qid int64 1 74.7M | question stringlengths 12 33.8k | date stringlengths 10 10 | metadata list | response_j stringlengths 0 115k | response_k stringlengths 2 98.3k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7,160 | I have a stereo system hooked up to my Mac mini, but sometimes I'll play music from my laptop. Is there any way for the Mac mini to be recognized as a speaker and allow me to output sound to it (and the speakers connected to it) from my laptop without paid solutions like Airfoil? | 2011/01/28 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/7160",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/2740/"
] | This isn't free, but it's only $2.99 [AirServer](http://www.airserverapp.com/) | Currently streaming from iTunes is only supported to Apple TV and Airport Express speakers. (Thanks @Jonathan)
You could try a pretty ugly hack of using home sharing to access your laptop music library from your Mac Mini and then control the playback by using vnc or some other remote desktop app to control playback on the Mini from the laptop. |
7,160 | I have a stereo system hooked up to my Mac mini, but sometimes I'll play music from my laptop. Is there any way for the Mac mini to be recognized as a speaker and allow me to output sound to it (and the speakers connected to it) from my laptop without paid solutions like Airfoil? | 2011/01/28 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/7160",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/2740/"
] | Currently streaming from iTunes is only supported to Apple TV and Airport Express speakers. (Thanks @Jonathan)
You could try a pretty ugly hack of using home sharing to access your laptop music library from your Mac Mini and then control the playback by using vnc or some other remote desktop app to control playback on the Mini from the laptop. | If music only, there are a lot free options. [shairport](https://github.com/abrasive/shairport) is a great choice, open source, support almost all platforms.
If you also need mirroring, most free tools are broken since iOS9.
check this one: [lonelyscreen](http://www.lonelyscreen.com). It is free. Only for mac and windows, no linux. And it can capture and save iOS mirroring. I don't use that much, but it is very convenient sometimes. |
7,160 | I have a stereo system hooked up to my Mac mini, but sometimes I'll play music from my laptop. Is there any way for the Mac mini to be recognized as a speaker and allow me to output sound to it (and the speakers connected to it) from my laptop without paid solutions like Airfoil? | 2011/01/28 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/7160",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/2740/"
] | This isn't free, but it's only $2.99 [AirServer](http://www.airserverapp.com/) | Try Erica Sadun's [AirPlayer](http://ericasadun.com/ftp/AirPlay/). That might very well work. :) |
7,160 | I have a stereo system hooked up to my Mac mini, but sometimes I'll play music from my laptop. Is there any way for the Mac mini to be recognized as a speaker and allow me to output sound to it (and the speakers connected to it) from my laptop without paid solutions like Airfoil? | 2011/01/28 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/7160",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/2740/"
] | Try Erica Sadun's [AirPlayer](http://ericasadun.com/ftp/AirPlay/). That might very well work. :) | If music only, there are a lot free options. [shairport](https://github.com/abrasive/shairport) is a great choice, open source, support almost all platforms.
If you also need mirroring, most free tools are broken since iOS9.
check this one: [lonelyscreen](http://www.lonelyscreen.com). It is free. Only for mac and windows, no linux. And it can capture and save iOS mirroring. I don't use that much, but it is very convenient sometimes. |
7,160 | I have a stereo system hooked up to my Mac mini, but sometimes I'll play music from my laptop. Is there any way for the Mac mini to be recognized as a speaker and allow me to output sound to it (and the speakers connected to it) from my laptop without paid solutions like Airfoil? | 2011/01/28 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/7160",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/2740/"
] | This isn't free, but it's only $2.99 [AirServer](http://www.airserverapp.com/) | There is a free utility called [shairport](https://github.com/albertz/shairport) which acts as an airport express. If your computers are on the same network, you can use it to stream music between the two, as iTunes will see the computer it is running on as airplay speakers. I recently used it to stream music from my iPod to my computer. |
7,160 | I have a stereo system hooked up to my Mac mini, but sometimes I'll play music from my laptop. Is there any way for the Mac mini to be recognized as a speaker and allow me to output sound to it (and the speakers connected to it) from my laptop without paid solutions like Airfoil? | 2011/01/28 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/7160",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/2740/"
] | This isn't free, but it's only $2.99 [AirServer](http://www.airserverapp.com/) | If music only, there are a lot free options. [shairport](https://github.com/abrasive/shairport) is a great choice, open source, support almost all platforms.
If you also need mirroring, most free tools are broken since iOS9.
check this one: [lonelyscreen](http://www.lonelyscreen.com). It is free. Only for mac and windows, no linux. And it can capture and save iOS mirroring. I don't use that much, but it is very convenient sometimes. |
7,160 | I have a stereo system hooked up to my Mac mini, but sometimes I'll play music from my laptop. Is there any way for the Mac mini to be recognized as a speaker and allow me to output sound to it (and the speakers connected to it) from my laptop without paid solutions like Airfoil? | 2011/01/28 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/7160",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/2740/"
] | There is a free utility called [shairport](https://github.com/albertz/shairport) which acts as an airport express. If your computers are on the same network, you can use it to stream music between the two, as iTunes will see the computer it is running on as airplay speakers. I recently used it to stream music from my iPod to my computer. | If music only, there are a lot free options. [shairport](https://github.com/abrasive/shairport) is a great choice, open source, support almost all platforms.
If you also need mirroring, most free tools are broken since iOS9.
check this one: [lonelyscreen](http://www.lonelyscreen.com). It is free. Only for mac and windows, no linux. And it can capture and save iOS mirroring. I don't use that much, but it is very convenient sometimes. |
38,857 | Does anyone know a good synonym for 'GUI' that non-technical people will understand? Or a simple sentence explaining it that still won't scare them off?
I mean this in the context of, for example, letting the user choose between an "Simple GUI" and "Advanced GUI" setting. | 2013/04/29 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/38857",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/31142/"
] | I've always just used the term "**screen**" instead of GUI, as in: "Would you like the program to show you the simple screen, or the advanced screen?" | "The application's face that you interact with, you can see it, you can transmit informations to it, but it's just the part you see, not the clever part of it, not its brain". |
38,857 | Does anyone know a good synonym for 'GUI' that non-technical people will understand? Or a simple sentence explaining it that still won't scare them off?
I mean this in the context of, for example, letting the user choose between an "Simple GUI" and "Advanced GUI" setting. | 2013/04/29 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/38857",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/31142/"
] | There is little need even to explain the idea of *interface* to users of the program. To them, the program **is** the interface.
Don't say "the GUI of the program does X". Just say "the program does X".
Don't say "the GUI has a red self-destruct button". Say "the program has a red self-destruct button".
To you, the programmer, it is very important to think about what is part of the GUI and what is not. However, the user couldn't care less about that. The interface, by definition, is the only part they see. The rest is hidden by design.
The only case when the idea of "GUI" might matter to the user is if you have more than one interface. For example, if you have both a command-line and a graphical interface, you may have to distinguish the two in some contexts.
Still, unless your program is closely tied to the command line, you should probably still not say anything about interfaces in any general documentation or information: just talk about the GUI as "the program" in any generic setting, and put the command line options in the documentation (users who want that will know how to find it--and in that part of the documentation you can probably talk about GUIs without fear of people not knowing what it is). | If you want to separate the program from the GUI, then you can use '**Basic interface**' vs '**Advanced interface**'.
If you merge the concerns (program & interface) then you can do what the calculator application on mac and windows does, have **multiple views**, 'basic', 'advanced' and more if need be. You can also link it with **functionality** and say, 'basic functionality' or 'advanced functionality' |
38,857 | Does anyone know a good synonym for 'GUI' that non-technical people will understand? Or a simple sentence explaining it that still won't scare them off?
I mean this in the context of, for example, letting the user choose between an "Simple GUI" and "Advanced GUI" setting. | 2013/04/29 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/38857",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/31142/"
] | There is little need even to explain the idea of *interface* to users of the program. To them, the program **is** the interface.
Don't say "the GUI of the program does X". Just say "the program does X".
Don't say "the GUI has a red self-destruct button". Say "the program has a red self-destruct button".
To you, the programmer, it is very important to think about what is part of the GUI and what is not. However, the user couldn't care less about that. The interface, by definition, is the only part they see. The rest is hidden by design.
The only case when the idea of "GUI" might matter to the user is if you have more than one interface. For example, if you have both a command-line and a graphical interface, you may have to distinguish the two in some contexts.
Still, unless your program is closely tied to the command line, you should probably still not say anything about interfaces in any general documentation or information: just talk about the GUI as "the program" in any generic setting, and put the command line options in the documentation (users who want that will know how to find it--and in that part of the documentation you can probably talk about GUIs without fear of people not knowing what it is). | You could use "screen layout" as the synonym for Graphical User Interface (GUI). This is easier to understand than the acronym GUI for non technical people. Another alternative would be to spell out the acronym in full wording, and you wouldn´t need a synonym. |
38,857 | Does anyone know a good synonym for 'GUI' that non-technical people will understand? Or a simple sentence explaining it that still won't scare them off?
I mean this in the context of, for example, letting the user choose between an "Simple GUI" and "Advanced GUI" setting. | 2013/04/29 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/38857",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/31142/"
] | If you want to separate the program from the GUI, then you can use '**Basic interface**' vs '**Advanced interface**'.
If you merge the concerns (program & interface) then you can do what the calculator application on mac and windows does, have **multiple views**, 'basic', 'advanced' and more if need be. You can also link it with **functionality** and say, 'basic functionality' or 'advanced functionality' | "The application's face that you interact with, you can see it, you can transmit informations to it, but it's just the part you see, not the clever part of it, not its brain". |
38,857 | Does anyone know a good synonym for 'GUI' that non-technical people will understand? Or a simple sentence explaining it that still won't scare them off?
I mean this in the context of, for example, letting the user choose between an "Simple GUI" and "Advanced GUI" setting. | 2013/04/29 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/38857",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/31142/"
] | What about "the visual part of the application, i.e. its buttons, text boxes and other visual elements"?
In a more detailed form, you would also include that it handles:
* The process of displaying the elements to the user through a screen,
* The interaction of the user with those elements (most commonly known as events, but it's not limited to events).
Note that non-technical people understand quite well what interface is. This makes it pretty easy to understand what is user interface. The most difficult part is the "G": most non-technical would assume that GUI is the only user interface which exists, and console-style interface is not an interface at all. | "The application's face that you interact with, you can see it, you can transmit informations to it, but it's just the part you see, not the clever part of it, not its brain". |
38,857 | Does anyone know a good synonym for 'GUI' that non-technical people will understand? Or a simple sentence explaining it that still won't scare them off?
I mean this in the context of, for example, letting the user choose between an "Simple GUI" and "Advanced GUI" setting. | 2013/04/29 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/38857",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/31142/"
] | I've always just used the term "**screen**" instead of GUI, as in: "Would you like the program to show you the simple screen, or the advanced screen?" | When Microsoft bolted a GUI on top of DOS, it's possible that someone on the team point proposed calling it "Microsoft GUI for DOS", but in the end they came up with "Microsoft Windows".
A program's GUI in a windowed environment is exactly that: it consists of the set of its *windows*. (A generality, with possible exceptions like background programs that have a graphical presence in the form of some icon with a context menu.)
Embedded systems which have graphical (or textual) interfaces without windows, where the pages of the UI occupies a full screen, have *screens*. For example: *This rackmount synthesizer's screens are quite intuitive, making it easy to program*. Or: *Press the Fax button on the copier's main screen to bring up the Fax screen*.
The explanatory help text for newbies that you are looking for might be something like:
>
> *GUI* stands for Graphical User Interface. It is a visual way of interacting with a computer program by manipulating controls which are represented as diagrams on the screen, and by entering any necessary numbers or text into designated boxes, in any order.
>
>
> GUIs can be complicated, showing many controls at the same time, including rare features used by experts. A complex GUI overwhelms casual users of a program, or beginners. This program accommodates such users by supporting a mode of operation whereby it presents a simplified form of its GUI that is easier to understand and use for common operations. You can switch to the advanced GUI at any time if you aren't able to find a way to do something using the simple GUI.
>
>
> |
38,857 | Does anyone know a good synonym for 'GUI' that non-technical people will understand? Or a simple sentence explaining it that still won't scare them off?
I mean this in the context of, for example, letting the user choose between an "Simple GUI" and "Advanced GUI" setting. | 2013/04/29 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/38857",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/31142/"
] | What about "the visual part of the application, i.e. its buttons, text boxes and other visual elements"?
In a more detailed form, you would also include that it handles:
* The process of displaying the elements to the user through a screen,
* The interaction of the user with those elements (most commonly known as events, but it's not limited to events).
Note that non-technical people understand quite well what interface is. This makes it pretty easy to understand what is user interface. The most difficult part is the "G": most non-technical would assume that GUI is the only user interface which exists, and console-style interface is not an interface at all. | If you want to separate the program from the GUI, then you can use '**Basic interface**' vs '**Advanced interface**'.
If you merge the concerns (program & interface) then you can do what the calculator application on mac and windows does, have **multiple views**, 'basic', 'advanced' and more if need be. You can also link it with **functionality** and say, 'basic functionality' or 'advanced functionality' |
38,857 | Does anyone know a good synonym for 'GUI' that non-technical people will understand? Or a simple sentence explaining it that still won't scare them off?
I mean this in the context of, for example, letting the user choose between an "Simple GUI" and "Advanced GUI" setting. | 2013/04/29 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/38857",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/31142/"
] | You could use "screen layout" as the synonym for Graphical User Interface (GUI). This is easier to understand than the acronym GUI for non technical people. Another alternative would be to spell out the acronym in full wording, and you wouldn´t need a synonym. | "The application's face that you interact with, you can see it, you can transmit informations to it, but it's just the part you see, not the clever part of it, not its brain". |
38,857 | Does anyone know a good synonym for 'GUI' that non-technical people will understand? Or a simple sentence explaining it that still won't scare them off?
I mean this in the context of, for example, letting the user choose between an "Simple GUI" and "Advanced GUI" setting. | 2013/04/29 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/38857",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/31142/"
] | I've always just used the term "**screen**" instead of GUI, as in: "Would you like the program to show you the simple screen, or the advanced screen?" | If you want to separate the program from the GUI, then you can use '**Basic interface**' vs '**Advanced interface**'.
If you merge the concerns (program & interface) then you can do what the calculator application on mac and windows does, have **multiple views**, 'basic', 'advanced' and more if need be. You can also link it with **functionality** and say, 'basic functionality' or 'advanced functionality' |
38,857 | Does anyone know a good synonym for 'GUI' that non-technical people will understand? Or a simple sentence explaining it that still won't scare them off?
I mean this in the context of, for example, letting the user choose between an "Simple GUI" and "Advanced GUI" setting. | 2013/04/29 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/38857",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/31142/"
] | What about "the visual part of the application, i.e. its buttons, text boxes and other visual elements"?
In a more detailed form, you would also include that it handles:
* The process of displaying the elements to the user through a screen,
* The interaction of the user with those elements (most commonly known as events, but it's not limited to events).
Note that non-technical people understand quite well what interface is. This makes it pretty easy to understand what is user interface. The most difficult part is the "G": most non-technical would assume that GUI is the only user interface which exists, and console-style interface is not an interface at all. | When Microsoft bolted a GUI on top of DOS, it's possible that someone on the team point proposed calling it "Microsoft GUI for DOS", but in the end they came up with "Microsoft Windows".
A program's GUI in a windowed environment is exactly that: it consists of the set of its *windows*. (A generality, with possible exceptions like background programs that have a graphical presence in the form of some icon with a context menu.)
Embedded systems which have graphical (or textual) interfaces without windows, where the pages of the UI occupies a full screen, have *screens*. For example: *This rackmount synthesizer's screens are quite intuitive, making it easy to program*. Or: *Press the Fax button on the copier's main screen to bring up the Fax screen*.
The explanatory help text for newbies that you are looking for might be something like:
>
> *GUI* stands for Graphical User Interface. It is a visual way of interacting with a computer program by manipulating controls which are represented as diagrams on the screen, and by entering any necessary numbers or text into designated boxes, in any order.
>
>
> GUIs can be complicated, showing many controls at the same time, including rare features used by experts. A complex GUI overwhelms casual users of a program, or beginners. This program accommodates such users by supporting a mode of operation whereby it presents a simplified form of its GUI that is easier to understand and use for common operations. You can switch to the advanced GUI at any time if you aren't able to find a way to do something using the simple GUI.
>
>
> |
6,927 | The [Modigliani-Miller theorem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modigliani%E2%80%93Miller_theorem)\*, a foundation of modern corporate finance, basically states that, in a no-frictions world, two identical firms have the same enterprise value, regardless of their financial structure.
Given a firm A, whose liabilities are 50% equity, and 50% debt, and a firm B which is financed 100% by equity, the value of firm A and the value of firm B are the same.
Isn't it just obvious? What am I missing?
\* -
Modigliani, F.; Miller, M. (1958). "[The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment](http://www.jstor.org/stable/1809766)". American Economic Review 48 (3): 261–297. JSTOR 1809766. | 2015/08/18 | [
"https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/6927",
"https://economics.stackexchange.com",
"https://economics.stackexchange.com/users/5465/"
] | People, particularly business leaders, seem to remain confused about this issue even today. At the core of is the question *Is equity finance expensive?*. We certainly observe in the data that the realized returns on firm debt are much lower than the realized returns on firm equity. *Does this mean that firms have too much equity?*
If equity capital always costs 9 percent per year and debt always 3 percent then a firm would be worth more if management kept equity to a minimum and used as much debt as possible. But in the real world there are lots of complications that might make debt cheaper than equity. Monitoring costs are real, default is costly, tax wedges are large, equity is riskier, and contracts are incomplete. It may be that factoring in these costs, which are hard to measure, provides a complete explanation for the differences in return between debt and equity. Or maybe not. If observable characteristics fail to explain this difference does this mean that firms should take on more debt? Or does it mean that these characteristics are poorly measured?
Modigliani-Miller provide a clear way of thinking about this question. In the absence of frictions, as you shrink the amount of equity and offset it with more debt the required returns adjust to leave the firm's cost of capital unchanged. But even so, there is no problem with return on debt being lower than the return on equity. So in and of itself, there is nothing to learn from the lower cost of debt compared with equity. This is a surprisingly robust result:
>
> The two Modigliani-Miller theorems hold good, irrespective of
> individual differences between shareholders' valuations of risk,
> leverage effects, durability of loans, etc. The logic of the theorems
> rests in fact upon the assumption of perfect markets, namely that a
> shareholder can always, through his own borrowing or lending, compose
> his asset portfolio as he sees fit and that he can, without costs,
> give it the composition he desires with respect to risk, leverage,
> etc. If for instance the risk level of a firm's assets is increased,
> the shareholders can neutralize this by lowering the risk of other
> assets in their portfolios.
>
>
>
[Press Release: 15 October 1985 THIS YEAR'S ECONOMICS PRIZE AWARDED FOR PIONEERING STUDIES OF SAVING AND OF FINANCIAL MARKETS](http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1985/press.html)
This is an extremely valuable insight. The explanation is also clear and powerful. So good and powerful that it is hard to see the world any different once you hear it. In one of the Sherlock Holmes stories, Holmes says "The world is full of obvious things which nobody by any chance ever observes." In TV tropes this is called [Seinfeld Is Unfunny](http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SeinfeldIsUnfunny):
>
> It wasn't old or overdone when they did it. But the things it created
> were so brilliant and popular, they became woven into the fabric of
> that show's genre. They ended up being taken for granted, copied and
> endlessly repeated. Although they often began by saying something new,
> they in turn became the status quo.
>
>
>
Additionally, it is hard to remember from the perspective of the present how devoid of theory was corporate finance in the period before Modigliani and Miller. Here's a quote from an award ceremony speech related to the Nobel award:
>
> Until the latter part of the 1950s, no viable theory of corporate
> financing of investment, debt, taxes, and so forth had been developed.
> It was not till Modigliani and Miller presented their theorems that
> more stringent theorizing began to appear in this field. By treating
> financing decisions within the framework of a theory of
> financial-marketplace equilibrium, Modigliani and Miller provided the
> general guidelines for continued research in this area.
>
>
>
[Award Ceremony Speech: Presentation Speech by Professor Ragnar Bentzel of the Royal Academy of Sciences](http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1985/presentation-speech.html) | Just think to one main point: there is a good example about "the farmer and the milk" made by Merton Miller (a man that has no need to be presented). If a farmer has a huge quantity of milk to sell, and it sells the whole milk it earns N. Another farmer, with the same amount and kind of milk, decides to sell milk cream at an higher price but the skim milk at much lower price than the cream. If you sum the two you will have N again. So, according to theorem's assumptions, **selling whole milk (Unlevered) or milk cream + skim milk (Levered)** let these two farmers earn the same.
It would surely sound you abstract, but it reflects a lot about capital structure! You will learn while advancing your skills in Corporate Finance and related topics.
EDIT:
source: <http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/modigliani-millertheorem.asp> |
6,927 | The [Modigliani-Miller theorem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modigliani%E2%80%93Miller_theorem)\*, a foundation of modern corporate finance, basically states that, in a no-frictions world, two identical firms have the same enterprise value, regardless of their financial structure.
Given a firm A, whose liabilities are 50% equity, and 50% debt, and a firm B which is financed 100% by equity, the value of firm A and the value of firm B are the same.
Isn't it just obvious? What am I missing?
\* -
Modigliani, F.; Miller, M. (1958). "[The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment](http://www.jstor.org/stable/1809766)". American Economic Review 48 (3): 261–297. JSTOR 1809766. | 2015/08/18 | [
"https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/6927",
"https://economics.stackexchange.com",
"https://economics.stackexchange.com/users/5465/"
] | Just think to one main point: there is a good example about "the farmer and the milk" made by Merton Miller (a man that has no need to be presented). If a farmer has a huge quantity of milk to sell, and it sells the whole milk it earns N. Another farmer, with the same amount and kind of milk, decides to sell milk cream at an higher price but the skim milk at much lower price than the cream. If you sum the two you will have N again. So, according to theorem's assumptions, **selling whole milk (Unlevered) or milk cream + skim milk (Levered)** let these two farmers earn the same.
It would surely sound you abstract, but it reflects a lot about capital structure! You will learn while advancing your skills in Corporate Finance and related topics.
EDIT:
source: <http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/modigliani-millertheorem.asp> | This has important policy consequences that seem to be widely misunderstood. In the book *The Bankers' New Clothes* by Admati and Hellwig, the authors argue, fundamentally realying on MM, that higher equity requirements for Banks may reduce their profits, but will not reduce economic investment. This very much contradicts the story lobbyists for banks like to tell. |
6,927 | The [Modigliani-Miller theorem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modigliani%E2%80%93Miller_theorem)\*, a foundation of modern corporate finance, basically states that, in a no-frictions world, two identical firms have the same enterprise value, regardless of their financial structure.
Given a firm A, whose liabilities are 50% equity, and 50% debt, and a firm B which is financed 100% by equity, the value of firm A and the value of firm B are the same.
Isn't it just obvious? What am I missing?
\* -
Modigliani, F.; Miller, M. (1958). "[The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment](http://www.jstor.org/stable/1809766)". American Economic Review 48 (3): 261–297. JSTOR 1809766. | 2015/08/18 | [
"https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/6927",
"https://economics.stackexchange.com",
"https://economics.stackexchange.com/users/5465/"
] | People, particularly business leaders, seem to remain confused about this issue even today. At the core of is the question *Is equity finance expensive?*. We certainly observe in the data that the realized returns on firm debt are much lower than the realized returns on firm equity. *Does this mean that firms have too much equity?*
If equity capital always costs 9 percent per year and debt always 3 percent then a firm would be worth more if management kept equity to a minimum and used as much debt as possible. But in the real world there are lots of complications that might make debt cheaper than equity. Monitoring costs are real, default is costly, tax wedges are large, equity is riskier, and contracts are incomplete. It may be that factoring in these costs, which are hard to measure, provides a complete explanation for the differences in return between debt and equity. Or maybe not. If observable characteristics fail to explain this difference does this mean that firms should take on more debt? Or does it mean that these characteristics are poorly measured?
Modigliani-Miller provide a clear way of thinking about this question. In the absence of frictions, as you shrink the amount of equity and offset it with more debt the required returns adjust to leave the firm's cost of capital unchanged. But even so, there is no problem with return on debt being lower than the return on equity. So in and of itself, there is nothing to learn from the lower cost of debt compared with equity. This is a surprisingly robust result:
>
> The two Modigliani-Miller theorems hold good, irrespective of
> individual differences between shareholders' valuations of risk,
> leverage effects, durability of loans, etc. The logic of the theorems
> rests in fact upon the assumption of perfect markets, namely that a
> shareholder can always, through his own borrowing or lending, compose
> his asset portfolio as he sees fit and that he can, without costs,
> give it the composition he desires with respect to risk, leverage,
> etc. If for instance the risk level of a firm's assets is increased,
> the shareholders can neutralize this by lowering the risk of other
> assets in their portfolios.
>
>
>
[Press Release: 15 October 1985 THIS YEAR'S ECONOMICS PRIZE AWARDED FOR PIONEERING STUDIES OF SAVING AND OF FINANCIAL MARKETS](http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1985/press.html)
This is an extremely valuable insight. The explanation is also clear and powerful. So good and powerful that it is hard to see the world any different once you hear it. In one of the Sherlock Holmes stories, Holmes says "The world is full of obvious things which nobody by any chance ever observes." In TV tropes this is called [Seinfeld Is Unfunny](http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SeinfeldIsUnfunny):
>
> It wasn't old or overdone when they did it. But the things it created
> were so brilliant and popular, they became woven into the fabric of
> that show's genre. They ended up being taken for granted, copied and
> endlessly repeated. Although they often began by saying something new,
> they in turn became the status quo.
>
>
>
Additionally, it is hard to remember from the perspective of the present how devoid of theory was corporate finance in the period before Modigliani and Miller. Here's a quote from an award ceremony speech related to the Nobel award:
>
> Until the latter part of the 1950s, no viable theory of corporate
> financing of investment, debt, taxes, and so forth had been developed.
> It was not till Modigliani and Miller presented their theorems that
> more stringent theorizing began to appear in this field. By treating
> financing decisions within the framework of a theory of
> financial-marketplace equilibrium, Modigliani and Miller provided the
> general guidelines for continued research in this area.
>
>
>
[Award Ceremony Speech: Presentation Speech by Professor Ragnar Bentzel of the Royal Academy of Sciences](http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1985/presentation-speech.html) | This has important policy consequences that seem to be widely misunderstood. In the book *The Bankers' New Clothes* by Admati and Hellwig, the authors argue, fundamentally realying on MM, that higher equity requirements for Banks may reduce their profits, but will not reduce economic investment. This very much contradicts the story lobbyists for banks like to tell. |
154,342 | Consider the sentence
>
> We consider how different strategies; (1) running, (2) hiding and (3) fighting
> affect the mating success of bears.
>
>
>
Is that sentence grammatically correct with the semicolon? I usually only use the semicolon when the list ends a sentence. | 2014/02/27 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/154342",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/67203/"
] | Nothing wrong with the plain and
>
> We consider how different strategies (1) running, (2) hiding and (3) fighting
> affect the mating success of bears.
>
>
>
other than that it could do with a 'such as', 'including', or 'of' in front of the list.
>
> We consider how different strategies **of** (1) running, (2) hiding and (3) fighting affect the mating success of bears.
>
>
> | I think use of the semicolon in the sentence is wrong. From <http://www.grammarly.com/handbook/punctuation/semicolon/>:
>
> A semicolon is a punctuation mark used to connect two thoughts or ideas which are somehow similar. Generally, each thought or idea could be used as its own sentence, but the flow of the work may be interrupted by the short, choppy sentences.
>
>
>
In your case, the main idea is:
>
> We consider how different strategies affect the mating success of bears.
>
>
>
*(1) running, (2) hiding and (3) fighting* only provide additional context to the main idea. They cannot be used as a sentence.
I think use of a non-restrictive *such as* makes the sentence better.
>
> We consider how different strategies, *such as (1) running, (2) hiding and (3) fighting*, affect the mating success of bears.
>
>
> |
23,881 | I don't think I've heard of a steel inquisitor who ran out of metals. Can they? Or is there something about their spikes that prevents that? | 2012/09/25 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/23881",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/3804/"
] | As I believe an Inquisitor's spikes aren't necessarily well explained up to the third book, I will put the following part in spoiler tags. Feel free to skip it if you want, as the rest of my answer can still make sense to you even so.
>
> An Inquisitor's spikes are hemalurgic tools designed to steal an allomancer's power and grant them to someone else. The process is deadly for the giver and some power is lost overall, but it allows the transfer of powers to even non-allomancers. This also works for feruchemy, explaining the Inquisitor's incredible healing/regeneration abilities.
>
>
>
In essence, spikes are only used to augment Inquisitors, not to give them otherwise impossible powers like metalless allomancy. It simply isn't the way the spikes work (keep reading the books or refer to the spoilers, but I have warned you!). As such, they'll eventually run out of metals if they keep on burning them, just like normal allomancers.
However, you have to remember that the Steel Inquisitors work for the Lord Ruler, the single richest person in the whole of Scadrial due to his monopoly on atium. Also, most cities of the Central Dominance are built near mines and, as such, the Lord Ruler has access to near infinite stores of allomantic metals.
Although Steel Inquisitors might not have access to infinite powers, it is probably safe to assume they have access to near-infinite resources. When they start their "shift", they probably ingest amounts of metals that would otherwise seriously damage normal allomancers (remember that the Inquisitors have increased healing and regenerative powers), which could explain why they never seem to run out of allomantic metals. | Yes, they run out. This is based on how the spikes work, which is a plot point. Relevantly:
>
> Hemalurgy is of Ruin, so it cannot be used to create more of something - that power is Preservation's domain.
>
>
>
It's very likely that they get increased utility out of their metals, as Kandra do from their "Blessings". However, Steel Inquisitors are known to sleep for long periods of time, so their powers seem disproportionally taxing - presumably in metal as well as personal energy. They do have access to a lot of metal, though, working for the Lord Ruler.
The only "infinite" anything is a Twinborn, an Allomancer and a Feruchemist such as the Gold/Gold enemy in *Alloy of Law*, who can burn metals to compound the effects of feruchemcially storing traits. |
23,881 | I don't think I've heard of a steel inquisitor who ran out of metals. Can they? Or is there something about their spikes that prevents that? | 2012/09/25 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/23881",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/3804/"
] | Yes, they run out. This is based on how the spikes work, which is a plot point. Relevantly:
>
> Hemalurgy is of Ruin, so it cannot be used to create more of something - that power is Preservation's domain.
>
>
>
It's very likely that they get increased utility out of their metals, as Kandra do from their "Blessings". However, Steel Inquisitors are known to sleep for long periods of time, so their powers seem disproportionally taxing - presumably in metal as well as personal energy. They do have access to a lot of metal, though, working for the Lord Ruler.
The only "infinite" anything is a Twinborn, an Allomancer and a Feruchemist such as the Gold/Gold enemy in *Alloy of Law*, who can burn metals to compound the effects of feruchemcially storing traits. | yes and no.
as the above answers explain they seemingly do need metals for allomancy, though i would like to add a stronger source from book 3 (HUGE spoiler)
>
> when spook gained the ability to burn pewter **through Hemalurgy**, he needed pewter to do so
>
>
>
and therefore they can run out of metal, however there are other powers granted by Hemalurgy (spikes)
>
> like the "blessings" of kandra or koloss
>
>
>
that arent allomantic or feruchemistic, and are permanent (as long as the spikes are still there).
>
> although it is unclear where the power was drained from
>
>
> |
23,881 | I don't think I've heard of a steel inquisitor who ran out of metals. Can they? Or is there something about their spikes that prevents that? | 2012/09/25 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/23881",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/3804/"
] | Yes, they run out. This is based on how the spikes work, which is a plot point. Relevantly:
>
> Hemalurgy is of Ruin, so it cannot be used to create more of something - that power is Preservation's domain.
>
>
>
It's very likely that they get increased utility out of their metals, as Kandra do from their "Blessings". However, Steel Inquisitors are known to sleep for long periods of time, so their powers seem disproportionally taxing - presumably in metal as well as personal energy. They do have access to a lot of metal, though, working for the Lord Ruler.
The only "infinite" anything is a Twinborn, an Allomancer and a Feruchemist such as the Gold/Gold enemy in *Alloy of Law*, who can burn metals to compound the effects of feruchemcially storing traits. | It's already well explained before, but I'd like to add something: if an Inquisitor were to run out of metals, he could probably try burning one of his spikes, since they're in connection to his blood stream. Or can you only burn metals that are in your stomach?
However, I am not sure this would work, but it's certainly interesting to consider, I think. |
23,881 | I don't think I've heard of a steel inquisitor who ran out of metals. Can they? Or is there something about their spikes that prevents that? | 2012/09/25 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/23881",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/3804/"
] | As I believe an Inquisitor's spikes aren't necessarily well explained up to the third book, I will put the following part in spoiler tags. Feel free to skip it if you want, as the rest of my answer can still make sense to you even so.
>
> An Inquisitor's spikes are hemalurgic tools designed to steal an allomancer's power and grant them to someone else. The process is deadly for the giver and some power is lost overall, but it allows the transfer of powers to even non-allomancers. This also works for feruchemy, explaining the Inquisitor's incredible healing/regeneration abilities.
>
>
>
In essence, spikes are only used to augment Inquisitors, not to give them otherwise impossible powers like metalless allomancy. It simply isn't the way the spikes work (keep reading the books or refer to the spoilers, but I have warned you!). As such, they'll eventually run out of metals if they keep on burning them, just like normal allomancers.
However, you have to remember that the Steel Inquisitors work for the Lord Ruler, the single richest person in the whole of Scadrial due to his monopoly on atium. Also, most cities of the Central Dominance are built near mines and, as such, the Lord Ruler has access to near infinite stores of allomantic metals.
Although Steel Inquisitors might not have access to infinite powers, it is probably safe to assume they have access to near-infinite resources. When they start their "shift", they probably ingest amounts of metals that would otherwise seriously damage normal allomancers (remember that the Inquisitors have increased healing and regenerative powers), which could explain why they never seem to run out of allomantic metals. | yes and no.
as the above answers explain they seemingly do need metals for allomancy, though i would like to add a stronger source from book 3 (HUGE spoiler)
>
> when spook gained the ability to burn pewter **through Hemalurgy**, he needed pewter to do so
>
>
>
and therefore they can run out of metal, however there are other powers granted by Hemalurgy (spikes)
>
> like the "blessings" of kandra or koloss
>
>
>
that arent allomantic or feruchemistic, and are permanent (as long as the spikes are still there).
>
> although it is unclear where the power was drained from
>
>
> |
23,881 | I don't think I've heard of a steel inquisitor who ran out of metals. Can they? Or is there something about their spikes that prevents that? | 2012/09/25 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/23881",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/3804/"
] | As I believe an Inquisitor's spikes aren't necessarily well explained up to the third book, I will put the following part in spoiler tags. Feel free to skip it if you want, as the rest of my answer can still make sense to you even so.
>
> An Inquisitor's spikes are hemalurgic tools designed to steal an allomancer's power and grant them to someone else. The process is deadly for the giver and some power is lost overall, but it allows the transfer of powers to even non-allomancers. This also works for feruchemy, explaining the Inquisitor's incredible healing/regeneration abilities.
>
>
>
In essence, spikes are only used to augment Inquisitors, not to give them otherwise impossible powers like metalless allomancy. It simply isn't the way the spikes work (keep reading the books or refer to the spoilers, but I have warned you!). As such, they'll eventually run out of metals if they keep on burning them, just like normal allomancers.
However, you have to remember that the Steel Inquisitors work for the Lord Ruler, the single richest person in the whole of Scadrial due to his monopoly on atium. Also, most cities of the Central Dominance are built near mines and, as such, the Lord Ruler has access to near infinite stores of allomantic metals.
Although Steel Inquisitors might not have access to infinite powers, it is probably safe to assume they have access to near-infinite resources. When they start their "shift", they probably ingest amounts of metals that would otherwise seriously damage normal allomancers (remember that the Inquisitors have increased healing and regenerative powers), which could explain why they never seem to run out of allomantic metals. | It's already well explained before, but I'd like to add something: if an Inquisitor were to run out of metals, he could probably try burning one of his spikes, since they're in connection to his blood stream. Or can you only burn metals that are in your stomach?
However, I am not sure this would work, but it's certainly interesting to consider, I think. |
23,881 | I don't think I've heard of a steel inquisitor who ran out of metals. Can they? Or is there something about their spikes that prevents that? | 2012/09/25 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/23881",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/3804/"
] | It's already well explained before, but I'd like to add something: if an Inquisitor were to run out of metals, he could probably try burning one of his spikes, since they're in connection to his blood stream. Or can you only burn metals that are in your stomach?
However, I am not sure this would work, but it's certainly interesting to consider, I think. | yes and no.
as the above answers explain they seemingly do need metals for allomancy, though i would like to add a stronger source from book 3 (HUGE spoiler)
>
> when spook gained the ability to burn pewter **through Hemalurgy**, he needed pewter to do so
>
>
>
and therefore they can run out of metal, however there are other powers granted by Hemalurgy (spikes)
>
> like the "blessings" of kandra or koloss
>
>
>
that arent allomantic or feruchemistic, and are permanent (as long as the spikes are still there).
>
> although it is unclear where the power was drained from
>
>
> |
616,731 | I read somewhere that Arduino input pins basically (more or less) just measure the voltage at their pins with respect to ground (and then, based on that, create an analogue value or a digital HIGH or LOW reading). Would that mean that the following two circuits are equivalent with regard to voltage measurement?
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/eiPHD.png)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/R3hAV.png) | 2022/04/21 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/616731",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/309109/"
] | >
> Would that mean that the following two circuits are equivalent with regard to voltage measurement?
>
>
>
Measurement, not really, but essentially, yes, volts must change for the input to change.
The details though, are quite a bit more complicated than that.
If the pin is set to an *analog input*, then whatever voltage present on the pin is converted to a digital value by an internal component called a ADC or analog-to-digital-converter. 0V typically gets a value of 0, while the maximum volts is set to a value limited by the number of bits of resolution the ADC has. An 8-bit ADC can output a value up to \$2^8\$ or 0-255, so max-volts would get a value of 255 in that case.
If the pin is set to a *digital input*, then voltages over some threshold like 2.2V are considered "high" or "1", while voltages under some other threshold like 1.8V are considered "low" or "0". Due to the way these circuits are constructed, the in-between voltage range is generally a no-go area, where the internal components will draw excessive current and could possibly be damaged if left that way for too long. | No, because the top circuit only measures two levels.
The second circuit measures in much finer resolution.
For the top circuit to be equivalent to the second circuit, the top circuit would need to be an ADC pin, and not a normal digital input (general purpose IO, GPIO) pin. |
616,731 | I read somewhere that Arduino input pins basically (more or less) just measure the voltage at their pins with respect to ground (and then, based on that, create an analogue value or a digital HIGH or LOW reading). Would that mean that the following two circuits are equivalent with regard to voltage measurement?
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/eiPHD.png)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/R3hAV.png) | 2022/04/21 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/616731",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/309109/"
] | >
> Would that mean that the following two circuits are equivalent with regard to voltage measurement?
>
>
>
Measurement, not really, but essentially, yes, volts must change for the input to change.
The details though, are quite a bit more complicated than that.
If the pin is set to an *analog input*, then whatever voltage present on the pin is converted to a digital value by an internal component called a ADC or analog-to-digital-converter. 0V typically gets a value of 0, while the maximum volts is set to a value limited by the number of bits of resolution the ADC has. An 8-bit ADC can output a value up to \$2^8\$ or 0-255, so max-volts would get a value of 255 in that case.
If the pin is set to a *digital input*, then voltages over some threshold like 2.2V are considered "high" or "1", while voltages under some other threshold like 1.8V are considered "low" or "0". Due to the way these circuits are constructed, the in-between voltage range is generally a no-go area, where the internal components will draw excessive current and could possibly be damaged if left that way for too long. | Kinda, with the caveat that digital inputs can't measure the actual voltage, only tell you whether it is close to 5V or close to 0V.
Yes, the digital input tells you 1 (HIGH) if the voltage is close to 5V, and 0 (LOW) if it's close to 0V. An analog input actually measures the voltage and gives you a number that can be used to calculate the voltage.
Note that in-between voltages on digital pins are not allowed, except for short periods of time when the voltage changes from one to the other. In-between voltages can waste power because, as an over-simplification, they can activate both the 1 circuit and the 0 circuit in the chip, causing them to fight against each other. In extreme cases this can damage those circuits by overheating them. I've never heard of this actually happening to an Arduino, but it's a theoretical possibility.
---
*Arduinos don't*, but some chips such as TTL chips have inputs that source (push out) or sink (pull in) significant amounts of current. In this case it is not possible to say whether they are measuring voltage or current, because voltage and current happen together. Some chips (not sure which) might even have current inputs, where the chip keeps the voltage the same and senses the direction of the current instead. |
156,129 | Even though I specify specific files for output, there are still a lot of temporary data being written to C:\Users\me\AppData\etc
My C drive is a very limited capacity SSD and it's driving me nuts that I can't tell where QGIS to go for ALL temporary data.
Maybe there's a configuration file (python, etc) that I can change this value assuming there's no dialog box in the UI to do that? Has anyone successfully changed this?
I already changed the option in Processing->Options but that's the "default" directory for writing out files, not for temporary data. | 2015/07/28 | [
"https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/156129",
"https://gis.stackexchange.com",
"https://gis.stackexchange.com/users/55879/"
] | In **Settings -> Options -> System** of QGIS, you will be able to see the read only current environment variables of your system; precisely the folder where your temporary data are being written (see next image).
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/frk55.png)
You can edit the path of these folders by using the Control Panel of Windows (filtering by **env** at the browser); see next image.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/AKwjm.png) | Some QGIS installers have this option in advanced section to install this Local Package Directory; as it can be observed in following [image](https://gyazo.com/6461f730c1e1b34c6488424369f84e42):
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/b5jLL.png) |
5,683 | I'm usually good at this sort of stuff but I don't know how to handle this situation. I'll start from the beginning.
---
### Backstory
About 2-3 years ago, a good friend of mine, Henry, stole a grinder from another "friend" of his and gave it to me. I didn't want it at first but he convinced me to take it as he was "only going to throw it away" because he wouldn't be able to use it in front of the other "friend". Not being directly involved with this situation or the other "friend", I then took the grinder and used it myself for the next year and a half.
Fast forward to about 6-9 months ago, Henry and his "friend" are no longer friends and he decides he wants this grinder back. Now, Henry has been a really great friend to me and although I thought that asking for a gift back is pretty damn rude, I decided I'd give it back to him and buy myself a new grinder. I ended up buying the same model, which cost me €45.
It didn't bother me to buy a new one because I had plenty of money at that time. It did bother me that he asked for it back, but because Henry can be quite confrontational at times, I decided that arguing about how I felt wasn't worth it and it'd be all forgotten about shortly after.
Up until now, there was no issue. I had my grinder, and Henry had his. However, Henry decided to swap the top compartment of his grinder with mine - initially, this was just as a prank, but when I asked for the top part of mine back, he told me that he thinks it's fair that he keeps it because he gave me the grinder to use all that time ago. I mentioned to him how most people don't usually return things they get as gifts and that it was nice of me to even give it back. "F\*\*\* \*\*\*" was the response to that.
---
### The problem
Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as practical impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me. However, I can't help but feel completely disrespected from all this. I didn't want the grinder in the first place, and if he had told me the day he gave it to me that he was just going to ask for it back later, and try take a part of my new grinder as tax, I wouldn't have taken it - why would I make a deal with little to no benefit to me?
Regardless, this feels similar to entrapment and that is *not* okay with me. I'm losing out here and I've done nothing wrong.
The other important factors are that I do a lot with Henry. We both live in the same locality and attend the same college an hour and a half away. We're also living together for this year of college. He organized the house to live in and as I don't drive he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week. This also saves me a phenomenal amount of money as public transport in my country is extremely expensive and unreliable, especially when living rural. *This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me*.
---
### Solution
This is where I need some advice.
1. I want to tell him how scummy and selfish I think it was of him to request what I thought was a gift back from me simply because it suited him best, and then stealing a part of my grinder and trying to pass it off as tax for something I had thought was over already. This will almost certainly end with him telling me about how he does so much for me, then him telling me to f\*\*\* off. I would then have to deal with an awkward house and pay 60% of my income on travel. Not the best outcome IMO.
2. I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow.
3. An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument.
I'm probably going to go with option 2, because it creates the least hassle for me - but being in a position like this is grinding away at me and making me feel powerless - enough to the point I've come to ask the internet for help!
What's the right thing to do?
---
### More info
Just to clear some stuff up:
1. Accommodation in my country is very, very difficult to get. There is a national housing crisis right now and students are some of the worst affected. The idea of being able to secure, let alone afford, a one-bedroom apartment is out of the question.
2. Getting a car is pretty much out of the question too. Although I have almost obtained my full license, the price of insurance for a first time driver in my country is in excess of €3000 - not including the price of a car. It is simply not clever at this point in time to spend my entire savings on one.
3. I don't drink or smoke. I just vaporize cannabis. This makes the habit very cheap for me. | 2017/10/20 | [
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/questions/5683",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/users/7643/"
] | This incident should really tell you everything you need to know about your friend. I mean .. he "stole" the grinder from someone else to begin with. And then he "stole" it back from you, further taking advantage of you by swapping out the ***used*** parts with your ***new*** ones in the process.
It really looks like this guy is only watching out for number one: ***himself***. Everyone else is only a resource he taps into when he needs them. People like these are commonly known as ***parasites***, and are best avoided.
I believe that if you were to analyze your relationship with him very objectively, you'll find many more examples of him forcing you into doing something which, while seemingly innocuous, actually works out in his favor, with little regard as to your own wishes or opinions.
>
> For example, taking the grinder in the first place. You didn't really want it, but he manipulated you into taking it off his hands, thus having you store it for him until he needed it again.
>
>
>
I would recommend taking a step back and reassessing your relationship with this person. It's not an easy thing to do, but it may very well save you a lot of grief in the future.
You need not cut him out of your life completely, but perhaps it would be best if you created a little more distance between the two of you. Watch and see whether he will try to make things right between you, or if he simply loses touch once he realizes he can't manipulate you to suit his needs.
For example, if he needs you store something in your garage for him for a while (which, if I recognize the type, will turn into months), tell him that you can't accommodate him at the moment. If he needs a drive, etc. politely refuse. Don't feel guilty about it either! I'm sure you've helped him plenty in the past.
Just see how he reacts when he doesn't get his way. Does he try to manipulate you into helping him? Does he get angry if you keep shutting him down? Make further decisions based on his reactions. | In this situation, you have a person who:
* Steals from one friend
* Uses another friend to cover it up
* Reneges on a "gift" when it is convenient for him
* Rearranges the situation to suit himself
This is a self-centered individual, with some bullying tendencies. A relationship like this will always be one sided, tilted in his favor. The only time he will do stuff for others is when it is convenient for him.
The two comments that are telling, are:
>
> I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow
>
>
> An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument
>
>
>
Is this a "friend" you really care about keeping? I understand that you have a living situation to deal with, but honestly, there are some relationships that are just not worth keeping.
Unfortunately, you also demonstrate some aspects of victim mentality, i.e. you would rather appease than confront, ignore a situation to avoid conflict, etc. While you don't want to hear it, you are making choices that make it easy for him to have this power over you. You can afford to spend 45 Euros on a grinder, and however much your cannabis costs, but cannot afford transportation?
I am trying to point out that choices have consequences. You could choose to move and buy a bike for 9 months, or choose to gloss it over and have it eat at you for 9 months. Or however you want to work it out. All that I am saying is that you need to decide what is important *for you* and do that. If that choice is appeasing him for 9 months, great. If it means moving out and dealing with transportation or other issues, great. Just make sure that you are making the choice for your own best interests, not just taking an easy way out. |
5,683 | I'm usually good at this sort of stuff but I don't know how to handle this situation. I'll start from the beginning.
---
### Backstory
About 2-3 years ago, a good friend of mine, Henry, stole a grinder from another "friend" of his and gave it to me. I didn't want it at first but he convinced me to take it as he was "only going to throw it away" because he wouldn't be able to use it in front of the other "friend". Not being directly involved with this situation or the other "friend", I then took the grinder and used it myself for the next year and a half.
Fast forward to about 6-9 months ago, Henry and his "friend" are no longer friends and he decides he wants this grinder back. Now, Henry has been a really great friend to me and although I thought that asking for a gift back is pretty damn rude, I decided I'd give it back to him and buy myself a new grinder. I ended up buying the same model, which cost me €45.
It didn't bother me to buy a new one because I had plenty of money at that time. It did bother me that he asked for it back, but because Henry can be quite confrontational at times, I decided that arguing about how I felt wasn't worth it and it'd be all forgotten about shortly after.
Up until now, there was no issue. I had my grinder, and Henry had his. However, Henry decided to swap the top compartment of his grinder with mine - initially, this was just as a prank, but when I asked for the top part of mine back, he told me that he thinks it's fair that he keeps it because he gave me the grinder to use all that time ago. I mentioned to him how most people don't usually return things they get as gifts and that it was nice of me to even give it back. "F\*\*\* \*\*\*" was the response to that.
---
### The problem
Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as practical impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me. However, I can't help but feel completely disrespected from all this. I didn't want the grinder in the first place, and if he had told me the day he gave it to me that he was just going to ask for it back later, and try take a part of my new grinder as tax, I wouldn't have taken it - why would I make a deal with little to no benefit to me?
Regardless, this feels similar to entrapment and that is *not* okay with me. I'm losing out here and I've done nothing wrong.
The other important factors are that I do a lot with Henry. We both live in the same locality and attend the same college an hour and a half away. We're also living together for this year of college. He organized the house to live in and as I don't drive he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week. This also saves me a phenomenal amount of money as public transport in my country is extremely expensive and unreliable, especially when living rural. *This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me*.
---
### Solution
This is where I need some advice.
1. I want to tell him how scummy and selfish I think it was of him to request what I thought was a gift back from me simply because it suited him best, and then stealing a part of my grinder and trying to pass it off as tax for something I had thought was over already. This will almost certainly end with him telling me about how he does so much for me, then him telling me to f\*\*\* off. I would then have to deal with an awkward house and pay 60% of my income on travel. Not the best outcome IMO.
2. I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow.
3. An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument.
I'm probably going to go with option 2, because it creates the least hassle for me - but being in a position like this is grinding away at me and making me feel powerless - enough to the point I've come to ask the internet for help!
What's the right thing to do?
---
### More info
Just to clear some stuff up:
1. Accommodation in my country is very, very difficult to get. There is a national housing crisis right now and students are some of the worst affected. The idea of being able to secure, let alone afford, a one-bedroom apartment is out of the question.
2. Getting a car is pretty much out of the question too. Although I have almost obtained my full license, the price of insurance for a first time driver in my country is in excess of €3000 - not including the price of a car. It is simply not clever at this point in time to spend my entire savings on one.
3. I don't drink or smoke. I just vaporize cannabis. This makes the habit very cheap for me. | 2017/10/20 | [
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/questions/5683",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/users/7643/"
] | In this situation, you have a person who:
* Steals from one friend
* Uses another friend to cover it up
* Reneges on a "gift" when it is convenient for him
* Rearranges the situation to suit himself
This is a self-centered individual, with some bullying tendencies. A relationship like this will always be one sided, tilted in his favor. The only time he will do stuff for others is when it is convenient for him.
The two comments that are telling, are:
>
> I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow
>
>
> An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument
>
>
>
Is this a "friend" you really care about keeping? I understand that you have a living situation to deal with, but honestly, there are some relationships that are just not worth keeping.
Unfortunately, you also demonstrate some aspects of victim mentality, i.e. you would rather appease than confront, ignore a situation to avoid conflict, etc. While you don't want to hear it, you are making choices that make it easy for him to have this power over you. You can afford to spend 45 Euros on a grinder, and however much your cannabis costs, but cannot afford transportation?
I am trying to point out that choices have consequences. You could choose to move and buy a bike for 9 months, or choose to gloss it over and have it eat at you for 9 months. Or however you want to work it out. All that I am saying is that you need to decide what is important *for you* and do that. If that choice is appeasing him for 9 months, great. If it means moving out and dealing with transportation or other issues, great. Just make sure that you are making the choice for your own best interests, not just taking an easy way out. | The answers here cover pretty well the relationship angle. To me the most important thing you said is that **you feel powerless**.
And you are still in a position where you have to deal with this person for 9 months. That's a long time for you to feel powerless.
As such, your priority should be finding ways to reduce your dependence on him. Certainly, don't entangle yourself further with him.
A method of at least mentally getting back some of your power here is concluding that you **can** deal with him not transporting you and being an awkward roommate.
You'd rather not since losing 60% of your income to public transport is a huge hit as would the inconvenience. But its something you could handle. You are not totally dependent on him. You're at college, you can try to find an apartment to rent. Or if its an assigned situation, there should be an school-based counselor or arbitrator that you can make use of.
Granted, you may not want to if cannabis is illegal where you are. The options are still there.
Once you accept in your own mind that his "power" is just a convenience for you, confronting him directly about anything should come much more easily.
You can still choose to keep quiet here if you decide the convenience is worth it. But the decision should be made as a practical consideration, not from a fear of confrontation or anxiety. And after you make this decision you should not feel powerless. |
5,683 | I'm usually good at this sort of stuff but I don't know how to handle this situation. I'll start from the beginning.
---
### Backstory
About 2-3 years ago, a good friend of mine, Henry, stole a grinder from another "friend" of his and gave it to me. I didn't want it at first but he convinced me to take it as he was "only going to throw it away" because he wouldn't be able to use it in front of the other "friend". Not being directly involved with this situation or the other "friend", I then took the grinder and used it myself for the next year and a half.
Fast forward to about 6-9 months ago, Henry and his "friend" are no longer friends and he decides he wants this grinder back. Now, Henry has been a really great friend to me and although I thought that asking for a gift back is pretty damn rude, I decided I'd give it back to him and buy myself a new grinder. I ended up buying the same model, which cost me €45.
It didn't bother me to buy a new one because I had plenty of money at that time. It did bother me that he asked for it back, but because Henry can be quite confrontational at times, I decided that arguing about how I felt wasn't worth it and it'd be all forgotten about shortly after.
Up until now, there was no issue. I had my grinder, and Henry had his. However, Henry decided to swap the top compartment of his grinder with mine - initially, this was just as a prank, but when I asked for the top part of mine back, he told me that he thinks it's fair that he keeps it because he gave me the grinder to use all that time ago. I mentioned to him how most people don't usually return things they get as gifts and that it was nice of me to even give it back. "F\*\*\* \*\*\*" was the response to that.
---
### The problem
Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as practical impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me. However, I can't help but feel completely disrespected from all this. I didn't want the grinder in the first place, and if he had told me the day he gave it to me that he was just going to ask for it back later, and try take a part of my new grinder as tax, I wouldn't have taken it - why would I make a deal with little to no benefit to me?
Regardless, this feels similar to entrapment and that is *not* okay with me. I'm losing out here and I've done nothing wrong.
The other important factors are that I do a lot with Henry. We both live in the same locality and attend the same college an hour and a half away. We're also living together for this year of college. He organized the house to live in and as I don't drive he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week. This also saves me a phenomenal amount of money as public transport in my country is extremely expensive and unreliable, especially when living rural. *This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me*.
---
### Solution
This is where I need some advice.
1. I want to tell him how scummy and selfish I think it was of him to request what I thought was a gift back from me simply because it suited him best, and then stealing a part of my grinder and trying to pass it off as tax for something I had thought was over already. This will almost certainly end with him telling me about how he does so much for me, then him telling me to f\*\*\* off. I would then have to deal with an awkward house and pay 60% of my income on travel. Not the best outcome IMO.
2. I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow.
3. An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument.
I'm probably going to go with option 2, because it creates the least hassle for me - but being in a position like this is grinding away at me and making me feel powerless - enough to the point I've come to ask the internet for help!
What's the right thing to do?
---
### More info
Just to clear some stuff up:
1. Accommodation in my country is very, very difficult to get. There is a national housing crisis right now and students are some of the worst affected. The idea of being able to secure, let alone afford, a one-bedroom apartment is out of the question.
2. Getting a car is pretty much out of the question too. Although I have almost obtained my full license, the price of insurance for a first time driver in my country is in excess of €3000 - not including the price of a car. It is simply not clever at this point in time to spend my entire savings on one.
3. I don't drink or smoke. I just vaporize cannabis. This makes the habit very cheap for me. | 2017/10/20 | [
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/questions/5683",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/users/7643/"
] | Now that you've already figured out that you should move out and cut him out of your life after College (which seems to be nearly done for you).
I'll address your other concerns.
>
> This also saves
> me a phenomenal amount of money as public transport in my country is
> extremely expensive and unreliable, especially when living rural. This
> puts him somewhat in a position of power over me.
>
>
>
Stop feeding your resentment. You made a mistake. You're going to correct that mistake soon (as soon as College is over). Good!
Now that you've made that decision, think of what's happening purely in financial terms.
Do the calculations. If you were to move out tomorrow, how much would that cost you? How much are you saving each month because he drives you to school? How much are you contributing to gas and to his insurance/upkeep of his vehicle? Of course, keep this information to yourself. He doesn't need to know.
Are you saving €45 a month? €100? €300? Do not just squander that savings, put it away in some sort of rainy day fund (it doesn't have to be the entire amount, it could just be a small portion of it each month).
This is just to get a new habit going.
>
> This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me.
>
>
>
Freedom costs planning, time, and money. Freedom usually has a price.
That's why I'm suggesting that you start saving some of that money.
>
> He organized the house to live in and as I don't drive...
>
>
>
The first thing I would do if I were you is to get a drivers license for a car. Or if that's too difficult in your country, I would try to get a license for a motorcycle or a moped.
You don't need to buy a car or anything like that, I'm just suggesting that you to start taking baby steps towards independence. Even if it's a tiny little step, taking it will give you back a small measure of control instead of feeling powerless (since you're not able to move out right at this very minute).
And the second thing I'd suggest you do is to plan your exit carefully. Moving out takes time. Planning a move (unless you're moving back home or unless you're moving into some dorm for grad students) takes research and preparation.
Don't let others do the planning for you. Choose your next roommates/housemates/friends much more carefully. Do not leave things like that to chance.
Assume you're not going to get your deposit back and that some of your personal property may disappear just before you move out. Try to keep things cordial until then, or things may get worse. Your housemate obviously has no respect for personal property. He will make up any excuse to take the stuff that he wants, especially if he thinks you no longer want to be friends with him, so do not throw oil on that fire by telling him that you no longer want to be friends/bong buddy with him once you're done with College. | A thing that might work well could be writing how you feel.
By writing you get the time to think, let him know how you feel, avoid discussions, the risk of getting angry and insulting him while talking, etc.
Although it seems that Henry can just be a dick, given some experiences I had, this might be his way of expressing his angry about something with you. He might not know how to tell you he feels you should compensate he taking you to college, that you don't help enough around the house, that you are too close to his girlfriend or whatever. Or it could just be the way Henry is.
Considering your problem, and the factors you mentioned (the car rides plus living with him) I would recommend something like:
>
> Dear Henry,
>
>
> I wanted to tell you I've been feeling upset about what happened with
> the grinder. I don't really care about the thing itself, please, keep
> it, but I feel insulted (or however you felt) by you deciding to take
> your gift back and taking a part of my new grinder.
>
>
> You are my friend and I'm really grateful of sharing a home with you,
> and I really appreciate you taking me to college. But your attitude
> with this other thing made me feel really bad, and I wanted you to
> know it.
>
>
> If there's something I did for you to act this way please let me know,
> so we can talk about it.
>
>
> You don't have to answer to this if you don't want to, and if you are
> going to tell me to f\*\*\* o\*\*, please don't.
>
>
> Love,
>
>
> Dough John
>
>
>
Good luck. |
5,683 | I'm usually good at this sort of stuff but I don't know how to handle this situation. I'll start from the beginning.
---
### Backstory
About 2-3 years ago, a good friend of mine, Henry, stole a grinder from another "friend" of his and gave it to me. I didn't want it at first but he convinced me to take it as he was "only going to throw it away" because he wouldn't be able to use it in front of the other "friend". Not being directly involved with this situation or the other "friend", I then took the grinder and used it myself for the next year and a half.
Fast forward to about 6-9 months ago, Henry and his "friend" are no longer friends and he decides he wants this grinder back. Now, Henry has been a really great friend to me and although I thought that asking for a gift back is pretty damn rude, I decided I'd give it back to him and buy myself a new grinder. I ended up buying the same model, which cost me €45.
It didn't bother me to buy a new one because I had plenty of money at that time. It did bother me that he asked for it back, but because Henry can be quite confrontational at times, I decided that arguing about how I felt wasn't worth it and it'd be all forgotten about shortly after.
Up until now, there was no issue. I had my grinder, and Henry had his. However, Henry decided to swap the top compartment of his grinder with mine - initially, this was just as a prank, but when I asked for the top part of mine back, he told me that he thinks it's fair that he keeps it because he gave me the grinder to use all that time ago. I mentioned to him how most people don't usually return things they get as gifts and that it was nice of me to even give it back. "F\*\*\* \*\*\*" was the response to that.
---
### The problem
Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as practical impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me. However, I can't help but feel completely disrespected from all this. I didn't want the grinder in the first place, and if he had told me the day he gave it to me that he was just going to ask for it back later, and try take a part of my new grinder as tax, I wouldn't have taken it - why would I make a deal with little to no benefit to me?
Regardless, this feels similar to entrapment and that is *not* okay with me. I'm losing out here and I've done nothing wrong.
The other important factors are that I do a lot with Henry. We both live in the same locality and attend the same college an hour and a half away. We're also living together for this year of college. He organized the house to live in and as I don't drive he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week. This also saves me a phenomenal amount of money as public transport in my country is extremely expensive and unreliable, especially when living rural. *This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me*.
---
### Solution
This is where I need some advice.
1. I want to tell him how scummy and selfish I think it was of him to request what I thought was a gift back from me simply because it suited him best, and then stealing a part of my grinder and trying to pass it off as tax for something I had thought was over already. This will almost certainly end with him telling me about how he does so much for me, then him telling me to f\*\*\* off. I would then have to deal with an awkward house and pay 60% of my income on travel. Not the best outcome IMO.
2. I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow.
3. An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument.
I'm probably going to go with option 2, because it creates the least hassle for me - but being in a position like this is grinding away at me and making me feel powerless - enough to the point I've come to ask the internet for help!
What's the right thing to do?
---
### More info
Just to clear some stuff up:
1. Accommodation in my country is very, very difficult to get. There is a national housing crisis right now and students are some of the worst affected. The idea of being able to secure, let alone afford, a one-bedroom apartment is out of the question.
2. Getting a car is pretty much out of the question too. Although I have almost obtained my full license, the price of insurance for a first time driver in my country is in excess of €3000 - not including the price of a car. It is simply not clever at this point in time to spend my entire savings on one.
3. I don't drink or smoke. I just vaporize cannabis. This makes the habit very cheap for me. | 2017/10/20 | [
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/questions/5683",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/users/7643/"
] | The answers here cover pretty well the relationship angle. To me the most important thing you said is that **you feel powerless**.
And you are still in a position where you have to deal with this person for 9 months. That's a long time for you to feel powerless.
As such, your priority should be finding ways to reduce your dependence on him. Certainly, don't entangle yourself further with him.
A method of at least mentally getting back some of your power here is concluding that you **can** deal with him not transporting you and being an awkward roommate.
You'd rather not since losing 60% of your income to public transport is a huge hit as would the inconvenience. But its something you could handle. You are not totally dependent on him. You're at college, you can try to find an apartment to rent. Or if its an assigned situation, there should be an school-based counselor or arbitrator that you can make use of.
Granted, you may not want to if cannabis is illegal where you are. The options are still there.
Once you accept in your own mind that his "power" is just a convenience for you, confronting him directly about anything should come much more easily.
You can still choose to keep quiet here if you decide the convenience is worth it. But the decision should be made as a practical consideration, not from a fear of confrontation or anxiety. And after you make this decision you should not feel powerless. | What do you want to achieve? That's what you have to find out first. At the moment you have cheap transport to and from your university, which is worth a lot of money, and which you don't want to lose. You share a room with your "friend", so falling out would be very uncomfortable and/or inconvenient. Last, you would want the top of your grinder back, and you would want to teach your friend that this is no way to treat people.
I'd say that frankly you can't achieve all of these goals at the some time. You should also consider that your friend is highly unreliable, you already knew he is a thief, you now knew he doesn't care one bit about your feelings. In other words, he is not your friend.
Instead of viewing him as your friend, view him as your cheap bus ticket and your roommate. The cheap bus ticket is worth a lot more than the grinder. You know what kind of person he is, and that you are a better person, that must be enough there; don't even try to teach him to behave better. So keep him sweet, keep your cheap bus ticket, feel good about being the better person, write off the minor cost of the grinder top. Think about it as a business transaction. |
5,683 | I'm usually good at this sort of stuff but I don't know how to handle this situation. I'll start from the beginning.
---
### Backstory
About 2-3 years ago, a good friend of mine, Henry, stole a grinder from another "friend" of his and gave it to me. I didn't want it at first but he convinced me to take it as he was "only going to throw it away" because he wouldn't be able to use it in front of the other "friend". Not being directly involved with this situation or the other "friend", I then took the grinder and used it myself for the next year and a half.
Fast forward to about 6-9 months ago, Henry and his "friend" are no longer friends and he decides he wants this grinder back. Now, Henry has been a really great friend to me and although I thought that asking for a gift back is pretty damn rude, I decided I'd give it back to him and buy myself a new grinder. I ended up buying the same model, which cost me €45.
It didn't bother me to buy a new one because I had plenty of money at that time. It did bother me that he asked for it back, but because Henry can be quite confrontational at times, I decided that arguing about how I felt wasn't worth it and it'd be all forgotten about shortly after.
Up until now, there was no issue. I had my grinder, and Henry had his. However, Henry decided to swap the top compartment of his grinder with mine - initially, this was just as a prank, but when I asked for the top part of mine back, he told me that he thinks it's fair that he keeps it because he gave me the grinder to use all that time ago. I mentioned to him how most people don't usually return things they get as gifts and that it was nice of me to even give it back. "F\*\*\* \*\*\*" was the response to that.
---
### The problem
Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as practical impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me. However, I can't help but feel completely disrespected from all this. I didn't want the grinder in the first place, and if he had told me the day he gave it to me that he was just going to ask for it back later, and try take a part of my new grinder as tax, I wouldn't have taken it - why would I make a deal with little to no benefit to me?
Regardless, this feels similar to entrapment and that is *not* okay with me. I'm losing out here and I've done nothing wrong.
The other important factors are that I do a lot with Henry. We both live in the same locality and attend the same college an hour and a half away. We're also living together for this year of college. He organized the house to live in and as I don't drive he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week. This also saves me a phenomenal amount of money as public transport in my country is extremely expensive and unreliable, especially when living rural. *This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me*.
---
### Solution
This is where I need some advice.
1. I want to tell him how scummy and selfish I think it was of him to request what I thought was a gift back from me simply because it suited him best, and then stealing a part of my grinder and trying to pass it off as tax for something I had thought was over already. This will almost certainly end with him telling me about how he does so much for me, then him telling me to f\*\*\* off. I would then have to deal with an awkward house and pay 60% of my income on travel. Not the best outcome IMO.
2. I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow.
3. An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument.
I'm probably going to go with option 2, because it creates the least hassle for me - but being in a position like this is grinding away at me and making me feel powerless - enough to the point I've come to ask the internet for help!
What's the right thing to do?
---
### More info
Just to clear some stuff up:
1. Accommodation in my country is very, very difficult to get. There is a national housing crisis right now and students are some of the worst affected. The idea of being able to secure, let alone afford, a one-bedroom apartment is out of the question.
2. Getting a car is pretty much out of the question too. Although I have almost obtained my full license, the price of insurance for a first time driver in my country is in excess of €3000 - not including the price of a car. It is simply not clever at this point in time to spend my entire savings on one.
3. I don't drink or smoke. I just vaporize cannabis. This makes the habit very cheap for me. | 2017/10/20 | [
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/questions/5683",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/users/7643/"
] | So I think it's pretty clear from all of the other posts that the internet agrees that this Henry guy is not the kind of person you really want to be friends with. But regardless, we need to figure out how to take control of the situation.
You have one advantage: you have nothing material to lose:
>
> Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as actual impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me.
>
>
>
You also have one huge weakness: you are dependent on him:
>
> ...he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week.... This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me.
>
>
>
Now the first part means that this is a purely social interaction. No ownership really needs to be called into question. The approach I'd usually take is to day:
>
> I consider your taking of the grinder compartment to be stealing. You are free to think differently, but know that my interaction with you is going to include the fact that I consider you to have stolen my to compartment.
>
>
>
Given that he's apparently happy to steal entire grinders, this is a pretty easy-to-defend claim.
Now the hard part is that you are reliant on him for travel. As long as this is true, you have given him power over you, and he's known to be a narcissistic thief. The long-term solution is to get out from under that relationship and become another individual that Henry is no longer "friends" with. However, the process of doing that is beyond the scope of this question. That's a far more in-depth challenge.
Not knowing how that should go, I can't truly say what you should do in this narrower problem. However, one approach you could try is:
>
> You know what, I'm not going to fight you over the grinder container. However, I do treat this as a reflection on how you treat your friends.
>
>
>
And leave it at that. See if he even cares about his reputation, and go from there. This reply is far less than accusing him of stealing, but it does retain you some power: it becomes clear that your opinion of him is yours alone, and he can't dictate how you should feel towards him. | The answers here cover pretty well the relationship angle. To me the most important thing you said is that **you feel powerless**.
And you are still in a position where you have to deal with this person for 9 months. That's a long time for you to feel powerless.
As such, your priority should be finding ways to reduce your dependence on him. Certainly, don't entangle yourself further with him.
A method of at least mentally getting back some of your power here is concluding that you **can** deal with him not transporting you and being an awkward roommate.
You'd rather not since losing 60% of your income to public transport is a huge hit as would the inconvenience. But its something you could handle. You are not totally dependent on him. You're at college, you can try to find an apartment to rent. Or if its an assigned situation, there should be an school-based counselor or arbitrator that you can make use of.
Granted, you may not want to if cannabis is illegal where you are. The options are still there.
Once you accept in your own mind that his "power" is just a convenience for you, confronting him directly about anything should come much more easily.
You can still choose to keep quiet here if you decide the convenience is worth it. But the decision should be made as a practical consideration, not from a fear of confrontation or anxiety. And after you make this decision you should not feel powerless. |
5,683 | I'm usually good at this sort of stuff but I don't know how to handle this situation. I'll start from the beginning.
---
### Backstory
About 2-3 years ago, a good friend of mine, Henry, stole a grinder from another "friend" of his and gave it to me. I didn't want it at first but he convinced me to take it as he was "only going to throw it away" because he wouldn't be able to use it in front of the other "friend". Not being directly involved with this situation or the other "friend", I then took the grinder and used it myself for the next year and a half.
Fast forward to about 6-9 months ago, Henry and his "friend" are no longer friends and he decides he wants this grinder back. Now, Henry has been a really great friend to me and although I thought that asking for a gift back is pretty damn rude, I decided I'd give it back to him and buy myself a new grinder. I ended up buying the same model, which cost me €45.
It didn't bother me to buy a new one because I had plenty of money at that time. It did bother me that he asked for it back, but because Henry can be quite confrontational at times, I decided that arguing about how I felt wasn't worth it and it'd be all forgotten about shortly after.
Up until now, there was no issue. I had my grinder, and Henry had his. However, Henry decided to swap the top compartment of his grinder with mine - initially, this was just as a prank, but when I asked for the top part of mine back, he told me that he thinks it's fair that he keeps it because he gave me the grinder to use all that time ago. I mentioned to him how most people don't usually return things they get as gifts and that it was nice of me to even give it back. "F\*\*\* \*\*\*" was the response to that.
---
### The problem
Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as practical impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me. However, I can't help but feel completely disrespected from all this. I didn't want the grinder in the first place, and if he had told me the day he gave it to me that he was just going to ask for it back later, and try take a part of my new grinder as tax, I wouldn't have taken it - why would I make a deal with little to no benefit to me?
Regardless, this feels similar to entrapment and that is *not* okay with me. I'm losing out here and I've done nothing wrong.
The other important factors are that I do a lot with Henry. We both live in the same locality and attend the same college an hour and a half away. We're also living together for this year of college. He organized the house to live in and as I don't drive he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week. This also saves me a phenomenal amount of money as public transport in my country is extremely expensive and unreliable, especially when living rural. *This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me*.
---
### Solution
This is where I need some advice.
1. I want to tell him how scummy and selfish I think it was of him to request what I thought was a gift back from me simply because it suited him best, and then stealing a part of my grinder and trying to pass it off as tax for something I had thought was over already. This will almost certainly end with him telling me about how he does so much for me, then him telling me to f\*\*\* off. I would then have to deal with an awkward house and pay 60% of my income on travel. Not the best outcome IMO.
2. I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow.
3. An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument.
I'm probably going to go with option 2, because it creates the least hassle for me - but being in a position like this is grinding away at me and making me feel powerless - enough to the point I've come to ask the internet for help!
What's the right thing to do?
---
### More info
Just to clear some stuff up:
1. Accommodation in my country is very, very difficult to get. There is a national housing crisis right now and students are some of the worst affected. The idea of being able to secure, let alone afford, a one-bedroom apartment is out of the question.
2. Getting a car is pretty much out of the question too. Although I have almost obtained my full license, the price of insurance for a first time driver in my country is in excess of €3000 - not including the price of a car. It is simply not clever at this point in time to spend my entire savings on one.
3. I don't drink or smoke. I just vaporize cannabis. This makes the habit very cheap for me. | 2017/10/20 | [
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/questions/5683",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/users/7643/"
] | People, especially when young, tend to assume those they hang out with are not deceitful... and thus believe them until something shocks them into the realization that the "friend" isn't a reliable source of information or judgment. Thus you believed when your "friend" said that he had stolen something from someone else only to "even things up" after the other person stole from him, that you could generally rely on his sense of what was "fair" and since you weren't a thief... your friend wouldn't steal from YOU.
Now, on the receiving end of his version of what he considers "fair"-- simply taking something from you, without the least justification for doing so except that he gave you something once and you used the thing he gave you, until he took it back (!)-- you can see that perhaps his sense of "fairness" can NOT be relied upon, but instead functions as an excuse for his theft. The lesson to learn from this particular part of your story is not to assume that just because you know someone, or because he has benefited you somehow, he is a good or trustworthy person. Previously it did not occur to you, apparently, that his "stealing back" was a red flag, something that ought to have made you suspicious of his sense of justice. People who impose their unilateral "solutions" on others via deception or force need to be watched VERY carefully and not given the benefit of the doubt. If the only reason you have for believing that his friend was in fact a thief was his statement justifying his own theft... that isn't enough of a reason, and you really can't afford to ignore whether your friends are bad people.
Many others have given you excellent advice on how to reduce your feelings of powerlessness and alleviate the actual situation. To which I would only add that you need to think it through carefully and remember what you learn. If you treat someone as trustworthy before they have shown themselves actually to BE trustworthy, and you are mistaken, they will wreak much harm on you. This guy probably set you up deliberately, knowing your naivete would not last and he would benefit by your having accepted help from him that you would be averse to losing, as well as that the appearance of friendship would make it harder for you to realize he is NOT your friend.
Just acknowledge the lesson, learn from it, and reduce the harm to yourself and others. I also guess that now that you realize how abusive he has been to you, while calling it fair, you may re-evaluate past acceptance of similar harms he has done to others-- which you were willing to overlook before because unwilling to contest his claim of "fairness". There are people who operate on the basis that they deserve whatever they can get, and you cannot be friends with them unless your version of friendship includes constantly defending yourself, your property, your reputation, etc, against their attempted depredations-- in short a version of friendship that is indistinguishable from enmity.
Shedding naivete and acquiring maturity is very often painful. You've had some of that pain already and will have more assessing the full dimensions of your previous blindness. The only thing you can do, after setting yourself up this way and then falling in the hole of your own digging, is figure out how not to do it again. | I had a housemate like yours a few years back. IPS didn't exist back then and I didn't find a diplomatic answer but what I can tell is : any confrontation will not end well. And do not have a bad idea like "let's try to talk about him to other people from college." That won't work most of the time, it will most likely backfire later.
This is the kind of people who will shout louder than you and will most likely not hesitate to resort to violence if needed. Or at least that's what I guess by reading your question.
One thing you need is to protect your belongings from that person, before you do anything else. Because as some other stated, trying to confront him, gain independance, move, and so on will most likely trigger him.
Some tricks to use to that intent :
-Never leave anything in the common rooms. If needed, even keep a set of cuttery near you, so that you will not find one day that you have no more forks and knives to eat. Yes some people like to do that...
-Never leave your computer without doing a small windows+L. That's basic information security, but that is definitely needed there. Rule of thumb, do not leave your computer in the same place Henry is for extended period of time. Even if he does not steal it he could do a lot of harm by plugging unwanted stuff. (<http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/evil-maid-attack>). If you think he could steal it, there are some softwares to track your computer if stolen or lost. Same thing applies to your smartphone.
-Should you need to leave for some days (vacation, week-ends, school trip) taking a picture of your room before leaving would be a good idea. Just in case.
-When exiting your room, placing a chair, or anything bulky in the way behind you with stuff would be a good trap. If when you enter your room, that bulky item is not placed against the door, then someone entered it. If you are quite paranoid you could even place that item balanced against the door, with a piece of cloth on it, so that it falls whenever someone enters your room. And if you see that very piece of clothing on the floor after entering your room, then you know someone paid you a little unwanted visit.
-Checking from time to time some of your stuff might be a good idea. There are goods that can easily be stolen without you noticing : DVD's, CD's, packaged food like biscuits comes to mind.
-Check regurlarly your mailbox. You wouldn't want that guy to steal your very important letter from that very important person don't you ?
-Make everything needed to never lose your keys and/or public transport pass. That would put you into an even weaker position vis-à-vis Henry.
I wish you good luck dealing with your Henry. |
5,683 | I'm usually good at this sort of stuff but I don't know how to handle this situation. I'll start from the beginning.
---
### Backstory
About 2-3 years ago, a good friend of mine, Henry, stole a grinder from another "friend" of his and gave it to me. I didn't want it at first but he convinced me to take it as he was "only going to throw it away" because he wouldn't be able to use it in front of the other "friend". Not being directly involved with this situation or the other "friend", I then took the grinder and used it myself for the next year and a half.
Fast forward to about 6-9 months ago, Henry and his "friend" are no longer friends and he decides he wants this grinder back. Now, Henry has been a really great friend to me and although I thought that asking for a gift back is pretty damn rude, I decided I'd give it back to him and buy myself a new grinder. I ended up buying the same model, which cost me €45.
It didn't bother me to buy a new one because I had plenty of money at that time. It did bother me that he asked for it back, but because Henry can be quite confrontational at times, I decided that arguing about how I felt wasn't worth it and it'd be all forgotten about shortly after.
Up until now, there was no issue. I had my grinder, and Henry had his. However, Henry decided to swap the top compartment of his grinder with mine - initially, this was just as a prank, but when I asked for the top part of mine back, he told me that he thinks it's fair that he keeps it because he gave me the grinder to use all that time ago. I mentioned to him how most people don't usually return things they get as gifts and that it was nice of me to even give it back. "F\*\*\* \*\*\*" was the response to that.
---
### The problem
Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as practical impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me. However, I can't help but feel completely disrespected from all this. I didn't want the grinder in the first place, and if he had told me the day he gave it to me that he was just going to ask for it back later, and try take a part of my new grinder as tax, I wouldn't have taken it - why would I make a deal with little to no benefit to me?
Regardless, this feels similar to entrapment and that is *not* okay with me. I'm losing out here and I've done nothing wrong.
The other important factors are that I do a lot with Henry. We both live in the same locality and attend the same college an hour and a half away. We're also living together for this year of college. He organized the house to live in and as I don't drive he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week. This also saves me a phenomenal amount of money as public transport in my country is extremely expensive and unreliable, especially when living rural. *This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me*.
---
### Solution
This is where I need some advice.
1. I want to tell him how scummy and selfish I think it was of him to request what I thought was a gift back from me simply because it suited him best, and then stealing a part of my grinder and trying to pass it off as tax for something I had thought was over already. This will almost certainly end with him telling me about how he does so much for me, then him telling me to f\*\*\* off. I would then have to deal with an awkward house and pay 60% of my income on travel. Not the best outcome IMO.
2. I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow.
3. An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument.
I'm probably going to go with option 2, because it creates the least hassle for me - but being in a position like this is grinding away at me and making me feel powerless - enough to the point I've come to ask the internet for help!
What's the right thing to do?
---
### More info
Just to clear some stuff up:
1. Accommodation in my country is very, very difficult to get. There is a national housing crisis right now and students are some of the worst affected. The idea of being able to secure, let alone afford, a one-bedroom apartment is out of the question.
2. Getting a car is pretty much out of the question too. Although I have almost obtained my full license, the price of insurance for a first time driver in my country is in excess of €3000 - not including the price of a car. It is simply not clever at this point in time to spend my entire savings on one.
3. I don't drink or smoke. I just vaporize cannabis. This makes the habit very cheap for me. | 2017/10/20 | [
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/questions/5683",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/users/7643/"
] | So I think it's pretty clear from all of the other posts that the internet agrees that this Henry guy is not the kind of person you really want to be friends with. But regardless, we need to figure out how to take control of the situation.
You have one advantage: you have nothing material to lose:
>
> Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as actual impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me.
>
>
>
You also have one huge weakness: you are dependent on him:
>
> ...he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week.... This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me.
>
>
>
Now the first part means that this is a purely social interaction. No ownership really needs to be called into question. The approach I'd usually take is to day:
>
> I consider your taking of the grinder compartment to be stealing. You are free to think differently, but know that my interaction with you is going to include the fact that I consider you to have stolen my to compartment.
>
>
>
Given that he's apparently happy to steal entire grinders, this is a pretty easy-to-defend claim.
Now the hard part is that you are reliant on him for travel. As long as this is true, you have given him power over you, and he's known to be a narcissistic thief. The long-term solution is to get out from under that relationship and become another individual that Henry is no longer "friends" with. However, the process of doing that is beyond the scope of this question. That's a far more in-depth challenge.
Not knowing how that should go, I can't truly say what you should do in this narrower problem. However, one approach you could try is:
>
> You know what, I'm not going to fight you over the grinder container. However, I do treat this as a reflection on how you treat your friends.
>
>
>
And leave it at that. See if he even cares about his reputation, and go from there. This reply is far less than accusing him of stealing, but it does retain you some power: it becomes clear that your opinion of him is yours alone, and he can't dictate how you should feel towards him. | Hmm, okay, it seems you expect your "friend" Henry (who **steals** stuff from his buddies) to behave like an **honest gentleman**. Something feels a little bit odd here, don't you think?
>
> Up until now, there was no issue. I had my grinder, and Henry had his. However, Henry decided to swap the top compartment of his grinder with mine - initially, this was just as a prank, but when I asked for the top part of mine back, he told me that he thinks it's fair that he keeps it because he gave me the grinder to use all that time ago.
>
>
>
That's classic bullying, remember the kid in high school that takes your stuff and then says "that's mine now."
That bully didn't take your pen because he needed a new pen. He did it to humiliate and dominate you.
>
> However, I can't help but feel completely disrespected from all this.
>
>
>
Yes, that's the idea. It would seem your buddy treats people as commodities to be exploited, but wouldn't mind humiliating them a little bit on top.
Also, as long as you don't react to his lack of respect, he'll consider you're free to exploit, bully, and use as the receiving end of his shit mood, like:
>
> "F\*\*\* \*\*\*" was the response to that.
>
>
>
Dealing with these is easy if you have power over them, but that's not your case...
>
> I don't drive he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week. (...) This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me.
>
>
>
Here's your solution:
* Step 1: Stop purchasing drugs, which will save you enough money for...
* Step 2: Find a place close to college to live in (even if it's a small one-bedroom apartment, at least it won't have a Henry in it to make your life miserable)
* Step 3: Move out and get on with your life |
5,683 | I'm usually good at this sort of stuff but I don't know how to handle this situation. I'll start from the beginning.
---
### Backstory
About 2-3 years ago, a good friend of mine, Henry, stole a grinder from another "friend" of his and gave it to me. I didn't want it at first but he convinced me to take it as he was "only going to throw it away" because he wouldn't be able to use it in front of the other "friend". Not being directly involved with this situation or the other "friend", I then took the grinder and used it myself for the next year and a half.
Fast forward to about 6-9 months ago, Henry and his "friend" are no longer friends and he decides he wants this grinder back. Now, Henry has been a really great friend to me and although I thought that asking for a gift back is pretty damn rude, I decided I'd give it back to him and buy myself a new grinder. I ended up buying the same model, which cost me €45.
It didn't bother me to buy a new one because I had plenty of money at that time. It did bother me that he asked for it back, but because Henry can be quite confrontational at times, I decided that arguing about how I felt wasn't worth it and it'd be all forgotten about shortly after.
Up until now, there was no issue. I had my grinder, and Henry had his. However, Henry decided to swap the top compartment of his grinder with mine - initially, this was just as a prank, but when I asked for the top part of mine back, he told me that he thinks it's fair that he keeps it because he gave me the grinder to use all that time ago. I mentioned to him how most people don't usually return things they get as gifts and that it was nice of me to even give it back. "F\*\*\* \*\*\*" was the response to that.
---
### The problem
Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as practical impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me. However, I can't help but feel completely disrespected from all this. I didn't want the grinder in the first place, and if he had told me the day he gave it to me that he was just going to ask for it back later, and try take a part of my new grinder as tax, I wouldn't have taken it - why would I make a deal with little to no benefit to me?
Regardless, this feels similar to entrapment and that is *not* okay with me. I'm losing out here and I've done nothing wrong.
The other important factors are that I do a lot with Henry. We both live in the same locality and attend the same college an hour and a half away. We're also living together for this year of college. He organized the house to live in and as I don't drive he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week. This also saves me a phenomenal amount of money as public transport in my country is extremely expensive and unreliable, especially when living rural. *This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me*.
---
### Solution
This is where I need some advice.
1. I want to tell him how scummy and selfish I think it was of him to request what I thought was a gift back from me simply because it suited him best, and then stealing a part of my grinder and trying to pass it off as tax for something I had thought was over already. This will almost certainly end with him telling me about how he does so much for me, then him telling me to f\*\*\* off. I would then have to deal with an awkward house and pay 60% of my income on travel. Not the best outcome IMO.
2. I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow.
3. An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument.
I'm probably going to go with option 2, because it creates the least hassle for me - but being in a position like this is grinding away at me and making me feel powerless - enough to the point I've come to ask the internet for help!
What's the right thing to do?
---
### More info
Just to clear some stuff up:
1. Accommodation in my country is very, very difficult to get. There is a national housing crisis right now and students are some of the worst affected. The idea of being able to secure, let alone afford, a one-bedroom apartment is out of the question.
2. Getting a car is pretty much out of the question too. Although I have almost obtained my full license, the price of insurance for a first time driver in my country is in excess of €3000 - not including the price of a car. It is simply not clever at this point in time to spend my entire savings on one.
3. I don't drink or smoke. I just vaporize cannabis. This makes the habit very cheap for me. | 2017/10/20 | [
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/questions/5683",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/users/7643/"
] | People, especially when young, tend to assume those they hang out with are not deceitful... and thus believe them until something shocks them into the realization that the "friend" isn't a reliable source of information or judgment. Thus you believed when your "friend" said that he had stolen something from someone else only to "even things up" after the other person stole from him, that you could generally rely on his sense of what was "fair" and since you weren't a thief... your friend wouldn't steal from YOU.
Now, on the receiving end of his version of what he considers "fair"-- simply taking something from you, without the least justification for doing so except that he gave you something once and you used the thing he gave you, until he took it back (!)-- you can see that perhaps his sense of "fairness" can NOT be relied upon, but instead functions as an excuse for his theft. The lesson to learn from this particular part of your story is not to assume that just because you know someone, or because he has benefited you somehow, he is a good or trustworthy person. Previously it did not occur to you, apparently, that his "stealing back" was a red flag, something that ought to have made you suspicious of his sense of justice. People who impose their unilateral "solutions" on others via deception or force need to be watched VERY carefully and not given the benefit of the doubt. If the only reason you have for believing that his friend was in fact a thief was his statement justifying his own theft... that isn't enough of a reason, and you really can't afford to ignore whether your friends are bad people.
Many others have given you excellent advice on how to reduce your feelings of powerlessness and alleviate the actual situation. To which I would only add that you need to think it through carefully and remember what you learn. If you treat someone as trustworthy before they have shown themselves actually to BE trustworthy, and you are mistaken, they will wreak much harm on you. This guy probably set you up deliberately, knowing your naivete would not last and he would benefit by your having accepted help from him that you would be averse to losing, as well as that the appearance of friendship would make it harder for you to realize he is NOT your friend.
Just acknowledge the lesson, learn from it, and reduce the harm to yourself and others. I also guess that now that you realize how abusive he has been to you, while calling it fair, you may re-evaluate past acceptance of similar harms he has done to others-- which you were willing to overlook before because unwilling to contest his claim of "fairness". There are people who operate on the basis that they deserve whatever they can get, and you cannot be friends with them unless your version of friendship includes constantly defending yourself, your property, your reputation, etc, against their attempted depredations-- in short a version of friendship that is indistinguishable from enmity.
Shedding naivete and acquiring maturity is very often painful. You've had some of that pain already and will have more assessing the full dimensions of your previous blindness. The only thing you can do, after setting yourself up this way and then falling in the hole of your own digging, is figure out how not to do it again. | One thing that might be worth remembering is that more than occasional use of cannabis leads to changed personality traits. This is partly due to actual brain chemistry changes, but partly also because of interactions with the environment and the way they permanently alter expectations and reactions.
Henry is toying with you, but that's not likely because of some deep torturer/victim relationship but because he is losing the connection to what your interactions actually mean. Your resentment is supplementing his own failing memories, and actually your own as well.
This is becoming a more and more toxic relationship, and neither of you actually has his head screwed on tight enough to be in control of its development.
Getting rid of dope while sticking with Henry is not going to work because it is an inherent part of your common dynamics, so you should rather focus on getting rid of Henry and looking for alternatives to those areas where you depend on him.
9 months is a long time. |
5,683 | I'm usually good at this sort of stuff but I don't know how to handle this situation. I'll start from the beginning.
---
### Backstory
About 2-3 years ago, a good friend of mine, Henry, stole a grinder from another "friend" of his and gave it to me. I didn't want it at first but he convinced me to take it as he was "only going to throw it away" because he wouldn't be able to use it in front of the other "friend". Not being directly involved with this situation or the other "friend", I then took the grinder and used it myself for the next year and a half.
Fast forward to about 6-9 months ago, Henry and his "friend" are no longer friends and he decides he wants this grinder back. Now, Henry has been a really great friend to me and although I thought that asking for a gift back is pretty damn rude, I decided I'd give it back to him and buy myself a new grinder. I ended up buying the same model, which cost me €45.
It didn't bother me to buy a new one because I had plenty of money at that time. It did bother me that he asked for it back, but because Henry can be quite confrontational at times, I decided that arguing about how I felt wasn't worth it and it'd be all forgotten about shortly after.
Up until now, there was no issue. I had my grinder, and Henry had his. However, Henry decided to swap the top compartment of his grinder with mine - initially, this was just as a prank, but when I asked for the top part of mine back, he told me that he thinks it's fair that he keeps it because he gave me the grinder to use all that time ago. I mentioned to him how most people don't usually return things they get as gifts and that it was nice of me to even give it back. "F\*\*\* \*\*\*" was the response to that.
---
### The problem
Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as practical impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me. However, I can't help but feel completely disrespected from all this. I didn't want the grinder in the first place, and if he had told me the day he gave it to me that he was just going to ask for it back later, and try take a part of my new grinder as tax, I wouldn't have taken it - why would I make a deal with little to no benefit to me?
Regardless, this feels similar to entrapment and that is *not* okay with me. I'm losing out here and I've done nothing wrong.
The other important factors are that I do a lot with Henry. We both live in the same locality and attend the same college an hour and a half away. We're also living together for this year of college. He organized the house to live in and as I don't drive he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week. This also saves me a phenomenal amount of money as public transport in my country is extremely expensive and unreliable, especially when living rural. *This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me*.
---
### Solution
This is where I need some advice.
1. I want to tell him how scummy and selfish I think it was of him to request what I thought was a gift back from me simply because it suited him best, and then stealing a part of my grinder and trying to pass it off as tax for something I had thought was over already. This will almost certainly end with him telling me about how he does so much for me, then him telling me to f\*\*\* off. I would then have to deal with an awkward house and pay 60% of my income on travel. Not the best outcome IMO.
2. I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow.
3. An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument.
I'm probably going to go with option 2, because it creates the least hassle for me - but being in a position like this is grinding away at me and making me feel powerless - enough to the point I've come to ask the internet for help!
What's the right thing to do?
---
### More info
Just to clear some stuff up:
1. Accommodation in my country is very, very difficult to get. There is a national housing crisis right now and students are some of the worst affected. The idea of being able to secure, let alone afford, a one-bedroom apartment is out of the question.
2. Getting a car is pretty much out of the question too. Although I have almost obtained my full license, the price of insurance for a first time driver in my country is in excess of €3000 - not including the price of a car. It is simply not clever at this point in time to spend my entire savings on one.
3. I don't drink or smoke. I just vaporize cannabis. This makes the habit very cheap for me. | 2017/10/20 | [
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/questions/5683",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/users/7643/"
] | In this situation, you have a person who:
* Steals from one friend
* Uses another friend to cover it up
* Reneges on a "gift" when it is convenient for him
* Rearranges the situation to suit himself
This is a self-centered individual, with some bullying tendencies. A relationship like this will always be one sided, tilted in his favor. The only time he will do stuff for others is when it is convenient for him.
The two comments that are telling, are:
>
> I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow
>
>
> An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument
>
>
>
Is this a "friend" you really care about keeping? I understand that you have a living situation to deal with, but honestly, there are some relationships that are just not worth keeping.
Unfortunately, you also demonstrate some aspects of victim mentality, i.e. you would rather appease than confront, ignore a situation to avoid conflict, etc. While you don't want to hear it, you are making choices that make it easy for him to have this power over you. You can afford to spend 45 Euros on a grinder, and however much your cannabis costs, but cannot afford transportation?
I am trying to point out that choices have consequences. You could choose to move and buy a bike for 9 months, or choose to gloss it over and have it eat at you for 9 months. Or however you want to work it out. All that I am saying is that you need to decide what is important *for you* and do that. If that choice is appeasing him for 9 months, great. If it means moving out and dealing with transportation or other issues, great. Just make sure that you are making the choice for your own best interests, not just taking an easy way out. | Now that you've already figured out that you should move out and cut him out of your life after College (which seems to be nearly done for you).
I'll address your other concerns.
>
> This also saves
> me a phenomenal amount of money as public transport in my country is
> extremely expensive and unreliable, especially when living rural. This
> puts him somewhat in a position of power over me.
>
>
>
Stop feeding your resentment. You made a mistake. You're going to correct that mistake soon (as soon as College is over). Good!
Now that you've made that decision, think of what's happening purely in financial terms.
Do the calculations. If you were to move out tomorrow, how much would that cost you? How much are you saving each month because he drives you to school? How much are you contributing to gas and to his insurance/upkeep of his vehicle? Of course, keep this information to yourself. He doesn't need to know.
Are you saving €45 a month? €100? €300? Do not just squander that savings, put it away in some sort of rainy day fund (it doesn't have to be the entire amount, it could just be a small portion of it each month).
This is just to get a new habit going.
>
> This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me.
>
>
>
Freedom costs planning, time, and money. Freedom usually has a price.
That's why I'm suggesting that you start saving some of that money.
>
> He organized the house to live in and as I don't drive...
>
>
>
The first thing I would do if I were you is to get a drivers license for a car. Or if that's too difficult in your country, I would try to get a license for a motorcycle or a moped.
You don't need to buy a car or anything like that, I'm just suggesting that you to start taking baby steps towards independence. Even if it's a tiny little step, taking it will give you back a small measure of control instead of feeling powerless (since you're not able to move out right at this very minute).
And the second thing I'd suggest you do is to plan your exit carefully. Moving out takes time. Planning a move (unless you're moving back home or unless you're moving into some dorm for grad students) takes research and preparation.
Don't let others do the planning for you. Choose your next roommates/housemates/friends much more carefully. Do not leave things like that to chance.
Assume you're not going to get your deposit back and that some of your personal property may disappear just before you move out. Try to keep things cordial until then, or things may get worse. Your housemate obviously has no respect for personal property. He will make up any excuse to take the stuff that he wants, especially if he thinks you no longer want to be friends with him, so do not throw oil on that fire by telling him that you no longer want to be friends/bong buddy with him once you're done with College. |
5,683 | I'm usually good at this sort of stuff but I don't know how to handle this situation. I'll start from the beginning.
---
### Backstory
About 2-3 years ago, a good friend of mine, Henry, stole a grinder from another "friend" of his and gave it to me. I didn't want it at first but he convinced me to take it as he was "only going to throw it away" because he wouldn't be able to use it in front of the other "friend". Not being directly involved with this situation or the other "friend", I then took the grinder and used it myself for the next year and a half.
Fast forward to about 6-9 months ago, Henry and his "friend" are no longer friends and he decides he wants this grinder back. Now, Henry has been a really great friend to me and although I thought that asking for a gift back is pretty damn rude, I decided I'd give it back to him and buy myself a new grinder. I ended up buying the same model, which cost me €45.
It didn't bother me to buy a new one because I had plenty of money at that time. It did bother me that he asked for it back, but because Henry can be quite confrontational at times, I decided that arguing about how I felt wasn't worth it and it'd be all forgotten about shortly after.
Up until now, there was no issue. I had my grinder, and Henry had his. However, Henry decided to swap the top compartment of his grinder with mine - initially, this was just as a prank, but when I asked for the top part of mine back, he told me that he thinks it's fair that he keeps it because he gave me the grinder to use all that time ago. I mentioned to him how most people don't usually return things they get as gifts and that it was nice of me to even give it back. "F\*\*\* \*\*\*" was the response to that.
---
### The problem
Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as practical impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me. However, I can't help but feel completely disrespected from all this. I didn't want the grinder in the first place, and if he had told me the day he gave it to me that he was just going to ask for it back later, and try take a part of my new grinder as tax, I wouldn't have taken it - why would I make a deal with little to no benefit to me?
Regardless, this feels similar to entrapment and that is *not* okay with me. I'm losing out here and I've done nothing wrong.
The other important factors are that I do a lot with Henry. We both live in the same locality and attend the same college an hour and a half away. We're also living together for this year of college. He organized the house to live in and as I don't drive he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week. This also saves me a phenomenal amount of money as public transport in my country is extremely expensive and unreliable, especially when living rural. *This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me*.
---
### Solution
This is where I need some advice.
1. I want to tell him how scummy and selfish I think it was of him to request what I thought was a gift back from me simply because it suited him best, and then stealing a part of my grinder and trying to pass it off as tax for something I had thought was over already. This will almost certainly end with him telling me about how he does so much for me, then him telling me to f\*\*\* off. I would then have to deal with an awkward house and pay 60% of my income on travel. Not the best outcome IMO.
2. I say nothing, bottle it up and hope that this bottle doesn't overflow.
3. An option where I can get my point across and not risk losing a friend or having an argument.
I'm probably going to go with option 2, because it creates the least hassle for me - but being in a position like this is grinding away at me and making me feel powerless - enough to the point I've come to ask the internet for help!
What's the right thing to do?
---
### More info
Just to clear some stuff up:
1. Accommodation in my country is very, very difficult to get. There is a national housing crisis right now and students are some of the worst affected. The idea of being able to secure, let alone afford, a one-bedroom apartment is out of the question.
2. Getting a car is pretty much out of the question too. Although I have almost obtained my full license, the price of insurance for a first time driver in my country is in excess of €3000 - not including the price of a car. It is simply not clever at this point in time to spend my entire savings on one.
3. I don't drink or smoke. I just vaporize cannabis. This makes the habit very cheap for me. | 2017/10/20 | [
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/questions/5683",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com",
"https://interpersonal.stackexchange.com/users/7643/"
] | This incident should really tell you everything you need to know about your friend. I mean .. he "stole" the grinder from someone else to begin with. And then he "stole" it back from you, further taking advantage of you by swapping out the ***used*** parts with your ***new*** ones in the process.
It really looks like this guy is only watching out for number one: ***himself***. Everyone else is only a resource he taps into when he needs them. People like these are commonly known as ***parasites***, and are best avoided.
I believe that if you were to analyze your relationship with him very objectively, you'll find many more examples of him forcing you into doing something which, while seemingly innocuous, actually works out in his favor, with little regard as to your own wishes or opinions.
>
> For example, taking the grinder in the first place. You didn't really want it, but he manipulated you into taking it off his hands, thus having you store it for him until he needed it again.
>
>
>
I would recommend taking a step back and reassessing your relationship with this person. It's not an easy thing to do, but it may very well save you a lot of grief in the future.
You need not cut him out of your life completely, but perhaps it would be best if you created a little more distance between the two of you. Watch and see whether he will try to make things right between you, or if he simply loses touch once he realizes he can't manipulate you to suit his needs.
For example, if he needs you store something in your garage for him for a while (which, if I recognize the type, will turn into months), tell him that you can't accommodate him at the moment. If he needs a drive, etc. politely refuse. Don't feel guilty about it either! I'm sure you've helped him plenty in the past.
Just see how he reacts when he doesn't get his way. Does he try to manipulate you into helping him? Does he get angry if you keep shutting him down? Make further decisions based on his reactions. | So I think it's pretty clear from all of the other posts that the internet agrees that this Henry guy is not the kind of person you really want to be friends with. But regardless, we need to figure out how to take control of the situation.
You have one advantage: you have nothing material to lose:
>
> Now, I don't care about money, and the functionality of the grinder is identical, so as far as actual impact goes, it really doesn't make a difference for me.
>
>
>
You also have one huge weakness: you are dependent on him:
>
> ...he's my only way of travelling up and down from college each week.... This puts him somewhat in a position of power over me.
>
>
>
Now the first part means that this is a purely social interaction. No ownership really needs to be called into question. The approach I'd usually take is to day:
>
> I consider your taking of the grinder compartment to be stealing. You are free to think differently, but know that my interaction with you is going to include the fact that I consider you to have stolen my to compartment.
>
>
>
Given that he's apparently happy to steal entire grinders, this is a pretty easy-to-defend claim.
Now the hard part is that you are reliant on him for travel. As long as this is true, you have given him power over you, and he's known to be a narcissistic thief. The long-term solution is to get out from under that relationship and become another individual that Henry is no longer "friends" with. However, the process of doing that is beyond the scope of this question. That's a far more in-depth challenge.
Not knowing how that should go, I can't truly say what you should do in this narrower problem. However, one approach you could try is:
>
> You know what, I'm not going to fight you over the grinder container. However, I do treat this as a reflection on how you treat your friends.
>
>
>
And leave it at that. See if he even cares about his reputation, and go from there. This reply is far less than accusing him of stealing, but it does retain you some power: it becomes clear that your opinion of him is yours alone, and he can't dictate how you should feel towards him. |
159,383 | There is a Managed Package on which some of the custom fields are to be indexed so as to improve SOQL Query performance for one of the subscriber's org? Our initial connect with the Salesforce support rep was that they will not be able to edit Managed Package metadata which seemed a little surprising for me.
Please can you let me know your thoughts. | 2017/02/07 | [
"https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/questions/159383",
"https://salesforce.stackexchange.com",
"https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/users/7720/"
] | Salesforce support can absolutely index managed fields. They did this for me via partner support on a number of occasions at past jobs, including indexing deterministic formulas and using two-column indexes.
There are not any special restrictions around index on managed fields that I am aware of, and if there are they are obscure enough to likely be irrelevant for most people. | You can only index fields that are allowed normally, according to [000006007](https://help.salesforce.com/articleView?id=000006007&language=en_US&type=1):
>
> A Custom Index can't be created on these types of fields:
>
>
> * Multi-select Picklists.
> * Currency fields in a Multicurrency Organization.
> * Long text fields.
> * Binary fields (fields of type blob, file, or encrypted text.).
>
>
> Note: New data types, typically complex ones, may be added to Salesforce and fields of these types may not allow custom indexing.
>
>
>
Perhaps Support was trying to communicate that a particular field could not be indexed because of its data type? If so, you'll probably need to eventually refactor your code and objects to use a data type that can be indexed. |
847,929 | I heard that two objects are homeomorphic if one could be deformed into the other by continuous transformation. [For example in this link](http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ejohn/MT4521/Lectures/L21.html), it is shown
>
> a sphere and a torus are not homeomorphic
>
>
> "Proof"
> Removing a circle from a sphere always splits it into two parts -- not so for the torus.
>
>
>
However, I may imagine the following operations
to let the points around the inner circle of the continuous torus merge to a sphere. I see no reason merging is not continuous. Why not this transformation follow the definition of homeomorphic? | 2014/06/26 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/847929",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/109901/"
] | Because when you merge many points into a single one, you do not have a bijection; a homeomorphism is a continuous map with a continuous inverse, and a non-bijective map cannot have a (two-sided) inverse.
Besides, if this operation was a homeomorphism, then its inverse --tearing a circle to turn it into a torus would be a homeomorphism. | Intuitively, homeomorphisms do not allow tearing or gluing. This is because they and their inverse need to be continuous :
1. Gluing breaks injectivity, hence it breaks continuity.
2. Tearing breaks continuity. |
847,929 | I heard that two objects are homeomorphic if one could be deformed into the other by continuous transformation. [For example in this link](http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ejohn/MT4521/Lectures/L21.html), it is shown
>
> a sphere and a torus are not homeomorphic
>
>
> "Proof"
> Removing a circle from a sphere always splits it into two parts -- not so for the torus.
>
>
>
However, I may imagine the following operations
to let the points around the inner circle of the continuous torus merge to a sphere. I see no reason merging is not continuous. Why not this transformation follow the definition of homeomorphic? | 2014/06/26 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/847929",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/109901/"
] | Because when you merge many points into a single one, you do not have a bijection; a homeomorphism is a continuous map with a continuous inverse, and a non-bijective map cannot have a (two-sided) inverse.
Besides, if this operation was a homeomorphism, then its inverse --tearing a circle to turn it into a torus would be a homeomorphism. | Even ignoring the invertibility issues, your map doesn't turn the torus into a sphere. It turns the torus into a sphere with a wall in it. |
847,929 | I heard that two objects are homeomorphic if one could be deformed into the other by continuous transformation. [For example in this link](http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ejohn/MT4521/Lectures/L21.html), it is shown
>
> a sphere and a torus are not homeomorphic
>
>
> "Proof"
> Removing a circle from a sphere always splits it into two parts -- not so for the torus.
>
>
>
However, I may imagine the following operations
to let the points around the inner circle of the continuous torus merge to a sphere. I see no reason merging is not continuous. Why not this transformation follow the definition of homeomorphic? | 2014/06/26 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/847929",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/109901/"
] | Intuitively, homeomorphisms do not allow tearing or gluing. This is because they and their inverse need to be continuous :
1. Gluing breaks injectivity, hence it breaks continuity.
2. Tearing breaks continuity. | Even ignoring the invertibility issues, your map doesn't turn the torus into a sphere. It turns the torus into a sphere with a wall in it. |
77,725 | Can you use Invisibility, grab some gold, and have it then be invisible? Or does it only work on items on your person when the spell is cast? | 2016/03/26 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/77725",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/25806/"
] | Unfortunately, the rule about this is a little ambiguous.
>
> Anything the target is wearing or carrying is
> invisible as long as it is on the target’s person.
>
>
>
This has 2 interpretations that are, as far as I can tell, equally valid.
1. Anything the target is wearing or carrying *at the time you cast the spell* is
invisible as long as it is on the target’s person.
2. Anything the target is wearing or carrying *at any point throughout the spell's duration* is
invisible as long as it is on the target’s person.
Luckily, someone has asked Jeremy Crawford, lead rules designer for D&D 5e, and [he gave his unofficial ruling:](https://twitter.com/JeremyECrawford/status/646370360464572416)
>
> Only items worn/carried when invisibility is cast are invisible, but I'd let you conceal something under them.
>
>
> | Not "really", but it depends.
[According to designer Jeremy Crawford](http://www.sageadvice.eu/2015/10/17/if-an-invisible-creature-picks-up-an-object-does-the-object-become-invisible/) you cannot make stuff you pick up invisible, but you can hide it under your invisible clothes (or bags I guess, or inside your fist maybe?).
The item is still visible if you put it back down (or hold out).
And remember that dropping your own items makes them visible too because "anything the target is wearing or carrying is invisible **as long as** it is on the target’s person."
I would also like to add that this is one of those cases where the rule is only a little bit muddy, but both interpretations are "balanced" and logical (not silly) and can potentially create interesting situations or solve/create different problems. I mean seeing an object flying on its "own" can lead to various stories and so can things disappearing. And you can even use both. Maybe one mage's version of invisibility works slightly different to another. You can even make it a (very) minor plot point. As long as you keep it somewhat balanced (in your player's eyes at least, they can get cranky at times). |
77,725 | Can you use Invisibility, grab some gold, and have it then be invisible? Or does it only work on items on your person when the spell is cast? | 2016/03/26 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/77725",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/25806/"
] | Unfortunately, the rule about this is a little ambiguous.
>
> Anything the target is wearing or carrying is
> invisible as long as it is on the target’s person.
>
>
>
This has 2 interpretations that are, as far as I can tell, equally valid.
1. Anything the target is wearing or carrying *at the time you cast the spell* is
invisible as long as it is on the target’s person.
2. Anything the target is wearing or carrying *at any point throughout the spell's duration* is
invisible as long as it is on the target’s person.
Luckily, someone has asked Jeremy Crawford, lead rules designer for D&D 5e, and [he gave his unofficial ruling:](https://twitter.com/JeremyECrawford/status/646370360464572416)
>
> Only items worn/carried when invisibility is cast are invisible, but I'd let you conceal something under them.
>
>
> | This is nothing official... However, recently on the Critical Role miniseries [*Exandria Unlimited*](https://criticalrole.fandom.com/wiki/Exandria_Unlimited), Aabria Iyengar had an invisible NPC attempting to carry off someone. Now granted, this was with a *Ring of **Greater** Invisibility*, so they were able to stay invisible while doing things, but it still followed the basics of invisibility.
What happened is that the person being carried was visible and appeared to be floating away. The NPC then removed and replaced the ring recasting it and making the person then invisible due to being carried while the spell was recast. Same thing for an axe sticking out of their armor from an attack - it would stay visible until it was recast.
I would agree that if something like a sack or blanket was invisible, throwing something in it or covering someone with it would make the contents invisible too. |
77,725 | Can you use Invisibility, grab some gold, and have it then be invisible? Or does it only work on items on your person when the spell is cast? | 2016/03/26 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/77725",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/25806/"
] | Unfortunately, the rule about this is a little ambiguous.
>
> Anything the target is wearing or carrying is
> invisible as long as it is on the target’s person.
>
>
>
This has 2 interpretations that are, as far as I can tell, equally valid.
1. Anything the target is wearing or carrying *at the time you cast the spell* is
invisible as long as it is on the target’s person.
2. Anything the target is wearing or carrying *at any point throughout the spell's duration* is
invisible as long as it is on the target’s person.
Luckily, someone has asked Jeremy Crawford, lead rules designer for D&D 5e, and [he gave his unofficial ruling:](https://twitter.com/JeremyECrawford/status/646370360464572416)
>
> Only items worn/carried when invisibility is cast are invisible, but I'd let you conceal something under them.
>
>
> | As written, items carried or worn are invisible.
================================================
The effect of [invisibility](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/invisibility) for the duration of the spell is:
>
> A creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is wearing or carrying is invisible as long as it is on the target's person.
>
>
>
The conditions of the spell specify, an object is invisible if it is carried or worn.
* Is the thing being carried by the target of *invisibility*?
* Is the thing being worn by the target of *invisibility*?
The final phrase "on the target's person" serves to clarify that the things worn or carried do not remain invisible after they are no longer carried or worn by the target. Drop a coin, and that coin becomes visible. On the flip side, pick up a coin while invisible, and the coin becomes invisible as it satisfies the first criteria of the spell effect.
Jeremy Crawford tweeted advice
------------------------------
The [tweet from Jeremy Crawford](https://twitter.com/JeremyECrawford/status/646370360464572416) is [advice](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/140221/with-the-2019-sage-advice-compendium-release-are-jeremy-crawfords-tweets-consi) against the above interpretation. The tweeted interpretation is not supported by a simple reading of the effect, and essentially adds the absent clause "when the spell is cast". An example of a spell effect where that clause is present and the expected wording would be [*faerie fire*](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/faerie-fire)
>
> Any creature in the area **when the spell is cast** is also outlined in light...
>
>
>
Creatures entering the area during the duration are not outlined in light as that specifically only happens when the spell is cast. *Invisibility* has no such restriction. |
77,725 | Can you use Invisibility, grab some gold, and have it then be invisible? Or does it only work on items on your person when the spell is cast? | 2016/03/26 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/77725",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/25806/"
] | Unfortunately, the rule about this is a little ambiguous.
>
> Anything the target is wearing or carrying is
> invisible as long as it is on the target’s person.
>
>
>
This has 2 interpretations that are, as far as I can tell, equally valid.
1. Anything the target is wearing or carrying *at the time you cast the spell* is
invisible as long as it is on the target’s person.
2. Anything the target is wearing or carrying *at any point throughout the spell's duration* is
invisible as long as it is on the target’s person.
Luckily, someone has asked Jeremy Crawford, lead rules designer for D&D 5e, and [he gave his unofficial ruling:](https://twitter.com/JeremyECrawford/status/646370360464572416)
>
> Only items worn/carried when invisibility is cast are invisible, but I'd let you conceal something under them.
>
>
> | Invisibility is bestowed by the casting, and cannot later be acquired
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Both the invisibility and greater invisibility spells include the phrase
>
> a creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is wearing or carrying is invisible as long as it is on the target's person.
>
>
>
The tricky phrase here is "as long as it is on the target's person". It may appear that this clause exists to let us know that if the invisible person sets an object down, the object becomes visible. But if that were the case **this clarification would be unnecessary and redundant** because the description previously said that the invisibility applies to objects the target "is wearing" or "is carrying". Is there anything the target is wearing or carrying that is *not* on their person? If not, then we already know that such things will lose invisibility when set down and the last clause used in this sense adds no meaning; it doesn't 'do' anything.
If the only thing the spell description addressed was setting objects down, we could more simply write the spell as:
>
> a creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is currently wearing or carrying is also invisible
>
>
>
If the 'on their person' clause does not give us new information about setting things down, what then is its purpose?
The phrase actually links to an *earlier* part of the spell description, "a creature you touch becomes invisible". This part of the spell description is telling us that *when* you turn a creature invisible, everything on its person *at that time* becomes invisible as well. However, items it *later* picks up do *not* become visible. The "as long as it is on the target's person" helps us understand that just because the target *later* picks something up and is then "wearing or carrying" it, the object still doesn't become invisible because at was not "on the target's person" *at the time of casting*. What would be a redundant phrase if it only informed us about setting objects down is actually necessary to tell us what happens when an object is picked up, and the spell covers both possibilities.
Filling in the implicit words, but not changing what was already there, the spell description could be written as:
>
> A creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is wearing or carrying [at the time of casting] is [also] invisible [but only for] as long as it is on the target's person.
>
>
> |
77,725 | Can you use Invisibility, grab some gold, and have it then be invisible? Or does it only work on items on your person when the spell is cast? | 2016/03/26 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/77725",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/25806/"
] | Not "really", but it depends.
[According to designer Jeremy Crawford](http://www.sageadvice.eu/2015/10/17/if-an-invisible-creature-picks-up-an-object-does-the-object-become-invisible/) you cannot make stuff you pick up invisible, but you can hide it under your invisible clothes (or bags I guess, or inside your fist maybe?).
The item is still visible if you put it back down (or hold out).
And remember that dropping your own items makes them visible too because "anything the target is wearing or carrying is invisible **as long as** it is on the target’s person."
I would also like to add that this is one of those cases where the rule is only a little bit muddy, but both interpretations are "balanced" and logical (not silly) and can potentially create interesting situations or solve/create different problems. I mean seeing an object flying on its "own" can lead to various stories and so can things disappearing. And you can even use both. Maybe one mage's version of invisibility works slightly different to another. You can even make it a (very) minor plot point. As long as you keep it somewhat balanced (in your player's eyes at least, they can get cranky at times). | This is nothing official... However, recently on the Critical Role miniseries [*Exandria Unlimited*](https://criticalrole.fandom.com/wiki/Exandria_Unlimited), Aabria Iyengar had an invisible NPC attempting to carry off someone. Now granted, this was with a *Ring of **Greater** Invisibility*, so they were able to stay invisible while doing things, but it still followed the basics of invisibility.
What happened is that the person being carried was visible and appeared to be floating away. The NPC then removed and replaced the ring recasting it and making the person then invisible due to being carried while the spell was recast. Same thing for an axe sticking out of their armor from an attack - it would stay visible until it was recast.
I would agree that if something like a sack or blanket was invisible, throwing something in it or covering someone with it would make the contents invisible too. |
77,725 | Can you use Invisibility, grab some gold, and have it then be invisible? Or does it only work on items on your person when the spell is cast? | 2016/03/26 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/77725",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/25806/"
] | As written, items carried or worn are invisible.
================================================
The effect of [invisibility](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/invisibility) for the duration of the spell is:
>
> A creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is wearing or carrying is invisible as long as it is on the target's person.
>
>
>
The conditions of the spell specify, an object is invisible if it is carried or worn.
* Is the thing being carried by the target of *invisibility*?
* Is the thing being worn by the target of *invisibility*?
The final phrase "on the target's person" serves to clarify that the things worn or carried do not remain invisible after they are no longer carried or worn by the target. Drop a coin, and that coin becomes visible. On the flip side, pick up a coin while invisible, and the coin becomes invisible as it satisfies the first criteria of the spell effect.
Jeremy Crawford tweeted advice
------------------------------
The [tweet from Jeremy Crawford](https://twitter.com/JeremyECrawford/status/646370360464572416) is [advice](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/140221/with-the-2019-sage-advice-compendium-release-are-jeremy-crawfords-tweets-consi) against the above interpretation. The tweeted interpretation is not supported by a simple reading of the effect, and essentially adds the absent clause "when the spell is cast". An example of a spell effect where that clause is present and the expected wording would be [*faerie fire*](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/faerie-fire)
>
> Any creature in the area **when the spell is cast** is also outlined in light...
>
>
>
Creatures entering the area during the duration are not outlined in light as that specifically only happens when the spell is cast. *Invisibility* has no such restriction. | Not "really", but it depends.
[According to designer Jeremy Crawford](http://www.sageadvice.eu/2015/10/17/if-an-invisible-creature-picks-up-an-object-does-the-object-become-invisible/) you cannot make stuff you pick up invisible, but you can hide it under your invisible clothes (or bags I guess, or inside your fist maybe?).
The item is still visible if you put it back down (or hold out).
And remember that dropping your own items makes them visible too because "anything the target is wearing or carrying is invisible **as long as** it is on the target’s person."
I would also like to add that this is one of those cases where the rule is only a little bit muddy, but both interpretations are "balanced" and logical (not silly) and can potentially create interesting situations or solve/create different problems. I mean seeing an object flying on its "own" can lead to various stories and so can things disappearing. And you can even use both. Maybe one mage's version of invisibility works slightly different to another. You can even make it a (very) minor plot point. As long as you keep it somewhat balanced (in your player's eyes at least, they can get cranky at times). |
77,725 | Can you use Invisibility, grab some gold, and have it then be invisible? Or does it only work on items on your person when the spell is cast? | 2016/03/26 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/77725",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/25806/"
] | Not "really", but it depends.
[According to designer Jeremy Crawford](http://www.sageadvice.eu/2015/10/17/if-an-invisible-creature-picks-up-an-object-does-the-object-become-invisible/) you cannot make stuff you pick up invisible, but you can hide it under your invisible clothes (or bags I guess, or inside your fist maybe?).
The item is still visible if you put it back down (or hold out).
And remember that dropping your own items makes them visible too because "anything the target is wearing or carrying is invisible **as long as** it is on the target’s person."
I would also like to add that this is one of those cases where the rule is only a little bit muddy, but both interpretations are "balanced" and logical (not silly) and can potentially create interesting situations or solve/create different problems. I mean seeing an object flying on its "own" can lead to various stories and so can things disappearing. And you can even use both. Maybe one mage's version of invisibility works slightly different to another. You can even make it a (very) minor plot point. As long as you keep it somewhat balanced (in your player's eyes at least, they can get cranky at times). | Invisibility is bestowed by the casting, and cannot later be acquired
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Both the invisibility and greater invisibility spells include the phrase
>
> a creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is wearing or carrying is invisible as long as it is on the target's person.
>
>
>
The tricky phrase here is "as long as it is on the target's person". It may appear that this clause exists to let us know that if the invisible person sets an object down, the object becomes visible. But if that were the case **this clarification would be unnecessary and redundant** because the description previously said that the invisibility applies to objects the target "is wearing" or "is carrying". Is there anything the target is wearing or carrying that is *not* on their person? If not, then we already know that such things will lose invisibility when set down and the last clause used in this sense adds no meaning; it doesn't 'do' anything.
If the only thing the spell description addressed was setting objects down, we could more simply write the spell as:
>
> a creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is currently wearing or carrying is also invisible
>
>
>
If the 'on their person' clause does not give us new information about setting things down, what then is its purpose?
The phrase actually links to an *earlier* part of the spell description, "a creature you touch becomes invisible". This part of the spell description is telling us that *when* you turn a creature invisible, everything on its person *at that time* becomes invisible as well. However, items it *later* picks up do *not* become visible. The "as long as it is on the target's person" helps us understand that just because the target *later* picks something up and is then "wearing or carrying" it, the object still doesn't become invisible because at was not "on the target's person" *at the time of casting*. What would be a redundant phrase if it only informed us about setting objects down is actually necessary to tell us what happens when an object is picked up, and the spell covers both possibilities.
Filling in the implicit words, but not changing what was already there, the spell description could be written as:
>
> A creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is wearing or carrying [at the time of casting] is [also] invisible [but only for] as long as it is on the target's person.
>
>
> |
77,725 | Can you use Invisibility, grab some gold, and have it then be invisible? Or does it only work on items on your person when the spell is cast? | 2016/03/26 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/77725",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/25806/"
] | As written, items carried or worn are invisible.
================================================
The effect of [invisibility](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/invisibility) for the duration of the spell is:
>
> A creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is wearing or carrying is invisible as long as it is on the target's person.
>
>
>
The conditions of the spell specify, an object is invisible if it is carried or worn.
* Is the thing being carried by the target of *invisibility*?
* Is the thing being worn by the target of *invisibility*?
The final phrase "on the target's person" serves to clarify that the things worn or carried do not remain invisible after they are no longer carried or worn by the target. Drop a coin, and that coin becomes visible. On the flip side, pick up a coin while invisible, and the coin becomes invisible as it satisfies the first criteria of the spell effect.
Jeremy Crawford tweeted advice
------------------------------
The [tweet from Jeremy Crawford](https://twitter.com/JeremyECrawford/status/646370360464572416) is [advice](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/140221/with-the-2019-sage-advice-compendium-release-are-jeremy-crawfords-tweets-consi) against the above interpretation. The tweeted interpretation is not supported by a simple reading of the effect, and essentially adds the absent clause "when the spell is cast". An example of a spell effect where that clause is present and the expected wording would be [*faerie fire*](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/faerie-fire)
>
> Any creature in the area **when the spell is cast** is also outlined in light...
>
>
>
Creatures entering the area during the duration are not outlined in light as that specifically only happens when the spell is cast. *Invisibility* has no such restriction. | This is nothing official... However, recently on the Critical Role miniseries [*Exandria Unlimited*](https://criticalrole.fandom.com/wiki/Exandria_Unlimited), Aabria Iyengar had an invisible NPC attempting to carry off someone. Now granted, this was with a *Ring of **Greater** Invisibility*, so they were able to stay invisible while doing things, but it still followed the basics of invisibility.
What happened is that the person being carried was visible and appeared to be floating away. The NPC then removed and replaced the ring recasting it and making the person then invisible due to being carried while the spell was recast. Same thing for an axe sticking out of their armor from an attack - it would stay visible until it was recast.
I would agree that if something like a sack or blanket was invisible, throwing something in it or covering someone with it would make the contents invisible too. |
77,725 | Can you use Invisibility, grab some gold, and have it then be invisible? Or does it only work on items on your person when the spell is cast? | 2016/03/26 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/77725",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/25806/"
] | As written, items carried or worn are invisible.
================================================
The effect of [invisibility](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/invisibility) for the duration of the spell is:
>
> A creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is wearing or carrying is invisible as long as it is on the target's person.
>
>
>
The conditions of the spell specify, an object is invisible if it is carried or worn.
* Is the thing being carried by the target of *invisibility*?
* Is the thing being worn by the target of *invisibility*?
The final phrase "on the target's person" serves to clarify that the things worn or carried do not remain invisible after they are no longer carried or worn by the target. Drop a coin, and that coin becomes visible. On the flip side, pick up a coin while invisible, and the coin becomes invisible as it satisfies the first criteria of the spell effect.
Jeremy Crawford tweeted advice
------------------------------
The [tweet from Jeremy Crawford](https://twitter.com/JeremyECrawford/status/646370360464572416) is [advice](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/140221/with-the-2019-sage-advice-compendium-release-are-jeremy-crawfords-tweets-consi) against the above interpretation. The tweeted interpretation is not supported by a simple reading of the effect, and essentially adds the absent clause "when the spell is cast". An example of a spell effect where that clause is present and the expected wording would be [*faerie fire*](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/faerie-fire)
>
> Any creature in the area **when the spell is cast** is also outlined in light...
>
>
>
Creatures entering the area during the duration are not outlined in light as that specifically only happens when the spell is cast. *Invisibility* has no such restriction. | Invisibility is bestowed by the casting, and cannot later be acquired
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Both the invisibility and greater invisibility spells include the phrase
>
> a creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is wearing or carrying is invisible as long as it is on the target's person.
>
>
>
The tricky phrase here is "as long as it is on the target's person". It may appear that this clause exists to let us know that if the invisible person sets an object down, the object becomes visible. But if that were the case **this clarification would be unnecessary and redundant** because the description previously said that the invisibility applies to objects the target "is wearing" or "is carrying". Is there anything the target is wearing or carrying that is *not* on their person? If not, then we already know that such things will lose invisibility when set down and the last clause used in this sense adds no meaning; it doesn't 'do' anything.
If the only thing the spell description addressed was setting objects down, we could more simply write the spell as:
>
> a creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is currently wearing or carrying is also invisible
>
>
>
If the 'on their person' clause does not give us new information about setting things down, what then is its purpose?
The phrase actually links to an *earlier* part of the spell description, "a creature you touch becomes invisible". This part of the spell description is telling us that *when* you turn a creature invisible, everything on its person *at that time* becomes invisible as well. However, items it *later* picks up do *not* become visible. The "as long as it is on the target's person" helps us understand that just because the target *later* picks something up and is then "wearing or carrying" it, the object still doesn't become invisible because at was not "on the target's person" *at the time of casting*. What would be a redundant phrase if it only informed us about setting objects down is actually necessary to tell us what happens when an object is picked up, and the spell covers both possibilities.
Filling in the implicit words, but not changing what was already there, the spell description could be written as:
>
> A creature you touch becomes invisible until the spell ends. Anything the target is wearing or carrying [at the time of casting] is [also] invisible [but only for] as long as it is on the target's person.
>
>
> |
380 | [What happens when you roll "Off the top" of a result table?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/959/what-happens-when-you-roll-off-the-top-of-a-result-table/)
@Todd recently discovered that FFG has updated their FAQ directly answering the question.
It is invevitable that some of our answers will become "wrong" over time with companies releasing FAQ's and errata.
I don't want these "wrong" answers (that may have been correct when issued) to remain at the top of the stack (whether by being accepted or through voting).
What is the best way for us to address this in the general sense? | 2011/02/21 | [
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/380",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40/"
] | I think the best option is to leave a comment on the currently accepted, now outdated answer - in addition to adding a new answer with a link to the new information. The comment is the only thing that would alert a casual visitor to the news until the new answer has been upvoted and/or accepted. (I think it's too optimistic to assume that authors of old questions will update their accepted answer - they may very well not be interested in the question any more.) | In this particular case, I don't think there's a need to worry about it. I don't see much (if any) contradiction in Todd's two answers.
In general, any time an old question gets a new answer it will reappear on the front page for a bit. The asker will always get notified that he has a new answer as well. If the new answer is sufficiently more correct than the currently accepted one, I think the system will take care of itself. I, for one, would change my accepted answer immediately in such a situation (i.e., the game's *authors* clarified the rules).
I suppose the only time we'd have to worry is if the asker is no longer an active member. |
380 | [What happens when you roll "Off the top" of a result table?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/959/what-happens-when-you-roll-off-the-top-of-a-result-table/)
@Todd recently discovered that FFG has updated their FAQ directly answering the question.
It is invevitable that some of our answers will become "wrong" over time with companies releasing FAQ's and errata.
I don't want these "wrong" answers (that may have been correct when issued) to remain at the top of the stack (whether by being accepted or through voting).
What is the best way for us to address this in the general sense? | 2011/02/21 | [
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/380",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40/"
] | Is there any reason you can't edit the answers and the question to reflect the new reality?
<http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2011/02/suggested-edits-and-edit-review/> | In this particular case, I don't think there's a need to worry about it. I don't see much (if any) contradiction in Todd's two answers.
In general, any time an old question gets a new answer it will reappear on the front page for a bit. The asker will always get notified that he has a new answer as well. If the new answer is sufficiently more correct than the currently accepted one, I think the system will take care of itself. I, for one, would change my accepted answer immediately in such a situation (i.e., the game's *authors* clarified the rules).
I suppose the only time we'd have to worry is if the asker is no longer an active member. |
380 | [What happens when you roll "Off the top" of a result table?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/959/what-happens-when-you-roll-off-the-top-of-a-result-table/)
@Todd recently discovered that FFG has updated their FAQ directly answering the question.
It is invevitable that some of our answers will become "wrong" over time with companies releasing FAQ's and errata.
I don't want these "wrong" answers (that may have been correct when issued) to remain at the top of the stack (whether by being accepted or through voting).
What is the best way for us to address this in the general sense? | 2011/02/21 | [
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/380",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40/"
] | In the spirit of a [discussion on SE podcast #7](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2011/06/se-podcast-07/), I've completely re-written this answer to point to an excerpt from the show notes.
>
> The intent of editing questions and answers is to offer more permanent resources that can evolve over time. It is important to displace the old, out of date information that is often entombed in Google; for example with [Keyboard shortcut to access the first link in a Google search page?](https://webapps.stackexchange.com/questions/15945/keyboard-shortcut-to-access-the-first-link-in-a-google-search-page) Jeff was surprised to find that almost all the searches he did produced old, obsolete, and sort of incorrect results — so he rolled up his sleeves and created a definitive answer, then edited the question and other answers. Hopefully future internet travellers will find this correct and up to date answer… and they can click edit to improve it, too!
>
>
>
I think this shows the canonical right answer to the original question is **edit to make it right**, which incidentally is what Jeff suggested in his answer and the position Joel took in updating the Google keyboard shortcut answer in the quote above. I mean if that's the position taken by the guys who came up with StackOverflow and SE, I'm inclined to agree. | In this particular case, I don't think there's a need to worry about it. I don't see much (if any) contradiction in Todd's two answers.
In general, any time an old question gets a new answer it will reappear on the front page for a bit. The asker will always get notified that he has a new answer as well. If the new answer is sufficiently more correct than the currently accepted one, I think the system will take care of itself. I, for one, would change my accepted answer immediately in such a situation (i.e., the game's *authors* clarified the rules).
I suppose the only time we'd have to worry is if the asker is no longer an active member. |
380 | [What happens when you roll "Off the top" of a result table?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/959/what-happens-when-you-roll-off-the-top-of-a-result-table/)
@Todd recently discovered that FFG has updated their FAQ directly answering the question.
It is invevitable that some of our answers will become "wrong" over time with companies releasing FAQ's and errata.
I don't want these "wrong" answers (that may have been correct when issued) to remain at the top of the stack (whether by being accepted or through voting).
What is the best way for us to address this in the general sense? | 2011/02/21 | [
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/380",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40/"
] | I've run into this situation a lot on Gaming Stack Exchange (due to games being patched and the rules changing). **It is common and encouraged practice there to edit the answer to update it (even if it isn't your answer).** I've never seen someone complain about this in the situation where the edit is clearly accurate. Creating a separate answer and requiring it to be upvoted and accepted again is not only confusing and time consuming, but it could be seen as unfairly gaining rep, since you're essentially asking everyone who voted for your earlier answer to upvote you again for the new one. | In this particular case, I don't think there's a need to worry about it. I don't see much (if any) contradiction in Todd's two answers.
In general, any time an old question gets a new answer it will reappear on the front page for a bit. The asker will always get notified that he has a new answer as well. If the new answer is sufficiently more correct than the currently accepted one, I think the system will take care of itself. I, for one, would change my accepted answer immediately in such a situation (i.e., the game's *authors* clarified the rules).
I suppose the only time we'd have to worry is if the asker is no longer an active member. |
380 | [What happens when you roll "Off the top" of a result table?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/959/what-happens-when-you-roll-off-the-top-of-a-result-table/)
@Todd recently discovered that FFG has updated their FAQ directly answering the question.
It is invevitable that some of our answers will become "wrong" over time with companies releasing FAQ's and errata.
I don't want these "wrong" answers (that may have been correct when issued) to remain at the top of the stack (whether by being accepted or through voting).
What is the best way for us to address this in the general sense? | 2011/02/21 | [
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/380",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40/"
] | Is there any reason you can't edit the answers and the question to reflect the new reality?
<http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2011/02/suggested-edits-and-edit-review/> | I think the best option is to leave a comment on the currently accepted, now outdated answer - in addition to adding a new answer with a link to the new information. The comment is the only thing that would alert a casual visitor to the news until the new answer has been upvoted and/or accepted. (I think it's too optimistic to assume that authors of old questions will update their accepted answer - they may very well not be interested in the question any more.) |
380 | [What happens when you roll "Off the top" of a result table?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/959/what-happens-when-you-roll-off-the-top-of-a-result-table/)
@Todd recently discovered that FFG has updated their FAQ directly answering the question.
It is invevitable that some of our answers will become "wrong" over time with companies releasing FAQ's and errata.
I don't want these "wrong" answers (that may have been correct when issued) to remain at the top of the stack (whether by being accepted or through voting).
What is the best way for us to address this in the general sense? | 2011/02/21 | [
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/380",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40/"
] | In the spirit of a [discussion on SE podcast #7](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2011/06/se-podcast-07/), I've completely re-written this answer to point to an excerpt from the show notes.
>
> The intent of editing questions and answers is to offer more permanent resources that can evolve over time. It is important to displace the old, out of date information that is often entombed in Google; for example with [Keyboard shortcut to access the first link in a Google search page?](https://webapps.stackexchange.com/questions/15945/keyboard-shortcut-to-access-the-first-link-in-a-google-search-page) Jeff was surprised to find that almost all the searches he did produced old, obsolete, and sort of incorrect results — so he rolled up his sleeves and created a definitive answer, then edited the question and other answers. Hopefully future internet travellers will find this correct and up to date answer… and they can click edit to improve it, too!
>
>
>
I think this shows the canonical right answer to the original question is **edit to make it right**, which incidentally is what Jeff suggested in his answer and the position Joel took in updating the Google keyboard shortcut answer in the quote above. I mean if that's the position taken by the guys who came up with StackOverflow and SE, I'm inclined to agree. | I think the best option is to leave a comment on the currently accepted, now outdated answer - in addition to adding a new answer with a link to the new information. The comment is the only thing that would alert a casual visitor to the news until the new answer has been upvoted and/or accepted. (I think it's too optimistic to assume that authors of old questions will update their accepted answer - they may very well not be interested in the question any more.) |
380 | [What happens when you roll "Off the top" of a result table?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/959/what-happens-when-you-roll-off-the-top-of-a-result-table/)
@Todd recently discovered that FFG has updated their FAQ directly answering the question.
It is invevitable that some of our answers will become "wrong" over time with companies releasing FAQ's and errata.
I don't want these "wrong" answers (that may have been correct when issued) to remain at the top of the stack (whether by being accepted or through voting).
What is the best way for us to address this in the general sense? | 2011/02/21 | [
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/380",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40/"
] | I've run into this situation a lot on Gaming Stack Exchange (due to games being patched and the rules changing). **It is common and encouraged practice there to edit the answer to update it (even if it isn't your answer).** I've never seen someone complain about this in the situation where the edit is clearly accurate. Creating a separate answer and requiring it to be upvoted and accepted again is not only confusing and time consuming, but it could be seen as unfairly gaining rep, since you're essentially asking everyone who voted for your earlier answer to upvote you again for the new one. | I think the best option is to leave a comment on the currently accepted, now outdated answer - in addition to adding a new answer with a link to the new information. The comment is the only thing that would alert a casual visitor to the news until the new answer has been upvoted and/or accepted. (I think it's too optimistic to assume that authors of old questions will update their accepted answer - they may very well not be interested in the question any more.) |
380 | [What happens when you roll "Off the top" of a result table?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/959/what-happens-when-you-roll-off-the-top-of-a-result-table/)
@Todd recently discovered that FFG has updated their FAQ directly answering the question.
It is invevitable that some of our answers will become "wrong" over time with companies releasing FAQ's and errata.
I don't want these "wrong" answers (that may have been correct when issued) to remain at the top of the stack (whether by being accepted or through voting).
What is the best way for us to address this in the general sense? | 2011/02/21 | [
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/380",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40/"
] | Is there any reason you can't edit the answers and the question to reflect the new reality?
<http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2011/02/suggested-edits-and-edit-review/> | In the spirit of a [discussion on SE podcast #7](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2011/06/se-podcast-07/), I've completely re-written this answer to point to an excerpt from the show notes.
>
> The intent of editing questions and answers is to offer more permanent resources that can evolve over time. It is important to displace the old, out of date information that is often entombed in Google; for example with [Keyboard shortcut to access the first link in a Google search page?](https://webapps.stackexchange.com/questions/15945/keyboard-shortcut-to-access-the-first-link-in-a-google-search-page) Jeff was surprised to find that almost all the searches he did produced old, obsolete, and sort of incorrect results — so he rolled up his sleeves and created a definitive answer, then edited the question and other answers. Hopefully future internet travellers will find this correct and up to date answer… and they can click edit to improve it, too!
>
>
>
I think this shows the canonical right answer to the original question is **edit to make it right**, which incidentally is what Jeff suggested in his answer and the position Joel took in updating the Google keyboard shortcut answer in the quote above. I mean if that's the position taken by the guys who came up with StackOverflow and SE, I'm inclined to agree. |
380 | [What happens when you roll "Off the top" of a result table?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/959/what-happens-when-you-roll-off-the-top-of-a-result-table/)
@Todd recently discovered that FFG has updated their FAQ directly answering the question.
It is invevitable that some of our answers will become "wrong" over time with companies releasing FAQ's and errata.
I don't want these "wrong" answers (that may have been correct when issued) to remain at the top of the stack (whether by being accepted or through voting).
What is the best way for us to address this in the general sense? | 2011/02/21 | [
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/380",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.meta.stackexchange.com/users/40/"
] | I've run into this situation a lot on Gaming Stack Exchange (due to games being patched and the rules changing). **It is common and encouraged practice there to edit the answer to update it (even if it isn't your answer).** I've never seen someone complain about this in the situation where the edit is clearly accurate. Creating a separate answer and requiring it to be upvoted and accepted again is not only confusing and time consuming, but it could be seen as unfairly gaining rep, since you're essentially asking everyone who voted for your earlier answer to upvote you again for the new one. | In the spirit of a [discussion on SE podcast #7](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2011/06/se-podcast-07/), I've completely re-written this answer to point to an excerpt from the show notes.
>
> The intent of editing questions and answers is to offer more permanent resources that can evolve over time. It is important to displace the old, out of date information that is often entombed in Google; for example with [Keyboard shortcut to access the first link in a Google search page?](https://webapps.stackexchange.com/questions/15945/keyboard-shortcut-to-access-the-first-link-in-a-google-search-page) Jeff was surprised to find that almost all the searches he did produced old, obsolete, and sort of incorrect results — so he rolled up his sleeves and created a definitive answer, then edited the question and other answers. Hopefully future internet travellers will find this correct and up to date answer… and they can click edit to improve it, too!
>
>
>
I think this shows the canonical right answer to the original question is **edit to make it right**, which incidentally is what Jeff suggested in his answer and the position Joel took in updating the Google keyboard shortcut answer in the quote above. I mean if that's the position taken by the guys who came up with StackOverflow and SE, I'm inclined to agree. |
13,154 | I am getting a warning to update security. It says:
>
> New security release 4.7.9 is available. The site is currently
> running 4.7.3.
>
>
>
How do I update it?
Thanks.
Melissa
Brooklyn Commons
commonsbrooklyn.org | 2016/07/29 | [
"https://civicrm.stackexchange.com/questions/13154",
"https://civicrm.stackexchange.com",
"https://civicrm.stackexchange.com/users/3558/"
] | First of all, I should say that this is a job for someone who is reasonably technically minded and comfortable with using the command line. If this doesn't sound like you, then I would suggest that you look for help with this - perhaps from the person that installed CiviCRM in the first place.
You can find detailed instructions in the [Administrator Guide](https://docs.civicrm.org/sysadmin/en/latest/upgrade/). There are different versions depending on which CMS you use:
* [Upgrading CiviCRM for Drupal 7](https://docs.civicrm.org/sysadmin/en/latest/upgrade/drupal7/)
* [Upgrading CiviCRM for WordPress](https://docs.civicrm.org/sysadmin/en/latest/upgrade/wordpress/)
* [Upgrading CiviCRM for Joomla](https://docs.civicrm.org/sysadmin/en/latest/upgrade/joomla/)
See also my question on upgrading with drush (Drupal only):
[Is it easy to upgrade CiviCRM using drush?](https://civicrm.stackexchange.com/questions/4829/is-it-easy-to-upgrade-civicrm-using-drush)
I would strongly recommend that you take a full backup before you do this. You should also know how to restore from a backup in case anything goes wrong (which does happen unfortunately and can leave your site completely broken).
I would also recommend that you test the update on a development server before you attempt to update the live website.
If none of this makes any sense to you I think you should probably look for help from someone who has this technical knowledge - e.g. a [CiviCRM partner](https://civicrm.org/partners-contributors). Unfortunately, upgrading CiviCRM is not a simple one-click operation like upgrading WordPress. | Please follow the steps in the link one by one
Link: <https://wiki.civicrm.org/confluence/display/CRMDOC/Upgrading+CiviCRM+for+Drupal+7#UpgradingCiviCRMforDrupal7-1.DownloadthemostrecentCiviCRMPackage>
I guess this helps !!! |
353,490 | I am in the planning stages of installing esxi 5 to host about 5 guest os's (identical CentOS 5 images). I want them to have separate data allocation (seperate virtual disks) but I want them to be able to dynamically share resources (memory,cpu), with 1 VM having a higher priority over the other 4 VM.
I've been reading the documentation and it looks like this is possible to do. How are resources shared dynamically? Wouldn't the guest OS need to be rebooted in order for new ram/cpu to be added/removed from a particular VM? Logistically I'm not sure how the OS can play nice with this.
Also, how would I structure my resource pool(s) for this to work? | 2012/01/25 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/353490",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/104835/"
] | Get some training, honestly it's worth it - try the vSphere 'Install, Manage & Configure' as a starter.
Either way your query comes down to some basic understanding of what a hypervisor does, essentially they're just complex time-slicers.
For instance if you only had one real CPU cores and two VMs, each with one virtual cpu core and both were 100% busy the hypervisor would just alternate this load between servers equally; one would get some real CPU time then the other would get an equal amount of time and then it'd go back to the first VM again.
In the scenario above if you had two or more real CPU cores then effectively each VM would get all the CPU time they needed and the time wouldn't have to be 'sliced'.
This model extrapolates to many real CPU cores and many many virtual CPU cores - if there's enough real CPU core time available to allow all virtual CPU usage to be carried out without time slicing then that's what happens, everyone's happy. If there's more demand than resources then time-slicing happens and you lose some performance but everything's still fine.
What resource pools do is make time-slicing NOT equal. For instance in the scenario above you could make it so that in the one real CPU core example one of the VMs could get twice or more CPU time than the other VM. The hypervisor just gives more time to the resource that's configured to have more CPU resource - it's as simple as that.
That said vSphere resource pools can get VERY complex VERY quickly and if I were you I'd seriously consider just leaving things at their default setting and no changing anything about resouce allocation. It's not that it doesn't work great but from your question I'd suggest you really do with the relevant training before going down that route.
Hope this helps. | CPU speed prioritization is fully dynamic, as for memory - that is a good question. I suggest the following: ESXi 5, the hypervisor, is free - for one host machine, up to 32GB RAM. A bunch of modules are disabled with the free license, but before activating the free license it installs as a full package in 60 day trial.
This is what you want:
<http://downloads.vmware.com/d/info/datacenter_cloud_infrastructure/vmware_vsphere_hypervisor_esxi/5_0>
Give it a go on your test machine, I've got 3 GB RAM here on a dual core and it's enough to install a couple virtual appliances. Even better: I've got VMWare Workstation trial running, with a virtual machine, assigned 2 GB RAM and 2 cores to it, and installed ESXi 5 on it. You'll get to try out the installation, network configuration, management through the vSphere client and you can play with virtual machines within a virtual machine. What more could anyone possibly want! :) |
18,669,452 | According to Mythz ([Getting ServiceStack to retain type information](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10750571/getting-servicestack-to-retain-type-information/10759250#10759250)) he recommends not using inheritance in DTOs. What about the use case where I want every request to optionally provide an API key, or a location parameter? Are interfaces bad to use but abstract classes are ok? Anyone have any recommendation? | 2013/09/07 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/18669452",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/449688/"
] | Your use case, "every request to optionally provide an API key, or a location parameter" is traditionally handled in SS through [filter attributes](https://github.com/ServiceStack/ServiceStack/wiki/Filter-attributes)
[Here's an example where a required authorization header is managed both server-side and client-side.](https://stackoverflow.com/a/18386092/149060)
Given the right requirements, Mythz has recommended the use of a custom interface in DTOs: "Request DTO that implements a custom ITenant interface that just has a Tenant property. Another solution is to use a IHttpRequest.Tennant() extension method that you can re-use inside all services which inspects the AbsoluteUri or RawUrl properties." See this comment: ([Multi-tenant ServiceStack API, same deployment to respond to requests on different hostnames?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18206488/multi-tenant-servicestack-api-same-deployment-to-respond-to-requests-on-differe#comment27368612_18206488)) | I use interfaces and then check for implementations of the interface in a request filter. |
3,410 | I am trying to publish "keywords" in "Category and Keywords" section, when i click on keyword, publish button is disabled. Is there any way to publish a keyword? I have added a "taxonomy" mapping in my storage file and keywords will store in database. | 2013/11/06 | [
"https://tridion.stackexchange.com/questions/3410",
"https://tridion.stackexchange.com",
"https://tridion.stackexchange.com/users/635/"
] | It is because that you can not publish a Keyword but the Category. If you meant to say that even for Category the publish button is disable, then explore its properties and see if the Checkbox - "Publishable" is marked or not as shown below:
 | As Pankaj mentioned, you cannot publish a single Keyword. On the delivery side we are only referring to taxonomies, and there is a specific reason for using that name.
A taxonomy consists of a nested hierarchy of Keywords defined in a tree structure. A Category is a general classification defining the root of a taxonomy and a Keyword defines a value within the taxonomy hierarchy.
So the Publish option is only available at Category level, and you can only publish it as a whole. When you update a single Keyword, you have to republish the entire taxonomy |
294,984 | I have an aws ec2 server Ubuntu 10.04.2 LTS and every week it keeps shutting down for whatever reason I have no idea. I go in the aws console and reboot the server and all is well. What can be causing this. I can ssh in and I want to know if anyone knows of where to look and what to look for. Is there a file or an error log that will tell me what is causing the server to shut down...any ideas..
Here is the [domain](http://ec2-50-16-142-66.compute-1.amazonaws.com/) if that helps | 2011/07/28 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/294984",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/52106/"
] | * let others do it.
* if you want to get a reasonable answer i suggest you add [much] more details - eg:
+ what voip protocol does your service provider handle [probably sip, but it's worth checking]
+ are your internal users going to use soft or hard-phones
+ what features should the telephone system offer - just calling in/out? call groups? auditing/recording? ivr?
open source voip for windows sounds experimental - you might consider using linux and [asterisk](http://www.asterisk.org/) or [freeswitch](http://www.freeswitch.org/) under it. there are few commercial voip platforms for windows - [3cx](http://www.3cx.com/) is one of them. | You need to commute packets so you need a switch, you need to handle voip so your switch will need to handle Qos, you also need to acess the outside so you need a router.
If you need to implement a IPBX then asterix may be your weapon of choice.
You're question is too broad to answer correctly. Maybe you 'll better bet on contacting a contractor for that. |
11,425,010 | I have a huge fixed library of text strings, and a frequently changing input string s. I need to find the longest matching substring from any string in the library to s, starting from the beginning of string s, in minimal time. In a perfect world, I would also return the next longest match from the library, and the next best, and so on. This is not the longest common string problem - I'm not looking for the longest common string for all the strings in the library... I just need a pairwise best substring between s and each string in the vast library as fast as possible. | 2012/07/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11425010",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1516492/"
] | After rereading, I think the best way to do this is probably to build a trie or a prefix tree of your big library of strings, then match `s` against that.
This has a couple of advantages. First, it stores your big library in (at least somewhat) compressed form. Second, it more or less automatically tells you all the strings that match a given input, not just the longest one.
It also fits your use case quite well -- while it takes quite a bit of work to build a trie or (especially) a prefix tree from the input, using it afterwards is quite fast. | sort your list ahead of time (i.e. compile time or before) then use bsearch
<http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/clibrary/cstdlib/bsearch/>
once you find your match, you can look behind and ahead in the vicinity to get as many "matches" as you want.
BTW, bsearch isn't necessarily the fastest because it passes the comparator function, but is in the standard C library. |
149,183 | Several times I'll be playing multiplayer in COD Ghosts and the opposing team will call in some kind of killstreak (like KEM Strike) that kills the entire team and changes the map layout.
How do I get these and which maps have them? | 2014/01/03 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/149183",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/52492/"
] | On specific maps (Whiteout, Warhawk, Strikezone, Sovereign, Bayview, Ignition, Containment), there is a chance to get one of these events from care packages, which you get by completing field orders. I've had them appear on my first care crate, my third and sometimes not at all.
On Sovereign you get the Halon Gas, on Warhawk the Mortar Strike, on Strikezone you get the K.E.M and on Whiteout you get the Satellite Crash, on Bayview you get something like the Morter Strike, on Ignition you get a count down for as launch that gets blown up, on Containment you get a Air strike that blows up the Nuke crate in the middle of the map. The Mortar and KEM strikes and the most dangerous (especially on hardcore) and the KEM and Satellite strikes affect the map layout. | The K.E.M. Strike is a 25 kill "kill streak" that occurs when a player racks up 25 kills and has the killstreak selected before hand/unlocked. It can be deactivated with a ground jammer.
More info can be found here: <http://callofduty.wikia.com/wiki/K.E.M._Strike> |
149,183 | Several times I'll be playing multiplayer in COD Ghosts and the opposing team will call in some kind of killstreak (like KEM Strike) that kills the entire team and changes the map layout.
How do I get these and which maps have them? | 2014/01/03 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/149183",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/52492/"
] | On specific maps (Whiteout, Warhawk, Strikezone, Sovereign, Bayview, Ignition, Containment), there is a chance to get one of these events from care packages, which you get by completing field orders. I've had them appear on my first care crate, my third and sometimes not at all.
On Sovereign you get the Halon Gas, on Warhawk the Mortar Strike, on Strikezone you get the K.E.M and on Whiteout you get the Satellite Crash, on Bayview you get something like the Morter Strike, on Ignition you get a count down for as launch that gets blown up, on Containment you get a Air strike that blows up the Nuke crate in the middle of the map. The Mortar and KEM strikes and the most dangerous (especially on hardcore) and the KEM and Satellite strikes affect the map layout. | You can get the K.E.M. Strike on any map as long as get 25 kills without dying (24) with hard line. |
108,597 | I use a Nikon d750, shooting in both RAW and JPEG. My pictures look fine on my camera lcd screedn, but when I download to my computer, about 5 to 10% of my files are damaged. I have used both Adobe Lightroom and Branch to download pictures. For example, a photo that looks fine in Branch is damaged when I call it up in Adobe Camera RAW or Photoshop to edit it. How can I fix damaged files? How can I prevent the damage in the first place? | 2019/05/30 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/108597",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/85069/"
] | **Rule #1 - as soon as an SD card starts to play up, bin it.**
You could try PhotoRec to recover the damaged files, but discard the SD card afterwards.
I used to get through literally thousands of SD cards a year for work. As soon as they start to misbehave, discard them. they are not worth fighting once they start to fail.
Sure, you can reformat round the damaged sectors; until next time, then next time, until eventually one will firmware lock right in the middle of something important & you're locked out. | I would try:
* Reimport in a different way cable instead of a card reader (or vice versa). Also try wireless if your camera has it.
* Open them in different RAW processing software. (e.g. darktable or RawTherapee) |
909,200 | When my old IBM workstation died I reused the IBM Fingerprint Keyboard (89P9037/KUF0452) on my new PC, but I have never been able to get the integrated fingerprint reader to work.
Under Windows 7, the device identifies itself as "Lenovo Preferred Pro USB Fingerprint Keyboard", but there are no "Biometric Devices" in Device Manager, so the Windows fingerprint manager cannot find it.
I have tried installing both the "ThinkVantage Fingerprint Software" and "ThinkVantage Fingerprint Manager Pro Software" from the Lenovo website, but the former fails to find any fingerprint readers and the latter says that it "cannot run on this machine", presumably because the keyboard is not attached to a Lenovo PC any more.
I have also tried manually installing the "Lenovo Preferred Pro USB Fingerprint Keyboard Hotkey (Win 7) driver" from the Lenovo website, but it makes no difference (the keyboard is still a USB Composite Device with a "Lenovo Preferred Pro USB Fingerprint Keyboard" on one port and a generic "HID-compliant device" on the other).
A similar question from several years ago [Windows 7, Lenovo Keyboard](https://superuser.com/q/230209/16858), was not very helpful. The answer there provides a link to the product page that has a link for downloading the driver I already tried. Also, it isn't clear in that question whether or not the OP was trying to use the keyboard on a Lenovo machine, which might be significant.
I would really like to be able to get this fingerprint reader working, but I have run out of options, so I was hoping that the combined experience of superuser might help me get it working again. | 2015/05/03 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/909200",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/16858/"
] | I just had almost the same problem: I was trying to install a brand new "Lenovo Preferred Pro USB Fingerprint Keyboard" on my self-assembled PC running Windows 7 64-bit. Without any driver, it showed up as a USB Hub with an Unknown device and a USB Composite device connected. The composite device consists of 2 USB Input Devices: A HID Keyboard device and another HID-compliant device
First, I landed here: <http://support.lenovo.com/us/en/documents/pd029581> - obviously the correct page describing exactly my keyboard (so it is apparently a newer model than yours). From here I downloaded and installed the "Lenovo Preferred Pro USB Fingerprint Keyboard Hotkey (Win 7) driver" Version 3.4.0.1.
After a reboot, I found the Biometric device - showing as "Synaptics FP Sensors (WBF) (PID=0015)". Actually I now see a total of 7 USB devices connected: An USB Hub with the Synaptics sensor and the composite device consisting of 2 USB input devices: One now shows as "Lenovo Preferred Pro USB Fingerprint Keyboard" and the other still as HID-compliant device.
But then I went through multiple attempts to install the "ThinkVantage Fingerprint Manager Pro Software" linked from the same page (Version 8.01.42). But no way, the installation always failed with a message saying "Setup cannot be executed on this computer".
Finally, I found this page: <http://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds101045> with "Lenovo Fingerprint Reader/ Password Vault for 64-bit Windows". This version finally installed and now works fine for the Windows login.
Hope this is at least somewhat helpful... Good luck! | If the [answer by Christian Halbe](https://superuser.com/a/916438/16858) doesn't get your fingerprint reader working, it may be because it is broken, or your cable or port is faulty.
In my case, a few days after getting my fingerprint reader to work, it simply stopped working and has never recovered.
I can still see the "TouchChip Fingerprint Coprocessor (WBF advanced mode)" device, if I show hidden devices, but what is actually connected to the keyboards USB hub is the Unknown Device, with a Device status of "Windows has stopped this device because it has reported problems. (Code 43)" on the General tab and a Device ID of “USB\VID\_0000&PID\_0000” shown on the Details tab.
For more information on how to troubleshoot problems with an "Unknown Device" take a look at:
* [Why is my USB device not detected or comes up as "Unknown Device"?](http://blogs.msdn.com/b/usbcoreblog/archive/2009/11/03/why-is-my-usb-device-not-detected-or-comes-up-as-unknown-device_3f00_.aspx)
* [What to Try When Your USB Device is an "Unknown Device"](http://blogs.msdn.com/b/usbcoreblog/archive/2011/10/15/things-to-try-when-your-usb-device-is-an-quot-unknown-device-quot.aspx) |
909,200 | When my old IBM workstation died I reused the IBM Fingerprint Keyboard (89P9037/KUF0452) on my new PC, but I have never been able to get the integrated fingerprint reader to work.
Under Windows 7, the device identifies itself as "Lenovo Preferred Pro USB Fingerprint Keyboard", but there are no "Biometric Devices" in Device Manager, so the Windows fingerprint manager cannot find it.
I have tried installing both the "ThinkVantage Fingerprint Software" and "ThinkVantage Fingerprint Manager Pro Software" from the Lenovo website, but the former fails to find any fingerprint readers and the latter says that it "cannot run on this machine", presumably because the keyboard is not attached to a Lenovo PC any more.
I have also tried manually installing the "Lenovo Preferred Pro USB Fingerprint Keyboard Hotkey (Win 7) driver" from the Lenovo website, but it makes no difference (the keyboard is still a USB Composite Device with a "Lenovo Preferred Pro USB Fingerprint Keyboard" on one port and a generic "HID-compliant device" on the other).
A similar question from several years ago [Windows 7, Lenovo Keyboard](https://superuser.com/q/230209/16858), was not very helpful. The answer there provides a link to the product page that has a link for downloading the driver I already tried. Also, it isn't clear in that question whether or not the OP was trying to use the keyboard on a Lenovo machine, which might be significant.
I would really like to be able to get this fingerprint reader working, but I have run out of options, so I was hoping that the combined experience of superuser might help me get it working again. | 2015/05/03 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/909200",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/16858/"
] | I just had almost the same problem: I was trying to install a brand new "Lenovo Preferred Pro USB Fingerprint Keyboard" on my self-assembled PC running Windows 7 64-bit. Without any driver, it showed up as a USB Hub with an Unknown device and a USB Composite device connected. The composite device consists of 2 USB Input Devices: A HID Keyboard device and another HID-compliant device
First, I landed here: <http://support.lenovo.com/us/en/documents/pd029581> - obviously the correct page describing exactly my keyboard (so it is apparently a newer model than yours). From here I downloaded and installed the "Lenovo Preferred Pro USB Fingerprint Keyboard Hotkey (Win 7) driver" Version 3.4.0.1.
After a reboot, I found the Biometric device - showing as "Synaptics FP Sensors (WBF) (PID=0015)". Actually I now see a total of 7 USB devices connected: An USB Hub with the Synaptics sensor and the composite device consisting of 2 USB input devices: One now shows as "Lenovo Preferred Pro USB Fingerprint Keyboard" and the other still as HID-compliant device.
But then I went through multiple attempts to install the "ThinkVantage Fingerprint Manager Pro Software" linked from the same page (Version 8.01.42). But no way, the installation always failed with a message saying "Setup cannot be executed on this computer".
Finally, I found this page: <http://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds101045> with "Lenovo Fingerprint Reader/ Password Vault for 64-bit Windows". This version finally installed and now works fine for the Windows login.
Hope this is at least somewhat helpful... Good luck! | Here is the latest driver I could find that worked when nothing else did:
If this has moved search the Lenovo support site for Validity Fingerprint Windows 7 and you should turn up what you're looking for:
Lenovo Fingerprint Manager for Windows 8 (32-bit, 64-bit), 7 (32-bit, 64-bit) - Notebook
<http://support.lenovo.com/us/en/downloads/ds034485>
actual latest driver/software that seems to work. |
196,530 | [This question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/196529/), for example, cannot fall under any of the following categories:
* Programming questions are off-topic on Meta Stack Overflow.
* This question does not appear to seek input and discussion from the community.
* The problem described here can no longer be reproduced.
The question linked to isn't related to SO/SE in any way. I know I can fill in an "other" reason outside of off-topic, but I doubt that this type of situation is that uncommon.
EDIT: The question linked to has been removed, here is a screenshot:
>
> 
>
>
> | 2013/09/11 | [
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/196530",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/202832/"
] | Questions on Meta Stack Overflow that are not about the SE Network should be closed with a custom ("other") off-topic reason like:
>
> This question is not about the SE family of sites. Have a look at the Help Center ...
>
>
> | >
> * This question does not appear to seek input and discussion from the
> community.
>
>
>
I can't see the original question, but it looks like a great candidate for closing as 'Unclear what you are asking'. This applies to all kinds of rhetoric questions. If you can't imagine an answer, it's not question and it's not clear what is asked here.
Closing question forces you to find valid reason for it. 'It's off-topic because it's off-topic' isn't a valid reason. As a reviewer, you are expected to do some effort in pointing **why exactly**.
If someone asks would Elvis Presley vote for Obama, just close as 'It's off-topic because it's about Necromancy'. If the question is not adequate for any possible Q&A site, one of 'Unclear what you ask', 'Opinion based', 'Lack of research', 'Resource reccomendation' should apply. |
28,057,279 | We are experiencing problems with files produced by Java code which are written locally and then copied by the Data Pipeline to S3. The error mentions file size.
I would have thought that if multipart uploads is required, then the Pipeline would figure that out. I wonder if there is a way of configuring the Pipeline so that it indeed uses multipart uploading. Because otherwise the current Java code which is agnostic about S3 has to write directly to S3 or has to do what it used to and then use multipart uploading -- in fact, I would think the code would just directly write to S3 and not worry about uploading.
Can anyone tell me if Pipelines can use multipart uploading and if not, can you suggest whether the correct approach is to have the program write directly to S3 or to continue to write to local storage and then perhaps have a separate program be invoked within the same Pipeline which will do the multipart uploading? | 2015/01/20 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/28057279",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1621584/"
] | The answer, based on AWS support, is that indeed 5 gig files can't be uploaded directly to S3. And there is no way currently for a Data Pipeline to say, "You are trying to upload a large file, so I will do something special to handle this." It simply fails.
This may change in the future. | Data Pipeline CopyActivity does not support files larger than 4GB. <http://docs.aws.amazon.com/datapipeline/latest/DeveloperGuide/dp-object-copyactivity.html>
This is below the 5GB limit imposed by S3 for each file-part put.
You need to write your own script wrapping AWS CLI or S3cmd (older). This script may be executed as a shell activity.
Writing directly to S3 may be an issue as S3 does not support append operations - unless you can somehow write multiple smaller objects in a folder. |
73,579 | A figure consists of 5 equal squares in the form of a cross. Please show how to divide it with two straight cuts into 4 equal pieces which will fit together to form a square.
A MSE told me I need to cut it from the vertices but how? | 2018/10/07 | [
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/73579",
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com",
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/53008/"
] | Here is a good way of seeing how this dissection comes about.
>
> The cross shape tiles the plane in a regular way. If you pick any point inside a cross, and mark the same point in all the crosses of the tiling, you get a grid of points that can be connected to form a grid of squares. Those grid-lines split up the crosses into pieces which also form the squares in that grid.
>
> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/XIjul.png)
>
> If the grid intersection lies anywhere in the middle square of the cross, then there will only be four pieces. If you put the grid intersection too far into one of the arms of the cross, then you will get five or even six pieces.
>
> You can let the grid lines go exactly through the vertices, but I deliberately did not do so in my picture to illustrate the fact that it is a more general solution.
>
> This only way to make the four pieces have the same shape is to put the grid intersection in the centre of the cross. The cuts then go through the midpoint of the sides of the arms of the cross, not through the vertices.
>
>
> | Like this (not like the commented link):
>
> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UJlOu.png)
>
>
>
Curiously there is
>
> The same cross inside but tilted.
>
>
>
A different arrangement makes *two* squares:
>
> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/11m5b.png)
>
>
> |
93,892 | I have a requirement where a PDF document is generated on the application server in a web based .Net application and the same is digitally signed and mailed to the recepient. The signing and mail action will happen on user's action in the web application (on his browser on the desktop). The users signing digital signature will be in a USB etoken attached to his local desktop.
Is this feasible and how can we do the same? | 2015/07/14 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/93892",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/80963/"
] | If the signature is supposed to assert document ownership or acceptance by the user, then the power to sign should remain in the hands of the user (precisely where his "USB etoken" resides). Since signature algorithms begin by a hash function invocation (the message to sign is hashed, and the rest of the algorithm uses the hash value as input), at least the hash of the PDF file should be sent to the user's machine.
Javascript in Web browsers does not have (yet) the ability to access hardware devices on the user's side. You won't be able to do such a thing without some kind of user-side native or pseudo-native code; this means ActiveX, Silverlight (subject to user's authorization), a (signed) Java applet, or some non-Web executable that the user runs on his machine. None of these technologies is really easy to deploy. None of these will work with tablets / smartphones (for these, a full-blown app will be needed).
Anyway, if you want the user to sign, then you want to potentially make the user *accountable* for whatever he signs. This is a partly legal issue, for which technology is only part of the solution. You will need a signature solution that would potentially "hold in court", which depends a lot on the local jurisdiction. | What you are describing is weird. A digital signature supposes that the private key never leaves the control of its owner. That means that if the document has to be signed by the user, the operation can only happen on the client machine, and the whole responsability belongs to the user.
On the other hand, it is perfectly acceptable to sign a document server side. In that case, the private key resides on the server (it can be in a HSM), and the responsability belongs to the *owner* of the application. The signature only says that provided the system was correctly functionning, the document was generated there in known conditions. It will not have the same value as a personnal digital signature because it can in theory be used by anyone with admin privileges on the system. |
93,892 | I have a requirement where a PDF document is generated on the application server in a web based .Net application and the same is digitally signed and mailed to the recepient. The signing and mail action will happen on user's action in the web application (on his browser on the desktop). The users signing digital signature will be in a USB etoken attached to his local desktop.
Is this feasible and how can we do the same? | 2015/07/14 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/93892",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/80963/"
] | Most of the web applications require Digital Signing documents, files, eReturns (XML or JSON) etc, from user’s Browser using user’s local machine Key-store, USB Token or Smartcard. Older methods being java applets, Active X, etc which are phased out or are being phased out from the new Modern Browser offerings.
Recently much is being talked about WebCrypto API but as of now, WebCrypto API does not provide access to (Windows) or any other Key stores or local crypto USB/Smartcard device.
Although webcrypto does not provide access to smart cards, there is an application called [FortifyApp](https://fortifyapp.com/) that provides a webcrypto polyfill that does via that same interface.
My company also offers free Signer.Digital Browser Extension for Signing from modern browsers, setup for the same may be downloaded from cNet site <https://download.cnet.com/Signer-Digital-Chrome-Extension/3000-33362_4-78042540.html>
You would be able to access local systems Certificate Store from Chrome Browser and JavaScript functions in this extension or any other extension available in Chrome Web Store.
Sample ASP.NET MVC Project (Working in VS2015) may be [Downloaded](http://help.signer.digital/digital_signing_signer_digital_weblib__net_integration_source_code_explained.htm)
Working implementation may be tested at [this portal](https://web.signer.digital)
Digital Signing from Web Browser
--------------------------------
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/MqYDy.png) | What you are describing is weird. A digital signature supposes that the private key never leaves the control of its owner. That means that if the document has to be signed by the user, the operation can only happen on the client machine, and the whole responsability belongs to the user.
On the other hand, it is perfectly acceptable to sign a document server side. In that case, the private key resides on the server (it can be in a HSM), and the responsability belongs to the *owner* of the application. The signature only says that provided the system was correctly functionning, the document was generated there in known conditions. It will not have the same value as a personnal digital signature because it can in theory be used by anyone with admin privileges on the system. |
171,297 | One problem, I think writers often overlook, is the problem of flying creatures communicating with each other. I call this the *"I can't hear you over the sound of the f@cking headwind!"*
For my world, this problem is present in three different species:
1. Tengu, a race of humanoids with many bird-like features, including wings and beaks.
2. Gryphons, hexapodal creatures with the head of an eagle or a corvid and the body of a large feline (usually either a lion, a tiger a cheetah or a lion-sized cheetah).
3. Dragons, the six-limbed variant. They aren't that big, but definietly larger than a horse, though they're lighter and not much stronger (except for, ya know, the wings).
All three species have human levels of intelligence and possess airsacs, to help them cope with higher altitudes and make them lighter. Flight speed is around 16-20 m/s for them while gliding.
Now, they do speak the same language, but that isn't the only barrier between them. **How can they successfully communicate while flying in an Earth-like atmosphere?** | 2020/03/14 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/171297",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/32097/"
] | **Standard bird ear biology**
Just because there's a strong headwind, doesn't mean that everything suddenly becomes inaudible. For humans sure, but human ears aren't designed to be able to hear at high airspeeds. For example, if you're riding a bike quickly, you can turn your head to the side and notice a significant drop in apparent headwind noise.
Moreover, birds are already adapted to be able to hear while flying. Owls, for example, have excellent hearing and can *triangulate mouse heartbeats* while flying. Simply take a look at bird-ear biology:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/S9Y7E.jpg) | This is depending on the level of communication you want. Full on conversations aren't going to happen, but if you need commands similar to military or hunting, this can be done.
**Hand/arm signs**
Since all these species are hexapodal with human-like intelligence, its fair to say that they will have fairly fine motoric movement in their front limbs. Hand or arm waves similar as done with landing planes would be my first choice in this situation. They will need the leader up front with eyes on them at all times though. At night small lights could be used depending on your technology level, but this won't be too stealthy. This form of communication is already used by hunters, soldiers, and divers.
**Screeches/whistles**
Perhaps more finicky to get right, but potentially more versatile. Dumb down the absolute necessities of language to a small amount of distinguishable screeches. These carry further than words or shouts, and are usable at night as opposed to the signals. These won't still be stealthy though.
Depending on your technology or magic level though, you could just use modified biker helmets with microphones, or magical signs. |
5,352 | Is it ok to down vote an answer because you disagree with something it said?
I assumed it was, and that people were up voting because they agree with something it says. | 2022/08/22 | [
"https://philosophy.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/5352",
"https://philosophy.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | This very question has been asked many times over. Some good answers can be found [here](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/236885/downvotes-are-primarily-opinion-based).
Ultimately, it is a fact of StackExchange that votes are often based on bias. They should, ideally, be based on how well the questions and answers meet the expectations towards posts here as expressed in the help center and this meta.
When speaking about extreme cases (both extremely good and extremely bad) the voting mechanism works reasonably well though, and arguably better than any conceivable alternative. It would work better if we had more active voters because the bias of few people can tip the scale quite heavily but that's just where we're at. | In an ideal world, a well informed evaluation of a post would hinge on objective criteria of evaluation like:
* Does it answer the question?
* Is the response clear?
* Are there references and citations to appropriate sources?
* Are there factual errors?
In practice, many contributors to this site have radically different conceptions of philosophy and how to vote, and have difficulty distinguishing between what is accepted as a consensus in major philosophy communities, and what they believe philosophy should be. Hence, questions and answers that ask and answer questions about the [philosophy of sexuality (IEP)](https://iep.utm.edu/sexualit/), for instance, will be downvoted and closed, despite:
* The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and other tertiary references having articles
* [PhilPapers](https://philpapers.org/) having links to arguments
* [Philosophical books listed on Google books](https://www.google.com/books/edition/Philosophy_of_Sexuality/VYMYDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0) which are obviously high-quality publications by professional philosophers.
* Citations from the sources above that are clear, and obviously answer a question.
So, the limp and flimsy voting that happens on this forum seems to often move along the lines of:
* I reject all answers but my own
* I don't like you
* You said something I diagree with
* I don't understand your answer, so you don't know what you're talking about
* I disagree with your Weltanschauung
* I hate Wikipedia and I'm really smart
* I read a philosophy book once and this doesn't make sense
This is evidenced particularly by the fact that much downvoting occurs without commentary, and often it's plain to see that people who disagree with you will frequently downvote your answers after being challenged.
There's a lot of knowledge on this site, and many knowledgeable people, but the calculus of upvoting and downvoting on this site is not governable by prescription or norms, plain and simple, and so strictly speaking if you confine your activity to voting, you are governed only by your conscience. The truth is if you were to use a d6 and downvote on 1, and upvote on all other outcomes, no one would know, and no one would stop you. Any representation to the contrary of this fact about this forum would be misguided. |
15,387 | My friend gave me a chocolate. It was melted and, as a result, my hand was sticky with chocolate in an unpleasant way.
Which word can I use to describe the unpleasant stickiness of this viscous liquid? | 2014/01/06 | [
"https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/15387",
"https://ell.stackexchange.com",
"https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/931/"
] | Tackiness can be used to describe the glue-like quality of a liquid. Note that it also is commonly used to describe kitchy, poor taste actions and objects, so if you use this word, make sure you make the context clear. | In my American dialect, I have no better word than 'sticky'.
'Tacky' is okay too, I'm just not sure I'd use it to describe myself, I'd only use it for things, like a lint roller, or a surface covered in drying paint. |
32,940 | In this video (<https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=KEYYN-a_x6E>), the instructor talks about the marginal opportunity cost and supply curve. (Begins talking about it at after 1:50).
He states that the opportunity cost of giving up a quantity of apples (what she is selling) is the opportunity cost.
Is this correct? I thought the opportunity cost is the cost of giving up alternative things. But he plots the points of "giving up an apple' on the marginal opportunity cost curve, even though she is selling apples, so wouldn't that not be the opportunity cost. | 2019/11/25 | [
"https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/32940",
"https://economics.stackexchange.com",
"https://economics.stackexchange.com/users/25005/"
] | It seems the instructor is referring to the opp. cost of giving up the profit from selling x amount of apples. Which would be an opportunity cost. Opportunity cost isn't strictly alternative based, for example: If I'm selling 10 apples today, the opportunity cost of be only selling 9 apples tomorrow is whatever profit I stand to lose from not selling the 10th apple tomorrow. | If you can do A or B and make gain of a or b, then the opportunity cost of doing B would be b-a. If a were larger then doing B would result in an opportunity loss.
Alternatively if you do nothing then the opportunity cost would be the larger of a or b which you could have made by doing A or B instead of nothing. |
1,087,983 | I've seen this term in the Python Lisp compiler and some C linker's sources.
My guess is that a fix-up is just some wrapper around an Assembly routine that makes sure the alignment is right, but I'm not sure at all about anything here. | 2009/07/06 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1087983",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/19619/"
] | A "fixup" is a linker term. There's a pretty good discussion of it here:
<http://www.microsoft.com/msj/0797/hood0797.aspx>
Whenever a object file (.o, .obj) refers to some external symbol it will output placeholder code like "Put address 0 to register 5" and a note that says "Fill in that 0 with the actual address of symbol 'foo'". Some other object file will define 'foo', the linker will then go back and "fix up" the 0 to be the correct address.
Incidentally, if nobody defines 'foo' you get that retro 50's style error message blithering something like 'can't find reference to \_foo' or even less comprehensible if you're using C++.
And pretty rarely you'll get a "fixup error" when the address of 'foo' doesn't fit where the linker wants to put it. Generally this comes from a fixup that requires a relative offset that is too large. | Linker and Loaders is an interesting inker resource that explains a lot of jargon, and includes non x86 cpus here and there too:
<http://www.iecc.com/linker/>
from the comp.compilers moderator. |
55,372,204 | I'm developed on Linux OS without network.
Because of this, the npm command is not able to install the package.
So while looking for a way to install it, I found a way to download a zip file from github.
I unpacked the zip file and re-bundled it with tar. I tried npm install, but the installation failed with an EAI\_AGAIN error.
Looking at this error, it seemed to be an error caused by not connecting the internal dependencies to the network.
I can move files from a networked Windows system to the Linux system, but on the Linux system it is difficult to connect to the network. How do I install it? | 2019/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/55372204",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/11264711/"
] | For Azure I'd recommend using a transit vnet topology which is basically a hub and spoke network. There's an Azure [blog post](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/create-a-transit-vnet-using-vnet-peering/) on it published by Microsoft. | I'm not familiar with AWS Transit Gateway enough, but maybe take a look at Azure Virtual WAN.
<https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-wan/virtual-wan-about>
Azure Firewall is more of a security appliance than a connection appliance. You would still need a VPN Gateway (or ExR or Peering) to connect to remote networks.
<https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/firewall/tutorial-hybrid-ps>
I believe the question is a bit too vague to provide an answer. |
55,372,204 | I'm developed on Linux OS without network.
Because of this, the npm command is not able to install the package.
So while looking for a way to install it, I found a way to download a zip file from github.
I unpacked the zip file and re-bundled it with tar. I tried npm install, but the installation failed with an EAI\_AGAIN error.
Looking at this error, it seemed to be an error caused by not connecting the internal dependencies to the network.
I can move files from a networked Windows system to the Linux system, but on the Linux system it is difficult to connect to the network. How do I install it? | 2019/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/55372204",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/11264711/"
] | Both are offering the same feature service to connect VPC/VNet of their cloud infrastructure and on-premise network site-to-site VPN. It will work as a central place to connect cloud networks and multiple on-premise networks located at different physical location/country using the cloud's own backbone infra.
Using this service customers can connect their various branch office/data center via Azure/AWS's backbone.
AWS Transit Gateway
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bH481.png)
Azure Virtual WAN
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/tf6mp.png) | I'm not familiar with AWS Transit Gateway enough, but maybe take a look at Azure Virtual WAN.
<https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-wan/virtual-wan-about>
Azure Firewall is more of a security appliance than a connection appliance. You would still need a VPN Gateway (or ExR or Peering) to connect to remote networks.
<https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/firewall/tutorial-hybrid-ps>
I believe the question is a bit too vague to provide an answer. |
55,372,204 | I'm developed on Linux OS without network.
Because of this, the npm command is not able to install the package.
So while looking for a way to install it, I found a way to download a zip file from github.
I unpacked the zip file and re-bundled it with tar. I tried npm install, but the installation failed with an EAI\_AGAIN error.
Looking at this error, it seemed to be an error caused by not connecting the internal dependencies to the network.
I can move files from a networked Windows system to the Linux system, but on the Linux system it is difficult to connect to the network. How do I install it? | 2019/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/55372204",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/11264711/"
] | For Azure I'd recommend using a transit vnet topology which is basically a hub and spoke network. There's an Azure [blog post](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/create-a-transit-vnet-using-vnet-peering/) on it published by Microsoft. | I dont think Azure has exactly same kind of offering but gateway transit for VNets peering is something that you might find useful
<https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/vpn-gateway/vpn-gateway-peering-gateway-transit> |
55,372,204 | I'm developed on Linux OS without network.
Because of this, the npm command is not able to install the package.
So while looking for a way to install it, I found a way to download a zip file from github.
I unpacked the zip file and re-bundled it with tar. I tried npm install, but the installation failed with an EAI\_AGAIN error.
Looking at this error, it seemed to be an error caused by not connecting the internal dependencies to the network.
I can move files from a networked Windows system to the Linux system, but on the Linux system it is difficult to connect to the network. How do I install it? | 2019/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/55372204",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/11264711/"
] | Both are offering the same feature service to connect VPC/VNet of their cloud infrastructure and on-premise network site-to-site VPN. It will work as a central place to connect cloud networks and multiple on-premise networks located at different physical location/country using the cloud's own backbone infra.
Using this service customers can connect their various branch office/data center via Azure/AWS's backbone.
AWS Transit Gateway
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bH481.png)
Azure Virtual WAN
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/tf6mp.png) | I dont think Azure has exactly same kind of offering but gateway transit for VNets peering is something that you might find useful
<https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/vpn-gateway/vpn-gateway-peering-gateway-transit> |
58,716 | My Schwalbe Marathon plus tour 26'' x 2.0 has a sideways bulge (both rear and front). In between the 2 tyres and tube there is a anti puncture strip.
The rim seems not to be the problem.
I think the strip is the cause of the tyre's sideways movement. The tyre is already tight/difficult to mount. With the strip mounting is even harder.
Will such a bulge / sideways movement eventually (i.e. in the long term) cause damage (e.g. by bending) the rim, hub, axel, or bearings ?
I am interested in the consequences of this sideways movement not how to fix it.
---
Update
The bulge is not pronounced. It is at a single spot. I see it when looking down on the tyre (bicycle is flipped over and resting on saddle). When spinning the wheel the tyre suddenly moves right then left (wobble). This happens over 10degrees arc.
I cannot determine the tyre pressure. I've pumped the tyre hard - my guess 3bar. I used soapy water between the rim and tyre. | 2019/01/01 | [
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/58716",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I can't say 100%, and full caution etc that if it's bulging that has to do with casing failure/damage or installation error then you should stop riding it, but it sounds like it's probably distortion caused by imperfections at the casing seam. Marathons, for everything nice about them, are a little notorious for this. Schwalbe will generally warranty particularly bad ones, which if you can feel it clearly while riding I would say these are. At times I've seen a lot of them that needed to be sent back for reasons much like you describe, suggesting a QC step getting missed or a machine not working right or the like. As the incidence of the problem has seemed high during certain time periods, it doesn't strike me as unusual to have two tires with it, and in fact that both tires have the issue suggests it's the seam rather than casing damage.
You can usually confirm that it's happening at the seam by examining the tire to see the look of the fabric layer under the rubber, or inside if you have the tire off, then following around to where you see that pattern disrupted, stacked double for a small bit, etc.
I've speculated that the kind of left-to-right diagonal distortion you describe is caused by something along the lines of the cuts of material not being square or the seams not putting them in a square orientation.
Riding the tires like this won't typically hurt anything except perhaps your enjoyment and steering control. It won't affect the tube, rim, hub, etc. Also, the distortion by itself from messy seams usually doesn't imply any inability of the casing to constrain the tube. If you're using rim brakes then you'd want to make sure the distortion isn't causing rub between the tire and pads or brake arms. And you also want to make sure the bulge isn't causing that spot to get close enough to the frame/fork to cause rubbing or clearance too tight to allow for some debris build up. | Incomplete answer:
A bulge in the sidewall is potentially a sign of a weakness, where something allows that point to stretch under pressure. A weakness could lead to a blowout or a sudden peeling off the rim.
A bulge can also rub on things - rim brakes are likely to rub most, but even if you have hub-brakes then the next candidates are chain/seat stays, or kickstands. Again rubbing leads to slower harder rides, and eventually sidewall blowouts.
If its an installation error, then there are a lot of causes:
* could be tube caught under the bead, and inflation lifts it a bit
* a bead may have failed to seat in the rim right because of damage or obstruction from the rim tape
* If your tubes are too long for the rim, then the excess material could fold and cause bulges and failure to seat the bead.
None of this explains the "left-then-right" description in the original question. More info needed please. |
58,716 | My Schwalbe Marathon plus tour 26'' x 2.0 has a sideways bulge (both rear and front). In between the 2 tyres and tube there is a anti puncture strip.
The rim seems not to be the problem.
I think the strip is the cause of the tyre's sideways movement. The tyre is already tight/difficult to mount. With the strip mounting is even harder.
Will such a bulge / sideways movement eventually (i.e. in the long term) cause damage (e.g. by bending) the rim, hub, axel, or bearings ?
I am interested in the consequences of this sideways movement not how to fix it.
---
Update
The bulge is not pronounced. It is at a single spot. I see it when looking down on the tyre (bicycle is flipped over and resting on saddle). When spinning the wheel the tyre suddenly moves right then left (wobble). This happens over 10degrees arc.
I cannot determine the tyre pressure. I've pumped the tyre hard - my guess 3bar. I used soapy water between the rim and tyre. | 2019/01/01 | [
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/58716",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I can't say 100%, and full caution etc that if it's bulging that has to do with casing failure/damage or installation error then you should stop riding it, but it sounds like it's probably distortion caused by imperfections at the casing seam. Marathons, for everything nice about them, are a little notorious for this. Schwalbe will generally warranty particularly bad ones, which if you can feel it clearly while riding I would say these are. At times I've seen a lot of them that needed to be sent back for reasons much like you describe, suggesting a QC step getting missed or a machine not working right or the like. As the incidence of the problem has seemed high during certain time periods, it doesn't strike me as unusual to have two tires with it, and in fact that both tires have the issue suggests it's the seam rather than casing damage.
You can usually confirm that it's happening at the seam by examining the tire to see the look of the fabric layer under the rubber, or inside if you have the tire off, then following around to where you see that pattern disrupted, stacked double for a small bit, etc.
I've speculated that the kind of left-to-right diagonal distortion you describe is caused by something along the lines of the cuts of material not being square or the seams not putting them in a square orientation.
Riding the tires like this won't typically hurt anything except perhaps your enjoyment and steering control. It won't affect the tube, rim, hub, etc. Also, the distortion by itself from messy seams usually doesn't imply any inability of the casing to constrain the tube. If you're using rim brakes then you'd want to make sure the distortion isn't causing rub between the tire and pads or brake arms. And you also want to make sure the bulge isn't causing that spot to get close enough to the frame/fork to cause rubbing or clearance too tight to allow for some debris build up. | A small uneveness in the line of the tire is usually not a problem, and I've never managed to mount a tire without such a small uneveness. As long as the bead is solidly seated within the rim all around the tire, you are fine.
That said, if you are riding the Marathon Plus, you probably won't need an anti-puncture strip. Unless the road conditions in your area are significantly worse than mine, it's simply not worth the hassle. From my experience, you don't have to expect punctures more frequent than once every 10000km with that tire; I've only once managed to find a piece of glass that was large enough to cut through my Marathon Plus. So, if the uneveness is really due to the anti-puncture strip, you may want to try without it. |
16,765 | Recently I have started reading about some of the history of mathematics in order to better understand things.
A lot of ideas in algebra come from trying to understand the problem of finding solutions to polynomials in terms of radicals, which is solved by the Abel-Ruffini theorem and Galois theory.
I was wondering if there's a textbook (or history book which emphasizes the mathematics) that goes vaguely in chronological order or explicitly presents theorems and concepts in their historical context.
Alternatively, if you think it would be better to attempt to read the original papers (Abel's famous quote about reading the masters comes to mind), such as the works of the mathematicians mentioned in [this wikipedia article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra#Early_group_theory) , how would I go about doing so?
EDIT: while researching some of the recommended books, I found [this interesting list (pdf)](http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/michael.molinsky/public.www/cshpm/History_of_Mathematics_References.pdf) of references.
---
The inspiration for this question came from asking myself "why would someone bother/think of defining a normal subgroup in the first place?" (although I already know the answer) and hence I am asking about Galois theory, but really this question works for any area of mathematics and perhaps someone should open a community wiki question for that. | 2011/01/08 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/16765",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2954/"
] | [Unknown Quantity](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0452288533) by John Derbyshire is an excellent historical account of the evolution of abstract algebra. The book is aimed at the "mathematically inclined" and covers the history of algebra from birth to present day (or pretty close.) | I highly recommend RBJT Allenby's "Rings, Fields and Groups" for giving the both the historic development of modern algebra and biographic sketches of many of the mathematicians involved. He starts of with polynomial equations then follows how that lead to generalizations of rings and ideals, field theory, groups and Galois theory.
Armstrong's "Basic Topology" does a similar approach for Topology starting with polyhedra in Euclidean space and moving to open sets, topologies, triangulations and homotopy groups. |
16,765 | Recently I have started reading about some of the history of mathematics in order to better understand things.
A lot of ideas in algebra come from trying to understand the problem of finding solutions to polynomials in terms of radicals, which is solved by the Abel-Ruffini theorem and Galois theory.
I was wondering if there's a textbook (or history book which emphasizes the mathematics) that goes vaguely in chronological order or explicitly presents theorems and concepts in their historical context.
Alternatively, if you think it would be better to attempt to read the original papers (Abel's famous quote about reading the masters comes to mind), such as the works of the mathematicians mentioned in [this wikipedia article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra#Early_group_theory) , how would I go about doing so?
EDIT: while researching some of the recommended books, I found [this interesting list (pdf)](http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/michael.molinsky/public.www/cshpm/History_of_Mathematics_References.pdf) of references.
---
The inspiration for this question came from asking myself "why would someone bother/think of defining a normal subgroup in the first place?" (although I already know the answer) and hence I am asking about Galois theory, but really this question works for any area of mathematics and perhaps someone should open a community wiki question for that. | 2011/01/08 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/16765",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2954/"
] | Please allow me to quote from Joseph Rotman's book "Galois Theory", as follows
"When writing the definition of Galois group for this text, I asked myself an obvious question: how did such thoughts occur to Galois in the late 1820's? The answer, of course, is that he did not think in such terms; for its first century, 1830-1930, the Galois group was a froup of permutations. In the late 1920's, E.Artin, developing ideas of E.Noether going back at least to Dedekind, recognized that it is both more elegant and more fruitful to describe Galois groups in terms of field automorphisms(Artin's version is isomorphic to the original version). In 1930, van der Waerden incorporated much of Artin's viewpoint into his influential text "Moderne Algebra," and a decade later Artin published his own lectures. So successful have Artin's ideas proved to be that they have vertually eclipsed earlier expositions. But we have lost the inevitability of the definition; group theory is imposed on the study of polynomials rather arising naturally from it. This appendix is an attempt to remedy this pedagogical problem by telling the story of what happened in the beginning. The reader interested in a more thorough account may read [Edwards] or [Tignol] "
H.M.Edwards, Galois Theory,Springer,1984
J.-P.Tignol, Galois Theory of Algenraic Euqations, Wiley, 1988 | I highly recommend RBJT Allenby's "Rings, Fields and Groups" for giving the both the historic development of modern algebra and biographic sketches of many of the mathematicians involved. He starts of with polynomial equations then follows how that lead to generalizations of rings and ideals, field theory, groups and Galois theory.
Armstrong's "Basic Topology" does a similar approach for Topology starting with polyhedra in Euclidean space and moving to open sets, topologies, triangulations and homotopy groups. |
16,765 | Recently I have started reading about some of the history of mathematics in order to better understand things.
A lot of ideas in algebra come from trying to understand the problem of finding solutions to polynomials in terms of radicals, which is solved by the Abel-Ruffini theorem and Galois theory.
I was wondering if there's a textbook (or history book which emphasizes the mathematics) that goes vaguely in chronological order or explicitly presents theorems and concepts in their historical context.
Alternatively, if you think it would be better to attempt to read the original papers (Abel's famous quote about reading the masters comes to mind), such as the works of the mathematicians mentioned in [this wikipedia article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra#Early_group_theory) , how would I go about doing so?
EDIT: while researching some of the recommended books, I found [this interesting list (pdf)](http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/michael.molinsky/public.www/cshpm/History_of_Mathematics_References.pdf) of references.
---
The inspiration for this question came from asking myself "why would someone bother/think of defining a normal subgroup in the first place?" (although I already know the answer) and hence I am asking about Galois theory, but really this question works for any area of mathematics and perhaps someone should open a community wiki question for that. | 2011/01/08 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/16765",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2954/"
] | Please allow me to quote from Joseph Rotman's book "Galois Theory", as follows
"When writing the definition of Galois group for this text, I asked myself an obvious question: how did such thoughts occur to Galois in the late 1820's? The answer, of course, is that he did not think in such terms; for its first century, 1830-1930, the Galois group was a froup of permutations. In the late 1920's, E.Artin, developing ideas of E.Noether going back at least to Dedekind, recognized that it is both more elegant and more fruitful to describe Galois groups in terms of field automorphisms(Artin's version is isomorphic to the original version). In 1930, van der Waerden incorporated much of Artin's viewpoint into his influential text "Moderne Algebra," and a decade later Artin published his own lectures. So successful have Artin's ideas proved to be that they have vertually eclipsed earlier expositions. But we have lost the inevitability of the definition; group theory is imposed on the study of polynomials rather arising naturally from it. This appendix is an attempt to remedy this pedagogical problem by telling the story of what happened in the beginning. The reader interested in a more thorough account may read [Edwards] or [Tignol] "
H.M.Edwards, Galois Theory,Springer,1984
J.-P.Tignol, Galois Theory of Algenraic Euqations, Wiley, 1988 | See also the books [A History of Abstract Algebra](http://www.springer.com/birkhauser/historyofscience/book/978-0-8176-4684-4) and [Episodes in the History of Modern Algebra (1800-1950)](http://bookstore.ams.org/hmath-32/). |
16,765 | Recently I have started reading about some of the history of mathematics in order to better understand things.
A lot of ideas in algebra come from trying to understand the problem of finding solutions to polynomials in terms of radicals, which is solved by the Abel-Ruffini theorem and Galois theory.
I was wondering if there's a textbook (or history book which emphasizes the mathematics) that goes vaguely in chronological order or explicitly presents theorems and concepts in their historical context.
Alternatively, if you think it would be better to attempt to read the original papers (Abel's famous quote about reading the masters comes to mind), such as the works of the mathematicians mentioned in [this wikipedia article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra#Early_group_theory) , how would I go about doing so?
EDIT: while researching some of the recommended books, I found [this interesting list (pdf)](http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/michael.molinsky/public.www/cshpm/History_of_Mathematics_References.pdf) of references.
---
The inspiration for this question came from asking myself "why would someone bother/think of defining a normal subgroup in the first place?" (although I already know the answer) and hence I am asking about Galois theory, but really this question works for any area of mathematics and perhaps someone should open a community wiki question for that. | 2011/01/08 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/16765",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2954/"
] | I found the book *The genesis of the abstract group concept*, by Hans Wussing, to be very interesting. It gives a scholarly history of the development of the concept of group, from its roots in number theory, geometry, and the theory of equations prior to the 19th century, through to (more-or-less) the end of the 19th century.
As for reading the original papers, while there is a lot to be said for this, you should bear in mind that these are not only typically written in languages other than English, but are also in a mathematical language that is quite different from our modern language. If you do decide to look at the originals, Wussing's book would be a good guide to the major papers in the initial development of group theory. | I highly recommend RBJT Allenby's "Rings, Fields and Groups" for giving the both the historic development of modern algebra and biographic sketches of many of the mathematicians involved. He starts of with polynomial equations then follows how that lead to generalizations of rings and ideals, field theory, groups and Galois theory.
Armstrong's "Basic Topology" does a similar approach for Topology starting with polyhedra in Euclidean space and moving to open sets, topologies, triangulations and homotopy groups. |
16,765 | Recently I have started reading about some of the history of mathematics in order to better understand things.
A lot of ideas in algebra come from trying to understand the problem of finding solutions to polynomials in terms of radicals, which is solved by the Abel-Ruffini theorem and Galois theory.
I was wondering if there's a textbook (or history book which emphasizes the mathematics) that goes vaguely in chronological order or explicitly presents theorems and concepts in their historical context.
Alternatively, if you think it would be better to attempt to read the original papers (Abel's famous quote about reading the masters comes to mind), such as the works of the mathematicians mentioned in [this wikipedia article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra#Early_group_theory) , how would I go about doing so?
EDIT: while researching some of the recommended books, I found [this interesting list (pdf)](http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/michael.molinsky/public.www/cshpm/History_of_Mathematics_References.pdf) of references.
---
The inspiration for this question came from asking myself "why would someone bother/think of defining a normal subgroup in the first place?" (although I already know the answer) and hence I am asking about Galois theory, but really this question works for any area of mathematics and perhaps someone should open a community wiki question for that. | 2011/01/08 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/16765",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2954/"
] | I found the book *The genesis of the abstract group concept*, by Hans Wussing, to be very interesting. It gives a scholarly history of the development of the concept of group, from its roots in number theory, geometry, and the theory of equations prior to the 19th century, through to (more-or-less) the end of the 19th century.
As for reading the original papers, while there is a lot to be said for this, you should bear in mind that these are not only typically written in languages other than English, but are also in a mathematical language that is quite different from our modern language. If you do decide to look at the originals, Wussing's book would be a good guide to the major papers in the initial development of group theory. | Algebra is a very large field, so you probably want to be a bit more specific.
In case you are wondering about *Galois Theory*, and want to learn its history for the purpose of understanding it, I strongly recommend the following book:
>
> Jörg Bewersdorff. [Galois Theory for Beginners](http://books.google.com/books?id=RSC2hpPQ0LQC). AMS 2006.
>
>
>
It doesn't present the history in a scholarly fashion, but as a means to the end of understanding the modern formulation of Galois Theory in terms of fields and automorphism groups. I don't think I would have understood any of it without this book.
There is also a paper
>
> John Stillwell. [Galois Theory for Beginners](http://www.jstor.org/pss/2325119). The American Mathematical Monthly. Vol. 101, No. 1 (Jan., 1994), pp. 22-27.
>
>
>
with a similar goal. I'm mentioning it because the author, John Stillwell, has written another marvelous book about the history of mathematics in general.
If you are interested in Abel's concurrent proof of the unsolvability of the quintic, have a look at the book
>
> Peter Pesic. [Abel's Proof](http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10180). MIT Press 2004.
>
>
>
although it's written for the general public. However, it does include a modern transcription of Abel's original proof in an appendix, which is the object of interest here. |
16,765 | Recently I have started reading about some of the history of mathematics in order to better understand things.
A lot of ideas in algebra come from trying to understand the problem of finding solutions to polynomials in terms of radicals, which is solved by the Abel-Ruffini theorem and Galois theory.
I was wondering if there's a textbook (or history book which emphasizes the mathematics) that goes vaguely in chronological order or explicitly presents theorems and concepts in their historical context.
Alternatively, if you think it would be better to attempt to read the original papers (Abel's famous quote about reading the masters comes to mind), such as the works of the mathematicians mentioned in [this wikipedia article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra#Early_group_theory) , how would I go about doing so?
EDIT: while researching some of the recommended books, I found [this interesting list (pdf)](http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/michael.molinsky/public.www/cshpm/History_of_Mathematics_References.pdf) of references.
---
The inspiration for this question came from asking myself "why would someone bother/think of defining a normal subgroup in the first place?" (although I already know the answer) and hence I am asking about Galois theory, but really this question works for any area of mathematics and perhaps someone should open a community wiki question for that. | 2011/01/08 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/16765",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2954/"
] | I found the book *The genesis of the abstract group concept*, by Hans Wussing, to be very interesting. It gives a scholarly history of the development of the concept of group, from its roots in number theory, geometry, and the theory of equations prior to the 19th century, through to (more-or-less) the end of the 19th century.
As for reading the original papers, while there is a lot to be said for this, you should bear in mind that these are not only typically written in languages other than English, but are also in a mathematical language that is quite different from our modern language. If you do decide to look at the originals, Wussing's book would be a good guide to the major papers in the initial development of group theory. | See also the books [A History of Abstract Algebra](http://www.springer.com/birkhauser/historyofscience/book/978-0-8176-4684-4) and [Episodes in the History of Modern Algebra (1800-1950)](http://bookstore.ams.org/hmath-32/). |
16,765 | Recently I have started reading about some of the history of mathematics in order to better understand things.
A lot of ideas in algebra come from trying to understand the problem of finding solutions to polynomials in terms of radicals, which is solved by the Abel-Ruffini theorem and Galois theory.
I was wondering if there's a textbook (or history book which emphasizes the mathematics) that goes vaguely in chronological order or explicitly presents theorems and concepts in their historical context.
Alternatively, if you think it would be better to attempt to read the original papers (Abel's famous quote about reading the masters comes to mind), such as the works of the mathematicians mentioned in [this wikipedia article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra#Early_group_theory) , how would I go about doing so?
EDIT: while researching some of the recommended books, I found [this interesting list (pdf)](http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/michael.molinsky/public.www/cshpm/History_of_Mathematics_References.pdf) of references.
---
The inspiration for this question came from asking myself "why would someone bother/think of defining a normal subgroup in the first place?" (although I already know the answer) and hence I am asking about Galois theory, but really this question works for any area of mathematics and perhaps someone should open a community wiki question for that. | 2011/01/08 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/16765",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2954/"
] | I found the book *The genesis of the abstract group concept*, by Hans Wussing, to be very interesting. It gives a scholarly history of the development of the concept of group, from its roots in number theory, geometry, and the theory of equations prior to the 19th century, through to (more-or-less) the end of the 19th century.
As for reading the original papers, while there is a lot to be said for this, you should bear in mind that these are not only typically written in languages other than English, but are also in a mathematical language that is quite different from our modern language. If you do decide to look at the originals, Wussing's book would be a good guide to the major papers in the initial development of group theory. | [Unknown Quantity](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0452288533) by John Derbyshire is an excellent historical account of the evolution of abstract algebra. The book is aimed at the "mathematically inclined" and covers the history of algebra from birth to present day (or pretty close.) |
16,765 | Recently I have started reading about some of the history of mathematics in order to better understand things.
A lot of ideas in algebra come from trying to understand the problem of finding solutions to polynomials in terms of radicals, which is solved by the Abel-Ruffini theorem and Galois theory.
I was wondering if there's a textbook (or history book which emphasizes the mathematics) that goes vaguely in chronological order or explicitly presents theorems and concepts in their historical context.
Alternatively, if you think it would be better to attempt to read the original papers (Abel's famous quote about reading the masters comes to mind), such as the works of the mathematicians mentioned in [this wikipedia article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra#Early_group_theory) , how would I go about doing so?
EDIT: while researching some of the recommended books, I found [this interesting list (pdf)](http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/michael.molinsky/public.www/cshpm/History_of_Mathematics_References.pdf) of references.
---
The inspiration for this question came from asking myself "why would someone bother/think of defining a normal subgroup in the first place?" (although I already know the answer) and hence I am asking about Galois theory, but really this question works for any area of mathematics and perhaps someone should open a community wiki question for that. | 2011/01/08 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/16765",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2954/"
] | [Unknown Quantity](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0452288533) by John Derbyshire is an excellent historical account of the evolution of abstract algebra. The book is aimed at the "mathematically inclined" and covers the history of algebra from birth to present day (or pretty close.) | See also the books [A History of Abstract Algebra](http://www.springer.com/birkhauser/historyofscience/book/978-0-8176-4684-4) and [Episodes in the History of Modern Algebra (1800-1950)](http://bookstore.ams.org/hmath-32/). |
16,765 | Recently I have started reading about some of the history of mathematics in order to better understand things.
A lot of ideas in algebra come from trying to understand the problem of finding solutions to polynomials in terms of radicals, which is solved by the Abel-Ruffini theorem and Galois theory.
I was wondering if there's a textbook (or history book which emphasizes the mathematics) that goes vaguely in chronological order or explicitly presents theorems and concepts in their historical context.
Alternatively, if you think it would be better to attempt to read the original papers (Abel's famous quote about reading the masters comes to mind), such as the works of the mathematicians mentioned in [this wikipedia article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra#Early_group_theory) , how would I go about doing so?
EDIT: while researching some of the recommended books, I found [this interesting list (pdf)](http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/michael.molinsky/public.www/cshpm/History_of_Mathematics_References.pdf) of references.
---
The inspiration for this question came from asking myself "why would someone bother/think of defining a normal subgroup in the first place?" (although I already know the answer) and hence I am asking about Galois theory, but really this question works for any area of mathematics and perhaps someone should open a community wiki question for that. | 2011/01/08 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/16765",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2954/"
] | Please allow me to quote from Joseph Rotman's book "Galois Theory", as follows
"When writing the definition of Galois group for this text, I asked myself an obvious question: how did such thoughts occur to Galois in the late 1820's? The answer, of course, is that he did not think in such terms; for its first century, 1830-1930, the Galois group was a froup of permutations. In the late 1920's, E.Artin, developing ideas of E.Noether going back at least to Dedekind, recognized that it is both more elegant and more fruitful to describe Galois groups in terms of field automorphisms(Artin's version is isomorphic to the original version). In 1930, van der Waerden incorporated much of Artin's viewpoint into his influential text "Moderne Algebra," and a decade later Artin published his own lectures. So successful have Artin's ideas proved to be that they have vertually eclipsed earlier expositions. But we have lost the inevitability of the definition; group theory is imposed on the study of polynomials rather arising naturally from it. This appendix is an attempt to remedy this pedagogical problem by telling the story of what happened in the beginning. The reader interested in a more thorough account may read [Edwards] or [Tignol] "
H.M.Edwards, Galois Theory,Springer,1984
J.-P.Tignol, Galois Theory of Algenraic Euqations, Wiley, 1988 | Algebra is a very large field, so you probably want to be a bit more specific.
In case you are wondering about *Galois Theory*, and want to learn its history for the purpose of understanding it, I strongly recommend the following book:
>
> Jörg Bewersdorff. [Galois Theory for Beginners](http://books.google.com/books?id=RSC2hpPQ0LQC). AMS 2006.
>
>
>
It doesn't present the history in a scholarly fashion, but as a means to the end of understanding the modern formulation of Galois Theory in terms of fields and automorphism groups. I don't think I would have understood any of it without this book.
There is also a paper
>
> John Stillwell. [Galois Theory for Beginners](http://www.jstor.org/pss/2325119). The American Mathematical Monthly. Vol. 101, No. 1 (Jan., 1994), pp. 22-27.
>
>
>
with a similar goal. I'm mentioning it because the author, John Stillwell, has written another marvelous book about the history of mathematics in general.
If you are interested in Abel's concurrent proof of the unsolvability of the quintic, have a look at the book
>
> Peter Pesic. [Abel's Proof](http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10180). MIT Press 2004.
>
>
>
although it's written for the general public. However, it does include a modern transcription of Abel's original proof in an appendix, which is the object of interest here. |
16,765 | Recently I have started reading about some of the history of mathematics in order to better understand things.
A lot of ideas in algebra come from trying to understand the problem of finding solutions to polynomials in terms of radicals, which is solved by the Abel-Ruffini theorem and Galois theory.
I was wondering if there's a textbook (or history book which emphasizes the mathematics) that goes vaguely in chronological order or explicitly presents theorems and concepts in their historical context.
Alternatively, if you think it would be better to attempt to read the original papers (Abel's famous quote about reading the masters comes to mind), such as the works of the mathematicians mentioned in [this wikipedia article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra#Early_group_theory) , how would I go about doing so?
EDIT: while researching some of the recommended books, I found [this interesting list (pdf)](http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/michael.molinsky/public.www/cshpm/History_of_Mathematics_References.pdf) of references.
---
The inspiration for this question came from asking myself "why would someone bother/think of defining a normal subgroup in the first place?" (although I already know the answer) and hence I am asking about Galois theory, but really this question works for any area of mathematics and perhaps someone should open a community wiki question for that. | 2011/01/08 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/16765",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2954/"
] | [Unknown Quantity](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0452288533) by John Derbyshire is an excellent historical account of the evolution of abstract algebra. The book is aimed at the "mathematically inclined" and covers the history of algebra from birth to present day (or pretty close.) | Algebra is a very large field, so you probably want to be a bit more specific.
In case you are wondering about *Galois Theory*, and want to learn its history for the purpose of understanding it, I strongly recommend the following book:
>
> Jörg Bewersdorff. [Galois Theory for Beginners](http://books.google.com/books?id=RSC2hpPQ0LQC). AMS 2006.
>
>
>
It doesn't present the history in a scholarly fashion, but as a means to the end of understanding the modern formulation of Galois Theory in terms of fields and automorphism groups. I don't think I would have understood any of it without this book.
There is also a paper
>
> John Stillwell. [Galois Theory for Beginners](http://www.jstor.org/pss/2325119). The American Mathematical Monthly. Vol. 101, No. 1 (Jan., 1994), pp. 22-27.
>
>
>
with a similar goal. I'm mentioning it because the author, John Stillwell, has written another marvelous book about the history of mathematics in general.
If you are interested in Abel's concurrent proof of the unsolvability of the quintic, have a look at the book
>
> Peter Pesic. [Abel's Proof](http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10180). MIT Press 2004.
>
>
>
although it's written for the general public. However, it does include a modern transcription of Abel's original proof in an appendix, which is the object of interest here. |
256,800 | I don't know why but Auto-Merge doesn't work. I'm trying to AutoMerge vertices and it doesn't do anything.
Do I need to do anything to activate it?
Blend:
[](https://blend-exchange.com/b/10AWpVVs/) | 2022/03/17 | [
"https://blender.stackexchange.com/questions/256800",
"https://blender.stackexchange.com",
"https://blender.stackexchange.com/users/131222/"
] | The *Auto-Merge* option won't make the vertices snap. Activate the *Snap to Vertex* option and press `Ctrl` when you want to snap and merge:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kSW4d.jpg) | You would also need to have *Split Edges & Faces* turned on in order to make *Auto Merge* work.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/7fOlG.png) |
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