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12,207 | Well, 2016 is finally over. It's been a long year and our first regularly scheduled Bridge Movie Night season. [Can you believe that it's been two years](https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/10160/bridge-movie-night)? Putting aside how old I'm making you all feeling, it's time to begin another year of Bridge Movie Nights! Popcorn, the silver screen, exciting stories, and our wonderful Arqade community! Let's have another great year of movie-watching.
A new addition I'm making to our Movie Nights is the introduction of a Google Calendar. I'll post it both here and in the canonical [So You Want to Attend Movie Night](https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/11441/so-you-want-to-attend-movie-night) post when it's ready.
[Scheduling votes will be taken here](http://www.strawpoll.me/12069621) and votes will be tallied and a decision will be made by the end of this month (January). | 2017/01/09 | [
"https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/12207",
"https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/users/27975/"
] | Movie Night Decision:
=====================
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/r8e1c.jpg)
### Kubo and the Two Strings
The scheduling poll has resulted as follows:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZlYdi.png)
Now, there's been some talk about what hour to start the showing. For the past several movie nights, the movie has been started at 11:00 PM UTC-0. However, this was due to the first few movie nights beginning on a Friday rather than a Saturday and out of a need to accommodate people who work on weekdays, I had scheduled it then. Now that movie nights are firmly scheduled on Saturdays, I feel that it is appropriate to adjust the showtime to more easily accommodate some of our friends outside of the American continents.
---[Here is a poll with a selection of available times. Pick as many as you can show up to and I'll do my best to pick a schedule that best fits everyone's times](http://doodle.com/poll/rv95t7te5c7fwrpe)--- Movie Night will be occurring at 7:00PM UTC-0. | Viva Amiga
==========
I'm not sure if documentaries are up for consideration, but this one covers the rise and fall of the Commodore Amiga and the culture that developed around it, which I think would be interesting to people here.
From IMDB:
>
> In a world of green on black, they dared to dream in color. 1985: An upstart team of Silicon Valley mavericks created a miracle: the Amiga computer. A machine made for creativity. For games, for art, for expression. Breaking from the mold set by IBM and Apple, this was something new. Something to change what people believed computers could do. 2016: The future they saw isn't the one we live in now. Or is it? From the creation of the world's first multimedia digital art powerhouse, to a bankrupt shell sold and resold into obscurity, to a post-punk spark revitalized by determined fans. Viva Amiga is a look at a digital dream and the freaks, geeks and geniuses who brought it to life. And the Amiga is still alive.
>
>
>
[](https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMmFiYjlmNmMtZDgxOC00MTVlLTg3ODEtNTYwZTIwMDg3MDVhL2ltYWdlL2ltYWdlXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTI3NDg2NzU@._V1_.jpg)
[IMDB](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6398570/) | [Trailer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHCxvZJW1S8) |
12,207 | Well, 2016 is finally over. It's been a long year and our first regularly scheduled Bridge Movie Night season. [Can you believe that it's been two years](https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/10160/bridge-movie-night)? Putting aside how old I'm making you all feeling, it's time to begin another year of Bridge Movie Nights! Popcorn, the silver screen, exciting stories, and our wonderful Arqade community! Let's have another great year of movie-watching.
A new addition I'm making to our Movie Nights is the introduction of a Google Calendar. I'll post it both here and in the canonical [So You Want to Attend Movie Night](https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/11441/so-you-want-to-attend-movie-night) post when it's ready.
[Scheduling votes will be taken here](http://www.strawpoll.me/12069621) and votes will be tallied and a decision will be made by the end of this month (January). | 2017/01/09 | [
"https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/12207",
"https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/users/27975/"
] | Hell or High Water
==================
This is different from the movies we normally watch, but it looks good, and the critical reception was been positive. Essentially, in order to protect his family ranch and provide for his son a man teams up with his brother (who's an ex-con) to rob a bank. Summary courtesy of IMBD:
>
> A divorced father and his ex-con older brother resort to a desperate scheme in order to save their family's ranch in West Texas.
>
>
>
[](http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRYPGO1eXsOXccVk-YmuR5XBUsr9Cjf7PrrAdc-KngRAptlynNl)
[IMDB](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2582782/) | [Rotten Tomatoes 98%](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hell_or_high_water/) | [Trailer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQoqsKoJVDw) | Old spy movie based in WW2 starring Richard Burton and Clint Eastwood. I watched it back in the day and thought it was pretty interesting and had some pretty good acting.
>
> Allied agents stage a daring raid on a castle where the Nazis are holding an American General prisoner... but that's not all that's really going on.
>
>
>
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/y07XY.jpg)
[IMDB](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065207/) | [Rotten Tomatoes 88%](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/where_eagles_dare/) | [Trailer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OpMRRgTseI) |
12,207 | Well, 2016 is finally over. It's been a long year and our first regularly scheduled Bridge Movie Night season. [Can you believe that it's been two years](https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/10160/bridge-movie-night)? Putting aside how old I'm making you all feeling, it's time to begin another year of Bridge Movie Nights! Popcorn, the silver screen, exciting stories, and our wonderful Arqade community! Let's have another great year of movie-watching.
A new addition I'm making to our Movie Nights is the introduction of a Google Calendar. I'll post it both here and in the canonical [So You Want to Attend Movie Night](https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/11441/so-you-want-to-attend-movie-night) post when it's ready.
[Scheduling votes will be taken here](http://www.strawpoll.me/12069621) and votes will be tallied and a decision will be made by the end of this month (January). | 2017/01/09 | [
"https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/12207",
"https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/users/27975/"
] | Movie Night Decision:
=====================
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/r8e1c.jpg)
### Kubo and the Two Strings
The scheduling poll has resulted as follows:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZlYdi.png)
Now, there's been some talk about what hour to start the showing. For the past several movie nights, the movie has been started at 11:00 PM UTC-0. However, this was due to the first few movie nights beginning on a Friday rather than a Saturday and out of a need to accommodate people who work on weekdays, I had scheduled it then. Now that movie nights are firmly scheduled on Saturdays, I feel that it is appropriate to adjust the showtime to more easily accommodate some of our friends outside of the American continents.
---[Here is a poll with a selection of available times. Pick as many as you can show up to and I'll do my best to pick a schedule that best fits everyone's times](http://doodle.com/poll/rv95t7te5c7fwrpe)--- Movie Night will be occurring at 7:00PM UTC-0. | Old spy movie based in WW2 starring Richard Burton and Clint Eastwood. I watched it back in the day and thought it was pretty interesting and had some pretty good acting.
>
> Allied agents stage a daring raid on a castle where the Nazis are holding an American General prisoner... but that's not all that's really going on.
>
>
>
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/y07XY.jpg)
[IMDB](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065207/) | [Rotten Tomatoes 88%](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/where_eagles_dare/) | [Trailer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OpMRRgTseI) |
12,207 | Well, 2016 is finally over. It's been a long year and our first regularly scheduled Bridge Movie Night season. [Can you believe that it's been two years](https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/10160/bridge-movie-night)? Putting aside how old I'm making you all feeling, it's time to begin another year of Bridge Movie Nights! Popcorn, the silver screen, exciting stories, and our wonderful Arqade community! Let's have another great year of movie-watching.
A new addition I'm making to our Movie Nights is the introduction of a Google Calendar. I'll post it both here and in the canonical [So You Want to Attend Movie Night](https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/11441/so-you-want-to-attend-movie-night) post when it's ready.
[Scheduling votes will be taken here](http://www.strawpoll.me/12069621) and votes will be tallied and a decision will be made by the end of this month (January). | 2017/01/09 | [
"https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/12207",
"https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.meta.stackexchange.com/users/27975/"
] | Movie Night Decision:
=====================
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/r8e1c.jpg)
### Kubo and the Two Strings
The scheduling poll has resulted as follows:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZlYdi.png)
Now, there's been some talk about what hour to start the showing. For the past several movie nights, the movie has been started at 11:00 PM UTC-0. However, this was due to the first few movie nights beginning on a Friday rather than a Saturday and out of a need to accommodate people who work on weekdays, I had scheduled it then. Now that movie nights are firmly scheduled on Saturdays, I feel that it is appropriate to adjust the showtime to more easily accommodate some of our friends outside of the American continents.
---[Here is a poll with a selection of available times. Pick as many as you can show up to and I'll do my best to pick a schedule that best fits everyone's times](http://doodle.com/poll/rv95t7te5c7fwrpe)--- Movie Night will be occurring at 7:00PM UTC-0. | District 9
==========
I see GnomeSlice's relevance, and raise more relevant. Idea shamelessly stolen. Sue me. In addition to being relevant, this is also a good movie.
>
> An extraterrestrial race forced to live in slum-like conditions on Earth suddenly finds a kindred spirit in a government agent who is exposed to their biotechnology.
>
>
>
[](https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMTM4OTI1OTM5NF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMzk5MTU1Mg@@._V1_SY1000_CR0,0,675,1000_AL_.jpg)
[IMDB](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1136608/) | [Rotten Tomatoes 90%](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/district_9) | [Trailer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyLUwOcR5pk) | [Content Advisory (rated R)](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1136608/parentalguide?ref_=tt_stry_pg) |
5,248 | **Which layout works best for your users?**:
* Field labels on the side of fields
* Field labels above the data entry fields
* What about prompt text, format tips, examples and validation or error messages?
I've done many online forms over the past few years. I have "pre-designed" patterns and layouts I've used over and over and over again. Some of the layouts have been heavily tested, some not so much.
One of my colleagues challenged me recently asking why I could be so confident that the layout they had proposed wasn't right. It made me stop and reassess my approach, which I realised were based on opinion rather than evidence.
**Examples or evidence?**
I have an existing paper form to work with. Its ugly. Truly ugly. The last thing I want is to create an online version of the same ugliness. Do you have examples of forms or wizards that you think are designed really well? Can you point me to any research or academic material that I could use to back up my recommendation to (read as: looming major argument with) the product owner?
**My task**: take an existing paper based form, convert it to an online form and extend the functionality to include validation on-the-fly, file uploads, credit card payments and confirmation, status and error messages.
**The overall design**: most likely to be about 8 screens, in the format of a step-by-step wizard. Users will be able to save incomplete forms and come back later. Most questions need to be answered, some questions are complex. Users will only need to use the form once every five years so they won't be familiar with the questions in advance.
**The challenge:** there's no existing pattern for online forms in this organisation, they don't have many running at the moment, and none as complicated as this form. I will need to convince the product owner that creating a replica of the paper form is a bad idea. A really bad idea. | 2010/05/28 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/5248",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/1061/"
] | Luke Wroblewski has some good articles about form design. I recommend you these two:
[Web Application Form Design](http://www.lukew.com/resources/articles/web_forms.html)
[Primary & Secondary Actions in Web Forms](http://www.lukew.com/resources/articles/psactions.asp)
Or do you need something even more specific? | [Matteo Penzo’s study](http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2006/07/label-placement-in-forms.php) provides the best evidence to date for the advantages of placing the label above the field control. However, the [merits of this continue to be debated](http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2010/01/label-alignment-in-long-forms-paper-prototyping-for-engineers.php). The bottom line appears to be that top labels are best for filling out an empty form, but not so good for using a partially or fully completed form. Their main advantage is consistent close physical proximity of the label to the field for easy association when the labels vary considerably in length.
The main concerns with top labels are:
* It takes more vertical space, possibly requiring scrolling to scan the whole form.
* It makes it more difficult to scan down the labels or fields when looking for a particular field or value to read, check, or change.
* It can make it harder for the designer to group fields into a visual hierarchy.
* It’s possible for users to [confuse which field](http://usability.gov/articles/newsletter/pubs/042008news.html) a label applies to (the one above or below).
The latter can be mitigated with adequate white space or graphic division, although both of these tend to take yet more vertical space.
Frankly, this issue needs more research. For one thing, maybe you can have both good vertical scanning and good label-field association by using left-aligned labels with a graphic connection to the field, such as with leader dots or zebra striping. If you try these out, let us know how it works in your user testing.
Prompts and tips are best to the right of the field all else being equal:
* It keeps the distance short between the label (the primary information) and the field, making it easiest to read with fewer fixations.
* It makes the prompt/tip relatively noticeable since it’s not “buried” between the label and field.
* It provides a clear visual separation between primary and secondary information, encouraging users to read *all* of the primary information (users tend to skip over long strings of text).
Placing prompts under the field is another option, which may make it easier to see the prompt when the field control is long, but this has all the disadvantages of putting labels on top of the field, plus possibly inducing misleading apparent groupings of fields due to fields no longer being uniformly separated on the vertical dimension.
Because prompts and hints are secondary information, I wouldn’t let their placement disrupt the layout of the primary information, even if that means being inconsistent.
In contrast to other hints/prompts, Required Field indicators (e.g., red asterisks) should be put at the beginning of the label to help users decide at a glance [if they really want to fill out the field](http://formulate.com.au/articles/mandatory-versus-optional-fields/). |
5,248 | **Which layout works best for your users?**:
* Field labels on the side of fields
* Field labels above the data entry fields
* What about prompt text, format tips, examples and validation or error messages?
I've done many online forms over the past few years. I have "pre-designed" patterns and layouts I've used over and over and over again. Some of the layouts have been heavily tested, some not so much.
One of my colleagues challenged me recently asking why I could be so confident that the layout they had proposed wasn't right. It made me stop and reassess my approach, which I realised were based on opinion rather than evidence.
**Examples or evidence?**
I have an existing paper form to work with. Its ugly. Truly ugly. The last thing I want is to create an online version of the same ugliness. Do you have examples of forms or wizards that you think are designed really well? Can you point me to any research or academic material that I could use to back up my recommendation to (read as: looming major argument with) the product owner?
**My task**: take an existing paper based form, convert it to an online form and extend the functionality to include validation on-the-fly, file uploads, credit card payments and confirmation, status and error messages.
**The overall design**: most likely to be about 8 screens, in the format of a step-by-step wizard. Users will be able to save incomplete forms and come back later. Most questions need to be answered, some questions are complex. Users will only need to use the form once every five years so they won't be familiar with the questions in advance.
**The challenge:** there's no existing pattern for online forms in this organisation, they don't have many running at the moment, and none as complicated as this form. I will need to convince the product owner that creating a replica of the paper form is a bad idea. A really bad idea. | 2010/05/28 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/5248",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/1061/"
] | Luke Wroblewski has some good articles about form design. I recommend you these two:
[Web Application Form Design](http://www.lukew.com/resources/articles/web_forms.html)
[Primary & Secondary Actions in Web Forms](http://www.lukew.com/resources/articles/psactions.asp)
Or do you need something even more specific? | Look at this <http://www.csskarma.com/lab/plugin_slidinglabels/>
found it just the other day, impressed me to tears. |
5,248 | **Which layout works best for your users?**:
* Field labels on the side of fields
* Field labels above the data entry fields
* What about prompt text, format tips, examples and validation or error messages?
I've done many online forms over the past few years. I have "pre-designed" patterns and layouts I've used over and over and over again. Some of the layouts have been heavily tested, some not so much.
One of my colleagues challenged me recently asking why I could be so confident that the layout they had proposed wasn't right. It made me stop and reassess my approach, which I realised were based on opinion rather than evidence.
**Examples or evidence?**
I have an existing paper form to work with. Its ugly. Truly ugly. The last thing I want is to create an online version of the same ugliness. Do you have examples of forms or wizards that you think are designed really well? Can you point me to any research or academic material that I could use to back up my recommendation to (read as: looming major argument with) the product owner?
**My task**: take an existing paper based form, convert it to an online form and extend the functionality to include validation on-the-fly, file uploads, credit card payments and confirmation, status and error messages.
**The overall design**: most likely to be about 8 screens, in the format of a step-by-step wizard. Users will be able to save incomplete forms and come back later. Most questions need to be answered, some questions are complex. Users will only need to use the form once every five years so they won't be familiar with the questions in advance.
**The challenge:** there's no existing pattern for online forms in this organisation, they don't have many running at the moment, and none as complicated as this form. I will need to convince the product owner that creating a replica of the paper form is a bad idea. A really bad idea. | 2010/05/28 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/5248",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/1061/"
] | Luke Wroblewski has some good articles about form design. I recommend you these two:
[Web Application Form Design](http://www.lukew.com/resources/articles/web_forms.html)
[Primary & Secondary Actions in Web Forms](http://www.lukew.com/resources/articles/psactions.asp)
Or do you need something even more specific? | Another option to consider is Infield Top Aligned Labels.
>
> Most websites today either use top aligned or infield form labels
> because they aren’t aware of a better way.
>
>
>
<http://uxmovement.com/forms/why-infield-top-aligned-form-labels-are-quickest-to-scan/> |
5,248 | **Which layout works best for your users?**:
* Field labels on the side of fields
* Field labels above the data entry fields
* What about prompt text, format tips, examples and validation or error messages?
I've done many online forms over the past few years. I have "pre-designed" patterns and layouts I've used over and over and over again. Some of the layouts have been heavily tested, some not so much.
One of my colleagues challenged me recently asking why I could be so confident that the layout they had proposed wasn't right. It made me stop and reassess my approach, which I realised were based on opinion rather than evidence.
**Examples or evidence?**
I have an existing paper form to work with. Its ugly. Truly ugly. The last thing I want is to create an online version of the same ugliness. Do you have examples of forms or wizards that you think are designed really well? Can you point me to any research or academic material that I could use to back up my recommendation to (read as: looming major argument with) the product owner?
**My task**: take an existing paper based form, convert it to an online form and extend the functionality to include validation on-the-fly, file uploads, credit card payments and confirmation, status and error messages.
**The overall design**: most likely to be about 8 screens, in the format of a step-by-step wizard. Users will be able to save incomplete forms and come back later. Most questions need to be answered, some questions are complex. Users will only need to use the form once every five years so they won't be familiar with the questions in advance.
**The challenge:** there's no existing pattern for online forms in this organisation, they don't have many running at the moment, and none as complicated as this form. I will need to convince the product owner that creating a replica of the paper form is a bad idea. A really bad idea. | 2010/05/28 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/5248",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/1061/"
] | [Matteo Penzo’s study](http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2006/07/label-placement-in-forms.php) provides the best evidence to date for the advantages of placing the label above the field control. However, the [merits of this continue to be debated](http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2010/01/label-alignment-in-long-forms-paper-prototyping-for-engineers.php). The bottom line appears to be that top labels are best for filling out an empty form, but not so good for using a partially or fully completed form. Their main advantage is consistent close physical proximity of the label to the field for easy association when the labels vary considerably in length.
The main concerns with top labels are:
* It takes more vertical space, possibly requiring scrolling to scan the whole form.
* It makes it more difficult to scan down the labels or fields when looking for a particular field or value to read, check, or change.
* It can make it harder for the designer to group fields into a visual hierarchy.
* It’s possible for users to [confuse which field](http://usability.gov/articles/newsletter/pubs/042008news.html) a label applies to (the one above or below).
The latter can be mitigated with adequate white space or graphic division, although both of these tend to take yet more vertical space.
Frankly, this issue needs more research. For one thing, maybe you can have both good vertical scanning and good label-field association by using left-aligned labels with a graphic connection to the field, such as with leader dots or zebra striping. If you try these out, let us know how it works in your user testing.
Prompts and tips are best to the right of the field all else being equal:
* It keeps the distance short between the label (the primary information) and the field, making it easiest to read with fewer fixations.
* It makes the prompt/tip relatively noticeable since it’s not “buried” between the label and field.
* It provides a clear visual separation between primary and secondary information, encouraging users to read *all* of the primary information (users tend to skip over long strings of text).
Placing prompts under the field is another option, which may make it easier to see the prompt when the field control is long, but this has all the disadvantages of putting labels on top of the field, plus possibly inducing misleading apparent groupings of fields due to fields no longer being uniformly separated on the vertical dimension.
Because prompts and hints are secondary information, I wouldn’t let their placement disrupt the layout of the primary information, even if that means being inconsistent.
In contrast to other hints/prompts, Required Field indicators (e.g., red asterisks) should be put at the beginning of the label to help users decide at a glance [if they really want to fill out the field](http://formulate.com.au/articles/mandatory-versus-optional-fields/). | Look at this <http://www.csskarma.com/lab/plugin_slidinglabels/>
found it just the other day, impressed me to tears. |
5,248 | **Which layout works best for your users?**:
* Field labels on the side of fields
* Field labels above the data entry fields
* What about prompt text, format tips, examples and validation or error messages?
I've done many online forms over the past few years. I have "pre-designed" patterns and layouts I've used over and over and over again. Some of the layouts have been heavily tested, some not so much.
One of my colleagues challenged me recently asking why I could be so confident that the layout they had proposed wasn't right. It made me stop and reassess my approach, which I realised were based on opinion rather than evidence.
**Examples or evidence?**
I have an existing paper form to work with. Its ugly. Truly ugly. The last thing I want is to create an online version of the same ugliness. Do you have examples of forms or wizards that you think are designed really well? Can you point me to any research or academic material that I could use to back up my recommendation to (read as: looming major argument with) the product owner?
**My task**: take an existing paper based form, convert it to an online form and extend the functionality to include validation on-the-fly, file uploads, credit card payments and confirmation, status and error messages.
**The overall design**: most likely to be about 8 screens, in the format of a step-by-step wizard. Users will be able to save incomplete forms and come back later. Most questions need to be answered, some questions are complex. Users will only need to use the form once every five years so they won't be familiar with the questions in advance.
**The challenge:** there's no existing pattern for online forms in this organisation, they don't have many running at the moment, and none as complicated as this form. I will need to convince the product owner that creating a replica of the paper form is a bad idea. A really bad idea. | 2010/05/28 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/5248",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/1061/"
] | [Matteo Penzo’s study](http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2006/07/label-placement-in-forms.php) provides the best evidence to date for the advantages of placing the label above the field control. However, the [merits of this continue to be debated](http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2010/01/label-alignment-in-long-forms-paper-prototyping-for-engineers.php). The bottom line appears to be that top labels are best for filling out an empty form, but not so good for using a partially or fully completed form. Their main advantage is consistent close physical proximity of the label to the field for easy association when the labels vary considerably in length.
The main concerns with top labels are:
* It takes more vertical space, possibly requiring scrolling to scan the whole form.
* It makes it more difficult to scan down the labels or fields when looking for a particular field or value to read, check, or change.
* It can make it harder for the designer to group fields into a visual hierarchy.
* It’s possible for users to [confuse which field](http://usability.gov/articles/newsletter/pubs/042008news.html) a label applies to (the one above or below).
The latter can be mitigated with adequate white space or graphic division, although both of these tend to take yet more vertical space.
Frankly, this issue needs more research. For one thing, maybe you can have both good vertical scanning and good label-field association by using left-aligned labels with a graphic connection to the field, such as with leader dots or zebra striping. If you try these out, let us know how it works in your user testing.
Prompts and tips are best to the right of the field all else being equal:
* It keeps the distance short between the label (the primary information) and the field, making it easiest to read with fewer fixations.
* It makes the prompt/tip relatively noticeable since it’s not “buried” between the label and field.
* It provides a clear visual separation between primary and secondary information, encouraging users to read *all* of the primary information (users tend to skip over long strings of text).
Placing prompts under the field is another option, which may make it easier to see the prompt when the field control is long, but this has all the disadvantages of putting labels on top of the field, plus possibly inducing misleading apparent groupings of fields due to fields no longer being uniformly separated on the vertical dimension.
Because prompts and hints are secondary information, I wouldn’t let their placement disrupt the layout of the primary information, even if that means being inconsistent.
In contrast to other hints/prompts, Required Field indicators (e.g., red asterisks) should be put at the beginning of the label to help users decide at a glance [if they really want to fill out the field](http://formulate.com.au/articles/mandatory-versus-optional-fields/). | Another option to consider is Infield Top Aligned Labels.
>
> Most websites today either use top aligned or infield form labels
> because they aren’t aware of a better way.
>
>
>
<http://uxmovement.com/forms/why-infield-top-aligned-form-labels-are-quickest-to-scan/> |
5,248 | **Which layout works best for your users?**:
* Field labels on the side of fields
* Field labels above the data entry fields
* What about prompt text, format tips, examples and validation or error messages?
I've done many online forms over the past few years. I have "pre-designed" patterns and layouts I've used over and over and over again. Some of the layouts have been heavily tested, some not so much.
One of my colleagues challenged me recently asking why I could be so confident that the layout they had proposed wasn't right. It made me stop and reassess my approach, which I realised were based on opinion rather than evidence.
**Examples or evidence?**
I have an existing paper form to work with. Its ugly. Truly ugly. The last thing I want is to create an online version of the same ugliness. Do you have examples of forms or wizards that you think are designed really well? Can you point me to any research or academic material that I could use to back up my recommendation to (read as: looming major argument with) the product owner?
**My task**: take an existing paper based form, convert it to an online form and extend the functionality to include validation on-the-fly, file uploads, credit card payments and confirmation, status and error messages.
**The overall design**: most likely to be about 8 screens, in the format of a step-by-step wizard. Users will be able to save incomplete forms and come back later. Most questions need to be answered, some questions are complex. Users will only need to use the form once every five years so they won't be familiar with the questions in advance.
**The challenge:** there's no existing pattern for online forms in this organisation, they don't have many running at the moment, and none as complicated as this form. I will need to convince the product owner that creating a replica of the paper form is a bad idea. A really bad idea. | 2010/05/28 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/5248",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/1061/"
] | Look at this <http://www.csskarma.com/lab/plugin_slidinglabels/>
found it just the other day, impressed me to tears. | Another option to consider is Infield Top Aligned Labels.
>
> Most websites today either use top aligned or infield form labels
> because they aren’t aware of a better way.
>
>
>
<http://uxmovement.com/forms/why-infield-top-aligned-form-labels-are-quickest-to-scan/> |
459,592 | I have winXP LibreOffice and MS office installed.
How do I make LibreOffice the default opening program for all of its know document types?
I know that I can change one extension at a time. But is there a way to change all of them?
I want LibreOffice to open .doc .xls and ... (I do not know all of them) | 2012/08/09 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/459592",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/114476/"
] | from [here](http://user.services.openoffice.org/en/forum/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=42104):
please try a 'Custom Setup', see
→ Installation of LibreOffice 3.3 on Windows
<http://www.libreoffice.org/get-help/installation/windows/>
especially:
- Dialog Box #6: Choice of Typical or Custom Installation
- Dialog Box #8: Choice for File Type Associations
You may start from 'Add or Remove Programs' > 'LibreOffice...' > 'Modify',
or
(unpacked \*.exe file) 'libreoffice33.msi' > right-click 'Install' > 'Modify'. | 'Modify' worked for me. Thanks!
On Windows Vista:
* click START
* Settings
* Control Panel
* Programs
* Programs and Features
* Uninstall a Program
* Select the right program from the list
* click 'change'
* follow instructions. |
459,592 | I have winXP LibreOffice and MS office installed.
How do I make LibreOffice the default opening program for all of its know document types?
I know that I can change one extension at a time. But is there a way to change all of them?
I want LibreOffice to open .doc .xls and ... (I do not know all of them) | 2012/08/09 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/459592",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/114476/"
] | from [here](http://user.services.openoffice.org/en/forum/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=42104):
please try a 'Custom Setup', see
→ Installation of LibreOffice 3.3 on Windows
<http://www.libreoffice.org/get-help/installation/windows/>
especially:
- Dialog Box #6: Choice of Typical or Custom Installation
- Dialog Box #8: Choice for File Type Associations
You may start from 'Add or Remove Programs' > 'LibreOffice...' > 'Modify',
or
(unpacked \*.exe file) 'libreoffice33.msi' > right-click 'Install' > 'Modify'. | To make office libre the default reader for all your documents:
Right click any document, tap Properties. A box opens that enables you to change the opener to office libre. Do this for a couple documents and OL magically becomes the default opener for all docs of the same type This works for windows 10 at least. |
459,592 | I have winXP LibreOffice and MS office installed.
How do I make LibreOffice the default opening program for all of its know document types?
I know that I can change one extension at a time. But is there a way to change all of them?
I want LibreOffice to open .doc .xls and ... (I do not know all of them) | 2012/08/09 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/459592",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/114476/"
] | from [here](http://user.services.openoffice.org/en/forum/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=42104):
please try a 'Custom Setup', see
→ Installation of LibreOffice 3.3 on Windows
<http://www.libreoffice.org/get-help/installation/windows/>
especially:
- Dialog Box #6: Choice of Typical or Custom Installation
- Dialog Box #8: Choice for File Type Associations
You may start from 'Add or Remove Programs' > 'LibreOffice...' > 'Modify',
or
(unpacked \*.exe file) 'libreoffice33.msi' > right-click 'Install' > 'Modify'. | For me it worked to just use the "default apps" in windows system settings.
just hit start and type default apps |
459,592 | I have winXP LibreOffice and MS office installed.
How do I make LibreOffice the default opening program for all of its know document types?
I know that I can change one extension at a time. But is there a way to change all of them?
I want LibreOffice to open .doc .xls and ... (I do not know all of them) | 2012/08/09 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/459592",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/114476/"
] | 'Modify' worked for me. Thanks!
On Windows Vista:
* click START
* Settings
* Control Panel
* Programs
* Programs and Features
* Uninstall a Program
* Select the right program from the list
* click 'change'
* follow instructions. | To make office libre the default reader for all your documents:
Right click any document, tap Properties. A box opens that enables you to change the opener to office libre. Do this for a couple documents and OL magically becomes the default opener for all docs of the same type This works for windows 10 at least. |
459,592 | I have winXP LibreOffice and MS office installed.
How do I make LibreOffice the default opening program for all of its know document types?
I know that I can change one extension at a time. But is there a way to change all of them?
I want LibreOffice to open .doc .xls and ... (I do not know all of them) | 2012/08/09 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/459592",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/114476/"
] | 'Modify' worked for me. Thanks!
On Windows Vista:
* click START
* Settings
* Control Panel
* Programs
* Programs and Features
* Uninstall a Program
* Select the right program from the list
* click 'change'
* follow instructions. | For me it worked to just use the "default apps" in windows system settings.
just hit start and type default apps |
459,592 | I have winXP LibreOffice and MS office installed.
How do I make LibreOffice the default opening program for all of its know document types?
I know that I can change one extension at a time. But is there a way to change all of them?
I want LibreOffice to open .doc .xls and ... (I do not know all of them) | 2012/08/09 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/459592",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/114476/"
] | To make office libre the default reader for all your documents:
Right click any document, tap Properties. A box opens that enables you to change the opener to office libre. Do this for a couple documents and OL magically becomes the default opener for all docs of the same type This works for windows 10 at least. | For me it worked to just use the "default apps" in windows system settings.
just hit start and type default apps |
8 | В цьому питанні я сам створив відповідь. Це є wiki-відповідь (спільна відповідь, community wiki) — **її може редагувати кожен**. Ви можете додавати інші джерела: редагуючи ту відповідь або створювати окремі відповіді.
* [Загальне](/a/9) / General
* [Словники](/a/287) / Dictionaries
* [Корпуси](/a/286) / Corporas
* [Правописи](/a/119) / Spelling
* [Пошук у локалізаціях програм](/a/56) / Search in software localizations
* [Перелік ресурсів](/a/100) / List of sourses
* Wikipedia, Wiktionary: [Джерела](/a/130) / Sources
* [Учба](/a/190) / Learning
* [Здоровий глузд](/a/152) / Common sense
---
In this question I created an answer myself. It's a wiki-answer (community answer, community wiki) — **everyone can edit it**. You're welcome to add other sources: by editing that (wiki) answer or by creating new ones. | 2017/02/07 | [
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/users/4/"
] | (це недописана стаття, яка вимагає переформатування і, можливо, категоризації)
---
Список джерел, які вважають поважними наші колеги з [Wikipedia](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0)
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Словники і довідники, які можна використовувати для перевірки відповідності до сучасної української літературної норми
### Для перевірки наголосу
* [Складні випадки наголошування слів](http://www.twirpx.com/file/300334/)
### Для перевірки написання (орфографії)
\*
### Тлумачні словники
* **Сучасний тлумачний словник української мови: 60 000 слів / За заг. ред. д-ра філол. наук, проф. В. В. Дубічинського. — Харків: ВД «ШКОЛА», 2007. — 832 с.** — доволі місткий та зручний тлумачний словник української мови. Як зазначають автори словника, в ньому вводиться сучасна лексика та сленг, серед застарілих слів — слова іх художньої літератури, а також добірка слів з усіх галузей знань. Словник рекомендований Міністерством освіти і науки.
* [ВТССУМ](http://Lingvo.ua)
* [Словник української мови в 11-ти томах. К.: Наукова думка, 1970–1980.](http://sum.in.ua/)
### Велика чи мала літера
* **В. В. Жайворонок. Велика чи мала літера? Словник-довідник. — К.: Наук. думка, 2004.** — словник рекомендований до друку вченою радою Інституту мовознавства ім. О. О. Потебні НАН України, автор — відомий авторитетний український мовознавець, доктор філологічних наук, [[Жайворонок Віталій Вікторович]]. Входить до серії „Наукове видання «Словники України»“. Окрім того, зручний тим, що [доступний онлайн](http://velyka-chy-mala-litera.wikidot.com/)
### Довідники з культури мови
* [Словник-довідник з культури української мови](http://ukrknyga.at.ua/load/slovnik_dovidnik_z_kulturi_ukrajinskoji_movi/4-1-0-265)
* [Словник-довідник з українського літературного слововживання](http://www.twirpx.com/file/103521/)
### Перекладні
Російсько-українські
* [Російсько-українські словники](http://r2u.org.ua/)
* [Російсько-український словник сталих виразів](http://stalivyrazy.org.ua/)
* [Російсько-український словник фізичних термінів](http://ukrknyga.at.ua/load/rosijsko_ukrajinskij_slovnik_fizichnikh_terminiv_za_red_o_b_liskovicha/38-1-0-361)
* [Російсько-український словник. Термінологічна лексика](http://freelib.in.ua/load/92-1-0-1776)
* Російсько-український словник складної лексики С. Караванського
### Підручники і посібники з пунктуації
\*
### Топоніміка
* [Топонімічний словник України](http://www.toponymic-dictionary.in.ua/)
Фразеологія
===========
* [Словник фразеологічних синонімів](http://www.rozum.org.ua/index.php?a=index&d=24)
* [Словник фразеологічних антонімів](http://sovremennik.ws/2008/07/03/slovnik_frazeologchnikh_antonmv_ukransko_movi.html)
### Галузеві словники
* [Фінансовий словник](http://www.twirpx.com/file/459498/)
* [Словник соціологічних і політологічних термінів](http://ukrknyga.at.ua/load/slovnik_sociologichnikh_i_politologichnikh_terminiv_za_red_v_astakhovoji_v_danilenka_a_panova/2-1-0-430)
---
Список словників, які поважають наші колеги з [Wiktionary](https://uk.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2)
================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= | Загальний здоровий глузд
========================
* [Illustrated book of bad arguments](https://bookofbadarguments.com/) - на жаль, перекладу на українську ще немає. Ця книга показує, як саме люди схильні помилятися у своїй арґументації
---
Common sense
============
* [Illustrated book of bad arguments](https://bookofbadarguments.com/) - Unfortunately it hasn't been translated to Ukrainian yet. This book shows how people tend to fail in their argumentation |
8 | В цьому питанні я сам створив відповідь. Це є wiki-відповідь (спільна відповідь, community wiki) — **її може редагувати кожен**. Ви можете додавати інші джерела: редагуючи ту відповідь або створювати окремі відповіді.
* [Загальне](/a/9) / General
* [Словники](/a/287) / Dictionaries
* [Корпуси](/a/286) / Corporas
* [Правописи](/a/119) / Spelling
* [Пошук у локалізаціях програм](/a/56) / Search in software localizations
* [Перелік ресурсів](/a/100) / List of sourses
* Wikipedia, Wiktionary: [Джерела](/a/130) / Sources
* [Учба](/a/190) / Learning
* [Здоровий глузд](/a/152) / Common sense
---
In this question I created an answer myself. It's a wiki-answer (community answer, community wiki) — **everyone can edit it**. You're welcome to add other sources: by editing that (wiki) answer or by creating new ones. | 2017/02/07 | [
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/users/4/"
] | Ресурси для вивчення українскої
===============================
* [Ukrainian Lessons Podcast](http://ukrainianlessons.com/) - безкоштовна серія подкастів розмовною українською для новачків. Оновлюється щотижня.
* [Підбірка](//redd.it/r2oa4y "Редит r/Ukrainian") учбових матеріялів від r/WantDebianThanks.
---
Ukrainian language learning resources
=====================================
* [Ukrainian Lessons Podcast](http://ukrainianlessons.com/) - is a free series of podcasts in conversational Ukrainian for beginners. Updated weekly.
* [A collection](//redd.it/r2oa4y "Редит r/Ukrainian") of study from r/WantDebianThanks. | Загальний здоровий глузд
========================
* [Illustrated book of bad arguments](https://bookofbadarguments.com/) - на жаль, перекладу на українську ще немає. Ця книга показує, як саме люди схильні помилятися у своїй арґументації
---
Common sense
============
* [Illustrated book of bad arguments](https://bookofbadarguments.com/) - Unfortunately it hasn't been translated to Ukrainian yet. This book shows how people tend to fail in their argumentation |
8 | В цьому питанні я сам створив відповідь. Це є wiki-відповідь (спільна відповідь, community wiki) — **її може редагувати кожен**. Ви можете додавати інші джерела: редагуючи ту відповідь або створювати окремі відповіді.
* [Загальне](/a/9) / General
* [Словники](/a/287) / Dictionaries
* [Корпуси](/a/286) / Corporas
* [Правописи](/a/119) / Spelling
* [Пошук у локалізаціях програм](/a/56) / Search in software localizations
* [Перелік ресурсів](/a/100) / List of sourses
* Wikipedia, Wiktionary: [Джерела](/a/130) / Sources
* [Учба](/a/190) / Learning
* [Здоровий глузд](/a/152) / Common sense
---
In this question I created an answer myself. It's a wiki-answer (community answer, community wiki) — **everyone can edit it**. You're welcome to add other sources: by editing that (wiki) answer or by creating new ones. | 2017/02/07 | [
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/users/4/"
] | Перелік ресурсів взято [тут](http://www.mova.info/links.aspx?l1=82).
Вашій увазі пропонуються сайти, безпосередньо пов'язані з різними аспектами функціонування української мови у світах реальному та віртуальному, мовні ресурси від освітянсько-новинних до розважальних.
* [Інтелектуальна кнайпа «Чудова Мова».](http://chumova.com/) Ми створили місце в укрнеті, яке має надавати питво та їжу для розуму, - інтелектуальну кнайпу. Виходячи з назви - "Чудова мова" - зрозуміло, що основна тематика обговорення в кнайпі - це мова. У всіх її найширших проявах, включаючи математику, адже математика - це мова науки. Особлива увага надається зникаючим мовам та мовним технологіям.
* [Хронологія мовних подій в Україні: зовнішня історія української мови.](http://movahistory.org.ua/) Метою сайту є дати користувачеві якомога точнішу й надійнішу інформацію про зовнішню історію української мови. Подано посилання на різнопланові джерела, здебільшого наявні в Інтернеті. Сайт містить також бібліотеку.
* [Повний перелік українських іменників.](http://www.senyk.poltava.ua/projs/ukr_dict.html) Для створення та розв'язування кросвордів.
* [КіберМова.](http://www.cybermova.com/) Ресурси і програми для письмової та усної української мови
* [ІЗБОРНИК.](http://litopys.org.ua/) Першоджерела та інтерпретації — проект електронної бібліотеки давньої української літератури.
* [ProLing Office.](http://www.prolingoffice.com/) Сайт представляє останні версії таких відомих систем, як перевірка українського та російського правопису РУТА, російсько-український і україно-російський перекладач ПЛАЙ, російсько-український і україно-російський електронний словник УЛІС, розробником яки (?)
* [БРАМА.](http://www.brama.com/) Одна з найвідоміших інформаційних пошукових систем, що концентрує увагу на розвиток українства у всьому світі. Система об‘єднує широке коло Інтернет-ресурсів. Сайт має розгалужений рубрикатор і систему пошуку.
* [Український Центр.](http://www.ukrcenter.com/) Освітньо-інформаційний ресурс. На сайті є такі рубрики: українська електронна бібліотека, в цей день, обговорення, українське радіо, новини. | Загальний здоровий глузд
========================
* [Illustrated book of bad arguments](https://bookofbadarguments.com/) - на жаль, перекладу на українську ще немає. Ця книга показує, як саме люди схильні помилятися у своїй арґументації
---
Common sense
============
* [Illustrated book of bad arguments](https://bookofbadarguments.com/) - Unfortunately it hasn't been translated to Ukrainian yet. This book shows how people tend to fail in their argumentation |
8 | В цьому питанні я сам створив відповідь. Це є wiki-відповідь (спільна відповідь, community wiki) — **її може редагувати кожен**. Ви можете додавати інші джерела: редагуючи ту відповідь або створювати окремі відповіді.
* [Загальне](/a/9) / General
* [Словники](/a/287) / Dictionaries
* [Корпуси](/a/286) / Corporas
* [Правописи](/a/119) / Spelling
* [Пошук у локалізаціях програм](/a/56) / Search in software localizations
* [Перелік ресурсів](/a/100) / List of sourses
* Wikipedia, Wiktionary: [Джерела](/a/130) / Sources
* [Учба](/a/190) / Learning
* [Здоровий глузд](/a/152) / Common sense
---
In this question I created an answer myself. It's a wiki-answer (community answer, community wiki) — **everyone can edit it**. You're welcome to add other sources: by editing that (wiki) answer or by creating new ones. | 2017/02/07 | [
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/users/4/"
] | Перелік ресурсів взято [тут](http://www.mova.info/links.aspx?l1=82).
Вашій увазі пропонуються сайти, безпосередньо пов'язані з різними аспектами функціонування української мови у світах реальному та віртуальному, мовні ресурси від освітянсько-новинних до розважальних.
* [Інтелектуальна кнайпа «Чудова Мова».](http://chumova.com/) Ми створили місце в укрнеті, яке має надавати питво та їжу для розуму, - інтелектуальну кнайпу. Виходячи з назви - "Чудова мова" - зрозуміло, що основна тематика обговорення в кнайпі - це мова. У всіх її найширших проявах, включаючи математику, адже математика - це мова науки. Особлива увага надається зникаючим мовам та мовним технологіям.
* [Хронологія мовних подій в Україні: зовнішня історія української мови.](http://movahistory.org.ua/) Метою сайту є дати користувачеві якомога точнішу й надійнішу інформацію про зовнішню історію української мови. Подано посилання на різнопланові джерела, здебільшого наявні в Інтернеті. Сайт містить також бібліотеку.
* [Повний перелік українських іменників.](http://www.senyk.poltava.ua/projs/ukr_dict.html) Для створення та розв'язування кросвордів.
* [КіберМова.](http://www.cybermova.com/) Ресурси і програми для письмової та усної української мови
* [ІЗБОРНИК.](http://litopys.org.ua/) Першоджерела та інтерпретації — проект електронної бібліотеки давньої української літератури.
* [ProLing Office.](http://www.prolingoffice.com/) Сайт представляє останні версії таких відомих систем, як перевірка українського та російського правопису РУТА, російсько-український і україно-російський перекладач ПЛАЙ, російсько-український і україно-російський електронний словник УЛІС, розробником яки (?)
* [БРАМА.](http://www.brama.com/) Одна з найвідоміших інформаційних пошукових систем, що концентрує увагу на розвиток українства у всьому світі. Система об‘єднує широке коло Інтернет-ресурсів. Сайт має розгалужений рубрикатор і систему пошуку.
* [Український Центр.](http://www.ukrcenter.com/) Освітньо-інформаційний ресурс. На сайті є такі рубрики: українська електронна бібліотека, в цей день, обговорення, українське радіо, новини. | Словники
========
1. Словник української мови в 11 книгах (СУМ-11: [inmo.org.ua](http://www.inmo.org.ua/sum.html), [sum.in.ua](http://sum.in.ua/), [ukrlit.org](http://ukrlit.org/slovnyk/slovnyk_ukrainskoi_movy_v_11_tomakh), [slovnyk.ua](https://www.slovnyk.ua/).
2. Словник української мови в 20 книгах (СУМ-20). Від [УЛІФ](https://services.ulif.org.ua/expl/Entry/).
3. Український мовно-інформаційний фонд (УМІФ) надає [словника](http://lcorp.ulif.org.ua/dictua/).
4. [r2u](https://r2u.org.ua/) має такі словники чи збірки: Російсько-український академічний словник (А. Кримський, С. Єфремов), Російсько-український словник (О. Ізюмов), Російсько-український фразеологічний словник (В. Підмогильний, Є. Плужник), Російсько-український словник технічної термінології (І. Шелудько, Т. Садовський), Російсько-український словник ділової мови (М. Дорошенко, М. Станиславський, В. Страшкевич), Російсько-український словник сталих виразів (І. О. Вирган, М. М. Пилинська), Словарь росийсько-український (М.Уманець, А.Спілка.), Російсько-український народний (сучасний) словник, Російсько-український словник військової термінології (С. та О. Якубські), Словник українських наукових і народних назв судинних рослин (Ю. Кобів), Практичний російсько-український словник приказок (Г. Млодзинський, М. Йогансена), Російсько-український словник з інженерних технологій (М. Ганіткевич, Б. Кінаш.), Російсько-український словник складної лексики (С. Караванський), Правописний словник (Г. Голоскевич), Словарь української мови (Б.Грінченко), Словник української мови (Б.Грінченко, за ред. С. Єфремова, А. Ніковського), Словник українсько-російський (А. Ніковський), Тлумачно-стилістичний народний словник, Словник української мови (Д.І.Яворницький), Український стилістичний словник (Огієнко І.), Українська лексикографія XIII—XX ст.djvu (6,7Мб), Список слів з літерою «Ґ» у академічному словнику, Список слів з позначкою «руссизм», Список слів з позначкою «полонизм», Пошук за іншими термінами та скороченнями, Частотний показник українських слів академічного словника (архів 1МБ),
5. [e2u](https://e2u.org.ua/) має такі словники чи збірки: Загальний народний англійсько-український словник, Великий англо-український словник (Є.І. Гороть, Л.М. Коцюк, Л.К. Малімон, А.Б. Павлюк.), Новий українсько-англійський словник (Є.І. Гороть, С.В. Гончарук, Л.К. Малімон, О.О. Рогач.), Фразлекс (англо-український фразеологічний словник) (Василь Старко), Довідник англійських, німецьких та українських ідіом і виразів (Шерік А.Д., Савічук В.Я., Старко В.Ф.), Англійсько-український словник сучасних термінів з ІТ (linux.org.ua), Англійсько-український словник з математики та інформатики (Є. Мейнарович, М. Кратко), Англійсько-українсько-англійський словник наукової мови (фізика та споріднені науки). Частина І англійсько-українська (О. Кочерга, Є. Мейнарович), Англійсько-українсько-англійський словник наукової мови (фізика та споріднені науки). Частина ІІ українсько-англійська (О. Кочерга, Є. Мейнарович), Англійсько-французько-німецько-український словник термінології Європейського Союзу (“Лабораторія наукового перекладу”), Українсько-англійський словник (К.Андрусишин, Я.Крет), Українсько-англійський словник ділової людини (Є. І. Гороть, О. В. Василенко, Н. В. Єфремова [та ін.]), Українсько-англійський словник з прав людини (Лесь Герасимчук), Англо-український тлумачний словник економічної лексики (А. Шимків), Англійсько-український словник-довідник інженерії довкілля (Тимотей Балабан), Глосарій термінів з хімії (Й.Опейда, О.Швайка), Українсько-англійський словник з радіоелектроніки (Богдан Рицар, Леонід Сніцарук, Роман Мисак), Українсько-англійський словник лінгвістичної термінології (Л.В. Коломієць, O.Л. Паламарчук, Г.П. Стрельчук, М.В. Шевченко).
6. [Словопедія](http://slovopedia.org.ua/) має такі словники чи збірки: Великий тлумачний словник (ВТС) сучасної української мови, УСЕ (Універсальний словник-енциклопедія), Орфографічний словник української мови, Фразеологічний словник української мови, Українсько-російський словник, Словник синонімів Полюги, Словник іншомовних слів Мельничука, Словник англіцизмів, Eкономічна енциклопедія, Неправильно — правильно. Волощак, Уроки державної мови (з газети «Хрещатик»), Літературне слововживання, «Як ми говоримо» Антоненка-Давидовича, Український правопис, Економічний словник, Словник мови Стуса, Крилаті вислови, Словник іншомовник слів, Стилістичні терміни, Словник іншомовних соціокультурних термінів, Енциклопедія політичної думки, Словник синонімів Караванського, СЦОТ (Словник церковно-обрядової термінології), Архітектура і монументальне мистецтво, Словник-антисуржик, Словник термінів, уживаних у чинному Законодавстві України, Словник бюджетної термінології, Термінологічний словник з економіки праці, Глосарій термінів Фондового ринку, Моделювання економіки, Власні імена людей, Словар українського сленгу, Музичні терміни, Тлумачний словник з інформатики та інформаційних систем для економістів (Л. С. Козловська, Н. М. Поліщук), Термінологічно-правописний порадник для богословів та редакторів богословських текстів (Інститут богословської термінології та перекладів), Управління якістю (Вакуленко А.В.), Гірничий енциклопедичний словник, 100 видатних iмен України, Словник церковно-обрядової термінології, Словник із соціальної роботи, Словник лемківскої говірки, Словник галицьких говірок, Лексикон львівський, Короткий словник вільномулярських назв, термінів і знаків, Укр. літ. мова на Буковині, Філософський енциклопедичний словник.
7. [Грінченко](http://hrinchenko.com/) ([від УМІФ](http://services.ulif.org.ua/grinch)).
8. [ABBYY Lingvo](https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us).
9. [linguisto](http://linguisto.eu/) (англійсько-, німецько-, французько-українські й частотний).
Неавторитетні
-------------
1. [вікісловник](http://uk.wiktionary.org/).
2. [WorldwideDictionary](https://uk.worldwidedictionary.org/).
3. [slovnyk.ua](http://slovnyk.ua/).
4. [yenotes](http://yenotes.com).
5. [goroh.pp.ua](https://goroh.pp.ua/).
6. [slovnychok.com.ua](http://slovnychok.com.ua/).
7. [rozum](http://www.rozum.org.ua).
8. [dictionaries24](https://www.dictionaries24.com/uk/).
9. [ABCThesaurus](http://ukrainian.abcthesaurus.com/).
10. [синоніми.укр](https://xn--h1aaldafs6o.xn--j1amh/).
11. [Словник скорочень української мови](http://ukrskor.info/).
12. [Російсько-український словник сталих виразів](http://stalivyrazy.org.ua/). Виргана та Пилинської, призначений для літературних перекладачів, налічує понад 6000 фразеологічних одиниць та сталих виразів.
---
Dictionaries
============
1. SUM-11: [inmo.org.ua](http://www.inmo.org.ua/sum.html), [sum.in.ua](http://sum.in.ua/), [ukrlit.org](http://ukrlit.org/slovnyk/slovnyk_ukrainskoi_movy_v_11_tomakh), [slovnyk.ua](https://www.slovnyk.ua/).
2. SUM-22 on [ULIF](https://services.ulif.org.ua/expl/Entry/).
3. [ULIF](http://lcorp.ulif.org.ua/dictua/).
4. [r2u](https://r2u.org.ua/).
5. [e2u](https://e2u.org.ua/).
6. [slovopedia](http://slovopedia.org.ua/).
7. [Hrinchenko](http://hrinchenko.com/) ([from ULIF](http://services.ulif.org.ua/grinch)).
8. [ABBYY Lingvo](https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us).
9. [linguisto](http://linguisto.eu/) (English-, German-, French-Ukrainian and frequency).
Non-authoritative:
------------------
1. [wiktionary](http://uk.wiktionary.org/).
2. [WorldwideDictionary](https://uk.worldwidedictionary.org/).
3. [slovnyk.ua](http://slovnyk.ua/).
4. [yenotes](http://yenotes.com).
5. [goroh.pp.ua](https://goroh.pp.ua/).
6. [slovnychok.com.ua](http://slovnychok.com.ua/).
7. [rozum](http://www.rozum.org.ua).
8. [dictionaries24](https://www.dictionaries24.com/uk/).
9. [ABCThesaurus](http://ukrainian.abcthesaurus.com/).
10. [синоніми.укр](https://xn--h1aaldafs6o.xn--j1amh/).
11. [Dictionarie of abbrs](http://ukrskor.info/)
12. [Russian-Ukrainian phrase dictionary](http://stalivyrazy.org.ua/). |
8 | В цьому питанні я сам створив відповідь. Це є wiki-відповідь (спільна відповідь, community wiki) — **її може редагувати кожен**. Ви можете додавати інші джерела: редагуючи ту відповідь або створювати окремі відповіді.
* [Загальне](/a/9) / General
* [Словники](/a/287) / Dictionaries
* [Корпуси](/a/286) / Corporas
* [Правописи](/a/119) / Spelling
* [Пошук у локалізаціях програм](/a/56) / Search in software localizations
* [Перелік ресурсів](/a/100) / List of sourses
* Wikipedia, Wiktionary: [Джерела](/a/130) / Sources
* [Учба](/a/190) / Learning
* [Здоровий глузд](/a/152) / Common sense
---
In this question I created an answer myself. It's a wiki-answer (community answer, community wiki) — **everyone can edit it**. You're welcome to add other sources: by editing that (wiki) answer or by creating new ones. | 2017/02/07 | [
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/users/4/"
] | Правописи
=========
Позначення:
— оригінал-макет або скан (точна копія);
— результат розпізнавання або переформатування (можливі невеликі неточності);
— приблизний опис чи переказ;
~~закреслення~~ — джерело вже зникло.
18
--
* 1798, Котляревський:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE).
19
--
* 1893, Смаль-Стоцький і Ґартнер, «Руска граматика»:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_1893_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Збруч](//zbruc.eu/node/66463).
20
--
* 1914, Смаль-Стоцький і Ґартнер, «Граматика руської мови»:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8),
[Internet Archive](//archive.org/details/hramatykarusko00smal),
[Чтиво](//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Smal-Stotskyi_Stepan/Hramatyka_ruskoi_movy) ([2](//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Smal-Stotskyi_Stepan/Hramatyka_ruskoi_movy_vyd_1914)).
* 1917, «Коротенька українська правопись» часопису «Рідне Слово»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=11914),
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/korotka-ukrayinska-pravopys).
* 1917, «Граматична термінологія і правопись, ухвалені комісією мови при Українському товаристві шкільної освіти в Київі (1917)» Української Центральної Ради:
[Google Docs (DjVu)](//docs.google.com/file/d/0Bx3rm-9lOt18aFYyenNDNzl2MHc).
* 1919, Смаль-Стоцький і Ґартнер, «Руска правопись зі словарцем», 3-тє видання:
[Internet Archive](//archive.org/details/ruskapravopyszis00smal) ([2](//archive.org/details/cihm_76668)).
* 1919, Смаль-Стоцький і Ґартнер, «Українська граматика»:
[Internet Archive](//archive.org/details/ukranskahramatyk00smal) ([2](//archive.org/details/ukranskahramatyk00smal_0), [3](//archive.org/details/cihm_77796)),
[Чтиво](//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Smal-Stotskyi_Stepan/Ukrainska_hramatyka).
* 1921, «Найголовніші правила українського правопису»:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_1921_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=9634),
[Чтиво](//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Krymskyi_Ahatanhel/Naiholovnishi_pravyla_ukrainskoho_pravopysu/).
* 1922, «Головніші правила українського правопису»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10541),
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/golovnishi-pravyla-ukrayinskogo-pravopysu).
* 1922, «Правописні правила, приняті Науковим товариством імени Шевченка у Львові»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10577).
* 1925, Огієнко:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=11911).
* 1926, «Харківський», проєкт:
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._(%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82)._1926_%D1%80.).
* 1928, «Харківський», проєкт:
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._(%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82)._1928_%D1%80.).
* 1928/1929, «Харківський»:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81),
[R2U](//r2u.org.ua/node/181) ([2](//r2u.org.ua/data/other/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81-1928.pdf)),
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0009938),
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._1928_%D1%80.),
[Мечнікова](http://rarebook.onu.edu.ua:8081/handle/123456789/9765).
Див. також:
+ 1929 Гладкий, «Новий український правопис»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=9416).
+ 1929, Грунський, «Основи нового українського правопису»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=9425).
+ 1929(?), Наконечний, «Про новий правопис український»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=9981).
+ 1929, Синявський, «Найголовніші правила української мови (за новим правописом)»: [Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/0001537). Друге видання: [Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10659).
* 1933, Хвиля:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_1933_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0009919),
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._1933_%D1%80.).
Див. також:
+ 1935, «Словник-покажчик до…»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10744).
* 1934, [Український правопис / А. Хвиля. – 2-ге вид.](http://escriptorium.univer.kharkov.ua/handle/1237075002/10591)
* 1938, Грунський, проєкт:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83_1939_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._(%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE)._1938%D1%80).
* 1940, Грунський, проєкт:
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._(%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE)._1940_%D1%80.).
* 1941, Синявський, «Норми української літературної мови»:
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0001032),
[R2U](//r2u.org.ua/guides/synyavsky/zmist),
[частково на Вікіджерелах](//uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8).
Редакція Телемка з додатками: [R2U](//r2u.org.ua/data/other/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%20%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8,%20%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20(1941).pdf),
[Чтиво](//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Syniavskyi_Oleksa/Normy_ukrainskoi_literaturnoi_movy),
[Український Центр](http://www.ukrcenter.com/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9/54944/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97-%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8).
* 1942, Зілинський, 2-ге видання:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10748).
* 1943, Зілинський, 3-те видання:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=12064),
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/15486-ukrayinskiy-pravopis),
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9).
* 1943, Зілинський, 4-те видання:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=12092).
* 1945/1946, Ⅰ:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_1946_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Internet Archive](//archive.org/details/ukrainian_pravopys_1945),
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0010302),
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10274),
[шматок на movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._1946_%D1%80.).
* 1946, Шерех:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=11909),
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/2837-shereh-yu-golovni-pravila-ukrayinskogo-pravopisu).
* 1946, Ковалів:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=11915).
* 1949, Рудницький:
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/17387-rudnitskiy-ya-ukrayinskiy-pravopis/).
* 1960, Ⅱ:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_1960_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Internet Archive](//archive.org/details/up-1960),
[§ 41–42 на CTAN](http://mirrors.ctan.org/language/hyphenation/ukrhyph/rules60.pdf).
* 1977, Ковалів:
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/3485-kovaliv-p-ukrayinskiy-pravopis),
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0010216).
* 1990, Ⅲ:
???.
* 1993/1994, Ⅳ:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_1993_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Google Books](http://google.com/books?id=WKzqAAAAMAAJ),
~~[коледж НАУ](http://flightcollege.com.ua/library/8%20%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95%20%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%98/81%20%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95/81.2%20%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%81%201994.djvu)~~.
* 1996, Ⅴ:
???.
* 1997, Ⅵ:
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0009746).
* 1998, Ⅶ:
[§ 41–42 на CTAN](http://mirrors.ctan.org/language/hyphenation/ukrhyph/rules90.pdf).
* 1999, Німчук, проєкт:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83_1999_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[R2U](//r2u.org.ua/pravopys/pravXXI/zmist.htm#proekt),
[vlada.kiev.ua через Internet Archive](//web.archive.org/web/20120604210430/http://www.vlada.kiev.ua/pravopys/pravXXI/zmist.htm#proekt) ([2](//web.archive.org/web/20100913013850/http://pravopys.vlada.kiev.ua/pravopys/pravXXI/zmist.htm#proekt)).
* 2000:
~~[коледж НАУ](http://flightcollege.com.ua/library/8%20%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95%20%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%98/81%20%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95/81.2%20%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%81%20%202000.djvu)~~.
21
--
* 2002:
???.
* 2003, В. Русанівський, проєкт:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83_2003_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Ізборник](http://litopys.org.ua/pdf/proekt_2003.pdf) ([2](http://izbornyk.org.ua/pdf/proekt_2003.pdf)),
[ДУТ](http://www.dut.edu.ua/ua/lib/1/category/96/view/848),
[Google Books](//google.com/books?id=XLdiAAAAMAAJ).
* 2003:
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0009469).
* 2004:
???.
* 2005:
???.
* 2007:
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0001517),
~~[коледж НАУ](http://flightcollege.com.ua/library/8%20%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95%20%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%98/81%20%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95/81.2%20%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%81%202007.djvu), [коледж НАУ](http://flightcollege.com.ua/library/8%20%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95%20%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%98/81%20%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95/81.2%20%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%81%202007.doc), [коледж ЧНУ](https://www.college-chnu.cv.ua/images/Books/pravopys.pdf)~~.
* 2008, Ющук, проєкт:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D1%89%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_(2008)),
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=8816).
* 2010:
???.
* 2012:
[УМІФ](http://spelling.ulif.org.ua/),
[Ізборник](http://litopys.org.ua/pravopys/pravopys2012.htm) ([2](http://izbornyk.org.ua/pravopys/pravopys2012.htm)),
[Ізборник](http://litopys.org.ua/pdf/pravopys2012.pdf) ([2](http://izbornyk.org.ua/pdf/pravopys2012.pdf)),
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/ukr0010414).
* 2015:
[Ізборник](http://litopys.org.ua/pravopys/pravopys2015.htm) ([2](http://izbornyk.org.ua/pravopys/pravopys2015.htm)),
[Ізборник](http://litopys.org.ua/pdf/pravopys2015.pdf) ([2](http://izbornyk.org.ua/pdf/pravopys2015.pdf)),
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0009360).
* 2019:
[Вікіпедія](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_2019_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[УМІФ](https://www.ulif.org.ua/system/files/pravopus-new.pdf),
[ІнМо](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1p0moU61Yrg4RskpJYTljxkiAa5vrd0mM/view) ([звідси](http://www.inmo.org.ua/news/%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81.-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F-%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F.html));
також старіші версії: [НАНУ](https://files.nas.gov.ua/PublicMessages/Documents/0/2021/01/210118223223523-1428.pdf), [МОН](https://mon.gov.ua/ua/osvita/zagalna-serednya-osvita/navchalni-programi/ukrayinskij-pravopis-2019).
### Огляди
* Огієнко, «Нариси з історії української мови: система українського правопису», 1927, Варшава:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/object.html?id=9635).
Передрук, 1990, Вінніпеґ:
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/3606-ogiyenko-i-narisi-z-istoriyi-ukrayinskoyi-movi-sistema-ukrayinskogo-pravopisu).
* Огієнко, «Історія української літературної мови», 1949, Вінніпег.
Переживання/передруки:
+ 2001, Київ:
[Ізборник](http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu.htm) ([2](http://izbornyk.org.ua/ohukr/ohu.htm)).
+ 2-ге вид., випр., 2004, Київ:
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0001364),
[Чтиво](//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Ohiyenko_Ivan/Istoriya_ukrainskoi_literaturnoi_movy).
* Німчук, «Проблеми українського правопису ⅩⅩ — початку ⅩⅩⅠ ст. ст.», 2002, Київ:
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0008884),
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%92._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%B2_XX-XXI_%D1%81%D1%82._%D1%81%D1%82.),
[без додатків на R2U](//r2u.org.ua/node/126),
[без додатків на vlada.kiev.ua через Internet Archive](//web.archive.org/web/20120605003228/http://www.vlada.kiev.ua/pravopys/1.html) ([2](//web.archive.org/web/20100921132422/http://pravopys.vlada.kiev.ua/pravopys/1.html)).
* Німчук, «Історія українського правопису: ⅩⅥ–ⅩⅩ століття», 2004, Київ:
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83:_XVI%E2%80%94XX_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F._%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F),
[Інститут історії України](http://resource.history.org.ua/item/0007903).
* Кацімон, «Загальні уваги до граматик української мови С. Смаль-Стоцького і Ф. Гартнера (1893, 1907, 1914 рр.)», 2013, Київ:
[Вернадського](http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nznuoaf_2013_35_45).
Ґенеалоґія чинного правописа, тому желехівка, ярижка ітд не додані. Джерело: фейсбукова ґрупа [Історія українського правопису](//fb.com/groups/375320239720280/posts/1210098496242446/), [Павло Литвинчук](//%D1%84%D0%B1.com/pavlberg).
---
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xyPwe.png)
* [Порівняльні таблиці](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8) правописів на Вікіпедії.
* Спільнота [Український правопис-2018](//fb.com/groups/177824792769309/) на Фейсбуці. | Словники
========
1. Словник української мови в 11 книгах (СУМ-11: [inmo.org.ua](http://www.inmo.org.ua/sum.html), [sum.in.ua](http://sum.in.ua/), [ukrlit.org](http://ukrlit.org/slovnyk/slovnyk_ukrainskoi_movy_v_11_tomakh), [slovnyk.ua](https://www.slovnyk.ua/).
2. Словник української мови в 20 книгах (СУМ-20). Від [УЛІФ](https://services.ulif.org.ua/expl/Entry/).
3. Український мовно-інформаційний фонд (УМІФ) надає [словника](http://lcorp.ulif.org.ua/dictua/).
4. [r2u](https://r2u.org.ua/) має такі словники чи збірки: Російсько-український академічний словник (А. Кримський, С. Єфремов), Російсько-український словник (О. Ізюмов), Російсько-український фразеологічний словник (В. Підмогильний, Є. Плужник), Російсько-український словник технічної термінології (І. Шелудько, Т. Садовський), Російсько-український словник ділової мови (М. Дорошенко, М. Станиславський, В. Страшкевич), Російсько-український словник сталих виразів (І. О. Вирган, М. М. Пилинська), Словарь росийсько-український (М.Уманець, А.Спілка.), Російсько-український народний (сучасний) словник, Російсько-український словник військової термінології (С. та О. Якубські), Словник українських наукових і народних назв судинних рослин (Ю. Кобів), Практичний російсько-український словник приказок (Г. Млодзинський, М. Йогансена), Російсько-український словник з інженерних технологій (М. Ганіткевич, Б. Кінаш.), Російсько-український словник складної лексики (С. Караванський), Правописний словник (Г. Голоскевич), Словарь української мови (Б.Грінченко), Словник української мови (Б.Грінченко, за ред. С. Єфремова, А. Ніковського), Словник українсько-російський (А. Ніковський), Тлумачно-стилістичний народний словник, Словник української мови (Д.І.Яворницький), Український стилістичний словник (Огієнко І.), Українська лексикографія XIII—XX ст.djvu (6,7Мб), Список слів з літерою «Ґ» у академічному словнику, Список слів з позначкою «руссизм», Список слів з позначкою «полонизм», Пошук за іншими термінами та скороченнями, Частотний показник українських слів академічного словника (архів 1МБ),
5. [e2u](https://e2u.org.ua/) має такі словники чи збірки: Загальний народний англійсько-український словник, Великий англо-український словник (Є.І. Гороть, Л.М. Коцюк, Л.К. Малімон, А.Б. Павлюк.), Новий українсько-англійський словник (Є.І. Гороть, С.В. Гончарук, Л.К. Малімон, О.О. Рогач.), Фразлекс (англо-український фразеологічний словник) (Василь Старко), Довідник англійських, німецьких та українських ідіом і виразів (Шерік А.Д., Савічук В.Я., Старко В.Ф.), Англійсько-український словник сучасних термінів з ІТ (linux.org.ua), Англійсько-український словник з математики та інформатики (Є. Мейнарович, М. Кратко), Англійсько-українсько-англійський словник наукової мови (фізика та споріднені науки). Частина І англійсько-українська (О. Кочерга, Є. Мейнарович), Англійсько-українсько-англійський словник наукової мови (фізика та споріднені науки). Частина ІІ українсько-англійська (О. Кочерга, Є. Мейнарович), Англійсько-французько-німецько-український словник термінології Європейського Союзу (“Лабораторія наукового перекладу”), Українсько-англійський словник (К.Андрусишин, Я.Крет), Українсько-англійський словник ділової людини (Є. І. Гороть, О. В. Василенко, Н. В. Єфремова [та ін.]), Українсько-англійський словник з прав людини (Лесь Герасимчук), Англо-український тлумачний словник економічної лексики (А. Шимків), Англійсько-український словник-довідник інженерії довкілля (Тимотей Балабан), Глосарій термінів з хімії (Й.Опейда, О.Швайка), Українсько-англійський словник з радіоелектроніки (Богдан Рицар, Леонід Сніцарук, Роман Мисак), Українсько-англійський словник лінгвістичної термінології (Л.В. Коломієць, O.Л. Паламарчук, Г.П. Стрельчук, М.В. Шевченко).
6. [Словопедія](http://slovopedia.org.ua/) має такі словники чи збірки: Великий тлумачний словник (ВТС) сучасної української мови, УСЕ (Універсальний словник-енциклопедія), Орфографічний словник української мови, Фразеологічний словник української мови, Українсько-російський словник, Словник синонімів Полюги, Словник іншомовних слів Мельничука, Словник англіцизмів, Eкономічна енциклопедія, Неправильно — правильно. Волощак, Уроки державної мови (з газети «Хрещатик»), Літературне слововживання, «Як ми говоримо» Антоненка-Давидовича, Український правопис, Економічний словник, Словник мови Стуса, Крилаті вислови, Словник іншомовник слів, Стилістичні терміни, Словник іншомовних соціокультурних термінів, Енциклопедія політичної думки, Словник синонімів Караванського, СЦОТ (Словник церковно-обрядової термінології), Архітектура і монументальне мистецтво, Словник-антисуржик, Словник термінів, уживаних у чинному Законодавстві України, Словник бюджетної термінології, Термінологічний словник з економіки праці, Глосарій термінів Фондового ринку, Моделювання економіки, Власні імена людей, Словар українського сленгу, Музичні терміни, Тлумачний словник з інформатики та інформаційних систем для економістів (Л. С. Козловська, Н. М. Поліщук), Термінологічно-правописний порадник для богословів та редакторів богословських текстів (Інститут богословської термінології та перекладів), Управління якістю (Вакуленко А.В.), Гірничий енциклопедичний словник, 100 видатних iмен України, Словник церковно-обрядової термінології, Словник із соціальної роботи, Словник лемківскої говірки, Словник галицьких говірок, Лексикон львівський, Короткий словник вільномулярських назв, термінів і знаків, Укр. літ. мова на Буковині, Філософський енциклопедичний словник.
7. [Грінченко](http://hrinchenko.com/) ([від УМІФ](http://services.ulif.org.ua/grinch)).
8. [ABBYY Lingvo](https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us).
9. [linguisto](http://linguisto.eu/) (англійсько-, німецько-, французько-українські й частотний).
Неавторитетні
-------------
1. [вікісловник](http://uk.wiktionary.org/).
2. [WorldwideDictionary](https://uk.worldwidedictionary.org/).
3. [slovnyk.ua](http://slovnyk.ua/).
4. [yenotes](http://yenotes.com).
5. [goroh.pp.ua](https://goroh.pp.ua/).
6. [slovnychok.com.ua](http://slovnychok.com.ua/).
7. [rozum](http://www.rozum.org.ua).
8. [dictionaries24](https://www.dictionaries24.com/uk/).
9. [ABCThesaurus](http://ukrainian.abcthesaurus.com/).
10. [синоніми.укр](https://xn--h1aaldafs6o.xn--j1amh/).
11. [Словник скорочень української мови](http://ukrskor.info/).
12. [Російсько-український словник сталих виразів](http://stalivyrazy.org.ua/). Виргана та Пилинської, призначений для літературних перекладачів, налічує понад 6000 фразеологічних одиниць та сталих виразів.
---
Dictionaries
============
1. SUM-11: [inmo.org.ua](http://www.inmo.org.ua/sum.html), [sum.in.ua](http://sum.in.ua/), [ukrlit.org](http://ukrlit.org/slovnyk/slovnyk_ukrainskoi_movy_v_11_tomakh), [slovnyk.ua](https://www.slovnyk.ua/).
2. SUM-22 on [ULIF](https://services.ulif.org.ua/expl/Entry/).
3. [ULIF](http://lcorp.ulif.org.ua/dictua/).
4. [r2u](https://r2u.org.ua/).
5. [e2u](https://e2u.org.ua/).
6. [slovopedia](http://slovopedia.org.ua/).
7. [Hrinchenko](http://hrinchenko.com/) ([from ULIF](http://services.ulif.org.ua/grinch)).
8. [ABBYY Lingvo](https://www.lingvolive.com/en-us).
9. [linguisto](http://linguisto.eu/) (English-, German-, French-Ukrainian and frequency).
Non-authoritative:
------------------
1. [wiktionary](http://uk.wiktionary.org/).
2. [WorldwideDictionary](https://uk.worldwidedictionary.org/).
3. [slovnyk.ua](http://slovnyk.ua/).
4. [yenotes](http://yenotes.com).
5. [goroh.pp.ua](https://goroh.pp.ua/).
6. [slovnychok.com.ua](http://slovnychok.com.ua/).
7. [rozum](http://www.rozum.org.ua).
8. [dictionaries24](https://www.dictionaries24.com/uk/).
9. [ABCThesaurus](http://ukrainian.abcthesaurus.com/).
10. [синоніми.укр](https://xn--h1aaldafs6o.xn--j1amh/).
11. [Dictionarie of abbrs](http://ukrskor.info/)
12. [Russian-Ukrainian phrase dictionary](http://stalivyrazy.org.ua/). |
8 | В цьому питанні я сам створив відповідь. Це є wiki-відповідь (спільна відповідь, community wiki) — **її може редагувати кожен**. Ви можете додавати інші джерела: редагуючи ту відповідь або створювати окремі відповіді.
* [Загальне](/a/9) / General
* [Словники](/a/287) / Dictionaries
* [Корпуси](/a/286) / Corporas
* [Правописи](/a/119) / Spelling
* [Пошук у локалізаціях програм](/a/56) / Search in software localizations
* [Перелік ресурсів](/a/100) / List of sourses
* Wikipedia, Wiktionary: [Джерела](/a/130) / Sources
* [Учба](/a/190) / Learning
* [Здоровий глузд](/a/152) / Common sense
---
In this question I created an answer myself. It's a wiki-answer (community answer, community wiki) — **everyone can edit it**. You're welcome to add other sources: by editing that (wiki) answer or by creating new ones. | 2017/02/07 | [
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/users/4/"
] | Правописи
=========
Позначення:
— оригінал-макет або скан (точна копія);
— результат розпізнавання або переформатування (можливі невеликі неточності);
— приблизний опис чи переказ;
~~закреслення~~ — джерело вже зникло.
18
--
* 1798, Котляревський:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE).
19
--
* 1893, Смаль-Стоцький і Ґартнер, «Руска граматика»:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_1893_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Збруч](//zbruc.eu/node/66463).
20
--
* 1914, Смаль-Стоцький і Ґартнер, «Граматика руської мови»:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8),
[Internet Archive](//archive.org/details/hramatykarusko00smal),
[Чтиво](//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Smal-Stotskyi_Stepan/Hramatyka_ruskoi_movy) ([2](//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Smal-Stotskyi_Stepan/Hramatyka_ruskoi_movy_vyd_1914)).
* 1917, «Коротенька українська правопись» часопису «Рідне Слово»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=11914),
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/korotka-ukrayinska-pravopys).
* 1917, «Граматична термінологія і правопись, ухвалені комісією мови при Українському товаристві шкільної освіти в Київі (1917)» Української Центральної Ради:
[Google Docs (DjVu)](//docs.google.com/file/d/0Bx3rm-9lOt18aFYyenNDNzl2MHc).
* 1919, Смаль-Стоцький і Ґартнер, «Руска правопись зі словарцем», 3-тє видання:
[Internet Archive](//archive.org/details/ruskapravopyszis00smal) ([2](//archive.org/details/cihm_76668)).
* 1919, Смаль-Стоцький і Ґартнер, «Українська граматика»:
[Internet Archive](//archive.org/details/ukranskahramatyk00smal) ([2](//archive.org/details/ukranskahramatyk00smal_0), [3](//archive.org/details/cihm_77796)),
[Чтиво](//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Smal-Stotskyi_Stepan/Ukrainska_hramatyka).
* 1921, «Найголовніші правила українського правопису»:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_1921_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=9634),
[Чтиво](//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Krymskyi_Ahatanhel/Naiholovnishi_pravyla_ukrainskoho_pravopysu/).
* 1922, «Головніші правила українського правопису»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10541),
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/golovnishi-pravyla-ukrayinskogo-pravopysu).
* 1922, «Правописні правила, приняті Науковим товариством імени Шевченка у Львові»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10577).
* 1925, Огієнко:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=11911).
* 1926, «Харківський», проєкт:
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._(%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82)._1926_%D1%80.).
* 1928, «Харківський», проєкт:
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._(%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82)._1928_%D1%80.).
* 1928/1929, «Харківський»:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81),
[R2U](//r2u.org.ua/node/181) ([2](//r2u.org.ua/data/other/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81-1928.pdf)),
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0009938),
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._1928_%D1%80.),
[Мечнікова](http://rarebook.onu.edu.ua:8081/handle/123456789/9765).
Див. також:
+ 1929 Гладкий, «Новий український правопис»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=9416).
+ 1929, Грунський, «Основи нового українського правопису»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=9425).
+ 1929(?), Наконечний, «Про новий правопис український»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=9981).
+ 1929, Синявський, «Найголовніші правила української мови (за новим правописом)»: [Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/0001537). Друге видання: [Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10659).
* 1933, Хвиля:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_1933_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0009919),
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._1933_%D1%80.).
Див. також:
+ 1935, «Словник-покажчик до…»:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10744).
* 1934, [Український правопис / А. Хвиля. – 2-ге вид.](http://escriptorium.univer.kharkov.ua/handle/1237075002/10591)
* 1938, Грунський, проєкт:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83_1939_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._(%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE)._1938%D1%80).
* 1940, Грунський, проєкт:
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._(%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE)._1940_%D1%80.).
* 1941, Синявський, «Норми української літературної мови»:
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0001032),
[R2U](//r2u.org.ua/guides/synyavsky/zmist),
[частково на Вікіджерелах](//uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8).
Редакція Телемка з додатками: [R2U](//r2u.org.ua/data/other/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%20%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8,%20%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20(1941).pdf),
[Чтиво](//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Syniavskyi_Oleksa/Normy_ukrainskoi_literaturnoi_movy),
[Український Центр](http://www.ukrcenter.com/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9/54944/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97-%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8).
* 1942, Зілинський, 2-ге видання:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10748).
* 1943, Зілинський, 3-те видання:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=12064),
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/15486-ukrayinskiy-pravopis),
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9).
* 1943, Зілинський, 4-те видання:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=12092).
* 1945/1946, Ⅰ:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_1946_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Internet Archive](//archive.org/details/ukrainian_pravopys_1945),
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0010302),
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10274),
[шматок на movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81._1946_%D1%80.).
* 1946, Шерех:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=11909),
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/2837-shereh-yu-golovni-pravila-ukrayinskogo-pravopisu).
* 1946, Ковалів:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=11915).
* 1949, Рудницький:
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/17387-rudnitskiy-ya-ukrayinskiy-pravopis/).
* 1960, Ⅱ:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_1960_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Internet Archive](//archive.org/details/up-1960),
[§ 41–42 на CTAN](http://mirrors.ctan.org/language/hyphenation/ukrhyph/rules60.pdf).
* 1977, Ковалів:
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/3485-kovaliv-p-ukrayinskiy-pravopis),
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0010216).
* 1990, Ⅲ:
???.
* 1993/1994, Ⅳ:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_1993_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Google Books](http://google.com/books?id=WKzqAAAAMAAJ),
~~[коледж НАУ](http://flightcollege.com.ua/library/8%20%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95%20%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%98/81%20%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95/81.2%20%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%81%201994.djvu)~~.
* 1996, Ⅴ:
???.
* 1997, Ⅵ:
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0009746).
* 1998, Ⅶ:
[§ 41–42 на CTAN](http://mirrors.ctan.org/language/hyphenation/ukrhyph/rules90.pdf).
* 1999, Німчук, проєкт:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83_1999_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[R2U](//r2u.org.ua/pravopys/pravXXI/zmist.htm#proekt),
[vlada.kiev.ua через Internet Archive](//web.archive.org/web/20120604210430/http://www.vlada.kiev.ua/pravopys/pravXXI/zmist.htm#proekt) ([2](//web.archive.org/web/20100913013850/http://pravopys.vlada.kiev.ua/pravopys/pravXXI/zmist.htm#proekt)).
* 2000:
~~[коледж НАУ](http://flightcollege.com.ua/library/8%20%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95%20%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%98/81%20%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95/81.2%20%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%81%20%202000.djvu)~~.
21
--
* 2002:
???.
* 2003, В. Русанівський, проєкт:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83_2003_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[Ізборник](http://litopys.org.ua/pdf/proekt_2003.pdf) ([2](http://izbornyk.org.ua/pdf/proekt_2003.pdf)),
[ДУТ](http://www.dut.edu.ua/ua/lib/1/category/96/view/848),
[Google Books](//google.com/books?id=XLdiAAAAMAAJ).
* 2003:
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0009469).
* 2004:
???.
* 2005:
???.
* 2007:
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0001517),
~~[коледж НАУ](http://flightcollege.com.ua/library/8%20%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95%20%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%98/81%20%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95/81.2%20%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%81%202007.djvu), [коледж НАУ](http://flightcollege.com.ua/library/8%20%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95%20%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%98/81%20%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%AB%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95/81.2%20%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%81%202007.doc), [коледж ЧНУ](https://www.college-chnu.cv.ua/images/Books/pravopys.pdf)~~.
* 2008, Ющук, проєкт:
[Вікіпедія](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D1%89%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_(2008)),
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=8816).
* 2010:
???.
* 2012:
[УМІФ](http://spelling.ulif.org.ua/),
[Ізборник](http://litopys.org.ua/pravopys/pravopys2012.htm) ([2](http://izbornyk.org.ua/pravopys/pravopys2012.htm)),
[Ізборник](http://litopys.org.ua/pdf/pravopys2012.pdf) ([2](http://izbornyk.org.ua/pdf/pravopys2012.pdf)),
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/ukr0010414).
* 2015:
[Ізборник](http://litopys.org.ua/pravopys/pravopys2015.htm) ([2](http://izbornyk.org.ua/pravopys/pravopys2015.htm)),
[Ізборник](http://litopys.org.ua/pdf/pravopys2015.pdf) ([2](http://izbornyk.org.ua/pdf/pravopys2015.pdf)),
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0009360).
* 2019:
[Вікіпедія](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_2019_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83),
[УМІФ](https://www.ulif.org.ua/system/files/pravopus-new.pdf),
[ІнМо](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1p0moU61Yrg4RskpJYTljxkiAa5vrd0mM/view) ([звідси](http://www.inmo.org.ua/news/%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81.-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F-%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F.html));
також старіші версії: [НАНУ](https://files.nas.gov.ua/PublicMessages/Documents/0/2021/01/210118223223523-1428.pdf), [МОН](https://mon.gov.ua/ua/osvita/zagalna-serednya-osvita/navchalni-programi/ukrayinskij-pravopis-2019).
### Огляди
* Огієнко, «Нариси з історії української мови: система українського правопису», 1927, Варшава:
[Культура України](//elib.nlu.org.ua/object.html?id=9635).
Передрук, 1990, Вінніпеґ:
[Diasporiana](//diasporiana.org.ua/movoznavstvo/3606-ogiyenko-i-narisi-z-istoriyi-ukrayinskoyi-movi-sistema-ukrayinskogo-pravopisu).
* Огієнко, «Історія української літературної мови», 1949, Вінніпег.
Переживання/передруки:
+ 2001, Київ:
[Ізборник](http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu.htm) ([2](http://izbornyk.org.ua/ohukr/ohu.htm)).
+ 2-ге вид., випр., 2004, Київ:
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0001364),
[Чтиво](//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Ohiyenko_Ivan/Istoriya_ukrainskoi_literaturnoi_movy).
* Німчук, «Проблеми українського правопису ⅩⅩ — початку ⅩⅩⅠ ст. ст.», 2002, Київ:
[Україніка](http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/ulib/item/UKR0008884),
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%92._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%B2_XX-XXI_%D1%81%D1%82._%D1%81%D1%82.),
[без додатків на R2U](//r2u.org.ua/node/126),
[без додатків на vlada.kiev.ua через Internet Archive](//web.archive.org/web/20120605003228/http://www.vlada.kiev.ua/pravopys/1.html) ([2](//web.archive.org/web/20100921132422/http://pravopys.vlada.kiev.ua/pravopys/1.html)).
* Німчук, «Історія українського правопису: ⅩⅥ–ⅩⅩ століття», 2004, Київ:
[movahistory](http://movahistory.org.ua/index.php/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83:_XVI%E2%80%94XX_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F._%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F),
[Інститут історії України](http://resource.history.org.ua/item/0007903).
* Кацімон, «Загальні уваги до граматик української мови С. Смаль-Стоцького і Ф. Гартнера (1893, 1907, 1914 рр.)», 2013, Київ:
[Вернадського](http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nznuoaf_2013_35_45).
Ґенеалоґія чинного правописа, тому желехівка, ярижка ітд не додані. Джерело: фейсбукова ґрупа [Історія українського правопису](//fb.com/groups/375320239720280/posts/1210098496242446/), [Павло Литвинчук](//%D1%84%D0%B1.com/pavlberg).
---
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xyPwe.png)
* [Порівняльні таблиці](//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8) правописів на Вікіпедії.
* Спільнота [Український правопис-2018](//fb.com/groups/177824792769309/) на Фейсбуці. | (це недописана стаття, яка вимагає переформатування і, можливо, категоризації)
---
Список джерел, які вважають поважними наші колеги з [Wikipedia](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0)
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Словники і довідники, які можна використовувати для перевірки відповідності до сучасної української літературної норми
### Для перевірки наголосу
* [Складні випадки наголошування слів](http://www.twirpx.com/file/300334/)
### Для перевірки написання (орфографії)
\*
### Тлумачні словники
* **Сучасний тлумачний словник української мови: 60 000 слів / За заг. ред. д-ра філол. наук, проф. В. В. Дубічинського. — Харків: ВД «ШКОЛА», 2007. — 832 с.** — доволі місткий та зручний тлумачний словник української мови. Як зазначають автори словника, в ньому вводиться сучасна лексика та сленг, серед застарілих слів — слова іх художньої літератури, а також добірка слів з усіх галузей знань. Словник рекомендований Міністерством освіти і науки.
* [ВТССУМ](http://Lingvo.ua)
* [Словник української мови в 11-ти томах. К.: Наукова думка, 1970–1980.](http://sum.in.ua/)
### Велика чи мала літера
* **В. В. Жайворонок. Велика чи мала літера? Словник-довідник. — К.: Наук. думка, 2004.** — словник рекомендований до друку вченою радою Інституту мовознавства ім. О. О. Потебні НАН України, автор — відомий авторитетний український мовознавець, доктор філологічних наук, [[Жайворонок Віталій Вікторович]]. Входить до серії „Наукове видання «Словники України»“. Окрім того, зручний тим, що [доступний онлайн](http://velyka-chy-mala-litera.wikidot.com/)
### Довідники з культури мови
* [Словник-довідник з культури української мови](http://ukrknyga.at.ua/load/slovnik_dovidnik_z_kulturi_ukrajinskoji_movi/4-1-0-265)
* [Словник-довідник з українського літературного слововживання](http://www.twirpx.com/file/103521/)
### Перекладні
Російсько-українські
* [Російсько-українські словники](http://r2u.org.ua/)
* [Російсько-український словник сталих виразів](http://stalivyrazy.org.ua/)
* [Російсько-український словник фізичних термінів](http://ukrknyga.at.ua/load/rosijsko_ukrajinskij_slovnik_fizichnikh_terminiv_za_red_o_b_liskovicha/38-1-0-361)
* [Російсько-український словник. Термінологічна лексика](http://freelib.in.ua/load/92-1-0-1776)
* Російсько-український словник складної лексики С. Караванського
### Підручники і посібники з пунктуації
\*
### Топоніміка
* [Топонімічний словник України](http://www.toponymic-dictionary.in.ua/)
Фразеологія
===========
* [Словник фразеологічних синонімів](http://www.rozum.org.ua/index.php?a=index&d=24)
* [Словник фразеологічних антонімів](http://sovremennik.ws/2008/07/03/slovnik_frazeologchnikh_antonmv_ukransko_movi.html)
### Галузеві словники
* [Фінансовий словник](http://www.twirpx.com/file/459498/)
* [Словник соціологічних і політологічних термінів](http://ukrknyga.at.ua/load/slovnik_sociologichnikh_i_politologichnikh_terminiv_za_red_v_astakhovoji_v_danilenka_a_panova/2-1-0-430)
---
Список словників, які поважають наші колеги з [Wiktionary](https://uk.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2)
================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= |
8 | В цьому питанні я сам створив відповідь. Це є wiki-відповідь (спільна відповідь, community wiki) — **її може редагувати кожен**. Ви можете додавати інші джерела: редагуючи ту відповідь або створювати окремі відповіді.
* [Загальне](/a/9) / General
* [Словники](/a/287) / Dictionaries
* [Корпуси](/a/286) / Corporas
* [Правописи](/a/119) / Spelling
* [Пошук у локалізаціях програм](/a/56) / Search in software localizations
* [Перелік ресурсів](/a/100) / List of sourses
* Wikipedia, Wiktionary: [Джерела](/a/130) / Sources
* [Учба](/a/190) / Learning
* [Здоровий глузд](/a/152) / Common sense
---
In this question I created an answer myself. It's a wiki-answer (community answer, community wiki) — **everyone can edit it**. You're welcome to add other sources: by editing that (wiki) answer or by creating new ones. | 2017/02/07 | [
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://ukrainian.meta.stackexchange.com/users/4/"
] | 1. Поради мовознавців: [«Як ми говоримо» Б. Антоненка-Давидовича](http://yak-my-hovorymo.wikidot.com/), [«Культура слова» О. Пономаріва](http://ponomariv-kultura-slova.wikidot.com/), [блог О. Пономаріва на BBC](http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/topics/ponomariv), [«Уроки державної мови» (в газеті «Хрещатик») Б. Рогози](http://mova.kreschatic.kiev.ua/index.html) (мовознавці іноді помиляються), [відеоуроки О. Авраменка](http://xn--80aafnzkijm.xn--j1amh/11/12) (також [аудіоуроки](http://xn--80aafnzkijm.xn--j1amh/11/13)) (чи він мовознавець?).
Неавторитетні поради: [список найтиповіших мовних помилок у Вікіпедії](http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA#cite_ref-dzvonadzvonu_1-0).
2. Інші спільноти: [Чиста мова](https://www.facebook.com/chystamova/), Мова – ДНК нації ([сторінка Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/mova.ukr), [сайт](https://ukr-mova.in.ua/)), [СловОпис](https://www.facebook.com/slovopys/), [ua-etymology](http://ua-etymology.livejournal.com/), [моволюбам](http://l-ponomar.com/), [movakrapka](http://movakrapka.blogspot.com/), [MOVA.info Q&A](http://www.mova.info/dovidka.aspx), [лінгвофорум](http://lingvoforum.net/index.php?board=101.0), [r2u мовні консультації](http://r2u.org.ua/forum/viewforum.php?f=6), [словопедія форум](http://www.slovopedia.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=12).
3. Підручники: [підготовка до ЗНО](http://zno.academia.in.ua/course/view.php?id=8), [від ІФ КНУ](http://www.linguist.univ.kiev.ua/WINS/pidruchn/), [на Phoenicis](https://www.phoenicis.com.ua/ukrainian-language.html)
4. Адаптація іноземних слів: правопис, [правила транслітерації ДСІВ](http://sips.gov.ua/ua/transliteruvannja.html), [правила транслітерації Укркартографії](http://ukrmap.com.ua/services/kodeksi-ustalenoji-praktiki/).
Неавторитетне джерело неологізмів: [Словотвір](http://slovotvir.org.ua/).
5. Для іноземців: [Speak Ukrainian](https://speakukraine.net/).
---
1. Linguists' advices : [“How do we speak” of B. Antonenko-Davydovych](http://yak-my-hovorymo.wikidot.com/), [“Culture of word” of O. Ponomariv](http://ponomariv-kultura-slova.wikidot.com/), [O. Ponomariv's blog at BBC](http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/topics/ponomariv), [“Lessons of the state language” (in the newspaper “Khreshchatyk”) of B. Rohoza](http://mova.kreschatic.kiev.ua/index.html) (linguists sometimes make mistakes too), [O. Avramenko's video-lessons](http://xn--80aafnzkijm.xn--j1amh/11/12) (also [radio-lessons](http://xn--80aafnzkijm.xn--j1amh/11/13))(is he a linguist?).
Non-authoritative advices: [list of the most common lingual mistakes in Wikipedia](http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA#cite_ref-dzvonadzvonu_1-0).
2. Other communities: [Chysta mova](https://www.facebook.com/chystamova/), Mova a.k.a. mova.ukr ([Facebook page](https://www.facebook.com/mova.ukr), [site](https://ukr-mova.in.ua/)), [SlovOpys](https://www.facebook.com/slovopys/), [ua-etymology](http://ua-etymology.livejournal.com/), [l-ponomar](http://l-ponomar.com/), [movakrapka](http://movakrapka.blogspot.com/), [MOVA.info Q&A](http://www.mova.info/dovidka.aspx), [lingvoforum](http://lingvoforum.net/index.php?board=101.0), [r2u lingual consultations](http://r2u.org.ua/forum/viewforum.php?f=6), [slovopedia forum](http://www.slovopedia.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=12).
3. Textbooks: [preparation to EIT](http://zno.academia.in.ua/course/view.php?id=8), [from IP of KNU](http://www.linguist.univ.kiev.ua/WINS/pidruchn/), [on Phoenicis](https://www.phoenicis.com.ua/ukrainian-language.html).
4. Foreign words adaptation: orthography, [SIPS transliteration rules](http://sips.gov.ua/ua/transliteruvannja.html), [Ukrmap transliteration rules](http://ukrmap.com.ua/services/kodeksi-ustalenoji-praktiki/).
Non-authoritative neologism source: [Словотвір](http://slovotvir.org.ua/).
5. For foreigners: [Speak Ukrainian](https://speakukraine.net/). | Загальний здоровий глузд
========================
* [Illustrated book of bad arguments](https://bookofbadarguments.com/) - на жаль, перекладу на українську ще немає. Ця книга показує, як саме люди схильні помилятися у своїй арґументації
---
Common sense
============
* [Illustrated book of bad arguments](https://bookofbadarguments.com/) - Unfortunately it hasn't been translated to Ukrainian yet. This book shows how people tend to fail in their argumentation |
34,872 | can anyone please explain me what is meant by salesforce?
and what is meant by Partner portal?
i tried to figure it out but there is no use could any one help me out.. | 2014/05/12 | [
"https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/questions/34872",
"https://salesforce.stackexchange.com",
"https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/users/8316/"
] | Salesforce in it's core is a combination of features (clouds) that are focused on CRM, suppored by a platform that will also allow you to extend these features, or build entirly independant functionality. It's oriented to be used by internal users of a company.
The partner portal or partner community is a feature of salesforce that allows giving access to users in companies your company works together with, so that collaboration can be done within your CRM system. The benefit is that both your internal as external partner users can work directly on the same data, which is a huge benefit.
Partner community can for instance be used to give access to re-sellers or offshore support teams (as part of another organisation). | You can find more information on partner portal at <https://help.salesforce.com/HTViewHelpDoc?id=partner_portal_about.htm&language=en_US>
As explained at that link, partner portal is no longer offered to new customers. They have been replaced by Communities. You can find more information about them at <http://help.salesforce.com/help/pdfs/en/salesforce_communities_implementation.pdf>
You can use full-blown SalesForce internally to deal with leads, customer accounts, customer support, and then leverage Communities to deal with partners for sales and support. |
7,912,335 | I have a page I have to update, it has 3 frames (top bar, side bar and main content. If i click something in the main content frame i want to update a list in the side bar frame. how do i do this (i use jquery or javascript for button clicks). | 2011/10/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/7912335",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/930584/"
] | *Q: multiplexing allows to reduce overhead of creating new connections to FCGI clients effectively interweaving requests chunks*
A: True. But keep-alive is also reducing new connections.
*Q: and at the same time enabling "keep-alive" model to connection*
A: Multiplexing is not required for keep-alive.
*Q: Latter allows sending several requests over a single connection*
A: keep-alive allows several requests after each other. Multiplexing allows several requests in parallel.
There is no widely used FastCGI capable web server supporting multiplexing. But nginx supports FastCGI keep-alive.
FastCGI multiplexing is generally a bad idea, because FastCGI doesn't support flow control. That means: If a FastCGI backend sends data, but the http client can't receive data fast enough, the web server has to save all those data, until they can be sent to the client.
When not using multiplexing, the web server could just not read data from the fastcgi backend if the http client is too slow effectively backlogging the fastcgi backend. When using multiplexing the web server needs to read all data from the fastcgi backend, even though one of the clients isn't receiving data fast enough. | I don't know if some server implement FASTCGI multiplexing (which I believe you understood correctly, but the details are in the FASTCTI protocol specifications), and I would not bother.
You will very probably use FASTCGI thru an [existing FASTCGI library](http://www.fastcgi.com/drupal/node/5) (e.g. [Ocamlnet](http://projects.camlcity.org/projects/ocamlnet.html) if you code in Ocaml, etc.). And that library would do the multiplexing, if it does it. From your point of view (of that library user) you should not really care, unless you are coding such a library yourself.
If FASTCGI multiplexing bothers you, you might use the [SCGI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Common_Gateway_Interface) protocol, which offers similar functionality, but is simpler, a bit less efficient, and non-multiplexing. |
7,912,335 | I have a page I have to update, it has 3 frames (top bar, side bar and main content. If i click something in the main content frame i want to update a list in the side bar frame. how do i do this (i use jquery or javascript for button clicks). | 2011/10/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/7912335",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/930584/"
] | Trying to state the answers above more precisely (and correct some parts)...
>
> *multiplexing allows to reduce overhead of creating new connections to FCGI clients effectively interweaving requests chunks*
>
>
>
In opposite to keep-alive it reduces new connections drastically, especially on high-load servers or if micro-servicing (a lot of micro requests) in usage. Futhermore it is almost required in case of balancing across network (so one cannot use unix-sockets anymore and the connection buildup process gaining more and more priority).
>
> *and at the same time enabling "keep-alive" model to connection*
>
>
>
Although the multiplexing is not required for keep-alive, but keep-alive is almost required for multiplexing (otherwise it would make little sense).
>
> *I've found there's no server that implements FCGI multiplexing*
>
>
>
There is few servers that supports multiplexing out of the box, but...
I saw already several modules of other devs and I have own fcgi-module for nginx (as replacement) that supports FastCGI multiplex requests.
It can show the real performance increase in the practice, especially if the upstreams are connected over the network.
If someone needs it, I will try to find time and make it available on github etc.
>
> [*from answer above*] FastCGI multiplexing is generally a bad idea, because FastCGI doesn't support flow control. That means: If a FastCGI backend sends data, but the http client can't receive data fast enough, the web server has to save all those data, until they can be sent to the client.
>
>
>
This is not true. Normally the FastCGI handlers are fully asynchronous, pool of workers is separated from the delivering workers, etc.
So each chunk gets a request-id, so if two or more upstream workers write to single connection simultaneously, the chunks that nginx will get are just smaller. That is the single cons.
As regards the "the web server has to save all those data", it does this in any case (regardless multiplexing used or not), because otherwise one can get out-of-memory situation if too many pending data available for response. So either the backend should produce fewer data (or be thwarted) or the web-server should receive it as soon as possible and transmit it to client or save it to some interim storage (and for example nginx does this if pending data size exceeds the values configured with *fastcgi\_buffer\_size* and *fastcgi\_buffers* directives).
>
> [*from answer above*] When using multiplexing the web server needs to read all data from the fastcgi backend, even though one of the clients isn't receiving data fast enough.
>
>
>
Also this is false. The web-server has to read only the single chunk of response to the end, and good worker pools have "intelligent" handling, so automatically sends the chunks to the web-server as soon as possible (means if it gets available), so if multiple content-providers write to so-called "reflected" channels of the same real connection, the pending packets will be separated and chunks received from nginx as soon as the response data is available.
Thereby almost only the throughput of the connection is crucial, and it does not matter at all how fast the clients will receive the data.
And again, multiplexing saves vastly the time of the connection buildup, so reduces number of pending requests as well as the common request execution time (transaction rate). | I don't know if some server implement FASTCGI multiplexing (which I believe you understood correctly, but the details are in the FASTCTI protocol specifications), and I would not bother.
You will very probably use FASTCGI thru an [existing FASTCGI library](http://www.fastcgi.com/drupal/node/5) (e.g. [Ocamlnet](http://projects.camlcity.org/projects/ocamlnet.html) if you code in Ocaml, etc.). And that library would do the multiplexing, if it does it. From your point of view (of that library user) you should not really care, unless you are coding such a library yourself.
If FASTCGI multiplexing bothers you, you might use the [SCGI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Common_Gateway_Interface) protocol, which offers similar functionality, but is simpler, a bit less efficient, and non-multiplexing. |
27,902 | In "some characteristic C is what distinguishes A from B", does characteristic C belongs to A but not to B, or to B but not to A?
For example:
>
> Imposing restrictions on the available resources is what distinguishes computational complexity from computability theory.
>
>
> | 2011/05/31 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/27902",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/683/"
] | I think the word you are after is *listener* in everyday terminology.
The speaker speaks to an *audience*. In the audience, you may find some very attentive *listeners*. Everybody in the room will hear the talk, so it might be argued that *hearer* is a possibility.
It depends on the interest of the audience member, though.
Hearing is something you cannot control. Your ears will pick up the sound and send it to your brain. So everyone who hears the sounds will be a *hearer*.
Listening, though, is something that you can control. You can decide to tune out and not pay attention, or you can decide to lap up every sound or word. If you are interested and follow the talk, you will probably describe yourself as a *listener*.
This also manifests in the set term *avid listener*. I'm not sure if such a construct exists for hearing. | **Edited Answer, see below.**
Every time I've studied conversations patterns and rules of speaking, the other person has always been called either **hearer** or **addressee**. Here I'll quote an example from my notes:
>
> "Speakers and hearers constantly adjust their internal registry of deictics to keep up with the conversation."
>
>
>
or
>
> "Directives = Speech acts in which the words are aimed at making the hearer do something;"
>
>
>
I'm not really sure about *listener*, but honestly I can't recall using it.
---
**EDIT:**
Since I've been downvoted, I'll link a further reference which proves me right. The book, [Speech acts: an essay in the philosophy of language](http://books.google.it/books?id=t3_WhfknvF0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=searle%20acts&hl=it&ei=fsbkTY_AGtDm-gbqg6jQBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=1&ved=0CC4QuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=hearer&f=false), is written by John R. Searle, a rather known name in the Linguistics field and to whoever studied Linguistics in an academic setting.
**Speech Acts** are utterances that don't simply convey information, but can also "perform actions" such as "*I hereby declare you company and wife.*" (This one, for example, is a **Declaration** according to Searle's classification of Speech Acts.
If you search words in that book, there are **34 entries** for "hearer" and **0 entries** for "listener". |
27,902 | In "some characteristic C is what distinguishes A from B", does characteristic C belongs to A but not to B, or to B but not to A?
For example:
>
> Imposing restrictions on the available resources is what distinguishes computational complexity from computability theory.
>
>
> | 2011/05/31 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/27902",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/683/"
] | I think the word you are after is *listener* in everyday terminology.
The speaker speaks to an *audience*. In the audience, you may find some very attentive *listeners*. Everybody in the room will hear the talk, so it might be argued that *hearer* is a possibility.
It depends on the interest of the audience member, though.
Hearing is something you cannot control. Your ears will pick up the sound and send it to your brain. So everyone who hears the sounds will be a *hearer*.
Listening, though, is something that you can control. You can decide to tune out and not pay attention, or you can decide to lap up every sound or word. If you are interested and follow the talk, you will probably describe yourself as a *listener*.
This also manifests in the set term *avid listener*. I'm not sure if such a construct exists for hearing. | The answers given answer the title question of 'hearing equivalent for “speaker”'.
However, the question is actually asked in reference to analysing a **conversation**. In that case, 'speakers' isn't really correct either. Those who speak in a conversation also plays the same listening role as those who do not speak.
In the context of research, the groups would likely be labelled 'speaking participants' and 'non-speaking participants'. In a less formal context, you would talk about 'the people who spoke' and 'the people who didn't speak'. |
27,902 | In "some characteristic C is what distinguishes A from B", does characteristic C belongs to A but not to B, or to B but not to A?
For example:
>
> Imposing restrictions on the available resources is what distinguishes computational complexity from computability theory.
>
>
> | 2011/05/31 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/27902",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/683/"
] | **Edited Answer, see below.**
Every time I've studied conversations patterns and rules of speaking, the other person has always been called either **hearer** or **addressee**. Here I'll quote an example from my notes:
>
> "Speakers and hearers constantly adjust their internal registry of deictics to keep up with the conversation."
>
>
>
or
>
> "Directives = Speech acts in which the words are aimed at making the hearer do something;"
>
>
>
I'm not really sure about *listener*, but honestly I can't recall using it.
---
**EDIT:**
Since I've been downvoted, I'll link a further reference which proves me right. The book, [Speech acts: an essay in the philosophy of language](http://books.google.it/books?id=t3_WhfknvF0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=searle%20acts&hl=it&ei=fsbkTY_AGtDm-gbqg6jQBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=1&ved=0CC4QuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=hearer&f=false), is written by John R. Searle, a rather known name in the Linguistics field and to whoever studied Linguistics in an academic setting.
**Speech Acts** are utterances that don't simply convey information, but can also "perform actions" such as "*I hereby declare you company and wife.*" (This one, for example, is a **Declaration** according to Searle's classification of Speech Acts.
If you search words in that book, there are **34 entries** for "hearer" and **0 entries** for "listener". | The answers given answer the title question of 'hearing equivalent for “speaker”'.
However, the question is actually asked in reference to analysing a **conversation**. In that case, 'speakers' isn't really correct either. Those who speak in a conversation also plays the same listening role as those who do not speak.
In the context of research, the groups would likely be labelled 'speaking participants' and 'non-speaking participants'. In a less formal context, you would talk about 'the people who spoke' and 'the people who didn't speak'. |
117,996 | There are many web application vulnerabilities out there, such as XSS, CSRF, and etc, and there are many resources which explain them very well. But I want to find about their history, for example, who was the first to discover them **[Surely, it wasn't a single person]**, and when they were first discovered **[Surely, they weren't discovered at the same time]**, and so on. | 2016/03/19 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/117996",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/94890/"
] | You can
* [search the CVE list](https://cve.mitre.org/cve/cve.html) for keywords or specific CVEs and
* [search the NVD of the NIST](https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/search).
Those two links should be fine to answer questions you might have about individual vulnerabilities - not only constrained to web applications - although they do not usually disclose the actual person that found the vulnerability. | [CVE Details](http://www.cvedetails.com/) is a great site listing vulnerabilities narrowed down to manufacture, product and version.
In addition it also shows the published dates in any results, which is very useful. |
117,996 | There are many web application vulnerabilities out there, such as XSS, CSRF, and etc, and there are many resources which explain them very well. But I want to find about their history, for example, who was the first to discover them **[Surely, it wasn't a single person]**, and when they were first discovered **[Surely, they weren't discovered at the same time]**, and so on. | 2016/03/19 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/117996",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/94890/"
] | You can
* [search the CVE list](https://cve.mitre.org/cve/cve.html) for keywords or specific CVEs and
* [search the NVD of the NIST](https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/search).
Those two links should be fine to answer questions you might have about individual vulnerabilities - not only constrained to web applications - although they do not usually disclose the actual person that found the vulnerability. | Wikipedia and Google would be my choice, as there isn't one authoritative website including the history of vulnerability types.
The usual places that list vulnerability types generally do not include a history section. For example, here is the [CWE on XSS](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/79.html), here is the [CAPEC on XSS](https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/63.html), and here is the [OWASP page on XSS](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cross-site_Scripting_%28XSS%29).
The CVE lists suggested by others list individual vulnerabilities (but not vulnerability classes). If you want to know who discovered specific vulnerabilities in specific applications they are a great place to look though.
Wikipedia on the other hand has a history or background section for most vulnerability types, eg on XSS:
>
> Microsoft security-engineers introduced the term "cross-site scripting" in January 2000.
>
> [...]
>
> XSS vulnerabilities have been reported and exploited since the 1990s.
>
>
>
Or on SQL Injection:
>
> The first public discussions of SQL injection started appearing around 1998.[3] For example, a 1998 article in Phrack Magazine.[4]
>
>
>
A google search for the history of CSRF would for example lead you to [this exchange](http://www.tux.org/~peterw/csrf.txt).
You would need to verify the claims yourself though. |
117,996 | There are many web application vulnerabilities out there, such as XSS, CSRF, and etc, and there are many resources which explain them very well. But I want to find about their history, for example, who was the first to discover them **[Surely, it wasn't a single person]**, and when they were first discovered **[Surely, they weren't discovered at the same time]**, and so on. | 2016/03/19 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/117996",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/94890/"
] | Wikipedia and Google would be my choice, as there isn't one authoritative website including the history of vulnerability types.
The usual places that list vulnerability types generally do not include a history section. For example, here is the [CWE on XSS](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/79.html), here is the [CAPEC on XSS](https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/63.html), and here is the [OWASP page on XSS](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cross-site_Scripting_%28XSS%29).
The CVE lists suggested by others list individual vulnerabilities (but not vulnerability classes). If you want to know who discovered specific vulnerabilities in specific applications they are a great place to look though.
Wikipedia on the other hand has a history or background section for most vulnerability types, eg on XSS:
>
> Microsoft security-engineers introduced the term "cross-site scripting" in January 2000.
>
> [...]
>
> XSS vulnerabilities have been reported and exploited since the 1990s.
>
>
>
Or on SQL Injection:
>
> The first public discussions of SQL injection started appearing around 1998.[3] For example, a 1998 article in Phrack Magazine.[4]
>
>
>
A google search for the history of CSRF would for example lead you to [this exchange](http://www.tux.org/~peterw/csrf.txt).
You would need to verify the claims yourself though. | [CVE Details](http://www.cvedetails.com/) is a great site listing vulnerabilities narrowed down to manufacture, product and version.
In addition it also shows the published dates in any results, which is very useful. |
9,704,329 | I have tested loads of HTML5 MP3 players with Flash fallback in the past month, and none seem to work on Blackberry phones (i.e. below OS 7.0, because OS 7 already has some HTML5 support). Do you know of any?
The closest I have gotten so far is for it to play but then the flash never responds when you try to pause or stop it.
P.S. I have trawled S/O posts and tried various suggestions, to no avail on BLACKBERRY phone webpages. I *dislike* duplicates as much as the next guy. | 2012/03/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9704329",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/572561/"
] | Does it *have* to have a **FLASH** fallback? Because [jPlayer](http://www.jplayer.org/) seems to have good java intentions, while running in HTML5. It's open source, too, so I suppose it could have a forked flash version? (just a question, *who uses blackberry anymore anyway?*)
Best of regards,
JXP | Try the [Yahoo! WebPlayer](http://webplayer.yahoo.com/). I haven't tried it on blackberry but I've had good luck with it on every other device I've tested. I believe it used html5 if it can and has a flash fallback if it can't use html5. Hopefully it works for you. If not, sorry and good luck! |
45,725 | I read the instructions as stating that you can place an action and/ or a money and/ or a property. But others say you can do any combination of the three in any of the three piles. | 2019/04/01 | [
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/45725",
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/users/27005/"
] | The three cards can be any combination of properties, actions, and/or money. From the rules (abbreviated for clarity):
>
> PLAY UP TO 3 CARDS from your hand, onto the table in front of you. You don't have to play any cards if you don't want to. Play your 3 cards in any combination of the following: A, B, and/or C.
>
>
> A: Put Money/Bank cards into your own Bank
>
>
> B: Put down Properties into your own collection
>
>
> C: Play Action cards into the center
>
>
> | You can play any three cards from your hand during your turn. These three cards are not otherwise restricted in type; you can for example,
* Play three *Deal Breaker* cards and potentially win the game
* Play three *Pass Go* cards to draw a total of six new cards
* Lay down three properties to either form a set (and possibly win the game immediately) or to complete existing partial sets
* Play three *Rent* cards, either using different properties/sets or the same property/set as the base
* Lay down three *Money* cards in your bank
You can also choose to end your turn before playing any cards at all, let alone all three cards allowed. |
22,363,701 | I'm looking for an OS X editor (preferably a dedicated Forth editor, but I doubt it exists) that has/can be customized to change the font color of Forth variables, programs, etc. If not, is there any sort of workaround? | 2014/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/22363701",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/3412631/"
] | I know it's an old question, but: atom with the forth-language package. See <http://atom.io/>
Longer answer:
I have tried both emacs and atom on Mac OS X and both are more than adequate for editing Forth. Atom is lighter and easier to learn while maintaining many emacs-ish capabilities (cmd-shift-p in place of meta-x).
I don't have automatic indenting working in atom yet, the syntax package I found needs a little work, but this hasn't been a real problem as yet.
atom also plays well with git.
I'm using the following packages: emacs-plus, language-forth, clipboard-plus, disable-arrow-keys. The key and clipboard are for a more emacs like experience. There are more themes and color schemes than I need available, I'm using the 4-color-dark and minimal-syntax themes. | I would suggest Gedit and if you change the forth.lang in the app you can change the syntax highlighting |
22,363,701 | I'm looking for an OS X editor (preferably a dedicated Forth editor, but I doubt it exists) that has/can be customized to change the font color of Forth variables, programs, etc. If not, is there any sort of workaround? | 2014/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/22363701",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/3412631/"
] | [UltraEdit](http://www.ultraedit.com/products/uex.html) has a Forth syntax highlight mode. MicroProcessor Engineering have an up to date copy in there [downloads](http://www.mpeforth.com/arena.htm) page. | I would suggest Gedit and if you change the forth.lang in the app you can change the syntax highlighting |
22,363,701 | I'm looking for an OS X editor (preferably a dedicated Forth editor, but I doubt it exists) that has/can be customized to change the font color of Forth variables, programs, etc. If not, is there any sort of workaround? | 2014/03/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/22363701",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/3412631/"
] | Look no further !!
I'm currently programming in FORTH using the 'Visual Studio Code; editor.
Has (installable) syntax-highlighting for many languages, including FORTH.
Have a try:
<https://code.visualstudio.com/download>
It has even automatic indenting, AND code folding!!
...and let me know if you like it like I do.
Robbert / PA3BKL | I would suggest Gedit and if you change the forth.lang in the app you can change the syntax highlighting |
35,765 | I have started to develop a simple 3D engine. I use OpenGL for rendering, and it is developed for Windows. It is all written in C.
How do I write an interface for the keyboard and mouse input? I would like to keep it as simple as possible - in contrast to the native Win32 input system. | 2012/09/09 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/35765",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/19693/"
] | There is more than one one way to skin the cat. If I understand correctly, you want to be able to take input from keyboard and mouse and use that to control stuff in your engine. But to write such interface from scratch, by yourself, would not only be a classic case of reinventing the wheel, but also, a very tedious task (think about it... you want to be able to support PS/2 and USB mice, as well as keyboards and you must admit, testing whether there's something present in a particular port, polling through USB hubs and ports... it's too much hassle when there's already available software to do that for you, right?)
So you will save much time using an already developed interface/framework of that kind. Such a component is a part of already mentioned FreeGLUT, but there is also SDL, which handles not only that, but also window manipulation, threading and more. [Check it out](http://wiki.libsdl.org/moin.cgi/APIByCategory#Input_Events). Pay attention to [SDL\_event](http://wiki.libsdl.org/moin.cgi/SDL_Event?highlight=%28%5CbCategoryStruct%5Cb%29%7C%28CategoryEvents%29%7C%28SGStructures%29) struct and [SDL\_PollEvent](http://wiki.libsdl.org/moin.cgi/SDL_PollEvent?highlight=%28%5CbCategoryEvents%5Cb%29%7C%28SGFunctions%29%7C%28CategoryStruct%29%7C%28CategoryEnum%29) function. | There are frameworks like [FreeGLUT](http://freeglut.sourceforge.net/) that give a basic input/output abilities with keyboard and mouse, but if you want more there are the [Visual C++ APIs](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms645530%28v=vs.85%29.aspx) for Windows. |
146,223 | At the first I should add that different cultures have different attitudes and believes, so with that in mind I would like to ask my question that may seem weird to almost all European, American, Australian countries. :)
As women colleagues shake hands with men in company, how should I prevent shaking hands (maybe by saying a proper sentence too) with women colleagues?
I certainly know that first day impression is so much important, so I don't want to miss that opportunity!
Do you have any idea about this? Do you have similar colleagues at work that not shake hands with women? How do they behave? What is the best way to say hello with all respect? | 2019/10/09 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/146223",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/97397/"
] | If you are based in any of the countries you mentioned in your question the only way you can avoid shaking hands with women is to avoid shaking hands with everyone regardless of gender.
Treating people differently based on gender is discrimination and whilst small hand shaking could be perceived this way. I’m not sure how your culture handles trans or any of the other non binary definitions but that could also be a factor to consider.
In short, I’d consider either shaking everyone’s hand or no ones hand. | At work, in many cultures including the regions you mentioned in your question, you should treat men and women the same. Specifically, if you don't shake hands with women, do not shake hands with men, but it extends to all interactions.
Pick some non-contact greeting gesture. One person I know who does not shake hands puts her palms together, fingers up, and gives something between a nod and a slight bow. Practice the gesture, and start using it outside work, before your first day on the job, so you are used to it. Use the gesture you choose for everyone. |
146,223 | At the first I should add that different cultures have different attitudes and believes, so with that in mind I would like to ask my question that may seem weird to almost all European, American, Australian countries. :)
As women colleagues shake hands with men in company, how should I prevent shaking hands (maybe by saying a proper sentence too) with women colleagues?
I certainly know that first day impression is so much important, so I don't want to miss that opportunity!
Do you have any idea about this? Do you have similar colleagues at work that not shake hands with women? How do they behave? What is the best way to say hello with all respect? | 2019/10/09 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/146223",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/97397/"
] | If you are based in any of the countries you mentioned in your question the only way you can avoid shaking hands with women is to avoid shaking hands with everyone regardless of gender.
Treating people differently based on gender is discrimination and whilst small hand shaking could be perceived this way. I’m not sure how your culture handles trans or any of the other non binary definitions but that could also be a factor to consider.
In short, I’d consider either shaking everyone’s hand or no ones hand. | >
> What is the best way to say hello with all respect?
>
>
>
Bow, it's a respectful greeting, better than nothing.
Refusing to shake hands with women would be found distasteful to any in the Western World, so don't expect it to go unnoticed, however bowing is acceptable. When I say bow I mean whatever goes in the locale. Tipping your hat in some places, anything from a nod to a bow in others. |
146,223 | At the first I should add that different cultures have different attitudes and believes, so with that in mind I would like to ask my question that may seem weird to almost all European, American, Australian countries. :)
As women colleagues shake hands with men in company, how should I prevent shaking hands (maybe by saying a proper sentence too) with women colleagues?
I certainly know that first day impression is so much important, so I don't want to miss that opportunity!
Do you have any idea about this? Do you have similar colleagues at work that not shake hands with women? How do they behave? What is the best way to say hello with all respect? | 2019/10/09 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/146223",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/97397/"
] | At work, in many cultures including the regions you mentioned in your question, you should treat men and women the same. Specifically, if you don't shake hands with women, do not shake hands with men, but it extends to all interactions.
Pick some non-contact greeting gesture. One person I know who does not shake hands puts her palms together, fingers up, and gives something between a nod and a slight bow. Practice the gesture, and start using it outside work, before your first day on the job, so you are used to it. Use the gesture you choose for everyone. | >
> What is the best way to say hello with all respect?
>
>
>
Bow, it's a respectful greeting, better than nothing.
Refusing to shake hands with women would be found distasteful to any in the Western World, so don't expect it to go unnoticed, however bowing is acceptable. When I say bow I mean whatever goes in the locale. Tipping your hat in some places, anything from a nod to a bow in others. |
14,466 | I want to open a service for people to print portrait images of people they are inspired by. Musicians, scientists, people such as Einstein, Mozart, etc.
What are the legal concerns of using images of **Google Images** and how can I find images which can be legally used for this purpose? | 2016/10/07 | [
"https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/14466",
"https://law.stackexchange.com",
"https://law.stackexchange.com/users/5614/"
] | There is no country in the world that has *absolute* freedom of speech. There are many that have extreme limits on it.
The country with the greatest freedom is probably the United States of America but even there there are limits.
For example, it is illegal to defame someone. That is, make a factual statement about a person or organization that is not true and that could damage their reputation.
For your case, as a student of the school you are subject to the rules of the school. If your statement breaks those rules you can be sanctioned. If the school is public, it would generally be as restricted as the government is in limiting free speech but, as stated above, such restrictions depend on where you are. | If you had said it to their faces in the hallway, would you have gotten in trouble? If so, then the answer is yes, you can get in trouble with your school. Probably not with the law, unless you made some credible threat of imminent violence. |
59,672 | Can the Yongnuo YN622C TX be used with the YN622C controlling the B800 like the Radio Poppers and Pocket Wizards? | 2015/01/25 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/59672",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/37282/"
] | Depends on what you mean by "controlling."
If by "controlling" you mean firing in sync, as manual triggers, no sweat. The YN-622C has a PC sync port that you can use to hook it up to an AB800 as a radio receiver, and the Bee will fire in sync.
If by "controlling" you mean firing in sync and letting you remotely set the power level on the AB800, then no. The YN-622C/662C-TX combination only controls the power on Canon eTTL-compatible flashes and requires that the flash have all the pins on a Canon flash foot. The AB800 is a manual studio strobe that doesn't do eTTL and has no flash foot, let alone one that's compatible with the Canon signaling protocol. A PC sync connection is always manual-only.
The PocketWizard AC9 adapter and the RadioPopper capability for controlling an AB power level is doing something different. I think (could be wrong) that they're taking advantage of the built-in power control that the AlienBees have for the Buff [CyberCommander](http://www.paulcbuff.com/cc.php) triggers. | I'm trying to use Yongnuo YN622C II on Alien Bees with a Pocket Wizard AC9 to set the power... It seems to work... :-) even if it's just a short house test and the Alien Bee makes some strange sounds... |
59,672 | Can the Yongnuo YN622C TX be used with the YN622C controlling the B800 like the Radio Poppers and Pocket Wizards? | 2015/01/25 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/59672",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/37282/"
] | Depends on what you mean by "controlling."
If by "controlling" you mean firing in sync, as manual triggers, no sweat. The YN-622C has a PC sync port that you can use to hook it up to an AB800 as a radio receiver, and the Bee will fire in sync.
If by "controlling" you mean firing in sync and letting you remotely set the power level on the AB800, then no. The YN-622C/662C-TX combination only controls the power on Canon eTTL-compatible flashes and requires that the flash have all the pins on a Canon flash foot. The AB800 is a manual studio strobe that doesn't do eTTL and has no flash foot, let alone one that's compatible with the Canon signaling protocol. A PC sync connection is always manual-only.
The PocketWizard AC9 adapter and the RadioPopper capability for controlling an AB power level is doing something different. I think (could be wrong) that they're taking advantage of the built-in power control that the AlienBees have for the Buff [CyberCommander](http://www.paulcbuff.com/cc.php) triggers. | Well 1st off yes you can use the YN622C 11 with the Alien Bees but you have to manually change power setting not able to do it by way of remote |
59,672 | Can the Yongnuo YN622C TX be used with the YN622C controlling the B800 like the Radio Poppers and Pocket Wizards? | 2015/01/25 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/59672",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/37282/"
] | Depends on what you mean by "controlling."
If by "controlling" you mean firing in sync, as manual triggers, no sweat. The YN-622C has a PC sync port that you can use to hook it up to an AB800 as a radio receiver, and the Bee will fire in sync.
If by "controlling" you mean firing in sync and letting you remotely set the power level on the AB800, then no. The YN-622C/662C-TX combination only controls the power on Canon eTTL-compatible flashes and requires that the flash have all the pins on a Canon flash foot. The AB800 is a manual studio strobe that doesn't do eTTL and has no flash foot, let alone one that's compatible with the Canon signaling protocol. A PC sync connection is always manual-only.
The PocketWizard AC9 adapter and the RadioPopper capability for controlling an AB power level is doing something different. I think (could be wrong) that they're taking advantage of the built-in power control that the AlienBees have for the Buff [CyberCommander](http://www.paulcbuff.com/cc.php) triggers. | Ok, if you use the YN622C TX on camera and the YN622C on the YN flash you can control the flash with the TX, but when you use the YN622C with the b800 and the YN622C TX, you have to manually change the power output by hand not the TX |
27,273,911 | An app extension is causing a code signing issue. This app is already on the Appstore (with this extension) yet overnight for some reason when I have come back to this app im getting
A strange error as its contradicting itself by showing two exact identical certificates in said error message.
Ive tried
clean and restart, deleting derived data, regenerating provisioning profiles, deleting and creating new profiles. using both xcode 6.1 and xcode beta and [This](http://aplus.rs/2014/embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app/)
I have also searched SO [Xcode6:Embedded binary is not signed with the same certificate as the parent app](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25927604/xcode6embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app) and no solutions offered worked
(Deleting the app extension removes the error) | 2014/12/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/27273911",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1238867/"
] | When I had this issue I went to the Apple Member Center and realized that the Provisioning Profile (for the extension) that I had created was marked as 'Invalid'. I just re-created the Provisioning Profile with the same certificate that the app is signed with and then downloaded it via Xcode > Preferences > Account > refresh.
Once I had the new provisioning profiles I selected them in the build settings. I selected the provisioning profile that was just created and also selected the corresponding certificate in the Code signing entity in the build settings and that fixed the issue.
Note that the extension has its own app id and hence its own provisioning profile. | I had the same issue. This started on the day when my Certificate got expired after a year. Following steps worked for me:
1. Delete the old expired certificate from Keychain(You will be able to see a red cross on the certificate icon)
2. Restarting your mac |
27,273,911 | An app extension is causing a code signing issue. This app is already on the Appstore (with this extension) yet overnight for some reason when I have come back to this app im getting
A strange error as its contradicting itself by showing two exact identical certificates in said error message.
Ive tried
clean and restart, deleting derived data, regenerating provisioning profiles, deleting and creating new profiles. using both xcode 6.1 and xcode beta and [This](http://aplus.rs/2014/embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app/)
I have also searched SO [Xcode6:Embedded binary is not signed with the same certificate as the parent app](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25927604/xcode6embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app) and no solutions offered worked
(Deleting the app extension removes the error) | 2014/12/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/27273911",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1238867/"
] | My problem was that I had a Copy Files post-build step that was causing the issue (somehow).
Once I removed that Copy Files phase, this error went away.. | I had the same issue. This started on the day when my Certificate got expired after a year. Following steps worked for me:
1. Delete the old expired certificate from Keychain(You will be able to see a red cross on the certificate icon)
2. Restarting your mac |
27,273,911 | An app extension is causing a code signing issue. This app is already on the Appstore (with this extension) yet overnight for some reason when I have come back to this app im getting
A strange error as its contradicting itself by showing two exact identical certificates in said error message.
Ive tried
clean and restart, deleting derived data, regenerating provisioning profiles, deleting and creating new profiles. using both xcode 6.1 and xcode beta and [This](http://aplus.rs/2014/embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app/)
I have also searched SO [Xcode6:Embedded binary is not signed with the same certificate as the parent app](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25927604/xcode6embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app) and no solutions offered worked
(Deleting the app extension removes the error) | 2014/12/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/27273911",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1238867/"
] | I have tried the following solution is working this morning! Please try it!
>
> The only solution here was that I went to Developer Portal, removed
> all profiles, then removed all downloaded profiles through Finder, did
> Clean project and Clean Build folder, closed and re-opened Xcode.
>
>
> Then I opened my project, went to both app and extension targets - at which
> point Xcode realized no profiles are present and thus goes to
> Developer Portal to get them. Since there’s nothing to download, it
> goes through each App ID you have on your account and creates
> development profile for each one.
>
>
>
<http://aplus.rs/2014/embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app/> | I had the same issue. This started on the day when my Certificate got expired after a year. Following steps worked for me:
1. Delete the old expired certificate from Keychain(You will be able to see a red cross on the certificate icon)
2. Restarting your mac |
27,273,911 | An app extension is causing a code signing issue. This app is already on the Appstore (with this extension) yet overnight for some reason when I have come back to this app im getting
A strange error as its contradicting itself by showing two exact identical certificates in said error message.
Ive tried
clean and restart, deleting derived data, regenerating provisioning profiles, deleting and creating new profiles. using both xcode 6.1 and xcode beta and [This](http://aplus.rs/2014/embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app/)
I have also searched SO [Xcode6:Embedded binary is not signed with the same certificate as the parent app](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25927604/xcode6embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app) and no solutions offered worked
(Deleting the app extension removes the error) | 2014/12/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/27273911",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1238867/"
] | So if anyone comes across this cryptic message the "App Group" switch in Capabilities of the app extension was off for some reason. Turned it back on and all good. Fix any "issues" if it requires you to when you do this | When I had this issue I went to the Apple Member Center and realized that the Provisioning Profile (for the extension) that I had created was marked as 'Invalid'. I just re-created the Provisioning Profile with the same certificate that the app is signed with and then downloaded it via Xcode > Preferences > Account > refresh.
Once I had the new provisioning profiles I selected them in the build settings. I selected the provisioning profile that was just created and also selected the corresponding certificate in the Code signing entity in the build settings and that fixed the issue.
Note that the extension has its own app id and hence its own provisioning profile. |
27,273,911 | An app extension is causing a code signing issue. This app is already on the Appstore (with this extension) yet overnight for some reason when I have come back to this app im getting
A strange error as its contradicting itself by showing two exact identical certificates in said error message.
Ive tried
clean and restart, deleting derived data, regenerating provisioning profiles, deleting and creating new profiles. using both xcode 6.1 and xcode beta and [This](http://aplus.rs/2014/embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app/)
I have also searched SO [Xcode6:Embedded binary is not signed with the same certificate as the parent app](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25927604/xcode6embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app) and no solutions offered worked
(Deleting the app extension removes the error) | 2014/12/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/27273911",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1238867/"
] | So if anyone comes across this cryptic message the "App Group" switch in Capabilities of the app extension was off for some reason. Turned it back on and all good. Fix any "issues" if it requires you to when you do this | I had the same issue. This started on the day when my Certificate got expired after a year. Following steps worked for me:
1. Delete the old expired certificate from Keychain(You will be able to see a red cross on the certificate icon)
2. Restarting your mac |
27,273,911 | An app extension is causing a code signing issue. This app is already on the Appstore (with this extension) yet overnight for some reason when I have come back to this app im getting
A strange error as its contradicting itself by showing two exact identical certificates in said error message.
Ive tried
clean and restart, deleting derived data, regenerating provisioning profiles, deleting and creating new profiles. using both xcode 6.1 and xcode beta and [This](http://aplus.rs/2014/embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app/)
I have also searched SO [Xcode6:Embedded binary is not signed with the same certificate as the parent app](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25927604/xcode6embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app) and no solutions offered worked
(Deleting the app extension removes the error) | 2014/12/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/27273911",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1238867/"
] | My problem was that I had a Copy Files post-build step that was causing the issue (somehow).
Once I removed that Copy Files phase, this error went away.. | For me it was not having the App Groups set up correctly on all my App IDs on the Developer Portal. Therefor the App Groups in the app didn't work correctly, causing this problem. |
27,273,911 | An app extension is causing a code signing issue. This app is already on the Appstore (with this extension) yet overnight for some reason when I have come back to this app im getting
A strange error as its contradicting itself by showing two exact identical certificates in said error message.
Ive tried
clean and restart, deleting derived data, regenerating provisioning profiles, deleting and creating new profiles. using both xcode 6.1 and xcode beta and [This](http://aplus.rs/2014/embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app/)
I have also searched SO [Xcode6:Embedded binary is not signed with the same certificate as the parent app](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25927604/xcode6embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app) and no solutions offered worked
(Deleting the app extension removes the error) | 2014/12/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/27273911",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1238867/"
] | I have tried the following solution is working this morning! Please try it!
>
> The only solution here was that I went to Developer Portal, removed
> all profiles, then removed all downloaded profiles through Finder, did
> Clean project and Clean Build folder, closed and re-opened Xcode.
>
>
> Then I opened my project, went to both app and extension targets - at which
> point Xcode realized no profiles are present and thus goes to
> Developer Portal to get them. Since there’s nothing to download, it
> goes through each App ID you have on your account and creates
> development profile for each one.
>
>
>
<http://aplus.rs/2014/embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app/> | When I had this issue I went to the Apple Member Center and realized that the Provisioning Profile (for the extension) that I had created was marked as 'Invalid'. I just re-created the Provisioning Profile with the same certificate that the app is signed with and then downloaded it via Xcode > Preferences > Account > refresh.
Once I had the new provisioning profiles I selected them in the build settings. I selected the provisioning profile that was just created and also selected the corresponding certificate in the Code signing entity in the build settings and that fixed the issue.
Note that the extension has its own app id and hence its own provisioning profile. |
27,273,911 | An app extension is causing a code signing issue. This app is already on the Appstore (with this extension) yet overnight for some reason when I have come back to this app im getting
A strange error as its contradicting itself by showing two exact identical certificates in said error message.
Ive tried
clean and restart, deleting derived data, regenerating provisioning profiles, deleting and creating new profiles. using both xcode 6.1 and xcode beta and [This](http://aplus.rs/2014/embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app/)
I have also searched SO [Xcode6:Embedded binary is not signed with the same certificate as the parent app](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25927604/xcode6embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app) and no solutions offered worked
(Deleting the app extension removes the error) | 2014/12/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/27273911",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1238867/"
] | My problem was that I had a Copy Files post-build step that was causing the issue (somehow).
Once I removed that Copy Files phase, this error went away.. | What fixed this for me was:
1. Re-Logging to my accounts in Preferences -> Accounts.
2. Turning App Groups OFF in both (main app + keyboard extension) Targets (under Target -> Capabilities), then turning them back ON and re-selecting/re-checking the app groups. |
27,273,911 | An app extension is causing a code signing issue. This app is already on the Appstore (with this extension) yet overnight for some reason when I have come back to this app im getting
A strange error as its contradicting itself by showing two exact identical certificates in said error message.
Ive tried
clean and restart, deleting derived data, regenerating provisioning profiles, deleting and creating new profiles. using both xcode 6.1 and xcode beta and [This](http://aplus.rs/2014/embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app/)
I have also searched SO [Xcode6:Embedded binary is not signed with the same certificate as the parent app](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25927604/xcode6embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app) and no solutions offered worked
(Deleting the app extension removes the error) | 2014/12/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/27273911",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1238867/"
] | When I had this issue I went to the Apple Member Center and realized that the Provisioning Profile (for the extension) that I had created was marked as 'Invalid'. I just re-created the Provisioning Profile with the same certificate that the app is signed with and then downloaded it via Xcode > Preferences > Account > refresh.
Once I had the new provisioning profiles I selected them in the build settings. I selected the provisioning profile that was just created and also selected the corresponding certificate in the Code signing entity in the build settings and that fixed the issue.
Note that the extension has its own app id and hence its own provisioning profile. | For me it was not having the App Groups set up correctly on all my App IDs on the Developer Portal. Therefor the App Groups in the app didn't work correctly, causing this problem. |
27,273,911 | An app extension is causing a code signing issue. This app is already on the Appstore (with this extension) yet overnight for some reason when I have come back to this app im getting
A strange error as its contradicting itself by showing two exact identical certificates in said error message.
Ive tried
clean and restart, deleting derived data, regenerating provisioning profiles, deleting and creating new profiles. using both xcode 6.1 and xcode beta and [This](http://aplus.rs/2014/embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app/)
I have also searched SO [Xcode6:Embedded binary is not signed with the same certificate as the parent app](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25927604/xcode6embedded-binary-is-not-signed-with-the-same-certificate-as-the-parent-app) and no solutions offered worked
(Deleting the app extension removes the error) | 2014/12/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/27273911",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1238867/"
] | My problem was that I had a Copy Files post-build step that was causing the issue (somehow).
Once I removed that Copy Files phase, this error went away.. | When I had this issue I went to the Apple Member Center and realized that the Provisioning Profile (for the extension) that I had created was marked as 'Invalid'. I just re-created the Provisioning Profile with the same certificate that the app is signed with and then downloaded it via Xcode > Preferences > Account > refresh.
Once I had the new provisioning profiles I selected them in the build settings. I selected the provisioning profile that was just created and also selected the corresponding certificate in the Code signing entity in the build settings and that fixed the issue.
Note that the extension has its own app id and hence its own provisioning profile. |
240,403 | My setting is what I would call "post-post-apocalyptic", meaning that our civilization doesn't exist anymore, but the collapse has happened in a past distant enough that people aren't really dealing with the direct fallouts of it anymore, or at least those aren't the story's focus. I need this setting to :
* Be technologically medieval, save for a few things like firearms – there are story-specific exceptions, but the general population in most of the world doesn't have even the notion of electricity generation ;
* Have very little to no collective memory of the old world and its history, and a very blurry/distorted memory of the collapse.
My issue is that both of those require a radical, virtually permanent knowledge loss, one that is complicated to make happen in our modern, interconnected world. For this reason, my question isn't about what exact type of collapse I should go for, but whether my focus should be "as few people left as possible without Humanity being doomed to extinction."
The idea is that going below certain figures would lead to a statistical lack of specialized individuals to operate/fix/produce modern technological items and act as teachers ; not enough people to spare from essential survival tasks and educate efficiently, let alone send to collect the knowledge still lying around ; large portions of that knowledge would gradually be lost to time as every electronic storage becomes permanently nonfunctional and books are left on their unprotected shelves to endure whatever comes their way for God knows how long. One can also assume that literacy rates would spiral down to abysmal levels, further hindering future generations' ability to retrieve any knowledge from those books on their own.
Until population recovery happens in any significant way (which I'm able to make as long as it needs to be), all those problems would only worsen until common and even "higher" knowledge stabilize around levels that we left eons ago.
So, to summarize :
* Preservation
* Transmission
* Recovery
Do you consider this a plausible way to reach the outcome that I described, or am I underestimating the resilience of our civilization when it comes to either of those three points? | 2023/01/08 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/240403",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/97222/"
] | **"Can my modern society be reduced to medieval technology?" has been asked before, and the answer is always "no."**
The examples given by other authors are not from the perspective of modern society. They describe ancient peoples having had complex interdependencies — but compared to today, that simply isn't true. It's only easy to lose knowledge when:
1. Almost no one knows it, and...
2. There's almost no record of it.
**What most people don't realize is that 99% of all human technology was invented over the last 150 years**
And that's a groundswell of what I'll call "knowledge inertia" that's whomping hard to overcome if your goal is to justify a substantial reduction (pre-industrial-revolution) of general knowledge. While some of the most specialized knowledge might (might) be lost (like how to make nuclear reactors) due to lack of people to maintain the study, the vast majority of knowledge (e.g. electricity) would be very, very quickly re-established.
And then you're on a f(150\_years)(population\_growth\_to\_1.5B) or less clock to re-establish all of it.
Remember, knowledge (even advanced knowledge) is located in...
* Universities, colleges, and high school libraries
* Business and industrial centers
* Government repositories and scientific centers
* Even individual homes
And even today, a ton of it is in printed books. Rationalizing the loss of all those books for such a long time is very hard. People live in deserts. Worse, your idea about loss of specialized knowledge isn't practical. You'd be surprised how many PhDs there are in the world (some of whom are working as janitors because there aren't enough jobs for that many PhDs). Knowledge is *everywhere.*
**There isn't a realistic reason for the loss you're looking for, but that doesn't mean you can't reasonably *rationalize* why it doesn't exist**
And this is important. Many authors get caught up in trying to be "realistic." Realism in the central aspects of your story is important. Realism (or too much realism) in the back story is actually counter-productive. What you need is the proverbial one-sentence "reason" to set the story in the circumstances that you want. That "reason" should be based on some basic assumptions:
* Whatever the apocalypse, it drove people away from population centers 5,000 and above. The higher the population, the greater the taboo. This causes the vast majority of knowledge repositories to become unavailable.
* Whatever the apocalypse, it didn't result in a dry climate (perfect for preserving paper!) but a ***wet*** climate (paper rots, gets eaten by pestiferous critters). You also want a warm climate, not a cold climate. The colder it is, the easier it is to preserve the paper. This is also useful for rationalizing the destruction of vast amounts of machinery and technology. Rust is your friend when it comes to loss of knowledge. What you want if for things to *not work.*
* Whatever the apocalypse, the survivors are young. This isn't hard to rationalize. Children and young adults are remarkably resilient. As we age, we become more susceptible to disease, damage, etc. But it's us old folks that have the greater amount of *practical knowledge* in our heads. Don't get me wrong, I've spoken with 13-year-olds who have a breathtaking amount of data in their heads. But what good is it? Answer: not much. That's because they've yet to learn how to use the data (through education or life experience, doesn't matter which). They're also the most likely to forget that data because it hasn't been deeply associated with practical uses.1
* Whatever the apocalypse, the next 2-5 generations need to work like dogs to survive. Maybe this is toxic soil or toxic rain or prolific super-hyenas or whatever the reason that people have a constant and long-term struggle just to survive. The goal here is to rationalize a lack of time to pass knowledge along.
*Keep in mind that none of this would definitively explain a shift from modern tech to medieval tech. That's simply impossible. What it does is allow the reader to suspend their disbelief so they can move on to the story you're actually trying to tell.*
---
1 *While we can always find that one child who is remarkably capable, that isn't a reflection of all children. Children are amazing, but they're not small adults. That's why they can be used to rationalize loss of knowledge.* | Limited numbers is not enough
=============================
Limiting numbers can be very effective in restricting knowledge. If only a few thousand around the world are left, too few are available to maintain the technologies and knowledge. However, there is a big flaw. The time after which it takes place.
Imagine that for whatever reason all people died, except children without even having seen electricity. No knowledge remains! The problem is that the technology does. There is plenty of simple electronics surviving that people are bound to come across it and start to use it. As simple as dynamo lamps or certain batteries. With enough time to forget the history of why the apocalypse happened, it seems doubtful that any remaining technology or (written) knowledge isn't found and eventually used. Unless you're able to destroy or otherwise make unavailable any piece of technology or knowledge of electricity or similar it is highly unlikely.
Lastly, even if everything is gone, it can be found again. We discovered electricity early on and used it in time.
Does that mean it is impossible? Not at all! There are many factors that can contribute to an electricity free society that has guns. Cultural, genetic or physical are all candidates!
Cultural
--------
The post apocalyptic society could have an aversion for electricity, blaming it for the collapse of society. It can be as simple as that social media is to blame, but as social media doesn't survive they can blame any electronic device. The problem is that such things are difficult to last for generations. We vowed we would never let it come to war after WW2. A generation or two later and it seems forgotten, ignored or even celebrated in the children.
Electricity can also not be understood because of culture and it's knowledge. Electricity was known about thousands of years in varying degrees, but it took very long before it was implemented as more than a curiosity. It is unlikely in your case with their technological progress, it can simply be overlooked.
Genetics
--------
Intelligence is a complex thing. Even between humans we see huge differences in their cognitive abilities with little differences in the brain structures. From hardly able to speak to flawless twelve languages, from understanding complex math to not being able to count.
The apocalypse could've affected the genetics, hampering certain understanding. The technology can be present and guns understood, but electricity or it's potential is lost on them.
Physics
-------
The apocalypse can also have different reasons than humans. If for whatever reason the magnetosphere of the Earth is changed, or the activity and strength of the solar winds, it can cause world wide destruction of any electrical apparatus. Electricity isn't impossible, but many electronics are difficult to use on long term. If every week or year most electronics are subject to a strong EMP of the solar storms it is hard to develop them. |
240,403 | My setting is what I would call "post-post-apocalyptic", meaning that our civilization doesn't exist anymore, but the collapse has happened in a past distant enough that people aren't really dealing with the direct fallouts of it anymore, or at least those aren't the story's focus. I need this setting to :
* Be technologically medieval, save for a few things like firearms – there are story-specific exceptions, but the general population in most of the world doesn't have even the notion of electricity generation ;
* Have very little to no collective memory of the old world and its history, and a very blurry/distorted memory of the collapse.
My issue is that both of those require a radical, virtually permanent knowledge loss, one that is complicated to make happen in our modern, interconnected world. For this reason, my question isn't about what exact type of collapse I should go for, but whether my focus should be "as few people left as possible without Humanity being doomed to extinction."
The idea is that going below certain figures would lead to a statistical lack of specialized individuals to operate/fix/produce modern technological items and act as teachers ; not enough people to spare from essential survival tasks and educate efficiently, let alone send to collect the knowledge still lying around ; large portions of that knowledge would gradually be lost to time as every electronic storage becomes permanently nonfunctional and books are left on their unprotected shelves to endure whatever comes their way for God knows how long. One can also assume that literacy rates would spiral down to abysmal levels, further hindering future generations' ability to retrieve any knowledge from those books on their own.
Until population recovery happens in any significant way (which I'm able to make as long as it needs to be), all those problems would only worsen until common and even "higher" knowledge stabilize around levels that we left eons ago.
So, to summarize :
* Preservation
* Transmission
* Recovery
Do you consider this a plausible way to reach the outcome that I described, or am I underestimating the resilience of our civilization when it comes to either of those three points? | 2023/01/08 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/240403",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/97222/"
] | **The answer is undoubtedly yes, because you didn't specify how small the population could be.** Obviously, if you had a population of 2, then it's simply not possible for 2 people to know 99%+ of all modern knowledge.
But I'm guessing that what you really want is a self-sustaining civilization. In other words, you don't want the population to be so small that it goes extinct. If that's the case, then you want to learn about the concept of [Minimum Viable Population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_viable_population): the smallest a population can be without a species going extinct over time.
One of the major factors is that you have to have enough DNA in the gene pool to not have inbreeding factors, over time, cause the population to become infertile. That bumps the number up to at least around 100, give or take.
But there are many other factors. The population has to be resilient to a disease or famine or natural disaster (etc) wiping out a chunk of them. There's debate as to what homo sapiens' true MVP is, but [a good guess](https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/how-many-humans-would-it-take-keep-our-species-alive-ncna900151) is that it's in the single-digit thousands.
So: could you have only a few thousand humans left and have mass knowledge loss?
Well, yes, depending on how you define "mass," but certainly a lot of knowledge would be lost, just from a statistical perspective alone this has to be the case:
* The population of earth right now is 7.9 billion. If 7,900 was your population size, that would mean you've lost 99.9999% of the population.
* Of any given profession, how many people would have to survive for knowledge of that profession to be passed down? Remember, it's not enough that some textbooks survived. Even assuming that your civilization is able to create printing presses, learning from unorganized, random books, without the aid of a teacher, is extremely time-consuming, and in general is not going to be a scalable way of people learning lost knowledge. Remember, your people are going to have to be spending the vast majority of their time just foraging for food, water, and protecting themselves and their food from the elements and animals, so people don't have all day to be reading books and trying to learn the hard way with no guidance (not to mention, most people don't have the proclivity for that anyway; remember only a small percentage of the population is nerds who enjoy that kind of thing).
* Of all the professions on earth, how many people have to survive in order for knowledge of their profession to get passed down? It will vary by profession. Carpentry? The answer may be as low as 5 (disclaimer: am not a carpenter). But for building computers? We're talking thousands, at a minimum. You would not believe how much specialized knowledge there is for manufacturing CPUs, let alone everything else involved. But suffice it to say, for some professions this number will be single digits, for others in the dozens, for others in the hundreds or thousands.
* And bear in mind that that many people need to be located together to share their combined knowledge. If it takes the knowledge of 2,000 people to build a CPU, it's not enough that 2,000 people survived...they have to be able to find each other and actually organize to do it.
* Ok so, given that number, what is the likelihood that that many people of that profession survived? For example, if it took 20 people who understand how to make an engine in order for that knowledge to be passed down, what are the odds that, when only .0000001% of the population survived the apocalypse, that that 7,900 people happened to include 20 people who knew how to build an engine? And those people all find each other and work together and have time for that?
**And remember, it's not just the knowledge that you need**, but also the whole supply chain and all of the resources and capabilities to extract those resources, everything that goes into making the thing, not just knowledge of how to make the thing if you were given all the materials on a silver platter.
And you have to pull off the organization of the whole thing.
Another way to look at it: you're one of the 7,900 people who survived the apocalypse. Let's say all 7,900 of you are located within a few hundred miles of each other. You're really outgoing, so you personally know 300 people. You have some knowledge of how to build an engine. You couldn't do it alone, but if you were able to get together with 20 other people who know about building engines, and you were able to convince the population to support you for many years, you could eventually start producing engines.
I say years because remember, you have to manufacture parts to make it, and that involves getting steel, and that involves forges...it wouldn't be enough for the 20 of you to be involved with trying to build engines, you would need hundreds of people at a minimum to be doing other tasks to provide you with the materials you need to build an engine.
Ok, let's say you get all of that buy-in. What are the odds that you even know 20 people, out of those 300 that you know, who have this kind of knowledge? Are 7% of your acquaintances experts in building engines? Not just that they know about it in theory, but they actually know actionable, specific details?
I think it's a good assumption that, given a population this small, the knowledge of how to build engines, as well as how to do a great many other things, would eventually die. Generating electricity is going to be hard, but possible in limited amounts. No one's going to make a full-blown power plant, but maybe some of the simpler ways of generating energy might happen in isolated areas. But without manufacturing happening, there's going to be a lot of difficulty using even that paucity of energy to make most items we're familiar with.
I think it's very plausible for you to get the end-state that you want. | Wow, lots of conflicting responses here. I'm not going to weigh in on whether or not you could break humanity this badly though. Let's ignore the naysayers and (as the slogan goes) *just do it*.
If only there were global stockpiles of explosives powerful enough to not only depopulate large parts of the globe but to smash basically every building, every port, every major infrastructure node into poisonous rubble in a matter of hours. Some sort of weaponry that assures destruction of all of the technologically advanced countries on the planet in a brief but very bright ware. (But who would be MAD enough for that?)
If we took all of those weapons and threw them at all of the tech-rich targets on the planet then all that would be left are a few million people living in wilderness areas, most of whom would die pretty darned quickly. Oh a few might ride out the aftermath for a few years in fallout shelters and such, and the resultant nuclear winter would eradicate a large chunk of the rest. The last few remaining viable populations would be people living near thermal sources and caves, and most of them would starve to death before a sustainable food crop could be located. (Probably mushrooms. I hate mushrooms.)
The first few decades would be pretty harsh. The surviving populations would be entirely focused on survival, with no remaining energy budget for anything as wateful as talking about the lost past. The survivors wouldn't have much of a past to talk about as far as your problem is concerned, since they'd almost exclusively be tribal populations who were living low-tech lives before the End. What little technology they do know about wouldn't be as important knowledge to pass on, except perhaps in cautionary tales.
When the endless winter eventually breaks and the world starts to heal, in a couple of hundred years or so, the descendants of those survivors may eventually spread out to take over the world again, with only garbled retellings of half-remembered stories about what happened. Half of the world will be closed to them due to radiation and toxicity. The parts that weren't smashed flat has fallen to corrosion and the march of time.
---
While not specifically intended for this scenario, it's on the list of considerations for the 1,700 seed vaults and data archives scattered around the world. The most famous is probably the [Svalbard Global Seed Vault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault). A little less famous is the [Arctic World Archive](https://arcticworldarchive.org/) next door (relatively speaking) which claims to have a data storage medium designed to last for at least 1,000 years. If your survivors eventually dig this all up then they'll find all sorts of interesting things in there, including some of my code on GitHub. (Oh joy, future survivors are going to be shaking their head at my code too.)
At that point the whole "lost past" thing bursts back into public knowledge. Whatever society has been created, whatever technology they've built for themselves, it's all going to change radically once they unearth one of the archives. It might take them decades to understand it all, but they'll have *videos* and *audiobooks* and *cat pictures*! They'll have a full dump of Wikipedia, so they can be just as misinformed as we are! Frabjous day!
(Unless someone nukes Svalbard. At least then my code follies will be safely lost to the mists of time.) |
240,403 | My setting is what I would call "post-post-apocalyptic", meaning that our civilization doesn't exist anymore, but the collapse has happened in a past distant enough that people aren't really dealing with the direct fallouts of it anymore, or at least those aren't the story's focus. I need this setting to :
* Be technologically medieval, save for a few things like firearms – there are story-specific exceptions, but the general population in most of the world doesn't have even the notion of electricity generation ;
* Have very little to no collective memory of the old world and its history, and a very blurry/distorted memory of the collapse.
My issue is that both of those require a radical, virtually permanent knowledge loss, one that is complicated to make happen in our modern, interconnected world. For this reason, my question isn't about what exact type of collapse I should go for, but whether my focus should be "as few people left as possible without Humanity being doomed to extinction."
The idea is that going below certain figures would lead to a statistical lack of specialized individuals to operate/fix/produce modern technological items and act as teachers ; not enough people to spare from essential survival tasks and educate efficiently, let alone send to collect the knowledge still lying around ; large portions of that knowledge would gradually be lost to time as every electronic storage becomes permanently nonfunctional and books are left on their unprotected shelves to endure whatever comes their way for God knows how long. One can also assume that literacy rates would spiral down to abysmal levels, further hindering future generations' ability to retrieve any knowledge from those books on their own.
Until population recovery happens in any significant way (which I'm able to make as long as it needs to be), all those problems would only worsen until common and even "higher" knowledge stabilize around levels that we left eons ago.
So, to summarize :
* Preservation
* Transmission
* Recovery
Do you consider this a plausible way to reach the outcome that I described, or am I underestimating the resilience of our civilization when it comes to either of those three points? | 2023/01/08 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/240403",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/97222/"
] | "Too few people left" is indeed a credible explanation. Small groups of surviving people struggling every day cannot pertain knowledge. A reduction in numbers alone is not the point, 1 million people maintaining a city state can save a lot of knowledge, the same number of people scattered in small tribal groups all around the world can't.
There may be additional factors like deliberate destruction of knowledge and technology: After the catastrophic events, some prophets arise and found a new religion and demand to destroy the evil writings of the past that led to the current desaster. Such events have taken place in history in the late Roman Empire after the transition to Christianity, or at the introduction of Islam in the Near East region. | Wow, lots of conflicting responses here. I'm not going to weigh in on whether or not you could break humanity this badly though. Let's ignore the naysayers and (as the slogan goes) *just do it*.
If only there were global stockpiles of explosives powerful enough to not only depopulate large parts of the globe but to smash basically every building, every port, every major infrastructure node into poisonous rubble in a matter of hours. Some sort of weaponry that assures destruction of all of the technologically advanced countries on the planet in a brief but very bright ware. (But who would be MAD enough for that?)
If we took all of those weapons and threw them at all of the tech-rich targets on the planet then all that would be left are a few million people living in wilderness areas, most of whom would die pretty darned quickly. Oh a few might ride out the aftermath for a few years in fallout shelters and such, and the resultant nuclear winter would eradicate a large chunk of the rest. The last few remaining viable populations would be people living near thermal sources and caves, and most of them would starve to death before a sustainable food crop could be located. (Probably mushrooms. I hate mushrooms.)
The first few decades would be pretty harsh. The surviving populations would be entirely focused on survival, with no remaining energy budget for anything as wateful as talking about the lost past. The survivors wouldn't have much of a past to talk about as far as your problem is concerned, since they'd almost exclusively be tribal populations who were living low-tech lives before the End. What little technology they do know about wouldn't be as important knowledge to pass on, except perhaps in cautionary tales.
When the endless winter eventually breaks and the world starts to heal, in a couple of hundred years or so, the descendants of those survivors may eventually spread out to take over the world again, with only garbled retellings of half-remembered stories about what happened. Half of the world will be closed to them due to radiation and toxicity. The parts that weren't smashed flat has fallen to corrosion and the march of time.
---
While not specifically intended for this scenario, it's on the list of considerations for the 1,700 seed vaults and data archives scattered around the world. The most famous is probably the [Svalbard Global Seed Vault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault). A little less famous is the [Arctic World Archive](https://arcticworldarchive.org/) next door (relatively speaking) which claims to have a data storage medium designed to last for at least 1,000 years. If your survivors eventually dig this all up then they'll find all sorts of interesting things in there, including some of my code on GitHub. (Oh joy, future survivors are going to be shaking their head at my code too.)
At that point the whole "lost past" thing bursts back into public knowledge. Whatever society has been created, whatever technology they've built for themselves, it's all going to change radically once they unearth one of the archives. It might take them decades to understand it all, but they'll have *videos* and *audiobooks* and *cat pictures*! They'll have a full dump of Wikipedia, so they can be just as misinformed as we are! Frabjous day!
(Unless someone nukes Svalbard. At least then my code follies will be safely lost to the mists of time.) |
240,403 | My setting is what I would call "post-post-apocalyptic", meaning that our civilization doesn't exist anymore, but the collapse has happened in a past distant enough that people aren't really dealing with the direct fallouts of it anymore, or at least those aren't the story's focus. I need this setting to :
* Be technologically medieval, save for a few things like firearms – there are story-specific exceptions, but the general population in most of the world doesn't have even the notion of electricity generation ;
* Have very little to no collective memory of the old world and its history, and a very blurry/distorted memory of the collapse.
My issue is that both of those require a radical, virtually permanent knowledge loss, one that is complicated to make happen in our modern, interconnected world. For this reason, my question isn't about what exact type of collapse I should go for, but whether my focus should be "as few people left as possible without Humanity being doomed to extinction."
The idea is that going below certain figures would lead to a statistical lack of specialized individuals to operate/fix/produce modern technological items and act as teachers ; not enough people to spare from essential survival tasks and educate efficiently, let alone send to collect the knowledge still lying around ; large portions of that knowledge would gradually be lost to time as every electronic storage becomes permanently nonfunctional and books are left on their unprotected shelves to endure whatever comes their way for God knows how long. One can also assume that literacy rates would spiral down to abysmal levels, further hindering future generations' ability to retrieve any knowledge from those books on their own.
Until population recovery happens in any significant way (which I'm able to make as long as it needs to be), all those problems would only worsen until common and even "higher" knowledge stabilize around levels that we left eons ago.
So, to summarize :
* Preservation
* Transmission
* Recovery
Do you consider this a plausible way to reach the outcome that I described, or am I underestimating the resilience of our civilization when it comes to either of those three points? | 2023/01/08 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/240403",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/97222/"
] | **"Can my modern society be reduced to medieval technology?" has been asked before, and the answer is always "no."**
The examples given by other authors are not from the perspective of modern society. They describe ancient peoples having had complex interdependencies — but compared to today, that simply isn't true. It's only easy to lose knowledge when:
1. Almost no one knows it, and...
2. There's almost no record of it.
**What most people don't realize is that 99% of all human technology was invented over the last 150 years**
And that's a groundswell of what I'll call "knowledge inertia" that's whomping hard to overcome if your goal is to justify a substantial reduction (pre-industrial-revolution) of general knowledge. While some of the most specialized knowledge might (might) be lost (like how to make nuclear reactors) due to lack of people to maintain the study, the vast majority of knowledge (e.g. electricity) would be very, very quickly re-established.
And then you're on a f(150\_years)(population\_growth\_to\_1.5B) or less clock to re-establish all of it.
Remember, knowledge (even advanced knowledge) is located in...
* Universities, colleges, and high school libraries
* Business and industrial centers
* Government repositories and scientific centers
* Even individual homes
And even today, a ton of it is in printed books. Rationalizing the loss of all those books for such a long time is very hard. People live in deserts. Worse, your idea about loss of specialized knowledge isn't practical. You'd be surprised how many PhDs there are in the world (some of whom are working as janitors because there aren't enough jobs for that many PhDs). Knowledge is *everywhere.*
**There isn't a realistic reason for the loss you're looking for, but that doesn't mean you can't reasonably *rationalize* why it doesn't exist**
And this is important. Many authors get caught up in trying to be "realistic." Realism in the central aspects of your story is important. Realism (or too much realism) in the back story is actually counter-productive. What you need is the proverbial one-sentence "reason" to set the story in the circumstances that you want. That "reason" should be based on some basic assumptions:
* Whatever the apocalypse, it drove people away from population centers 5,000 and above. The higher the population, the greater the taboo. This causes the vast majority of knowledge repositories to become unavailable.
* Whatever the apocalypse, it didn't result in a dry climate (perfect for preserving paper!) but a ***wet*** climate (paper rots, gets eaten by pestiferous critters). You also want a warm climate, not a cold climate. The colder it is, the easier it is to preserve the paper. This is also useful for rationalizing the destruction of vast amounts of machinery and technology. Rust is your friend when it comes to loss of knowledge. What you want if for things to *not work.*
* Whatever the apocalypse, the survivors are young. This isn't hard to rationalize. Children and young adults are remarkably resilient. As we age, we become more susceptible to disease, damage, etc. But it's us old folks that have the greater amount of *practical knowledge* in our heads. Don't get me wrong, I've spoken with 13-year-olds who have a breathtaking amount of data in their heads. But what good is it? Answer: not much. That's because they've yet to learn how to use the data (through education or life experience, doesn't matter which). They're also the most likely to forget that data because it hasn't been deeply associated with practical uses.1
* Whatever the apocalypse, the next 2-5 generations need to work like dogs to survive. Maybe this is toxic soil or toxic rain or prolific super-hyenas or whatever the reason that people have a constant and long-term struggle just to survive. The goal here is to rationalize a lack of time to pass knowledge along.
*Keep in mind that none of this would definitively explain a shift from modern tech to medieval tech. That's simply impossible. What it does is allow the reader to suspend their disbelief so they can move on to the story you're actually trying to tell.*
---
1 *While we can always find that one child who is remarkably capable, that isn't a reflection of all children. Children are amazing, but they're not small adults. That's why they can be used to rationalize loss of knowledge.* | Yes, if you just have a few hundred people left globally you wouldn't be surprised they lost a lot of knowledge.
================================================================================================================
An apocalypse bad enough to wipe out humanity to the last few hundred is bad enough that most sources of knowledge could be destroyed, and is enough that there wouldn't be many experts left. You wouldn't necessarily have many books left- if you have as few people as possible, whoever is surviving is probably at somewhere remote without any books. Those in cities probably all died, along with their books. |
240,403 | My setting is what I would call "post-post-apocalyptic", meaning that our civilization doesn't exist anymore, but the collapse has happened in a past distant enough that people aren't really dealing with the direct fallouts of it anymore, or at least those aren't the story's focus. I need this setting to :
* Be technologically medieval, save for a few things like firearms – there are story-specific exceptions, but the general population in most of the world doesn't have even the notion of electricity generation ;
* Have very little to no collective memory of the old world and its history, and a very blurry/distorted memory of the collapse.
My issue is that both of those require a radical, virtually permanent knowledge loss, one that is complicated to make happen in our modern, interconnected world. For this reason, my question isn't about what exact type of collapse I should go for, but whether my focus should be "as few people left as possible without Humanity being doomed to extinction."
The idea is that going below certain figures would lead to a statistical lack of specialized individuals to operate/fix/produce modern technological items and act as teachers ; not enough people to spare from essential survival tasks and educate efficiently, let alone send to collect the knowledge still lying around ; large portions of that knowledge would gradually be lost to time as every electronic storage becomes permanently nonfunctional and books are left on their unprotected shelves to endure whatever comes their way for God knows how long. One can also assume that literacy rates would spiral down to abysmal levels, further hindering future generations' ability to retrieve any knowledge from those books on their own.
Until population recovery happens in any significant way (which I'm able to make as long as it needs to be), all those problems would only worsen until common and even "higher" knowledge stabilize around levels that we left eons ago.
So, to summarize :
* Preservation
* Transmission
* Recovery
Do you consider this a plausible way to reach the outcome that I described, or am I underestimating the resilience of our civilization when it comes to either of those three points? | 2023/01/08 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/240403",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/97222/"
] | After the fall of the Roman Empire, no pottery was made in Britain for a substantial period; losing knowledge of historical details or electricity is easy by comparison! | Wow, lots of conflicting responses here. I'm not going to weigh in on whether or not you could break humanity this badly though. Let's ignore the naysayers and (as the slogan goes) *just do it*.
If only there were global stockpiles of explosives powerful enough to not only depopulate large parts of the globe but to smash basically every building, every port, every major infrastructure node into poisonous rubble in a matter of hours. Some sort of weaponry that assures destruction of all of the technologically advanced countries on the planet in a brief but very bright ware. (But who would be MAD enough for that?)
If we took all of those weapons and threw them at all of the tech-rich targets on the planet then all that would be left are a few million people living in wilderness areas, most of whom would die pretty darned quickly. Oh a few might ride out the aftermath for a few years in fallout shelters and such, and the resultant nuclear winter would eradicate a large chunk of the rest. The last few remaining viable populations would be people living near thermal sources and caves, and most of them would starve to death before a sustainable food crop could be located. (Probably mushrooms. I hate mushrooms.)
The first few decades would be pretty harsh. The surviving populations would be entirely focused on survival, with no remaining energy budget for anything as wateful as talking about the lost past. The survivors wouldn't have much of a past to talk about as far as your problem is concerned, since they'd almost exclusively be tribal populations who were living low-tech lives before the End. What little technology they do know about wouldn't be as important knowledge to pass on, except perhaps in cautionary tales.
When the endless winter eventually breaks and the world starts to heal, in a couple of hundred years or so, the descendants of those survivors may eventually spread out to take over the world again, with only garbled retellings of half-remembered stories about what happened. Half of the world will be closed to them due to radiation and toxicity. The parts that weren't smashed flat has fallen to corrosion and the march of time.
---
While not specifically intended for this scenario, it's on the list of considerations for the 1,700 seed vaults and data archives scattered around the world. The most famous is probably the [Svalbard Global Seed Vault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault). A little less famous is the [Arctic World Archive](https://arcticworldarchive.org/) next door (relatively speaking) which claims to have a data storage medium designed to last for at least 1,000 years. If your survivors eventually dig this all up then they'll find all sorts of interesting things in there, including some of my code on GitHub. (Oh joy, future survivors are going to be shaking their head at my code too.)
At that point the whole "lost past" thing bursts back into public knowledge. Whatever society has been created, whatever technology they've built for themselves, it's all going to change radically once they unearth one of the archives. It might take them decades to understand it all, but they'll have *videos* and *audiobooks* and *cat pictures*! They'll have a full dump of Wikipedia, so they can be just as misinformed as we are! Frabjous day!
(Unless someone nukes Svalbard. At least then my code follies will be safely lost to the mists of time.) |
240,403 | My setting is what I would call "post-post-apocalyptic", meaning that our civilization doesn't exist anymore, but the collapse has happened in a past distant enough that people aren't really dealing with the direct fallouts of it anymore, or at least those aren't the story's focus. I need this setting to :
* Be technologically medieval, save for a few things like firearms – there are story-specific exceptions, but the general population in most of the world doesn't have even the notion of electricity generation ;
* Have very little to no collective memory of the old world and its history, and a very blurry/distorted memory of the collapse.
My issue is that both of those require a radical, virtually permanent knowledge loss, one that is complicated to make happen in our modern, interconnected world. For this reason, my question isn't about what exact type of collapse I should go for, but whether my focus should be "as few people left as possible without Humanity being doomed to extinction."
The idea is that going below certain figures would lead to a statistical lack of specialized individuals to operate/fix/produce modern technological items and act as teachers ; not enough people to spare from essential survival tasks and educate efficiently, let alone send to collect the knowledge still lying around ; large portions of that knowledge would gradually be lost to time as every electronic storage becomes permanently nonfunctional and books are left on their unprotected shelves to endure whatever comes their way for God knows how long. One can also assume that literacy rates would spiral down to abysmal levels, further hindering future generations' ability to retrieve any knowledge from those books on their own.
Until population recovery happens in any significant way (which I'm able to make as long as it needs to be), all those problems would only worsen until common and even "higher" knowledge stabilize around levels that we left eons ago.
So, to summarize :
* Preservation
* Transmission
* Recovery
Do you consider this a plausible way to reach the outcome that I described, or am I underestimating the resilience of our civilization when it comes to either of those three points? | 2023/01/08 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/240403",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/97222/"
] | Limited numbers is not enough
=============================
Limiting numbers can be very effective in restricting knowledge. If only a few thousand around the world are left, too few are available to maintain the technologies and knowledge. However, there is a big flaw. The time after which it takes place.
Imagine that for whatever reason all people died, except children without even having seen electricity. No knowledge remains! The problem is that the technology does. There is plenty of simple electronics surviving that people are bound to come across it and start to use it. As simple as dynamo lamps or certain batteries. With enough time to forget the history of why the apocalypse happened, it seems doubtful that any remaining technology or (written) knowledge isn't found and eventually used. Unless you're able to destroy or otherwise make unavailable any piece of technology or knowledge of electricity or similar it is highly unlikely.
Lastly, even if everything is gone, it can be found again. We discovered electricity early on and used it in time.
Does that mean it is impossible? Not at all! There are many factors that can contribute to an electricity free society that has guns. Cultural, genetic or physical are all candidates!
Cultural
--------
The post apocalyptic society could have an aversion for electricity, blaming it for the collapse of society. It can be as simple as that social media is to blame, but as social media doesn't survive they can blame any electronic device. The problem is that such things are difficult to last for generations. We vowed we would never let it come to war after WW2. A generation or two later and it seems forgotten, ignored or even celebrated in the children.
Electricity can also not be understood because of culture and it's knowledge. Electricity was known about thousands of years in varying degrees, but it took very long before it was implemented as more than a curiosity. It is unlikely in your case with their technological progress, it can simply be overlooked.
Genetics
--------
Intelligence is a complex thing. Even between humans we see huge differences in their cognitive abilities with little differences in the brain structures. From hardly able to speak to flawless twelve languages, from understanding complex math to not being able to count.
The apocalypse could've affected the genetics, hampering certain understanding. The technology can be present and guns understood, but electricity or it's potential is lost on them.
Physics
-------
The apocalypse can also have different reasons than humans. If for whatever reason the magnetosphere of the Earth is changed, or the activity and strength of the solar winds, it can cause world wide destruction of any electrical apparatus. Electricity isn't impossible, but many electronics are difficult to use on long term. If every week or year most electronics are subject to a strong EMP of the solar storms it is hard to develop them. | Wow, lots of conflicting responses here. I'm not going to weigh in on whether or not you could break humanity this badly though. Let's ignore the naysayers and (as the slogan goes) *just do it*.
If only there were global stockpiles of explosives powerful enough to not only depopulate large parts of the globe but to smash basically every building, every port, every major infrastructure node into poisonous rubble in a matter of hours. Some sort of weaponry that assures destruction of all of the technologically advanced countries on the planet in a brief but very bright ware. (But who would be MAD enough for that?)
If we took all of those weapons and threw them at all of the tech-rich targets on the planet then all that would be left are a few million people living in wilderness areas, most of whom would die pretty darned quickly. Oh a few might ride out the aftermath for a few years in fallout shelters and such, and the resultant nuclear winter would eradicate a large chunk of the rest. The last few remaining viable populations would be people living near thermal sources and caves, and most of them would starve to death before a sustainable food crop could be located. (Probably mushrooms. I hate mushrooms.)
The first few decades would be pretty harsh. The surviving populations would be entirely focused on survival, with no remaining energy budget for anything as wateful as talking about the lost past. The survivors wouldn't have much of a past to talk about as far as your problem is concerned, since they'd almost exclusively be tribal populations who were living low-tech lives before the End. What little technology they do know about wouldn't be as important knowledge to pass on, except perhaps in cautionary tales.
When the endless winter eventually breaks and the world starts to heal, in a couple of hundred years or so, the descendants of those survivors may eventually spread out to take over the world again, with only garbled retellings of half-remembered stories about what happened. Half of the world will be closed to them due to radiation and toxicity. The parts that weren't smashed flat has fallen to corrosion and the march of time.
---
While not specifically intended for this scenario, it's on the list of considerations for the 1,700 seed vaults and data archives scattered around the world. The most famous is probably the [Svalbard Global Seed Vault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault). A little less famous is the [Arctic World Archive](https://arcticworldarchive.org/) next door (relatively speaking) which claims to have a data storage medium designed to last for at least 1,000 years. If your survivors eventually dig this all up then they'll find all sorts of interesting things in there, including some of my code on GitHub. (Oh joy, future survivors are going to be shaking their head at my code too.)
At that point the whole "lost past" thing bursts back into public knowledge. Whatever society has been created, whatever technology they've built for themselves, it's all going to change radically once they unearth one of the archives. It might take them decades to understand it all, but they'll have *videos* and *audiobooks* and *cat pictures*! They'll have a full dump of Wikipedia, so they can be just as misinformed as we are! Frabjous day!
(Unless someone nukes Svalbard. At least then my code follies will be safely lost to the mists of time.) |
240,403 | My setting is what I would call "post-post-apocalyptic", meaning that our civilization doesn't exist anymore, but the collapse has happened in a past distant enough that people aren't really dealing with the direct fallouts of it anymore, or at least those aren't the story's focus. I need this setting to :
* Be technologically medieval, save for a few things like firearms – there are story-specific exceptions, but the general population in most of the world doesn't have even the notion of electricity generation ;
* Have very little to no collective memory of the old world and its history, and a very blurry/distorted memory of the collapse.
My issue is that both of those require a radical, virtually permanent knowledge loss, one that is complicated to make happen in our modern, interconnected world. For this reason, my question isn't about what exact type of collapse I should go for, but whether my focus should be "as few people left as possible without Humanity being doomed to extinction."
The idea is that going below certain figures would lead to a statistical lack of specialized individuals to operate/fix/produce modern technological items and act as teachers ; not enough people to spare from essential survival tasks and educate efficiently, let alone send to collect the knowledge still lying around ; large portions of that knowledge would gradually be lost to time as every electronic storage becomes permanently nonfunctional and books are left on their unprotected shelves to endure whatever comes their way for God knows how long. One can also assume that literacy rates would spiral down to abysmal levels, further hindering future generations' ability to retrieve any knowledge from those books on their own.
Until population recovery happens in any significant way (which I'm able to make as long as it needs to be), all those problems would only worsen until common and even "higher" knowledge stabilize around levels that we left eons ago.
So, to summarize :
* Preservation
* Transmission
* Recovery
Do you consider this a plausible way to reach the outcome that I described, or am I underestimating the resilience of our civilization when it comes to either of those three points? | 2023/01/08 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/240403",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/97222/"
] | **The answer is undoubtedly yes, because you didn't specify how small the population could be.** Obviously, if you had a population of 2, then it's simply not possible for 2 people to know 99%+ of all modern knowledge.
But I'm guessing that what you really want is a self-sustaining civilization. In other words, you don't want the population to be so small that it goes extinct. If that's the case, then you want to learn about the concept of [Minimum Viable Population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_viable_population): the smallest a population can be without a species going extinct over time.
One of the major factors is that you have to have enough DNA in the gene pool to not have inbreeding factors, over time, cause the population to become infertile. That bumps the number up to at least around 100, give or take.
But there are many other factors. The population has to be resilient to a disease or famine or natural disaster (etc) wiping out a chunk of them. There's debate as to what homo sapiens' true MVP is, but [a good guess](https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/how-many-humans-would-it-take-keep-our-species-alive-ncna900151) is that it's in the single-digit thousands.
So: could you have only a few thousand humans left and have mass knowledge loss?
Well, yes, depending on how you define "mass," but certainly a lot of knowledge would be lost, just from a statistical perspective alone this has to be the case:
* The population of earth right now is 7.9 billion. If 7,900 was your population size, that would mean you've lost 99.9999% of the population.
* Of any given profession, how many people would have to survive for knowledge of that profession to be passed down? Remember, it's not enough that some textbooks survived. Even assuming that your civilization is able to create printing presses, learning from unorganized, random books, without the aid of a teacher, is extremely time-consuming, and in general is not going to be a scalable way of people learning lost knowledge. Remember, your people are going to have to be spending the vast majority of their time just foraging for food, water, and protecting themselves and their food from the elements and animals, so people don't have all day to be reading books and trying to learn the hard way with no guidance (not to mention, most people don't have the proclivity for that anyway; remember only a small percentage of the population is nerds who enjoy that kind of thing).
* Of all the professions on earth, how many people have to survive in order for knowledge of their profession to get passed down? It will vary by profession. Carpentry? The answer may be as low as 5 (disclaimer: am not a carpenter). But for building computers? We're talking thousands, at a minimum. You would not believe how much specialized knowledge there is for manufacturing CPUs, let alone everything else involved. But suffice it to say, for some professions this number will be single digits, for others in the dozens, for others in the hundreds or thousands.
* And bear in mind that that many people need to be located together to share their combined knowledge. If it takes the knowledge of 2,000 people to build a CPU, it's not enough that 2,000 people survived...they have to be able to find each other and actually organize to do it.
* Ok so, given that number, what is the likelihood that that many people of that profession survived? For example, if it took 20 people who understand how to make an engine in order for that knowledge to be passed down, what are the odds that, when only .0000001% of the population survived the apocalypse, that that 7,900 people happened to include 20 people who knew how to build an engine? And those people all find each other and work together and have time for that?
**And remember, it's not just the knowledge that you need**, but also the whole supply chain and all of the resources and capabilities to extract those resources, everything that goes into making the thing, not just knowledge of how to make the thing if you were given all the materials on a silver platter.
And you have to pull off the organization of the whole thing.
Another way to look at it: you're one of the 7,900 people who survived the apocalypse. Let's say all 7,900 of you are located within a few hundred miles of each other. You're really outgoing, so you personally know 300 people. You have some knowledge of how to build an engine. You couldn't do it alone, but if you were able to get together with 20 other people who know about building engines, and you were able to convince the population to support you for many years, you could eventually start producing engines.
I say years because remember, you have to manufacture parts to make it, and that involves getting steel, and that involves forges...it wouldn't be enough for the 20 of you to be involved with trying to build engines, you would need hundreds of people at a minimum to be doing other tasks to provide you with the materials you need to build an engine.
Ok, let's say you get all of that buy-in. What are the odds that you even know 20 people, out of those 300 that you know, who have this kind of knowledge? Are 7% of your acquaintances experts in building engines? Not just that they know about it in theory, but they actually know actionable, specific details?
I think it's a good assumption that, given a population this small, the knowledge of how to build engines, as well as how to do a great many other things, would eventually die. Generating electricity is going to be hard, but possible in limited amounts. No one's going to make a full-blown power plant, but maybe some of the simpler ways of generating energy might happen in isolated areas. But without manufacturing happening, there's going to be a lot of difficulty using even that paucity of energy to make most items we're familiar with.
I think it's very plausible for you to get the end-state that you want. | "Too few people left" is indeed a credible explanation. Small groups of surviving people struggling every day cannot pertain knowledge. A reduction in numbers alone is not the point, 1 million people maintaining a city state can save a lot of knowledge, the same number of people scattered in small tribal groups all around the world can't.
There may be additional factors like deliberate destruction of knowledge and technology: After the catastrophic events, some prophets arise and found a new religion and demand to destroy the evil writings of the past that led to the current desaster. Such events have taken place in history in the late Roman Empire after the transition to Christianity, or at the introduction of Islam in the Near East region. |
240,403 | My setting is what I would call "post-post-apocalyptic", meaning that our civilization doesn't exist anymore, but the collapse has happened in a past distant enough that people aren't really dealing with the direct fallouts of it anymore, or at least those aren't the story's focus. I need this setting to :
* Be technologically medieval, save for a few things like firearms – there are story-specific exceptions, but the general population in most of the world doesn't have even the notion of electricity generation ;
* Have very little to no collective memory of the old world and its history, and a very blurry/distorted memory of the collapse.
My issue is that both of those require a radical, virtually permanent knowledge loss, one that is complicated to make happen in our modern, interconnected world. For this reason, my question isn't about what exact type of collapse I should go for, but whether my focus should be "as few people left as possible without Humanity being doomed to extinction."
The idea is that going below certain figures would lead to a statistical lack of specialized individuals to operate/fix/produce modern technological items and act as teachers ; not enough people to spare from essential survival tasks and educate efficiently, let alone send to collect the knowledge still lying around ; large portions of that knowledge would gradually be lost to time as every electronic storage becomes permanently nonfunctional and books are left on their unprotected shelves to endure whatever comes their way for God knows how long. One can also assume that literacy rates would spiral down to abysmal levels, further hindering future generations' ability to retrieve any knowledge from those books on their own.
Until population recovery happens in any significant way (which I'm able to make as long as it needs to be), all those problems would only worsen until common and even "higher" knowledge stabilize around levels that we left eons ago.
So, to summarize :
* Preservation
* Transmission
* Recovery
Do you consider this a plausible way to reach the outcome that I described, or am I underestimating the resilience of our civilization when it comes to either of those three points? | 2023/01/08 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/240403",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/97222/"
] | This is not only possible, it's happened.
The last Mound-Builder culture of the Mississippi River valley collapsed after the introduction of European epidemic diseases, causing the population to decline to the point it could not maintain the chiefdoms it had consisted of. Some tribes managed to maintain legends that connect them to their ancestors, but others even lost the knowledge that the mounds they lived next to were built by human beings.
Likewise, the Bronze Age collapse meant the loss of the knowledge of how to read Linear B and Linear A -- indeed, only Linear B has been deciphered now.
And these were cultures with a lot less specialization and long-distance interdependences. It would certainly be possible for modern society. | "Too few people left" is indeed a credible explanation. Small groups of surviving people struggling every day cannot pertain knowledge. A reduction in numbers alone is not the point, 1 million people maintaining a city state can save a lot of knowledge, the same number of people scattered in small tribal groups all around the world can't.
There may be additional factors like deliberate destruction of knowledge and technology: After the catastrophic events, some prophets arise and found a new religion and demand to destroy the evil writings of the past that led to the current desaster. Such events have taken place in history in the late Roman Empire after the transition to Christianity, or at the introduction of Islam in the Near East region. |
240,403 | My setting is what I would call "post-post-apocalyptic", meaning that our civilization doesn't exist anymore, but the collapse has happened in a past distant enough that people aren't really dealing with the direct fallouts of it anymore, or at least those aren't the story's focus. I need this setting to :
* Be technologically medieval, save for a few things like firearms – there are story-specific exceptions, but the general population in most of the world doesn't have even the notion of electricity generation ;
* Have very little to no collective memory of the old world and its history, and a very blurry/distorted memory of the collapse.
My issue is that both of those require a radical, virtually permanent knowledge loss, one that is complicated to make happen in our modern, interconnected world. For this reason, my question isn't about what exact type of collapse I should go for, but whether my focus should be "as few people left as possible without Humanity being doomed to extinction."
The idea is that going below certain figures would lead to a statistical lack of specialized individuals to operate/fix/produce modern technological items and act as teachers ; not enough people to spare from essential survival tasks and educate efficiently, let alone send to collect the knowledge still lying around ; large portions of that knowledge would gradually be lost to time as every electronic storage becomes permanently nonfunctional and books are left on their unprotected shelves to endure whatever comes their way for God knows how long. One can also assume that literacy rates would spiral down to abysmal levels, further hindering future generations' ability to retrieve any knowledge from those books on their own.
Until population recovery happens in any significant way (which I'm able to make as long as it needs to be), all those problems would only worsen until common and even "higher" knowledge stabilize around levels that we left eons ago.
So, to summarize :
* Preservation
* Transmission
* Recovery
Do you consider this a plausible way to reach the outcome that I described, or am I underestimating the resilience of our civilization when it comes to either of those three points? | 2023/01/08 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/240403",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/97222/"
] | This is not only possible, it's happened.
The last Mound-Builder culture of the Mississippi River valley collapsed after the introduction of European epidemic diseases, causing the population to decline to the point it could not maintain the chiefdoms it had consisted of. Some tribes managed to maintain legends that connect them to their ancestors, but others even lost the knowledge that the mounds they lived next to were built by human beings.
Likewise, the Bronze Age collapse meant the loss of the knowledge of how to read Linear B and Linear A -- indeed, only Linear B has been deciphered now.
And these were cultures with a lot less specialization and long-distance interdependences. It would certainly be possible for modern society. | Yes, if you just have a few hundred people left globally you wouldn't be surprised they lost a lot of knowledge.
================================================================================================================
An apocalypse bad enough to wipe out humanity to the last few hundred is bad enough that most sources of knowledge could be destroyed, and is enough that there wouldn't be many experts left. You wouldn't necessarily have many books left- if you have as few people as possible, whoever is surviving is probably at somewhere remote without any books. Those in cities probably all died, along with their books. |
240,403 | My setting is what I would call "post-post-apocalyptic", meaning that our civilization doesn't exist anymore, but the collapse has happened in a past distant enough that people aren't really dealing with the direct fallouts of it anymore, or at least those aren't the story's focus. I need this setting to :
* Be technologically medieval, save for a few things like firearms – there are story-specific exceptions, but the general population in most of the world doesn't have even the notion of electricity generation ;
* Have very little to no collective memory of the old world and its history, and a very blurry/distorted memory of the collapse.
My issue is that both of those require a radical, virtually permanent knowledge loss, one that is complicated to make happen in our modern, interconnected world. For this reason, my question isn't about what exact type of collapse I should go for, but whether my focus should be "as few people left as possible without Humanity being doomed to extinction."
The idea is that going below certain figures would lead to a statistical lack of specialized individuals to operate/fix/produce modern technological items and act as teachers ; not enough people to spare from essential survival tasks and educate efficiently, let alone send to collect the knowledge still lying around ; large portions of that knowledge would gradually be lost to time as every electronic storage becomes permanently nonfunctional and books are left on their unprotected shelves to endure whatever comes their way for God knows how long. One can also assume that literacy rates would spiral down to abysmal levels, further hindering future generations' ability to retrieve any knowledge from those books on their own.
Until population recovery happens in any significant way (which I'm able to make as long as it needs to be), all those problems would only worsen until common and even "higher" knowledge stabilize around levels that we left eons ago.
So, to summarize :
* Preservation
* Transmission
* Recovery
Do you consider this a plausible way to reach the outcome that I described, or am I underestimating the resilience of our civilization when it comes to either of those three points? | 2023/01/08 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/240403",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/97222/"
] | Considering our modern society, I'd say it's very plausible.
If production of electricity becomes impossible during an apocalyptic event, what is left of our modern civilization?
First of all, Wikipedia and all online resources are gone forever. But at the same time food production (the raw materials as well as baked / cooked goods) and transportation become incredibly limited. How could anyone produce car fuel without electricity running machines? So very suddenly you have a huge amount of people stuck in cities that rapidly run out of food and too few people in rural areas to farm the available land without machines. Everyone is scrambling to survive and the only education people get in that scenario is what they need to survive.
Who in North America or Europe is currently able to transport large amounts of food without cars or electricity? Who even has a grain mill and oven that works without electricity? Who still knows how to preserve food without electricity? Who is able to weave and sew new clothing when the old one deteriorates? Who can smelter and/or forge metal without electric kilns?
**Ironically this would have a much bigger impact on industrial countries** relying on automation and global trade than those who have a lower level of industrial development and general education, **probably killing off huge numbers of educated people.**
Let's assume humanity manages to survive that for 1 - 2 generations and people keep books as memorials stored in their homes. Their level of literacy would probably degrade to a level where most people can comprehend "1 chicken costs 10 breads" but any book about science or engineering would be exceedingly hard to comprehend, especially if vital technical terms haven't been in use for decades and people forgot their meaning. So at that time you would need several books of increasing levels of expertise to first learn about the basic concepts and then the advanced engineering. At the same time the people who did learn all that stuff grow old and eventually die.
And let's not forget that modern bleached paper degrades much quicker than vellum, papyrus and other old types of paper you might find in a museum. After 100 years in a not ideal environment the books might be molded, eaten by bugs, or simply crumbling between the fingers of a reader.
And during all that time, the machinery still surviving the apocalypse slowly breaks down, either by disuse or overuse. If possible, people will try reverse-engineering vital machines like water pumps and cranes and rebuild them with readily available materials like wood and stone. Others like clocks will slowly rot and eventually people won't believe that this hunk of rust could once tell the time. **That is a direct equivalent of "medieval technology".**
**However, it's hard to make people completely forget the time before the apocalypse.** We know from religious texts and oral traditions like that of the Australian Aborigines that memories of certain events can survive an incredibly long time if the people deem them important enough. It's not very plausible that an event eradicates all religious elites and their knowledge and literacy from all of humanity. However, even written accounts of events long past lose more and more information. The many contemporary discussions about biblical topics like Noah's Arc or Solomon's Temple and what they actually looked like should be proof enough.
Imagine what a person in 1920 would think about our current life. People back then did theorize what the future would look like, but they imagined flying cars and life on Venus. They had no comprehension of what a "Computer" is and that you could carry a device in your pocket that lets you speak to a remote person, record moving pictures, view moving picture from all over the planet, calculate complex math formulas, translate spoken or written words and read more knowledge than a single person can possibly read in their lifetime. Accurate descriptions of our current life may still exist 100 years after the apocalypse, but they would seem just as real as aliens or high magic in novels, or maybe as real as Jesus parting the sea. | In my opinion, no, not completely. At this stage it's not possible to lose the knowledge so completely so that humanity globally slides back to some less advanced level. Barring Extinction Level Event I can't imagine such situation.
Now, please do not mistake that with complete collapse of our modern society, or even whole civilization. The fact is it is so close to collapse that it's not even funny. More specifically, we are at a stage of transitioning to a global model of technological society based on (and almost completely dependent upon) cheap and abound energy. While disrupting that transition may be catastrophic, and may well end, rather easy, any developed country in mere weeks, it will not be total.
Our globe's regions are still developed - and progress in that development - at different stages, which means somewhere there will be a strong resilience to problems that will be disastrous elsewhere.
And, to be honest, at this stage we're extremely susceptible to cascade failure, leading to collapse. There will be no access to technology, thus leading to mass die-off due to famine, disease and - of course - violence, especially in urban and suburban regions, but it will be quick enough so that some areas will be left relatively intact, and those will be the ones that can easily become self-reliant.
The only way I can imagine it happen is conjunction of several global events, impacting all regions similarly (though at different intensity). As of right now this would be, in my opinion, simultaneous: extremely powerful Solar flare, shift of the magnetosphere (flipping of the magnetic poles) and a global pandemic at the same time.
Explanation is simple: we are spread enough that pocket-sized societies will survive, and enough of them have still access to print-based knowledge that, after some initial adaptation period, people will bounce back up. Admittedly it will be locally only, but it will be enough.
Not to mention that some of those societies - i.e. small towns or large villages - are now being created with the explicit purpose of sheltering their dwellers from outside turbulences and preserving the culture. Of course, they may fail, there may be not enough of them to restore civilization, but again - barring real cosmic disaster - enough of them will survive. |
549,437 | I'm not into physics so I don't know the exact wording for this kind of things, but I do my best:
I would like to have a device which generates frequencies. These frequencies should be directed to a antenna or something similar. Is this possible to build on a home-made-basis?
Thanks in advance :-)
Kind regards,
Max | 2020/05/05 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/549437",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/263308/"
] | I am assuming you are talking about transmitting a carrier frequency. Then you basically have a lot of choices: depending on the range of frequencies (e.g FM, AM, etc).
If you are interested in FM frequencies, this link does a pretty good job describing how you'd build one (<https://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Make-FM-Transmitter/>). | What you want is called a *radio frequency signal generator*. These are tuneable across broad ranges of frequencies but usually come in several different models depending on which segment of the RF spectrum you wish to work in: low frequency (less than 500 kilohertz), medium frequency (500 kilohertz to 2 megahertz), high frequency (2 megahertz to 50 megahertz) very high frequency (50 to 150 megahertz), ultrahigh frequency (150 to 500 megahertz) are the common ranges.
These will produce an RF signal that, when connected to an antenna, will transmit a (weak) signal over a distance of several feet.
To get more range, you will need an *RF power amplifier*, but for that you will also need to be licensed by the FCC. |
31,355 | This maybe a very general question.
If we have a group given by its presentation only, what kind of properties could be proven about it?
I know examples about non-amenability of some Burnside groups.
What kind of examples are there in literature where one proves some property "just" from a presentation? | 2010/07/11 | [
"https://mathoverflow.net/questions/31355",
"https://mathoverflow.net",
"https://mathoverflow.net/users/7307/"
] | *Almost nothing* can **reliably** be said about a group just from a presentation **in finite time**. (In fact, the abelianisation is just about the only thing one can reliably compute.) Most strikingly, there is no algorithm to recognise whether a given presentation represents the trivial group. More generally, one cannot in general solve 'the word problem' - ie, there is no algorithm to determine whether a given element is non-trivial. See [Chuck Miller's survey article](http://www.ms.unimelb.edu.au/~cfm/papers/paperpdfs/msri_survey.all.pdf) for details.
(**Update.** I inserted the word 'reliably' above in deference to Joel David Hamkins' fair comment. (**Update 2.** I then inserted the phrase 'in finite time' to be strictly correct, in an effort to head off further argument.) It is true that, in many special cases, there is information that can be read off from a specific presentation. This is more or less the topic of combinatorial group theory! But I want to emphasise that you can do nothing with an arbitrary presentation.)
On the other hand, there is a growing realisation that, surprisingly, if one is given a solution to the word problem (by an oracle, say) then one can compute quite a lot of information. Daniel Groves and I proved that, in these circumstances, one can determine whether the group in question is free. [Nicholas Touikan](http://arxiv.org/abs/0906.3902) generalised this to show that one cam compute the [Grushko decomposition](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grushko_theorem#Grushko_decomposition_theorem). | Continuing the idea that working with bare presentations is "hard", automatic groups sometimes can give you a handle, if you're trying to study a specific group . [Automatic groups](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_group) are groups with finite state machines that can, essentially, solve the word problem for that group.
If you're studying a particular group and are lucky, a procedure such as Knuth-Bendix can compute an automatic structure for you. Then lots of hard computations become easy (e.g. the order of the group).
Magma has some of these algorithms implemented, see [this Magma documentation page](http://magma.maths.usyd.edu.au/magma/htmlhelp/text869.htm). |
21,108,762 | I am creating setup of large data approximetly 10 GB with NSIS Script and trying to create a single setup (exe). Its giving an Error -
Internal compiler error #12345: error mmapping file (xxxxxxxxxx, xxxxxxxx) is out of range.
Note: you may have one or two (large) stale temporary file(s) left in your temporary directory (Generally this only happens on Windows 9x).
Please tell me how to solve this issue ?
Is there any other way to create a setup for this kinda situation ? | 2014/01/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/21108762",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1758962/"
] | NSIS installers are limited to 2Gb.
If you absolutely need it to be one file and you want to continue to use NSIS you have to append the data to the end of the generated setup. I'm not sure I would recommend that approach but it could work if the appended data is a zip file (or some other format with the header at the end) and you use one of the NSIS zip plugins to extract at run-time... | I have used <https://sourceforge.net/projects/nsisbi/> instead of normal NSIS. It solved the problem. |
21,108,762 | I am creating setup of large data approximetly 10 GB with NSIS Script and trying to create a single setup (exe). Its giving an Error -
Internal compiler error #12345: error mmapping file (xxxxxxxxxx, xxxxxxxx) is out of range.
Note: you may have one or two (large) stale temporary file(s) left in your temporary directory (Generally this only happens on Windows 9x).
Please tell me how to solve this issue ?
Is there any other way to create a setup for this kinda situation ? | 2014/01/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/21108762",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1758962/"
] | NSIS installers are limited to 2Gb.
If you absolutely need it to be one file and you want to continue to use NSIS you have to append the data to the end of the generated setup. I'm not sure I would recommend that approach but it could work if the appended data is a zip file (or some other format with the header at the end) and you use one of the NSIS zip plugins to extract at run-time... | I was using Silent Install Builder 5 and received this same error with a package installer that had LESS that 2 GB total. Once I determined that the NSIS compiler was to blame, I began experimenting with several possible solutions and here's what worked: I downloaded the newer NSISBI compiler from here <https://sourceforge.net/projects/nsisbi/> and then did these 3 steps:
1. Go to C:\Program Files (x86)\Silent Install Builder 5 and renamed the default NSIS folder to a new name.
2. Copied the NSISBI folder into the C:\Program Files (x86)\Silent Install Builder 5 directory and renamed IT to NSIS.
3. Tries to compile some large packages above and just below 2GB and the first few tries I would get missing file errors in the Silent Install Builder 5 compiling box. No worries because the missing files are in the old NSIS folder, that's why y9u don't delete it.
4. Each time find the missing file error displays, find the missing files and copy them into the same folder location in the new NSIS folder. About 3 times you will do this until there are no more errors at all and you can then include the large files without generating the "internal compiler error #12345: error mmapping file xxxx is out of range." error message. NSISBI works! |
21,108,762 | I am creating setup of large data approximetly 10 GB with NSIS Script and trying to create a single setup (exe). Its giving an Error -
Internal compiler error #12345: error mmapping file (xxxxxxxxxx, xxxxxxxx) is out of range.
Note: you may have one or two (large) stale temporary file(s) left in your temporary directory (Generally this only happens on Windows 9x).
Please tell me how to solve this issue ?
Is there any other way to create a setup for this kinda situation ? | 2014/01/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/21108762",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1758962/"
] | I have used <https://sourceforge.net/projects/nsisbi/> instead of normal NSIS. It solved the problem. | I was using Silent Install Builder 5 and received this same error with a package installer that had LESS that 2 GB total. Once I determined that the NSIS compiler was to blame, I began experimenting with several possible solutions and here's what worked: I downloaded the newer NSISBI compiler from here <https://sourceforge.net/projects/nsisbi/> and then did these 3 steps:
1. Go to C:\Program Files (x86)\Silent Install Builder 5 and renamed the default NSIS folder to a new name.
2. Copied the NSISBI folder into the C:\Program Files (x86)\Silent Install Builder 5 directory and renamed IT to NSIS.
3. Tries to compile some large packages above and just below 2GB and the first few tries I would get missing file errors in the Silent Install Builder 5 compiling box. No worries because the missing files are in the old NSIS folder, that's why y9u don't delete it.
4. Each time find the missing file error displays, find the missing files and copy them into the same folder location in the new NSIS folder. About 3 times you will do this until there are no more errors at all and you can then include the large files without generating the "internal compiler error #12345: error mmapping file xxxx is out of range." error message. NSISBI works! |
115,297 | You are playing a game on the following 4x4 grid. Each turn you can slide **all** the orange balls into one of four directions: left, up, right or down. A ball will continue sliding along a direction until it hits a wall (solid blue squares), boundary of the grid or another ball. All the balls move at once. Walls do not move. Can you get the balls to finish on the target (T) cells?
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0hKRM.png) | 2022/03/15 | [
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/115297",
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com",
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/62537/"
] | Is this a trick question? (New here)
Is the answer just
>
> "yes"?
>
>
>
Otherwise,
>
> up left up right
>
>
>
>
> up right up right
>
>
>
>
> down right down left
>
>
>
>
> up right down
>
>
>
>
> The trick is to "disrupt" the alignment of two balls that the instinctive approach wants to line up against the right wall.
>
>
> | @user already posted a [solution](https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/a/115298/36023), mine differs slightly at the end:
>
> ULU RURUR DR ULURD
>
>
>
(spaces inserted at the points where I was mentally switching to another task; the final 5 moves are where the solution differs from @user's)
This is what it looks like:
>
> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xvhsJ.gif)
>
>
> |
115,297 | You are playing a game on the following 4x4 grid. Each turn you can slide **all** the orange balls into one of four directions: left, up, right or down. A ball will continue sliding along a direction until it hits a wall (solid blue squares), boundary of the grid or another ball. All the balls move at once. Walls do not move. Can you get the balls to finish on the target (T) cells?
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0hKRM.png) | 2022/03/15 | [
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/115297",
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com",
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/62537/"
] | Is this a trick question? (New here)
Is the answer just
>
> "yes"?
>
>
>
Otherwise,
>
> up left up right
>
>
>
>
> up right up right
>
>
>
>
> down right down left
>
>
>
>
> up right down
>
>
>
>
> The trick is to "disrupt" the alignment of two balls that the instinctive approach wants to line up against the right wall.
>
>
> | I have a completely different solution, the same length as the [other](https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/a/115301/79147) [two](https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/a/115298/79147) at time of posting - still 15 moves. I am wondering if there is a way to solve this in less than 15 moves.
>
> URURD LUR DRD LURD
>
>
>
After the first five moves, the grid looks like this:
>
> URURD (one of the orange balls has not moved as no left move has been made): [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/qo0Yy.png)
>
>
>
After the next three, it looks like this:
>
> LUR: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bLd6J.png)
>
>
>
After the next three:
>
> DRD: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/FBDqF.png)
>
>
>
And the final four moves complete it:
>
> LURD: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/CkKTw.png)
>
>
> |
115,297 | You are playing a game on the following 4x4 grid. Each turn you can slide **all** the orange balls into one of four directions: left, up, right or down. A ball will continue sliding along a direction until it hits a wall (solid blue squares), boundary of the grid or another ball. All the balls move at once. Walls do not move. Can you get the balls to finish on the target (T) cells?
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0hKRM.png) | 2022/03/15 | [
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/115297",
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com",
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/62537/"
] | @user already posted a [solution](https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/a/115298/36023), mine differs slightly at the end:
>
> ULU RURUR DR ULURD
>
>
>
(spaces inserted at the points where I was mentally switching to another task; the final 5 moves are where the solution differs from @user's)
This is what it looks like:
>
> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xvhsJ.gif)
>
>
> | I have a completely different solution, the same length as the [other](https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/a/115301/79147) [two](https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/a/115298/79147) at time of posting - still 15 moves. I am wondering if there is a way to solve this in less than 15 moves.
>
> URURD LUR DRD LURD
>
>
>
After the first five moves, the grid looks like this:
>
> URURD (one of the orange balls has not moved as no left move has been made): [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/qo0Yy.png)
>
>
>
After the next three, it looks like this:
>
> LUR: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bLd6J.png)
>
>
>
After the next three:
>
> DRD: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/FBDqF.png)
>
>
>
And the final four moves complete it:
>
> LURD: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/CkKTw.png)
>
>
> |
23,691 | I've started to hear creaking/clicking sounds from the saddle tube. **Is the frame giving up?**
I could look for [a longer saddle post](http://www.amazon.de/XXL-ALU-SATTELST%C3%9CTZE-%C3%9CBERL%C3%84NGE-50/dp/B003IB77WC/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&qid=1405670710&sr=8-9&keywords=fahrrad%20sattelstange), if that would relieve some of the strain on this part of the frame, but I'm not sure what length to get.
I've measured the outer diameter of the post to be approx. 27mm -- but what is the proper name/size for this dimension?
It's a 58 (cm/in?) aluminum frame with 28" wheels, roughly 10 years old. I've got the saddle fairly high, but I'm a tall guy (192cm, 95kg) so it needs to be like this. When I put a heel on the lowest pedal, my leg is practically straight. Perhaps I should buy a bike with a bigger frame, if that exists, but I am hoping to avoid significant expenses. The bike is otherwise in good condition.
**Updates to comments:**
* Saddle post is 1cm lower than its "max" mark. Close, but okay - perhaps too close, given my weight? (95kg)
* frame and post is metal, presumably both aluminum.
* Creaking goes away when standing. That's why I suspect this area.
* Saddle clamp and rails seem good on visual inspection.
 | 2014/07/18 | [
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/23691",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/users/275/"
] | Often, dirt gets between the seat post and seat tube. Remove the seat post. Clean the post. Clean inside the seat tube. Grease the post and re-install. Hopefully the noise will be gone. You say the post is close to the max mark. For a little added safety, longer seat posts are available. | Try to put tube lower enough and check how it sounds in that position. If any sounds don't appear then just replace with new longer tube. It saves your frame.
Or it might be sand or dirt cause noise. So try to clean up tube and frame. |
23,691 | I've started to hear creaking/clicking sounds from the saddle tube. **Is the frame giving up?**
I could look for [a longer saddle post](http://www.amazon.de/XXL-ALU-SATTELST%C3%9CTZE-%C3%9CBERL%C3%84NGE-50/dp/B003IB77WC/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&qid=1405670710&sr=8-9&keywords=fahrrad%20sattelstange), if that would relieve some of the strain on this part of the frame, but I'm not sure what length to get.
I've measured the outer diameter of the post to be approx. 27mm -- but what is the proper name/size for this dimension?
It's a 58 (cm/in?) aluminum frame with 28" wheels, roughly 10 years old. I've got the saddle fairly high, but I'm a tall guy (192cm, 95kg) so it needs to be like this. When I put a heel on the lowest pedal, my leg is practically straight. Perhaps I should buy a bike with a bigger frame, if that exists, but I am hoping to avoid significant expenses. The bike is otherwise in good condition.
**Updates to comments:**
* Saddle post is 1cm lower than its "max" mark. Close, but okay - perhaps too close, given my weight? (95kg)
* frame and post is metal, presumably both aluminum.
* Creaking goes away when standing. That's why I suspect this area.
* Saddle clamp and rails seem good on visual inspection.
 | 2014/07/18 | [
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/23691",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/users/275/"
] | Most probably, the seatpost just needs to be cleaned (dust gets in) AND/OR tightened a little bit. Don't overdo it, it's best to stay within the 5-6 Nm range so as not to bust your seatpost ring or seat tube. Greasing the seatpost might also help. I wouldn't recommend any actual grease for this (messy, tends to get the seatpost stuck after a year of riding), powdered graphite is more appropriate. | Try to put tube lower enough and check how it sounds in that position. If any sounds don't appear then just replace with new longer tube. It saves your frame.
Or it might be sand or dirt cause noise. So try to clean up tube and frame. |
23,691 | I've started to hear creaking/clicking sounds from the saddle tube. **Is the frame giving up?**
I could look for [a longer saddle post](http://www.amazon.de/XXL-ALU-SATTELST%C3%9CTZE-%C3%9CBERL%C3%84NGE-50/dp/B003IB77WC/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&qid=1405670710&sr=8-9&keywords=fahrrad%20sattelstange), if that would relieve some of the strain on this part of the frame, but I'm not sure what length to get.
I've measured the outer diameter of the post to be approx. 27mm -- but what is the proper name/size for this dimension?
It's a 58 (cm/in?) aluminum frame with 28" wheels, roughly 10 years old. I've got the saddle fairly high, but I'm a tall guy (192cm, 95kg) so it needs to be like this. When I put a heel on the lowest pedal, my leg is practically straight. Perhaps I should buy a bike with a bigger frame, if that exists, but I am hoping to avoid significant expenses. The bike is otherwise in good condition.
**Updates to comments:**
* Saddle post is 1cm lower than its "max" mark. Close, but okay - perhaps too close, given my weight? (95kg)
* frame and post is metal, presumably both aluminum.
* Creaking goes away when standing. That's why I suspect this area.
* Saddle clamp and rails seem good on visual inspection.
 | 2014/07/18 | [
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/23691",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/users/275/"
] | As a fellow tall guy, try temporarily lowering your seat by half and see if the creaking goes away. If yes, your seatpost is simply too high and unsupported, so buy a longer one. 350mm and 400mm are available now, not overly expensive.
Have a good close look at the frame for cracks too - I broke a frame by having the seat too high. | Try to put tube lower enough and check how it sounds in that position. If any sounds don't appear then just replace with new longer tube. It saves your frame.
Or it might be sand or dirt cause noise. So try to clean up tube and frame. |
23,691 | I've started to hear creaking/clicking sounds from the saddle tube. **Is the frame giving up?**
I could look for [a longer saddle post](http://www.amazon.de/XXL-ALU-SATTELST%C3%9CTZE-%C3%9CBERL%C3%84NGE-50/dp/B003IB77WC/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&qid=1405670710&sr=8-9&keywords=fahrrad%20sattelstange), if that would relieve some of the strain on this part of the frame, but I'm not sure what length to get.
I've measured the outer diameter of the post to be approx. 27mm -- but what is the proper name/size for this dimension?
It's a 58 (cm/in?) aluminum frame with 28" wheels, roughly 10 years old. I've got the saddle fairly high, but I'm a tall guy (192cm, 95kg) so it needs to be like this. When I put a heel on the lowest pedal, my leg is practically straight. Perhaps I should buy a bike with a bigger frame, if that exists, but I am hoping to avoid significant expenses. The bike is otherwise in good condition.
**Updates to comments:**
* Saddle post is 1cm lower than its "max" mark. Close, but okay - perhaps too close, given my weight? (95kg)
* frame and post is metal, presumably both aluminum.
* Creaking goes away when standing. That's why I suspect this area.
* Saddle clamp and rails seem good on visual inspection.
 | 2014/07/18 | [
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/23691",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/users/275/"
] | Often, dirt gets between the seat post and seat tube. Remove the seat post. Clean the post. Clean inside the seat tube. Grease the post and re-install. Hopefully the noise will be gone. You say the post is close to the max mark. For a little added safety, longer seat posts are available. | As a fellow tall guy, try temporarily lowering your seat by half and see if the creaking goes away. If yes, your seatpost is simply too high and unsupported, so buy a longer one. 350mm and 400mm are available now, not overly expensive.
Have a good close look at the frame for cracks too - I broke a frame by having the seat too high. |
23,691 | I've started to hear creaking/clicking sounds from the saddle tube. **Is the frame giving up?**
I could look for [a longer saddle post](http://www.amazon.de/XXL-ALU-SATTELST%C3%9CTZE-%C3%9CBERL%C3%84NGE-50/dp/B003IB77WC/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&qid=1405670710&sr=8-9&keywords=fahrrad%20sattelstange), if that would relieve some of the strain on this part of the frame, but I'm not sure what length to get.
I've measured the outer diameter of the post to be approx. 27mm -- but what is the proper name/size for this dimension?
It's a 58 (cm/in?) aluminum frame with 28" wheels, roughly 10 years old. I've got the saddle fairly high, but I'm a tall guy (192cm, 95kg) so it needs to be like this. When I put a heel on the lowest pedal, my leg is practically straight. Perhaps I should buy a bike with a bigger frame, if that exists, but I am hoping to avoid significant expenses. The bike is otherwise in good condition.
**Updates to comments:**
* Saddle post is 1cm lower than its "max" mark. Close, but okay - perhaps too close, given my weight? (95kg)
* frame and post is metal, presumably both aluminum.
* Creaking goes away when standing. That's why I suspect this area.
* Saddle clamp and rails seem good on visual inspection.
 | 2014/07/18 | [
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/23691",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/users/275/"
] | Most probably, the seatpost just needs to be cleaned (dust gets in) AND/OR tightened a little bit. Don't overdo it, it's best to stay within the 5-6 Nm range so as not to bust your seatpost ring or seat tube. Greasing the seatpost might also help. I wouldn't recommend any actual grease for this (messy, tends to get the seatpost stuck after a year of riding), powdered graphite is more appropriate. | As a fellow tall guy, try temporarily lowering your seat by half and see if the creaking goes away. If yes, your seatpost is simply too high and unsupported, so buy a longer one. 350mm and 400mm are available now, not overly expensive.
Have a good close look at the frame for cracks too - I broke a frame by having the seat too high. |
2,525 | I want a "product shot" style photo of several small objects without any background (pure white background).
Knowing the hours of work involved in properly deep-etching, but not having nice lighting or a curved-white-matte background, I photographed them on white paper. My hope was that instead of laboriously removing the BG with a selection tool, I could somehow **"whiten the whites" of the images** use "curves" or something like that.
However, I played with the curves tool but couldn't figure it out. How do I do this? (or any better suggestions?) | 2010/08/16 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/2525",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/1065/"
] | I'll show how you can do this in GIMP, it should be similar in photoshop.
We start with our object on paper. Curves dialog basically shows us histogram of the image. When I click into the image, I can see where in the histogram given area is. This way I can find out where approximately my future white point is going to be.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/roogM.jpg)
Then I modify the curve in way that makes tones even a bit darker than our projected point go completely white. The curve basically sets brigtness tone mapping in our image. Original curve projected every tone to the same one, so did not change anything. The curve we have now makes everything above 55% brightness completely white, the second point in the middle tries to keep tones that were originally dark relatively unchanged.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kyMXb.jpg)
As you can see this curve didn't work completely. I could have pushed the brightness a bit further (e.g. the curve a bit left, to eat out more of middle tones), but I think that would destroy original image too much. If I needed to go through with this I'd probably create another layer in which I'd push it all the way to eliminate the shadow, and than mask it in a way that would only show up in shadow area where I need it, without affecting a low of the object.
Or, our can simply take this as a a starting point and use white brush to kill the rest of the background. | Unless it's a terribly complex item, I would suggest just going and removing the background. You may get somewhere first with using a magic wand selection.
Removing the background manually either with a selection tool or an eraser will give you the cleanest result without affecting the item itself.
That's how I would go about it anyway. |
2,525 | I want a "product shot" style photo of several small objects without any background (pure white background).
Knowing the hours of work involved in properly deep-etching, but not having nice lighting or a curved-white-matte background, I photographed them on white paper. My hope was that instead of laboriously removing the BG with a selection tool, I could somehow **"whiten the whites" of the images** use "curves" or something like that.
However, I played with the curves tool but couldn't figure it out. How do I do this? (or any better suggestions?) | 2010/08/16 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/2525",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/1065/"
] | I'll show how you can do this in GIMP, it should be similar in photoshop.
We start with our object on paper. Curves dialog basically shows us histogram of the image. When I click into the image, I can see where in the histogram given area is. This way I can find out where approximately my future white point is going to be.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/roogM.jpg)
Then I modify the curve in way that makes tones even a bit darker than our projected point go completely white. The curve basically sets brigtness tone mapping in our image. Original curve projected every tone to the same one, so did not change anything. The curve we have now makes everything above 55% brightness completely white, the second point in the middle tries to keep tones that were originally dark relatively unchanged.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kyMXb.jpg)
As you can see this curve didn't work completely. I could have pushed the brightness a bit further (e.g. the curve a bit left, to eat out more of middle tones), but I think that would destroy original image too much. If I needed to go through with this I'd probably create another layer in which I'd push it all the way to eliminate the shadow, and than mask it in a way that would only show up in shadow area where I need it, without affecting a low of the object.
Or, our can simply take this as a a starting point and use white brush to kill the rest of the background. | If there is no bright areas on your products, then you can use curves to blow all the highlights until the paper is all white. Go near the top right and experiment with bringing a spot near the top up, but it will probably change the lighter areas of your product noticeably. |
2,525 | I want a "product shot" style photo of several small objects without any background (pure white background).
Knowing the hours of work involved in properly deep-etching, but not having nice lighting or a curved-white-matte background, I photographed them on white paper. My hope was that instead of laboriously removing the BG with a selection tool, I could somehow **"whiten the whites" of the images** use "curves" or something like that.
However, I played with the curves tool but couldn't figure it out. How do I do this? (or any better suggestions?) | 2010/08/16 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/2525",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/1065/"
] | I'll show how you can do this in GIMP, it should be similar in photoshop.
We start with our object on paper. Curves dialog basically shows us histogram of the image. When I click into the image, I can see where in the histogram given area is. This way I can find out where approximately my future white point is going to be.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/roogM.jpg)
Then I modify the curve in way that makes tones even a bit darker than our projected point go completely white. The curve basically sets brigtness tone mapping in our image. Original curve projected every tone to the same one, so did not change anything. The curve we have now makes everything above 55% brightness completely white, the second point in the middle tries to keep tones that were originally dark relatively unchanged.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kyMXb.jpg)
As you can see this curve didn't work completely. I could have pushed the brightness a bit further (e.g. the curve a bit left, to eat out more of middle tones), but I think that would destroy original image too much. If I needed to go through with this I'd probably create another layer in which I'd push it all the way to eliminate the shadow, and than mask it in a way that would only show up in shadow area where I need it, without affecting a low of the object.
Or, our can simply take this as a a starting point and use white brush to kill the rest of the background. | I would recommend reading through [How do I properly do shadowless product photos?](https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/14991) as a lot of the same principles there apply here.
In general: 1) Use a back-splash light which is brighter than the product.
or
2) Post-process fix it up.
For 2, you can use Photoshop or Gimp and the selection wand like you mentioned. There are also other resources online available, such as <http://fotofuze.com>, which can do the selection and cut-out part for you.
Photoshop can be bought here: <http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop.html>
GIMP can be downloaded here: <http://www.gimp.org/> |
64,335 | How do I sync Calendar-Evolution between laptop (Ubuntu 10-10) and desktop (Ubuntu 11-04)? Information for new Ubuntu One users provided a warning and FAQ link, but the link is broken. | 2011/10/05 | [
"https://askubuntu.com/questions/64335",
"https://askubuntu.com",
"https://askubuntu.com/users/26219/"
] | Yes, synchronizing calendar with Ubuntu One doesn't work. But you can use SyncEvolution to do that. There is also a GUI called Genesis to simplify. If you want an online solution, then you can also get an account at Funambol.com, or similar.
You could sync Evolutions data directory on Ubuntu One, but I wouldn't recommend it as it can have negative side effects. | Read Step-by-step methods here:
[Synchronize-evolution-data-among-computers-over-lan](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SyncEvolution/synchronize-evolution-data-among-computers-over-lan)
**Source:** <https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SyncEvolution/> |
130,727 | I know this has been attempted many times before:
Here [Transfer points between sites](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/34860/transfer-points-between-sites),
here [Should SO rep be considered in SU and SF?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/15117/should-so-rep-be-considered-in-su-and-sf), here too [Why not merge reputation across Stack Overflow, Server Fault, and Super User?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6336/why-not-merge-reputation-across-so-sf-and-su),
here [Can I use my rep from one site to give a bounty on another](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/93172/can-i-use-my-rep-from-one-site-to-give-a-bounty-on-another),
here [Allow bounty to be set with reputation from another site?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/7193/allow-bounty-to-be-set-with-reputation-from-another-site),
and here [Sharing the reputation among all the Stack Exchange sites](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/99658/sharing-the-reputation-among-all-the-stack-exchange-sites),
here as well [How about a shared reputation?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/79409/how-about-a-shared-reputation) and there are many many more posts about this....
The fact that there are so many posts about it shows that there is a true desire for a transferring reputation from site to site.
The main initiative is that everybody is specializes in something, but might have a difficult questions in a subject that (s)hes not so good in and therefore cannot get sufficient reputation to offer bounty to get his/her question answered.
Well I am in that kind of situation. I've some reputation on SO, but am struggling to have enough reputation on SF and Ask Ubuntu to get some of my tough questions answered.
Many concerns have been posted about the idea of transferring reputation from on site to another:
* Reputation is a measure of trust and experience: Somebody with a high reputation on SO should be able to have the same in Mathematics (without earning it there).
* Reputation on one site doesn't have the same value as reputation on another site. This is the issue Shog9 has posted in his comment:
>
> Imagine a site where getting to 10K reputation points requires a near-herculean effort - it's easy if you try - and now imagine that some schmuck like me, with 50K on SO, wanders in, accumulates 200 points, and then starts handing out 500 point bounties left and right. Within a disturbingly short time, I could eclipse the influence of users who've labored to shape that site from day one, with minimal effort. That ain't right.
>
>
>
* Giving out bounties requires the op to be able to judge who is most worthy of receiving bounty if more than one answer is given.
I think I have come up with an easy solution that fulfills the goal without affecting any of the concerns:
My idea is to setup another "token" lets call it "bounty credit" or just "credit" that has the following rules applied:
1. Reputation can be converted into credit at a 1:1 ratio.
2. Credit cannot be converted back into reputation.
3. Credit cannot be directly transferred from one site to another.
4. Users can exchange credit with another user from another site at any ratio that both users agree to.
5. Trading bounties is a privilege that only comes after 200 reputation.
6. The amount of credit that user has on each site is not made public.
7. Credit can only be used to post bounties or for exchanging credit with other sites.
8. Users cannot trade credit with themselves.
A simple trading system can be set up on which users can easily exchange credit with other users, just like on a stock market. The community will thus define how much the credit is worth on each site, simply depending on demand and availability.
**Credit on SO will be least valuable, because reputation there is most abundant (means that it probably requires less effort). People exchanging SO credits will be more willing to trade more for less than on other sites. This will make sure that nobody will be able to spend more bounty on another site than (s)he really deserves to. After all the bounty that (s)he spends must have been earned by somebody in the normal way on that same site and somebody will not give it out for nothing.**
The extra benefit that comes here is that people harvest their reputation is on the subject that they are best at and not where they have the most pressing question and therefore the time will be best spent.
The fact that nobody can exchange credit without having more than 200 reputation ensures that everybody using this system has at least got some idea on the topic and is thus well able to decide which answer most worthy of a bounty.
Perhaps the exchange should also be taxed at say 10% to prevent some people gaining a lot of credit, just by trading it around.
I think this idea would become very useful to many users, without affecting the ecosystem in any negative way.
What do you think? | 2012/04/29 | [
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/130727",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/180987/"
] | >
> The fact that there are so many posts about it shows that there is a true desire for a transferring reputation from site to site.
>
>
>
Yup. Coupled with,
>
> My idea is to setup another "currency" lets call it "bounty credit"
>
>
>
...the mistaken idea that reputation is in any significant way *a currency*.
Granted, the very *existence* of a bounty system does go a long way toward encouraging that impression. *Hopefully,* the severe restrictions placed on it do *something* to counteract that. Nevertheless...
* Reputation is not a currency. The reputation system is [a token economy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_economy).
* It doesn't "cost" anything to ask a question, or get an answer, on any Stack Exchange site. If you think you *have* to offer a bounty in order to get an answer to your question, you should probably think about ways of writing a better question instead.
* Reputation on one site doesn't necessarily mean *anything* in the context of *any other site.*
* Awarding a bounty is simply a way to vouch for another user's expertise, with the deduction from your own reputation serving to both limit the frequency of such things and demand that you have at least some small amount of experience yourself. Think of it as a ["super up-vote"](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8098/should-we-have-a-small-number-of-supervotes-per-day).
* **Reputation is not a currency.** Any attempt to make it into one will be met with severe opposition.
### Related: [What exactly is "artificial inflation of reputation", and where is the line?](https://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/318497/what-exactly-is-artificial-inflation-of-reputation-and-where-is-the-line/318499#318499) | Once upon a time there was a site called experts exchange. They started out offering Q&A for free. Then they started charging. So to get help, to get that knowledge out of people's heads, required cold hard cash.
Jeff and Joel when they started SO did so [with the express intention of not being experts exchange.](http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2008/04/introducing-stackoverflow-com.html)
As you can see, therefore, the idea of trading "credit" or "paying" for help here, on these sites, is pretty much directly opposed with the original reason for starting SO.
I can't comment on the idea of trading reputation between sites, or bountying rep from one site to users on another. Aside from its technical complexity, I've no real opinions either way. But inter-site credit - I don't think that'll happen.
There's another good reason it won't happen - there is *already* a kind of credit you can offer - money! Simply [hire someone with the skillset you need](http://careers.stackoverflow.com/) (you may need to persuade Mr Shog above to get careers implemented for your site of choice, but never mind). |
130,727 | I know this has been attempted many times before:
Here [Transfer points between sites](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/34860/transfer-points-between-sites),
here [Should SO rep be considered in SU and SF?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/15117/should-so-rep-be-considered-in-su-and-sf), here too [Why not merge reputation across Stack Overflow, Server Fault, and Super User?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6336/why-not-merge-reputation-across-so-sf-and-su),
here [Can I use my rep from one site to give a bounty on another](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/93172/can-i-use-my-rep-from-one-site-to-give-a-bounty-on-another),
here [Allow bounty to be set with reputation from another site?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/7193/allow-bounty-to-be-set-with-reputation-from-another-site),
and here [Sharing the reputation among all the Stack Exchange sites](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/99658/sharing-the-reputation-among-all-the-stack-exchange-sites),
here as well [How about a shared reputation?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/79409/how-about-a-shared-reputation) and there are many many more posts about this....
The fact that there are so many posts about it shows that there is a true desire for a transferring reputation from site to site.
The main initiative is that everybody is specializes in something, but might have a difficult questions in a subject that (s)hes not so good in and therefore cannot get sufficient reputation to offer bounty to get his/her question answered.
Well I am in that kind of situation. I've some reputation on SO, but am struggling to have enough reputation on SF and Ask Ubuntu to get some of my tough questions answered.
Many concerns have been posted about the idea of transferring reputation from on site to another:
* Reputation is a measure of trust and experience: Somebody with a high reputation on SO should be able to have the same in Mathematics (without earning it there).
* Reputation on one site doesn't have the same value as reputation on another site. This is the issue Shog9 has posted in his comment:
>
> Imagine a site where getting to 10K reputation points requires a near-herculean effort - it's easy if you try - and now imagine that some schmuck like me, with 50K on SO, wanders in, accumulates 200 points, and then starts handing out 500 point bounties left and right. Within a disturbingly short time, I could eclipse the influence of users who've labored to shape that site from day one, with minimal effort. That ain't right.
>
>
>
* Giving out bounties requires the op to be able to judge who is most worthy of receiving bounty if more than one answer is given.
I think I have come up with an easy solution that fulfills the goal without affecting any of the concerns:
My idea is to setup another "token" lets call it "bounty credit" or just "credit" that has the following rules applied:
1. Reputation can be converted into credit at a 1:1 ratio.
2. Credit cannot be converted back into reputation.
3. Credit cannot be directly transferred from one site to another.
4. Users can exchange credit with another user from another site at any ratio that both users agree to.
5. Trading bounties is a privilege that only comes after 200 reputation.
6. The amount of credit that user has on each site is not made public.
7. Credit can only be used to post bounties or for exchanging credit with other sites.
8. Users cannot trade credit with themselves.
A simple trading system can be set up on which users can easily exchange credit with other users, just like on a stock market. The community will thus define how much the credit is worth on each site, simply depending on demand and availability.
**Credit on SO will be least valuable, because reputation there is most abundant (means that it probably requires less effort). People exchanging SO credits will be more willing to trade more for less than on other sites. This will make sure that nobody will be able to spend more bounty on another site than (s)he really deserves to. After all the bounty that (s)he spends must have been earned by somebody in the normal way on that same site and somebody will not give it out for nothing.**
The extra benefit that comes here is that people harvest their reputation is on the subject that they are best at and not where they have the most pressing question and therefore the time will be best spent.
The fact that nobody can exchange credit without having more than 200 reputation ensures that everybody using this system has at least got some idea on the topic and is thus well able to decide which answer most worthy of a bounty.
Perhaps the exchange should also be taxed at say 10% to prevent some people gaining a lot of credit, just by trading it around.
I think this idea would become very useful to many users, without affecting the ecosystem in any negative way.
What do you think? | 2012/04/29 | [
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/130727",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/180987/"
] | >
> The fact that there are so many posts about it shows that there is a true desire for a transferring reputation from site to site.
>
>
>
Yup. Coupled with,
>
> My idea is to setup another "currency" lets call it "bounty credit"
>
>
>
...the mistaken idea that reputation is in any significant way *a currency*.
Granted, the very *existence* of a bounty system does go a long way toward encouraging that impression. *Hopefully,* the severe restrictions placed on it do *something* to counteract that. Nevertheless...
* Reputation is not a currency. The reputation system is [a token economy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_economy).
* It doesn't "cost" anything to ask a question, or get an answer, on any Stack Exchange site. If you think you *have* to offer a bounty in order to get an answer to your question, you should probably think about ways of writing a better question instead.
* Reputation on one site doesn't necessarily mean *anything* in the context of *any other site.*
* Awarding a bounty is simply a way to vouch for another user's expertise, with the deduction from your own reputation serving to both limit the frequency of such things and demand that you have at least some small amount of experience yourself. Think of it as a ["super up-vote"](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/8098/should-we-have-a-small-number-of-supervotes-per-day).
* **Reputation is not a currency.** Any attempt to make it into one will be met with severe opposition.
### Related: [What exactly is "artificial inflation of reputation", and where is the line?](https://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/318497/what-exactly-is-artificial-inflation-of-reputation-and-where-is-the-line/318499#318499) | I started a bounty today on Skeptics, on a [question](https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/q/7750/5142) that I really want to know the answer to. The 50 rep bounty may seem quite insignificant, but it did lose me three privileges on the site (create chat rooms, edit community wiki, and ironically set bounties) and it could have been far larger if I could dip into my 20K network rep for it. So, I really do get where you are coming from.
But, I am not a contributing member on Skeptics. Sure, I read through it almost every day, I even edited a question once (I'm that awesome), but I haven't asked or answered a single question, all my reputation on the site is from the 101 association bonus and from edits. That's important because bounties naturally attract people to the question, and I already feel like I cheated a bit here by exploiting the rep from the association bonus, as although I really want the question answered, I also happen to know the OP in real life (Hi Liza ;).
I have absolutely no idea if the question is a good one for the site, heh, I'm not even sure it's on topic, but the bounty will definitely bring some attention to it. No big deal when it's one question, but think about it, with a network wide rep bounty thingy in place I could place bounties on crap questions all over the network, on sites that are about things I have little (if any) idea about. It may sound like a good idea when you think of sites like Programmers, Stack Overflow, and Code Review, but it starts sounding like a very bad idea when you add Biblical Hermeneutics, Poker and Musical Practice and Performance in the mix.
In short, setting bounties is a privilege, it's better to only have it where you earned it. |
130,727 | I know this has been attempted many times before:
Here [Transfer points between sites](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/34860/transfer-points-between-sites),
here [Should SO rep be considered in SU and SF?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/15117/should-so-rep-be-considered-in-su-and-sf), here too [Why not merge reputation across Stack Overflow, Server Fault, and Super User?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6336/why-not-merge-reputation-across-so-sf-and-su),
here [Can I use my rep from one site to give a bounty on another](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/93172/can-i-use-my-rep-from-one-site-to-give-a-bounty-on-another),
here [Allow bounty to be set with reputation from another site?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/7193/allow-bounty-to-be-set-with-reputation-from-another-site),
and here [Sharing the reputation among all the Stack Exchange sites](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/99658/sharing-the-reputation-among-all-the-stack-exchange-sites),
here as well [How about a shared reputation?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/79409/how-about-a-shared-reputation) and there are many many more posts about this....
The fact that there are so many posts about it shows that there is a true desire for a transferring reputation from site to site.
The main initiative is that everybody is specializes in something, but might have a difficult questions in a subject that (s)hes not so good in and therefore cannot get sufficient reputation to offer bounty to get his/her question answered.
Well I am in that kind of situation. I've some reputation on SO, but am struggling to have enough reputation on SF and Ask Ubuntu to get some of my tough questions answered.
Many concerns have been posted about the idea of transferring reputation from on site to another:
* Reputation is a measure of trust and experience: Somebody with a high reputation on SO should be able to have the same in Mathematics (without earning it there).
* Reputation on one site doesn't have the same value as reputation on another site. This is the issue Shog9 has posted in his comment:
>
> Imagine a site where getting to 10K reputation points requires a near-herculean effort - it's easy if you try - and now imagine that some schmuck like me, with 50K on SO, wanders in, accumulates 200 points, and then starts handing out 500 point bounties left and right. Within a disturbingly short time, I could eclipse the influence of users who've labored to shape that site from day one, with minimal effort. That ain't right.
>
>
>
* Giving out bounties requires the op to be able to judge who is most worthy of receiving bounty if more than one answer is given.
I think I have come up with an easy solution that fulfills the goal without affecting any of the concerns:
My idea is to setup another "token" lets call it "bounty credit" or just "credit" that has the following rules applied:
1. Reputation can be converted into credit at a 1:1 ratio.
2. Credit cannot be converted back into reputation.
3. Credit cannot be directly transferred from one site to another.
4. Users can exchange credit with another user from another site at any ratio that both users agree to.
5. Trading bounties is a privilege that only comes after 200 reputation.
6. The amount of credit that user has on each site is not made public.
7. Credit can only be used to post bounties or for exchanging credit with other sites.
8. Users cannot trade credit with themselves.
A simple trading system can be set up on which users can easily exchange credit with other users, just like on a stock market. The community will thus define how much the credit is worth on each site, simply depending on demand and availability.
**Credit on SO will be least valuable, because reputation there is most abundant (means that it probably requires less effort). People exchanging SO credits will be more willing to trade more for less than on other sites. This will make sure that nobody will be able to spend more bounty on another site than (s)he really deserves to. After all the bounty that (s)he spends must have been earned by somebody in the normal way on that same site and somebody will not give it out for nothing.**
The extra benefit that comes here is that people harvest their reputation is on the subject that they are best at and not where they have the most pressing question and therefore the time will be best spent.
The fact that nobody can exchange credit without having more than 200 reputation ensures that everybody using this system has at least got some idea on the topic and is thus well able to decide which answer most worthy of a bounty.
Perhaps the exchange should also be taxed at say 10% to prevent some people gaining a lot of credit, just by trading it around.
I think this idea would become very useful to many users, without affecting the ecosystem in any negative way.
What do you think? | 2012/04/29 | [
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/130727",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/180987/"
] | I started a bounty today on Skeptics, on a [question](https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/q/7750/5142) that I really want to know the answer to. The 50 rep bounty may seem quite insignificant, but it did lose me three privileges on the site (create chat rooms, edit community wiki, and ironically set bounties) and it could have been far larger if I could dip into my 20K network rep for it. So, I really do get where you are coming from.
But, I am not a contributing member on Skeptics. Sure, I read through it almost every day, I even edited a question once (I'm that awesome), but I haven't asked or answered a single question, all my reputation on the site is from the 101 association bonus and from edits. That's important because bounties naturally attract people to the question, and I already feel like I cheated a bit here by exploiting the rep from the association bonus, as although I really want the question answered, I also happen to know the OP in real life (Hi Liza ;).
I have absolutely no idea if the question is a good one for the site, heh, I'm not even sure it's on topic, but the bounty will definitely bring some attention to it. No big deal when it's one question, but think about it, with a network wide rep bounty thingy in place I could place bounties on crap questions all over the network, on sites that are about things I have little (if any) idea about. It may sound like a good idea when you think of sites like Programmers, Stack Overflow, and Code Review, but it starts sounding like a very bad idea when you add Biblical Hermeneutics, Poker and Musical Practice and Performance in the mix.
In short, setting bounties is a privilege, it's better to only have it where you earned it. | Once upon a time there was a site called experts exchange. They started out offering Q&A for free. Then they started charging. So to get help, to get that knowledge out of people's heads, required cold hard cash.
Jeff and Joel when they started SO did so [with the express intention of not being experts exchange.](http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2008/04/introducing-stackoverflow-com.html)
As you can see, therefore, the idea of trading "credit" or "paying" for help here, on these sites, is pretty much directly opposed with the original reason for starting SO.
I can't comment on the idea of trading reputation between sites, or bountying rep from one site to users on another. Aside from its technical complexity, I've no real opinions either way. But inter-site credit - I don't think that'll happen.
There's another good reason it won't happen - there is *already* a kind of credit you can offer - money! Simply [hire someone with the skillset you need](http://careers.stackoverflow.com/) (you may need to persuade Mr Shog above to get careers implemented for your site of choice, but never mind). |
53,003 | My toddler dropped a toothbrush down a bathroom sink. Unfortunately, the stopper wasn't in the sink at the time.
When looking down from above the sink, I believe the toothbrush is in the PVC section of the picture, and leaning against the side. The PVC is a larger diameter so even if I could reach the toothbrush from above, I'd need to pull it center before pulling up.
How do I remove the toothbrush and get the sink functional again?
 | 2014/11/17 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/53003",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/7648/"
] | In my part of the world, PVC P-traps for sinks and basins are universally designed so that you can easily remove the U-bend from below without tools.
I wouldn't hesitate very long before undoing all the obvious nuts visible in your picture† and attempting to gain access to the U-bend.
In some cases a strap-wrench may be useful, but usually those joints between PVC sections are sealed by a simple rubber ring and shouldn't have any kind of putty or sealant applied (which can make them hard to remove by hand)
*† Obviously, except the one on the flexible tap connector(s)!* | Before you start taking things apart..... try this!
Get a dowel and your glue gun. Dab hot glue onto tip of dowel, quickly put down drain onto toothbrush ( or whatever you've dropped down there) leave for a minute or 2 and pull dowel out!!
Nothing to take apart! This probably would not work for a small item in the water but worth a try!!! |
53,003 | My toddler dropped a toothbrush down a bathroom sink. Unfortunately, the stopper wasn't in the sink at the time.
When looking down from above the sink, I believe the toothbrush is in the PVC section of the picture, and leaning against the side. The PVC is a larger diameter so even if I could reach the toothbrush from above, I'd need to pull it center before pulling up.
How do I remove the toothbrush and get the sink functional again?
 | 2014/11/17 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/53003",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/7648/"
] | You could try using a pick-up or claw tool to reach down in the drain to grab it and pull it out.
Something like this [one at Amazon.com](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B002RHP7TS).
 | Before you start taking things apart..... try this!
Get a dowel and your glue gun. Dab hot glue onto tip of dowel, quickly put down drain onto toothbrush ( or whatever you've dropped down there) leave for a minute or 2 and pull dowel out!!
Nothing to take apart! This probably would not work for a small item in the water but worth a try!!! |
130,027 | I'm trying to import this SVG; which I imported before earlier but now it seems to don't work that well anymore? The original SVG file has not been modified, so I don't know where the issue could be, closing Photoshop didn't help. Illustrator doesn't have this issue.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/SyFRt.png)
It is supposed to look like this:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/WwmRB.png)
When you drag and drop the SVG inside you can choose a height and width and I choosed 1080 and it gave me that pixelated one. How can I fix it? | 2019/10/03 | [
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/130027",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/users/123192/"
] | I believe it is a mix of two fonts:
* Akrobat Black: <https://www.fontfabric.com/fonts/akrobat/>
* Gear Proportion Regular1: <https://www.dafont.com/gear.font>
In the below image you can see the different fonts. The top row is your original image. Second row is Akrobat Black. Third row is Gear Proportion. Final row are Akrobat and Gear properly sized and overlayed in red on top of the original. As you can see, it is pretty close.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/CQiJS.png)
---
1. You should always try to get a font from its original creator or foundry. Partly because a lot of fonts are stolen, partly because a lot of fonts are re-encoded and/or compressed and thus damaged. The original foundry site is <http://bridgeco.jp/home.html>, but this is nigh unusable (and only available in Japanese), so here I have opted for a respected font site. | If your goal is to reproduce the logo here, I would suggest you find a typeface close to the logo and then convert it to vector shapes to customize some parts of the word.
I think 'Decima+ Bold' is very close to the original. You just need to work on the 'R' and squish the 'O's
Hope this helps. |
130,027 | I'm trying to import this SVG; which I imported before earlier but now it seems to don't work that well anymore? The original SVG file has not been modified, so I don't know where the issue could be, closing Photoshop didn't help. Illustrator doesn't have this issue.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/SyFRt.png)
It is supposed to look like this:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/WwmRB.png)
When you drag and drop the SVG inside you can choose a height and width and I choosed 1080 and it gave me that pixelated one. How can I fix it? | 2019/10/03 | [
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/130027",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/users/123192/"
] | If your goal is to reproduce the logo here, I would suggest you find a typeface close to the logo and then convert it to vector shapes to customize some parts of the word.
I think 'Decima+ Bold' is very close to the original. You just need to work on the 'R' and squish the 'O's
Hope this helps. | I can't find an exact match, which suggests it might be a custom design, or perhaps an existing font (or a mix of 2) which has been modified.
For a quick and dirty solution you could auto trace it using vector editing software, such as Adobe Illustrator or free software such as Inkscape.
Or, depending on how good your lettering skills are, and how much time you have, it would be possible to manually trace all of the characters with the Pen/Bézier tool in vector editing software.
An example using Inkscape to manually trace over the S and R from the logotype:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Un54e.png) |
130,027 | I'm trying to import this SVG; which I imported before earlier but now it seems to don't work that well anymore? The original SVG file has not been modified, so I don't know where the issue could be, closing Photoshop didn't help. Illustrator doesn't have this issue.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/SyFRt.png)
It is supposed to look like this:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/WwmRB.png)
When you drag and drop the SVG inside you can choose a height and width and I choosed 1080 and it gave me that pixelated one. How can I fix it? | 2019/10/03 | [
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/130027",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/users/123192/"
] | I believe it is a mix of two fonts:
* Akrobat Black: <https://www.fontfabric.com/fonts/akrobat/>
* Gear Proportion Regular1: <https://www.dafont.com/gear.font>
In the below image you can see the different fonts. The top row is your original image. Second row is Akrobat Black. Third row is Gear Proportion. Final row are Akrobat and Gear properly sized and overlayed in red on top of the original. As you can see, it is pretty close.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/CQiJS.png)
---
1. You should always try to get a font from its original creator or foundry. Partly because a lot of fonts are stolen, partly because a lot of fonts are re-encoded and/or compressed and thus damaged. The original foundry site is <http://bridgeco.jp/home.html>, but this is nigh unusable (and only available in Japanese), so here I have opted for a respected font site. | I can't find an exact match, which suggests it might be a custom design, or perhaps an existing font (or a mix of 2) which has been modified.
For a quick and dirty solution you could auto trace it using vector editing software, such as Adobe Illustrator or free software such as Inkscape.
Or, depending on how good your lettering skills are, and how much time you have, it would be possible to manually trace all of the characters with the Pen/Bézier tool in vector editing software.
An example using Inkscape to manually trace over the S and R from the logotype:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Un54e.png) |
166,338 | My hubby and I purchased the home in 2015. We are currently noticing cracks both inside and outside of the home. Moreover, we noticed the area had been fixed and covered up before.
As I'm not a professional, I am pretty concerned about it. Please help and diagnose if I should be concerned. Thank you ahead of time! It is much appreciated.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/vgusC.jpg)
[More pictures](https://www.dropbox.com/sh/hylu5pw58vbc4ct/AABTow6C3cOLA-C6pwUSXvXla?dl=0) | 2019/05/31 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/166338",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/102237/"
] | The short answer to the question in your Heading is: Yes, the culprit for the stucco crack is probably footing/foundation settling. But it doesn't look serious.
Most building move, some more than others. Traditional stucco shows it; concrete foundations/basements show it; and even drywall shows cracks in buildings that move enough. Unfortunately, stucco seems to highlight the tell-tell signs of a building's nefarious activity for all to see. The work for many stucco contractors is primarily repairing cracks. Your stucco crack is very typical - at a window sill. Interior dry wall usually cracks at the wall board seams.
You can worry and spend lots of money trying to make a building hold still, but most people just fix the cracks.
Fortunately, developments in plaster/stucco/drywall have created materials that offer much more flexibility, to let the building do it thing without displaying cracks to prove it. Crack repairs tend to last longer now with the flexible materials. The art is in matching the original texture. A seasoned stucco contractor can make a long-lasting repair that blends in with its surroundings. If you want to do it yourself, there are plentiful youtube "How To" videos on the topic. Kirk Giordano has posted several good videos that apply directly the issue that you and numerous other homeowners are experiencing. | When stucco is mixed without enough sand in it the first place it's going to crack is at the corners of your windows. This does not indicated structural problem. More often than not it's a problem caused by subcontractors working for builders who build houses on spec and cut corners don't use enough material or don't properly apply the material. Some of these houses the stucco is not even a half inch thick. However, the crack in the photo above does not look good and in my opinion is more than a hairline crack. If it was my house I would be concerned. And I'd get an engineer out there quick. Also it appears there's a giant Gap around the entire window. That Gap should not be there. Water can get inside that Gap and come down behind your stucco causing cracks or allow water to seep inside your walls. |
84,125 | I am the proud recipient of a brand new, EMV-equipped Visa Debit card through my financial institution -- this card is capable of being used for PIN debit/EFTPOS, signature debit, and ATM transactions, at least in the North American senses of the terms. However, can such a card support EMV chip-and-PIN debit transactions for use overseas in areas where magnetic stripe PIN debit/EFTPOS is no longer supported, or is it limited to chip-and-signature for chip transactions?
Note: [our question about credit cards](https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/83913) is different because it covers North American EMV *credit* card products -- which do not support PIN debit/EFTPOS or the full panoply of ATM transactions. A Visa signature debit (Check Card) product supports not only signature debit (i.e. credit card like), but PIN debit/EFTPOS and ATM (bank card like) transactions as well. I'm concerned about *all* usage contexts (such as foreign ATMs and automated kiosks that do not have the ability to accept a chip and signature transaction), not just a card-present/manned environment where chip-and-signature fallback is an option, as well. | 2016/12/11 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/84125",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/22968/"
] | Because they think more people will pay more to fly to Flagstaff than Cancún. It's as simple as that: airlines set prices to maximize their profit.
In this case, Cancun is normally thought of as a budget leisure destination. The airline knows from long experience that many vacationers headed to Cancun will simply find another place to go if the flight is too expensive. They believe travelers to Flagstaff will pay more right now. Prices may be seasonal, especially for these destinations, and are based on supply and demand.
Competition also plays a role. The airline knows who flies between the cities, their prices, and how convenient their connections are, and they'll price accordingly. Multiple carriers competing aggressively on a route will typically drive prices down, while they generally remain high when few alternatives exist.
And when it comes to Flagstaff, there's no competition. Flagstaff is a small airport served only by one carrier, American Eagle, with a couple of flights a day to nearby Phoenix. The airline pretty much has you over a barrel because you have only a couple of choices: pay whatever they want to go to Flagstaff, fly to Phoenix (or an even further away airport) and make your way to Flagstaff some other way, travel by a less convenient method such as a bus or trains, give up and go someplace else entirely, or give up and don't travel at all. In contrast, you can get to Cancun through connections on several different airlines. American knows this, and will happily use its monopoly over flights to Flagstaff to charge you for the convenience of flying there rather than making you drive from a farther away airport.
But the real answer is that airline ticket prices don't make "sense" in the way you're trying to understand them. They cost as much as the airline thinks the market will bear in a way that maximizes their profit, not on a per-mile basis or other "logical" structure. | It is called supply and demand. There is more competition going to Cancun hence lower more competitve airfares. Less competition gping to Flagstaff. |
84,125 | I am the proud recipient of a brand new, EMV-equipped Visa Debit card through my financial institution -- this card is capable of being used for PIN debit/EFTPOS, signature debit, and ATM transactions, at least in the North American senses of the terms. However, can such a card support EMV chip-and-PIN debit transactions for use overseas in areas where magnetic stripe PIN debit/EFTPOS is no longer supported, or is it limited to chip-and-signature for chip transactions?
Note: [our question about credit cards](https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/83913) is different because it covers North American EMV *credit* card products -- which do not support PIN debit/EFTPOS or the full panoply of ATM transactions. A Visa signature debit (Check Card) product supports not only signature debit (i.e. credit card like), but PIN debit/EFTPOS and ATM (bank card like) transactions as well. I'm concerned about *all* usage contexts (such as foreign ATMs and automated kiosks that do not have the ability to accept a chip and signature transaction), not just a card-present/manned environment where chip-and-signature fallback is an option, as well. | 2016/12/11 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/84125",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/22968/"
] | It is called supply and demand. There is more competition going to Cancun hence lower more competitve airfares. Less competition gping to Flagstaff. | It's basically "whatever the market will bear" with some important exceptions. Fare history for the city pair plays a role and helps predict the future. A carrier new to the route may lower the fare to attract business. Flagstaff has relatively few people, and by laws of chance, there will be far fewer people going PIT-FLG than PIT-CUN.
Also, it costs a carrier quite a lot to touch down anywhere, so those costs must be spread between only a few passengers.
Finally, Flagstaff is at high altitude, with adverse winter weather. Both factors increase operating costs. With far lower fares, some greeters may consider a quick dash down I-17 to PHX (Phoenix) a good alternative. |
84,125 | I am the proud recipient of a brand new, EMV-equipped Visa Debit card through my financial institution -- this card is capable of being used for PIN debit/EFTPOS, signature debit, and ATM transactions, at least in the North American senses of the terms. However, can such a card support EMV chip-and-PIN debit transactions for use overseas in areas where magnetic stripe PIN debit/EFTPOS is no longer supported, or is it limited to chip-and-signature for chip transactions?
Note: [our question about credit cards](https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/83913) is different because it covers North American EMV *credit* card products -- which do not support PIN debit/EFTPOS or the full panoply of ATM transactions. A Visa signature debit (Check Card) product supports not only signature debit (i.e. credit card like), but PIN debit/EFTPOS and ATM (bank card like) transactions as well. I'm concerned about *all* usage contexts (such as foreign ATMs and automated kiosks that do not have the ability to accept a chip and signature transaction), not just a card-present/manned environment where chip-and-signature fallback is an option, as well. | 2016/12/11 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/84125",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/22968/"
] | Because they think more people will pay more to fly to Flagstaff than Cancún. It's as simple as that: airlines set prices to maximize their profit.
In this case, Cancun is normally thought of as a budget leisure destination. The airline knows from long experience that many vacationers headed to Cancun will simply find another place to go if the flight is too expensive. They believe travelers to Flagstaff will pay more right now. Prices may be seasonal, especially for these destinations, and are based on supply and demand.
Competition also plays a role. The airline knows who flies between the cities, their prices, and how convenient their connections are, and they'll price accordingly. Multiple carriers competing aggressively on a route will typically drive prices down, while they generally remain high when few alternatives exist.
And when it comes to Flagstaff, there's no competition. Flagstaff is a small airport served only by one carrier, American Eagle, with a couple of flights a day to nearby Phoenix. The airline pretty much has you over a barrel because you have only a couple of choices: pay whatever they want to go to Flagstaff, fly to Phoenix (or an even further away airport) and make your way to Flagstaff some other way, travel by a less convenient method such as a bus or trains, give up and go someplace else entirely, or give up and don't travel at all. In contrast, you can get to Cancun through connections on several different airlines. American knows this, and will happily use its monopoly over flights to Flagstaff to charge you for the convenience of flying there rather than making you drive from a farther away airport.
But the real answer is that airline ticket prices don't make "sense" in the way you're trying to understand them. They cost as much as the airline thinks the market will bear in a way that maximizes their profit, not on a per-mile basis or other "logical" structure. | It's basically "whatever the market will bear" with some important exceptions. Fare history for the city pair plays a role and helps predict the future. A carrier new to the route may lower the fare to attract business. Flagstaff has relatively few people, and by laws of chance, there will be far fewer people going PIT-FLG than PIT-CUN.
Also, it costs a carrier quite a lot to touch down anywhere, so those costs must be spread between only a few passengers.
Finally, Flagstaff is at high altitude, with adverse winter weather. Both factors increase operating costs. With far lower fares, some greeters may consider a quick dash down I-17 to PHX (Phoenix) a good alternative. |
16 | When I am downloading large files I need to stop my phone from sleeping , how do I keep my wi-fi on when the phone is in sleep mode. | 2010/09/13 | [
"https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/16",
"https://android.stackexchange.com",
"https://android.stackexchange.com/users/17/"
] | Go to: Settings > Wireless & networks > Wi-Fi settings.
Hit your Menu button and select Advanced. You should now see an option for changing the Wi-Fi sleep policy. | For Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) and later upto Android 5.x (Lollipop)
Goto:
>
> Settings > Wifi > Advanced (from options menu) > Keep Wi-Fi on during sleep > Always
>
>
>
For previous versions of Android(i.e. 2.x) please consider Rohan Singh's answer. |
1,004,699 | I have a requirement to document the assembly dependencies in a vb6/dotnet application.
What techniques / tools are good for performing this sort of document.
I was planning on using Visio for drawing. | 2009/06/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1004699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4490/"
] | As a start, try [Dependency Visualizer](http://www.codeplex.com/dependencyvisualizer). I've also used [GraphViz's Dot](http://www.graphviz.org) and some custom code for simple dependency generation. The custom code invoked SysInternal's depends.exe recursively and parsed the output. [.NET Reflector](http://www.red-gate.com/products/reflector/index.htm) with the [Graph](http://reflectoraddins.codeplex.com/Wiki/View.aspx?title=Graph) plugin looks pretty promising, too, though I haven't tried that (yet).
What I've always run into was the fact that my graph, unless generated automatically, has to be recreated every time I add to the project and sometimes when I simply change something. So, for me, a manual solution that I became married to for the updates was no solution at all.
I just found the [Dependency Structure Matrix Plug-in](http://tcdev.free.fr/) for .NET Reflector. | Well for .NET you could also try VS2010 Beta 1 and the Architecture Explorer [(Arch Explorer screen shots)](http://ajdotnet.wordpress.com/2009/03/29/visual-studio-2010-architecture-edition/).
As for VB6, I'd like to have a tool for that also. This tool from Microsoft [Visual Basic 6.0 to Visual Basic .NET Upgrade Assessment Tool](http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=10C491A2-FC67-4509-BC10-60C5C039A272&displaylang=en) creates a call graph in HTML for a single VBP, not sure how useful it would for you. Other than that I have not found may tools for VB6. |
1,004,699 | I have a requirement to document the assembly dependencies in a vb6/dotnet application.
What techniques / tools are good for performing this sort of document.
I was planning on using Visio for drawing. | 2009/06/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1004699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4490/"
] | Have you had a look at [NDepend](http://www.ndepend.com/)? | You can create dependency graphs of .NET assemblies and application projects in VS 2010 Ultimate. You can generate assembly dependency graphs as one of the standard graphs, or you can use Architecture Explorer to browse your solution, select projects and the relationships that you want to visualize, and then create a dependency graph from your selection.
For more info, see the following topics:
**How to: Generate Graph Documents from Code**: <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd409453%28VS.100%29.aspx#SeeSpecificSource>
**How to: Find Code Using Architecture Explorer**: <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd409431%28VS.100%29.aspx>
**RC download**: <http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?displaylang=en&FamilyID=457bab91-5eb2-4b36-b0f4-d6f34683c62a>.
**Visual Studio 2010 Architectural Discovery & Modeling Tools** forum: <http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/vsarch/threads> |
1,004,699 | I have a requirement to document the assembly dependencies in a vb6/dotnet application.
What techniques / tools are good for performing this sort of document.
I was planning on using Visio for drawing. | 2009/06/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1004699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4490/"
] | You can create dependency graphs of .NET assemblies and application projects in VS 2010 Ultimate. You can generate assembly dependency graphs as one of the standard graphs, or you can use Architecture Explorer to browse your solution, select projects and the relationships that you want to visualize, and then create a dependency graph from your selection.
For more info, see the following topics:
**How to: Generate Graph Documents from Code**: <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd409453%28VS.100%29.aspx#SeeSpecificSource>
**How to: Find Code Using Architecture Explorer**: <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd409431%28VS.100%29.aspx>
**RC download**: <http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?displaylang=en&FamilyID=457bab91-5eb2-4b36-b0f4-d6f34683c62a>.
**Visual Studio 2010 Architectural Discovery & Modeling Tools** forum: <http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/vsarch/threads> | Dependency visualizer is good for small projects. For projects or solutions with many inter dependencies it becomes too clumsy to even trace the dependency graph. |
1,004,699 | I have a requirement to document the assembly dependencies in a vb6/dotnet application.
What techniques / tools are good for performing this sort of document.
I was planning on using Visio for drawing. | 2009/06/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1004699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4490/"
] | As a start, try [Dependency Visualizer](http://www.codeplex.com/dependencyvisualizer). I've also used [GraphViz's Dot](http://www.graphviz.org) and some custom code for simple dependency generation. The custom code invoked SysInternal's depends.exe recursively and parsed the output. [.NET Reflector](http://www.red-gate.com/products/reflector/index.htm) with the [Graph](http://reflectoraddins.codeplex.com/Wiki/View.aspx?title=Graph) plugin looks pretty promising, too, though I haven't tried that (yet).
What I've always run into was the fact that my graph, unless generated automatically, has to be recreated every time I add to the project and sometimes when I simply change something. So, for me, a manual solution that I became married to for the updates was no solution at all.
I just found the [Dependency Structure Matrix Plug-in](http://tcdev.free.fr/) for .NET Reflector. | You can create dependency graphs of .NET assemblies and application projects in VS 2010 Ultimate. You can generate assembly dependency graphs as one of the standard graphs, or you can use Architecture Explorer to browse your solution, select projects and the relationships that you want to visualize, and then create a dependency graph from your selection.
For more info, see the following topics:
**How to: Generate Graph Documents from Code**: <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd409453%28VS.100%29.aspx#SeeSpecificSource>
**How to: Find Code Using Architecture Explorer**: <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd409431%28VS.100%29.aspx>
**RC download**: <http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?displaylang=en&FamilyID=457bab91-5eb2-4b36-b0f4-d6f34683c62a>.
**Visual Studio 2010 Architectural Discovery & Modeling Tools** forum: <http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/vsarch/threads> |
1,004,699 | I have a requirement to document the assembly dependencies in a vb6/dotnet application.
What techniques / tools are good for performing this sort of document.
I was planning on using Visio for drawing. | 2009/06/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1004699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4490/"
] | Have you had a look at [NDepend](http://www.ndepend.com/)? | Dependency visualizer is good for small projects. For projects or solutions with many inter dependencies it becomes too clumsy to even trace the dependency graph. |
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