qid int64 1 74.7M | question stringlengths 12 33.8k | date stringlengths 10 10 | metadata list | response_j stringlengths 0 115k | response_k stringlengths 2 98.3k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25,748 | I would like to build a simple audio amplifier using transistors. I know there are IC designs specifically for the task. But i want to use transistors so i can learn how to use them for amplification.
How would I go about designing an audio amplifier from just discrete components. | 2012/01/27 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/25748",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/6873/"
] | If you just want to build a transistor amp, start with the TAB books, or with Forrest Mims experimenters books (usually available at Radio Shack).
Learning how to DESIGN one for a specific application, and do it right, is a different matter. That takes SERIOUS study.
For fun, Radio Shack's datasheet for the TI [SN76477](http://mkv.itm.miun.se/personal/per/diy/76477/276-1765.pdf) sound chip includes a very simple complementary symmetry transistor push-pull amplifier. They call out Radio Shack part numbers for the transistors, but you can substitute 2N3904 (NPN) and 2N3906 (PNP) with no other component changes. | I don't recall whether or not it uses transistors, but I'm positive Randy Sloan's excellent [Tab Guide to Understanding Electricity and Electronics](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0071360573) contains an entry-level amp. Regardless, it's audio-centric so you will find many tasty things! |
25,748 | I would like to build a simple audio amplifier using transistors. I know there are IC designs specifically for the task. But i want to use transistors so i can learn how to use them for amplification.
How would I go about designing an audio amplifier from just discrete components. | 2012/01/27 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/25748",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/6873/"
] | There is nice example of transistor amplifier in popular book "Art of Electronics"
 | I don't recall whether or not it uses transistors, but I'm positive Randy Sloan's excellent [Tab Guide to Understanding Electricity and Electronics](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0071360573) contains an entry-level amp. Regardless, it's audio-centric so you will find many tasty things! |
25,748 | I would like to build a simple audio amplifier using transistors. I know there are IC designs specifically for the task. But i want to use transistors so i can learn how to use them for amplification.
How would I go about designing an audio amplifier from just discrete components. | 2012/01/27 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/25748",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/6873/"
] | There is nice example of transistor amplifier in popular book "Art of Electronics"
 | If you just want to build a transistor amp, start with the TAB books, or with Forrest Mims experimenters books (usually available at Radio Shack).
Learning how to DESIGN one for a specific application, and do it right, is a different matter. That takes SERIOUS study.
For fun, Radio Shack's datasheet for the TI [SN76477](http://mkv.itm.miun.se/personal/per/diy/76477/276-1765.pdf) sound chip includes a very simple complementary symmetry transistor push-pull amplifier. They call out Radio Shack part numbers for the transistors, but you can substitute 2N3904 (NPN) and 2N3906 (PNP) with no other component changes. |
25,748 | I would like to build a simple audio amplifier using transistors. I know there are IC designs specifically for the task. But i want to use transistors so i can learn how to use them for amplification.
How would I go about designing an audio amplifier from just discrete components. | 2012/01/27 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/25748",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/6873/"
] | If you just want to build a transistor amp, start with the TAB books, or with Forrest Mims experimenters books (usually available at Radio Shack).
Learning how to DESIGN one for a specific application, and do it right, is a different matter. That takes SERIOUS study.
For fun, Radio Shack's datasheet for the TI [SN76477](http://mkv.itm.miun.se/personal/per/diy/76477/276-1765.pdf) sound chip includes a very simple complementary symmetry transistor push-pull amplifier. They call out Radio Shack part numbers for the transistors, but you can substitute 2N3904 (NPN) and 2N3906 (PNP) with no other component changes. | There is an easy schematic for a class A audio amplifier with a darlington pair. A darlington pair is just two transistors that square the gain of the first transistor(if you are using identical transistors). So if the first transistor's gain was 20, then the gain of the darlington pair would be 400. [This website](http://sci-toys.com/scitoys/scitoys/computers/solderless/amplifier.html) uses a darlington pair in the form of one transistor: |
25,748 | I would like to build a simple audio amplifier using transistors. I know there are IC designs specifically for the task. But i want to use transistors so i can learn how to use them for amplification.
How would I go about designing an audio amplifier from just discrete components. | 2012/01/27 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/25748",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/6873/"
] | There is nice example of transistor amplifier in popular book "Art of Electronics"
 | There is an easy schematic for a class A audio amplifier with a darlington pair. A darlington pair is just two transistors that square the gain of the first transistor(if you are using identical transistors). So if the first transistor's gain was 20, then the gain of the darlington pair would be 400. [This website](http://sci-toys.com/scitoys/scitoys/computers/solderless/amplifier.html) uses a darlington pair in the form of one transistor: |
3,293 | What's with this Chuck Yeager hat?
How did I get it? What is it good for?
If I plug it into the mains what colour smoke will I get?
When I wear it it covers my eyes and I can't see out proper like -
Can I get a smaller version - or an (even) larger head? | 2013/12/30 | [
"https://electronics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/3293",
"https://electronics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/3288/"
] | Oh dear... *you* weren't supposed to get that hat.
Unfortunately, in a bit of oversight, mods weren't given the ability to delete hats, so I'm afraid you'll have to live with it. (Or click the "I hate hats" link).
All hats are "One Size Fits All". If you're unhappy with the fit, then I'm afraid you'll have to trim your head for comfort.
And *do* be careful with the sound barrier - we only get one per site and the evil overlords don't like it when we break stuff. | A quick Google search shows two threads elsewhere on SO:
* [I have a Secret Hat](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/211707/i-have-a-secret-hat)
* [How Do I Get the Winterbash 2013 Secret Hats?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/212799/how-do-i-get-the-winterbash-2013-secret-hats)
As they are secret hats I didn't manage to find an exact answer anywhere, but it was pretty obvious when I found those two threads why I'd got the hat.
And a clue: this answer would possibly qualify. |
467,752 | Recently I saw "it is hightime + **subj**. + **past** verb + ..." idiom. Like "It's high time we made some changes around here.". I want to know if it is a good phrase to **start** a **formal** writing (i.e. ielts or toefl writing section) with it or not?
(P.s I would appriciate if you give me some resources to support your respone) | 2018/10/10 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/467752",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/217420/"
] | Yes, the construction *it is high time* + preterite is perfectly natural and sufficiently formal, usually used in the context of writing that is intended to persuade.
Note that the modifer *high* is not essential: the sentences *it is **time** we **did** something* and *it is **high time** we **did** something* mean pretty much the same thing, except that perhaps the second one adds a little bit of extra emphasis and urgency; see the discussion from [CGEL](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0521431468), below.
**Discussion**
The *Oxford English Dictionary* (OED) defines ***high time*** as
>
> fully at or (now usually) nearly past the time when something should happen or be done. Frequently with *that* or *to do* something.
>
>
>
The OED has special annotations for its entries that are informal or slang, and there is no such annotation for this entry.
As a recent example of usage, the dictionary lists *it is **high time** licensing hours **were** trimmed back to no later than 10 pm each night,* from News Rev. Messenger (Austral.) (Nexis)
Other dictionaries give similar definitions. For example, the *Oxford Dictionaries* defines ***it is high time that*** as 'It is past the time when something should have happened or been done' [(here)](https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/high). While some of the entries just above *high time* have annotation 'informal' (e.g. ***high and mighty***, which is defined as '*informal* Thinking or acting as though one is more important than others'), *high time* does not have any such special annotation. Examples of usage given in that dictionary include
>
> I would suggest that it is **high time** that government **reconsidered** how it is going to deal with drug pushers, for current methods are expensive, fundamentally ineffective and deny funding in far more needy areas.
>
>
> I think it is **high time** that elected political representatives **took** a stand against this sort of behaviour.
>
>
>
I should add that the preterite is not essential; other examples of usage include constructions with the present tense, e.g.
>
> The fact that Ireland hasn't had a national agricultural policy since we joined the EU shows how complacent we have become and it is **high time** that we **become** more pro-active.
>
>
> The people themselves represent a powerful social resource, and it is **high time** that the federal government **recognizes** this.
>
>
>
Nowhere are there any indications that the construction is informal or problematic in any way. It is a perfectly fine construction to use, even in formal contexts. Some other examples from academic literature:
*It is **high time** we in marketing **paid** even more attention to the criteria for assessing multivariate methods in operational terms.* (from [*Research Issues Underlying Multivariate Methods*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ilD6X4Rllq4C&lpg=PA17&dq=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&f=false))
*It is **high time** we **turned** this best practice in the direction of domestic violence and its impact on women.* (from [*Rethinking Domestic Violence: The Social Work and Probation Response*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0DSIAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PR9&dq=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&pg=PR10#v=onepage&q=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&f=false))
*Yet it is **high time** we **focused** on the issues that arise as we step from traditional international law into the area where nation States are involved in what is known as integration.* (from [*Constitutional Courts and European Integration*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0Agvd714VWUC&lpg=PA203&dq=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&f=false))
*Bearing in mind the extent and status of testing and the huge costs involved (see Haney, Madaus and Lyons, 1993; Broadfoot, 1994) it is **high time** we **had** an ethical framework for assessment which policy makers, teachers and test developers alike could draw upon.* (from [*Beyond Testing: Towards a Theory of Educational Assessment*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XEGRAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA144&dq=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&pg=PA144#v=onepage&q=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&f=false))
**The role of the past tense (preterite)**
The purpose of the preterite is to make the statement a more **remote possibility.**
[CGEL](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0521431468) explains this as follows (the phrase *high time* appears in the footnote at the end; CGEL doesn't consider the modifier *high* to be essential):
>
> **7.2 Modal preterites and irrealis mood**
>
>
> We use the term **modal preterite** for a preterite that expresses modal rather than temporal meaning, i.e. modal remoteness rather than past time (or backshift). By extension, the term applies to a clause with a preterite verb-form of this kind:
>
>
> [25] i *Suppose [they **were** in London last week].* [ordinary preterite]
>
> ii *Suppose [they **were** in London now/next week].* [modal preterite]
>
>
> In [i] we see the primary use of the preterite to locate the situation in past time; in [ii], by contrast, the time is present or future and the preterite serves to imply that their being in London at the time in question is a relatively remote possibility. Example [ii] contrasts with *Suppose they are in London next week,* where the same situation is presented as an open possibility. The modal auxiliaries *could, might, should,* and *would* are found as modal preterites in main as well as subordinate clauses (*It could be over before next
> Tuesday; You might have been killed*), but with other verbs modal preterites are restricted to content clauses.
>
>
> A clause with **irrealis mood** has *were* as verb in construction with a 1st or 3rd person singular subject. In general, modal preterite *was* has irrealis *were* as a somewhat more formal alternant:
>
>
> [26] i *Suppose [she **was** in London now I next week].* [modal preterite]
>
> ii *Suppose [she **were** in London now I next week].* [irrealis mood]
>
>
> Modal preterite and irrealis content clauses are found in the following constructions (see also Ch. 3, §1.7, for uses of irrealis were by some speakers in contexts where it is not an alternant of a modal preterite).
>
>
> ...
>
>
> (d) *It **be** time*
>
>
> [31] i ***It is time*** [you **were** in bed]. [present state]
>
> ii ***It is time*** [we **repainted** the house]. [immediate future occurrence]
>
>
> Here, [i] is straightforwardly counterfactual: "You aren't in bed but you should be". Example [ii] entails that the situation is not yet in progress: "We aren't repainting the house, but should do so". A perfect, as in *It is time you had finished it,* is interpreted as a modally remote version of the present perfect: "You haven't finished but should have done". This construction differs from the others in that it hardly allows an irrealis: *It is time he was/*?*were in bed.*26
>
>
> 26A rare attested example (from a British newspaper) is *It's high time the true cost of the monarchy were pointed out.* Examples are also occasionally found of mandative *should* or a present tense instead of the modal preterite: %*Perhaps it is time that the very principle of a public subsidy should be given a thorough examination;* %*It is about time we acknowledge the unconscionable fact that international trade benefits no one except the multi-nationals and international financiers.*
>
>
>
In the above, '%' signifies that what follows is grammatical in some dialect(s) only. | high time [vocabulary.com](https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/high%20time) idiom
>
> the latest possible moment
>
>
>
As in:
>
> It is high time that we should rise to change the government.” Seattle
> Times 2018
>
>
>
and
>
> It’s high time she made it over the wire. New York Times 2018
>
>
>
and
I see no reason one cannot open statements/writings with such. The context, the audience etc. matter. Formal or informal usages are acceptable to this AmE speaker. |
467,752 | Recently I saw "it is hightime + **subj**. + **past** verb + ..." idiom. Like "It's high time we made some changes around here.". I want to know if it is a good phrase to **start** a **formal** writing (i.e. ielts or toefl writing section) with it or not?
(P.s I would appriciate if you give me some resources to support your respone) | 2018/10/10 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/467752",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/217420/"
] | Yes, the construction *it is high time* + preterite is perfectly natural and sufficiently formal, usually used in the context of writing that is intended to persuade.
Note that the modifer *high* is not essential: the sentences *it is **time** we **did** something* and *it is **high time** we **did** something* mean pretty much the same thing, except that perhaps the second one adds a little bit of extra emphasis and urgency; see the discussion from [CGEL](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0521431468), below.
**Discussion**
The *Oxford English Dictionary* (OED) defines ***high time*** as
>
> fully at or (now usually) nearly past the time when something should happen or be done. Frequently with *that* or *to do* something.
>
>
>
The OED has special annotations for its entries that are informal or slang, and there is no such annotation for this entry.
As a recent example of usage, the dictionary lists *it is **high time** licensing hours **were** trimmed back to no later than 10 pm each night,* from News Rev. Messenger (Austral.) (Nexis)
Other dictionaries give similar definitions. For example, the *Oxford Dictionaries* defines ***it is high time that*** as 'It is past the time when something should have happened or been done' [(here)](https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/high). While some of the entries just above *high time* have annotation 'informal' (e.g. ***high and mighty***, which is defined as '*informal* Thinking or acting as though one is more important than others'), *high time* does not have any such special annotation. Examples of usage given in that dictionary include
>
> I would suggest that it is **high time** that government **reconsidered** how it is going to deal with drug pushers, for current methods are expensive, fundamentally ineffective and deny funding in far more needy areas.
>
>
> I think it is **high time** that elected political representatives **took** a stand against this sort of behaviour.
>
>
>
I should add that the preterite is not essential; other examples of usage include constructions with the present tense, e.g.
>
> The fact that Ireland hasn't had a national agricultural policy since we joined the EU shows how complacent we have become and it is **high time** that we **become** more pro-active.
>
>
> The people themselves represent a powerful social resource, and it is **high time** that the federal government **recognizes** this.
>
>
>
Nowhere are there any indications that the construction is informal or problematic in any way. It is a perfectly fine construction to use, even in formal contexts. Some other examples from academic literature:
*It is **high time** we in marketing **paid** even more attention to the criteria for assessing multivariate methods in operational terms.* (from [*Research Issues Underlying Multivariate Methods*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ilD6X4Rllq4C&lpg=PA17&dq=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&f=false))
*It is **high time** we **turned** this best practice in the direction of domestic violence and its impact on women.* (from [*Rethinking Domestic Violence: The Social Work and Probation Response*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0DSIAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PR9&dq=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&pg=PR10#v=onepage&q=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&f=false))
*Yet it is **high time** we **focused** on the issues that arise as we step from traditional international law into the area where nation States are involved in what is known as integration.* (from [*Constitutional Courts and European Integration*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0Agvd714VWUC&lpg=PA203&dq=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&f=false))
*Bearing in mind the extent and status of testing and the huge costs involved (see Haney, Madaus and Lyons, 1993; Broadfoot, 1994) it is **high time** we **had** an ethical framework for assessment which policy makers, teachers and test developers alike could draw upon.* (from [*Beyond Testing: Towards a Theory of Educational Assessment*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XEGRAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA144&dq=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&pg=PA144#v=onepage&q=%22it%20is%20high%20time%20we%22&f=false))
**The role of the past tense (preterite)**
The purpose of the preterite is to make the statement a more **remote possibility.**
[CGEL](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0521431468) explains this as follows (the phrase *high time* appears in the footnote at the end; CGEL doesn't consider the modifier *high* to be essential):
>
> **7.2 Modal preterites and irrealis mood**
>
>
> We use the term **modal preterite** for a preterite that expresses modal rather than temporal meaning, i.e. modal remoteness rather than past time (or backshift). By extension, the term applies to a clause with a preterite verb-form of this kind:
>
>
> [25] i *Suppose [they **were** in London last week].* [ordinary preterite]
>
> ii *Suppose [they **were** in London now/next week].* [modal preterite]
>
>
> In [i] we see the primary use of the preterite to locate the situation in past time; in [ii], by contrast, the time is present or future and the preterite serves to imply that their being in London at the time in question is a relatively remote possibility. Example [ii] contrasts with *Suppose they are in London next week,* where the same situation is presented as an open possibility. The modal auxiliaries *could, might, should,* and *would* are found as modal preterites in main as well as subordinate clauses (*It could be over before next
> Tuesday; You might have been killed*), but with other verbs modal preterites are restricted to content clauses.
>
>
> A clause with **irrealis mood** has *were* as verb in construction with a 1st or 3rd person singular subject. In general, modal preterite *was* has irrealis *were* as a somewhat more formal alternant:
>
>
> [26] i *Suppose [she **was** in London now I next week].* [modal preterite]
>
> ii *Suppose [she **were** in London now I next week].* [irrealis mood]
>
>
> Modal preterite and irrealis content clauses are found in the following constructions (see also Ch. 3, §1.7, for uses of irrealis were by some speakers in contexts where it is not an alternant of a modal preterite).
>
>
> ...
>
>
> (d) *It **be** time*
>
>
> [31] i ***It is time*** [you **were** in bed]. [present state]
>
> ii ***It is time*** [we **repainted** the house]. [immediate future occurrence]
>
>
> Here, [i] is straightforwardly counterfactual: "You aren't in bed but you should be". Example [ii] entails that the situation is not yet in progress: "We aren't repainting the house, but should do so". A perfect, as in *It is time you had finished it,* is interpreted as a modally remote version of the present perfect: "You haven't finished but should have done". This construction differs from the others in that it hardly allows an irrealis: *It is time he was/*?*were in bed.*26
>
>
> 26A rare attested example (from a British newspaper) is *It's high time the true cost of the monarchy were pointed out.* Examples are also occasionally found of mandative *should* or a present tense instead of the modal preterite: %*Perhaps it is time that the very principle of a public subsidy should be given a thorough examination;* %*It is about time we acknowledge the unconscionable fact that international trade benefits no one except the multi-nationals and international financiers.*
>
>
>
In the above, '%' signifies that what follows is grammatical in some dialect(s) only. | For examples of its use in a formal context, "high time" is used in the King James version of the Bible:
>
> Now it is **high time** to awake out of sleep - *[Rom. xiii. 11](https://biblehub.com/kjv/romans/13-11.htm)*
>
>
>
and by the US Secretary of State in a declaration against Saddam Hussein:
>
> It is **high time** that the international community tell Saddam Hussein and his regime that this is not an issue of negotiation with the U.N. about obligations that they undertook in 1991. - *[Condoleezza Rice](http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0209/08/le.00.html)*
>
>
> |
11,202,088 | I have written a program in vc++ that has different behavior in various case as below.
When I run it by F5 it works properly in release mode.
When I run it by ctrl + F5 it crashes when I start to send data to the program.
Outside of visual studio it crashes immediately.
I don't know how to find the bug. Any idea on
what is different between these cases? | 2012/06/26 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11202088",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/598470/"
] | Running ctrl + F5 will run the application without debugger.
(<http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/8b59xk0f(v=vs.90).aspx>)
This is not the same as running in release mode.
You can run your application in debug mode but without debugger.
It sounds stupid but is for example helpful if you want to stop the console from closing on exit. ([How to stop console from closing on exit?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4118073/how-to-stop-console-from-closing-on-exit)) | You need to understand the difference between running an application in debug mode and release mode. F5 will generally help you to debug the application and ctrl + F5 will execute the application. There might be some issues in release mode that makes your vs to crash. Read [this](http://www.flounder.com/debug_release.htm) to get an understanding. |
10,070,297 | I am using wordpress as my cms and building a website. I use Graphene as my theme, as I modify the style.css through the administration menu (and verify the change via vi editor), I see that the change is there.
Now when I open my website, and right click Inspect element, I still see a old value of my "height parameter".
So I deleted all cookies, temp files from Chrome. And relaunched the website, still the old height values persist. What am I missing here ?
All sites I have referred to hint at clearing cookies, temp files.
Edit : I am running the wordpress server on my localhost.
Edit : added image
 | 2012/04/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/10070297",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/548526/"
] | Open the page in incognito mode in Chrome (ctrl + shift + n ) just to make sure the page is loading the updated css file. | Chances are the CSS file you're editing is not the one your website is using.
Double check that the path to the CSS file you're expecting to change is the one you're changing in the backend. |
160,226 | I have asked my technical question on stack overflow. I got satisfactory answers. Now I found that my question is duplicated by topic, so I want to delete it. But since it has an answer, I'm not able to delete it. Why so? Then how do people get badges like peer pressure/cleanup? | 2012/12/25 | [
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/160226",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/203166/"
] | First off, your question being a duplicate is **not** a good reason to delete it. Your question being a bad question in general is a good reason to delete it (presuming you're not willing to fix it). If your question is merely a duplicate, it will be closed as such and serve as a "signpost" allowing users with a similar search to find your question, which will direct them to the duplicated question.
As you stated, you received satisfactory answers and therefore deleting it yourself doesn't serve justice to those who took the time to answer your question. One user having the power to delete the entire question and all of its answers simply because they're the one that asked isn't fair to anyone.
As for the badges, most people probably earn Peer Pressure on answers, realizing that it was wrong after receiving several downvotes. The Cleanup badge has nothing to do with deleting posts at all. | You cannot delete it because there are too many answers, people have responded to your request. If someone has asked a question and others have contributed answers which have been deemed valuable by the community, you can't delete the question because that would delete those valuable answers too.
If you really need it deleted for some reason I would suggest flagging it for moderator attention and explaining your rationale for needing it deleted. |
244,194 | >
> **Possible Duplicate:**
>
> [Can you help me with my software licensing question?](https://serverfault.com/questions/215405/can-you-help-me-with-my-software-licensing-question)
>
>
>
If I have a RHEL 5 server with a paid subscription do I need to purchase any licenses / keys to run Redhat Directory server on the box ?
Thanks
Andy | 2011/03/07 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/244194",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/73401/"
] | The RedHat Directory Server is an additional entitlement you need to purchase. You can use the RedHat-packaged OpenLDAP server freely, but their Directory server is an additional license that must be purchased.
There are sales contact links off of this page <http://www.redhat.com/directory_server/>
We have a site license for RedHat, and had contacted them a few months ago about adding Directory Server. I am positive it is an additional fee. | Not sure, but I have used the free Fedora Directory Server with CentOS systems, so that is an option if the RHEL offering requires a license.
<http://directory.fedoraproject.org> |
75,288 | Is there any difference between *there was an increase of 2%* and “there was an increase by 2%”? | 2012/07/20 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/75288",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/7770/"
] | The former sounds better to me. The preposition "by" would be more appropriate if you had used "increase" as a verb instead of a noun. (i.e., "It increased by 2%" as opposed to "There was an increase of 2%.") | "Increase" is being used as a verb in the phrase "increase by 2%". This makes the second sentence incorrect (because it already has the verb "is").
"Increase" is being used as a noun in the phrase "increase of 2%", and this makes sense because it is being used as a direct object in the first sentence. |
75,288 | Is there any difference between *there was an increase of 2%* and “there was an increase by 2%”? | 2012/07/20 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/75288",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/7770/"
] | The former sounds better to me. The preposition "by" would be more appropriate if you had used "increase" as a verb instead of a noun. (i.e., "It increased by 2%" as opposed to "There was an increase of 2%.") | In your example, "increase" is a noun. So here are your options (in bold):
There can be an increase:
(i) **of** a certain amount
(ii) **of** something that has grown larger
(iii) **in** something used a means of measurement, e.g. size, temperature, etc.
(iv) **in** something being measured statistically
(v) **from** a lower amount **to** a higher amount
(vi) **over** or **on** an earlier amount or the period when that earlier amount was calculated
(c) *A Valency Dictionary of English* (2004)
As you can see, \**an increase by* is not idiomatic English ("unnatural for a normal Englishman to say or write"). |
75,288 | Is there any difference between *there was an increase of 2%* and “there was an increase by 2%”? | 2012/07/20 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/75288",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/7770/"
] | "Increase" is being used as a verb in the phrase "increase by 2%". This makes the second sentence incorrect (because it already has the verb "is").
"Increase" is being used as a noun in the phrase "increase of 2%", and this makes sense because it is being used as a direct object in the first sentence. | In your example, "increase" is a noun. So here are your options (in bold):
There can be an increase:
(i) **of** a certain amount
(ii) **of** something that has grown larger
(iii) **in** something used a means of measurement, e.g. size, temperature, etc.
(iv) **in** something being measured statistically
(v) **from** a lower amount **to** a higher amount
(vi) **over** or **on** an earlier amount or the period when that earlier amount was calculated
(c) *A Valency Dictionary of English* (2004)
As you can see, \**an increase by* is not idiomatic English ("unnatural for a normal Englishman to say or write"). |
144,647 | I have to install cold fusion. I know nothing at all about it. I was, in fact, surprised it was still being used.
Server is Centos5 with whm,
Apache 2.0.x
Can anyone point me in the direction even to get started? There is no open source version right? | 2010/05/24 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/144647",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/41992/"
] | There is always the Sysinternal's (now part of Microsoft) [BgInfo](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb897557.aspx):
>
> It automatically displays relevant information about a Windows computer on the desktop's background, such as the computer name, IP address, service pack version, and more. You can edit any field as well as the font and background colors, and can place it in your startup folder so that it runs every boot, or even configure it to display as the background for the logon screen.
>
>
>
**Update:**
To fix the problem of the desktop icon in W2k3 R2 as per Mouffette comments below based upon [this TechNet thread](http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en/windowsserver2008r2general/thread/0f5b5217-a28b-4977-8245-6d86f28ca551):
>
> Right click on the registry key in
> regedit, select permissions then in
> the advanced tab change the owner from
> TrustedInstaller to Administrators,
> hit apply then you are able to grant
> administrators full control over the
> key. At that point you can edit the
> LocalizedString and save then hit
> refresh on the desktop and it works!
>
>
> | I realize this question has an answer that's been accepted, and maybe I'm missing something, but why not right click the Computer icon on the desktop and select "Rename" and name it based on the computer\server name? I've been doing it for years and it works on W2K8 just as it did going all the way back to Win9x. |
1,475,856 | What is the ColdFusion Process Name? | 2009/09/25 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1475856",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/103385/"
] | Alright, I have found the process name for ColdFusion:
`jrun.exe` - The process JRun JAR Launcher belongs to the software Macromedia JRun Application Server or JRun.exe or ColdFusion Graphing Server or Macromedia ColdFusion MX or jrun.exe by Macromedia Inc (www.macromedia.com). | In ColdFusion 10 there is a separate process named - coldfusion.exe found in cfusin/bin
There is also a running coldfusinsvc.exe (which is the ColdFusion Service Application) which might interest you as well.
CF10 onwards the application server is CF+Tomcat bundle. |
1,475,856 | What is the ColdFusion Process Name? | 2009/09/25 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1475856",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/103385/"
] | Alright, I have found the process name for ColdFusion:
`jrun.exe` - The process JRun JAR Launcher belongs to the software Macromedia JRun Application Server or JRun.exe or ColdFusion Graphing Server or Macromedia ColdFusion MX or jrun.exe by Macromedia Inc (www.macromedia.com). | Have you tried using [Process Monitor](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896645.aspx)? |
1,475,856 | What is the ColdFusion Process Name? | 2009/09/25 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1475856",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/103385/"
] | In ColdFusion 10 there is a separate process named - coldfusion.exe found in cfusin/bin
There is also a running coldfusinsvc.exe (which is the ColdFusion Service Application) which might interest you as well.
CF10 onwards the application server is CF+Tomcat bundle. | JRUN is the underlying application server used by Adobe ColdFusion 8 and 9. Other version or flavours of CF runtimes and engines are dependent on the underlying server technology such as Tomcat, JBoss, Webspehere etc. Some common process names are java.exe, tomcat.exe, jrun.exe |
1,475,856 | What is the ColdFusion Process Name? | 2009/09/25 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1475856",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/103385/"
] | Alright, I have found the process name for ColdFusion:
`jrun.exe` - The process JRun JAR Launcher belongs to the software Macromedia JRun Application Server or JRun.exe or ColdFusion Graphing Server or Macromedia ColdFusion MX or jrun.exe by Macromedia Inc (www.macromedia.com). | Check that "Show processes from all users" in the Processes tab is checked. |
1,475,856 | What is the ColdFusion Process Name? | 2009/09/25 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1475856",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/103385/"
] | Alright, I have found the process name for ColdFusion:
`jrun.exe` - The process JRun JAR Launcher belongs to the software Macromedia JRun Application Server or JRun.exe or ColdFusion Graphing Server or Macromedia ColdFusion MX or jrun.exe by Macromedia Inc (www.macromedia.com). | JRUN is the underlying application server used by Adobe ColdFusion 8 and 9. Other version or flavours of CF runtimes and engines are dependent on the underlying server technology such as Tomcat, JBoss, Webspehere etc. Some common process names are java.exe, tomcat.exe, jrun.exe |
1,475,856 | What is the ColdFusion Process Name? | 2009/09/25 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1475856",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/103385/"
] | JRUN is the underlying application server used by Adobe ColdFusion 8 and 9. Other version or flavours of CF runtimes and engines are dependent on the underlying server technology such as Tomcat, JBoss, Webspehere etc. Some common process names are java.exe, tomcat.exe, jrun.exe | Have you tried using [Process Monitor](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896645.aspx)? |
1,475,856 | What is the ColdFusion Process Name? | 2009/09/25 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1475856",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/103385/"
] | Have you taken a look with [Process Explorer](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896653.aspx)? Though some services share a process, non-builtin services probably don't.
If you can't tell which "svchost.exe" instance is running a particular service, hover over it, and it'll display the services it is hosting. | Check that "Show processes from all users" in the Processes tab is checked. |
1,475,856 | What is the ColdFusion Process Name? | 2009/09/25 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1475856",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/103385/"
] | Have you taken a look with [Process Explorer](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896653.aspx)? Though some services share a process, non-builtin services probably don't.
If you can't tell which "svchost.exe" instance is running a particular service, hover over it, and it'll display the services it is hosting. | Have you tried using [Process Monitor](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896645.aspx)? |
1,475,856 | What is the ColdFusion Process Name? | 2009/09/25 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1475856",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/103385/"
] | In ColdFusion 10 there is a separate process named - coldfusion.exe found in cfusin/bin
There is also a running coldfusinsvc.exe (which is the ColdFusion Service Application) which might interest you as well.
CF10 onwards the application server is CF+Tomcat bundle. | Check that "Show processes from all users" in the Processes tab is checked. |
1,475,856 | What is the ColdFusion Process Name? | 2009/09/25 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1475856",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/103385/"
] | Have you taken a look with [Process Explorer](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896653.aspx)? Though some services share a process, non-builtin services probably don't.
If you can't tell which "svchost.exe" instance is running a particular service, hover over it, and it'll display the services it is hosting. | JRUN is the underlying application server used by Adobe ColdFusion 8 and 9. Other version or flavours of CF runtimes and engines are dependent on the underlying server technology such as Tomcat, JBoss, Webspehere etc. Some common process names are java.exe, tomcat.exe, jrun.exe |
100,239 | I have a mail account like xx@me.com. Due to slow working and non-responding computer, I accidentally erased my inbox and trash on iCloud.
Is there any option that I can recover them? | 2013/08/28 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/100239",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/55976/"
] | You say "computer" but don't specify what, I will assume that you mean you have a Mac also, in which case, on the assumption that you run Time Machine (please, *everyone*, **make backups!**) then offline copies should be in your backups. | Try logging into icloud.com with your Apple ID and password. If the messages are no longer there, then there is no recovery option. |
220,578 | I'm not sure whether this is off-topic; if so, I do apologize and will fully understand votes to close.
That said: I live in a climate that's quite cold much of the year but gets pretty hot in the summer, so I have both heating and cooling to worry about. I'm about to replace my roof and am trying to figure out how much difference the shingle color is likely to make.
I think --- and please correct me if I'm wrong --- that a lighter color will make daytime heating more difficult (in the winter) and make daytime cooling easier (in the summer), because it reflects more energy from light.
I also think --- and again please correct me if I'm wrong --- that a lighter color will make nighttime heating easier (in the winter) and nighttime cooling harder (in the summer), because it radiates less.
**Main question**: How significant are these effects? If I'm choosing between two shades of brown like these (the left one being a bit lighter than the right one), how much of a difference in energy consumption are we plausibly talking about over the course of the year?
**Secondary question:** I live in a place that's very cloudy most of the winter. Does that change the answer to the main question?
Additional info in case there are factors that don't scale in the obvious ways: The footprint of the house is 5000 square feet. With slopes, overhangs, etc., I'm guessing the roof is about 8000 square feet. The ceilings are very high (about 18 feet in most places.) | 2015/11/26 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/220578",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/4993/"
] | John G. Cramer discussed G4V in a recent Analog Alternate View Column (Mar. 2016), and how Advanced LIGO data could possibly falsify G4V, General Relativity or even both of them (Their predicted gravity wave signatures signatures differ.)
Cramer also stated that there would be no dark energy since G4v explains distant receding Type IIa supernova dimming as partially due to relativistic beaming leaving no need for a cosmological constant.
In other words, the accelerated expansion is an illusion because more distant Type IIa supernovas appear dimmer than previously predicted if G4V is correct. | Gravity is assumed to be attractive only. the cosmoconst/dark energy is Assumed to exist in order to explain the observed accelerating expansion. |
220,578 | I'm not sure whether this is off-topic; if so, I do apologize and will fully understand votes to close.
That said: I live in a climate that's quite cold much of the year but gets pretty hot in the summer, so I have both heating and cooling to worry about. I'm about to replace my roof and am trying to figure out how much difference the shingle color is likely to make.
I think --- and please correct me if I'm wrong --- that a lighter color will make daytime heating more difficult (in the winter) and make daytime cooling easier (in the summer), because it reflects more energy from light.
I also think --- and again please correct me if I'm wrong --- that a lighter color will make nighttime heating easier (in the winter) and nighttime cooling harder (in the summer), because it radiates less.
**Main question**: How significant are these effects? If I'm choosing between two shades of brown like these (the left one being a bit lighter than the right one), how much of a difference in energy consumption are we plausibly talking about over the course of the year?
**Secondary question:** I live in a place that's very cloudy most of the winter. Does that change the answer to the main question?
Additional info in case there are factors that don't scale in the obvious ways: The footprint of the house is 5000 square feet. With slopes, overhangs, etc., I'm guessing the roof is about 8000 square feet. The ceilings are very high (about 18 feet in most places.) | 2015/11/26 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/220578",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/4993/"
] | Carver Mead's version of the G4V theory includes a 2nd order term in the equation for inertial momentum which is proportional to the integral of the velocity of all relativistic energy in the universe divided by its distance from the body of interest. The term is expressed as being proportional to the inertial vector potential. It provides a description of a mechanism which, if found to exist, would embody Mach's principle. Because of its sign, it would also tend to explain the currently unexplained expansion observed in macroscopic regions of the universe which is currently ascribed to "dark energy." It contains no "fudge factor" analogous to the intermittently-hypothesized cosmological constant.
The LIGO experiment should imminently provide data of sufficient accuracy to differentiate between G4V and GR, which is cause for excitement. For an initial foothold, see:
<https://youtu.be/XdiG6ZPib3c> | Gravity is assumed to be attractive only. the cosmoconst/dark energy is Assumed to exist in order to explain the observed accelerating expansion. |
220,578 | I'm not sure whether this is off-topic; if so, I do apologize and will fully understand votes to close.
That said: I live in a climate that's quite cold much of the year but gets pretty hot in the summer, so I have both heating and cooling to worry about. I'm about to replace my roof and am trying to figure out how much difference the shingle color is likely to make.
I think --- and please correct me if I'm wrong --- that a lighter color will make daytime heating more difficult (in the winter) and make daytime cooling easier (in the summer), because it reflects more energy from light.
I also think --- and again please correct me if I'm wrong --- that a lighter color will make nighttime heating easier (in the winter) and nighttime cooling harder (in the summer), because it radiates less.
**Main question**: How significant are these effects? If I'm choosing between two shades of brown like these (the left one being a bit lighter than the right one), how much of a difference in energy consumption are we plausibly talking about over the course of the year?
**Secondary question:** I live in a place that's very cloudy most of the winter. Does that change the answer to the main question?
Additional info in case there are factors that don't scale in the obvious ways: The footprint of the house is 5000 square feet. With slopes, overhangs, etc., I'm guessing the roof is about 8000 square feet. The ceilings are very high (about 18 feet in most places.) | 2015/11/26 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/220578",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/4993/"
] | John G. Cramer discussed G4V in a recent Analog Alternate View Column (Mar. 2016), and how Advanced LIGO data could possibly falsify G4V, General Relativity or even both of them (Their predicted gravity wave signatures signatures differ.)
Cramer also stated that there would be no dark energy since G4v explains distant receding Type IIa supernova dimming as partially due to relativistic beaming leaving no need for a cosmological constant.
In other words, the accelerated expansion is an illusion because more distant Type IIa supernovas appear dimmer than previously predicted if G4V is correct. | Carver Mead's version of the G4V theory includes a 2nd order term in the equation for inertial momentum which is proportional to the integral of the velocity of all relativistic energy in the universe divided by its distance from the body of interest. The term is expressed as being proportional to the inertial vector potential. It provides a description of a mechanism which, if found to exist, would embody Mach's principle. Because of its sign, it would also tend to explain the currently unexplained expansion observed in macroscopic regions of the universe which is currently ascribed to "dark energy." It contains no "fudge factor" analogous to the intermittently-hypothesized cosmological constant.
The LIGO experiment should imminently provide data of sufficient accuracy to differentiate between G4V and GR, which is cause for excitement. For an initial foothold, see:
<https://youtu.be/XdiG6ZPib3c> |
24,581 | Can anyone please tell me, which variable holds the hash of the solution of block's PoW in broadcasted block?
I know that a block consists of (I am pretty sure I am forgetting some variables here):
* Magic no
* Block size
* Transactions (raw)
* Transactions counter
* Block header
+ version
+ hash of previous block
+ timestamp
+ bits
+ nnonce
+ hash(MerkleRoot)
So basically, my question is which variable holds the hash of solution of current block's PoW?
Thanks in advance. | 2014/04/13 | [
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/24581",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/13358/"
] | It is not stored. The proof of work is in the fact that the hash of your generated block should be of a certain form. It does not make sense to store it either, because you cannot trust it to be the real hash of the block and thus should be calculated anyway. | It is not stored as part of the block data itself. Other clients reply with their list of hashes ahead of yours when you broadcast getblocks. From that list, each block header is downloaded and kept in the local block chain leveldb with the hash as a key.
From [Bitcoin Wiki](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network#Initial_block_download):
>
> Initial block download
> ----------------------
>
>
> At the start of a connection, you send a getblocks message containing the hash of the latest block you know about. If the peer doesn't think that this is the latest block, it will send an inv that contains up to 500 blocks ahead of the one you listed. You will then request all of these blocks with getdata, and the peer will send them to you with block messages. After you have downloaded and processed all of these blocks, you will send another getblocks, etc., until you have all of the blocks.
>
>
> |
32,123 | I have replaced old Cisco 1900 switches with 3850's in my plant process areas.
Added Fiber links between 3850's for increased performance. I can't get data transfer through the fiber uplinks.
I have assigned some of the LAN ports to the different VLANS and they are communicating correctly.
The Gib Fiber ports when assigned to the VLAN do not pass data.
As a "Band-Aid" I installed Fiber media convertors to connect the fiber backbone to the VLANs. Data does pass through the convertors to the VLAN ports.
Not sure what I'm missing as why the fiber ports aren't passing data as the LAN ports are.
Gone through several Cisco manuals and checked multiple options with no success.
My process is operational so I am now limited in my access to the switches until the next shutdown.
Any suggestions would be appreciated. | 2016/06/09 | [
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/32123",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/users/27032/"
] | Make sure the module is recognized by the switch.
Issue: **show inventory**
Stack1#sh inv
NAME: **"Switch 1 FRU Uplink Module 1", DESCR: "2x1G 2x10G Uplink Module"**
PID: C3850-NM-2-10G , VID: V01 , SN: XXX
NAME: "Te2/1/1", DESCR: "SFP-10GBase-SR"
PID: SFP-10G-SR , VID: V03 , SN: XXX
If the Uplink module is not recognized, contact your sales rep.
By the way, yours may vary slightly. The second named item is the GBIC. | The 1900 switch has 100-fx ports, which as the name implies, is 100 Mb. The Gigabit fiber ports can't operate at that speed. |
32,123 | I have replaced old Cisco 1900 switches with 3850's in my plant process areas.
Added Fiber links between 3850's for increased performance. I can't get data transfer through the fiber uplinks.
I have assigned some of the LAN ports to the different VLANS and they are communicating correctly.
The Gib Fiber ports when assigned to the VLAN do not pass data.
As a "Band-Aid" I installed Fiber media convertors to connect the fiber backbone to the VLANs. Data does pass through the convertors to the VLAN ports.
Not sure what I'm missing as why the fiber ports aren't passing data as the LAN ports are.
Gone through several Cisco manuals and checked multiple options with no success.
My process is operational so I am now limited in my access to the switches until the next shutdown.
Any suggestions would be appreciated. | 2016/06/09 | [
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/32123",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/users/27032/"
] | Cisco 3850 Series Switch is a 10-Gbps network switch, which means you need to use 10G SFP+ optical module or under 10G optical module, such as 1G SFP. And make sure the optical modules is correctly connected with the corresponding port on the switch. Hope this would help. | The 1900 switch has 100-fx ports, which as the name implies, is 100 Mb. The Gigabit fiber ports can't operate at that speed. |
32,123 | I have replaced old Cisco 1900 switches with 3850's in my plant process areas.
Added Fiber links between 3850's for increased performance. I can't get data transfer through the fiber uplinks.
I have assigned some of the LAN ports to the different VLANS and they are communicating correctly.
The Gib Fiber ports when assigned to the VLAN do not pass data.
As a "Band-Aid" I installed Fiber media convertors to connect the fiber backbone to the VLANs. Data does pass through the convertors to the VLAN ports.
Not sure what I'm missing as why the fiber ports aren't passing data as the LAN ports are.
Gone through several Cisco manuals and checked multiple options with no success.
My process is operational so I am now limited in my access to the switches until the next shutdown.
Any suggestions would be appreciated. | 2016/06/09 | [
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/32123",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/users/27032/"
] | Make sure the module is recognized by the switch.
Issue: **show inventory**
Stack1#sh inv
NAME: **"Switch 1 FRU Uplink Module 1", DESCR: "2x1G 2x10G Uplink Module"**
PID: C3850-NM-2-10G , VID: V01 , SN: XXX
NAME: "Te2/1/1", DESCR: "SFP-10GBase-SR"
PID: SFP-10G-SR , VID: V03 , SN: XXX
If the Uplink module is not recognized, contact your sales rep.
By the way, yours may vary slightly. The second named item is the GBIC. | You may be up against a distance limitation. If the old switches were uplinked using 100Base-FX (100Mbps) realize that signal can propagate over 1 mile over FDDI-grade multimode fiber. Newer gigabit uplinks can propogate 1804 feet (550 m).
There are 100Base-FX transceivers for the 3850, so you might need to get those, or upgrade your fiber. There may also be a way for you to use a long haul gigabit optic paired with mode conditioning patch cords. |
32,123 | I have replaced old Cisco 1900 switches with 3850's in my plant process areas.
Added Fiber links between 3850's for increased performance. I can't get data transfer through the fiber uplinks.
I have assigned some of the LAN ports to the different VLANS and they are communicating correctly.
The Gib Fiber ports when assigned to the VLAN do not pass data.
As a "Band-Aid" I installed Fiber media convertors to connect the fiber backbone to the VLANs. Data does pass through the convertors to the VLAN ports.
Not sure what I'm missing as why the fiber ports aren't passing data as the LAN ports are.
Gone through several Cisco manuals and checked multiple options with no success.
My process is operational so I am now limited in my access to the switches until the next shutdown.
Any suggestions would be appreciated. | 2016/06/09 | [
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/32123",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/users/27032/"
] | Cisco 3850 Series Switch is a 10-Gbps network switch, which means you need to use 10G SFP+ optical module or under 10G optical module, such as 1G SFP. And make sure the optical modules is correctly connected with the corresponding port on the switch. Hope this would help. | You may be up against a distance limitation. If the old switches were uplinked using 100Base-FX (100Mbps) realize that signal can propagate over 1 mile over FDDI-grade multimode fiber. Newer gigabit uplinks can propogate 1804 feet (550 m).
There are 100Base-FX transceivers for the 3850, so you might need to get those, or upgrade your fiber. There may also be a way for you to use a long haul gigabit optic paired with mode conditioning patch cords. |
32,123 | I have replaced old Cisco 1900 switches with 3850's in my plant process areas.
Added Fiber links between 3850's for increased performance. I can't get data transfer through the fiber uplinks.
I have assigned some of the LAN ports to the different VLANS and they are communicating correctly.
The Gib Fiber ports when assigned to the VLAN do not pass data.
As a "Band-Aid" I installed Fiber media convertors to connect the fiber backbone to the VLANs. Data does pass through the convertors to the VLAN ports.
Not sure what I'm missing as why the fiber ports aren't passing data as the LAN ports are.
Gone through several Cisco manuals and checked multiple options with no success.
My process is operational so I am now limited in my access to the switches until the next shutdown.
Any suggestions would be appreciated. | 2016/06/09 | [
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/32123",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/users/27032/"
] | Make sure the module is recognized by the switch.
Issue: **show inventory**
Stack1#sh inv
NAME: **"Switch 1 FRU Uplink Module 1", DESCR: "2x1G 2x10G Uplink Module"**
PID: C3850-NM-2-10G , VID: V01 , SN: XXX
NAME: "Te2/1/1", DESCR: "SFP-10GBase-SR"
PID: SFP-10G-SR , VID: V03 , SN: XXX
If the Uplink module is not recognized, contact your sales rep.
By the way, yours may vary slightly. The second named item is the GBIC. | Cisco 3850 Series Switch is a 10-Gbps network switch, which means you need to use 10G SFP+ optical module or under 10G optical module, such as 1G SFP. And make sure the optical modules is correctly connected with the corresponding port on the switch. Hope this would help. |
32,123 | I have replaced old Cisco 1900 switches with 3850's in my plant process areas.
Added Fiber links between 3850's for increased performance. I can't get data transfer through the fiber uplinks.
I have assigned some of the LAN ports to the different VLANS and they are communicating correctly.
The Gib Fiber ports when assigned to the VLAN do not pass data.
As a "Band-Aid" I installed Fiber media convertors to connect the fiber backbone to the VLANs. Data does pass through the convertors to the VLAN ports.
Not sure what I'm missing as why the fiber ports aren't passing data as the LAN ports are.
Gone through several Cisco manuals and checked multiple options with no success.
My process is operational so I am now limited in my access to the switches until the next shutdown.
Any suggestions would be appreciated. | 2016/06/09 | [
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/32123",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/users/27032/"
] | Make sure the module is recognized by the switch.
Issue: **show inventory**
Stack1#sh inv
NAME: **"Switch 1 FRU Uplink Module 1", DESCR: "2x1G 2x10G Uplink Module"**
PID: C3850-NM-2-10G , VID: V01 , SN: XXX
NAME: "Te2/1/1", DESCR: "SFP-10GBase-SR"
PID: SFP-10G-SR , VID: V03 , SN: XXX
If the Uplink module is not recognized, contact your sales rep.
By the way, yours may vary slightly. The second named item is the GBIC. | the nm modules you have is 2x1G and 2x10G.
as per data sheet, the first 2 ports are 1G and the last 2 ports are 10G.
so ideally yyou should use the te2/1/3 or 2/1/4 with the 10 g SFP as the first 2 ports will not support the SFP-10-R modules. |
32,123 | I have replaced old Cisco 1900 switches with 3850's in my plant process areas.
Added Fiber links between 3850's for increased performance. I can't get data transfer through the fiber uplinks.
I have assigned some of the LAN ports to the different VLANS and they are communicating correctly.
The Gib Fiber ports when assigned to the VLAN do not pass data.
As a "Band-Aid" I installed Fiber media convertors to connect the fiber backbone to the VLANs. Data does pass through the convertors to the VLAN ports.
Not sure what I'm missing as why the fiber ports aren't passing data as the LAN ports are.
Gone through several Cisco manuals and checked multiple options with no success.
My process is operational so I am now limited in my access to the switches until the next shutdown.
Any suggestions would be appreciated. | 2016/06/09 | [
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/32123",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/users/27032/"
] | Cisco 3850 Series Switch is a 10-Gbps network switch, which means you need to use 10G SFP+ optical module or under 10G optical module, such as 1G SFP. And make sure the optical modules is correctly connected with the corresponding port on the switch. Hope this would help. | the nm modules you have is 2x1G and 2x10G.
as per data sheet, the first 2 ports are 1G and the last 2 ports are 10G.
so ideally yyou should use the te2/1/3 or 2/1/4 with the 10 g SFP as the first 2 ports will not support the SFP-10-R modules. |
266,585 | I have a part that's available as a TSSOP or as a QFN with an exposed thermal ground pad. I want to create a variants in Eagle for both packages. How can I show that the EP pad should be connected to GND without creating a new symbol?
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/CdMUr.png) | 2016/10/30 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/266585",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/126483/"
] | The append button can connect multiple physical pads with a single logical pin.
In addition to thermal pads, can be used to combine multiple VCC or GND pads together to appear as one pin in the schematic
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zWHZU.png) | You will need to clone existing *package* adding this pad to it. Ensure that you add pad with respect to spacing between pad and pins. After you do it, add this cloned package to existing device with different name to distinguish it, and connect this new pad as fkoran shown.
By the way, it is not clear if you really need this as a pad as soon as nothing will be soldered to it. You may consider using standard package without this ePad element, but when finishing ensure that space under the chip is filled with *polygon* connected to GND. The only difference will be that this way polygon will be covered by solder mask. But this may be not a good idea if chip is really heating hard.
Even more, to improve heat dissipation, I would add multiple vias under the chip. Look at page 34 and you will get what I mean. |
418,794 | Just spent 2+ hrs trying to discover where my top horizontal favorites bar went. I could drag/drop new favs to it and it had >> at the end to that dropped down to a older/larger fav's list | 2012/04/30 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/418794",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/131184/"
] | Favorites? Bookmarks? Is this for your web browser? Chrome? Firefox? Safari? Internet Explorer?
Well... with Chrome, Ctrl+Shift+B shows/hides the Bookmark Toolbar.
With Firefox, use the View menu at the top, Toolbars, Bookmark Toolbar to bring it back.
With Internet Explorer, use the View menu at the top, Toolbars, Favorites.
Otherwise... we need far more specific information from you. | In Google Chrome you can go to Settings (Click on the  in the top-right hand corner of the browser for a dropdown menu). Under the 'Basics' tab in the section titled 'Toolbar' tick the box that says 'Always show the bookmarks bar'.
You can also use Ctrl + Shift + B to toggle the bookmarks bar on and off. |
274,345 | Could you advise - which is correct.
1.) We are pleased to offer you services of one of our developers.
Or
2.) We are pleased to offer you services of one of our developer. | 2015/09/16 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/274345",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/138905/"
] | "one of our" denotes more than one - so the correct word is "developers"
unless you mean to say
"We are pleased to offer you services of our developer" | *We are pleased to offer you **the** services of one of our developer**s***. |
102,092 | This sort of has 2 questions... Under the description I see no duration anywhere in either the standard players handbook for Channel Divinity and also in the Volume of Forgotten Lore book for this ability as well.
>
> Starting at 2nd level, by presenting your holy symbol and spending a
> use of Channel Divinity, you can flood a 30-foot radius centered on
> you with magical shadows. All sources of light within the radius,
> magical or otherwise, are extinguished, and light coming from sources
> beyond that radius is dimmed: bright light becomes dim, and dim light
> becomes darkness. You and any creatures of your choice within the
> area, however, can see in this area as if the lighting had not
> changed.
> You can concentrate on this effect as though it were a spell. Each
> round you concentrate, you can also spend a bonus action to expand the
> area of reduced light by an additional 15 feet. Once you cease
> concentrating, the area of mystical shadow lingers until the end of
> your next turn.
>
>
>
Can I theoretically channel this forever? If so, can I continue to channel it until it covers basically a whole town given enough time? So doing so at night would basically wrap the entire town in pure darkness. | 2017/06/22 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/102092",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/15215/"
] | ### Your critical hits are not affected at all!
If you roll a 20 on an attack roll, meaning the die itself shows a 20, it is always a critical hit, as explained on PHB p. 194:
>
> If the d20 roll for an attack is a 20, the attack hits **regardless of any modifiers** or the target's AC. This is called a **critical hit**, [...]
>
>
>
**The GWM damage bonus is also not affected**, because only the damage dice are doubled. You can still add your brutal critical bonus dice, but the +10 on damage does not change, because it is not a die. | See page 194 of the PHB:
>
> If the d20 roll for an attack is 20, the attack hits regardless of any modifiers or the target's AC. In addition, the attack is a critical hit...
>
>
>
Great Weapon Master has no impact on this. You could have a -30 on the attack roll and it wouldn't matter. You still hit and you still crit.
The only time this wouldn't be the case would be if you rolled with Disadvantage and thus would need to take the lower of the 2 rolls. To crit with Disadvantage, both dice rolls would need to be a 20. |
121,755 | In the fourth Harry Potter movie, when they went to the Portkey, how did someone put it there without touching it?
I mean also the triwizard cup, how did the guy put it there without teleporting to the graveyard? | 2016/03/10 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/121755",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/63100/"
] | Book Answer
===========
Portkeys can be set to go at a specific time.
>
> Almost any inanimate object can be turned into a Portkey. Once bewitched, the object will transport anyone who grasps it to a pre-arranged destination. **A Portkey may also be enchanted to transport the grasper (or graspers) only at a given time.** In this way, the arrivals and departures of great numbers of witches and wizards can be staggered, enabling such events such as the Quidditch World Cup to take place with few security breaches
>
> (*[Pottermore - Portkeys](https://www.pottermore.com/writing-by-jk-rowling/portkeys)*)
>
>
>
We can see this several times in the books.
>
> “There aren’t any more of us in this area, are there?”
>
> “Not that I know of,” said Mr. Weasley. **“Yes, it’s a minute off. . . . We’d better get ready. . . .”** (...)
>
> They all stood there, in a tight circle, as a chill breeze swept over the hilltop. Nobody spoke. It suddenly occurred to Harry how odd this would look if a Muggle were to walk up here now . . . nine people, two of them grown men, clutching this manky old boot in the semidarkness, **waiting. . . .
>
> “Three . . .” muttered Mr. Weasley, one eye still on his watch, “two . . . one . . .”**
>
> It happened immediately: Harry felt as though a hook just behind his navel had been suddenly jerked irresistibly forward. (...)
>
> Harry looked up. Mr. Weasley, Mr. Diggory, and Cedric were still standing, though looking very windswept; everybody else was on the ground. **“Seven past five** from Stoatshead Hill,” said a voice.
>
> (*Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - Chapter 6* - [text available on Pottermore](https://www.pottermore.com/book-extract-long/stoatshead-hill))
>
>
>
As for the Triwizard Cup, Crouch made it into a portkey *after* he put it down.
>
> “**I offered to carry the Triwizard Cup into the maze before dinner,” whispered Barty Crouch. “Turned it into a Portkey**. My master’s plan worked. He is returned to power and I will be honored by him beyond the dreams of wizards.”
>
> (*Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - Chapter 35* - [text available on Pottermore](https://www.pottermore.com/book-extract-long/i-was-ready))
>
>
> | The portkey on the hill could easily have been maneuvered to where it was using Wingardium Leviosa or a number of other charms, or placed it there before making into a port key. Similarly, Moody/Crouch made the Triwizard Cup a portkey after placing it in the center of the maze, which he did himself. (On a side note, I'm sure Bart Crouch Jr. wouldn't have a problem if he port keyed to the graveyard, being insane and all.) |
121,755 | In the fourth Harry Potter movie, when they went to the Portkey, how did someone put it there without touching it?
I mean also the triwizard cup, how did the guy put it there without teleporting to the graveyard? | 2016/03/10 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/121755",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/63100/"
] | *How* were the Portkeys placed where they were?
===============================================
The Portkey at the top of Stoatshead Hill was ‘timed’: it was not actually a functioning Portkey until a specific moment in time. How this was done, we don’t know (or at least I don’t); but it was (emphasis mine in all following quotes):
>
> Mr Weasley was shaking hands with a ruddy-faced wizard with a scrubby brown beard, who was **holding a mouldy-looking old boot in his other hand**. […]
>
>
> He looked around at Harry and Hermione.‘You just need to **touch the Portkey, that’s all, a finger will do** –’
>
> With difficulty, owing to the bulky backpacks, the nine of them crowded around the old boot held out by Amos Diggory.
>
> They all stood there, in a tight circle, as a chill breeze swept over the hilltop. Nobody spoke. It suddenly occurred to Harry how odd this would look if a Muggle were to walk up here now … **nine people, two grown men, clutching this manky old boot** in the semi-darkness, waiting …
>
> ‘Three …’ muttered Mr Weasley, **one eye still on his watch**, ‘two … one …’
>
> *Goblet of Fire*, ch. 6 “The Portkey”
>
>
>
So placing it on the hill would be no problem: you could touch it all you wanted until 5:07 a.m., and it had presumably been there for quite a while.
This is not dissimilar to the Portkey that Dumbledore makes in his office in *Order of the Phoenix* when Harry and the Weasleys go to Grimmauld Palace when Arthur has been attacked. This too has been made to transport its ‘passengers’ at a certain time, though this time the time seems to be ‘when Dumbledore says so’, rather than a specific hour of the day:
>
> ‘You have all used a Portkey before?’ asked Dumbledore, and they nodded, **each reaching out to touch some part of the blackened kettle**. ‘Good. On the count of three, then … one … two …
>
> *Order of the Phoenix*, ch. 22 “St Mungo’s Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries”
>
>
>
The Triwizard Cup is different, though: it is set up to transport anyone who touches it *as soon as they touch it*.
This is the only of the Portkeys described so far which you can’t just set up as a Portkey and then place somewhere. Logic would dictate that fake-Moody simply put the Cup in the centre of the maze and *then* made it into a Portkey, once he could be [fairly sure](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/87882/how-did-voldemort-know-that-harry-would-be-the-one-to-get-the-triwizard-cup) the next person to touch it would be the Triwizard Champion/Harry. There’s no unambiguous mention of this in the books,1 but since it’s logical and simple and basically the exact same thing that Dumbledore did with the Portkey in his office, I see no reason not to assume it’s how fake-Moody did it, too.
*Why* was the Portkey placed where it was?
==========================================
The second part of the question (added in the comments) is harder to answer unequivocally. It is indeed a bit risky to place a Portkey at the top of a hill where Muggles may come by at any time. But perhaps not quite as risky as one might think.
Stoatshead Hill is, of course, a fictive hill not far from the equally fictive village of Ottery St Catchpole, where the Weasleys live. The hill is not described in detail in the book, but the Portkey boot does seem to be placed not too far from its crest:
>
> They spread out, searching. They had only been at it for a couple of minutes, however, when a shout rent the still air.
>
> ‘Over here, Arthur! Over here, son, we’ve got it!’
>
> Two tall figures were silhouetted against the starry sky **on the other side of the hilltop**.
>
> *Goblet of Fire*, ch. 6 “The Portkey”
>
>
>
So the hill is small and big enough that a few minutes of searching from the point where they crest it brings them within silhouette-view of two people standing on the opposite side of the hilltop. It would seem to be a decently big hilltop, then, but not one several miles wide.
The hill is indirectly described as being very steep:
>
> They **didn’t have breath to spare for talking** as they began to climb Stoatshead Hill, stumbling occasionally in hidden rabbit holes, slipping on thick black tuffets of grass. **Each breath Harry took was sharp in his chest, and his legs were starting to seize up** when at last his feet found level ground.
>
> *Goblet of Fire*, ch. 6 “The Portkey”
>
>
>
Remember, this is a 14-year-old boy who plays a fairly tough sport—it’s unlikely his breath would feel so sharp in his chest if it was just a simple, rolling hill.
We can assume, then, that Stoatshead Hill is quite a tall and very steep hill with a flat, fairly wide top, perhaps a hundred or so metres in diameter at the top, at a guess. This kind of topography is quite good for unobtrusiveness, actually: you don’t have to go very far from the crest before people at the bottom can no longer see you. So I’d say there’s little fear of being seen by people just going by down on the ground (at five in the morning—unlikely to be many people to begin with).
There is no mention of anti-Muggle protective spells being placed on all the many, many places where Portkeys are arranged for the World Cup, so while it’s conceivable that any such protection had been added at Stoatshead Hill, we have nothing to prove it. It would seem, then, that the planners of the World Cup had simply counted on security through obscurity, counting on there being no Muggles who felt like climbing to the top of a steep hill in rural Devon at five in the morning—or that any wizards or witches present would be able to Confound any Muggles that might choose to do so and make them go somewhere else.
Overall, I’d say the planners were probably quite justified in that belief.
---
1 The quote in ibid’s answer might imply it, but it’s not certain. The quote could also be taken to mean that he offered to take the Cup into the maze, then made it into a Portkey, and only then took it into the maze. That would leave us at square one, however, so there’s no reason to interpret it like that. | The portkey on the hill could easily have been maneuvered to where it was using Wingardium Leviosa or a number of other charms, or placed it there before making into a port key. Similarly, Moody/Crouch made the Triwizard Cup a portkey after placing it in the center of the maze, which he did himself. (On a side note, I'm sure Bart Crouch Jr. wouldn't have a problem if he port keyed to the graveyard, being insane and all.) |
121,755 | In the fourth Harry Potter movie, when they went to the Portkey, how did someone put it there without touching it?
I mean also the triwizard cup, how did the guy put it there without teleporting to the graveyard? | 2016/03/10 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/121755",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/63100/"
] | *How* were the Portkeys placed where they were?
===============================================
The Portkey at the top of Stoatshead Hill was ‘timed’: it was not actually a functioning Portkey until a specific moment in time. How this was done, we don’t know (or at least I don’t); but it was (emphasis mine in all following quotes):
>
> Mr Weasley was shaking hands with a ruddy-faced wizard with a scrubby brown beard, who was **holding a mouldy-looking old boot in his other hand**. […]
>
>
> He looked around at Harry and Hermione.‘You just need to **touch the Portkey, that’s all, a finger will do** –’
>
> With difficulty, owing to the bulky backpacks, the nine of them crowded around the old boot held out by Amos Diggory.
>
> They all stood there, in a tight circle, as a chill breeze swept over the hilltop. Nobody spoke. It suddenly occurred to Harry how odd this would look if a Muggle were to walk up here now … **nine people, two grown men, clutching this manky old boot** in the semi-darkness, waiting …
>
> ‘Three …’ muttered Mr Weasley, **one eye still on his watch**, ‘two … one …’
>
> *Goblet of Fire*, ch. 6 “The Portkey”
>
>
>
So placing it on the hill would be no problem: you could touch it all you wanted until 5:07 a.m., and it had presumably been there for quite a while.
This is not dissimilar to the Portkey that Dumbledore makes in his office in *Order of the Phoenix* when Harry and the Weasleys go to Grimmauld Palace when Arthur has been attacked. This too has been made to transport its ‘passengers’ at a certain time, though this time the time seems to be ‘when Dumbledore says so’, rather than a specific hour of the day:
>
> ‘You have all used a Portkey before?’ asked Dumbledore, and they nodded, **each reaching out to touch some part of the blackened kettle**. ‘Good. On the count of three, then … one … two …
>
> *Order of the Phoenix*, ch. 22 “St Mungo’s Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries”
>
>
>
The Triwizard Cup is different, though: it is set up to transport anyone who touches it *as soon as they touch it*.
This is the only of the Portkeys described so far which you can’t just set up as a Portkey and then place somewhere. Logic would dictate that fake-Moody simply put the Cup in the centre of the maze and *then* made it into a Portkey, once he could be [fairly sure](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/87882/how-did-voldemort-know-that-harry-would-be-the-one-to-get-the-triwizard-cup) the next person to touch it would be the Triwizard Champion/Harry. There’s no unambiguous mention of this in the books,1 but since it’s logical and simple and basically the exact same thing that Dumbledore did with the Portkey in his office, I see no reason not to assume it’s how fake-Moody did it, too.
*Why* was the Portkey placed where it was?
==========================================
The second part of the question (added in the comments) is harder to answer unequivocally. It is indeed a bit risky to place a Portkey at the top of a hill where Muggles may come by at any time. But perhaps not quite as risky as one might think.
Stoatshead Hill is, of course, a fictive hill not far from the equally fictive village of Ottery St Catchpole, where the Weasleys live. The hill is not described in detail in the book, but the Portkey boot does seem to be placed not too far from its crest:
>
> They spread out, searching. They had only been at it for a couple of minutes, however, when a shout rent the still air.
>
> ‘Over here, Arthur! Over here, son, we’ve got it!’
>
> Two tall figures were silhouetted against the starry sky **on the other side of the hilltop**.
>
> *Goblet of Fire*, ch. 6 “The Portkey”
>
>
>
So the hill is small and big enough that a few minutes of searching from the point where they crest it brings them within silhouette-view of two people standing on the opposite side of the hilltop. It would seem to be a decently big hilltop, then, but not one several miles wide.
The hill is indirectly described as being very steep:
>
> They **didn’t have breath to spare for talking** as they began to climb Stoatshead Hill, stumbling occasionally in hidden rabbit holes, slipping on thick black tuffets of grass. **Each breath Harry took was sharp in his chest, and his legs were starting to seize up** when at last his feet found level ground.
>
> *Goblet of Fire*, ch. 6 “The Portkey”
>
>
>
Remember, this is a 14-year-old boy who plays a fairly tough sport—it’s unlikely his breath would feel so sharp in his chest if it was just a simple, rolling hill.
We can assume, then, that Stoatshead Hill is quite a tall and very steep hill with a flat, fairly wide top, perhaps a hundred or so metres in diameter at the top, at a guess. This kind of topography is quite good for unobtrusiveness, actually: you don’t have to go very far from the crest before people at the bottom can no longer see you. So I’d say there’s little fear of being seen by people just going by down on the ground (at five in the morning—unlikely to be many people to begin with).
There is no mention of anti-Muggle protective spells being placed on all the many, many places where Portkeys are arranged for the World Cup, so while it’s conceivable that any such protection had been added at Stoatshead Hill, we have nothing to prove it. It would seem, then, that the planners of the World Cup had simply counted on security through obscurity, counting on there being no Muggles who felt like climbing to the top of a steep hill in rural Devon at five in the morning—or that any wizards or witches present would be able to Confound any Muggles that might choose to do so and make them go somewhere else.
Overall, I’d say the planners were probably quite justified in that belief.
---
1 The quote in ibid’s answer might imply it, but it’s not certain. The quote could also be taken to mean that he offered to take the Cup into the maze, then made it into a Portkey, and only then took it into the maze. That would leave us at square one, however, so there’s no reason to interpret it like that. | Book Answer
===========
Portkeys can be set to go at a specific time.
>
> Almost any inanimate object can be turned into a Portkey. Once bewitched, the object will transport anyone who grasps it to a pre-arranged destination. **A Portkey may also be enchanted to transport the grasper (or graspers) only at a given time.** In this way, the arrivals and departures of great numbers of witches and wizards can be staggered, enabling such events such as the Quidditch World Cup to take place with few security breaches
>
> (*[Pottermore - Portkeys](https://www.pottermore.com/writing-by-jk-rowling/portkeys)*)
>
>
>
We can see this several times in the books.
>
> “There aren’t any more of us in this area, are there?”
>
> “Not that I know of,” said Mr. Weasley. **“Yes, it’s a minute off. . . . We’d better get ready. . . .”** (...)
>
> They all stood there, in a tight circle, as a chill breeze swept over the hilltop. Nobody spoke. It suddenly occurred to Harry how odd this would look if a Muggle were to walk up here now . . . nine people, two of them grown men, clutching this manky old boot in the semidarkness, **waiting. . . .
>
> “Three . . .” muttered Mr. Weasley, one eye still on his watch, “two . . . one . . .”**
>
> It happened immediately: Harry felt as though a hook just behind his navel had been suddenly jerked irresistibly forward. (...)
>
> Harry looked up. Mr. Weasley, Mr. Diggory, and Cedric were still standing, though looking very windswept; everybody else was on the ground. **“Seven past five** from Stoatshead Hill,” said a voice.
>
> (*Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - Chapter 6* - [text available on Pottermore](https://www.pottermore.com/book-extract-long/stoatshead-hill))
>
>
>
As for the Triwizard Cup, Crouch made it into a portkey *after* he put it down.
>
> “**I offered to carry the Triwizard Cup into the maze before dinner,” whispered Barty Crouch. “Turned it into a Portkey**. My master’s plan worked. He is returned to power and I will be honored by him beyond the dreams of wizards.”
>
> (*Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - Chapter 35* - [text available on Pottermore](https://www.pottermore.com/book-extract-long/i-was-ready))
>
>
> |
229,051 | I'm a month new to this, and my first model I made a Rubik cube. When I made an edge piece, I made it from 3 separate objects and joined them together to make one piece. It worked for what I wanted in the end but if in the future I had joined the whole Rubik cube together for another blend file so all the pieces would just be once whole object and if I wanted to scramble the cube some more I would separate it by loose pieces. When I separated it, then all 12 edge pieces would also split up into 3 pieces separately also. So, as you can see in the image, I have selected an extruded circle. I have to remake the cube and I have already made 5 magnets (the extruded circles) so I'm wondering if I can just make one and duplicate it and permanently join it to the objects I make, so they won't ever separate even if I tried to separate by loose parts in the future.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1wNhD.jpg) | 2021/06/30 | [
"https://blender.stackexchange.com/questions/229051",
"https://blender.stackexchange.com",
"https://blender.stackexchange.com/users/124401/"
] | You don't need so many polygons if you can use a *Subdivision Surface* modifier, in that case you can create circles with only 8 vertices. Also you don't need to subdivide your flat surfaces so much, example:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9r8Vh.jpg)
If the circle is on a quarter of the total face (you can even delete some edges):
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/PI8ua.jpg)
Or:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/8CwIH.jpg)
From your topology:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DmisY.jpg) | Duplicating them after a proper joining will work. What I mean by a proper joining is that you have vertices between parts that have lined up at the same location and that you have merged those vertices do there are no duplicates. ["m" merge by distance] Without merging like that forever will you be able to separate them by pieces.
Now if you want to be able to separate parts in the future, I would use different materials in name, even if alike in every other way. That is a good way to have a way to break models apart quickly and easily. |
122,293 | I live in Japan and milk is sold only in cartons here. I take milk to the fridge at work. I currently put it in a black plastic bottle with black cover but it stinks like it is off after only a few days. The milk is fine as far as I can tell. I doubt there is food safe plastic bottles here. I carry by bicycle and the bar fridge is small and at times very crowded as it shared so spillage is a great risk. What is the best solution? I use the milk for adding coffee and cocoa- I may have one drink or many drinks- depends on how sleepy I am that day. I buy 1 litre cartons as I am poor but I couldn't drink 1 litre at work in a week even. The main milk is always fine. | 2022/11/10 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/122293",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/27429/"
] | The key thing is that you **empty and wash the container regularly** (ideally daily, but at least every few days). If there is a bad smell that is a sign that something is wrong; most likely some milk remained somewhere like a screw top or drops on the lid, which has gone off in some way.
**Any bottle sold for drinking water should be food safe** in terms of its material, so I would be very surprised if you cannot find anything. However, I would try to find a bottle which:
* is **easy to clean** completely, so no complicated closing mechanism or built-in drinking straw.
* will provide reasonable **insulation** while the bottle is out of the fridge, for example a thermos bottle (which uses vacuum in the walls to insulate the contents).
Anything suitable for carrying hot coffee is likely to work well for your needs, in case that's a useful way to search. | Your question is not entirely clear, so I will answer for both possible options.
If you are trying to keep the milk for multiple days in the fridge
------------------------------------------------------------------
It will become unsafe after 3-5 days, there is no way around that. If you switch to UHT milk, it will still be unsafe 3-5 days after opening the container, but it won't taste bad, so some people prefer to do it that way.
So the solution here would be to reduce the amount you are bringing to your work.
If you are bringing new milk daily, but the bottle stinks
---------------------------------------------------------
You are probably cleaning the bottle improperly, as the dbmag9's answer and some comments mentioned. Here, you have several options, ordered by my personal preference:
1. Stop using a (typical) bottle.
* As ChrisH said, you can start using a jar, just test first if it leaks when you shake it vigorously. You can specifically search for buying a "leakproof jar" if you find that all random jars you have happen to be leaky.
* Other alternatives would be Weck bottles with a wide mouth and a flat lid held by metal brackets (I don't think they come in single-day-sizes though),
* or a gasketed clip-lid container, there are baby-food-sized ones that hold 200 ml (downside: they aren't convenient for pouring).
* Or get creative and use a baby milk bottle - nowadays, you can get bottles with a sealing cap to exchange the nipple during transport.
* Many people nowadays use an insulated travel mug with a leakproof lid.
Whichever container you choose, aim for a transparent one, so you can see if it has been washed properly or if it still has a milky layer sticking to it.
2. Start washing your bottle properly. Many people try to get away with filling the bottle and sloshing it a bit. That never works, especially for fatty contents like milk. You need a spongy brush on a long thin stem, it is sold especially for bottle cleaning (don't use the bristle ones for milk, they are for stuck-on pieces as in fruit juice bottles). You have to stick the brush in and make sure you scrub intensively the whole inner surface with soapy water, and then clean the threads of both bottle and cap. Afterwards, do 3-5 rinses by half-filling it with clean water and sloshing it thoroughly.
If you want to use a dishwasher, note that it only works with a wide-mouthed bottle (50 mm or more) and not too tall. Make sure that it stays vertically during the cycle, it is best to stick it on a spike and have other tall-ish items surrounding it.
3. As mentioned in comments, single-use bottles can also be used. My environmentalist hairs stand on end when I hear it :( but it would work. It would also be the most expensive solution.
4. If you only use tiny amounts of milk daily (e.g. to add to coffee or tea) consider buying single-serving milk or creamer instead, like the ones you get in coffee shops. In Europe, they are available in large supermarkets, and I assume that in Japan, you can at least find them online. Alternatively, there is also powdered creamer available. |
122,293 | I live in Japan and milk is sold only in cartons here. I take milk to the fridge at work. I currently put it in a black plastic bottle with black cover but it stinks like it is off after only a few days. The milk is fine as far as I can tell. I doubt there is food safe plastic bottles here. I carry by bicycle and the bar fridge is small and at times very crowded as it shared so spillage is a great risk. What is the best solution? I use the milk for adding coffee and cocoa- I may have one drink or many drinks- depends on how sleepy I am that day. I buy 1 litre cartons as I am poor but I couldn't drink 1 litre at work in a week even. The main milk is always fine. | 2022/11/10 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/122293",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/27429/"
] | The key thing is that you **empty and wash the container regularly** (ideally daily, but at least every few days). If there is a bad smell that is a sign that something is wrong; most likely some milk remained somewhere like a screw top or drops on the lid, which has gone off in some way.
**Any bottle sold for drinking water should be food safe** in terms of its material, so I would be very surprised if you cannot find anything. However, I would try to find a bottle which:
* is **easy to clean** completely, so no complicated closing mechanism or built-in drinking straw.
* will provide reasonable **insulation** while the bottle is out of the fridge, for example a thermos bottle (which uses vacuum in the walls to insulate the contents).
Anything suitable for carrying hot coffee is likely to work well for your needs, in case that's a useful way to search. | **Sterilized shelf stable milk in small cartons.**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3lHUO.png)
<https://www.morinagamilk.co.jp/english/products/jp/>
Order a bunch and bring the unopened cartons to work. Or ask the store where you shop to start stocking it. |
41,805 | I am baking a 3 tier wedding cake for August. It will consist of 2 white layers and 1 chocolate layer in the middle. I am covering these layers with white fondant. Should I rather stabilize these layers with straws or rather wooden skewers? | 2014/02/06 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/41805",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/23037/"
] | I have done a couple of 3 tiered wedding cakes. I would recommend using something stronger than plastic straws, mainly for your peace of mind. You will be putting a lot of effort into the cakes and like @Joe said, the straws can be useless if crushed or deflected. If you want to use the straws so that the wooden skewer doesn't touch the cake, you can always use the straws and then insert them with the woden skewers for additional support. Straws and skewers are both easy to cut as well, so there's not much of a difference there either. There are heaps of videos and articles online and you can always ask your local cake shop for more tips and tricks.
Another thing to keep in mind is to use dense cakes like mud cakes to use for stacked cakes, otherwise your tiers will collapse. And please give ganaching a good thought as well. Even though there is extra cozt, effort and time involved, ganaching will make the cakes a bit tougher as the chocolate should harden once set and give very beautiful sharp edges when you fondant. | Having tiered cakes need "pipes" I would say. Instead me explaining the process I could share a link with you. There's this cake "Boss" Buddy Valastro : TLC Star.
<http://www.tlc.com/tv-shows/cake-boss/photos/buddys-sketchbook-season-4-pictures.htm>
He shows number of ways to slice, dice , stand , hang, hold cakes in different sizes, different layers.
PS: not sure what you meant by straws...as straws are quite weak.. |
655,828 | I'm trying to understand ways of isolating circuits and general concepts of isolation.
* I understand how high frequency signals can pass over a capacitor.
* I understand also how optocouplers work.
* I understand how transformers work.
Many places talk about using transformers to isolate,but as far as I know this is only for AC sources. They talk about using transformers for isolation but don't take into account how to isolate DC power sources.
How I can isolate a 48 V DC rail that feeds a DC-DC buck regulator with 12 V DC output? I can think of no way to transfer a large amount of DC energy without direct contact.
I understand induction, electromagnetic waves, capacitance, optocoupling, saw waves but I don't know why all this is related to galvanic isolation. Why galvanic? If for example I use 220 V AC isolation transformer, where is the galvanic current, or the galvanic "phenomena"? | 2023/02/28 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/655828",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/220388/"
] | In a word, no. The FFC cable would likely overheat and maybe melt or burn.
Both your connector and FFC cable are rated 500mA max.
Therefore if you have five separate 500mA constant current sources, you can't combine their return paths to a single wire, as it would mean 2.5A return current through single wire.
You have to have 5 return paths. Either separate return paths, or, if you combine the return paths on the LED board, several ground wires on the FFC is still needed, then a minimum of 5, preferably more, because if one or a few ground return wires make a bad connection, then all the return current would exceed the current carrying ability of the remaining wires. | That is fine to combine grounds and return the current through less conductors, but that could have consequences for the LEDs if they're being switched or dimmed.
The FFC cable has resistance and will create a small voltage, the more current you send through it the more the voltage.
For example: if you have an FFC cable resistance of 100 millohm and a current of 500 mA, you will have a 50 mV voltage rise on the ground. That is probably not going to be noticeable for most applications but if you went up to more of an amp it would be 100 mV and a sizeable portion of the LED voltage which would be noticeable on most LEDs.
If combining ground conductors you might experience cross-dimming if the LEDs are being turned on and off. Measure or calculate what the resistance is and how much current you are sending through the cable and see if it will be a problem.
Combining grounds is worse for common mode voltage also, and this could cause the LED PCB to radiate. If you are using non constant currents, or PWM combining grounds could be an issue from an increase in common mode noise |
655,828 | I'm trying to understand ways of isolating circuits and general concepts of isolation.
* I understand how high frequency signals can pass over a capacitor.
* I understand also how optocouplers work.
* I understand how transformers work.
Many places talk about using transformers to isolate,but as far as I know this is only for AC sources. They talk about using transformers for isolation but don't take into account how to isolate DC power sources.
How I can isolate a 48 V DC rail that feeds a DC-DC buck regulator with 12 V DC output? I can think of no way to transfer a large amount of DC energy without direct contact.
I understand induction, electromagnetic waves, capacitance, optocoupling, saw waves but I don't know why all this is related to galvanic isolation. Why galvanic? If for example I use 220 V AC isolation transformer, where is the galvanic current, or the galvanic "phenomena"? | 2023/02/28 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/655828",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/220388/"
] | In a word, no. The FFC cable would likely overheat and maybe melt or burn.
Both your connector and FFC cable are rated 500mA max.
Therefore if you have five separate 500mA constant current sources, you can't combine their return paths to a single wire, as it would mean 2.5A return current through single wire.
You have to have 5 return paths. Either separate return paths, or, if you combine the return paths on the LED board, several ground wires on the FFC is still needed, then a minimum of 5, preferably more, because if one or a few ground return wires make a bad connection, then all the return current would exceed the current carrying ability of the remaining wires. | The FFC contacts are rated for current by each supplier. Not all contacts have the same area.
e.g. 1mm pitch 1.0 A |
9,176 | I am on the top floor of a loft apartment that used to be a factory. I want to install several hooks or some other fixture into my concrete ceiling from which I can hang gymnastic rings, a punching bag and a swing/hammock. I am about 200lbs and if I were to use a safety factor of 5, each hook would possibly need to be able to support 1000lbs. Given that there is inevitably a higher impulse everytime I get on/off the rings or punch the bag, would the 1000lbs be sufficient? Which then leads to - how and where can I get hooks or some other type of fixture that would be able to take this load and how can I get them into my concrete ceiling?
I do not have experience with home improvement so I would appreciate as much details as possible. | 2011/09/27 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/9176",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/3911/"
] | Checking with my engineer-minded girlfriend, we've got too many questions to be able to answer this. The concrete, which is intended to support a dead load, may not be able to support the moment loads that you're planning to put on it. Without having a structural diagram for the entire building and detail on what the beams are intended to do (such as -- are they of a type that is webbing to support a lateral dead load only to hold the walls together? how much load is already on the beam and where? What kind of shape is the concrete in, and how well reinforced is it -- remember it's almost 100 years old!), no one but an engineer could really tell you. Concrete, even reinforced, is a very brittle substance.
You will need to be attached to a structural portion of the structure. In the following picture of an all-concrete warehouse type structure, note that the structure is the columns or piers (vertical elements) and beams (what rides on top of the columns and ties the columns to the walls). Note that in the picture's case, nothing is attached to the beams. That's probably because the beams are there solely to provide a framework for the roof. The things that are attached to the ceiling do not move and therefore are "dead" loads.
.
If you do not have access to one of the beams, you do not want to attempt this task... the concrete you will try to attach to will crack inwards when the moment load is applied to the points. If you have side access to one of the beams or columns, you can probably fasten a plate to side of the beam or column and use several bolts to attach the plate, and then use a metal pole to span between the plates. A metal bar or pipe of sufficient thickness will be elastic enough to absorb and flex with point moment-loads where a single or pair of anchors in concrete will crack.
Since it's an apartment and is not solely your structure, most of the solutions we could devise ***if the beam is sufficient to support the various types of loads*** would include drilling a permanent hole four inches into the beam and then affixing an expanding sleeve bolt with a backup of permanent masonry epoxy. Drilling with a hammer drill and then installing an expanding sleeve bolt carries a large risk of **cracking** the beam. Since you are living in a shared structure, this is ***probably not advisable***. You will need to check with any homeowners association or deed covenants, which may restrict you legally from performing modifications to the building's structure in such a way that could be detrimental to your neighbors and cohabitants.
Here's an example of the anchor type I'd use to anchor into concrete:
They are made by ITW RedHead and are available at most home improvement stores.
Talking over possible solutions with my girlfriend, who is not a structural engineer and knows nothing of your structure, she suggested using a floor-mounted framework. Her crossfit gym has a gymnastics framework that bolted together into a secure structure that would be sound against several kN of force and would spread the load on the floor instead of trusting the overhead structure. They also would not involve a permanent modification to the structure. I'm not sure where you'd find something like that; I've seen the one at her gym and it looked custom made to me. | I would be very reluctant to bolt directly into a concrete ceiling for what you're doing for two reasons:
1. Concrete fails explosively. Unlike wood, which will splinter first, or metals which will sag or bend a little, concrete will just pop.
2. Concrete is weak at handling tensile forces; it's best at compression. (even sheer breaks in concrete tend to be at a 45° angle, and calculated as tensile breaks, not sheer.
If you *really* wanted to do this, the most important thing would be to use the longest bolts that you could, as when the concrete fails, it's going to rip a cone of concrete out (assuming the bolt doesn't just come loose, and if it's longer, you might feel it slip first and get some warning). The longer the anchor, the larger cone it's going to have to rip out, meaning the more surface area that's going to be required to break.
I'm not professional engineer, but I still have some of my college text books at home, and might have some of the formulas to calcuate the strength, but you'd also need to know the characteristics of that specific concrete mix. |
9,176 | I am on the top floor of a loft apartment that used to be a factory. I want to install several hooks or some other fixture into my concrete ceiling from which I can hang gymnastic rings, a punching bag and a swing/hammock. I am about 200lbs and if I were to use a safety factor of 5, each hook would possibly need to be able to support 1000lbs. Given that there is inevitably a higher impulse everytime I get on/off the rings or punch the bag, would the 1000lbs be sufficient? Which then leads to - how and where can I get hooks or some other type of fixture that would be able to take this load and how can I get them into my concrete ceiling?
I do not have experience with home improvement so I would appreciate as much details as possible. | 2011/09/27 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/9176",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/3911/"
] | Checking with my engineer-minded girlfriend, we've got too many questions to be able to answer this. The concrete, which is intended to support a dead load, may not be able to support the moment loads that you're planning to put on it. Without having a structural diagram for the entire building and detail on what the beams are intended to do (such as -- are they of a type that is webbing to support a lateral dead load only to hold the walls together? how much load is already on the beam and where? What kind of shape is the concrete in, and how well reinforced is it -- remember it's almost 100 years old!), no one but an engineer could really tell you. Concrete, even reinforced, is a very brittle substance.
You will need to be attached to a structural portion of the structure. In the following picture of an all-concrete warehouse type structure, note that the structure is the columns or piers (vertical elements) and beams (what rides on top of the columns and ties the columns to the walls). Note that in the picture's case, nothing is attached to the beams. That's probably because the beams are there solely to provide a framework for the roof. The things that are attached to the ceiling do not move and therefore are "dead" loads.
.
If you do not have access to one of the beams, you do not want to attempt this task... the concrete you will try to attach to will crack inwards when the moment load is applied to the points. If you have side access to one of the beams or columns, you can probably fasten a plate to side of the beam or column and use several bolts to attach the plate, and then use a metal pole to span between the plates. A metal bar or pipe of sufficient thickness will be elastic enough to absorb and flex with point moment-loads where a single or pair of anchors in concrete will crack.
Since it's an apartment and is not solely your structure, most of the solutions we could devise ***if the beam is sufficient to support the various types of loads*** would include drilling a permanent hole four inches into the beam and then affixing an expanding sleeve bolt with a backup of permanent masonry epoxy. Drilling with a hammer drill and then installing an expanding sleeve bolt carries a large risk of **cracking** the beam. Since you are living in a shared structure, this is ***probably not advisable***. You will need to check with any homeowners association or deed covenants, which may restrict you legally from performing modifications to the building's structure in such a way that could be detrimental to your neighbors and cohabitants.
Here's an example of the anchor type I'd use to anchor into concrete:
They are made by ITW RedHead and are available at most home improvement stores.
Talking over possible solutions with my girlfriend, who is not a structural engineer and knows nothing of your structure, she suggested using a floor-mounted framework. Her crossfit gym has a gymnastics framework that bolted together into a secure structure that would be sound against several kN of force and would spread the load on the floor instead of trusting the overhead structure. They also would not involve a permanent modification to the structure. I'm not sure where you'd find something like that; I've seen the one at her gym and it looked custom made to me. | I hung a heavyweight workout bag with the anchor recommended here in a concrete ceiling. Used some epoxy as well to set anchor. Attached eyebolt with a coupling sleeve to anchor bolt. Marked bolt and nuts to monitor any movement or working lose. 1/2" bolt sneered after about 16 months of uses between the jam nut and coupling. Will try the angle iron with two anchors to better absorb shock during use. |
9,176 | I am on the top floor of a loft apartment that used to be a factory. I want to install several hooks or some other fixture into my concrete ceiling from which I can hang gymnastic rings, a punching bag and a swing/hammock. I am about 200lbs and if I were to use a safety factor of 5, each hook would possibly need to be able to support 1000lbs. Given that there is inevitably a higher impulse everytime I get on/off the rings or punch the bag, would the 1000lbs be sufficient? Which then leads to - how and where can I get hooks or some other type of fixture that would be able to take this load and how can I get them into my concrete ceiling?
I do not have experience with home improvement so I would appreciate as much details as possible. | 2011/09/27 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/9176",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/3911/"
] | I would attach a wood 4x4 or a steel lintel or another type of heavy angle iron to the ceiling.Then from there you can hang what ever you want. I would attach it every 16" O.C with a redhead 1/2" wedge anchor (available at any home center). They are rated for 5,000 lb pull out force. If the concrete was rated at 5,000 psi you could hang your car from just one bolt. Since you dont know how strong the concrete is the other bolts will act as back up for each other. Also because you dont know how thick the concrete is only go with 2-3 inches of penetration. You dont want to go through the roof. | I would be very reluctant to bolt directly into a concrete ceiling for what you're doing for two reasons:
1. Concrete fails explosively. Unlike wood, which will splinter first, or metals which will sag or bend a little, concrete will just pop.
2. Concrete is weak at handling tensile forces; it's best at compression. (even sheer breaks in concrete tend to be at a 45° angle, and calculated as tensile breaks, not sheer.
If you *really* wanted to do this, the most important thing would be to use the longest bolts that you could, as when the concrete fails, it's going to rip a cone of concrete out (assuming the bolt doesn't just come loose, and if it's longer, you might feel it slip first and get some warning). The longer the anchor, the larger cone it's going to have to rip out, meaning the more surface area that's going to be required to break.
I'm not professional engineer, but I still have some of my college text books at home, and might have some of the formulas to calcuate the strength, but you'd also need to know the characteristics of that specific concrete mix. |
9,176 | I am on the top floor of a loft apartment that used to be a factory. I want to install several hooks or some other fixture into my concrete ceiling from which I can hang gymnastic rings, a punching bag and a swing/hammock. I am about 200lbs and if I were to use a safety factor of 5, each hook would possibly need to be able to support 1000lbs. Given that there is inevitably a higher impulse everytime I get on/off the rings or punch the bag, would the 1000lbs be sufficient? Which then leads to - how and where can I get hooks or some other type of fixture that would be able to take this load and how can I get them into my concrete ceiling?
I do not have experience with home improvement so I would appreciate as much details as possible. | 2011/09/27 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/9176",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/3911/"
] | I would be very reluctant to bolt directly into a concrete ceiling for what you're doing for two reasons:
1. Concrete fails explosively. Unlike wood, which will splinter first, or metals which will sag or bend a little, concrete will just pop.
2. Concrete is weak at handling tensile forces; it's best at compression. (even sheer breaks in concrete tend to be at a 45° angle, and calculated as tensile breaks, not sheer.
If you *really* wanted to do this, the most important thing would be to use the longest bolts that you could, as when the concrete fails, it's going to rip a cone of concrete out (assuming the bolt doesn't just come loose, and if it's longer, you might feel it slip first and get some warning). The longer the anchor, the larger cone it's going to have to rip out, meaning the more surface area that's going to be required to break.
I'm not professional engineer, but I still have some of my college text books at home, and might have some of the formulas to calcuate the strength, but you'd also need to know the characteristics of that specific concrete mix. | I hung a heavyweight workout bag with the anchor recommended here in a concrete ceiling. Used some epoxy as well to set anchor. Attached eyebolt with a coupling sleeve to anchor bolt. Marked bolt and nuts to monitor any movement or working lose. 1/2" bolt sneered after about 16 months of uses between the jam nut and coupling. Will try the angle iron with two anchors to better absorb shock during use. |
9,176 | I am on the top floor of a loft apartment that used to be a factory. I want to install several hooks or some other fixture into my concrete ceiling from which I can hang gymnastic rings, a punching bag and a swing/hammock. I am about 200lbs and if I were to use a safety factor of 5, each hook would possibly need to be able to support 1000lbs. Given that there is inevitably a higher impulse everytime I get on/off the rings or punch the bag, would the 1000lbs be sufficient? Which then leads to - how and where can I get hooks or some other type of fixture that would be able to take this load and how can I get them into my concrete ceiling?
I do not have experience with home improvement so I would appreciate as much details as possible. | 2011/09/27 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/9176",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/3911/"
] | I would attach a wood 4x4 or a steel lintel or another type of heavy angle iron to the ceiling.Then from there you can hang what ever you want. I would attach it every 16" O.C with a redhead 1/2" wedge anchor (available at any home center). They are rated for 5,000 lb pull out force. If the concrete was rated at 5,000 psi you could hang your car from just one bolt. Since you dont know how strong the concrete is the other bolts will act as back up for each other. Also because you dont know how thick the concrete is only go with 2-3 inches of penetration. You dont want to go through the roof. | I hung a heavyweight workout bag with the anchor recommended here in a concrete ceiling. Used some epoxy as well to set anchor. Attached eyebolt with a coupling sleeve to anchor bolt. Marked bolt and nuts to monitor any movement or working lose. 1/2" bolt sneered after about 16 months of uses between the jam nut and coupling. Will try the angle iron with two anchors to better absorb shock during use. |
818 | I am not having much luck getting my intentions across here on meta so I will make this ridiculously short. This is related to the Unprofessionalism bullet-point in my [longwinded answer](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/733/90-days-are-up-how-are-we-doing/761#761) to the 90 day opinion poll.
What guidelines do/should we have with regards to which types of images are fair game for me to edit out of questions and answers?
---
For the sake of discussion, here is the [same question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/92560/159491) asked at Meta.SO (with links to Sketpics.) There has also been handfuls of comments and chats regarding the topic. At this point I just want to know how I should act so I can go edit (or not edit) appropriately. | 2011/06/13 | [
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/2433/"
] | I was going to write something along these lines, but I looked back over the Meta.SO discussion you linked to and [Adam Davis said it far better than I could](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/92560/what-is-the-criteria-for-an-acceptable-image/92684#92684):
>
>
> >
> > What is the underlying purpose of the image on SE?
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> To enhance an answer by
>
>
> * Providing additional information
> * Clarifying written information
> * Providing an alternate view of the same information
> * Attracting attention to a particular point or issue within the post
>
>
>
> >
> > What is the appropriate action to take when an image is not fulfilling this purpose?
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> There is a difference between an image that isn't best fulfilling one of the above goals, and an image that is offensive, distracting, or not a reasonable part of the answer.
>
>
> If the image doesn't detract from the post, then I don't see any reason to do anything. The author will be upvoted or downvoted accordingly.
>
>
> If the image is not an answer, or not a valid part of the answer, then it *may* be reasonable to edit it out or flag it as abuse.
>
>
> If it is offensive, remove it, flag it, and move on.
>
>
>
> >
> > My best guesses: An image should provide context or information that is impossible or not easy to convey with mere words. Graphs, screenshots, diagrams and their ilk seem like a useful tool to have around. Comics, witty graphics, or iconic imagery doesn't seem to fit this well.
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> This is an exceptionally harsh viewpoint. While you may learn best from textual representation of information, many people learn better from a visual representation.
>
>
> Restricting images to **only** that information which **cannot** be provided textually is completely inappropriate.
>
>
> The best posts use images sparingly to enhance the answer where images may provide additional value to readers who learn better via imagery.
>
>
> Images are not something to be avoided, and in fact a lot of existing answers could be better if they had diagrams and images to emphasize important points.
>
>
>
And in the comments:
>
> I'm not particularly interested in living in a sterile lifeless world. Let people add supplementary images to their posts if they like. I'm certainly against forming a policy that strictly prohibits images that have limited value to a post. When you read articles, blog posts, and so forth from good sources, you'll often find they use color and imagery in ways to enhance the post, where the color and imagery do not actually add particular educational value, they do add design value. Again, sterility for sterility's sake is to be avoided.
>
>
> | I'd like to mention [the image in this answer](https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/1738/do-drug-addicts-stop-maturing-when-they-become-addicted/4764#4764) as an example of an on-topic image. |
818 | I am not having much luck getting my intentions across here on meta so I will make this ridiculously short. This is related to the Unprofessionalism bullet-point in my [longwinded answer](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/733/90-days-are-up-how-are-we-doing/761#761) to the 90 day opinion poll.
What guidelines do/should we have with regards to which types of images are fair game for me to edit out of questions and answers?
---
For the sake of discussion, here is the [same question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/92560/159491) asked at Meta.SO (with links to Sketpics.) There has also been handfuls of comments and chats regarding the topic. At this point I just want to know how I should act so I can go edit (or not edit) appropriately. | 2011/06/13 | [
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/2433/"
] | I have been leading my own crusade against many of the pictures - not about their relevance, which I am more relaxed about, and happy to defer to others - but about their credit and licensing.
If someone has a question about whether a particular photograph has been faked, it seems to my (non-lawyer) eyes to fit under the [criticism = fair use](http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter9/9-a.html) clause.
However, if someone has a question about ants eggs, inserting a random photo of an ant (or frame from a South Park episode) isn't fair use. In such a situation, the copyright owner must give permission to copy it. (Public Domain and Creative Commons licenses being the easiest way to get such permission.)
Simply having such permission isn't enough on a community site - we need to have a reference to that permission, so other editors know that it is okay.
Finally, out of common courtesy, whether the license requires it or not, there should be a link back to the copyright owner - not merely to another web-site that have misappropriated an image themselves, but the copyright owner (and perhaps the original artist if they differ).
**In summary, every image should be associated with a link to the ultimate source and to the appropriate license, or an explanation of why it is okay to use without such a license.** | I'd like to mention [the image in this answer](https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/1738/do-drug-addicts-stop-maturing-when-they-become-addicted/4764#4764) as an example of an on-topic image. |
818 | I am not having much luck getting my intentions across here on meta so I will make this ridiculously short. This is related to the Unprofessionalism bullet-point in my [longwinded answer](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/733/90-days-are-up-how-are-we-doing/761#761) to the 90 day opinion poll.
What guidelines do/should we have with regards to which types of images are fair game for me to edit out of questions and answers?
---
For the sake of discussion, here is the [same question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/92560/159491) asked at Meta.SO (with links to Sketpics.) There has also been handfuls of comments and chats regarding the topic. At this point I just want to know how I should act so I can go edit (or not edit) appropriately. | 2011/06/13 | [
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/2433/"
] | I have been leading my own crusade against many of the pictures - not about their relevance, which I am more relaxed about, and happy to defer to others - but about their credit and licensing.
If someone has a question about whether a particular photograph has been faked, it seems to my (non-lawyer) eyes to fit under the [criticism = fair use](http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter9/9-a.html) clause.
However, if someone has a question about ants eggs, inserting a random photo of an ant (or frame from a South Park episode) isn't fair use. In such a situation, the copyright owner must give permission to copy it. (Public Domain and Creative Commons licenses being the easiest way to get such permission.)
Simply having such permission isn't enough on a community site - we need to have a reference to that permission, so other editors know that it is okay.
Finally, out of common courtesy, whether the license requires it or not, there should be a link back to the copyright owner - not merely to another web-site that have misappropriated an image themselves, but the copyright owner (and perhaps the original artist if they differ).
**In summary, every image should be associated with a link to the ultimate source and to the appropriate license, or an explanation of why it is okay to use without such a license.** | I was going to write something along these lines, but I looked back over the Meta.SO discussion you linked to and [Adam Davis said it far better than I could](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/92560/what-is-the-criteria-for-an-acceptable-image/92684#92684):
>
>
> >
> > What is the underlying purpose of the image on SE?
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> To enhance an answer by
>
>
> * Providing additional information
> * Clarifying written information
> * Providing an alternate view of the same information
> * Attracting attention to a particular point or issue within the post
>
>
>
> >
> > What is the appropriate action to take when an image is not fulfilling this purpose?
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> There is a difference between an image that isn't best fulfilling one of the above goals, and an image that is offensive, distracting, or not a reasonable part of the answer.
>
>
> If the image doesn't detract from the post, then I don't see any reason to do anything. The author will be upvoted or downvoted accordingly.
>
>
> If the image is not an answer, or not a valid part of the answer, then it *may* be reasonable to edit it out or flag it as abuse.
>
>
> If it is offensive, remove it, flag it, and move on.
>
>
>
> >
> > My best guesses: An image should provide context or information that is impossible or not easy to convey with mere words. Graphs, screenshots, diagrams and their ilk seem like a useful tool to have around. Comics, witty graphics, or iconic imagery doesn't seem to fit this well.
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> This is an exceptionally harsh viewpoint. While you may learn best from textual representation of information, many people learn better from a visual representation.
>
>
> Restricting images to **only** that information which **cannot** be provided textually is completely inappropriate.
>
>
> The best posts use images sparingly to enhance the answer where images may provide additional value to readers who learn better via imagery.
>
>
> Images are not something to be avoided, and in fact a lot of existing answers could be better if they had diagrams and images to emphasize important points.
>
>
>
And in the comments:
>
> I'm not particularly interested in living in a sterile lifeless world. Let people add supplementary images to their posts if they like. I'm certainly against forming a policy that strictly prohibits images that have limited value to a post. When you read articles, blog posts, and so forth from good sources, you'll often find they use color and imagery in ways to enhance the post, where the color and imagery do not actually add particular educational value, they do add design value. Again, sterility for sterility's sake is to be avoided.
>
>
> |
818 | I am not having much luck getting my intentions across here on meta so I will make this ridiculously short. This is related to the Unprofessionalism bullet-point in my [longwinded answer](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/733/90-days-are-up-how-are-we-doing/761#761) to the 90 day opinion poll.
What guidelines do/should we have with regards to which types of images are fair game for me to edit out of questions and answers?
---
For the sake of discussion, here is the [same question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/92560/159491) asked at Meta.SO (with links to Sketpics.) There has also been handfuls of comments and chats regarding the topic. At this point I just want to know how I should act so I can go edit (or not edit) appropriately. | 2011/06/13 | [
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/2433/"
] | I have been leading my own crusade against many of the pictures - not about their relevance, which I am more relaxed about, and happy to defer to others - but about their credit and licensing.
If someone has a question about whether a particular photograph has been faked, it seems to my (non-lawyer) eyes to fit under the [criticism = fair use](http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter9/9-a.html) clause.
However, if someone has a question about ants eggs, inserting a random photo of an ant (or frame from a South Park episode) isn't fair use. In such a situation, the copyright owner must give permission to copy it. (Public Domain and Creative Commons licenses being the easiest way to get such permission.)
Simply having such permission isn't enough on a community site - we need to have a reference to that permission, so other editors know that it is okay.
Finally, out of common courtesy, whether the license requires it or not, there should be a link back to the copyright owner - not merely to another web-site that have misappropriated an image themselves, but the copyright owner (and perhaps the original artist if they differ).
**In summary, every image should be associated with a link to the ultimate source and to the appropriate license, or an explanation of why it is okay to use without such a license.** | I don't think it's a good for skeptics.SE to ban what do very little harm while lightening the mood of the site, for the sake of professionalism. We are a community of volunteers that work together to seek out answers, out of fun and interest. Unless these images are harming the answers or our community, then I definitely don't think we should disallow them. Professionalism to this degree belong in the corporate world, or in academic circles and not in in a group of volunteers.
I also don't think we should try to push away images that aren't properly references, there's a legal mechanism in America called DMCA which has the exact purpose of taking down copyrighted material that the copyright holder feel is being used without permission, while protecting the site owners from an actual law suit if they comply. I don't see a reason why we as a community need to impose a higher standard than what the law has already put in place for this very issue.
It should be up to the SE team to solve these issues by decree or otherwise. Until that happens, we should only advocate that people references image sources, but not remove those that don't have proper references. |
818 | I am not having much luck getting my intentions across here on meta so I will make this ridiculously short. This is related to the Unprofessionalism bullet-point in my [longwinded answer](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/733/90-days-are-up-how-are-we-doing/761#761) to the 90 day opinion poll.
What guidelines do/should we have with regards to which types of images are fair game for me to edit out of questions and answers?
---
For the sake of discussion, here is the [same question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/92560/159491) asked at Meta.SO (with links to Sketpics.) There has also been handfuls of comments and chats regarding the topic. At this point I just want to know how I should act so I can go edit (or not edit) appropriately. | 2011/06/13 | [
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/2433/"
] | I'd like to mention [the image in this answer](https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/1738/do-drug-addicts-stop-maturing-when-they-become-addicted/4764#4764) as an example of an on-topic image. | Only entertaining pictures without relevance to the question or answer, not helping to understand, should be banned as **off topic**.
Especially disturbing are pictures edited into the question by a second party. Not everybody likes a fat, dumb dog sitting in his question.
Schematic drawings, photos and other pictures **clearing** stuff should be **encouraged**.
Pictures take a lot of **bandwith** and should be avoided if just decorative, like **greetings** and other **bloat** in questions and answers.
[See this meta discussion about bloat, too.](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2950/should-hi-thanks-taglines-and-salutations-be-removed-from-posts) |
818 | I am not having much luck getting my intentions across here on meta so I will make this ridiculously short. This is related to the Unprofessionalism bullet-point in my [longwinded answer](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/733/90-days-are-up-how-are-we-doing/761#761) to the 90 day opinion poll.
What guidelines do/should we have with regards to which types of images are fair game for me to edit out of questions and answers?
---
For the sake of discussion, here is the [same question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/92560/159491) asked at Meta.SO (with links to Sketpics.) There has also been handfuls of comments and chats regarding the topic. At this point I just want to know how I should act so I can go edit (or not edit) appropriately. | 2011/06/13 | [
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/2433/"
] | Okay, to take a full stab at this, here is a more detailed reasoning. To provide some context, I just finished reading Jeff Atwood's blog entry on [Informavores](http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2007/06/designing-for-informavores-or-why-users-behave-like-animals-online.html). The large carry-away is the note on information scent:
>
> So if you've ever wondered why users behave like animals online, now you know. There's real science behind it in information foraging. Instead of hunting for food, users hunt for information, ruthlessly, and without compunction. In practice, what this means is that users pursue "information scent". Users will click the back button nearly instantly when they don't catch a whiff of the right information from the current page.
>
>
>
The purpose of the Stack Exchange network is to answer questions that people need answered. It isn't to stroke a curious spot; it isn't to idly wonder what-if. Our target audience is someone asking the internet a question. Our competition is everyone else attempting to answer the same question.
In my opinion, people asking skeptics-style questions are not interested in pretty pictures. They actually want the *exact opposite*. Graphical information that isn't actually relevant to the question is lacking information scent. We have very little time before our audience makes a judgement call and walks away.
This is why editing questions is important. Questions need to confirm, as quickly as possible, that the topic on hand is relevant to the question our visitors are carrying with them. If we match up, we get a chance to charm them with our answers. Not charming *pictures*; charming *information*. If the pretty pictures help generate a positive information scent, let them stay. If they are chaff, they should be edited out.
This leaves a large discussion about what images provide this information scent and which do not. A few of the answers here give some credence to the value of images:
>
> [As I said in another discussion point, I try to use images in my answers, because it should help people remember the answer. A neurological study supports this.](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818/what-is-the-criteria-for-an-unacceptable-image/863#863)
>
>
>
---
>
> [To enhance an answer by](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818/what-is-the-criteria-for-an-unacceptable-image/819#819)
>
>
> * Providing additional information
> * Clarifying written information
> * Providing an alternate view of the same information
> * Attracting attention to a particular point or issue within the post
>
>
>
I think these are helpful in determining which images are useful. I explicitly do *not* think "Because they are fun" is a valid point. "Fun" is for people who browse the site idly looking for interesting things. Those people are important but they are *not* our target audience. Our targets are people who need answers and they are impatient and need them as quickly as possible. "Fun" does not help information scent. A picture that provides no use other than "fun" is wasted processing time for our visitors.
That isn't to say "fun" is bad; the point is that "fun" should be secondary. Once we have them hooked we can bring out the fun. Even Jeff's blog has a picture of an animal doing its thing. But Jeff's blog is a *blog*. The "useful content" to "fun" ratio is different for a blog than it is for a Q&A site. The "useful content" to "fun" ratio of a question with two paragraphs and a picture is crap.
That being said, naturally different editors and authors will have their own style. But Skeptics.SE isn't here for you to test your blogging/writing skills. It is here to answer questions and answer them more accurately than anywhere else on the internet. "Fun" is important but it isn't so important that we should sacrifice the practicality of the SE format.
And this isn't to say that a site full of useful (and efficient) information is unfun. It is the exact opposite. A visitor popping in to find the answer to a question wants... *the answer to the question*. The answer to the question is "fun". Going into a book store for a book and getting bombarded with "fun" isn't fun. You just want the damn book.
The idea that removing unneeded images will reduce the "funness" of the site is losing focus on what makes SE valuable to the internet. We are not daycare for idle minds who also happen to find Skeptics questions interesting. We are here to answer questions and provide information. The best way to convince people we know what we are talking about is to increase our information scent. "Fun" pictures don't do that. Accurate and accessible information does that. | Only entertaining pictures without relevance to the question or answer, not helping to understand, should be banned as **off topic**.
Especially disturbing are pictures edited into the question by a second party. Not everybody likes a fat, dumb dog sitting in his question.
Schematic drawings, photos and other pictures **clearing** stuff should be **encouraged**.
Pictures take a lot of **bandwith** and should be avoided if just decorative, like **greetings** and other **bloat** in questions and answers.
[See this meta discussion about bloat, too.](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2950/should-hi-thanks-taglines-and-salutations-be-removed-from-posts) |
818 | I am not having much luck getting my intentions across here on meta so I will make this ridiculously short. This is related to the Unprofessionalism bullet-point in my [longwinded answer](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/733/90-days-are-up-how-are-we-doing/761#761) to the 90 day opinion poll.
What guidelines do/should we have with regards to which types of images are fair game for me to edit out of questions and answers?
---
For the sake of discussion, here is the [same question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/92560/159491) asked at Meta.SO (with links to Sketpics.) There has also been handfuls of comments and chats regarding the topic. At this point I just want to know how I should act so I can go edit (or not edit) appropriately. | 2011/06/13 | [
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/2433/"
] | I have been leading my own crusade against many of the pictures - not about their relevance, which I am more relaxed about, and happy to defer to others - but about their credit and licensing.
If someone has a question about whether a particular photograph has been faked, it seems to my (non-lawyer) eyes to fit under the [criticism = fair use](http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter9/9-a.html) clause.
However, if someone has a question about ants eggs, inserting a random photo of an ant (or frame from a South Park episode) isn't fair use. In such a situation, the copyright owner must give permission to copy it. (Public Domain and Creative Commons licenses being the easiest way to get such permission.)
Simply having such permission isn't enough on a community site - we need to have a reference to that permission, so other editors know that it is okay.
Finally, out of common courtesy, whether the license requires it or not, there should be a link back to the copyright owner - not merely to another web-site that have misappropriated an image themselves, but the copyright owner (and perhaps the original artist if they differ).
**In summary, every image should be associated with a link to the ultimate source and to the appropriate license, or an explanation of why it is okay to use without such a license.** | Only entertaining pictures without relevance to the question or answer, not helping to understand, should be banned as **off topic**.
Especially disturbing are pictures edited into the question by a second party. Not everybody likes a fat, dumb dog sitting in his question.
Schematic drawings, photos and other pictures **clearing** stuff should be **encouraged**.
Pictures take a lot of **bandwith** and should be avoided if just decorative, like **greetings** and other **bloat** in questions and answers.
[See this meta discussion about bloat, too.](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2950/should-hi-thanks-taglines-and-salutations-be-removed-from-posts) |
818 | I am not having much luck getting my intentions across here on meta so I will make this ridiculously short. This is related to the Unprofessionalism bullet-point in my [longwinded answer](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/733/90-days-are-up-how-are-we-doing/761#761) to the 90 day opinion poll.
What guidelines do/should we have with regards to which types of images are fair game for me to edit out of questions and answers?
---
For the sake of discussion, here is the [same question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/92560/159491) asked at Meta.SO (with links to Sketpics.) There has also been handfuls of comments and chats regarding the topic. At this point I just want to know how I should act so I can go edit (or not edit) appropriately. | 2011/06/13 | [
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/2433/"
] | I was going to write something along these lines, but I looked back over the Meta.SO discussion you linked to and [Adam Davis said it far better than I could](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/92560/what-is-the-criteria-for-an-acceptable-image/92684#92684):
>
>
> >
> > What is the underlying purpose of the image on SE?
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> To enhance an answer by
>
>
> * Providing additional information
> * Clarifying written information
> * Providing an alternate view of the same information
> * Attracting attention to a particular point or issue within the post
>
>
>
> >
> > What is the appropriate action to take when an image is not fulfilling this purpose?
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> There is a difference between an image that isn't best fulfilling one of the above goals, and an image that is offensive, distracting, or not a reasonable part of the answer.
>
>
> If the image doesn't detract from the post, then I don't see any reason to do anything. The author will be upvoted or downvoted accordingly.
>
>
> If the image is not an answer, or not a valid part of the answer, then it *may* be reasonable to edit it out or flag it as abuse.
>
>
> If it is offensive, remove it, flag it, and move on.
>
>
>
> >
> > My best guesses: An image should provide context or information that is impossible or not easy to convey with mere words. Graphs, screenshots, diagrams and their ilk seem like a useful tool to have around. Comics, witty graphics, or iconic imagery doesn't seem to fit this well.
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> This is an exceptionally harsh viewpoint. While you may learn best from textual representation of information, many people learn better from a visual representation.
>
>
> Restricting images to **only** that information which **cannot** be provided textually is completely inappropriate.
>
>
> The best posts use images sparingly to enhance the answer where images may provide additional value to readers who learn better via imagery.
>
>
> Images are not something to be avoided, and in fact a lot of existing answers could be better if they had diagrams and images to emphasize important points.
>
>
>
And in the comments:
>
> I'm not particularly interested in living in a sterile lifeless world. Let people add supplementary images to their posts if they like. I'm certainly against forming a policy that strictly prohibits images that have limited value to a post. When you read articles, blog posts, and so forth from good sources, you'll often find they use color and imagery in ways to enhance the post, where the color and imagery do not actually add particular educational value, they do add design value. Again, sterility for sterility's sake is to be avoided.
>
>
> | Only entertaining pictures without relevance to the question or answer, not helping to understand, should be banned as **off topic**.
Especially disturbing are pictures edited into the question by a second party. Not everybody likes a fat, dumb dog sitting in his question.
Schematic drawings, photos and other pictures **clearing** stuff should be **encouraged**.
Pictures take a lot of **bandwith** and should be avoided if just decorative, like **greetings** and other **bloat** in questions and answers.
[See this meta discussion about bloat, too.](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2950/should-hi-thanks-taglines-and-salutations-be-removed-from-posts) |
818 | I am not having much luck getting my intentions across here on meta so I will make this ridiculously short. This is related to the Unprofessionalism bullet-point in my [longwinded answer](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/733/90-days-are-up-how-are-we-doing/761#761) to the 90 day opinion poll.
What guidelines do/should we have with regards to which types of images are fair game for me to edit out of questions and answers?
---
For the sake of discussion, here is the [same question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/92560/159491) asked at Meta.SO (with links to Sketpics.) There has also been handfuls of comments and chats regarding the topic. At this point I just want to know how I should act so I can go edit (or not edit) appropriately. | 2011/06/13 | [
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/2433/"
] | I don't think it's a good for skeptics.SE to ban what do very little harm while lightening the mood of the site, for the sake of professionalism. We are a community of volunteers that work together to seek out answers, out of fun and interest. Unless these images are harming the answers or our community, then I definitely don't think we should disallow them. Professionalism to this degree belong in the corporate world, or in academic circles and not in in a group of volunteers.
I also don't think we should try to push away images that aren't properly references, there's a legal mechanism in America called DMCA which has the exact purpose of taking down copyrighted material that the copyright holder feel is being used without permission, while protecting the site owners from an actual law suit if they comply. I don't see a reason why we as a community need to impose a higher standard than what the law has already put in place for this very issue.
It should be up to the SE team to solve these issues by decree or otherwise. Until that happens, we should only advocate that people references image sources, but not remove those that don't have proper references. | I'd like to mention [the image in this answer](https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/1738/do-drug-addicts-stop-maturing-when-they-become-addicted/4764#4764) as an example of an on-topic image. |
818 | I am not having much luck getting my intentions across here on meta so I will make this ridiculously short. This is related to the Unprofessionalism bullet-point in my [longwinded answer](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/733/90-days-are-up-how-are-we-doing/761#761) to the 90 day opinion poll.
What guidelines do/should we have with regards to which types of images are fair game for me to edit out of questions and answers?
---
For the sake of discussion, here is the [same question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/92560/159491) asked at Meta.SO (with links to Sketpics.) There has also been handfuls of comments and chats regarding the topic. At this point I just want to know how I should act so I can go edit (or not edit) appropriately. | 2011/06/13 | [
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/users/2433/"
] | I was going to write something along these lines, but I looked back over the Meta.SO discussion you linked to and [Adam Davis said it far better than I could](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/92560/what-is-the-criteria-for-an-acceptable-image/92684#92684):
>
>
> >
> > What is the underlying purpose of the image on SE?
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> To enhance an answer by
>
>
> * Providing additional information
> * Clarifying written information
> * Providing an alternate view of the same information
> * Attracting attention to a particular point or issue within the post
>
>
>
> >
> > What is the appropriate action to take when an image is not fulfilling this purpose?
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> There is a difference between an image that isn't best fulfilling one of the above goals, and an image that is offensive, distracting, or not a reasonable part of the answer.
>
>
> If the image doesn't detract from the post, then I don't see any reason to do anything. The author will be upvoted or downvoted accordingly.
>
>
> If the image is not an answer, or not a valid part of the answer, then it *may* be reasonable to edit it out or flag it as abuse.
>
>
> If it is offensive, remove it, flag it, and move on.
>
>
>
> >
> > My best guesses: An image should provide context or information that is impossible or not easy to convey with mere words. Graphs, screenshots, diagrams and their ilk seem like a useful tool to have around. Comics, witty graphics, or iconic imagery doesn't seem to fit this well.
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> This is an exceptionally harsh viewpoint. While you may learn best from textual representation of information, many people learn better from a visual representation.
>
>
> Restricting images to **only** that information which **cannot** be provided textually is completely inappropriate.
>
>
> The best posts use images sparingly to enhance the answer where images may provide additional value to readers who learn better via imagery.
>
>
> Images are not something to be avoided, and in fact a lot of existing answers could be better if they had diagrams and images to emphasize important points.
>
>
>
And in the comments:
>
> I'm not particularly interested in living in a sterile lifeless world. Let people add supplementary images to their posts if they like. I'm certainly against forming a policy that strictly prohibits images that have limited value to a post. When you read articles, blog posts, and so forth from good sources, you'll often find they use color and imagery in ways to enhance the post, where the color and imagery do not actually add particular educational value, they do add design value. Again, sterility for sterility's sake is to be avoided.
>
>
> | Okay, to take a full stab at this, here is a more detailed reasoning. To provide some context, I just finished reading Jeff Atwood's blog entry on [Informavores](http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2007/06/designing-for-informavores-or-why-users-behave-like-animals-online.html). The large carry-away is the note on information scent:
>
> So if you've ever wondered why users behave like animals online, now you know. There's real science behind it in information foraging. Instead of hunting for food, users hunt for information, ruthlessly, and without compunction. In practice, what this means is that users pursue "information scent". Users will click the back button nearly instantly when they don't catch a whiff of the right information from the current page.
>
>
>
The purpose of the Stack Exchange network is to answer questions that people need answered. It isn't to stroke a curious spot; it isn't to idly wonder what-if. Our target audience is someone asking the internet a question. Our competition is everyone else attempting to answer the same question.
In my opinion, people asking skeptics-style questions are not interested in pretty pictures. They actually want the *exact opposite*. Graphical information that isn't actually relevant to the question is lacking information scent. We have very little time before our audience makes a judgement call and walks away.
This is why editing questions is important. Questions need to confirm, as quickly as possible, that the topic on hand is relevant to the question our visitors are carrying with them. If we match up, we get a chance to charm them with our answers. Not charming *pictures*; charming *information*. If the pretty pictures help generate a positive information scent, let them stay. If they are chaff, they should be edited out.
This leaves a large discussion about what images provide this information scent and which do not. A few of the answers here give some credence to the value of images:
>
> [As I said in another discussion point, I try to use images in my answers, because it should help people remember the answer. A neurological study supports this.](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818/what-is-the-criteria-for-an-unacceptable-image/863#863)
>
>
>
---
>
> [To enhance an answer by](https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/818/what-is-the-criteria-for-an-unacceptable-image/819#819)
>
>
> * Providing additional information
> * Clarifying written information
> * Providing an alternate view of the same information
> * Attracting attention to a particular point or issue within the post
>
>
>
I think these are helpful in determining which images are useful. I explicitly do *not* think "Because they are fun" is a valid point. "Fun" is for people who browse the site idly looking for interesting things. Those people are important but they are *not* our target audience. Our targets are people who need answers and they are impatient and need them as quickly as possible. "Fun" does not help information scent. A picture that provides no use other than "fun" is wasted processing time for our visitors.
That isn't to say "fun" is bad; the point is that "fun" should be secondary. Once we have them hooked we can bring out the fun. Even Jeff's blog has a picture of an animal doing its thing. But Jeff's blog is a *blog*. The "useful content" to "fun" ratio is different for a blog than it is for a Q&A site. The "useful content" to "fun" ratio of a question with two paragraphs and a picture is crap.
That being said, naturally different editors and authors will have their own style. But Skeptics.SE isn't here for you to test your blogging/writing skills. It is here to answer questions and answer them more accurately than anywhere else on the internet. "Fun" is important but it isn't so important that we should sacrifice the practicality of the SE format.
And this isn't to say that a site full of useful (and efficient) information is unfun. It is the exact opposite. A visitor popping in to find the answer to a question wants... *the answer to the question*. The answer to the question is "fun". Going into a book store for a book and getting bombarded with "fun" isn't fun. You just want the damn book.
The idea that removing unneeded images will reduce the "funness" of the site is losing focus on what makes SE valuable to the internet. We are not daycare for idle minds who also happen to find Skeptics questions interesting. We are here to answer questions and provide information. The best way to convince people we know what we are talking about is to increase our information scent. "Fun" pictures don't do that. Accurate and accessible information does that. |
48,883 | The US Constitution reserves to the states all powers not expressly delegated to the Federal government. What is the Constitutional provision that allows for Federal laws such as the law that felons may not possess firearms?
This appears to be USC 922(g).
So, the argument is that because a gun was at one time transported across a state line, the federal government can make laws about who can possess it?
What about a gun that was not transported across a state line, but manufactured in the same state that the felon, or stalker or whatever lives in? | 2020/02/07 | [
"https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/48883",
"https://law.stackexchange.com",
"https://law.stackexchange.com/users/2609/"
] | The [Interstate Commerce Clause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Clause) effectively means all economic activity in the US is under Federal jurisdiction because even something that's not directly involved in interstate commerce, even something not involved in commerce at all, can have an indirect effect on interstate commerce. In [Wilkard v. Filburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickard_v._Filburn) the government successfully argued that Federal limits on wheat production were enforceable on a farmer that grew his own wheat to feed his own animals even though the farmer never sold his wheat to anyone and the wheat never left the state. A similar more recent case, [Gonzales v. Raich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich), confirmed that this same principle applied to someone growing medical marijuana for personal consumption in a state where medical marijuana was legal.
In your example, the felon is buying a gun manufactured in the same state. While this doesn't have a direct immediate effect on interstate commerce, its indirect effects are more obvious than in the two cases mentioned above. If it were legal for felons to buy guns made in state, but not out-of-state, then it would have a fairly dramatic effect on interstate commerce. Gun manufacturers would set up local manufacturing operations in many states to make guns for the felon market. (In theory at least, in practice I think most if not all states also ban felons from owning guns.)
Also since guns are durable items, unlike wheat and marijuana, it's all but impossible to show that the gun will never leave the state and participate in interstate commerce directly. | The justification for federal jurisdiction is the commerce clause. But it doesn't automatically apply to every firearm; the connection to interstate commerce must be real for the law to apply.
In [United States v. Lopez](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/514/549/) (1995), the Supreme Court held the following when striking down the related 922(q) which at that time banned firearms in schools zones but did *not* have a clause about interstate commerce (emphasis mine):
>
> ... although this Court has upheld a wide variety of congressional Acts regulating intrastate economic activity that substantially affected interstate commerce, the possession of a gun in a local school zone is in no sense an economic activity that might, through repetition elsewhere, have such a substantial effect on interstate commerce. Section 922(q) is a criminal statute that by its terms has nothing to do with "commerce" or any sort of economic enterprise, however broadly those terms are defined. Nor is it an essential part of a larger regulation of economic activity, in which the regulatory scheme could be undercut unless the intrastate activity were regulated. It cannot, therefore, be sustained under the Court's cases upholding regulations of activities that arise out of or are connected with a commercial transaction, which, viewed in the aggregate, substantially affects interstate commerce. Second, § 922(q) contains no jurisdictional element that would ensure, through case-by-case inquiry, that the firearms possession in question has the requisite nexus with interstate commerce. Respondent was a local student at a local school; there is no indication that he had recently moved in interstate commerce, **and there is no requirement that his possession of the firearm have any concrete tie to interstate commerce.** To uphold the Government's contention that § 922(q) is justified because firearms possession in a local school zone does indeed substantially affect interstate commerce would require this Court to pile inference upon inference in a manner that would bid fair to convert congressional Commerce Clause authority to a general police power of the sort held only by the States.
>
>
>
The constituionality of 922(g) was later also challenged in court, with a different result. In [National Ass'n of Government Employees v. Barrett](https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/968/1564/1948100/), (N.D. Ga. 1997), the court upheld the constitutionality of 922(g), stating (emphasis mine, some citations shortened):
>
> Plaintiffs first assert that Congress exceeded its authority under the Commerce Clause with the enactment of § 922(g) (9) and that § 922(g) (9) is thus unconstitutional. In making this assertion, plaintiffs rely on the Supreme Court's decision of United States v. Lopez, in which the Court held that Congress exceeded its authority under the Commerce Clause by regulating the mere possession of a gun. Plaintiffs' reliance on this decision is, however, misplaced. Section 922(g) (9), unlike the statute at issue in Lopez, **contains a jurisdictional element, which requires the government to demonstrate that the firearm was possessed "in or affecting commerce" or received after having "been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce."** This element is fatal to plaintiffs' facial challenge to the constitutionality of § 922(g) (9). See, e.g., United States v. McAllister, (upholding the constitutionality of § 922(g) (1), which makes it unlawful for felons to possess a firearm, because it contained a jurisdictional element); United States v. Turner, (noting that every court of appeals "has held that **the jurisdictional element of § 922(g) provides the requisite nexus with interstate commerce that § 922(q), [the statute at issue in Lopez,] lacked").** Accordingly, defendants are entitled to dismissal of plaintiffs' claims to the extent that those claims are brought under the Commerce Clause.
>
>
>
I think it's clear from these decisions that the interstate commerce nexus is required for this or any similar law to be constitutional. This isn't a case like Gonzales v. Raich; the firearm is legal to sell across state lines for most people, just not for felons, and so its mere existence can't affect interstate commerce.
So, my conclusion is that a gun made totally in-state, with in-state parts, would not violate this law - and furthermore, Congress cannot constitutionally modify the law to change this.
But as the court in [State v. Wahl](https://caselaw.findlaw.com/nj-superior-court-appellate-division/1142366.html) said:
>
> We also note that the market in firearms is heavily interstate in nature, even international in character, and it would be indeed rare that a firearm, or at least some of its component parts, would have never moved across state lines... Indeed, no more is required than a minimal nexus that the firearm had been, at some point, in interstate commerce.
>
>
>
So it might be difficult to find a gun that doesn't violate this law. Given that it is probably *also* a violation of state law for a felon to possess a gun regardless of where it was manufactured, I don't see felons going around using in-state guns just to avoid a federal charge on top of the state one. |
2,157,636 | Is a program shipped in assembler format portable between Linux distributions (modulo CPU architecture differences)?
Here's the background to my question: I'm working on a new programming language (named Aklo), whose modus operandi will be the classic compiling to .s and feeding the result to the GNU assembler.
Obviously it would be nice ultimately to have the implementation written in itself, but I had resigned myself to maintaining it in C++ to solve the chicken and egg problem: suppose you download the compiler for the first time and it is itself written in Aklo, how do you compile it? As I understand it, different Linux distributions and other UNIX like systems have different conventions for binary formats.
But it's just occurred to me, a solution might be to ship the .s file (well, one per CPU architecture): it's fair to assume you have or can install the GNU assembler. Of course I'd still need a bootstrap compiler, but that doesn't need to be fast; I can write it in Python.
Is assembler portable in the way that binaries are not? Are there any other stumbling blocks I haven't thought of?
Added in response to one answer:
I had looked wistfully at LLVM, there is certainly a lot of good stuff there and it would make my life easier -- except that it would incur a dependency on the correct version of LLVM being installed. It wouldn't be so bad having that dependency on development machines, but in a world where it's common to ship programs as source, the same dependency would be incurred for every user of every program ever written in Aklo, and I decided that was too high a price to pay.
But if the solution of shipping compiled programs as assembler works... then that solves that problem, and I can use LLVM after all, which would be a big win.
So the question about portability of assembler is even considerably more important than I had first realized.
Conclusion: from answers here and on the LLVM mailing list <http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/pipermail/llvmdev/2010-January/028991.html> it seems the bad news is the problem is unsolvable, but the good news is that means using LLVM makes it no worse, so I'm free to do so and obtain all the advantages thereof. | 2010/01/28 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2157636",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/45843/"
] | You might want to check out [LLVM](http://llvm.org/) before going down this particular path. It might make your life a lot easier, as it provides a [low level virtual machine](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Level_Virtual_Machine) that makes a lot of hard stuff just work and has been very popular. | It's basically 20 years since I last bootstrapped a C compiler. At the level of compilers, the differences between Linux distributions are minimal.
The much more important reason for going LLVM is cross-platform; if you're not writing some intermediate language, your compiler will be extremely difficult to retarget for different processors. And seeing as, on my laptop, I have compilers for x86, x86\_64, two kinds of MIPS, PowerPC, ARM and AVR... you see where I'm going? I can compile multiple languages for most of those targets too (only C for AVR). |
2,157,636 | Is a program shipped in assembler format portable between Linux distributions (modulo CPU architecture differences)?
Here's the background to my question: I'm working on a new programming language (named Aklo), whose modus operandi will be the classic compiling to .s and feeding the result to the GNU assembler.
Obviously it would be nice ultimately to have the implementation written in itself, but I had resigned myself to maintaining it in C++ to solve the chicken and egg problem: suppose you download the compiler for the first time and it is itself written in Aklo, how do you compile it? As I understand it, different Linux distributions and other UNIX like systems have different conventions for binary formats.
But it's just occurred to me, a solution might be to ship the .s file (well, one per CPU architecture): it's fair to assume you have or can install the GNU assembler. Of course I'd still need a bootstrap compiler, but that doesn't need to be fast; I can write it in Python.
Is assembler portable in the way that binaries are not? Are there any other stumbling blocks I haven't thought of?
Added in response to one answer:
I had looked wistfully at LLVM, there is certainly a lot of good stuff there and it would make my life easier -- except that it would incur a dependency on the correct version of LLVM being installed. It wouldn't be so bad having that dependency on development machines, but in a world where it's common to ship programs as source, the same dependency would be incurred for every user of every program ever written in Aklo, and I decided that was too high a price to pay.
But if the solution of shipping compiled programs as assembler works... then that solves that problem, and I can use LLVM after all, which would be a big win.
So the question about portability of assembler is even considerably more important than I had first realized.
Conclusion: from answers here and on the LLVM mailing list <http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/pipermail/llvmdev/2010-January/028991.html> it seems the bad news is the problem is unsolvable, but the good news is that means using LLVM makes it no worse, so I'm free to do so and obtain all the advantages thereof. | 2010/01/28 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2157636",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/45843/"
] | At a very high level, the ABI consists of { instruction set, system calls, binary format, libraries }.
Distribution as `.s` may free you from the binary format. This is still rather pointless, because you are fixed to a particular ISA and still need to use libraries and/or make system calls. Libraries vary from distribution to distribution (although this isn't really that bad, especially if you just use libc) and syscalls vary from OS to OS. | You might want to check out [LLVM](http://llvm.org/) before going down this particular path. It might make your life a lot easier, as it provides a [low level virtual machine](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Level_Virtual_Machine) that makes a lot of hard stuff just work and has been very popular. |
2,157,636 | Is a program shipped in assembler format portable between Linux distributions (modulo CPU architecture differences)?
Here's the background to my question: I'm working on a new programming language (named Aklo), whose modus operandi will be the classic compiling to .s and feeding the result to the GNU assembler.
Obviously it would be nice ultimately to have the implementation written in itself, but I had resigned myself to maintaining it in C++ to solve the chicken and egg problem: suppose you download the compiler for the first time and it is itself written in Aklo, how do you compile it? As I understand it, different Linux distributions and other UNIX like systems have different conventions for binary formats.
But it's just occurred to me, a solution might be to ship the .s file (well, one per CPU architecture): it's fair to assume you have or can install the GNU assembler. Of course I'd still need a bootstrap compiler, but that doesn't need to be fast; I can write it in Python.
Is assembler portable in the way that binaries are not? Are there any other stumbling blocks I haven't thought of?
Added in response to one answer:
I had looked wistfully at LLVM, there is certainly a lot of good stuff there and it would make my life easier -- except that it would incur a dependency on the correct version of LLVM being installed. It wouldn't be so bad having that dependency on development machines, but in a world where it's common to ship programs as source, the same dependency would be incurred for every user of every program ever written in Aklo, and I decided that was too high a price to pay.
But if the solution of shipping compiled programs as assembler works... then that solves that problem, and I can use LLVM after all, which would be a big win.
So the question about portability of assembler is even considerably more important than I had first realized.
Conclusion: from answers here and on the LLVM mailing list <http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/pipermail/llvmdev/2010-January/028991.html> it seems the bad news is the problem is unsolvable, but the good news is that means using LLVM makes it no worse, so I'm free to do so and obtain all the advantages thereof. | 2010/01/28 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2157636",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/45843/"
] | At a very high level, the ABI consists of { instruction set, system calls, binary format, libraries }.
Distribution as `.s` may free you from the binary format. This is still rather pointless, because you are fixed to a particular ISA and still need to use libraries and/or make system calls. Libraries vary from distribution to distribution (although this isn't really that bad, especially if you just use libc) and syscalls vary from OS to OS. | It's basically 20 years since I last bootstrapped a C compiler. At the level of compilers, the differences between Linux distributions are minimal.
The much more important reason for going LLVM is cross-platform; if you're not writing some intermediate language, your compiler will be extremely difficult to retarget for different processors. And seeing as, on my laptop, I have compilers for x86, x86\_64, two kinds of MIPS, PowerPC, ARM and AVR... you see where I'm going? I can compile multiple languages for most of those targets too (only C for AVR). |
368,049 | The light from the sun will stop traveling after a particular distance due to its intensity becoming 0.
Up to which planet does the light from the sun travel before which it dissipates into nothing?
If light ceases to exist after a particular distance, How are we able to use telescopes to see objects further than that?
By objects I mean the objects like planets or other bodies that don't emit light on its own.
I'm sorry if my question is trivial, I'm not a physics grad or anything.
Thanks. | 2017/11/10 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/368049",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/118921/"
] | Light never disappears. It consists of photons, which just keep going forever. [The Cosmic Microwave Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background) that we detect in the sky was the light emitted about 13 and a half billion years ago that accordingly has traveled to us over the distance of 13 and a half billion light years and still going. It does get weaker and loses energy, but there is no limit to it (until you get to single photons). | Light, as photons themselves never stop travelling. The intensity is inversely proportional to the distance from the light source, so the intensity will be ever smaller and closer and closer to zero but never zero. However, information will be lost during the process as the light is more spread out, so it is hard for us to properly observe stars that are very far away.(ignoring the expansion of space) |
368,049 | The light from the sun will stop traveling after a particular distance due to its intensity becoming 0.
Up to which planet does the light from the sun travel before which it dissipates into nothing?
If light ceases to exist after a particular distance, How are we able to use telescopes to see objects further than that?
By objects I mean the objects like planets or other bodies that don't emit light on its own.
I'm sorry if my question is trivial, I'm not a physics grad or anything.
Thanks. | 2017/11/10 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/368049",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/118921/"
] | Light never disappears. It consists of photons, which just keep going forever. [The Cosmic Microwave Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background) that we detect in the sky was the light emitted about 13 and a half billion years ago that accordingly has traveled to us over the distance of 13 and a half billion light years and still going. It does get weaker and loses energy, but there is no limit to it (until you get to single photons). | Light can be thought of as particles of photons. They travel forever, and there are no limits, although they do get weaker and lose energy, as safesphere has said. |
368,049 | The light from the sun will stop traveling after a particular distance due to its intensity becoming 0.
Up to which planet does the light from the sun travel before which it dissipates into nothing?
If light ceases to exist after a particular distance, How are we able to use telescopes to see objects further than that?
By objects I mean the objects like planets or other bodies that don't emit light on its own.
I'm sorry if my question is trivial, I'm not a physics grad or anything.
Thanks. | 2017/11/10 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/368049",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/118921/"
] | Light, as photons themselves never stop travelling. The intensity is inversely proportional to the distance from the light source, so the intensity will be ever smaller and closer and closer to zero but never zero. However, information will be lost during the process as the light is more spread out, so it is hard for us to properly observe stars that are very far away.(ignoring the expansion of space) | Light can be thought of as particles of photons. They travel forever, and there are no limits, although they do get weaker and lose energy, as safesphere has said. |
59,711 | Can you please elaborate what's "rounded" teaspoon, what's "heaped" teaspoon and what other "types" of teaspoons exists as a measures of volume?
And is there any difference between, rounded teaspoon and rounded teaspoon\**ful*\*? | 2012/03/01 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/59711",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/6704/"
] | You have a teaspoon, which measures volume - usually in some ovular, concave measuring device. Let's say you're measuring a teaspoon of something granular, like flour, coffee or sugar.
**1 tsp** (or **1 *level* tsp**) means that the top of what you're measuring is flat; no sugar goes above the top of the spoon.
**1 rounded tsp** means you scoop a spoonful of sugar, and let it form a small pile above the top of the spoon. It is inherently less precise than a level teaspoon.
**1 heaping tsp** means you pretty much try to get as big a pile of sugar onto the spoon as you can, without spilling it. It's a little over a smidgen more than a rounded teaspoon. Helpful hint: Don't try to measure a heaping teaspoon when dealing with liquids.
No, the -ful suffix has no effect on the amount. | There is also the "scant teaspoon" ([example here](http://recipes.howstuffworks.com/tools-and-techniques/what-does-scant-mean.htm)). It's slightly less than a level teaspoon.
Note that "scant" sometimes means "barely" but in this context it means "not quite." |
62,740 | Italy certainly started out using the term, which is derived from Senatorial regalia.
Hitler's Germany can also pretty safely be classified as such, that's the regime most people have in mind when referring to Fasciscm.
However, did Franco ever refer to his regime as Fascist, at least during the time when the term had some level of appeal?
I am not looking to equate Franco's regime, as bad as it was, to Hitler's. Only wondering if he, or his government, **used** the term "Fascism" from Mussolini and Hitler, with whom he had somewhat cordial relations and which started out as equivalently authoritarian/militaristic.
### Edit re. "most people"
While this is admittedly a sloppy term, there is a strong association in the public mind of Fascism with Hitler's Germany.
Google's ngram are not applicable, but, when searching Google itself, you can see that my claim, while sloppy, has some validity:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/b1c21.jpg) | 2021/02/04 | [
"https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/62740",
"https://history.stackexchange.com",
"https://history.stackexchange.com/users/14722/"
] | No. Franco was a [**Falangist**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola), and called himself that. *(In real life more of a military opportunist, who grabbed his chance.)* [Fascists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascism) were the followers of Mussolini. Hitler was a [National-Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism). Each saw themselves as distinctly different from the other.
Fascist became the generic term for all of them **after** WW2. Mainly because **inter**national socialists were painfully aware how close the words national and international are. Today the term Fascists is essentially meaningless. Just about anybody - regardless of whatever political affiliation - can and has been branded fascist. Even [Trotski](https://buddhistsocialism.weebly.com/leon-trotsky-ndash-the-fascist.html) was called a fascist (by Stalin, I think).
Please follow the link on Trotksi, for a good laugh. I didn't add it because it is a serious article (more the opposite) but to show just about anyone can be called Fascist. | The evidence from Franco's own statements strongly suggests that he did not, at least in public. In fact, from 1937, he specifically rejected the term for the Falangists, though he did concede that there were fascists within the movement. He also came close to using the word 'fascist' in a speech in 1938 but deleted it in the final version.
In early 1937 **(my emphasis)**,
>
> **Franco had declared that it was not a matter of the Falange being a
> “Fascist” movement**: “The Falange has not declared itself fascist; its
> founder [ [José Antonio Primo de Rivera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera) ] declared so himself.” Thereafter, the custom within the
> Nationalist zone, especially among the press in the first months, of
> calling the Falangists and some other groups “Fascists” was abandoned.
> All that Franco had been willing to admit before the unification [of the Falangists and the Carlists] was
> that the supposedly non-Fascist character of the Falange “does not
> mean that there are not individual fascists … within it.”
>
>
>
*Source: Stanley G. Payne and Jesús Palacios, '[Franco: A Personal and Political Biography](https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Franco.html?id=rn6aBAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y)' (2014)*
Nonetheless, Franco's beliefs - and those of the National Movement, as well as its propaganda - were far from being entirely divorced from fascism and, in July 1938, he almost used the word in a speech **(my emphasis)**:
>
> Franco’s language became somewhat more “Fascist” during 1938 and 1939.
> In the draft of his speech for July 18, 1938, commemorating the second
> anniversary of the National Movement, **he applied the adjective
> “Fascist” to his regime and, more extravagantly, to the Catholic
> monarchs but decided to delete it from the final version.**
>
>
>
*Source: Payne and Palacios*
Note also that Franco was influenced both by the Catholic Church and by monarchists. In fact, even before the end of the civil war, he had spoken of the possibility of eventually restoring the monarchy, and he had strongly opposed the deposing of [Alphonso XIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII) in 1931. |
62,740 | Italy certainly started out using the term, which is derived from Senatorial regalia.
Hitler's Germany can also pretty safely be classified as such, that's the regime most people have in mind when referring to Fasciscm.
However, did Franco ever refer to his regime as Fascist, at least during the time when the term had some level of appeal?
I am not looking to equate Franco's regime, as bad as it was, to Hitler's. Only wondering if he, or his government, **used** the term "Fascism" from Mussolini and Hitler, with whom he had somewhat cordial relations and which started out as equivalently authoritarian/militaristic.
### Edit re. "most people"
While this is admittedly a sloppy term, there is a strong association in the public mind of Fascism with Hitler's Germany.
Google's ngram are not applicable, but, when searching Google itself, you can see that my claim, while sloppy, has some validity:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/b1c21.jpg) | 2021/02/04 | [
"https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/62740",
"https://history.stackexchange.com",
"https://history.stackexchange.com/users/14722/"
] | No. Franco was a [**Falangist**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola), and called himself that. *(In real life more of a military opportunist, who grabbed his chance.)* [Fascists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascism) were the followers of Mussolini. Hitler was a [National-Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism). Each saw themselves as distinctly different from the other.
Fascist became the generic term for all of them **after** WW2. Mainly because **inter**national socialists were painfully aware how close the words national and international are. Today the term Fascists is essentially meaningless. Just about anybody - regardless of whatever political affiliation - can and has been branded fascist. Even [Trotski](https://buddhistsocialism.weebly.com/leon-trotsky-ndash-the-fascist.html) was called a fascist (by Stalin, I think).
Please follow the link on Trotksi, for a good laugh. I didn't add it because it is a serious article (more the opposite) but to show just about anyone can be called Fascist. | Franco was for all intents and purposes a fascist.
As Jos pointed out, the official (English) name of his party was ["Falangist"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS), which refers to a "phalanx" and indirectly, military rule. But the Wikipedia article points out that Franco took the title "National Chief" which was a "fascist" designation. |
62,740 | Italy certainly started out using the term, which is derived from Senatorial regalia.
Hitler's Germany can also pretty safely be classified as such, that's the regime most people have in mind when referring to Fasciscm.
However, did Franco ever refer to his regime as Fascist, at least during the time when the term had some level of appeal?
I am not looking to equate Franco's regime, as bad as it was, to Hitler's. Only wondering if he, or his government, **used** the term "Fascism" from Mussolini and Hitler, with whom he had somewhat cordial relations and which started out as equivalently authoritarian/militaristic.
### Edit re. "most people"
While this is admittedly a sloppy term, there is a strong association in the public mind of Fascism with Hitler's Germany.
Google's ngram are not applicable, but, when searching Google itself, you can see that my claim, while sloppy, has some validity:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/b1c21.jpg) | 2021/02/04 | [
"https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/62740",
"https://history.stackexchange.com",
"https://history.stackexchange.com/users/14722/"
] | The evidence from Franco's own statements strongly suggests that he did not, at least in public. In fact, from 1937, he specifically rejected the term for the Falangists, though he did concede that there were fascists within the movement. He also came close to using the word 'fascist' in a speech in 1938 but deleted it in the final version.
In early 1937 **(my emphasis)**,
>
> **Franco had declared that it was not a matter of the Falange being a
> “Fascist” movement**: “The Falange has not declared itself fascist; its
> founder [ [José Antonio Primo de Rivera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera) ] declared so himself.” Thereafter, the custom within the
> Nationalist zone, especially among the press in the first months, of
> calling the Falangists and some other groups “Fascists” was abandoned.
> All that Franco had been willing to admit before the unification [of the Falangists and the Carlists] was
> that the supposedly non-Fascist character of the Falange “does not
> mean that there are not individual fascists … within it.”
>
>
>
*Source: Stanley G. Payne and Jesús Palacios, '[Franco: A Personal and Political Biography](https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Franco.html?id=rn6aBAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y)' (2014)*
Nonetheless, Franco's beliefs - and those of the National Movement, as well as its propaganda - were far from being entirely divorced from fascism and, in July 1938, he almost used the word in a speech **(my emphasis)**:
>
> Franco’s language became somewhat more “Fascist” during 1938 and 1939.
> In the draft of his speech for July 18, 1938, commemorating the second
> anniversary of the National Movement, **he applied the adjective
> “Fascist” to his regime and, more extravagantly, to the Catholic
> monarchs but decided to delete it from the final version.**
>
>
>
*Source: Payne and Palacios*
Note also that Franco was influenced both by the Catholic Church and by monarchists. In fact, even before the end of the civil war, he had spoken of the possibility of eventually restoring the monarchy, and he had strongly opposed the deposing of [Alphonso XIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII) in 1931. | Franco was for all intents and purposes a fascist.
As Jos pointed out, the official (English) name of his party was ["Falangist"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS), which refers to a "phalanx" and indirectly, military rule. But the Wikipedia article points out that Franco took the title "National Chief" which was a "fascist" designation. |
1,067,998 | i have added a splash screen to my application by adding Default.png.
the splash screen works fine in the simulator but not showing on real device | 2009/07/01 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1067998",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/83905/"
] | The file name must be Default.png (with a capital D). Also, do a clean/rebuild of the entire project to ensure the most recent version of the file is being included in the project. | Make a "Default.png" file (with a capital "D"). Then clean all targets and build again. |
1,067,998 | i have added a splash screen to my application by adding Default.png.
the splash screen works fine in the simulator but not showing on real device | 2009/07/01 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1067998",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/83905/"
] | Check the case of the file name.
Default.png, default.png, Default.PNG and DEFAULT.png are all different files on the device, but not in the simulator. | Make sure the name of the file begins with a capital "D", then clean and rebuild. |
1,067,998 | i have added a splash screen to my application by adding Default.png.
the splash screen works fine in the simulator but not showing on real device | 2009/07/01 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1067998",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/83905/"
] | The file name must be Default.png (with a capital D). Also, do a clean/rebuild of the entire project to ensure the most recent version of the file is being included in the project. | Select your Default.png in the groups and files window and make sure in the file listing above the editor window that the checkbox on the far right is checked. Without this the file will not be copied to the application bundle after compilation is finished. |
1,067,998 | i have added a splash screen to my application by adding Default.png.
the splash screen works fine in the simulator but not showing on real device | 2009/07/01 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1067998",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/83905/"
] | The file name must be Default.png (with a capital D). Also, do a clean/rebuild of the entire project to ensure the most recent version of the file is being included in the project. | Make sure the name of the file begins with a capital "D", then clean and rebuild. |
1,067,998 | i have added a splash screen to my application by adding Default.png.
the splash screen works fine in the simulator but not showing on real device | 2009/07/01 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1067998",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/83905/"
] | Make a "Default.png" file (with a capital "D"). Then clean all targets and build again. | Make sure the name of the file begins with a capital "D", then clean and rebuild. |
1,067,998 | i have added a splash screen to my application by adding Default.png.
the splash screen works fine in the simulator but not showing on real device | 2009/07/01 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1067998",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/83905/"
] | Check the case of the file name.
Default.png, default.png, Default.PNG and DEFAULT.png are all different files on the device, but not in the simulator. | Sometimes this issue hapens, when .png file was renamed from .jpg file.
So, for example, you had image.jpg, you've renamed in to image.png, and using this image.png. It'll be correctly displayed in simulator, and won't work on device |
1,067,998 | i have added a splash screen to my application by adding Default.png.
the splash screen works fine in the simulator but not showing on real device | 2009/07/01 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1067998",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/83905/"
] | The file name must be Default.png (with a capital D). Also, do a clean/rebuild of the entire project to ensure the most recent version of the file is being included in the project. | Sometimes this issue hapens, when .png file was renamed from .jpg file.
So, for example, you had image.jpg, you've renamed in to image.png, and using this image.png. It'll be correctly displayed in simulator, and won't work on device |
1,067,998 | i have added a splash screen to my application by adding Default.png.
the splash screen works fine in the simulator but not showing on real device | 2009/07/01 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1067998",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/83905/"
] | Check the case of the file name.
Default.png, default.png, Default.PNG and DEFAULT.png are all different files on the device, but not in the simulator. | Select your Default.png in the groups and files window and make sure in the file listing above the editor window that the checkbox on the far right is checked. Without this the file will not be copied to the application bundle after compilation is finished. |
1,067,998 | i have added a splash screen to my application by adding Default.png.
the splash screen works fine in the simulator but not showing on real device | 2009/07/01 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1067998",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/83905/"
] | Make sure the name of the file begins with a capital "D", then clean and rebuild. | Select your Default.png in the groups and files window and make sure in the file listing above the editor window that the checkbox on the far right is checked. Without this the file will not be copied to the application bundle after compilation is finished. |
1,067,998 | i have added a splash screen to my application by adding Default.png.
the splash screen works fine in the simulator but not showing on real device | 2009/07/01 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1067998",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/83905/"
] | Sometimes this issue hapens, when .png file was renamed from .jpg file.
So, for example, you had image.jpg, you've renamed in to image.png, and using this image.png. It'll be correctly displayed in simulator, and won't work on device | Select your Default.png in the groups and files window and make sure in the file listing above the editor window that the checkbox on the far right is checked. Without this the file will not be copied to the application bundle after compilation is finished. |
185,676 | During a battle between two extremely powerful space wizards, a beam of magical lightning has blasted a perfectly circular hole around 10 feet in diameter directly through an Earth-sized planet. In and out like a gunshot through paper. How would this impact life on the planet after this event, if at all?
NOTE: The incident occured about 150 miles south of the planet's north pole. | 2020/09/16 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/185676",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/54953/"
] | Depends on the side effects of the weapon.
* If a 3 m wide, 12,750 km long plug through the center of the Earth simply **disappears**, at worst there will be two smallish volcanoes and a couple of earthquakes. The total material is roughly a cube 450 m to a side.
* If sufficient force is applied to **punch** such a plug out of the Earth by conventional means like a bullet, the amount of energy that is imparted will cause major destruction. | The first thing that occurs to me is that 10 feet in diameter is very, very, very etc. insignificant compared to the total surface area of the Earth (196,900,000 square miles).
The second thing that occurs to me is the location of the event -- 150 miles south of the north pole, or latitude 87.5 degrees north. It's very likely that's in the middle of the Arctic Ocean.
So even though this magical lightning bolt has the power to go "straight" through the Earth and out the other side (somewhere in Antarctica?), I can't see it as having much actual effect, or leaving any lasting sign.
First, water would rush into the hole, rapidly cooling it.
Deeper down, pressure would cause the tube to collapse in on itself, probably almost instantly, especially since I believe you wrote that there's no debris left behind.
The lack of debris makes me think this beam is more like a disintegrator rather than a projectile -- so it's not really like a bullet at all. It's magically removing the matter from existence.
So on the way out... perhaps a highly localized atmospheric disturbance, like a thunderclap, as air rushes to replace the missing matter... but that would be that.
The hole might last a bit longer down in arid Antarctica than up in the Arctic Circle, but it would be a curiosity, little more. |
185,676 | During a battle between two extremely powerful space wizards, a beam of magical lightning has blasted a perfectly circular hole around 10 feet in diameter directly through an Earth-sized planet. In and out like a gunshot through paper. How would this impact life on the planet after this event, if at all?
NOTE: The incident occured about 150 miles south of the planet's north pole. | 2020/09/16 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/185676",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/54953/"
] | In the dept of the Earth the hole would be filled in moments. In the surface two things may happen, depending on the state of the dynamic system that is going on beneath the crust:
* some minor seismic activity happens because of a sudden (and quite little) lack of pressure, deep landslides block lava from coming out of the hole, but still a lot of heat would keep coming out of it (geothermal spot).
* lava smashes out in a huge jet. I think it's unlikely that a volcano would set there permanently anyway.
If you want to know precisely (well, not 100% precisely) you have to tell the exact spot to a geologist. There are models of the activity of Earth's mantle that can predict what would happen more precisely. | Immediate Effect
----------------
You're going to get a pair of volcanoes. They might turn out fairly small, but I think there is a good possibility of super-volcanic eruptions. Consider this: the pressure around the surface of the solid inner core[1] is estimated to be around 330GPa (3.3 million atmospheres).
A supervolcano[2] erupts when the gasses dissolved in the magma come out of solution and I think this is exactly what would happen when a 3m diameter cylinder of earth, going right through the core, simply ceases to exist. Maybe the magma will quickly plug such an "insignificant" hole but I wouldn't bet on it; I suspect it would be more like a water-main break, where the jet of magma would continue to erode the hole for a long time.
Long-term Effects
-----------------
A typical supervolcano erupts with such force that large amounts of material (thousands of cubic km!) are launched into the atmosphere and disperse, to some extent, across the majority of the planet. The widespread particulate clouds can lead to a decrease in global average temperature. However, in this case such effects are likely to be more limited due to the type of eruption. I think of it inflating a balloon and then releasing the air from it rather than popping it... only the release of magma could continue for a rather long time. Instead of fizzling out with the hole plugging up, we might instead see the hole widen with magma flowing out for a Very Long Time (see Siberian Traps[3]). In this case, it could be nearly life-ending!
Summary
-------
* Probably (super?)volcanoes!
* Effects could range from "ooh, another volcano" to "where have all the plants/animals/people gone?"
[1] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core>
[2] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano>
[3] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Traps> |
185,676 | During a battle between two extremely powerful space wizards, a beam of magical lightning has blasted a perfectly circular hole around 10 feet in diameter directly through an Earth-sized planet. In and out like a gunshot through paper. How would this impact life on the planet after this event, if at all?
NOTE: The incident occured about 150 miles south of the planet's north pole. | 2020/09/16 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/185676",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/54953/"
] | I would assume this depends on how the Beam did its work. If it just "deleted" the matter in its way, just about nothing would happen excpet that some random Animal will have a pretty bad day.
If the Beam melts its way across you may see a pretty big explosion on both sides of the Planet. The first when the Beam enters and the 2nd when it goes out. So overall, a bunch of Animals would have a bad day. But not much more.
If it pushes everything to the side, like a Force Field. Well then still not a lot would happen. Except someone in the distant future will see a strange long diamond bolt going from one side of the Planet to the other.
This is because at some point, or depth, the Beam pushes dense stuff into very dense stuff. Thus creating bling blings.
At the end of the day, 3 Meters just isnt that wide and the total amount of Energie blasted into the plant could be scrapt of as a Rounding Error.
For anything drastic to happen, you gonna need a wider beam. Making it more powerfull but keeping the diameter the same wouldnt do anything. Sure at some point the Impact spots would look like several nukes went down, but at some point it makes no difference anymore. You need to affect a bigger area at once.
Example, a Photon at Lightspeed dosnt hurt you. Even although it carries momentum. But let's say the Photon is 1 Meter across. Well then you are going to have a bad day.
The wider the beam is, the more stuff gets turned into dust and the bigger the Impact Explosion is.
Sorry for Misspellings , I am German. | Immediate Effect
----------------
You're going to get a pair of volcanoes. They might turn out fairly small, but I think there is a good possibility of super-volcanic eruptions. Consider this: the pressure around the surface of the solid inner core[1] is estimated to be around 330GPa (3.3 million atmospheres).
A supervolcano[2] erupts when the gasses dissolved in the magma come out of solution and I think this is exactly what would happen when a 3m diameter cylinder of earth, going right through the core, simply ceases to exist. Maybe the magma will quickly plug such an "insignificant" hole but I wouldn't bet on it; I suspect it would be more like a water-main break, where the jet of magma would continue to erode the hole for a long time.
Long-term Effects
-----------------
A typical supervolcano erupts with such force that large amounts of material (thousands of cubic km!) are launched into the atmosphere and disperse, to some extent, across the majority of the planet. The widespread particulate clouds can lead to a decrease in global average temperature. However, in this case such effects are likely to be more limited due to the type of eruption. I think of it inflating a balloon and then releasing the air from it rather than popping it... only the release of magma could continue for a rather long time. Instead of fizzling out with the hole plugging up, we might instead see the hole widen with magma flowing out for a Very Long Time (see Siberian Traps[3]). In this case, it could be nearly life-ending!
Summary
-------
* Probably (super?)volcanoes!
* Effects could range from "ooh, another volcano" to "where have all the plants/animals/people gone?"
[1] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core>
[2] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano>
[3] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Traps> |
185,676 | During a battle between two extremely powerful space wizards, a beam of magical lightning has blasted a perfectly circular hole around 10 feet in diameter directly through an Earth-sized planet. In and out like a gunshot through paper. How would this impact life on the planet after this event, if at all?
NOTE: The incident occured about 150 miles south of the planet's north pole. | 2020/09/16 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/185676",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/54953/"
] | In the dept of the Earth the hole would be filled in moments. In the surface two things may happen, depending on the state of the dynamic system that is going on beneath the crust:
* some minor seismic activity happens because of a sudden (and quite little) lack of pressure, deep landslides block lava from coming out of the hole, but still a lot of heat would keep coming out of it (geothermal spot).
* lava smashes out in a huge jet. I think it's unlikely that a volcano would set there permanently anyway.
If you want to know precisely (well, not 100% precisely) you have to tell the exact spot to a geologist. There are models of the activity of Earth's mantle that can predict what would happen more precisely. | >
> How would this impact life on the planet after this event, if at all?
>
>
>
Say good bye to life.
An end to end hole on Earth would not be stable, and would collapse under the gravitational force exerted by the planet. That would alone would release a large amount of energy which would surely evaporate the oceans if not even melt the crust.
Add to that also the kinetic energy dissipated by the projectile when crossing through the entire planet, and the picture gets only worst. |
185,676 | During a battle between two extremely powerful space wizards, a beam of magical lightning has blasted a perfectly circular hole around 10 feet in diameter directly through an Earth-sized planet. In and out like a gunshot through paper. How would this impact life on the planet after this event, if at all?
NOTE: The incident occured about 150 miles south of the planet's north pole. | 2020/09/16 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/185676",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/54953/"
] | Depends on the side effects of the weapon.
* If a 3 m wide, 12,750 km long plug through the center of the Earth simply **disappears**, at worst there will be two smallish volcanoes and a couple of earthquakes. The total material is roughly a cube 450 m to a side.
* If sufficient force is applied to **punch** such a plug out of the Earth by conventional means like a bullet, the amount of energy that is imparted will cause major destruction. | Other answers have addressed the qualitative details of what happens, I want to try and put some numbers to it.
If the hole is filled by material flowing in from the sides, then the amount of energy released by the expanding material is roughly equal to its pressure times the volume of expansion. Looking at the plot from [this answer on Physics SE](https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/184039), the average pressure in the hole is, let's say, 200 GPa. Then the energy release is:
>
> (π/4 × (10 feet)2 × 12 000 km) × 200 GPa = 1.7 × 1019 J
>
>
>
We can convert this energy to a value on the [moment magnitude scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale) of about 7. Now since most of the energy release will happen deep in the core and mantle of the Earth, people on the surface nearby will experience less than the equivalent of a magnitude 7 earthquake.
I guess that only the energy release within the first few hundred kilometers of the surface significantly affects the perceived earthquake magnitude. Looking back at the same plot, the slope near the surface looks like around 30 GPa per 1000 km. Taking a wild guess and setting the cutoff of 500 km, the amount of energy released "near" the surface is roughly:
>
> (π/4 × (10 feet)2 × 500 km) × (1/2 × 30 MPa/km × 500 km) = 2.7 × 1016 J
>
>
>
(The 1/2 accounts for the fact that the average pressure is equal to half the maximum pressure for a linearly increasing pressure.) This is an amount of energy equal to roughly 5 on the moment magnitude scale, which is not that big; globally, more than a thousand of magnitude 5 earthquakes happen every year. |
185,676 | During a battle between two extremely powerful space wizards, a beam of magical lightning has blasted a perfectly circular hole around 10 feet in diameter directly through an Earth-sized planet. In and out like a gunshot through paper. How would this impact life on the planet after this event, if at all?
NOTE: The incident occured about 150 miles south of the planet's north pole. | 2020/09/16 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/185676",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/54953/"
] | Other answers have addressed the qualitative details of what happens, I want to try and put some numbers to it.
If the hole is filled by material flowing in from the sides, then the amount of energy released by the expanding material is roughly equal to its pressure times the volume of expansion. Looking at the plot from [this answer on Physics SE](https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/184039), the average pressure in the hole is, let's say, 200 GPa. Then the energy release is:
>
> (π/4 × (10 feet)2 × 12 000 km) × 200 GPa = 1.7 × 1019 J
>
>
>
We can convert this energy to a value on the [moment magnitude scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale) of about 7. Now since most of the energy release will happen deep in the core and mantle of the Earth, people on the surface nearby will experience less than the equivalent of a magnitude 7 earthquake.
I guess that only the energy release within the first few hundred kilometers of the surface significantly affects the perceived earthquake magnitude. Looking back at the same plot, the slope near the surface looks like around 30 GPa per 1000 km. Taking a wild guess and setting the cutoff of 500 km, the amount of energy released "near" the surface is roughly:
>
> (π/4 × (10 feet)2 × 500 km) × (1/2 × 30 MPa/km × 500 km) = 2.7 × 1016 J
>
>
>
(The 1/2 accounts for the fact that the average pressure is equal to half the maximum pressure for a linearly increasing pressure.) This is an amount of energy equal to roughly 5 on the moment magnitude scale, which is not that big; globally, more than a thousand of magnitude 5 earthquakes happen every year. | >
> How would this impact life on the planet after this event, if at all?
>
>
>
Say good bye to life.
An end to end hole on Earth would not be stable, and would collapse under the gravitational force exerted by the planet. That would alone would release a large amount of energy which would surely evaporate the oceans if not even melt the crust.
Add to that also the kinetic energy dissipated by the projectile when crossing through the entire planet, and the picture gets only worst. |
185,676 | During a battle between two extremely powerful space wizards, a beam of magical lightning has blasted a perfectly circular hole around 10 feet in diameter directly through an Earth-sized planet. In and out like a gunshot through paper. How would this impact life on the planet after this event, if at all?
NOTE: The incident occured about 150 miles south of the planet's north pole. | 2020/09/16 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/185676",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/54953/"
] | Depends on the side effects of the weapon.
* If a 3 m wide, 12,750 km long plug through the center of the Earth simply **disappears**, at worst there will be two smallish volcanoes and a couple of earthquakes. The total material is roughly a cube 450 m to a side.
* If sufficient force is applied to **punch** such a plug out of the Earth by conventional means like a bullet, the amount of energy that is imparted will cause major destruction. | Immediate Effect
----------------
You're going to get a pair of volcanoes. They might turn out fairly small, but I think there is a good possibility of super-volcanic eruptions. Consider this: the pressure around the surface of the solid inner core[1] is estimated to be around 330GPa (3.3 million atmospheres).
A supervolcano[2] erupts when the gasses dissolved in the magma come out of solution and I think this is exactly what would happen when a 3m diameter cylinder of earth, going right through the core, simply ceases to exist. Maybe the magma will quickly plug such an "insignificant" hole but I wouldn't bet on it; I suspect it would be more like a water-main break, where the jet of magma would continue to erode the hole for a long time.
Long-term Effects
-----------------
A typical supervolcano erupts with such force that large amounts of material (thousands of cubic km!) are launched into the atmosphere and disperse, to some extent, across the majority of the planet. The widespread particulate clouds can lead to a decrease in global average temperature. However, in this case such effects are likely to be more limited due to the type of eruption. I think of it inflating a balloon and then releasing the air from it rather than popping it... only the release of magma could continue for a rather long time. Instead of fizzling out with the hole plugging up, we might instead see the hole widen with magma flowing out for a Very Long Time (see Siberian Traps[3]). In this case, it could be nearly life-ending!
Summary
-------
* Probably (super?)volcanoes!
* Effects could range from "ooh, another volcano" to "where have all the plants/animals/people gone?"
[1] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core>
[2] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano>
[3] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Traps> |
185,676 | During a battle between two extremely powerful space wizards, a beam of magical lightning has blasted a perfectly circular hole around 10 feet in diameter directly through an Earth-sized planet. In and out like a gunshot through paper. How would this impact life on the planet after this event, if at all?
NOTE: The incident occured about 150 miles south of the planet's north pole. | 2020/09/16 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/185676",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/54953/"
] | Immediate Effect
----------------
You're going to get a pair of volcanoes. They might turn out fairly small, but I think there is a good possibility of super-volcanic eruptions. Consider this: the pressure around the surface of the solid inner core[1] is estimated to be around 330GPa (3.3 million atmospheres).
A supervolcano[2] erupts when the gasses dissolved in the magma come out of solution and I think this is exactly what would happen when a 3m diameter cylinder of earth, going right through the core, simply ceases to exist. Maybe the magma will quickly plug such an "insignificant" hole but I wouldn't bet on it; I suspect it would be more like a water-main break, where the jet of magma would continue to erode the hole for a long time.
Long-term Effects
-----------------
A typical supervolcano erupts with such force that large amounts of material (thousands of cubic km!) are launched into the atmosphere and disperse, to some extent, across the majority of the planet. The widespread particulate clouds can lead to a decrease in global average temperature. However, in this case such effects are likely to be more limited due to the type of eruption. I think of it inflating a balloon and then releasing the air from it rather than popping it... only the release of magma could continue for a rather long time. Instead of fizzling out with the hole plugging up, we might instead see the hole widen with magma flowing out for a Very Long Time (see Siberian Traps[3]). In this case, it could be nearly life-ending!
Summary
-------
* Probably (super?)volcanoes!
* Effects could range from "ooh, another volcano" to "where have all the plants/animals/people gone?"
[1] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core>
[2] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano>
[3] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Traps> | >
> How would this impact life on the planet after this event, if at all?
>
>
>
Say good bye to life.
An end to end hole on Earth would not be stable, and would collapse under the gravitational force exerted by the planet. That would alone would release a large amount of energy which would surely evaporate the oceans if not even melt the crust.
Add to that also the kinetic energy dissipated by the projectile when crossing through the entire planet, and the picture gets only worst. |
32,993 | In the four lowest gears (i.e the 28 cog end) when in both the big and small ring, loud noises can be heard coming from what appears to be near the front derailleur. I've uploaded a video of the noise here:
If I shift up from the 4th smallest gear then the noise goes away. I've checked to make show the chain isn't rubbing on the derailleur cage, and it doesn't look like it is. I've attached a picture of what it looks like when in the small ring and the 3rd lowest gear in the back. I even tried to set the low limit of the front derailleur so the cage moves in further towards the bike to see if it was in fact the cage, but that didn't seem to make the noise go away either.
is there something I'm doing wrong here?
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gl3ys.jpg) | 2015/08/27 | [
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/32993",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/users/18835/"
] | Ascertain that the chain is not visibly touching the front derailleur.
Check that your rear cassette is fitted correctly; lock-ring is tight and the correct spacers used between sprockets.
Are you using a matching chain, chain rings and rear derailleur? i.e. are they all 'n' speed; i.e. do not mix and match a 9 speed chain with a 11 speed cassette or derailleur.
Is your rear derailleur vertically aligned correctly, not subject to crash damage.
Assuming you're on Shimano, is the b adjustment screw of your rear shimano derailleur correct such that the rear derailleur does not touch the cassette?
Is you rear derailleur compatible with the large sprockets you have on your cassette? e.g. a short arm rear derailleur may only support up to 25 tooth sprockets.
Do you have the correct length of chain to support the gear range you have. | Depending on the geometry of your frame, the noise could very well be caused by cross chaining, especially if you have very short chain stays.
If you've ruled out rubbing, and this is in fact the problem, you don't have many options unfortunately. You can pick a cassette/crank combination that ensures you spend most of your time riding in the middle of your gear range with the chain line is as straight as possible. For most road riders this means picking up a compact crankset and pairing it with a comfortable cassette. |
2,624,339 | I get this error when using linq-to-sql with timestamp as part of a composite primary key:
"The primary key column of type 'Timestamp' cannot be generated by the server."
I'm guessing this may be due to the fact timestamp is just a row version thus perhaps it must be created after the insert? Or... | 2010/04/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2624339",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/254428/"
] | **don't use the timestamp data type!!**
>
> The timestamp syntax is deprecated.
> This feature will be removed in a
> future version of Microsoft SQL
> Server. Avoid using this feature in
> new development work, and plan to
> modify applications that currently use
> this feature.
>
>
>
**timestamp (Transact-SQL)** <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms182776(SQL.90).aspx>
**rowversion (Transact-SQL)** <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms182776.aspx>
Also, if it primarily designed to change, to keep track of versions, why make it a part of a primary key? changing a primary key can cause many problems!
If you need a system generated value for a primary key, use an **identity** or **guid**.
**IDENTITY (Property)** <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa933196(SQL.80).aspx>
**GUID uniqueidentifier** <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa260656(v=SQL.80).aspx> | You can work around it.. set
* Auto Generated Value to True
* Auto-Sync to OnInsert
...unless you already have of course |
61,104,516 | I have a memory leak problem regarding a node js/express API running on AWS using fargate.
The picture says it all:
[memory usage of the container running the node app](https://i.stack.imgur.com/5OQ1S.png)
This is kinda giving me a headache... I have tried using Jmeter and running the same requests against my local docker container and then used heap-dumps (chrome dev-tools) to find the issue without success. In the logs I have not found anything special happening around the times where the memory jumps in usage.
Some additional info:
1. There is no other request against the api during the periods where the jump in memory happens compared to when the memory usage lies stable
2. The api is connected to AWS RDS database(postgres) using library module: node-postgres
Would much appreciate any input on this, Thank you! | 2020/04/08 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/61104516",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/10049427/"
] | Sorry for late update. The problem was that node itself was leaking memory. It resolved itself once i went from 12.16.0 to 12.16.4.
Additional info (look at the graphs and you will see the same pattern of the jumps in memory as the picture i posted): <https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/33266> | [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DGwuQ.jpg)
Quite a similar scenario here both with Fargate and NodeJS, trying to diagnose it, I'll provide feedback ASAP |
1,288 | Reference these search results:
* ["without plugin"](https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/search?q=%22without%20plugin%22) (27 results)
* ["without a plugin"](https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/search?q=%22without%20a%20plugin%22) (84 results)
* ["without using a plugin"](https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/search?q=%22without%20using%20a%20plugin%22) (27 results)
While admitting up-front that this isn't a huge problem, it *is* a bit of a pet peeve. Users asking for solutions "without a Plugin" introduce an arbitrary and unnecessary constraint to potential solutions. Also, such a request belies a fundamental lack of understanding about what a Plugin *is*, how the [WordPress Plugin API](http://codex.wordpress.org/Plugin_API/) works, and how, at the filter/action hook level, a Theme is fundamentally interchangeable with a Plugin.
Would it be worthwhile to add something to our FAQ about not asking for solutions "without a plugin"?
(Bear in mind: I'm also the one who previously suggested that we discourage answers that consisted of nothing more than a mere Plugin recommendation. The end goal here is *building a body of knowledge and reference code/material*.)
Related:
* [Most Useful Answers: List Plugins, or Describe Methods?](https://wordpress.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/1041/most-useful-answers-list-plugins-or-describe-methods)
* [Plugin recommendation questions are off topic, but what about plugin recommendations as answers answers?](https://wordpress.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/1250/plugin-recommendation-questions-are-off-topic-but-what-about-plugin-recommendat) | 2012/11/17 | [
"https://wordpress.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/1288",
"https://wordpress.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://wordpress.meta.stackexchange.com/users/3966/"
] | I don’t see what we can do in these cases: Closing a question which is okay in all other aspects would be too drastic, and editing it out would change the meaning too much.
My recommendation: Answer the question, ignore the “without a plugin” part. Our answers are **never** written just for the asker (that would be “too localized”), they are for all readers. A positive example is better than prohibition. | Let's compare these requests:
* Without a plugin please!
* I would like answer, explaining internal code mechanics of this.
* I had seen plugin accomplishing this, but have trouble following its code and would like it explained.
* and so on...
The problem is - they are essentially same in what they ask for *technically*. They only differ in *motivation* for the request. It is complicated thing to make a rule to discern requests that differ by motivation but not actual form.
Yes, it is tad annoying. However neither major issue or trivial to address. |
1,248 | Bernard von NotHaus (the creator of the [Liberty Dollar](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Dollar)) was convicted of violating a U.S. federal law that forbids the minting of a currency by anyone in the U.S. besides the federal government. Might it be claimed that bitcoins are also a currency and their users or creators violate that same law? | 2011/09/25 | [
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/1248",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/492/"
] | There are many complementary currencies in use around the United States quite openly and without government interference, including BerkShares, Ithaca Dollars and similar hyper-local currencies, various bartering or time swapping systems like LETS or Time Dollars, etc. The case you are referring to revolved around minting coins that could easily be confused with US money and allegedly circulating (and encouraging others to do so) to local businesses while passing them off as US money (by a lie of omission, if nothing else).
It may well be that Bitcoin faces legal challenges in various countries, including the US, but this particular case will have set no precedent in that regard. | There is no evidence to suggest that law applies to Bitcoin. See also [What is the current legal status of Bitcoin?](https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/131/what-is-the-current-legal-status-of-bitcoin-around-the-world) |
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