the artificial habitat (thanks, Drunken Code Monkey, for the comments): seems that a slightly increased oxygen level might also lead to better endurance, bigger humans, and an increased fire risk, perhaps toxicity at a certain threshold. It seems that the partial pressure of the atmosphere is also important. See e.g.:
* [Worldbuilding: What would be the effects on the human body if the oxygen level increased by a lot?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/4567/what-would-be-the-effects-on-the-human-body-if-the-oxygen-level-increased-by-a-l)
* [Science Daily: Rise in oxygen drove evolution of animal life 550 million years ago](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101217145647.htm)
* [Arizona State University: Big insects provide big answers about oxygen](https://research.asu.edu/stories/big-insects-provide-big-answers-about-oxygen)
I could still not find anything related to the height or body size of populations living in high-altitude/low-oxygen environments, although other adaptations are well known:
* [Wikipedia: High-altitude adaptation in humans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_adaptation_in_humans). | First, I think writers like Niven and Smith before him found it obvious without question that a **heavy-gravity person would be short and squat**: Smith wrote of the [Family D'Alembert](http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pe.cgi?35449) starting in 1963, who were adapted to a 3G world. Later Niven (perhaps an homage) wrote of people from [a 3G world](http://larryniven.wikia.com/wiki/Jinx) a decade layer. Not only are they similarly described physically but their great strength is used a a plot point. Since the specific "3G" is also the same, I would suppose that Smith influenced Niven.
Niven, in the same Universe of stories and then in related but distinct works, wrote of people either adapted to or born in *low* G. Literarily, it made sence to **make them the opposite**: people adapted to 3G are short and squat, so people adapted to [3/5 G](http://larryniven.wikia.com/wiki/We_Made_It) are very tall.
Literarily, it makes sense to have people from different planets look different as well as have different cultures, just as we are used to today with diverse populations from across the globe. Other traits are chosen sometimes arbitrarily, and we suppose they may be due to *founder effect*: in Niven's example, the Crashlanders are prone to be exceptionally tall albinos. The latter is *not a developmental trait caused by the environment*!
But, the traits that do take over the population might be *permitted* due to environment. Founders who had the albino gene did not find it a disadvantage because they lived underground without natural sunlight, anyway. Familial tallness was in the founding population, and was *less of a disadvantage* on the low-G world, so it flourished moreso than it would have on Earth. |
43,928 | I totally get why humans who have colonised a low gravity environment (Mars or an asteroid, for instance) are **skinny**. Muscles doing less work, square cube law, force output of a muscle proportional to its cross-sectional area, etc, etc.
But I don't get where the trope of them being **tall** comes from? Why would biology bother to go to the effort of making longer bones, when you could save all that calcium and phosphate for something else? Like when person X is growing their bones to 7 foot tall, person B instead uses the resources to build their first baby's skeleton. So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
What have I missed? Any clues gratefully received! | 2016/06/05 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/43928",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/21340/"
] | Considering that all those lower-gravity environments have **artificial life support**, which (presumably) is kept at a nice, even temperature, then **if we presuppose** that the temperature is slightly warmer than what a human on earth in the natural environment experience (in other words, nobody **ever freezes or feels chilly**), then perhaps some observed phenomena come into play:
* [Bergmann's rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann%27s_rule), which states that humans (and other animals) are heavier in colder climates,
* [Allen's rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%27s_rule), which states that in warmer climates body surface increases for the same mass - which fits the tall, long-limbed, slender, low-G-er well.
Then, considering that food in an artificial life support environment may be a resource that is under pressure, a more efficient metabolism for a given mass may be a desirable trait:
* [Kleiber's law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiber%27s_law) seems to state that larger individuals have a slightly more efficient metabolic rate than smaller ones. (The graph in the article linked also has surface area in it, as per Allen's rule.)
At this point I ran out of imaginative ratios to google. There might be others. E.g., in chemistry, *a couple of centuries ago* (<-- this is irony - was long, long ago at any rate), I was taught that Alpine people were shorter and stockier due to a lower oxygen level at high altitudes - but for all that you know that might simply be genetics.
====
Update on oxygen levels in the artificial habitat (thanks, Drunken Code Monkey, for the comments): seems that a slightly increased oxygen level might also lead to better endurance, bigger humans, and an increased fire risk, perhaps toxicity at a certain threshold. It seems that the partial pressure of the atmosphere is also important. See e.g.:
* [Worldbuilding: What would be the effects on the human body if the oxygen level increased by a lot?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/4567/what-would-be-the-effects-on-the-human-body-if-the-oxygen-level-increased-by-a-l)
* [Science Daily: Rise in oxygen drove evolution of animal life 550 million years ago](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101217145647.htm)
* [Arizona State University: Big insects provide big answers about oxygen](https://research.asu.edu/stories/big-insects-provide-big-answers-about-oxygen)
I could still not find anything related to the height or body size of populations living in high-altitude/low-oxygen environments, although other adaptations are well known:
* [Wikipedia: High-altitude adaptation in humans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_adaptation_in_humans). | Maybe the trope about people raised in low gravity being tall is not about being tall for a particular purpose, but about growing taller because that is just how growth under low gravity works given the genetic makeup their ancestors brought from originally evolving in an higher-gravity environment |
43,928 | I totally get why humans who have colonised a low gravity environment (Mars or an asteroid, for instance) are **skinny**. Muscles doing less work, square cube law, force output of a muscle proportional to its cross-sectional area, etc, etc.
But I don't get where the trope of them being **tall** comes from? Why would biology bother to go to the effort of making longer bones, when you could save all that calcium and phosphate for something else? Like when person X is growing their bones to 7 foot tall, person B instead uses the resources to build their first baby's skeleton. So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
What have I missed? Any clues gratefully received! | 2016/06/05 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/43928",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/21340/"
] | Being taller gives you a whole set of advantages:
* You can easily reach to fruit produced above ground (fruits, leave)
* You get a way better field of view.
* Assuming your members are proportionated, you can move faster.
Of course, these are offset by two disavantages:
* Weight increase, which means your body constitution must be harder than that os regular humans (and again, another probable weight increase due to the sturdier constitution). And, with weight increase, a probable need of more food.
* The need to pump blood to your brain. Many human who are abnormally tall die young because the heart just cannot maintain the increased stress of pumping blood to the head. Again, a solution to it (with improved heart) will need a heavier heart, a reinforced circulatory system (to support the increased pressure) with additional weight, plus the additional energetic cost of moving the more powerful heart.
The combination of the pros and cons for every animal form and ecological niche will give the aproximated optimal height of the species.
Now, if you weaken gravity, the cons suddenly become way less restrictive, allowing the optimal combination to result in a taller species.
But in low gravity systems, those two issues are lessened, so it allows | >
> So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
>
>
>
As a general rule, increased height of humans who colonize low-gravity is produced not by natural or artificial selection but by reduced gravity. The hypothesis is that increased gravity makes people's bones grow shorter; reduced gravity allows them to grow longer.
Of course, we've never tried it with an actual human being. We don't send people into space until they're already full grown. We haven't even tried it with animals. We still send them from the ground and then take them back. We don't try raising them on the space station to see what happens.
It would take a long time for any slight advantages from reduced dietary resources to show up via natural selection. And you also might consider the possibility of American diets. If space is colonized by people who overeat, there is no benefit from taking fewer calories during childhood. Otherwise, everyone would be four feet tall rather than being mostly in the five to six range.
Evolution isn't smart. It doesn't do careful consideration of all options. It tries solutions randomly. Any that work can prosper. That's why there can be long-necked giraffes and shorter-necked zebras in the same area. It doesn't rely on sensible solutions, merely successful ones. |
43,928 | I totally get why humans who have colonised a low gravity environment (Mars or an asteroid, for instance) are **skinny**. Muscles doing less work, square cube law, force output of a muscle proportional to its cross-sectional area, etc, etc.
But I don't get where the trope of them being **tall** comes from? Why would biology bother to go to the effort of making longer bones, when you could save all that calcium and phosphate for something else? Like when person X is growing their bones to 7 foot tall, person B instead uses the resources to build their first baby's skeleton. So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
What have I missed? Any clues gratefully received! | 2016/06/05 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/43928",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/21340/"
] | Considering that all those lower-gravity environments have **artificial life support**, which (presumably) is kept at a nice, even temperature, then **if we presuppose** that the temperature is slightly warmer than what a human on earth in the natural environment experience (in other words, nobody **ever freezes or feels chilly**), then perhaps some observed phenomena come into play:
* [Bergmann's rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann%27s_rule), which states that humans (and other animals) are heavier in colder climates,
* [Allen's rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%27s_rule), which states that in warmer climates body surface increases for the same mass - which fits the tall, long-limbed, slender, low-G-er well.
Then, considering that food in an artificial life support environment may be a resource that is under pressure, a more efficient metabolism for a given mass may be a desirable trait:
* [Kleiber's law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiber%27s_law) seems to state that larger individuals have a slightly more efficient metabolic rate than smaller ones. (The graph in the article linked also has surface area in it, as per Allen's rule.)
At this point I ran out of imaginative ratios to google. There might be others. E.g., in chemistry, *a couple of centuries ago* (<-- this is irony - was long, long ago at any rate), I was taught that Alpine people were shorter and stockier due to a lower oxygen level at high altitudes - but for all that you know that might simply be genetics.
====
Update on oxygen levels in the artificial habitat (thanks, Drunken Code Monkey, for the comments): seems that a slightly increased oxygen level might also lead to better endurance, bigger humans, and an increased fire risk, perhaps toxicity at a certain threshold. It seems that the partial pressure of the atmosphere is also important. See e.g.:
* [Worldbuilding: What would be the effects on the human body if the oxygen level increased by a lot?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/4567/what-would-be-the-effects-on-the-human-body-if-the-oxygen-level-increased-by-a-l)
* [Science Daily: Rise in oxygen drove evolution of animal life 550 million years ago](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101217145647.htm)
* [Arizona State University: Big insects provide big answers about oxygen](https://research.asu.edu/stories/big-insects-provide-big-answers-about-oxygen)
I could still not find anything related to the height or body size of populations living in high-altitude/low-oxygen environments, although other adaptations are well known:
* [Wikipedia: High-altitude adaptation in humans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_adaptation_in_humans). | Disclaimer: out-of-universe answer:
I think it's mere extrapolation of Earthen observation that humans are getting taller generation after generation. Basically we don't understand why taller is better, but our experience shows us **it is**.
An intuitive understanding is that in low-gravity environment the costs of being tall are smaller, so the above trend will be exaggerated. |
43,928 | I totally get why humans who have colonised a low gravity environment (Mars or an asteroid, for instance) are **skinny**. Muscles doing less work, square cube law, force output of a muscle proportional to its cross-sectional area, etc, etc.
But I don't get where the trope of them being **tall** comes from? Why would biology bother to go to the effort of making longer bones, when you could save all that calcium and phosphate for something else? Like when person X is growing their bones to 7 foot tall, person B instead uses the resources to build their first baby's skeleton. So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
What have I missed? Any clues gratefully received! | 2016/06/05 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/43928",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/21340/"
] | I think this may be a combination of some natural effects of low gravity and an opposite of the "Heavy Worlder" trope.
For the first; astronauts actually do "grow" when spending time in Zero G. True, this is just a matter of the spine expanding a bit (just 2" or so total) in the absence of gravity, but it would be easy to extrapolate "low gravity" to "taller people".
For the second; heavy gravity lends itself to a thick and short build to withstand the gravity and to make falls shorter. This would also be easy to extrapolate "low gravity" to "taller people".
These beliefs both lead to tall thin light-worlders whether or not it is actually realistic. | >
> So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
>
>
>
As a general rule, increased height of humans who colonize low-gravity is produced not by natural or artificial selection but by reduced gravity. The hypothesis is that increased gravity makes people's bones grow shorter; reduced gravity allows them to grow longer.
Of course, we've never tried it with an actual human being. We don't send people into space until they're already full grown. We haven't even tried it with animals. We still send them from the ground and then take them back. We don't try raising them on the space station to see what happens.
It would take a long time for any slight advantages from reduced dietary resources to show up via natural selection. And you also might consider the possibility of American diets. If space is colonized by people who overeat, there is no benefit from taking fewer calories during childhood. Otherwise, everyone would be four feet tall rather than being mostly in the five to six range.
Evolution isn't smart. It doesn't do careful consideration of all options. It tries solutions randomly. Any that work can prosper. That's why there can be long-necked giraffes and shorter-necked zebras in the same area. It doesn't rely on sensible solutions, merely successful ones. |
43,928 | I totally get why humans who have colonised a low gravity environment (Mars or an asteroid, for instance) are **skinny**. Muscles doing less work, square cube law, force output of a muscle proportional to its cross-sectional area, etc, etc.
But I don't get where the trope of them being **tall** comes from? Why would biology bother to go to the effort of making longer bones, when you could save all that calcium and phosphate for something else? Like when person X is growing their bones to 7 foot tall, person B instead uses the resources to build their first baby's skeleton. So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
What have I missed? Any clues gratefully received! | 2016/06/05 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/43928",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/21340/"
] | First, I think writers like Niven and Smith before him found it obvious without question that a **heavy-gravity person would be short and squat**: Smith wrote of the [Family D'Alembert](http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pe.cgi?35449) starting in 1963, who were adapted to a 3G world. Later Niven (perhaps an homage) wrote of people from [a 3G world](http://larryniven.wikia.com/wiki/Jinx) a decade layer. Not only are they similarly described physically but their great strength is used a a plot point. Since the specific "3G" is also the same, I would suppose that Smith influenced Niven.
Niven, in the same Universe of stories and then in related but distinct works, wrote of people either adapted to or born in *low* G. Literarily, it made sence to **make them the opposite**: people adapted to 3G are short and squat, so people adapted to [3/5 G](http://larryniven.wikia.com/wiki/We_Made_It) are very tall.
Literarily, it makes sense to have people from different planets look different as well as have different cultures, just as we are used to today with diverse populations from across the globe. Other traits are chosen sometimes arbitrarily, and we suppose they may be due to *founder effect*: in Niven's example, the Crashlanders are prone to be exceptionally tall albinos. The latter is *not a developmental trait caused by the environment*!
But, the traits that do take over the population might be *permitted* due to environment. Founders who had the albino gene did not find it a disadvantage because they lived underground without natural sunlight, anyway. Familial tallness was in the founding population, and was *less of a disadvantage* on the low-G world, so it flourished moreso than it would have on Earth. | Disclaimer: out-of-universe answer:
I think it's mere extrapolation of Earthen observation that humans are getting taller generation after generation. Basically we don't understand why taller is better, but our experience shows us **it is**.
An intuitive understanding is that in low-gravity environment the costs of being tall are smaller, so the above trend will be exaggerated. |
43,928 | I totally get why humans who have colonised a low gravity environment (Mars or an asteroid, for instance) are **skinny**. Muscles doing less work, square cube law, force output of a muscle proportional to its cross-sectional area, etc, etc.
But I don't get where the trope of them being **tall** comes from? Why would biology bother to go to the effort of making longer bones, when you could save all that calcium and phosphate for something else? Like when person X is growing their bones to 7 foot tall, person B instead uses the resources to build their first baby's skeleton. So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
What have I missed? Any clues gratefully received! | 2016/06/05 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/43928",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/21340/"
] | >
> So to me, a low gravity person with normal sized (but thinner) bones and the expected skinny muscles seems a far more sensible solution for natural (or artificial) selection to have produced.
>
>
>
As a general rule, increased height of humans who colonize low-gravity is produced not by natural or artificial selection but by reduced gravity. The hypothesis is that increased gravity makes people's bones grow shorter; reduced gravity allows them to grow longer.
Of course, we've never tried it with an actual human being. We don't send people into space until they're already full grown. We haven't even tried it with animals. We still send them from the ground and then take them back. We don't try raising them on the space station to see what happens.
It would take a long time for any slight advantages from reduced dietary resources to show up via natural selection. And you also might consider the possibility of American diets. If space is colonized by people who overeat, there is no benefit from taking fewer calories during childhood. Otherwise, everyone would be four feet tall rather than being mostly in the five to six range.
Evolution isn't smart. It doesn't do careful consideration of all options. It tries solutions randomly. Any that work can prosper. That's why there can be long-necked giraffes and shorter-necked zebras in the same area. It doesn't rely on sensible solutions, merely successful ones. | I kind of assumed it was a side effect of growth in low gravity... That is, normal growth represents a balance among biological and external forces including gravity, and lower gravity could allow the bones to overgrow, becoming long but perhaps fragile. But I may be crediting Niven with scientific prescience. :-)
(On the other hand, the 3G build was explicitly the result of genetic engineering.) |
175,195 | I have a MacBook Air running Yosemite.
I have an external SD drive that I save files to frequently.
Info on SD drive says it's READ-ONLY **all of a sudden**? I am the ONLY person that uses this drive and **it worked literally minutes ago**! | 2015/03/03 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/175195",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/53589/"
] | Some SD cards' firmware will lock the device to read-only if any write error occurs.
If this happens, the only solution is to copy all data off it & discard.
SD/flash is not worth the effort of trying to fix, once it starts to go wrong.
Things to try…
* Double-check the physical lock has not been flipped by accident.
* Reboot the computer & try again
* Try it on another computer/device
* Once you have all existing data copied from it, attempt to format.
If none of this is successful, throw it away.
I work with hundreds of (admittedly very cheap) SD cards for work, & this is our standard practise if they start to fail.
**Golden rule**
Never store any important data on SD without having a safety copy on some more reliable medium.
I'd even extend that to - if you have to use SD to carry data from one machine to another - home/work etc - use 2 cards & keep them manually in sync with your work. | All of my SD cards are suddenly giving this erroneous Read-Only message. It started wit the 10.10.3 update. Before that they worked fine. I have cards from different brands and sizes. The problem is with the MacOS X update having a bug. Older computers that do not have the 10.10.3 update do not have the problem. |
175,195 | I have a MacBook Air running Yosemite.
I have an external SD drive that I save files to frequently.
Info on SD drive says it's READ-ONLY **all of a sudden**? I am the ONLY person that uses this drive and **it worked literally minutes ago**! | 2015/03/03 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/175195",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/53589/"
] | Some SD cards' firmware will lock the device to read-only if any write error occurs.
If this happens, the only solution is to copy all data off it & discard.
SD/flash is not worth the effort of trying to fix, once it starts to go wrong.
Things to try…
* Double-check the physical lock has not been flipped by accident.
* Reboot the computer & try again
* Try it on another computer/device
* Once you have all existing data copied from it, attempt to format.
If none of this is successful, throw it away.
I work with hundreds of (admittedly very cheap) SD cards for work, & this is our standard practise if they start to fail.
**Golden rule**
Never store any important data on SD without having a safety copy on some more reliable medium.
I'd even extend that to - if you have to use SD to carry data from one machine to another - home/work etc - use 2 cards & keep them manually in sync with your work. | What worked for me is putting my SD card into a camera (canon 60d) and using its format utility. It worked for me and the card works normally now. |
71,191 | I have a Vacation Rental By Owner (VRBO) rental in a city that the company I work for (large company - W2) requires I travel to regularly. I am authorized to use either hotels or VRBO/AirB&B rentals when I travel.
Is there any financial / tax reason NOT to stay at my own VRBO rental? Any negative I'm not thinking of?
I have not told them it's mine, and I see no reason to as it's owned under my company name / not myself directly and managed solely (along with other rentals) by my spouse. I only plan to rent it to them when: 1) I can rent it to them cheaper than a local hotel and 2) it's already vacant. | 2016/09/28 | [
"https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/71191",
"https://money.stackexchange.com",
"https://money.stackexchange.com/users/29496/"
] | Your biggest problem is that this may be seen as a **conflict of interest** - in other words there is potential for you to make decisions about company money that benefit *you*, rather than the company. Fortunately **it's not a very big problem, handled rightly.**
In order to prevent any possibility that this might be a problem, I
recommend that you:
1. Go and tell whoever approves your travel expenses
about the arrangement. Be up front that the place you are staying is
yours. (That it is technically run by your wife will make no
difference.) You might need to come with evidence that you aren't
overcharging, i.e. rates of other places you might stay, but they probably know the rates in this city pretty well. However note that they will be comparing prices at other places you might reasonably stay, not necessarily places with the same facilities.
2. Get a written statement that they are OK with the arrangement, and that they are OK with the price you are charging. If you really are cheaper than the local hotels they will probably be OK with it. Getting their agreement removes any possibility that you are trying to do something shady.
People have been fired for trying to rip off their companies through deals like this, but if you are up front about everything and aren't overcharging there shouldn't be a problem. And this is likely not a big enough amount of money to be a real problem anyway.
I don't see any tax issues in this. However check with the company that there might not be some more tax efficient way of doing things. | I am assuming United States based on the mention of W2.
It will depend on what documentation the company requires. Generally they will either require a receipt, or they will give you a rate based on IRS regulation or government per diem for that city.
I know that in the past one of my employers gave a set percentage of the per diem, in exchange for no receipts. This allowed you to stay with a friend or relative. The money wasn't taxable.
If the company doesn't require a receipt then you are probably OK. But I would make sure they knew about the ownership issue.
The tax issue could get interesting. If you stayed in the unit without paying that would count against personal use limits. If you use the money to pay the rental fee, the money will be income for the unit. |
1,941 | Someone has copypasting Wikipedia's contents into tag wikis verbatim ([Tibet](https://history.stackexchange.com/review/suggested-edits/9980), [Chile](https://history.stackexchange.com/review/suggested-edits/9978), [World-War-1](https://history.stackexchange.com/review/suggested-edits/9982), [World-War-2](https://history.stackexchange.com/review/suggested-edits/9984)). I've been rejecting them as plagiarised, though I see now Tibet and Chile's has apparently been approved. On that note I'm pretty sure that wikipedia requires being attributed for reusing its contents...
But my question is: generally speaking, is using Wikipedia to fill in the tag wikis (with or without attribution) a good idea? What does the community feel about copying wiki's contents for the empty tags? Might it a good starting basis for future edits? | 2014/08/07 | [
"https://history.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/1941",
"https://history.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://history.meta.stackexchange.com/users/4935/"
] | Here's a question from Meta.Stackexchange, the network-wide meta site:
* [Can we do anything against tag wikis copy-pasted from Wikipedia?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/102314/can-we-do-anything-against-tag-wikis-copy-pasted-from-wikipedia)
and here is some similar discussion we've had over on SciFi.SE:
* <https://scifi.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4760/tag-wikis-from-wikipedia>
These post agree that Wikipedia-based tag wikis
1. Violate Wikipedia's terms of use, and
2. are *bad* tag wikis, because they're out of context:
>
> [they] are almost always substandard — Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, for the general public; what we want in a tag wiki (and especially in a tag wiki excerpt) is an explanation of what the tag means *for the site's community*.
>
>
>
Unfortunately, I haven't seen many proposed solutions other than urging people to pay attention when reviewing tag wiki edits and revert changes when they're found to be copied verbatim. Some proposed solutions - like putting placeholder text in the edit box saying "Don't copy-paste from Wikipedia!" - were proposed several years ago but didn't really get any traction.
As is usually the case, eternal vigilance is the key! | I've gone and nuked the edits for the Chile and Tibet tags. (Although I did leave in the picture references for Chile)
I had problems with them for almost exactly the reasons Avner listed, although I'm not sure I'd put it quite that mildly.
Neither was doing much of the main job of a tag description, which is to help users decide when a question is on-topic for that tag. In addition, I just have this thing about verbatim copying of website contents. I won't use the fancy P-word. If you don't *say* you got the contents elsewhere, the natural assumption is that you wrote it yourself. So if you didn't write it yourself *you are lying*.
Morality aside, if we really want to say verbatim "what Wikipedia said", we'd better serve our users to just link to Wikipedia in the tag wiki, so that they can go read the latest polished contents, not some random snapshot of it.
Now, all this being said, my personal philosophy on tag wiki edits on empty tag wikis is to be very generous. Something is almost always better than nothing (even a wrong something can be a good start and a spur for improvement). So I can see where stuff like this might slip through.
The best defense against it IMHO is to *write a tag wiki yourself*. |
39,761 | I found terms like "forward secrecy", "future secrecy", "backwards secrecy" and "perfect forward secrecy" and I would like to know their definitions and to understand the differences among them.
I found several confusing definitions online, especially mixing up the meanings of forward secrecy with perfect forward secrecy, or the meanings of forward with backwards secrecy.
Thank you. | 2016/09/03 | [
"https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/39761",
"https://crypto.stackexchange.com",
"https://crypto.stackexchange.com/users/39071/"
] | In cryptography, [forward secrecy = perfect forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), [backward secrecy = future secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Ratchet_Algorithm).
First, recall some background. The above terms are often discussed in the setting of secure channel establishment protocols, e.g., TLS, Signal, etc. In such a protocol, consider two parties, a client and a server, try to communicate with each other securely. The server (and the client if client-authentication is needed) is granted a certificate that shows its public key, and the server (and the client) itself knows the corresponding private key (a.k.a. the long-term secret). They essentially use the long-term secret and some randomness to compute and share a secret session key (only used within a session) and establish a secure communication channel based on the session key, e.g., using an [authenticated encryption (with associated data) scheme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_encryption).
Forward secrecy means if the long-term secret (together with the party's current session key and all other secret states) is corrupted (i.e., revealed), then the *past* sessions are still secure, i.e., the confidentiality of the previous messages exchanged between the client and the server is not compromised. I think people call this forward secrecy because they want the encrypted messages in a session to be secure even if "forward" long-term key corruption occurs. [TLS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security) is an example that achieves forward secrecy with (ephemeral) [Diffie-Hellman key exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange).
Then, as you may guess, backward secrecy guarantees the "opposite direction" of forward secrecy. In other words, this security guarantees that the encrypted messages in a session should remain secure even if "backward" long-term key corruption occurs. People more often call this future secrecy perhaps because they want to emphasize that even if at some point the long-term secret (together with the party's current session key and all other secret states) is corrupted the *future* messages can still be secure (if the previously corrupted party somehow becomes "clean" again). (I agree that the terms are a mess because "future secrecy" looks and sounds almost the same as "forward secrecy".) [Signal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(software)) is an example that achieves backward secrecy with the [Double Ratchet Algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Ratchet_Algorithm) which can self-heal itself soon after corruption. | **Forward secrecy:** When a node (user) leaves the network, it
must not read any future messages after its departure.
**Backward secrecy:** When a new node (user) joins in the
network, it must not read any previously transmitted message. [Crytographics properties](https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~adrian/projects/sec/node6.html)
**Perfect Forward Secrecy** : Perfect forward secrecy means that a piece of an encryption system automatically and frequently changes the keys it uses to encrypt and decrypt information, such that if the latest key is compromised, it exposes only a small portion of the user’s sensitive data. Encryption tools with perfect forward secrecy switch their keys as frequently as every message in text-based conversation, every phone call in the case of encrypted calling apps, or every time a user loads or reloads an encrypted web page in his or her browser. [What is perfect forward secrecy?](https://www.wired.com/2016/11/what-is-perfect-forward-secrecy/)
If you search out for [Double Ratchet Alogrithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Ratchet_Algorithm), you will find that it has the property of **future secrecy**.
>
> The developers refer to the algorithm as self-healing because under certain conditions, it disables an attacker from accessing the cleartext of messages ("the communication") after having compromised a session key.[3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Ratchet_Algorithm) This condition is that between the compromise of the key and the communication in question, there has been at least one message which was not tampered with by the attacker. This effectively forces the attacker to intercept all communication between the honest parties, since he loses access as soon as one uncompromised message is passed between them. This property was later named Future Secrecy, or Post-Compromise Security
>
>
> |
2,431,509 | As every programmer knows tools are important and there is no tool more important for a developer than the IDE you use to code. In the last few years the IDE-s fall into standards and it is not common to see innovation in this area. What IDE-s you can recommend as innovative and what new ideas and paradigms they introduced? | 2010/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2431509",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/236831/"
] | I haven't used this but saw the demo video yesterday. The IDE is called [code bubbles](http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/acb/codebubbles_site.htm) and has a unique way of showing and grouping related code together.
That said I find the intellitrace feature in Visual Studio 2010 quite innovative. | I'll go for [Scratch](http://scratch.mit.edu/), though I wouldn't want to write a banking system using it :-) |
2,431,509 | As every programmer knows tools are important and there is no tool more important for a developer than the IDE you use to code. In the last few years the IDE-s fall into standards and it is not common to see innovation in this area. What IDE-s you can recommend as innovative and what new ideas and paradigms they introduced? | 2010/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2431509",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/236831/"
] | Palm's Project Ares: <http://ares.palm.com/Ares/about.html>
It's the IDE for the Palm webOS phones, that runs entirely as a web app. You build and run your app inside the browser, and when you're done, you deploy straight to the cloud. | Some cool videos of [structured editor prototype](http://blogs.msdn.com/kirillosenkov/archive/2009/09/08/first-videos-of-the-structured-editor-prototype.aspx) that will let you directly code the [AST](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree).
This is a prototype only and I have no idea if it is still being developed. |
2,431,509 | As every programmer knows tools are important and there is no tool more important for a developer than the IDE you use to code. In the last few years the IDE-s fall into standards and it is not common to see innovation in this area. What IDE-s you can recommend as innovative and what new ideas and paradigms they introduced? | 2010/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2431509",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/236831/"
] | This is by far the coolest set of coding tools yet!
<http://vimeo.com/36579366> | Palm's Project Ares: <http://ares.palm.com/Ares/about.html>
It's the IDE for the Palm webOS phones, that runs entirely as a web app. You build and run your app inside the browser, and when you're done, you deploy straight to the cloud. |
2,431,509 | As every programmer knows tools are important and there is no tool more important for a developer than the IDE you use to code. In the last few years the IDE-s fall into standards and it is not common to see innovation in this area. What IDE-s you can recommend as innovative and what new ideas and paradigms they introduced? | 2010/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2431509",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/236831/"
] | I haven't used this but saw the demo video yesterday. The IDE is called [code bubbles](http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/acb/codebubbles_site.htm) and has a unique way of showing and grouping related code together.
That said I find the intellitrace feature in Visual Studio 2010 quite innovative. | Palm's Project Ares: <http://ares.palm.com/Ares/about.html>
It's the IDE for the Palm webOS phones, that runs entirely as a web app. You build and run your app inside the browser, and when you're done, you deploy straight to the cloud. |
2,431,509 | As every programmer knows tools are important and there is no tool more important for a developer than the IDE you use to code. In the last few years the IDE-s fall into standards and it is not common to see innovation in this area. What IDE-s you can recommend as innovative and what new ideas and paradigms they introduced? | 2010/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2431509",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/236831/"
] | I'd put my bet on [Meta Programming System](http://www.jetbrains.com/mps/) by Jetbrains. The concept is not new but it's the first time it has been implemented on such a huge scale with great IDE support. You create a DSL first, then write programs in that DSL and finally generate code in a target language. | One interesting IDE I have seen only on video is [Code Bubbles](http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/acb/codebubbles_site.htm). It opens code snippets as a graph of visual "bubbles". It is really interesting and definitely something I want to try. |
2,431,509 | As every programmer knows tools are important and there is no tool more important for a developer than the IDE you use to code. In the last few years the IDE-s fall into standards and it is not common to see innovation in this area. What IDE-s you can recommend as innovative and what new ideas and paradigms they introduced? | 2010/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2431509",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/236831/"
] | I'd put my bet on [Meta Programming System](http://www.jetbrains.com/mps/) by Jetbrains. The concept is not new but it's the first time it has been implemented on such a huge scale with great IDE support. You create a DSL first, then write programs in that DSL and finally generate code in a target language. | Some cool videos of [structured editor prototype](http://blogs.msdn.com/kirillosenkov/archive/2009/09/08/first-videos-of-the-structured-editor-prototype.aspx) that will let you directly code the [AST](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree).
This is a prototype only and I have no idea if it is still being developed. |
2,431,509 | As every programmer knows tools are important and there is no tool more important for a developer than the IDE you use to code. In the last few years the IDE-s fall into standards and it is not common to see innovation in this area. What IDE-s you can recommend as innovative and what new ideas and paradigms they introduced? | 2010/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2431509",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/236831/"
] | I'll go for [Scratch](http://scratch.mit.edu/), though I wouldn't want to write a banking system using it :-) | One interesting IDE I have seen only on video is [Code Bubbles](http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/acb/codebubbles_site.htm). It opens code snippets as a graph of visual "bubbles". It is really interesting and definitely something I want to try. |
2,431,509 | As every programmer knows tools are important and there is no tool more important for a developer than the IDE you use to code. In the last few years the IDE-s fall into standards and it is not common to see innovation in this area. What IDE-s you can recommend as innovative and what new ideas and paradigms they introduced? | 2010/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2431509",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/236831/"
] | Palm's Project Ares: <http://ares.palm.com/Ares/about.html>
It's the IDE for the Palm webOS phones, that runs entirely as a web app. You build and run your app inside the browser, and when you're done, you deploy straight to the cloud. | One interesting IDE I have seen only on video is [Code Bubbles](http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/acb/codebubbles_site.htm). It opens code snippets as a graph of visual "bubbles". It is really interesting and definitely something I want to try. |
2,431,509 | As every programmer knows tools are important and there is no tool more important for a developer than the IDE you use to code. In the last few years the IDE-s fall into standards and it is not common to see innovation in this area. What IDE-s you can recommend as innovative and what new ideas and paradigms they introduced? | 2010/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2431509",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/236831/"
] | This is by far the coolest set of coding tools yet!
<http://vimeo.com/36579366> | I'll go for [Scratch](http://scratch.mit.edu/), though I wouldn't want to write a banking system using it :-) |
2,431,509 | As every programmer knows tools are important and there is no tool more important for a developer than the IDE you use to code. In the last few years the IDE-s fall into standards and it is not common to see innovation in this area. What IDE-s you can recommend as innovative and what new ideas and paradigms they introduced? | 2010/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2431509",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/236831/"
] | I haven't used this but saw the demo video yesterday. The IDE is called [code bubbles](http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/acb/codebubbles_site.htm) and has a unique way of showing and grouping related code together.
That said I find the intellitrace feature in Visual Studio 2010 quite innovative. | Some cool videos of [structured editor prototype](http://blogs.msdn.com/kirillosenkov/archive/2009/09/08/first-videos-of-the-structured-editor-prototype.aspx) that will let you directly code the [AST](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree).
This is a prototype only and I have no idea if it is still being developed. |
74,700 | If you tune in a NAV frequency into your G1000 the ID of the Nav Aid will be shown next to the frequency after some time. In this example `SEA`:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/LezjZ.jpg)
Source: <http://krepelka.com>
How does this work? Because we know that there is the possibility that two VORs could have the same frequency, so the frequency is not uniquely bound to an identifier.
I have two assumptions:
1. The Garmin is listening to the morse code, transfers it into the letters and shows it in the display.
2. The Garmin is checking the Nav database and searches for the frequency and takes the identifier of the closest, based on the GPS position.
Which one is right, or is there even another way Garmin does it? | 2020/02/19 | [
"https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/74700",
"https://aviation.stackexchange.com",
"https://aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17636/"
] | Garmin doesn't explicitly state the method in the documentation I can find, but I believe the answer is #1. It decodes the Morse code and displays that value. I say that for two reasons:
First; Garmin, like most successful aviation companies, makes it a habit to reuse technology where it can. Volumes are low and certification costs are high so using the same NAV receiver in more than one product saves costs and increases profit. From their web site, the [GNC 225](https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/p/102764) decodes the ident.
>
> * Automatically displays tuned frequency's navaid or airport identifier
> * Automatically decodes Morse signals so you don't have to
>
>
>
Second; the fact that it takes several seconds for the ID to display indicates it's being decoded as it has to be received before it's displayed. If it were pulled from the database, it would be available almost instantly. | Since the only way to verify that you are receiving the correct signal from a working VOR is to listen to the Morse Code, it is very likely that the G1000 is decoding the Morse Code. If it were only using the database, the pilot is likely to miss a test code or the fact the code is missing all together in the case of a facility under maintenance. |
74,700 | If you tune in a NAV frequency into your G1000 the ID of the Nav Aid will be shown next to the frequency after some time. In this example `SEA`:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/LezjZ.jpg)
Source: <http://krepelka.com>
How does this work? Because we know that there is the possibility that two VORs could have the same frequency, so the frequency is not uniquely bound to an identifier.
I have two assumptions:
1. The Garmin is listening to the morse code, transfers it into the letters and shows it in the display.
2. The Garmin is checking the Nav database and searches for the frequency and takes the identifier of the closest, based on the GPS position.
Which one is right, or is there even another way Garmin does it? | 2020/02/19 | [
"https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/74700",
"https://aviation.stackexchange.com",
"https://aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17636/"
] | Garmin doesn't explicitly state the method in the documentation I can find, but I believe the answer is #1. It decodes the Morse code and displays that value. I say that for two reasons:
First; Garmin, like most successful aviation companies, makes it a habit to reuse technology where it can. Volumes are low and certification costs are high so using the same NAV receiver in more than one product saves costs and increases profit. From their web site, the [GNC 225](https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/p/102764) decodes the ident.
>
> * Automatically displays tuned frequency's navaid or airport identifier
> * Automatically decodes Morse signals so you don't have to
>
>
>
Second; the fact that it takes several seconds for the ID to display indicates it's being decoded as it has to be received before it's displayed. If it were pulled from the database, it would be available almost instantly. | [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1hOA0.jpg)
This is the only I do I could find. It states that it will identify regardless of the Morse code. |
28,695 | We have a web site hosting Office documents behind IIS6 Basic authentication.
IE has an authentication token for basic auth, which it presents to download the file. The user clicks "Open", and then Microsoft Office Protocol Discovery does a HTTP OPTIONS request on the directory the file was served from. However, Office does not have the auth token that IE does, so it [prompts again for credentials](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/838028). Hitting Cancel will then show you the file in Office.
As we are not a Sharepoint-like application, and we don't have a way of responding to OPTIONS, I would like to reply to all requests with the OPTIONS method (that are sent with a user-agent of "Microsoft Office Protocol Discovery") with something like an empty 200, as
[RFC 2616](http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec9.html) states:
>
> If no response body is included, the response MUST include a Content-Length field with a field-value of "0".
>
>
>
I am leaning towards an ISAPI filter that responds with 200 - before the Basic authentication happens. Windows auth or anonymous access are not options. Are there any alternatives I am missing? | 2009/06/19 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/28695",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/5724/"
] | Is the draconian approach of just denying the OPTIONS verb in IIS globally a possibility? You could install [URLScan](http://support.microsoft.com/?id=326444) and put *OPTIONS* in the **[DenyVerbs]** configuration. | I think you can disable WebDAV for a web site using appcmd.exe. Could you create a separate web site to hold the documents and disable WebDAV on it? That shouldn't affect any Sharepoint sites running on the same server.
JR |
28,695 | We have a web site hosting Office documents behind IIS6 Basic authentication.
IE has an authentication token for basic auth, which it presents to download the file. The user clicks "Open", and then Microsoft Office Protocol Discovery does a HTTP OPTIONS request on the directory the file was served from. However, Office does not have the auth token that IE does, so it [prompts again for credentials](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/838028). Hitting Cancel will then show you the file in Office.
As we are not a Sharepoint-like application, and we don't have a way of responding to OPTIONS, I would like to reply to all requests with the OPTIONS method (that are sent with a user-agent of "Microsoft Office Protocol Discovery") with something like an empty 200, as
[RFC 2616](http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec9.html) states:
>
> If no response body is included, the response MUST include a Content-Length field with a field-value of "0".
>
>
>
I am leaning towards an ISAPI filter that responds with 200 - before the Basic authentication happens. Windows auth or anonymous access are not options. Are there any alternatives I am missing? | 2009/06/19 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/28695",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/5724/"
] | Is the draconian approach of just denying the OPTIONS verb in IIS globally a possibility? You could install [URLScan](http://support.microsoft.com/?id=326444) and put *OPTIONS* in the **[DenyVerbs]** configuration. | Perhaps, you should verify your iis6 configuration.
in the website configuration ->home dir -> configuration ->mappings
Do you have a mapping to the .doc extension.
another thing:
website configuration ->home dir -> configuration ->mappings -> options:
the enable session state option, is it active?
another thing:
Are you using more "workers" in the app pool? (don't use more than one)
- Application pools -> properties -> performance -> web garden maximum number of workers -> set it to "1"
Sometimes if it has more than one worker process the "auth" can be "lost" |
11,091,624 | I want to make a FileIO class which will provide some methods like write or read. Also I want to hide the implementation of FileIO (currently, it just derives from std::fstream). The problem is that std::fstream could throw some exceptions but I don't want my FileIO class to throw std::fstream exceptions, I want to throw my own (e.g. FileIO::SomethingBadHappened). Is there an elegant way to do this?
**My solution** is to just rewrite every method of std::fstream with an additional try/catch block.
**EDIT:** FileIO class is just an example. I'm looking for a general solution for wrapping an arbitrary class. | 2012/06/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11091624",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1239545/"
] | The "elegant" way to do this is to not reinvent the wheel. Especially this wheel, which has traveled to and from the Moon thousands of times. It's tried and true. You don't need to invent this *there*. | There's no way around it - you have to put a try/catch block around any function call that can generate an exception if you want to rethrow a different exception.
Rather than using inheritance, you should use encapsulation - have your class own an object that you can propagate your calls to. This allows you to simplify your interface, only providing the capabilities needed and thus not needing to wrap *every single method* of the underlying class that does the work. |
9,788 | I have a new Samsung Epic 4G which has a clock on the top of the unlock screen. For some reason, however, most of the date gets cut off. So what I see is "Fri May." and the time. It seems like a font problem, but the phone is brand new.
I'm not even sure where to look for fixes or insights. | 2011/05/27 | [
"https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/9788",
"https://android.stackexchange.com",
"https://android.stackexchange.com/users/3550/"
] | This was resolved. Unfortunately, I don't have any recollection of *how* it was resolved. Presumably a software update? | You could download a third party customizable lock screen such as magic lock or go locker, both free. |
13,447 | I'm looking for a capacitor to use as the output capacitor with the [LDO](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator) regulator [SP6205EM5-L-3-3](http://uk.farnell.com/exar/sp6205em5-l-3-3/ic-v-reg-ldo-0-5a-3-3v-smd-6205/dp/9388338). It says it requires a 2.2 µF capacitor, with an [ESR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_series_resistance) less than 0.5 ohm.
I've found the [TCJA106M010R0300](http://search.digikey.com/scripts/DkSearch/dksus.dll?Detail&name=478-3127-1-ND) type of tantalum capactior would suffice.
However, these are quite expensive, almost half the cost of the regulator... I wondered if ceramics of type [C3216Y5V1H225Z/0.85](http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/C3216Y5V1H225Z%2F0.85/445-4585-1-ND/2050191) (in the specification it says ceramics are allowed) would have the low ESR required (they say 'Low ESR', but it does not have a value specified).
What does low ESR mean at the frequencies involved with this regulator? | 2011/04/24 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/13447",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/3975/"
] | The part's datasheet says "Unconditionally Stable with 2.2μF Ceramic", so I think you're good.
(Ceramics have lower ESR than tantalum or aluminum electrolytics.)
Notice the note about increasing the capacitance if you decouple the BYP pin. | The linked page does specify ESR, 300 milliOhm |
13,447 | I'm looking for a capacitor to use as the output capacitor with the [LDO](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator) regulator [SP6205EM5-L-3-3](http://uk.farnell.com/exar/sp6205em5-l-3-3/ic-v-reg-ldo-0-5a-3-3v-smd-6205/dp/9388338). It says it requires a 2.2 µF capacitor, with an [ESR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_series_resistance) less than 0.5 ohm.
I've found the [TCJA106M010R0300](http://search.digikey.com/scripts/DkSearch/dksus.dll?Detail&name=478-3127-1-ND) type of tantalum capactior would suffice.
However, these are quite expensive, almost half the cost of the regulator... I wondered if ceramics of type [C3216Y5V1H225Z/0.85](http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/C3216Y5V1H225Z%2F0.85/445-4585-1-ND/2050191) (in the specification it says ceramics are allowed) would have the low ESR required (they say 'Low ESR', but it does not have a value specified).
What does low ESR mean at the frequencies involved with this regulator? | 2011/04/24 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/13447",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/3975/"
] | The ESR of a ceramic capacitor is so low it is fairly common to disregard it altogether for practical purposes in DC regulators. The main reason I find to use tantalum instead of ceramics as output caps is if you have problems with piezoelectric ringing in the ceramic caps. | The linked page does specify ESR, 300 milliOhm |
13,447 | I'm looking for a capacitor to use as the output capacitor with the [LDO](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator) regulator [SP6205EM5-L-3-3](http://uk.farnell.com/exar/sp6205em5-l-3-3/ic-v-reg-ldo-0-5a-3-3v-smd-6205/dp/9388338). It says it requires a 2.2 µF capacitor, with an [ESR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_series_resistance) less than 0.5 ohm.
I've found the [TCJA106M010R0300](http://search.digikey.com/scripts/DkSearch/dksus.dll?Detail&name=478-3127-1-ND) type of tantalum capactior would suffice.
However, these are quite expensive, almost half the cost of the regulator... I wondered if ceramics of type [C3216Y5V1H225Z/0.85](http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/C3216Y5V1H225Z%2F0.85/445-4585-1-ND/2050191) (in the specification it says ceramics are allowed) would have the low ESR required (they say 'Low ESR', but it does not have a value specified).
What does low ESR mean at the frequencies involved with this regulator? | 2011/04/24 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/13447",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/3975/"
] | The part's datasheet says "Unconditionally Stable with 2.2μF Ceramic", so I think you're good.
(Ceramics have lower ESR than tantalum or aluminum electrolytics.)
Notice the note about increasing the capacitance if you decouple the BYP pin. | The ESR of a ceramic capacitor is so low it is fairly common to disregard it altogether for practical purposes in DC regulators. The main reason I find to use tantalum instead of ceramics as output caps is if you have problems with piezoelectric ringing in the ceramic caps. |
12,485 | In the first X-Men movie, Senator Kelly apparently dissolves into nothingness. But when Storm recounts his death later to Magneto, he asks:
"Are you sure you saw what you saw?"
This always implied to me that he thought that perhaps Senator Kelly was still alive, appearances notwithstanding. Maybe he thought that Kelly would resubstantiate himself eventually...obviously, nothing came of this. I'm pretty sure that Kelly's mutant power was original to the picture so there's nothing in canon to help that I'm aware of.
Can anyone point to an interview with Bryan Singer perhaps, or something along those lines? Is there another interpretation of that line I'm overlooking? | 2012/03/04 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/12485",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/1150/"
] | He may have been referring to the fact that Mystique continues to impersonate Senator Kelly even after his "death"/dissolving. He may simply be trying to imply that while the real Senator is dead, that's not how it appears to most people. | I'm pretty sure he was implying that Professor X was possibly playing with her perceptions.
After all he was trying to persuade the other mutants to leave X, and join his "noble" cause. |
8,780 | What should be proper validations for text fields like country, State, city
i.e. can it be only characters or alphanumeric or can it also include special characters | 2014/06/04 | [
"https://sqa.stackexchange.com/questions/8780",
"https://sqa.stackexchange.com",
"https://sqa.stackexchange.com/users/6797/"
] | At least, it should be alphanumeric, plus ',', '.', '-', '#', '/' (e.g. "Washington, D.C", or "New-York"). Possibly there could be more special characters, and in some cases it could allow hieroglyphs.
The most accurate answer for your question should be in specification of the product you test. And if there is none, try asking managers or developers, which characters should be allowed and which shouldn't. | please check this link from w3schools.....
[java script validations](http://www.w3schools.com/js/js_form_validation.asp)
thanks
**Prakash Nanda** |
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