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46,845 | This is going to be a very beginner's question.
I have a datset of continues features like LoanAmount, LoanDuration(multiclass?), ... ClientIncome, ClientFreeSources, etc. and a binary target whether a contract was sued or not.
I'm not sure how to approach the problem as I'm fairly new to DS.
I can reformulate the target into limited number of values like 5, 11, 18, ... which I think would be probably precieved as multiclass by a model or into continues value expressed in DebtAmount after some work at the SQL Server end.
However, the simple flag Sued 1/0 would be prefered option at the begining if possible.
I also wonder how to treat high-cardninality categorical features like post code because the number of new dummy variables which seems to me too high.
Thanks for your answers in advance. | 2019/03/07 | [
"https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/46845",
"https://datascience.stackexchange.com",
"https://datascience.stackexchange.com/users/69073/"
] | I am expecting this question is for a supervised learning problem where you have a mixture of continuous and categorical features as independent features and your dependent or target feature is a binary class feature. If that is so please follow the below advice.
There might be a much better solutions but this worked for me. I had more than 200 features and a categorical feature like pin code.
* **Target Feature as 1/0**
+ I am assuming this is a supervised learning problem and the best way to go about will be by starting with a basic [logisitic regression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression) model.
+ If you are not impressed by the performance then you can even try some advanced classification algorithms like Naive Bayes, KNN, SVM etc.
* **Categorical Feature**
+ You can use [pandas one hot encoding](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.get_dummies.html) for this
- I kept a threshold, and used one hot encoding only on those unique categories which occurred more than this threshold
- The ones which were less than the threshold can be dropped, but I used a special value to encode them just in case to not to loose them.
- You can follow [here](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37292872/how-can-i-one-hot-encode-in-python) to know how to perform one-hot encoding
I hope I answered at least to a certain extent. Again, I used this solution for my issue and it worked pretty well and hope it works for you too. | Since you have a binary target, you can use any classification algorithm, for example logistic regression, support vector machine or trees. It is therefore no problem at all if you have a binary target.
As for the problem of having too many categories when using post code, you could omit the last one or two digits, so that one category includes a larger area than just a full digit post code. (That only works if the more digits you add to the post code, the more specific the region gets. IDK whether that works for all post code systems in the world) |
156,643 | I have booked a ticket for future travel but now see the price has come down considerably. Should I cancel because of coronavirus and rebook with voucher? | 2020/04/11 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/156643",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/110859/"
] | You can't just 'cancel because of coronavirus'. If the airline is still listing the flight then you can only cancel on whatever terms you agreed to when you booked.
If your ticket is fully refundable then you can cancel and rebook, if you can actually get the refund. Many airlines are refusing to pay refunds at present.
More likely, there will be some penalty for cancelling, which could be part or all of the fare you've paid. Even with the price reduction, it's likely that you'll end up paying more overall.
If you're hoping to get a full refund (as cash or voucher) then you'll have to wait until the airline cancels the flight, in which case there will be no flight to rebook onto. | There are some risks associated with it.
It can take a significant time to issue a voucher depending on airline. So, you may need to wait much time to get the voucher and pay for the flight again with it. (My Scoot ticket voucher is currently 2+ months waiting to be issued.)
The voucher also may have some conditions applied, such as it can only be valid after a specific date.
There is a (not so rare) chance that the airline company goes bankrupt and the voucher you have is of no value. Since you completed the transaction by getting issued a voucher, you cannot contact your credit card company and file a dispute.
Clarify everything before cancelling, else, depending on how much closer is your travel, you can end up paying more. |
156,643 | I have booked a ticket for future travel but now see the price has come down considerably. Should I cancel because of coronavirus and rebook with voucher? | 2020/04/11 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/156643",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/110859/"
] | There are some risks associated with it.
It can take a significant time to issue a voucher depending on airline. So, you may need to wait much time to get the voucher and pay for the flight again with it. (My Scoot ticket voucher is currently 2+ months waiting to be issued.)
The voucher also may have some conditions applied, such as it can only be valid after a specific date.
There is a (not so rare) chance that the airline company goes bankrupt and the voucher you have is of no value. Since you completed the transaction by getting issued a voucher, you cannot contact your credit card company and file a dispute.
Clarify everything before cancelling, else, depending on how much closer is your travel, you can end up paying more. | It depends on the type of your ticket you purchased. No airline will cancel your booking because of the corona. I tried that. I didn't have a non-refundable ticket (or whatever it is called). However, I had a flexible ticket so I just changed the dates of the flight. |
156,643 | I have booked a ticket for future travel but now see the price has come down considerably. Should I cancel because of coronavirus and rebook with voucher? | 2020/04/11 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/156643",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/110859/"
] | You can't just 'cancel because of coronavirus'. If the airline is still listing the flight then you can only cancel on whatever terms you agreed to when you booked.
If your ticket is fully refundable then you can cancel and rebook, if you can actually get the refund. Many airlines are refusing to pay refunds at present.
More likely, there will be some penalty for cancelling, which could be part or all of the fare you've paid. Even with the price reduction, it's likely that you'll end up paying more overall.
If you're hoping to get a full refund (as cash or voucher) then you'll have to wait until the airline cancels the flight, in which case there will be no flight to rebook onto. | It depends on the type of your ticket you purchased. No airline will cancel your booking because of the corona. I tried that. I didn't have a non-refundable ticket (or whatever it is called). However, I had a flexible ticket so I just changed the dates of the flight. |
2,463 | Do we need the [amy-pond](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/amy-pond "show questions tagged 'amy-pond'") tag?
It feels superfluous. | 2012/12/05 | [
"https://scifi.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2463",
"https://scifi.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.meta.stackexchange.com/users/3804/"
] | I don't think this tag is particularly helpful.
As Gilles mentioned in his comment to this question, we've had similar situations come up with character-specific tags in the past, and the most popular answers to the [Star Wars](https://scifi.meta.stackexchange.com/a/846/1359) and [Harry Potter](https://scifi.meta.stackexchange.com/a/1566/1359) versions pretty clearly establish a precedent for character-specific tags being generally unpopular, and not being perceived as particularly useful in general.
I'd be more inclined to see a [doctor-who-companions](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/doctor-who-companions "show questions tagged 'doctor-who-companions'") tag than one tag for each particular companion (because if we have a [amy-pond](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/amy-pond "show questions tagged 'amy-pond'"), why not a [rose-tyler](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/rose-tyler "show questions tagged 'rose-tyler'"), [harry-sullivan](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/harry-sullivan "show questions tagged 'harry-sullivan'") of [brigadier-lethbridge-stewart](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/brigadier-lethbridge-stewart "show questions tagged 'brigadier-lethbridge-stewart'")?), but I just don't see it being necessary.
It seems unlikely that someone would subscribe or ignore an [amy-pond](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/amy-pond "show questions tagged 'amy-pond'") tag, or that questions specific to Pond couldn't be found using a combination of the existing tag and text searching. There are a fair amount of Amy Pond-related questions, but the ones specific to her aren't a huge proportion of the total Doctor Who questions, and with her exiting the show as a main character, that proportion seems almost certain to decrease over time.
Finally, I fear that such a tag will be used inconsistently. It may not occur to most people that they should specifically be adding such a tag, and there are already questions that would qualify that don't have the tag. This means that in order for the tag to have *any* value, a significant effort of cleanup for existing questions would need to take place, **and** users would have to pay attention to any future questions and ensure that the specific tag was added. I just don't see the payoff for this justifying it. | Since I appear to be the one to blame for the tag, I feel obliged to answer;
We have a ton of character specific tags for various franchises and I don't really see the harm in extra tags, even if they don't have hundreds of questions. In this case I think there are some more questions related to Amy Pond that are just not using this tag, so I'm not sure if the two questions currently tagged so are representative (regarding quantity).
Given current story developments I'm not sure how many new Rory/Amy questions we will get but we could retag older questions. |
172,855 | Where I work I often agree to take extra shifts when someone else can't make their shift upon my manager's request. I've been doing this often and don't feel like I'm getting [recognition](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/11816/why-is-it-important-to-gain-visibility-in-the-workplace). (I make the standard rate during these extra shifts.) Often times I am asked to cover a shift with less than 24 hours notice. The manager doesn't even say thank you.
Any way I can get more? I'm still on the probation period but after I will stop saying yes. In general I'm very bad with making my work stand out. For example a coworker is always talking about how successful his ideas are, even though they aren't really. | 2021/05/26 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/172855",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/125210/"
] | I think (lightheartedly) that posting on an internet question answer site to let others respond to your extra shifts is the perfect solution. This is free and easy and this answer and the comments prove that it works.
Now on to some hopefully better advice.
You stated that you are already receiving the recognition of additional pay from the company.
If you are after any public recognition, even if it is unrelated the workplace, you could spend the extra money that you make to donate to a charity. Likely the charity will thank you when you donate, depending on the amount and charity they may list your name in a list of donors or attach your name to a good or service provided. I know that many projects, and youtubers will list all the people who have donated to their project on their website or at the end of the video.
Alternatively you can use the extra money that you are receiving to purchase gifts for meaningful people in your life. Many people who are worthy to be considered a friend will say thank you for a well thought out and meaningful gift. Various people have said thank you in my life, and gifts I have received have meant a lot to me. Just remember that you purchased the gift with money from an extra shift.
If your coworkers know that you are covering their shift, over time they will likely think of you as a hard worker and reliable person. They may also recognize you by being happier to cover your shift later. Don't expect an hour for hour trade though or you will be disappointed.
Some of the recognition for hard work and extra hours takes a long time, Think years. If you are known to be a reliable employee who will always do extra for the company you are less likely to be brought up as someone on the list of possible people to let go of when bad times come. Good managers will notice this and try their best to keep you employed. This is not something to be overlooked as it can help save your job or ensure a good recommendation from the company when you are looking for your next job.
In my opinion reputation is more important than recognition. Take the steps to build a positive reputation to help yourself out in the long run.
Best of luck! | I hate to break it to you, but from a manager's point of view, there is no emotional component to shift assignments.
There is a limited amount of work available, and that is because there is a limited amount of pay available. The basic employment agreement is "I have something I need to be done and I'm willing to pay you to do it." No one person can do it all, and how much of it any person wants is between them and the overtime laws in your area.
All they are doing is trying to get the shift filled by people who have already agreed to do the work.
If you want additional "Recognition," you need to look in a different area. See if you have a path for promotion available by accepting additional responsibilities. |
172,855 | Where I work I often agree to take extra shifts when someone else can't make their shift upon my manager's request. I've been doing this often and don't feel like I'm getting [recognition](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/11816/why-is-it-important-to-gain-visibility-in-the-workplace). (I make the standard rate during these extra shifts.) Often times I am asked to cover a shift with less than 24 hours notice. The manager doesn't even say thank you.
Any way I can get more? I'm still on the probation period but after I will stop saying yes. In general I'm very bad with making my work stand out. For example a coworker is always talking about how successful his ideas are, even though they aren't really. | 2021/05/26 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/172855",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/125210/"
] | I think (lightheartedly) that posting on an internet question answer site to let others respond to your extra shifts is the perfect solution. This is free and easy and this answer and the comments prove that it works.
Now on to some hopefully better advice.
You stated that you are already receiving the recognition of additional pay from the company.
If you are after any public recognition, even if it is unrelated the workplace, you could spend the extra money that you make to donate to a charity. Likely the charity will thank you when you donate, depending on the amount and charity they may list your name in a list of donors or attach your name to a good or service provided. I know that many projects, and youtubers will list all the people who have donated to their project on their website or at the end of the video.
Alternatively you can use the extra money that you are receiving to purchase gifts for meaningful people in your life. Many people who are worthy to be considered a friend will say thank you for a well thought out and meaningful gift. Various people have said thank you in my life, and gifts I have received have meant a lot to me. Just remember that you purchased the gift with money from an extra shift.
If your coworkers know that you are covering their shift, over time they will likely think of you as a hard worker and reliable person. They may also recognize you by being happier to cover your shift later. Don't expect an hour for hour trade though or you will be disappointed.
Some of the recognition for hard work and extra hours takes a long time, Think years. If you are known to be a reliable employee who will always do extra for the company you are less likely to be brought up as someone on the list of possible people to let go of when bad times come. Good managers will notice this and try their best to keep you employed. This is not something to be overlooked as it can help save your job or ensure a good recommendation from the company when you are looking for your next job.
In my opinion reputation is more important than recognition. Take the steps to build a positive reputation to help yourself out in the long run.
Best of luck! | I think the general answer would be to have a one on one meeting with your manager to discuss what you each think is going well and what can be improved with your work. You could then mention teamwork being an area you see yourself doing well in part because of taking the extra shifts. (I don't know if regular one on one meetings are a thing where you work but it might be good to have some sort of talk to make sure your manager thinks you're doing well during this probation period.)
**However, I don't think in your specific case you should try to get recognition for the extra shifts.**
1. I suspect your manager doesn't care. You say that they are the one requesting you take these shifts and they're not even saying thanks. This strongly implies to me that they see someone taking an extra shift as a normal, unnoteworthy part of their job. If that's the case, they might think it odd that you want praise for doing something they think is expected.
2. By bringing attention to it, **you'll just make it more obvious when you stop**. It's in your best interest if they don't notice or don't care when it happens. They are not going to think positively of you saying, "Look how hard I'm working!", right before you stop working hard.
I'd recommend pointing to the quality of your work instead of the amount of time at the job. |
172,855 | Where I work I often agree to take extra shifts when someone else can't make their shift upon my manager's request. I've been doing this often and don't feel like I'm getting [recognition](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/11816/why-is-it-important-to-gain-visibility-in-the-workplace). (I make the standard rate during these extra shifts.) Often times I am asked to cover a shift with less than 24 hours notice. The manager doesn't even say thank you.
Any way I can get more? I'm still on the probation period but after I will stop saying yes. In general I'm very bad with making my work stand out. For example a coworker is always talking about how successful his ideas are, even though they aren't really. | 2021/05/26 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/172855",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/125210/"
] | I think (lightheartedly) that posting on an internet question answer site to let others respond to your extra shifts is the perfect solution. This is free and easy and this answer and the comments prove that it works.
Now on to some hopefully better advice.
You stated that you are already receiving the recognition of additional pay from the company.
If you are after any public recognition, even if it is unrelated the workplace, you could spend the extra money that you make to donate to a charity. Likely the charity will thank you when you donate, depending on the amount and charity they may list your name in a list of donors or attach your name to a good or service provided. I know that many projects, and youtubers will list all the people who have donated to their project on their website or at the end of the video.
Alternatively you can use the extra money that you are receiving to purchase gifts for meaningful people in your life. Many people who are worthy to be considered a friend will say thank you for a well thought out and meaningful gift. Various people have said thank you in my life, and gifts I have received have meant a lot to me. Just remember that you purchased the gift with money from an extra shift.
If your coworkers know that you are covering their shift, over time they will likely think of you as a hard worker and reliable person. They may also recognize you by being happier to cover your shift later. Don't expect an hour for hour trade though or you will be disappointed.
Some of the recognition for hard work and extra hours takes a long time, Think years. If you are known to be a reliable employee who will always do extra for the company you are less likely to be brought up as someone on the list of possible people to let go of when bad times come. Good managers will notice this and try their best to keep you employed. This is not something to be overlooked as it can help save your job or ensure a good recommendation from the company when you are looking for your next job.
In my opinion reputation is more important than recognition. Take the steps to build a positive reputation to help yourself out in the long run.
Best of luck! | Difference in expectations
--------------------------
This looks like classical example of difference in expectations in a (business) relation, between you and the company (represented by manager) .
What does company wants ? They need someone to fill in and do extra shift when someone else can't or won't. And that someone is often you. They do not expect from you to work for free, although they pay you only standard hourly rate, not some higher overtime rate. From their perspective you and them exchange work for money. Only this time they buy some more work from you at the same price. And that is all. Your reward is extra money.
What do you expect from them ? First of all, since you are on probation, you probably want to end that and become a regular employee. Employees on probation are usually more vulnerable to demands from management, therefore you do not dare to refuse requests for extra shifts, especially if manager in question has a say about your employment. In this case you are probably right not to confront him directly at least until your probation period passes. This is unfortunate and probably unfair, but it is what it is.
Second thing is recognition. Unless you are looking for plaque reading "Employee of the month", I'm afraid you are on a wrong path. **As a rule, companies do not promote people who do more grunt work** . If you are digging ditches, you won't become a manager just because you dig more ditches than rest of the workers. There are exceptions to this rule, and you didn't mention what industry you are working in, but in general terms this is usually true.
What can you do ? First of all, be honest to yourself and declare a goal. If you want to be a manager, okay. If you want pay rise, fine. If you want extra free time, that is OK too. And when you set up this goal, **try to emulate successful people around you**. What did Joe do to become a manager ? How did Jill get a pay rise ? Why does company keep Mike on pay roll even if he seemly does nothing ? All of this would help you to understand business world better and to learn to swim among sharks. |
172,855 | Where I work I often agree to take extra shifts when someone else can't make their shift upon my manager's request. I've been doing this often and don't feel like I'm getting [recognition](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/11816/why-is-it-important-to-gain-visibility-in-the-workplace). (I make the standard rate during these extra shifts.) Often times I am asked to cover a shift with less than 24 hours notice. The manager doesn't even say thank you.
Any way I can get more? I'm still on the probation period but after I will stop saying yes. In general I'm very bad with making my work stand out. For example a coworker is always talking about how successful his ideas are, even though they aren't really. | 2021/05/26 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/172855",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/125210/"
] | I think the general answer would be to have a one on one meeting with your manager to discuss what you each think is going well and what can be improved with your work. You could then mention teamwork being an area you see yourself doing well in part because of taking the extra shifts. (I don't know if regular one on one meetings are a thing where you work but it might be good to have some sort of talk to make sure your manager thinks you're doing well during this probation period.)
**However, I don't think in your specific case you should try to get recognition for the extra shifts.**
1. I suspect your manager doesn't care. You say that they are the one requesting you take these shifts and they're not even saying thanks. This strongly implies to me that they see someone taking an extra shift as a normal, unnoteworthy part of their job. If that's the case, they might think it odd that you want praise for doing something they think is expected.
2. By bringing attention to it, **you'll just make it more obvious when you stop**. It's in your best interest if they don't notice or don't care when it happens. They are not going to think positively of you saying, "Look how hard I'm working!", right before you stop working hard.
I'd recommend pointing to the quality of your work instead of the amount of time at the job. | I hate to break it to you, but from a manager's point of view, there is no emotional component to shift assignments.
There is a limited amount of work available, and that is because there is a limited amount of pay available. The basic employment agreement is "I have something I need to be done and I'm willing to pay you to do it." No one person can do it all, and how much of it any person wants is between them and the overtime laws in your area.
All they are doing is trying to get the shift filled by people who have already agreed to do the work.
If you want additional "Recognition," you need to look in a different area. See if you have a path for promotion available by accepting additional responsibilities. |
172,855 | Where I work I often agree to take extra shifts when someone else can't make their shift upon my manager's request. I've been doing this often and don't feel like I'm getting [recognition](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/11816/why-is-it-important-to-gain-visibility-in-the-workplace). (I make the standard rate during these extra shifts.) Often times I am asked to cover a shift with less than 24 hours notice. The manager doesn't even say thank you.
Any way I can get more? I'm still on the probation period but after I will stop saying yes. In general I'm very bad with making my work stand out. For example a coworker is always talking about how successful his ideas are, even though they aren't really. | 2021/05/26 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/172855",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/125210/"
] | Difference in expectations
--------------------------
This looks like classical example of difference in expectations in a (business) relation, between you and the company (represented by manager) .
What does company wants ? They need someone to fill in and do extra shift when someone else can't or won't. And that someone is often you. They do not expect from you to work for free, although they pay you only standard hourly rate, not some higher overtime rate. From their perspective you and them exchange work for money. Only this time they buy some more work from you at the same price. And that is all. Your reward is extra money.
What do you expect from them ? First of all, since you are on probation, you probably want to end that and become a regular employee. Employees on probation are usually more vulnerable to demands from management, therefore you do not dare to refuse requests for extra shifts, especially if manager in question has a say about your employment. In this case you are probably right not to confront him directly at least until your probation period passes. This is unfortunate and probably unfair, but it is what it is.
Second thing is recognition. Unless you are looking for plaque reading "Employee of the month", I'm afraid you are on a wrong path. **As a rule, companies do not promote people who do more grunt work** . If you are digging ditches, you won't become a manager just because you dig more ditches than rest of the workers. There are exceptions to this rule, and you didn't mention what industry you are working in, but in general terms this is usually true.
What can you do ? First of all, be honest to yourself and declare a goal. If you want to be a manager, okay. If you want pay rise, fine. If you want extra free time, that is OK too. And when you set up this goal, **try to emulate successful people around you**. What did Joe do to become a manager ? How did Jill get a pay rise ? Why does company keep Mike on pay roll even if he seemly does nothing ? All of this would help you to understand business world better and to learn to swim among sharks. | I hate to break it to you, but from a manager's point of view, there is no emotional component to shift assignments.
There is a limited amount of work available, and that is because there is a limited amount of pay available. The basic employment agreement is "I have something I need to be done and I'm willing to pay you to do it." No one person can do it all, and how much of it any person wants is between them and the overtime laws in your area.
All they are doing is trying to get the shift filled by people who have already agreed to do the work.
If you want additional "Recognition," you need to look in a different area. See if you have a path for promotion available by accepting additional responsibilities. |
172,855 | Where I work I often agree to take extra shifts when someone else can't make their shift upon my manager's request. I've been doing this often and don't feel like I'm getting [recognition](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/11816/why-is-it-important-to-gain-visibility-in-the-workplace). (I make the standard rate during these extra shifts.) Often times I am asked to cover a shift with less than 24 hours notice. The manager doesn't even say thank you.
Any way I can get more? I'm still on the probation period but after I will stop saying yes. In general I'm very bad with making my work stand out. For example a coworker is always talking about how successful his ideas are, even though they aren't really. | 2021/05/26 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/172855",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/125210/"
] | As a prelude to my answer, I'd like to point to [@HenryM's comment](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/172855/how-to-get-more-recognition-for-taking-extra-shifts#comment564672_172855), who I agree was onto something there:
>
> Why do you want more recognition? What is your goal beyond that - because I'm guessing you have some long term reason [...]? I think that would help myself and others give a better answer.... if so.
>
>
>
In line with that, allow me to offer how I read the situation:
---
I sense that your question **might involve a case of an "[XY problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XY_problem)"**.
As in: you are asking to solve the problem of recognition (the Y problem), while your real issue might be that you are seeking a form of security in your position, and in a broader sense, in your career (the X problem).
I quote the gist of my own comment in which I first offered an identification of what your original tension might be:
>
> OP wants recognition because they — rightly — feel that [in today's world (?)] **merely exchanging grunt work for money is a futile enterprise**. Due to "entropy", our bodies — and, in lack of exercise, our minds — deteriorate. [Also, as it seems to me, when we are not moving forward in one form or other, *even our general conditions* seem to deteriorate. (Some form of entropy, again?)]
>
>
> So OP's current situation is not a plan that one can hope to chug along flawlessly until eternity.
>
>
> **There must be a way out. A way ahead.** And OP feels it. We all, in such a situation, feel it, but sometimes it's just hard to put our fingers on it.
>
>
> [For OP, in their current position — according to their current grasp of the situation,] getting recognition seems to be the **most available vehicle**, or channel, to transfer into a context that promises more prospect.
>
>
>
Now, I take the courage to leave the issue of recognition behind (it had been discussed in several other answers already).
Instead, I would like to direct our attention towards addressing the problem of getting into a more secure place in one's career.
Again, quoting the gist of my corresponding initial comment:
>
> [...] to solve the above described tension: to "get recognition" [taking it further: **to get the feeling of firmer ground under our feet**, — according to my grasp of it today — ] is to:
>
>
> a) improve "our value in the job market" so that we get employed with better prospects — or even,
>
>
> b) improve "our potential to successfully participate in society", so we can hope to venture beyond employment, and start our own enterprise [, whatever that might be].
>
>
> This all seems to involve purposeful **learning**; whether as formal education or [in any other form].
>
>
>
The takeaway is: **learn something** (new); **invest in yourself; develop or polish existing skills.** Anything that you feel can open a door ahead of you, leading to the next stage of your life, hopefully one with more security and (even) more opportunities for further self-development.
(It seems to work that way in life: whenever you are moving, you encounter impulses (internal or external) that nudge you further in that direction — let it be an upwards movement or a downwards one.) (Meanwhile, standing still — even at best — does not seem to improve things.)
So start something. Find a way to get moving, then turn it upwards; then keep in the groove.
---
Now, to be faithful to reality, let's quickly acknowledge the situation with the pandemic, which involves a huge additional impetus for the already in the meantime accelerating processes of digitalization, automatization, and the emergence of solutions based on artificial intelligence.
These things will have lasting effects on our societies and on "job markets". Landscapes for "gainful employment", or for any gainful activity, really, might rearrange rapidly.
Finding which direction to invest in such times "might be not crystal clear", for some.
With all that said, I still believe, learning and getting better at anything — due to its overall positive impact on our personhood — remains to be a worthy endeavour. | I hate to break it to you, but from a manager's point of view, there is no emotional component to shift assignments.
There is a limited amount of work available, and that is because there is a limited amount of pay available. The basic employment agreement is "I have something I need to be done and I'm willing to pay you to do it." No one person can do it all, and how much of it any person wants is between them and the overtime laws in your area.
All they are doing is trying to get the shift filled by people who have already agreed to do the work.
If you want additional "Recognition," you need to look in a different area. See if you have a path for promotion available by accepting additional responsibilities. |
172,855 | Where I work I often agree to take extra shifts when someone else can't make their shift upon my manager's request. I've been doing this often and don't feel like I'm getting [recognition](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/11816/why-is-it-important-to-gain-visibility-in-the-workplace). (I make the standard rate during these extra shifts.) Often times I am asked to cover a shift with less than 24 hours notice. The manager doesn't even say thank you.
Any way I can get more? I'm still on the probation period but after I will stop saying yes. In general I'm very bad with making my work stand out. For example a coworker is always talking about how successful his ideas are, even though they aren't really. | 2021/05/26 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/172855",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/125210/"
] | As a prelude to my answer, I'd like to point to [@HenryM's comment](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/172855/how-to-get-more-recognition-for-taking-extra-shifts#comment564672_172855), who I agree was onto something there:
>
> Why do you want more recognition? What is your goal beyond that - because I'm guessing you have some long term reason [...]? I think that would help myself and others give a better answer.... if so.
>
>
>
In line with that, allow me to offer how I read the situation:
---
I sense that your question **might involve a case of an "[XY problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XY_problem)"**.
As in: you are asking to solve the problem of recognition (the Y problem), while your real issue might be that you are seeking a form of security in your position, and in a broader sense, in your career (the X problem).
I quote the gist of my own comment in which I first offered an identification of what your original tension might be:
>
> OP wants recognition because they — rightly — feel that [in today's world (?)] **merely exchanging grunt work for money is a futile enterprise**. Due to "entropy", our bodies — and, in lack of exercise, our minds — deteriorate. [Also, as it seems to me, when we are not moving forward in one form or other, *even our general conditions* seem to deteriorate. (Some form of entropy, again?)]
>
>
> So OP's current situation is not a plan that one can hope to chug along flawlessly until eternity.
>
>
> **There must be a way out. A way ahead.** And OP feels it. We all, in such a situation, feel it, but sometimes it's just hard to put our fingers on it.
>
>
> [For OP, in their current position — according to their current grasp of the situation,] getting recognition seems to be the **most available vehicle**, or channel, to transfer into a context that promises more prospect.
>
>
>
Now, I take the courage to leave the issue of recognition behind (it had been discussed in several other answers already).
Instead, I would like to direct our attention towards addressing the problem of getting into a more secure place in one's career.
Again, quoting the gist of my corresponding initial comment:
>
> [...] to solve the above described tension: to "get recognition" [taking it further: **to get the feeling of firmer ground under our feet**, — according to my grasp of it today — ] is to:
>
>
> a) improve "our value in the job market" so that we get employed with better prospects — or even,
>
>
> b) improve "our potential to successfully participate in society", so we can hope to venture beyond employment, and start our own enterprise [, whatever that might be].
>
>
> This all seems to involve purposeful **learning**; whether as formal education or [in any other form].
>
>
>
The takeaway is: **learn something** (new); **invest in yourself; develop or polish existing skills.** Anything that you feel can open a door ahead of you, leading to the next stage of your life, hopefully one with more security and (even) more opportunities for further self-development.
(It seems to work that way in life: whenever you are moving, you encounter impulses (internal or external) that nudge you further in that direction — let it be an upwards movement or a downwards one.) (Meanwhile, standing still — even at best — does not seem to improve things.)
So start something. Find a way to get moving, then turn it upwards; then keep in the groove.
---
Now, to be faithful to reality, let's quickly acknowledge the situation with the pandemic, which involves a huge additional impetus for the already in the meantime accelerating processes of digitalization, automatization, and the emergence of solutions based on artificial intelligence.
These things will have lasting effects on our societies and on "job markets". Landscapes for "gainful employment", or for any gainful activity, really, might rearrange rapidly.
Finding which direction to invest in such times "might be not crystal clear", for some.
With all that said, I still believe, learning and getting better at anything — due to its overall positive impact on our personhood — remains to be a worthy endeavour. | I think the general answer would be to have a one on one meeting with your manager to discuss what you each think is going well and what can be improved with your work. You could then mention teamwork being an area you see yourself doing well in part because of taking the extra shifts. (I don't know if regular one on one meetings are a thing where you work but it might be good to have some sort of talk to make sure your manager thinks you're doing well during this probation period.)
**However, I don't think in your specific case you should try to get recognition for the extra shifts.**
1. I suspect your manager doesn't care. You say that they are the one requesting you take these shifts and they're not even saying thanks. This strongly implies to me that they see someone taking an extra shift as a normal, unnoteworthy part of their job. If that's the case, they might think it odd that you want praise for doing something they think is expected.
2. By bringing attention to it, **you'll just make it more obvious when you stop**. It's in your best interest if they don't notice or don't care when it happens. They are not going to think positively of you saying, "Look how hard I'm working!", right before you stop working hard.
I'd recommend pointing to the quality of your work instead of the amount of time at the job. |
172,855 | Where I work I often agree to take extra shifts when someone else can't make their shift upon my manager's request. I've been doing this often and don't feel like I'm getting [recognition](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/11816/why-is-it-important-to-gain-visibility-in-the-workplace). (I make the standard rate during these extra shifts.) Often times I am asked to cover a shift with less than 24 hours notice. The manager doesn't even say thank you.
Any way I can get more? I'm still on the probation period but after I will stop saying yes. In general I'm very bad with making my work stand out. For example a coworker is always talking about how successful his ideas are, even though they aren't really. | 2021/05/26 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/172855",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/125210/"
] | As a prelude to my answer, I'd like to point to [@HenryM's comment](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/172855/how-to-get-more-recognition-for-taking-extra-shifts#comment564672_172855), who I agree was onto something there:
>
> Why do you want more recognition? What is your goal beyond that - because I'm guessing you have some long term reason [...]? I think that would help myself and others give a better answer.... if so.
>
>
>
In line with that, allow me to offer how I read the situation:
---
I sense that your question **might involve a case of an "[XY problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XY_problem)"**.
As in: you are asking to solve the problem of recognition (the Y problem), while your real issue might be that you are seeking a form of security in your position, and in a broader sense, in your career (the X problem).
I quote the gist of my own comment in which I first offered an identification of what your original tension might be:
>
> OP wants recognition because they — rightly — feel that [in today's world (?)] **merely exchanging grunt work for money is a futile enterprise**. Due to "entropy", our bodies — and, in lack of exercise, our minds — deteriorate. [Also, as it seems to me, when we are not moving forward in one form or other, *even our general conditions* seem to deteriorate. (Some form of entropy, again?)]
>
>
> So OP's current situation is not a plan that one can hope to chug along flawlessly until eternity.
>
>
> **There must be a way out. A way ahead.** And OP feels it. We all, in such a situation, feel it, but sometimes it's just hard to put our fingers on it.
>
>
> [For OP, in their current position — according to their current grasp of the situation,] getting recognition seems to be the **most available vehicle**, or channel, to transfer into a context that promises more prospect.
>
>
>
Now, I take the courage to leave the issue of recognition behind (it had been discussed in several other answers already).
Instead, I would like to direct our attention towards addressing the problem of getting into a more secure place in one's career.
Again, quoting the gist of my corresponding initial comment:
>
> [...] to solve the above described tension: to "get recognition" [taking it further: **to get the feeling of firmer ground under our feet**, — according to my grasp of it today — ] is to:
>
>
> a) improve "our value in the job market" so that we get employed with better prospects — or even,
>
>
> b) improve "our potential to successfully participate in society", so we can hope to venture beyond employment, and start our own enterprise [, whatever that might be].
>
>
> This all seems to involve purposeful **learning**; whether as formal education or [in any other form].
>
>
>
The takeaway is: **learn something** (new); **invest in yourself; develop or polish existing skills.** Anything that you feel can open a door ahead of you, leading to the next stage of your life, hopefully one with more security and (even) more opportunities for further self-development.
(It seems to work that way in life: whenever you are moving, you encounter impulses (internal or external) that nudge you further in that direction — let it be an upwards movement or a downwards one.) (Meanwhile, standing still — even at best — does not seem to improve things.)
So start something. Find a way to get moving, then turn it upwards; then keep in the groove.
---
Now, to be faithful to reality, let's quickly acknowledge the situation with the pandemic, which involves a huge additional impetus for the already in the meantime accelerating processes of digitalization, automatization, and the emergence of solutions based on artificial intelligence.
These things will have lasting effects on our societies and on "job markets". Landscapes for "gainful employment", or for any gainful activity, really, might rearrange rapidly.
Finding which direction to invest in such times "might be not crystal clear", for some.
With all that said, I still believe, learning and getting better at anything — due to its overall positive impact on our personhood — remains to be a worthy endeavour. | Difference in expectations
--------------------------
This looks like classical example of difference in expectations in a (business) relation, between you and the company (represented by manager) .
What does company wants ? They need someone to fill in and do extra shift when someone else can't or won't. And that someone is often you. They do not expect from you to work for free, although they pay you only standard hourly rate, not some higher overtime rate. From their perspective you and them exchange work for money. Only this time they buy some more work from you at the same price. And that is all. Your reward is extra money.
What do you expect from them ? First of all, since you are on probation, you probably want to end that and become a regular employee. Employees on probation are usually more vulnerable to demands from management, therefore you do not dare to refuse requests for extra shifts, especially if manager in question has a say about your employment. In this case you are probably right not to confront him directly at least until your probation period passes. This is unfortunate and probably unfair, but it is what it is.
Second thing is recognition. Unless you are looking for plaque reading "Employee of the month", I'm afraid you are on a wrong path. **As a rule, companies do not promote people who do more grunt work** . If you are digging ditches, you won't become a manager just because you dig more ditches than rest of the workers. There are exceptions to this rule, and you didn't mention what industry you are working in, but in general terms this is usually true.
What can you do ? First of all, be honest to yourself and declare a goal. If you want to be a manager, okay. If you want pay rise, fine. If you want extra free time, that is OK too. And when you set up this goal, **try to emulate successful people around you**. What did Joe do to become a manager ? How did Jill get a pay rise ? Why does company keep Mike on pay roll even if he seemly does nothing ? All of this would help you to understand business world better and to learn to swim among sharks. |
12,557,144 | I'm currently reviewing Xamarin as an option for developing a tablet app (right now aim for iOS and Android but in the future think of porting it to Win8 tablets)
Data to be stored is really sensitive so security is my main concern.
So far I'm thinking of two options:
a) SQLite + SQLCipher: Assuming that Win8 tablets will have SQLite support and that SQLCipher will also work on Win8.
b) Isolated Storage + DPAPI: Assuming that this DPAPI approach will work on Mono platforms and that it will still be available on Win8 tablets.
My concern here is that to securely store the key I guess I'll still need to have separated implementations for each platform (Data Protection on iOS and I'm still reviewing options for Android and Win8 tablets).
Is there any cross platform solution that will work to securely store the encryption key or another completely cross platform way to securely store data? If there is no completely cross platform solution then any recommended options to use on each platform? | 2012/09/23 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/12557144",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1221375/"
] | I have written a plugin for to address secure storage. It works cross platform and secures the data natively on each platform. It is open source.
Please check it out.
<https://www.nuget.org/packages/sameerIOTApps.Plugin.SecureStorage/>
Blog:
<https://sameer.blog/2018/01/19/whats-new-in-secure-storage-2-0/>
Let me know, should you have any questions. | We use SQLite + SQLCipher in our solution, it works really well on a cross-platform environment.
If I am not mistaken there is no problem with using SQLCipher because it uses AES. I would suggest you to check it anyway but I don't think it's a concern. SQLCipher itself doesn't make the data impossible to read, maybe you have a problem if you allow the option to use Passwords with SQLCipher, but still. The process to get a permission is really simple for AES and can be completed in a few days. |
8,867 | [Genesis 6:1-2](http://esv.to/Gen6) (ESV emphasis mine):
>
> When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, **the sons of God** saw that the daughters of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose.
>
>
>
Who are these "sons of God" (*bene elohim*) in Genesis 6:2? Are these some kind of divine being or angels that are intermarrying with human women? I've heard some people claim that they are the men in the godly line of Seth, while the daughters are from the line of Cain. What leads people to this interpretation? Are there other ideas? | 2014/04/12 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/8867",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/33/"
] | Are the 'sons of God' genetic progeny or an 'offshoot' of humanity?
-------------------------------------------------------------------
I support Samuel's argument against the 'sons of God' as angels - it is well founded, if not widely accepted.
But what does the word *bene* really mean?
A common error of understanding in the Old Testament has been in preferring the literal, physical translation of a word despite it being used elsewhere in a figurative sense.
When my daughter was first learning to talk, one of her first words was 'bah' - which we translated as 'bath'. It wasn't long before we noticed that she was pointing to puddles on the road and saying 'bah'. When we have no word to describe an experience, we use what we believe is the closest approximation in our vocabulary to our experience, in the hope that the listener or reader can understand this unnamed experience we mean to communicate. My daughter meant to communicate an experience of 'water', but she didn't have that word available.
So when someone says 'sons' of God, do they literally mean genetic progeny - someone *physically* born of God and *not* of man?
The Hebrew word 'bene' has been used for more than genetic progeny in various instances throughout the bible.
One interesting occurrence is from Job:
>
> For affliction does not come from the dust, nor does trouble sprout from the ground;
> but man is born to trouble as the **sparks** (*ū·ḇə·nê re·šep̄*) fly upward. (Job 5:7)
>
>
>
Here Eliphaz is talking about 'sparks', but the literal translation is 'the sons of flame'. The imagery is very poetic, but it is the *experience* that resonates with the reader, and is unfortunately lost when we translate it to 'sparks'. Job also uses the word *ben* to refer to 'sons of God'.
Other instances suggest that *bene* may not refer only to genetic progeny, described as "often plural with name of ancestor, people, land, or city, to denote descendants, inhabitants, membership in a nation or family, etc." (biblehub.com)
I will provide one more example in Isaiah's last words or 'prophecy' regarding his descendants:
>
> Joseph is a fruitful bough (*ben*), a fruitful bough (*ben*) by a spring; his branches run over the wall. (Genesis 49:22)
>
>
>
The fascinating thing about this verse is that Joseph is also his genetic progeny, but the word *ben* is not used in this way, but describes him as an 'offshoot' of the vine, a cutting that will be most beneficial in continuing the life or purpose of the original vine.
If we go back to Genesis 4:26, we see that the birth of Seth and his son Enosh begins an 'offshoot' of humanity that differs from Cain and Enoch in one specific way:
>
> To Seth also a son was born, and he called his name Enosh. At that time men began to call upon the name of the Lord. (Genesis 4:26)
>
>
>
The wording of this is interesting, because it doesn't necessarily distinguish these men *genetically* from Cain's descendants, nor does it state that Seth and his descendants *all* began to call upon the name of the Lord. Although it is easy enough to make that incorrect assumption. This section of Genesis concludes with a distinction between two kinds of men, regardless of whether we believe the distinction to be genetically determined: those who called on the name of the Lord, and those who didn't.
This distinction is described a little differently in the *toledoth* of Chapter 5, as Enoch is particularly noted to have 'walked with God' (Genesis 5:22). And then in Chapter 6 the same distinction is described as 'the sons of God' as opposed to 'the daughters of men'.
>
> When men began to multiply on the face of the ground, and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were fair; and they took to wife such of them as they chose. Then the Lord said, “My spirit shall not abide in man for ever, for he is flesh, but his days shall be a hundred and twenty years.” The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men, and they bore children to them. These were the mighty men that were of old, the men of renown. (Genesis 6: 1-4)
>
>
>
This distinction between male and female as well as between God and men can be considered figurative here - it's unlikely that marriages occurred *only* along these gender lines. The use of gender and their decision to 'take wives' based on sexual attractiveness (rather than connecting with each other on a spiritual level) highlights humanity's tendency to follow evolutionary instinct rather than the spirit of God within them.
The 'mighty men that were of old, the men of renown' refer to the descendants of these unions, the 'nephilim' - which literally means 'the fallen', but also has connotations of 'prisoner'. In some way they could be afforded some pity, as their fathers had once walked with God but chose to turn from Him and live by evolutionary instinct. It was, after all, their parents who chose genetic self-benefit and proliferation, raising their children with partners who did not call upon the name of the Lord.
These 'fallen' children became 'mighty', great men not in terms of physical size (giants), but in terms of individual *worldly* achievement: success, power and physical ability. They were not 'sons of God' because they did not 'call upon the name of the Lord', they did not 'walk with God', and the spirit of God did not 'abide' in them as it did their fathers. They also lived only 120 years - considered a normal span of life for a human body - as opposed to the 300+ years of those who walked with God, whose *spiritual* presence or capacity to impact on the world probably outlasted their physical life.
Again, the assumption may be that this 'spirit of God' was being 'bred out' at a genetic level - but this is not the case. The stories of the Old Testament continually demonstrate both that this 'spirit of God' cannot be passed down genetically, and that it only takes one's awareness and openness for the spirit to abide in them.
This also relates to Jesus as a 'son of God', as one in whom the spirit of God abides, whose example inspires all of us to be aware and open to this spirit abiding within us, to join this 'offshoot' of humanity (not just calling on the name of the Lord but crying 'Abba, father' as sons of God), and whose spiritual presence continues to impact on the world more than 2000 years beyond his physical life. | >
> The sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they
> took them wives of all which they chose.
>
>
>
This passage, like all of scripture, must be interpretted in the light of 2 Timothy 3:16,17
>
> All Scripture is given by inspiration of God and is profitable for
> doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness:
> that the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished (or equipped) unto
> all good works.
>
>
>
It would be absolutely no spiritual use to us today to learn that angels came down to earth and people had children by them. What would be the spiritual application of that? If you see an angel walking down your street then don't seek any carnal knowledge with them? It would be absurd. And the interpretation is consequently likewise absurd.
But if "the sons of God" simply means "believers" then the passage makes sense. It means that before the flood those who professed faith in the promised Saviour stopped choosing who to marry on the basis of whether their potential wife was godly and started simply choosing on the basis of their appearance/beauty and non-godly criteria.
Before the flood there had been a true church:
>
> At that time men began to call upon the name of the LORD, (Genesis 4:26).
>
>
>
That is, there were true believers.
So, Genesis 6:2 explains how a great falling away from God came about, how a great apostacy from God came about in the professing church, and why there was a great flood, and why there was only the family of Noah to be delivered at the time of the flood when previously there had been many believers and a professing church. It is warning us of the dangers of marrying an unbeliever.
And the application is fully declared in 2 Corinthians 6:14-18 starting
>
> Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship
> has righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion has light with
> darkness?
>
>
>
The children of an unequally yoked marriage, if it is chosen when a believer, will commonly be unbelievers, (Malachi 2:15). |
8,867 | [Genesis 6:1-2](http://esv.to/Gen6) (ESV emphasis mine):
>
> When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, **the sons of God** saw that the daughters of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose.
>
>
>
Who are these "sons of God" (*bene elohim*) in Genesis 6:2? Are these some kind of divine being or angels that are intermarrying with human women? I've heard some people claim that they are the men in the godly line of Seth, while the daughters are from the line of Cain. What leads people to this interpretation? Are there other ideas? | 2014/04/12 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/8867",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/33/"
] | **The sons of God and the daughters of men (Genesis 6:2). [1.]**
(*I.*) Three possible views.
John Walton:
>
> This issue is one of the thorniest in Old Testament interpretation.
> …The earliest view, held unanimously until the second century A.D. as
> far as we know, is that “the sons of God” were angelic beings. In this
> view there is a *material distinction* between “the sons of God” and
> “the daughters of men,” and the offense is the transgression of
> boundaries. …In the second and third centuries, both Jewish
> Interpreters and Christian interpreters began to diverge from this
> consensus, but in different directions. Jewish commentators took the
> path of identifying “the sons of God” as rulers. Christian
> commentators beginning with Julius Africanus promoted the view that
> “the sons of God” were men from the line of Seth while “the daughters
> of men” were women from the line of Cain. This view entered the
> mainstream in Augustine’s *City of God* and soon became *the*
> Christian interpretation. It remained so through the Reformation and
> into the nineteenth century. **[2.]**
>
>
>
Bruce K. Waltke:
>
> All three interpretations can be defended from the Hebrew grammar.
> **[3.]**
>
>
>
(*a.*) Angelic Beings.
(*i.*) The argument in favor.
Gordon J. Wenham:
>
> The “angel” interpretation is at once the oldest view and that of most
> modern commentators. It is assumed in the earliest Jewish exegesis
> (e.g., the books of 1 Enoch 6:2ff; Jubilees 5:1)... **[4.]**
>
>
>
Abraham Kuruvilla:
>
> …the LXX (Vaticanus contains ἄγγελοι τοῦ θεοῦ, *angeloi tou theou;*
> the Alexandrinus corrects υἱοὶ, *huioi,* to ἄγγελοι; the LXX also has
> ἄγγελοι θεοῦ for “sons of God” (בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים) in Job 1:6; 2:1;
> 38:7; and Dan 3:25. Philo (*Giants* 2.6), Josephus (*Ant.* 1.31;
> 1.73), 2 *En.* 18.3-8; 2 *Bar.* 56.11-14; and the DSS (1Qap Genar 2:1, 16; CD 2:17-19) also hold to this interpretation, as well as Justin
> (*Second Apology* 5), Irenaeus (*Haer.* 4.36), Clement of Alexandria
> (*The Instructor* 3.2), and Tertullian (*On the Veiling of Virgins*
> 7), among others. “Sons of god” in the OT may stand for heavenly
> beings (Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7; Ps 29:1; 82:6; 89:6-7; Dan 3:25; etc.)...
> **[5.]**
>
>
>
Gordon J. Wenham:
>
> Modern scholars who accept this view advance three main reasons for
> supporting it. First, elsewhere in the OT (e.g., Ps 29:1, Job 1:6)
> “sons of God” refers to heavenly, godlike creatures. Second, in 6:1-4
> the contrast is between “the sons of the gods” on the one hand and
> “the daughters of man” on the other. The alternative interpretations
> presuppose that what Gen 6 really meant was that “the sons of some
> men” married “the daughters of other men.” The present phrase “sons of
> God” is, to say the least, an obscure way of expressing such an idea.
> It is made the more implausible by 6:1 where “man” refers to all
> mankind. It is natural to assume that in v 2 “daughters of man” has an
> equally broad reference, not a specific section of the human race.
> Finally, it is pointed out that in Ugaritic literature “sons of God”
> refers to members of the divine pantheon, and it is likely that
> Genesis is using the phrase in a similar sense. **[6.]**
>
>
>
(*ii.*) The argument against.
Andrew E. Steinmann:
>
> However, this interpretation is not without problems. It introduces
> angels into Genesis with hardly any prior discussion of them apart
> from the cherubim who guarded the way to the tree of life (3:24).
> Moreover, in the New Testament Jesus clearly teaches that angels do
> not marry (Matt. 22:29-30; Mark 12:24-25; Luke 20:34-36). It could
> also be added that although the Scriptures at times speak of angels
> appearing as humans, they never depict them as having bodies that
> function like those of humans: they do not eat, drink or sleep. It is
> hard, therefore, to conceive of them mating as humans do. Moreover,
> Hendel has noted that ‘The sexual mixing of gods and mortals is
> unattested elsewhere in West Semitic lore’, thereby casting doubt upon
> the supposed mythological background behind this text. Finally, it
> ought to be observed that this intermarriage of the sons of God and
> daughters of mankind contributes to God’s judgment on humanity (vv. 3,
> 5-7). Since these marriages were initiated by the sons of God, it
> seems incongruous that God would judge humankind on the basis of what
> angels did. **[7.]**
>
>
>
(*b.*) The godly line of Seth and the ungodly line of Cain.
(*i.*) The argument in favor.
Abraham Kuruvilla:
>
> Historically, this is the interpretation that has been followed by
> Julius Africanus (*Chronicles* 2), Chrysostom (*Hom. Gen.* 22.2),
> Augustine (*City of God* 15.23), Luther (*Lectures on Genesis Chapter*
> 6-14), and Calvin (*Comm. Gen.* 1.237-238). **[8.]**
>
>
>
Kenneth A. Mathews:
>
> We already have shown how chaps. 4 and 5 contrast the two lines of
> descent from Adam—the Cainites and Sethites. Genesis 6:1-8 relates how
> the two lines intermarry, resulting in a community of unprecedented
> wickedness. The flood account, we have shown, is actually embedded
> within the Sethite genealogy, which is not completed until the notice
> of Noah’s death (9:29). This provides the appropriate interpretive key
> for understanding 6:1-8. During this period of amazing Sethite
> expansion (chap. 5), the Sethite family marries outside its godly
> heritage, which results in moral decline.
>
>
> *ʾĔlōhīm* can be rendered as a genitive of quality, meaning “godly sons,” referring to the heritage of the Sethites. …*bĕnê hāʾĕlōhīm*
> has analogues pointing to human referents. [fn. 108: Since
> בְנֵי־אֱלֹהִים cannot refer to physical descent, i.e., the angels are
> not physically generated, then we must take “sons of God” as
> metaphorical regardless of referent. It follows, then, that the
> expression can be applied to more than angels, i.e., any who “bear the
> image of God” (see Keil, *Pentateuch,* 128-29).] Also important is the
> weight of the Pentateuch’s testimony, which identifies the Israelites
> as the children of God (e.g., Deut 14:1; 32:5-6; cf. Exod 4:2; Pss
> 73:15; 80:15); this resonates well with taking the “sons of God” in
> 6:2 as an allusion to godly (covenant) offspring (cf. also Isa 43:6;
> Hos 1:10; 11:1; John 1:12-13). **[9.]**
>
>
>
(*ii.*) The argument against.
Derek Kidner:
>
> …while the Old Testament can declare God’s people to be his sons, [fn.
> 20: Deut. 14:1; Isa 1:2; Hos 1:10 (MT 2:1).] the normal meaning of the
> actual term ‘sons of God’ is ‘angels’, [fn. 21: Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7;
> Dan. 3:25.] and nothing has prepared the reader to assume that ‘men’
> now means Cainites only. Possible New Testament support for ‘angels’
> may be seen in 1 Peter 3:19, 20; also in 2 Peter 2:4-6, where the
> fallen angels, the flood, and the doom of Sodom form a series that
> could be based on Genesis, and in Jude 6, where the angels’ offence is
> that they left their proper habitation. The craving of demons for a
> body, evident in the Gospels, offers at least some parallel to this
> hunger for sexual experience. **[10.]**
>
>
>
Michael S. Heiser:
>
> …this view forces two divergent meanings on the Hebrew word *ʾadam* in
> Genesis 6:1–2: the term would have to mean “mankind” in Genesis 6:1,
> but a specific group of humans—the Cainites—in Genesis 6:2. **[11.]**
>
>
>
(*c.*) Kings or rulers.
(*i.*) The argument in favor.
Kaiser, Davids, Bruce & Brauch:
>
> (1) The ancient Aramaic Targums render “sons of God” as “sons of
> nobles” (Targums of Onkelos), and the Greek translation of Symmachus
> reads “the sons of the kings or lords.” (2) The word *gods* (Hebrew
> *elōhı̂m* is used in Scripture for men who served as magistrates or judges (“Then his master must take him before the judges
> [*elōhı̂m*],” Exodus 21:6; see also Exodus 22:8; Psalm 82:1, 6). (3)
> Structurally, the account of the Cainite Lamech (Genesis 4:19-24) and
> that of the “sons of God” in Genesis 6:1-4 are very much alike. In
> each there is the taking of wives, the bearing of children and the
> dynastic exploits. The former passage ends with a boast of judgment by
> Lamech, and the other ends with God’s decree of judgment. Lamech
> practiced bigamy (Genesis 4:19), and he enforced his policies by using
> tyranny. The portraits are parallel and depict states of tyranny,
> corruption and polygamy. (4) Near Eastern discoveries have validated
> the pagan use of all sorts of ‘gods’ and ‘goddesses’ names in order to
> give more clout and prestige to the governments of Egypt and
> Mesopotamia—hence the title “sons of God.”
>
>
> The fifth and final line of evidence concerns the
> *nep̄ilı̂m/gibbôrı̄m* of Genesis 6:4. The word *nep̄ilı̂m* occurs only here and in Numbers 13:33, where it refers to the Anakim, who
> were people of great stature. The root meaning of the word *nep̄ilı̂m*
> is “to fall.” However in Genesis 6:4 the *nep̄ilı̂m* are associated
> with the term *gibbôrı̄m.* The word *gibbôrı̄m* comes from *gibbôr*
> meaning “a mighty man of valor, strength, wealth or power.” Nimrod, in
> Genesis 10:8, was such a *gibbôr.* He also was clearly a king in the
> land of Shinar. Hence the meaning of *nep̄ilı̂m/gibbôrı̄m* is not
> “giants,” but something more like “princes,” “aristocrats” or “great
> men.” **[12.]**
>
>
>
(*ii.*) The argument against.
Michael S. Heiser:
>
> First, the text of Genesis 6 never says the marriages were polygamous.
> That idea must be read into the passage. Second, ancient parallels
> restrict divine sonship language to kings. Consequently, the idea of a
> *group* of sons of God lacks a coherent ancient Near Eastern parallel. The precise plural phrase. refers to divine beings elsewhere in the
> Old Testament, not kings (Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7; Pss 29:1; 82:6 [cf.
> 82:1b]; 89:6 [Hebrew: 89:7]). **[13.]**
>
>
>
(*II.*) Conclusion.
Victor P. Hamilton:
>
> Suffice it to say, it is impossible to be dogmatic about the
> identification of “sons of God” here. The best one can do is to
> consider the options. While it may not be comforting to the reader,
> perhaps it is best to say that the evidence is ambiguous and therefore
> defies clear-cut identifications and solutions. **[14.]**
>
>
>
**Notes:**
**[1.]** Gordon J. Wenham: "“The sons of the gods” or “the sons of God.” בני־האלהים could be translated either way. Job 1:6; 2:1 lend support to the latter, while Pss 29:1; 89:7 make the former possible." {Gordon J. Wenham, *World Biblical Commentary: Volume 1: Genesis 1-15,* (Waco: Word Books, 1987), p. 139.}
**[2.]** John H. Walton, *The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis,* (Zondervan Academic, 2011), on Gen. 6:1-4, §. Identity of the Sons of God.
**[3.]** Bruce K. Waltke, *Genesis: A Commentary,* (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001), on Gen. 6:2.
**[4.]** Gordon J. Wenham, *World Biblical Commentary: Volume 1: Genesis 1-15,* (Waco: Word Books, 1987), p. 139.
**[5.]** Abraham Kuruvilla, *Genesis: A Theological Commentary for Preachers,* (Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2014), n. 45, p. 103. Note that Kuruvilla does not advocate this solution. Cf. Abraham Kuruvilla: "However, there has been no mention of any angels in Scripture up to this point; moreover, angels do not marry (Matt 22:29-30/ Mark 12:24–25/Luke 20:34-36). Also, the phrase “they took wives for themselves” is a fairly standard expression for normal marriage in the OT (Gen 11:29; Jdg 3:6; 2 Sam 5:13; 1 Chr 14:3; 23:22; etc.); no bizarre super-human conjugal relationship is implied by in the phrase." {*Ibid.*}
**[6.]** Gordon J. Wenham, *World Biblical Commentary: Volume 1: Genesis 1-15,* (Waco: Word Books, 1987), p. 139. John Phillips: "The expression “sons of God” (“sons of Elohim”)...occurs three times in the book of Job (1:6; 2:1)...in that context the sons of God are angelic beings. It occurs again in Job 38:7… Again the sons of God are evidently suprahuman beings. The other reference is in Daniel…(in that case it was God the Son in one of His preincarnate appearances), again a supernatural being. …the title “sons of God” in the Old Testament, then, is confined to angelic beings and to Christ. In the Septuagint version of the Scriptures the expression “sons of God” is invariably translated “the angels of God.” The term “sons of Elohim” seems to be confined to those who are directly created by God’s volition rather than to beings born of their own order. It is that characteristic that, as much as anything, distinguishes between the angels and men. In the Old Testament a kindred expression is used, “sons of Jehovah,” and that would have been an ideal expression to use in Genesis 6, had it been the intention in that passage simply to differentiate between Cain’s descendants and Seth’s. In fact, it would have been a particularly appropriate expression because Genesis 4:26 records that, since the days of Enos, men had begun to call upon “the name of Jehovah.” Instead of using the expression “sons of Jehovah,” however, the text uses an expression elsewhere reserved in the Old Testament as descriptive of supernatural beings." {John Phillips, *The John Phillips Commentary Series: Exploring Genesis: An Expository Commentary,* (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2001), n. 4, p. 79.}
**[7.]** Andrew E. Steinmann, *Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries: Genesis,* (InterVarsity Press, 2019), p. 83. Franz Delitzsch: "But could angels have had carnal intercourse with human women? According to *Bereshith rabba,* c. 26, R. Simeon b. Jochai pronounced an anathema upon all who should understand בני האלהים of angels (though the Sohar makes him affirm it himself); Augustine (*civ. Dei,* xv. 23) advises rather to relinquish the apocryphal fable; Jerome reserves his judgment; Cyril of Alexandria reckons this opinion among the ἀτοπώτατα; Theodoret calls its advocates ἐμβρόντητοι καὶ ἄγαν ἠλίθιοι (*Quæst. in Gen.* § 47); Philastrius numbers it among the heresies; the ancient Protestant interpreters regard it as a Jewish Platonizing fancy." {Franz Delitzsch, *A New Commentary on Genesis: Vol. I,* Clark’s Foreign Theological Library: Vol. XXXVI, trans. Sophia Taylor, (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1888), p. 223.}
**[8.]** Abraham Kuruvilla, *Genesis: A Theological Commentary for Preachers,* (Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2014), p. 104.
**[9.]** Kenneth A. Mathews, *The New American Commentary: Genesis 1-11:26: Vol. 1A,* (Nashville: B&H, 1996), pp. 329-330. Cf. John Murray, *Principles of Conduct: Aspects of Biblical Ethics,* (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1991), pp. 244-247. Abraham Kuruvilla: "This interpretation might raise the problem of reading “men” differently in 6:1 and 6:2—in the first case generically of mankind, and in the second as referring to those of Cain’s lineage, which in itself, is not a problem, for they too are part of generic mankind. In Jdg 20:3, the sons of Benjamin are contrasted with the sons of Israel, but the former are part of Israel; in Jer 32:20, the Israelites are contrasted with the rest of humankind, but, of course, the former are humans, too; and, likewise, in Ps 73:5, the wicked are contrasted with the remainder of mankind. Thus the “sons of God” are human followers of God, distinct from the rest of mankind who are non-God followers. [fn. 44: However, one could see both occurrences of “men” in 6:1-2 as equally having the generic sense, with the Sethite “sons of God” simply failing to show covenantal discrimination in their choice of spouses (as in Gen 24:3-4; 26:34, 35; 27:46; 28:1-3, 6-8; 34). Rather, they made their selection based on their own whims and fancies—“whomever they chose” (6:2). Or it could also be argued that “men,” both in 6:1 and 6:2, is similarly restrictive, indicating, in both cases, Cainites: they multiplied, and had daughters who married the “sons of God.” There is no necessity to see “sons of God” as being non-human; they are labeled differently simply to distinguish them from the other, presumably ungodly, folks. The attribute “of God” (in בְנֵי־הָאֱלֹהִים, *bne-ha’elohim*) is thus, essentially, a genitive of quality (= “godly sons”). These individuals are godly/covenant offspring (as in Exod 4:22, 23; Deut 14:1; 32:5, 6, 18, 19; Ps 73:15; 82:6; Isa 1:2; 11:1; 43:6; 45:11; Jer 3:14, 19; 31:9, 20; Hosea 1:10; 11:1; Mal 1:6; John 1:12-13). The striking contrast between the pietistic elements in Seth’s family on the one hand (the result of Seth’s birth and his taking the place of Abel, 4:25-26; the pointed mention of Seth’s “image” and “likeness,” 5:3; his descendants: Enoch, 5:23-24; Lamech, 5:28-31; Noah, 6:8; and even the placement of Gen 6 after the introduction of the Sethites and Noah in Gen 5), and the humanistic characters in Cain’s line, on the other hand, leads one to see godliness as the key distinction between the “sons of God” and “daughters of men” in 6:1." {Abraham Kuruvilla, *Genesis: A Theological Commentary for Preachers,* (Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2014), pp. 103-104.}
**[10.]** Derek Kidner, *Kidner Classic Commentaries: Genesis,* (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2008), pp. 89-90.
**[11.]** *Faithlife Study Bible,* gen. ed. John D. Barry, (Lexham Press, 2012), Michael S. Heiser, “Genesis 6 and the Sons of God.” Victor P. Hamilton: "In response we observe that while sons of God is indeed an enigmatic phrase, and appears here for the first time in the OT, notes about godliness abound in the context (4:26; 5:24, 29). Furthermore, the OT does not lack instances of a shift from a generic to a specific use of a word in one context. [fn. 10: Examples provided by C. F. Keil and F. Delitzsch, *Commentary on the Old Testament,* 10 vols., vol. 1: *The Pentateuch,* tr. J. Martin, 3 vols. repr. in 1 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973), 1:130-31.] Thus, *ādām* as “mankind” in v. 1 and as “Cainites” in v. 2 is not impossible." {Victor P. Hamilton, *New International Commentary on the Old Testament: The Book of Genesis, Chapters 1-17,* (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1990), p. 264.} Victor P. Hamilton: "It is possible, however, to reverse this identification and see the daughters of men as Sethites and the sons of God as Cainites (really “Eveites”). For example, the birth of daughters occurs only among the Sethites of ch. 5. Again, the taking of wives for oneself (6:2) is paralleled by the Cainite Lamech (4:19). Could it be that here we have a replay of Gen. 3? As Eve the initiator led Adam astray, so the sons of God led astray the daughters of men." {*Ibid.,* p. 265.}
**[12.]** Walter C. Kaiser, Jr., Peter H. Davids, F. F. Bruce, Manfred T. Brauch, *Hard Sayings of the Bible,* (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1996), p. 108. Cf. Meredith G. Kline, *Kingdom Prologue: Genesis Foundations for a Covenantal Worldview,* (Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2006), pp. 185-189. Bruce K. Waltke: "This interpretation best explains “any of them they chose” (6:2). For example, Pharaoh took to bed whom he would (12:10–20), and so did David (2 Sam. 11). It also fits the immediate context of the Flood, the theme of Genesis, and connects the reference to the Nephilim and heroes in 6:4 to 6:1–3. However, the meaning “divine rulers” is somewhat questionable, whereas “angels” is well established. …The best solution is to combine the “angelic” interpretation with the “divine king” view. The tyrants were demon possessed. Gispen avers: “The text presents us with men who are controlled by fallen angels.” [fn. 26: W. H. Gispen, *Genesis I: Kommentaar op het Oude Testament* (Kampen: J. H. Kok), 221, cited favorably by VanGemeren, “The Sons,” 348.] Their perverted psyches allowed this entrance of the demonic. Eichrodt asserts, “God’s power operates … within the evil which has been begun by the perversion of the creature’s will.” [fn. 27: Eichrodt, *Theology,* 2:179.]" {Bruce K. Waltke, *Genesis: A Commentary,* (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001), on Gen. 6:2.} Cf. Meredith G. Kline: "Indeed, this is how the demonic dimension should be incorporated into the interpretation of the passage if one concludes that 1 Peter 3:19,20 and Jude 6 refer to the involvement of demons in the episode recorded in Genesis 6. That is, demons should not, then, be substituted for the human kings in the reconstruction of the event but rather the demonic element should be kept in subordination to the fundamental reality of the earth rulers' revolt against heaven. It could be accounted for in terms of the phenomenon of demon-possession in the experience of “the sons of the gods,” or of some such extraordinary working of demons through them (cf. 2 Thess 2:9). In that case, Satan will have intruded himself into the history of the world that then was both at its outset and at its culmination through acts of preternatural entry into other creatures." {Meredith G. Kline, *Kingdom Prologue: Genesis Foundations for a Covenantal Worldview,* (Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2006), p. 187.}
**[13.]** Michael S. Heiser, *The Unseen Realm: Recovering the Supernatural Worldview of the Bible,* (Lexham Press, 2015), Chapter 12: Divine Transgression, §. Divinized Human Rulers. *Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible:* "**6:2** *sons of God.* Royal titles of the ancient Near East regularly suggested the divine descent of kings, even outside Egypt’s context of deified kings. This idea of divine descent was a rhetorical expression of the divine election and legitimization of the king and is typical in royal inscriptions. Throughout the Biblical period it was part of the royal prerogative to claim divine heritage. Thus the title “son of God” can be identified as a royal motif both in the Bible and outside of it. Gilgamesh is portrayed as two-thirds god and one-third man (Gilgamesh Epic, 1.48) and “flesh of the gods” (Gilgamesh Epic, 9.49). Nevertheless, though it is common for kings to be portrayed as having divine parentage, there is no precedent for ancient kings as a group being referred to as “sons of god.” …*married any of them they chose.* There are no examples from Akkadian or Northwest Semitic mythological texts of divine beings marrying or cohabiting with human women, so it would be difficult to make the claim that this account is a vestige of ancient mythology as some do. There are examples of kings claiming mixed ancestry of gods and humans…but that is a different concept. If the “sons of God” are viewed as kings, the question remains as to what offense they are committing here. Polygamy has always been a weak candidate since the OT does not condemn it. Promiscuity is likewise an unlikely explanation since the Hebrew text describes the situation using the standard idiom for marriage (“taking wives”). An alternate understanding may be found in a practice noted in the Gilgamesh Epic as the prime example of Gilgamesh’s tyranny, namely, his exercising the right of the first night with a new bride: “He will couple with the wife-to-be, he first of all, the bridegroom after” (Gilgamesh Epic, Old Babylonian version, v.159-60). This practice accommodates the marriage terminology, and in Gilgamesh it is clearly both oppressive and offensive behavior. The remaining problem is that this practice is infrequently attested in ancient literature." {*NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible,* gen. eds. John Walton, Craig Keener, (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2016), n. on Gen. 6:2, p. 17.}
**[14.]** Victor P. Hamilton, *New International Commentary on the Old Testament: The Book of Genesis, Chapters 1-17,* (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1990), p. 265. Howard Vos: "Many interpreters come out dogmatically in favor of one of the above views, but in light of all the evidence it seems impossible to do so." {Howard F. Vos, *Everyman’s Bible Commentary: Genesis,* (Chicago: Moody Press, 1999), p. 44.}
Καὶ αὐτός ἐστιν πρὸ πάντων καὶ τὰ πάντα ἐν αὐτῷ συνέστηκεν.
~ *Soli Deo Gloria* | I am not a theological expert so forgive my lack of scholarly exposition. However according to Job 1:6 and Job 2:1 in the KJV & NKJV we see the Angels being called sons of God. Couple that with the book of Jude 6 - 7 that says Angels that did not keep their principality..... but descended to the earth... to commit fornication as in Sodom and Gommorrah. Some have rightly argued that Angels cannot marry and engage corporeal intercourse which is reserved for fleshly beings. This is a worthy point of note, however could it be that these Angels occuppied human flesh and commited fornication? It is possible that some were capable of tranforming themselves and even possesing humans as evil spirits to commit a forbidden act. Finally, I beg to ask if these Sons of God were simply descendants of Seth, what is so special about that the Bible takes time to talk about them and why would Seths line be the oly one producing men who are over 13 feet tall? What Biblical evidence do we have ( except in the Pseudepigraphia such as Cave of Treasures & the Life of Adma and Eve) that the descendants of Seth or the Sons of any acients nobles had some genetic abnormality that would produce giants? |
8,867 | [Genesis 6:1-2](http://esv.to/Gen6) (ESV emphasis mine):
>
> When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, **the sons of God** saw that the daughters of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose.
>
>
>
Who are these "sons of God" (*bene elohim*) in Genesis 6:2? Are these some kind of divine being or angels that are intermarrying with human women? I've heard some people claim that they are the men in the godly line of Seth, while the daughters are from the line of Cain. What leads people to this interpretation? Are there other ideas? | 2014/04/12 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/8867",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/33/"
] | There are three common views on the identity of the 'sons of God' marrying the 'daughters of men' in Genesis 6.1-4:
1. Descendants of Seth married descendants of Cain
2. Nobles married commoners
3. Angels married human women
---
1. Descendants of Seth married descendants of Cain
==================================================
This view was popularized by Augustine (*City of God*, chapter 23), and the argument amounts to the following: the 'sons of God' designates people who are faithful to God (e.g. Romans 8.14), and hence are being contrasted to people not-faithful to God.
The account in Genesis 6.1-4, then, is telling us that there was a mingling of righteous men with unrighteous women, leading directly to the wickedness that prompted God to flood the world. Because Cain's descendants in Genesis 4 are inferred to be more wicked (based on the progression of Genesis 4.8-24), while Seth's descendants are inferred to be more righteous (based almost entirely on Genesis 4.25-26), it is common for adherents of this view to further identify the righteous 'sons of God' with Seth's offspring and the 'daughters of men' with Cain's.
A common criticism of this view is that Genesis 6.1-4 mentions neither Seth nor Cain, so identifying the 'sons of God' and the 'daughters of men' as their descendants, respectively, is accused of presupposing too much about the author's intentions.
---
2. Nobles married commoners
===========================
Another view, originating in 2nd century AD rabbinic thought, is that 'sons of God' designates members of nobility. We know from a variety of texts from the Ancient Near East that rulers were regularly perceived as the 'sons of God'. For biblical examples, see 2 Samuel 7.14 or Psalm 2, where God identifies the king of Israel as his 'son'.
In this case, the 'sons of God' — the rulers of the ancient world — are forcefully taking women from the common folk, which is also attested in ancient Near Eastern culture. The biblical book of *Esther* depicts such an occasion.
While the 'sons of God' label could indeed refer to nobility, both of views 1 and 2 suffer from the particular designation of the women as being 'daughters *of men*'. This epithet, which is contrasted to the 'of God', seems completely unnecessary if both the 'sons' and 'daughters' are humans.
---
3. Angels married human women
=============================
The third view is that a group of angels (the 'sons of God') descended upon the earth and married human women (the 'daughters of men'). I would argue this is the most accurate interpretation of the text (see my 'personal thought' below), and it seems to have been the earliest view as evident in both Jewish and Christian texts:
### 1 Enoch's Book of Watchers (3rd century BC)
>
> And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto them beautiful and comely daughters. And the angels, the children of the heaven, saw and lusted after them, and said to one another: 'Come, let us choose us wives from among the children of men and beget us children.' ... And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon. (R.H. Charles translation)
>
>
>
### Jubilees 4.15-5.7 (2nd century BC)
>
> in [Jared's] days the angels of the Lord descended on the earth, those who are named the Watchers, that they should instruct the children of men ... And it came to pass when the children of men began to multiply on the face of the earth and daughters were born unto them, that the angels of God saw them on a certain year of this jubilee, that they were beautiful to look upon; and they took themselves wives of all whom they chose, and they bare unto them sons and they were giants. (R.H. Charles translation)
>
>
>
### LXX Genesis 6.2-5 (2nd-1st century BC)
Some copies of the Septuagint chose to translate the Hebrew 'sons of God' into the Greek 'angels of God'.
### Philo, On the Giants (1st century AD)
>
> "And when the angels of God saw the daughters of men that they were beautiful, they took unto themselves wives of all of them whom they Chose." Those beings, whom other philosophers call demons, Moses usually calls angels; and they are souls hovering in the air.
>
>
>
### Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 1.3.1 (1st century AD)
>
> For many angels of God accompanied with women, and begat sons that proved unjust, and despisers of all that was good, on account of the confidence they had in their own strength; for the tradition is, that these men did what resembled the acts of those whom the Grecians call giants. (William Whiston translation)
>
>
>
### Jude 6-7 (1st century AD)
>
> And the angels who did not stay within their own position of authority, but left their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains under gloomy darkness until the judgment of the great day: just as Sodom and Gomorrah and the surrounding cities, which likewise indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire, serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire. (ESV translation)
>
>
>
The epistle of Jude draws extensively upon 1 Enoch; with that textual transmission in mind, it is clear Jude is referring to the episode in Genesis 6.1-4. Jude 6-7 is further repeated in 2 Peter 2.4.
By the second century AD, the Jewish authorities were moving away from the 'angels' interpretation because of the growing view that angels could not, by nature, defy God's will. See, for example, Justin Martyr's *Dialogue With Trypho*, chapter 79. In this text, Justin (allegedly) debated a Jewish man named Trypho, who said:
>
> The utterances of God are holy, but your expositions are mere contrivances, as is plain from what has been explained by you; nay, even blasphemies, for you assert that angels sinned and revolted from God. (Philip Schaff translation)
>
>
>
Meanwhile, Christian authorities favored it until about the fourth or fifth century, with Augustine being the main contributor to a shift in popular opinion.
---
---
Personal thought
================
As an aside, my personal thought is that Genesis 6.1-4 was written as an etiology for the tribes of 'giants' found in the narrative between the exodus and the rise of David: the Rephaim, the Emim, and the Anakim, all groups remembered for their extreme size (e.g. Numbers 13.33; Deuteronomy 1.28; 2.10,21; 9.2).
The last group, the offspring of Anak, are explicitly said to come from the *nephilim* (Numbers 13.33). A few 'giants' in particular survived in Israel's social memory: Og of Bashan (Deuteronomy 3.11), Goliath of Gath (1 Samuel 17.4), and a group of six Philistines from Gath (2 Samuel 21.18-22).
By the exilic period, memory of 'giants' who fought against Israel's ancestors was retained in the social consciousness. With this, as the scribes were compiling the larger narrative of Genesis—2 Kings, they wrote a story explaining the immense size and violence of those ancient enemies: Og, Goliath, *et al*, were offspring of the Rephaim, the Emim, and the Anakim, who were all descendants of the *nephilim*, the 'mighty men of ancient times, men of fame', who owed their great stature to angelic fathers. | Peace.
The “sons of God” are those who are led by the Spirit of God and are not living according to the spirit of the world that natural men are living after…. living after the earthly wisdom: envy, strife, hatred of one another, wrath, etc.
>
> Romans 8:12-14 KJV (12) *Therefore, brethren, we are debtors, not to
> the flesh, to live after the flesh.*
>
>
>
We that have His Spirit within us are to mortify….deaden…kill….the deeds of the body so that we may live the eternal life of Jesus in this earth. He gives us the power to slay the deeds of the body out of our lives through His Spirit….using the sword of the Spirit.
>
> (13) *For if ye live after the flesh, ye shall die: **but if ye through
> the Spirit do mortify the deeds of the body, ye shall live**.*
>
>
>
As many that are led by the Spirit of God…..they are the sons of God.
>
> (14) ***For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons
> of God.***
>
>
>
He gives us the power (through the Spirit) **to BECOME the sons of God** as we must use His Spirit to deaden the deeds of the body so that we might live the eternal life of Jesus in this earth. Again, He gives us the power through His Spirit to BECOME the sons of God.
>
> John 1:12-13 KJV (12) *But as many as received him, **to them gave he
> power to become the sons of God,** even to them that believe on his
> name: (13) Which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the
> flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God.*
>
>
>
Even though we may His Spirit within but continue to live after the flesh, we shall die….for His Spirit shall not always strive with man who continues to live after the flesh (“for that he also is flesh”). We are debtors, not to the flesh, to live after the flesh
>
> Genesis 6: 3) *And the LORD said, **My spirit shall not always strive
> with man, for that he also is flesh:** yet his days shall be an hundred
> and twenty years.*
>
>
>
If we continue to live after the flesh, then His Spirit strives within man…as the Spirit and the flesh are contrary to one another. The flesh lusts against the Spirit and the Spirit against the flesh. The Spirit of God strives with those who continue to live after the flesh. The Spirit cannot then "rest" within those who continue to live after the flesh.
>
> Galatians 5:16-17 KJV (16) T*his I say then, Walk in the Spirit, and
> ye shall not fulfil the lust of the flesh. (17) **For the flesh lusteth
> against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh: and these are
> contrary the one to the other:** so that ye cannot do the things that ye
> would.*
>
>
>
We grieve the Spirit of God that is within us if we continue to live after the flesh….living in bitterness, wrath, anger, evil speaking, etc.
>
> Ephesians 4:30-32 KJV (30) ***And grieve not the holy Spirit of God,
> whereby ye are sealed unto the day of redemption.*** (31) Let all
> bitterness, and wrath, and anger, and clamour, and evil speaking, be
> put away from you, with all malice: (32) And be ye kind one to
> another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for
> Christ's sake hath forgiven you.
>
>
>
Sure enough, The LORD was grieved as His heart in that time because He saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. They grieved the Spirit of God...as men continue to do even today that continue to live after the flesh.
>
> Genesis 6:5-8 KJV (5) *And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was
> great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his
> heart was only evil continually. (6) **And it repented the LORD that he
> had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart**.*
>
>
>
And so the world that was then was destroyed by water....and today is destroyed by the fire of His wrath revealed from heaven as ungodly men are destroyed (death) from the face of this earth as we speak. This is a NOW thing as the current heaven and earth are stored with fire for the destruction of ungodly men.
>
> (7) *And the LORD said, **I will destroy man whom I have created from
> the face of the earth;** both man, and beast, and the creeping thing,
> and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them.*
>
>
>
But “Noah”….meaning “rest”….found grace in the eyes of the LORD. Noah was led by the Spirit and the Spirit did not have to contend with the flesh within Noah for Noah gave His Spirit “rest”. There is no striving with the Spirit of God with those who are led by His Spirit.
>
> (8) **But Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD.**
>
>
>
The world that was then, being overflowed with water, perished.
>
> 2 Peter 3:3-7 KJV (3) *Knowing this first, that there shall come in
> the last days scoffers, walking after their own lusts, (4) And
> saying, Where is the promise of his coming? for since the fathers fell
> asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of the
> creation. (5) **For this they willingly are ignorant of, that by the
> word of God the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of the
> water and in the water: (6) Whereby the world that then was, being
> overflowed with water, perished**:*
>
>
>
But TODAY, the heavens and the earth which are NOW, by the same word (saying) are stored with fire against the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men.
This is a NOW thing as the world and its lusts are perishing under the sun of God’s wrath as we speak. No flesh is being saved as ungodly men perish under the wrath of God that arises upon all men who continue to live after the flesh.
>
> (7) **But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word
> are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and
> perdition of ungodly men.**
>
>
>
The wrath of God (who is a consuming fire) IS REVEALED NOW from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who hold the down the truth in unrighteousness. Men who are living after the flesh are dying under His wrath as we speak.
They continue to perish from off the "face of the earth" by the same saying (word) of God just as they did in the flood. The same saying: my Spirit shall not always strive with man for he is also flesh...also living after the flesh.
>
> Romans 1:18-19 KJV (18) ***For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven
> against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth
> in unrighteousness;*** (19) Because that which may be known of God is
> manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them.
>
>
>
But the Lord is longsuffering towards us not willing that any should perish from the face of the earth under His wrath but that all should come to repentance. His patience with us is our salvation.
>
> 2 Peter 3:9 KJV (9) *The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as
> some men count slackness; **but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing
> that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance**.*
>
>
>
The downfall of the sons of God came when they saw the fair “daughters” of men and took them as wives.
The “daughters” of men are the wisdom/words/teachings of earthly men... of fleshly men that were incorporated into their (the sons of God) teachings.
The sons of God had received the spirit of the world. They married the wisdom of men into their own teachings which caused them to live after the flesh as they fought with one another over them. The word for “daughter”…. “bath”…comes from the root word “banah” meaning “to build”.
>
> Genesis 6:1-8 KJV (1) *And it came to pass, when men began to multiply
> on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, (2) **That
> the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they
> took them wives of all which they chose**.*
>
>
>
Wisdom has built HER house….
>
> Proverbs 9:1 KJV (1) **Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out
> her seven pillars:**
>
>
>
Through wisdom is a house built….
>
> Proverbs 24:3 KJV (3) ***Through wisdom is an house builded;*** and by
> understanding it is established:
>
>
>
Rachel and Leah were “builders” of the house of Israel….
>
> Ruth 4:11 KJV (11) *And all the people that were in the gate, and the
> elders, said, We are witnesses. The LORD make the woman that is come
> into thine house **like Rachel and like Leah, which two did build the
> house of Israel:** and do thou worthily in Ephratah, and be famous in
> Bethlehem:*
>
>
>
The LORD God took one of the ribs of Adam and BUILT ("made" = banah = to build) a woman with the rib. God built the builder.
>
> Genesis 2:21-22 KJV (21) *And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall
> upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up
> the flesh instead thereof; (22) And the rib, which the LORD God had
> taken from man, **made he a woman,** and brought her unto the man.*
>
>
>
The sons of God received the enticing words of man’s words of earthly wisdom (their “daughters”…their builders...the words of earthly men in their earthly wisdom). They build faulty structures so-to-speak.
>
> 1 Corinthians 2:4-16 KJV (4) *And my speech and my preaching was not
> **with enticing words of man's wisdom,** but in demonstration of the
> Spirit and of power:*
>
>
>
Their faith became established in the words of the wisdom of men (their “daughters”).
>
> (5) **That your faith should not stand in the wisdom of men,** but in the
> power of God.
>
>
>
They received the “daughters” of men of any that they chose….the wisdom of this world.
The “princes of this world”: There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.
They come to nothing.
>
> (6) *Howbeit we speak wisdom among them that are perfect: y**et not the
> wisdom of this world, nor of the princes of this world,** that come to
> nought: (7) But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the
> hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory:*
>
>
>
The giants in the earth…..the princes of this world….do not know the hidden wisdom of God as they are built upon the wisdom of earthly men in their churches.
If they did, they would not crucify the Lord of glory out of the lives of many by their enticing words. They prevent the eternal life of Jesus from ever appearing in the mortal flesh of those that they deceive. They perish without His life ever appearing.
>
> (8) ***Which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known
> it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.*** (9) But as it is
> written, Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into
> the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that
> love him. (10) But God hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit: for
> the Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God. (11)
> **For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which
> is in him?** even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of
> God.
>
>
>
The “sons of God” received the spirit of the world….they took “wives” from earthly men…which led them astray from being led by the Spirit.
>
> (12) *N**ow we have received, not the spirit of the world,** but the
> spirit which is of God; that we might know the things that are freely
> given to us of God. (13) Which things also we speak, **not in the words
> which man's wisdom teacheth,** but which the Holy Ghost teacheth;
> comparing spiritual things with spiritual. (14) **But the natural man
> receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God:** for they are
> foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are
> spiritually discerned. (15) But he that is spiritual judgeth all
> things, yet he himself is judged of no man. (16) For who hath known
> the mind of the Lord, that he may instruct him? But we have the mind
> of Christ*.
>
>
> |
8,867 | [Genesis 6:1-2](http://esv.to/Gen6) (ESV emphasis mine):
>
> When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, **the sons of God** saw that the daughters of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose.
>
>
>
Who are these "sons of God" (*bene elohim*) in Genesis 6:2? Are these some kind of divine being or angels that are intermarrying with human women? I've heard some people claim that they are the men in the godly line of Seth, while the daughters are from the line of Cain. What leads people to this interpretation? Are there other ideas? | 2014/04/12 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/8867",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/33/"
] | **WHO ARE THE SONS OF THE TRUE GOD MENTIONED IN GENESIS 6:2?**
Biblical facts say that angels on occasions materialized and took human form, they also ate and drunk with men,Genesis 19:1-3 (NASB) says:
The Doom of Sodom
>
> 1" Now the two angels came to Sodom in the evening as Lot was sitting
> in the gate of Sodom. When Lot saw them, he rose to meet them and
> [a]bowed down with his face to the ground."
>
>
> 2 "And he said, “Now behold, my lords, please turn aside into your
> servant’s house, and spend the night, and wash your feet; then you may
> rise early and go on your way.” They said however, “No, but we shall
> spend the night in the square.”
>
>
> 3 "Yet he urged them strongly, so they turned aside to him and entered
> his house; and he prepared a feast for them, and baked unleavened
> bread, and they ate." Read also Genesis 18:1-8 (NASB)
>
>
>
<https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2018%3A1-8&version=NASB>
Jacob wrestled with a materialized angel, Genesis 32:22-28 (NASB)
**In view of the Biblical facts it is logical to assume that such materialized angels with human bodies could have sexual relations with women.**
**Biblical facts indicate the angels did just that** , Jude 6-7 compares the angels that left their proper abode, with the men of Sodom and Gomorrah that indulged in gross sexual immorality and went after strange flesh.
Jude 6-7 (NASB)
>
> 6 " And angels who did not keep their own domain, but abandoned their
> proper abode, He has kept in eternal bonds under darkness for the
> judgment of the great day."
>
>
> 7 "just as Sodom and Gomorrah and the cities around them, since they
> in the same way as these indulged in gross immorality and went after
> [a]strange flesh, are exhibited as an [b]example in undergoing the
> punishment of eternal fire."
>
>
>
**Peter makes a similar comparison of the disobeient angels in Noah's days to the men of Sodom and Gomorrah.**
2 Peter 2:4-6(NASB)
>
> 4" For if God did not spare angels when they sinned, but cast them
> into hell (Tartarus) and committed them to pits of darkness, reserved
> for judgment;"
>
>
> 5 "and did not spare the ancient world, but preserved Noah, a
> [a]preacher of righteousness, with seven others, when He brought a
> flood upon the world of the ungodly;"
>
>
> 6 "And if He condemned the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to destruction
> by reducing them to ashes, having made them an example to those who
> would live ungodly lives thereafter."
>
>
>
**Conclusion: It therefore reasonable to conclude that"the sons of God” mentioned in Genesis 6:2 are angels who materialized into human form ,and had sexual immorality with women.** | I am not a theological expert so forgive my lack of scholarly exposition. However according to Job 1:6 and Job 2:1 in the KJV & NKJV we see the Angels being called sons of God. Couple that with the book of Jude 6 - 7 that says Angels that did not keep their principality..... but descended to the earth... to commit fornication as in Sodom and Gommorrah. Some have rightly argued that Angels cannot marry and engage corporeal intercourse which is reserved for fleshly beings. This is a worthy point of note, however could it be that these Angels occuppied human flesh and commited fornication? It is possible that some were capable of tranforming themselves and even possesing humans as evil spirits to commit a forbidden act. Finally, I beg to ask if these Sons of God were simply descendants of Seth, what is so special about that the Bible takes time to talk about them and why would Seths line be the oly one producing men who are over 13 feet tall? What Biblical evidence do we have ( except in the Pseudepigraphia such as Cave of Treasures & the Life of Adma and Eve) that the descendants of Seth or the Sons of any acients nobles had some genetic abnormality that would produce giants? |
8,867 | [Genesis 6:1-2](http://esv.to/Gen6) (ESV emphasis mine):
>
> When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, **the sons of God** saw that the daughters of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose.
>
>
>
Who are these "sons of God" (*bene elohim*) in Genesis 6:2? Are these some kind of divine being or angels that are intermarrying with human women? I've heard some people claim that they are the men in the godly line of Seth, while the daughters are from the line of Cain. What leads people to this interpretation? Are there other ideas? | 2014/04/12 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/8867",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/33/"
] | Are the 'sons of God' genetic progeny or an 'offshoot' of humanity?
-------------------------------------------------------------------
I support Samuel's argument against the 'sons of God' as angels - it is well founded, if not widely accepted.
But what does the word *bene* really mean?
A common error of understanding in the Old Testament has been in preferring the literal, physical translation of a word despite it being used elsewhere in a figurative sense.
When my daughter was first learning to talk, one of her first words was 'bah' - which we translated as 'bath'. It wasn't long before we noticed that she was pointing to puddles on the road and saying 'bah'. When we have no word to describe an experience, we use what we believe is the closest approximation in our vocabulary to our experience, in the hope that the listener or reader can understand this unnamed experience we mean to communicate. My daughter meant to communicate an experience of 'water', but she didn't have that word available.
So when someone says 'sons' of God, do they literally mean genetic progeny - someone *physically* born of God and *not* of man?
The Hebrew word 'bene' has been used for more than genetic progeny in various instances throughout the bible.
One interesting occurrence is from Job:
>
> For affliction does not come from the dust, nor does trouble sprout from the ground;
> but man is born to trouble as the **sparks** (*ū·ḇə·nê re·šep̄*) fly upward. (Job 5:7)
>
>
>
Here Eliphaz is talking about 'sparks', but the literal translation is 'the sons of flame'. The imagery is very poetic, but it is the *experience* that resonates with the reader, and is unfortunately lost when we translate it to 'sparks'. Job also uses the word *ben* to refer to 'sons of God'.
Other instances suggest that *bene* may not refer only to genetic progeny, described as "often plural with name of ancestor, people, land, or city, to denote descendants, inhabitants, membership in a nation or family, etc." (biblehub.com)
I will provide one more example in Isaiah's last words or 'prophecy' regarding his descendants:
>
> Joseph is a fruitful bough (*ben*), a fruitful bough (*ben*) by a spring; his branches run over the wall. (Genesis 49:22)
>
>
>
The fascinating thing about this verse is that Joseph is also his genetic progeny, but the word *ben* is not used in this way, but describes him as an 'offshoot' of the vine, a cutting that will be most beneficial in continuing the life or purpose of the original vine.
If we go back to Genesis 4:26, we see that the birth of Seth and his son Enosh begins an 'offshoot' of humanity that differs from Cain and Enoch in one specific way:
>
> To Seth also a son was born, and he called his name Enosh. At that time men began to call upon the name of the Lord. (Genesis 4:26)
>
>
>
The wording of this is interesting, because it doesn't necessarily distinguish these men *genetically* from Cain's descendants, nor does it state that Seth and his descendants *all* began to call upon the name of the Lord. Although it is easy enough to make that incorrect assumption. This section of Genesis concludes with a distinction between two kinds of men, regardless of whether we believe the distinction to be genetically determined: those who called on the name of the Lord, and those who didn't.
This distinction is described a little differently in the *toledoth* of Chapter 5, as Enoch is particularly noted to have 'walked with God' (Genesis 5:22). And then in Chapter 6 the same distinction is described as 'the sons of God' as opposed to 'the daughters of men'.
>
> When men began to multiply on the face of the ground, and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were fair; and they took to wife such of them as they chose. Then the Lord said, “My spirit shall not abide in man for ever, for he is flesh, but his days shall be a hundred and twenty years.” The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men, and they bore children to them. These were the mighty men that were of old, the men of renown. (Genesis 6: 1-4)
>
>
>
This distinction between male and female as well as between God and men can be considered figurative here - it's unlikely that marriages occurred *only* along these gender lines. The use of gender and their decision to 'take wives' based on sexual attractiveness (rather than connecting with each other on a spiritual level) highlights humanity's tendency to follow evolutionary instinct rather than the spirit of God within them.
The 'mighty men that were of old, the men of renown' refer to the descendants of these unions, the 'nephilim' - which literally means 'the fallen', but also has connotations of 'prisoner'. In some way they could be afforded some pity, as their fathers had once walked with God but chose to turn from Him and live by evolutionary instinct. It was, after all, their parents who chose genetic self-benefit and proliferation, raising their children with partners who did not call upon the name of the Lord.
These 'fallen' children became 'mighty', great men not in terms of physical size (giants), but in terms of individual *worldly* achievement: success, power and physical ability. They were not 'sons of God' because they did not 'call upon the name of the Lord', they did not 'walk with God', and the spirit of God did not 'abide' in them as it did their fathers. They also lived only 120 years - considered a normal span of life for a human body - as opposed to the 300+ years of those who walked with God, whose *spiritual* presence or capacity to impact on the world probably outlasted their physical life.
Again, the assumption may be that this 'spirit of God' was being 'bred out' at a genetic level - but this is not the case. The stories of the Old Testament continually demonstrate both that this 'spirit of God' cannot be passed down genetically, and that it only takes one's awareness and openness for the spirit to abide in them.
This also relates to Jesus as a 'son of God', as one in whom the spirit of God abides, whose example inspires all of us to be aware and open to this spirit abiding within us, to join this 'offshoot' of humanity (not just calling on the name of the Lord but crying 'Abba, father' as sons of God), and whose spiritual presence continues to impact on the world more than 2000 years beyond his physical life. | **WHO ARE THE SONS OF THE TRUE GOD MENTIONED IN GENESIS 6:2?**
Biblical facts say that angels on occasions materialized and took human form, they also ate and drunk with men,Genesis 19:1-3 (NASB) says:
The Doom of Sodom
>
> 1" Now the two angels came to Sodom in the evening as Lot was sitting
> in the gate of Sodom. When Lot saw them, he rose to meet them and
> [a]bowed down with his face to the ground."
>
>
> 2 "And he said, “Now behold, my lords, please turn aside into your
> servant’s house, and spend the night, and wash your feet; then you may
> rise early and go on your way.” They said however, “No, but we shall
> spend the night in the square.”
>
>
> 3 "Yet he urged them strongly, so they turned aside to him and entered
> his house; and he prepared a feast for them, and baked unleavened
> bread, and they ate." Read also Genesis 18:1-8 (NASB)
>
>
>
<https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2018%3A1-8&version=NASB>
Jacob wrestled with a materialized angel, Genesis 32:22-28 (NASB)
**In view of the Biblical facts it is logical to assume that such materialized angels with human bodies could have sexual relations with women.**
**Biblical facts indicate the angels did just that** , Jude 6-7 compares the angels that left their proper abode, with the men of Sodom and Gomorrah that indulged in gross sexual immorality and went after strange flesh.
Jude 6-7 (NASB)
>
> 6 " And angels who did not keep their own domain, but abandoned their
> proper abode, He has kept in eternal bonds under darkness for the
> judgment of the great day."
>
>
> 7 "just as Sodom and Gomorrah and the cities around them, since they
> in the same way as these indulged in gross immorality and went after
> [a]strange flesh, are exhibited as an [b]example in undergoing the
> punishment of eternal fire."
>
>
>
**Peter makes a similar comparison of the disobeient angels in Noah's days to the men of Sodom and Gomorrah.**
2 Peter 2:4-6(NASB)
>
> 4" For if God did not spare angels when they sinned, but cast them
> into hell (Tartarus) and committed them to pits of darkness, reserved
> for judgment;"
>
>
> 5 "and did not spare the ancient world, but preserved Noah, a
> [a]preacher of righteousness, with seven others, when He brought a
> flood upon the world of the ungodly;"
>
>
> 6 "And if He condemned the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to destruction
> by reducing them to ashes, having made them an example to those who
> would live ungodly lives thereafter."
>
>
>
**Conclusion: It therefore reasonable to conclude that"the sons of God” mentioned in Genesis 6:2 are angels who materialized into human form ,and had sexual immorality with women.** |
8,867 | [Genesis 6:1-2](http://esv.to/Gen6) (ESV emphasis mine):
>
> When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, **the sons of God** saw that the daughters of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose.
>
>
>
Who are these "sons of God" (*bene elohim*) in Genesis 6:2? Are these some kind of divine being or angels that are intermarrying with human women? I've heard some people claim that they are the men in the godly line of Seth, while the daughters are from the line of Cain. What leads people to this interpretation? Are there other ideas? | 2014/04/12 | [
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] | Are the 'sons of God' genetic progeny or an 'offshoot' of humanity?
-------------------------------------------------------------------
I support Samuel's argument against the 'sons of God' as angels - it is well founded, if not widely accepted.
But what does the word *bene* really mean?
A common error of understanding in the Old Testament has been in preferring the literal, physical translation of a word despite it being used elsewhere in a figurative sense.
When my daughter was first learning to talk, one of her first words was 'bah' - which we translated as 'bath'. It wasn't long before we noticed that she was pointing to puddles on the road and saying 'bah'. When we have no word to describe an experience, we use what we believe is the closest approximation in our vocabulary to our experience, in the hope that the listener or reader can understand this unnamed experience we mean to communicate. My daughter meant to communicate an experience of 'water', but she didn't have that word available.
So when someone says 'sons' of God, do they literally mean genetic progeny - someone *physically* born of God and *not* of man?
The Hebrew word 'bene' has been used for more than genetic progeny in various instances throughout the bible.
One interesting occurrence is from Job:
>
> For affliction does not come from the dust, nor does trouble sprout from the ground;
> but man is born to trouble as the **sparks** (*ū·ḇə·nê re·šep̄*) fly upward. (Job 5:7)
>
>
>
Here Eliphaz is talking about 'sparks', but the literal translation is 'the sons of flame'. The imagery is very poetic, but it is the *experience* that resonates with the reader, and is unfortunately lost when we translate it to 'sparks'. Job also uses the word *ben* to refer to 'sons of God'.
Other instances suggest that *bene* may not refer only to genetic progeny, described as "often plural with name of ancestor, people, land, or city, to denote descendants, inhabitants, membership in a nation or family, etc." (biblehub.com)
I will provide one more example in Isaiah's last words or 'prophecy' regarding his descendants:
>
> Joseph is a fruitful bough (*ben*), a fruitful bough (*ben*) by a spring; his branches run over the wall. (Genesis 49:22)
>
>
>
The fascinating thing about this verse is that Joseph is also his genetic progeny, but the word *ben* is not used in this way, but describes him as an 'offshoot' of the vine, a cutting that will be most beneficial in continuing the life or purpose of the original vine.
If we go back to Genesis 4:26, we see that the birth of Seth and his son Enosh begins an 'offshoot' of humanity that differs from Cain and Enoch in one specific way:
>
> To Seth also a son was born, and he called his name Enosh. At that time men began to call upon the name of the Lord. (Genesis 4:26)
>
>
>
The wording of this is interesting, because it doesn't necessarily distinguish these men *genetically* from Cain's descendants, nor does it state that Seth and his descendants *all* began to call upon the name of the Lord. Although it is easy enough to make that incorrect assumption. This section of Genesis concludes with a distinction between two kinds of men, regardless of whether we believe the distinction to be genetically determined: those who called on the name of the Lord, and those who didn't.
This distinction is described a little differently in the *toledoth* of Chapter 5, as Enoch is particularly noted to have 'walked with God' (Genesis 5:22). And then in Chapter 6 the same distinction is described as 'the sons of God' as opposed to 'the daughters of men'.
>
> When men began to multiply on the face of the ground, and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were fair; and they took to wife such of them as they chose. Then the Lord said, “My spirit shall not abide in man for ever, for he is flesh, but his days shall be a hundred and twenty years.” The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men, and they bore children to them. These were the mighty men that were of old, the men of renown. (Genesis 6: 1-4)
>
>
>
This distinction between male and female as well as between God and men can be considered figurative here - it's unlikely that marriages occurred *only* along these gender lines. The use of gender and their decision to 'take wives' based on sexual attractiveness (rather than connecting with each other on a spiritual level) highlights humanity's tendency to follow evolutionary instinct rather than the spirit of God within them.
The 'mighty men that were of old, the men of renown' refer to the descendants of these unions, the 'nephilim' - which literally means 'the fallen', but also has connotations of 'prisoner'. In some way they could be afforded some pity, as their fathers had once walked with God but chose to turn from Him and live by evolutionary instinct. It was, after all, their parents who chose genetic self-benefit and proliferation, raising their children with partners who did not call upon the name of the Lord.
These 'fallen' children became 'mighty', great men not in terms of physical size (giants), but in terms of individual *worldly* achievement: success, power and physical ability. They were not 'sons of God' because they did not 'call upon the name of the Lord', they did not 'walk with God', and the spirit of God did not 'abide' in them as it did their fathers. They also lived only 120 years - considered a normal span of life for a human body - as opposed to the 300+ years of those who walked with God, whose *spiritual* presence or capacity to impact on the world probably outlasted their physical life.
Again, the assumption may be that this 'spirit of God' was being 'bred out' at a genetic level - but this is not the case. The stories of the Old Testament continually demonstrate both that this 'spirit of God' cannot be passed down genetically, and that it only takes one's awareness and openness for the spirit to abide in them.
This also relates to Jesus as a 'son of God', as one in whom the spirit of God abides, whose example inspires all of us to be aware and open to this spirit abiding within us, to join this 'offshoot' of humanity (not just calling on the name of the Lord but crying 'Abba, father' as sons of God), and whose spiritual presence continues to impact on the world more than 2000 years beyond his physical life. | I am not a theological expert so forgive my lack of scholarly exposition. However according to Job 1:6 and Job 2:1 in the KJV & NKJV we see the Angels being called sons of God. Couple that with the book of Jude 6 - 7 that says Angels that did not keep their principality..... but descended to the earth... to commit fornication as in Sodom and Gommorrah. Some have rightly argued that Angels cannot marry and engage corporeal intercourse which is reserved for fleshly beings. This is a worthy point of note, however could it be that these Angels occuppied human flesh and commited fornication? It is possible that some were capable of tranforming themselves and even possesing humans as evil spirits to commit a forbidden act. Finally, I beg to ask if these Sons of God were simply descendants of Seth, what is so special about that the Bible takes time to talk about them and why would Seths line be the oly one producing men who are over 13 feet tall? What Biblical evidence do we have ( except in the Pseudepigraphia such as Cave of Treasures & the Life of Adma and Eve) that the descendants of Seth or the Sons of any acients nobles had some genetic abnormality that would produce giants? |
8,867 | [Genesis 6:1-2](http://esv.to/Gen6) (ESV emphasis mine):
>
> When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, **the sons of God** saw that the daughters of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose.
>
>
>
Who are these "sons of God" (*bene elohim*) in Genesis 6:2? Are these some kind of divine being or angels that are intermarrying with human women? I've heard some people claim that they are the men in the godly line of Seth, while the daughters are from the line of Cain. What leads people to this interpretation? Are there other ideas? | 2014/04/12 | [
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] | There are three common views on the identity of the 'sons of God' marrying the 'daughters of men' in Genesis 6.1-4:
1. Descendants of Seth married descendants of Cain
2. Nobles married commoners
3. Angels married human women
---
1. Descendants of Seth married descendants of Cain
==================================================
This view was popularized by Augustine (*City of God*, chapter 23), and the argument amounts to the following: the 'sons of God' designates people who are faithful to God (e.g. Romans 8.14), and hence are being contrasted to people not-faithful to God.
The account in Genesis 6.1-4, then, is telling us that there was a mingling of righteous men with unrighteous women, leading directly to the wickedness that prompted God to flood the world. Because Cain's descendants in Genesis 4 are inferred to be more wicked (based on the progression of Genesis 4.8-24), while Seth's descendants are inferred to be more righteous (based almost entirely on Genesis 4.25-26), it is common for adherents of this view to further identify the righteous 'sons of God' with Seth's offspring and the 'daughters of men' with Cain's.
A common criticism of this view is that Genesis 6.1-4 mentions neither Seth nor Cain, so identifying the 'sons of God' and the 'daughters of men' as their descendants, respectively, is accused of presupposing too much about the author's intentions.
---
2. Nobles married commoners
===========================
Another view, originating in 2nd century AD rabbinic thought, is that 'sons of God' designates members of nobility. We know from a variety of texts from the Ancient Near East that rulers were regularly perceived as the 'sons of God'. For biblical examples, see 2 Samuel 7.14 or Psalm 2, where God identifies the king of Israel as his 'son'.
In this case, the 'sons of God' — the rulers of the ancient world — are forcefully taking women from the common folk, which is also attested in ancient Near Eastern culture. The biblical book of *Esther* depicts such an occasion.
While the 'sons of God' label could indeed refer to nobility, both of views 1 and 2 suffer from the particular designation of the women as being 'daughters *of men*'. This epithet, which is contrasted to the 'of God', seems completely unnecessary if both the 'sons' and 'daughters' are humans.
---
3. Angels married human women
=============================
The third view is that a group of angels (the 'sons of God') descended upon the earth and married human women (the 'daughters of men'). I would argue this is the most accurate interpretation of the text (see my 'personal thought' below), and it seems to have been the earliest view as evident in both Jewish and Christian texts:
### 1 Enoch's Book of Watchers (3rd century BC)
>
> And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto them beautiful and comely daughters. And the angels, the children of the heaven, saw and lusted after them, and said to one another: 'Come, let us choose us wives from among the children of men and beget us children.' ... And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon. (R.H. Charles translation)
>
>
>
### Jubilees 4.15-5.7 (2nd century BC)
>
> in [Jared's] days the angels of the Lord descended on the earth, those who are named the Watchers, that they should instruct the children of men ... And it came to pass when the children of men began to multiply on the face of the earth and daughters were born unto them, that the angels of God saw them on a certain year of this jubilee, that they were beautiful to look upon; and they took themselves wives of all whom they chose, and they bare unto them sons and they were giants. (R.H. Charles translation)
>
>
>
### LXX Genesis 6.2-5 (2nd-1st century BC)
Some copies of the Septuagint chose to translate the Hebrew 'sons of God' into the Greek 'angels of God'.
### Philo, On the Giants (1st century AD)
>
> "And when the angels of God saw the daughters of men that they were beautiful, they took unto themselves wives of all of them whom they Chose." Those beings, whom other philosophers call demons, Moses usually calls angels; and they are souls hovering in the air.
>
>
>
### Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 1.3.1 (1st century AD)
>
> For many angels of God accompanied with women, and begat sons that proved unjust, and despisers of all that was good, on account of the confidence they had in their own strength; for the tradition is, that these men did what resembled the acts of those whom the Grecians call giants. (William Whiston translation)
>
>
>
### Jude 6-7 (1st century AD)
>
> And the angels who did not stay within their own position of authority, but left their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains under gloomy darkness until the judgment of the great day: just as Sodom and Gomorrah and the surrounding cities, which likewise indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire, serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire. (ESV translation)
>
>
>
The epistle of Jude draws extensively upon 1 Enoch; with that textual transmission in mind, it is clear Jude is referring to the episode in Genesis 6.1-4. Jude 6-7 is further repeated in 2 Peter 2.4.
By the second century AD, the Jewish authorities were moving away from the 'angels' interpretation because of the growing view that angels could not, by nature, defy God's will. See, for example, Justin Martyr's *Dialogue With Trypho*, chapter 79. In this text, Justin (allegedly) debated a Jewish man named Trypho, who said:
>
> The utterances of God are holy, but your expositions are mere contrivances, as is plain from what has been explained by you; nay, even blasphemies, for you assert that angels sinned and revolted from God. (Philip Schaff translation)
>
>
>
Meanwhile, Christian authorities favored it until about the fourth or fifth century, with Augustine being the main contributor to a shift in popular opinion.
---
---
Personal thought
================
As an aside, my personal thought is that Genesis 6.1-4 was written as an etiology for the tribes of 'giants' found in the narrative between the exodus and the rise of David: the Rephaim, the Emim, and the Anakim, all groups remembered for their extreme size (e.g. Numbers 13.33; Deuteronomy 1.28; 2.10,21; 9.2).
The last group, the offspring of Anak, are explicitly said to come from the *nephilim* (Numbers 13.33). A few 'giants' in particular survived in Israel's social memory: Og of Bashan (Deuteronomy 3.11), Goliath of Gath (1 Samuel 17.4), and a group of six Philistines from Gath (2 Samuel 21.18-22).
By the exilic period, memory of 'giants' who fought against Israel's ancestors was retained in the social consciousness. With this, as the scribes were compiling the larger narrative of Genesis—2 Kings, they wrote a story explaining the immense size and violence of those ancient enemies: Og, Goliath, *et al*, were offspring of the Rephaim, the Emim, and the Anakim, who were all descendants of the *nephilim*, the 'mighty men of ancient times, men of fame', who owed their great stature to angelic fathers. | The sons of God in Genesis 6 are angels, it makes no sense to say that the sons of God are those led by the Spirit of God or those that call upon the name of Yahuah. Yahushua (Jesus) gave the sons of men power to become sons of God, those that believe upon His name. And we are now equal to the angels and are now the sons of God (Luke 20:36). The sons of God were there at the creation of the world, read Job 38. How could "believers" have existed before the earth was created?
In the Old Testament Bene haElohim means sons of God and benowt ha'Adam means daughters of men, all men from Adam to Cain to Seth and mankind in general. The Bible should be read in its proper context in order to determine the correct interpretation of the text. |
8,867 | [Genesis 6:1-2](http://esv.to/Gen6) (ESV emphasis mine):
>
> When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, **the sons of God** saw that the daughters of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose.
>
>
>
Who are these "sons of God" (*bene elohim*) in Genesis 6:2? Are these some kind of divine being or angels that are intermarrying with human women? I've heard some people claim that they are the men in the godly line of Seth, while the daughters are from the line of Cain. What leads people to this interpretation? Are there other ideas? | 2014/04/12 | [
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] | **The sons of God and the daughters of men (Genesis 6:2). [1.]**
(*I.*) Three possible views.
John Walton:
>
> This issue is one of the thorniest in Old Testament interpretation.
> …The earliest view, held unanimously until the second century A.D. as
> far as we know, is that “the sons of God” were angelic beings. In this
> view there is a *material distinction* between “the sons of God” and
> “the daughters of men,” and the offense is the transgression of
> boundaries. …In the second and third centuries, both Jewish
> Interpreters and Christian interpreters began to diverge from this
> consensus, but in different directions. Jewish commentators took the
> path of identifying “the sons of God” as rulers. Christian
> commentators beginning with Julius Africanus promoted the view that
> “the sons of God” were men from the line of Seth while “the daughters
> of men” were women from the line of Cain. This view entered the
> mainstream in Augustine’s *City of God* and soon became *the*
> Christian interpretation. It remained so through the Reformation and
> into the nineteenth century. **[2.]**
>
>
>
Bruce K. Waltke:
>
> All three interpretations can be defended from the Hebrew grammar.
> **[3.]**
>
>
>
(*a.*) Angelic Beings.
(*i.*) The argument in favor.
Gordon J. Wenham:
>
> The “angel” interpretation is at once the oldest view and that of most
> modern commentators. It is assumed in the earliest Jewish exegesis
> (e.g., the books of 1 Enoch 6:2ff; Jubilees 5:1)... **[4.]**
>
>
>
Abraham Kuruvilla:
>
> …the LXX (Vaticanus contains ἄγγελοι τοῦ θεοῦ, *angeloi tou theou;*
> the Alexandrinus corrects υἱοὶ, *huioi,* to ἄγγελοι; the LXX also has
> ἄγγελοι θεοῦ for “sons of God” (בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים) in Job 1:6; 2:1;
> 38:7; and Dan 3:25. Philo (*Giants* 2.6), Josephus (*Ant.* 1.31;
> 1.73), 2 *En.* 18.3-8; 2 *Bar.* 56.11-14; and the DSS (1Qap Genar 2:1, 16; CD 2:17-19) also hold to this interpretation, as well as Justin
> (*Second Apology* 5), Irenaeus (*Haer.* 4.36), Clement of Alexandria
> (*The Instructor* 3.2), and Tertullian (*On the Veiling of Virgins*
> 7), among others. “Sons of god” in the OT may stand for heavenly
> beings (Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7; Ps 29:1; 82:6; 89:6-7; Dan 3:25; etc.)...
> **[5.]**
>
>
>
Gordon J. Wenham:
>
> Modern scholars who accept this view advance three main reasons for
> supporting it. First, elsewhere in the OT (e.g., Ps 29:1, Job 1:6)
> “sons of God” refers to heavenly, godlike creatures. Second, in 6:1-4
> the contrast is between “the sons of the gods” on the one hand and
> “the daughters of man” on the other. The alternative interpretations
> presuppose that what Gen 6 really meant was that “the sons of some
> men” married “the daughters of other men.” The present phrase “sons of
> God” is, to say the least, an obscure way of expressing such an idea.
> It is made the more implausible by 6:1 where “man” refers to all
> mankind. It is natural to assume that in v 2 “daughters of man” has an
> equally broad reference, not a specific section of the human race.
> Finally, it is pointed out that in Ugaritic literature “sons of God”
> refers to members of the divine pantheon, and it is likely that
> Genesis is using the phrase in a similar sense. **[6.]**
>
>
>
(*ii.*) The argument against.
Andrew E. Steinmann:
>
> However, this interpretation is not without problems. It introduces
> angels into Genesis with hardly any prior discussion of them apart
> from the cherubim who guarded the way to the tree of life (3:24).
> Moreover, in the New Testament Jesus clearly teaches that angels do
> not marry (Matt. 22:29-30; Mark 12:24-25; Luke 20:34-36). It could
> also be added that although the Scriptures at times speak of angels
> appearing as humans, they never depict them as having bodies that
> function like those of humans: they do not eat, drink or sleep. It is
> hard, therefore, to conceive of them mating as humans do. Moreover,
> Hendel has noted that ‘The sexual mixing of gods and mortals is
> unattested elsewhere in West Semitic lore’, thereby casting doubt upon
> the supposed mythological background behind this text. Finally, it
> ought to be observed that this intermarriage of the sons of God and
> daughters of mankind contributes to God’s judgment on humanity (vv. 3,
> 5-7). Since these marriages were initiated by the sons of God, it
> seems incongruous that God would judge humankind on the basis of what
> angels did. **[7.]**
>
>
>
(*b.*) The godly line of Seth and the ungodly line of Cain.
(*i.*) The argument in favor.
Abraham Kuruvilla:
>
> Historically, this is the interpretation that has been followed by
> Julius Africanus (*Chronicles* 2), Chrysostom (*Hom. Gen.* 22.2),
> Augustine (*City of God* 15.23), Luther (*Lectures on Genesis Chapter*
> 6-14), and Calvin (*Comm. Gen.* 1.237-238). **[8.]**
>
>
>
Kenneth A. Mathews:
>
> We already have shown how chaps. 4 and 5 contrast the two lines of
> descent from Adam—the Cainites and Sethites. Genesis 6:1-8 relates how
> the two lines intermarry, resulting in a community of unprecedented
> wickedness. The flood account, we have shown, is actually embedded
> within the Sethite genealogy, which is not completed until the notice
> of Noah’s death (9:29). This provides the appropriate interpretive key
> for understanding 6:1-8. During this period of amazing Sethite
> expansion (chap. 5), the Sethite family marries outside its godly
> heritage, which results in moral decline.
>
>
> *ʾĔlōhīm* can be rendered as a genitive of quality, meaning “godly sons,” referring to the heritage of the Sethites. …*bĕnê hāʾĕlōhīm*
> has analogues pointing to human referents. [fn. 108: Since
> בְנֵי־אֱלֹהִים cannot refer to physical descent, i.e., the angels are
> not physically generated, then we must take “sons of God” as
> metaphorical regardless of referent. It follows, then, that the
> expression can be applied to more than angels, i.e., any who “bear the
> image of God” (see Keil, *Pentateuch,* 128-29).] Also important is the
> weight of the Pentateuch’s testimony, which identifies the Israelites
> as the children of God (e.g., Deut 14:1; 32:5-6; cf. Exod 4:2; Pss
> 73:15; 80:15); this resonates well with taking the “sons of God” in
> 6:2 as an allusion to godly (covenant) offspring (cf. also Isa 43:6;
> Hos 1:10; 11:1; John 1:12-13). **[9.]**
>
>
>
(*ii.*) The argument against.
Derek Kidner:
>
> …while the Old Testament can declare God’s people to be his sons, [fn.
> 20: Deut. 14:1; Isa 1:2; Hos 1:10 (MT 2:1).] the normal meaning of the
> actual term ‘sons of God’ is ‘angels’, [fn. 21: Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7;
> Dan. 3:25.] and nothing has prepared the reader to assume that ‘men’
> now means Cainites only. Possible New Testament support for ‘angels’
> may be seen in 1 Peter 3:19, 20; also in 2 Peter 2:4-6, where the
> fallen angels, the flood, and the doom of Sodom form a series that
> could be based on Genesis, and in Jude 6, where the angels’ offence is
> that they left their proper habitation. The craving of demons for a
> body, evident in the Gospels, offers at least some parallel to this
> hunger for sexual experience. **[10.]**
>
>
>
Michael S. Heiser:
>
> …this view forces two divergent meanings on the Hebrew word *ʾadam* in
> Genesis 6:1–2: the term would have to mean “mankind” in Genesis 6:1,
> but a specific group of humans—the Cainites—in Genesis 6:2. **[11.]**
>
>
>
(*c.*) Kings or rulers.
(*i.*) The argument in favor.
Kaiser, Davids, Bruce & Brauch:
>
> (1) The ancient Aramaic Targums render “sons of God” as “sons of
> nobles” (Targums of Onkelos), and the Greek translation of Symmachus
> reads “the sons of the kings or lords.” (2) The word *gods* (Hebrew
> *elōhı̂m* is used in Scripture for men who served as magistrates or judges (“Then his master must take him before the judges
> [*elōhı̂m*],” Exodus 21:6; see also Exodus 22:8; Psalm 82:1, 6). (3)
> Structurally, the account of the Cainite Lamech (Genesis 4:19-24) and
> that of the “sons of God” in Genesis 6:1-4 are very much alike. In
> each there is the taking of wives, the bearing of children and the
> dynastic exploits. The former passage ends with a boast of judgment by
> Lamech, and the other ends with God’s decree of judgment. Lamech
> practiced bigamy (Genesis 4:19), and he enforced his policies by using
> tyranny. The portraits are parallel and depict states of tyranny,
> corruption and polygamy. (4) Near Eastern discoveries have validated
> the pagan use of all sorts of ‘gods’ and ‘goddesses’ names in order to
> give more clout and prestige to the governments of Egypt and
> Mesopotamia—hence the title “sons of God.”
>
>
> The fifth and final line of evidence concerns the
> *nep̄ilı̂m/gibbôrı̄m* of Genesis 6:4. The word *nep̄ilı̂m* occurs only here and in Numbers 13:33, where it refers to the Anakim, who
> were people of great stature. The root meaning of the word *nep̄ilı̂m*
> is “to fall.” However in Genesis 6:4 the *nep̄ilı̂m* are associated
> with the term *gibbôrı̄m.* The word *gibbôrı̄m* comes from *gibbôr*
> meaning “a mighty man of valor, strength, wealth or power.” Nimrod, in
> Genesis 10:8, was such a *gibbôr.* He also was clearly a king in the
> land of Shinar. Hence the meaning of *nep̄ilı̂m/gibbôrı̄m* is not
> “giants,” but something more like “princes,” “aristocrats” or “great
> men.” **[12.]**
>
>
>
(*ii.*) The argument against.
Michael S. Heiser:
>
> First, the text of Genesis 6 never says the marriages were polygamous.
> That idea must be read into the passage. Second, ancient parallels
> restrict divine sonship language to kings. Consequently, the idea of a
> *group* of sons of God lacks a coherent ancient Near Eastern parallel. The precise plural phrase. refers to divine beings elsewhere in the
> Old Testament, not kings (Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7; Pss 29:1; 82:6 [cf.
> 82:1b]; 89:6 [Hebrew: 89:7]). **[13.]**
>
>
>
(*II.*) Conclusion.
Victor P. Hamilton:
>
> Suffice it to say, it is impossible to be dogmatic about the
> identification of “sons of God” here. The best one can do is to
> consider the options. While it may not be comforting to the reader,
> perhaps it is best to say that the evidence is ambiguous and therefore
> defies clear-cut identifications and solutions. **[14.]**
>
>
>
**Notes:**
**[1.]** Gordon J. Wenham: "“The sons of the gods” or “the sons of God.” בני־האלהים could be translated either way. Job 1:6; 2:1 lend support to the latter, while Pss 29:1; 89:7 make the former possible." {Gordon J. Wenham, *World Biblical Commentary: Volume 1: Genesis 1-15,* (Waco: Word Books, 1987), p. 139.}
**[2.]** John H. Walton, *The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis,* (Zondervan Academic, 2011), on Gen. 6:1-4, §. Identity of the Sons of God.
**[3.]** Bruce K. Waltke, *Genesis: A Commentary,* (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001), on Gen. 6:2.
**[4.]** Gordon J. Wenham, *World Biblical Commentary: Volume 1: Genesis 1-15,* (Waco: Word Books, 1987), p. 139.
**[5.]** Abraham Kuruvilla, *Genesis: A Theological Commentary for Preachers,* (Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2014), n. 45, p. 103. Note that Kuruvilla does not advocate this solution. Cf. Abraham Kuruvilla: "However, there has been no mention of any angels in Scripture up to this point; moreover, angels do not marry (Matt 22:29-30/ Mark 12:24–25/Luke 20:34-36). Also, the phrase “they took wives for themselves” is a fairly standard expression for normal marriage in the OT (Gen 11:29; Jdg 3:6; 2 Sam 5:13; 1 Chr 14:3; 23:22; etc.); no bizarre super-human conjugal relationship is implied by in the phrase." {*Ibid.*}
**[6.]** Gordon J. Wenham, *World Biblical Commentary: Volume 1: Genesis 1-15,* (Waco: Word Books, 1987), p. 139. John Phillips: "The expression “sons of God” (“sons of Elohim”)...occurs three times in the book of Job (1:6; 2:1)...in that context the sons of God are angelic beings. It occurs again in Job 38:7… Again the sons of God are evidently suprahuman beings. The other reference is in Daniel…(in that case it was God the Son in one of His preincarnate appearances), again a supernatural being. …the title “sons of God” in the Old Testament, then, is confined to angelic beings and to Christ. In the Septuagint version of the Scriptures the expression “sons of God” is invariably translated “the angels of God.” The term “sons of Elohim” seems to be confined to those who are directly created by God’s volition rather than to beings born of their own order. It is that characteristic that, as much as anything, distinguishes between the angels and men. In the Old Testament a kindred expression is used, “sons of Jehovah,” and that would have been an ideal expression to use in Genesis 6, had it been the intention in that passage simply to differentiate between Cain’s descendants and Seth’s. In fact, it would have been a particularly appropriate expression because Genesis 4:26 records that, since the days of Enos, men had begun to call upon “the name of Jehovah.” Instead of using the expression “sons of Jehovah,” however, the text uses an expression elsewhere reserved in the Old Testament as descriptive of supernatural beings." {John Phillips, *The John Phillips Commentary Series: Exploring Genesis: An Expository Commentary,* (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2001), n. 4, p. 79.}
**[7.]** Andrew E. Steinmann, *Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries: Genesis,* (InterVarsity Press, 2019), p. 83. Franz Delitzsch: "But could angels have had carnal intercourse with human women? According to *Bereshith rabba,* c. 26, R. Simeon b. Jochai pronounced an anathema upon all who should understand בני האלהים of angels (though the Sohar makes him affirm it himself); Augustine (*civ. Dei,* xv. 23) advises rather to relinquish the apocryphal fable; Jerome reserves his judgment; Cyril of Alexandria reckons this opinion among the ἀτοπώτατα; Theodoret calls its advocates ἐμβρόντητοι καὶ ἄγαν ἠλίθιοι (*Quæst. in Gen.* § 47); Philastrius numbers it among the heresies; the ancient Protestant interpreters regard it as a Jewish Platonizing fancy." {Franz Delitzsch, *A New Commentary on Genesis: Vol. I,* Clark’s Foreign Theological Library: Vol. XXXVI, trans. Sophia Taylor, (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1888), p. 223.}
**[8.]** Abraham Kuruvilla, *Genesis: A Theological Commentary for Preachers,* (Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2014), p. 104.
**[9.]** Kenneth A. Mathews, *The New American Commentary: Genesis 1-11:26: Vol. 1A,* (Nashville: B&H, 1996), pp. 329-330. Cf. John Murray, *Principles of Conduct: Aspects of Biblical Ethics,* (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1991), pp. 244-247. Abraham Kuruvilla: "This interpretation might raise the problem of reading “men” differently in 6:1 and 6:2—in the first case generically of mankind, and in the second as referring to those of Cain’s lineage, which in itself, is not a problem, for they too are part of generic mankind. In Jdg 20:3, the sons of Benjamin are contrasted with the sons of Israel, but the former are part of Israel; in Jer 32:20, the Israelites are contrasted with the rest of humankind, but, of course, the former are humans, too; and, likewise, in Ps 73:5, the wicked are contrasted with the remainder of mankind. Thus the “sons of God” are human followers of God, distinct from the rest of mankind who are non-God followers. [fn. 44: However, one could see both occurrences of “men” in 6:1-2 as equally having the generic sense, with the Sethite “sons of God” simply failing to show covenantal discrimination in their choice of spouses (as in Gen 24:3-4; 26:34, 35; 27:46; 28:1-3, 6-8; 34). Rather, they made their selection based on their own whims and fancies—“whomever they chose” (6:2). Or it could also be argued that “men,” both in 6:1 and 6:2, is similarly restrictive, indicating, in both cases, Cainites: they multiplied, and had daughters who married the “sons of God.” There is no necessity to see “sons of God” as being non-human; they are labeled differently simply to distinguish them from the other, presumably ungodly, folks. The attribute “of God” (in בְנֵי־הָאֱלֹהִים, *bne-ha’elohim*) is thus, essentially, a genitive of quality (= “godly sons”). These individuals are godly/covenant offspring (as in Exod 4:22, 23; Deut 14:1; 32:5, 6, 18, 19; Ps 73:15; 82:6; Isa 1:2; 11:1; 43:6; 45:11; Jer 3:14, 19; 31:9, 20; Hosea 1:10; 11:1; Mal 1:6; John 1:12-13). The striking contrast between the pietistic elements in Seth’s family on the one hand (the result of Seth’s birth and his taking the place of Abel, 4:25-26; the pointed mention of Seth’s “image” and “likeness,” 5:3; his descendants: Enoch, 5:23-24; Lamech, 5:28-31; Noah, 6:8; and even the placement of Gen 6 after the introduction of the Sethites and Noah in Gen 5), and the humanistic characters in Cain’s line, on the other hand, leads one to see godliness as the key distinction between the “sons of God” and “daughters of men” in 6:1." {Abraham Kuruvilla, *Genesis: A Theological Commentary for Preachers,* (Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2014), pp. 103-104.}
**[10.]** Derek Kidner, *Kidner Classic Commentaries: Genesis,* (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2008), pp. 89-90.
**[11.]** *Faithlife Study Bible,* gen. ed. John D. Barry, (Lexham Press, 2012), Michael S. Heiser, “Genesis 6 and the Sons of God.” Victor P. Hamilton: "In response we observe that while sons of God is indeed an enigmatic phrase, and appears here for the first time in the OT, notes about godliness abound in the context (4:26; 5:24, 29). Furthermore, the OT does not lack instances of a shift from a generic to a specific use of a word in one context. [fn. 10: Examples provided by C. F. Keil and F. Delitzsch, *Commentary on the Old Testament,* 10 vols., vol. 1: *The Pentateuch,* tr. J. Martin, 3 vols. repr. in 1 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973), 1:130-31.] Thus, *ādām* as “mankind” in v. 1 and as “Cainites” in v. 2 is not impossible." {Victor P. Hamilton, *New International Commentary on the Old Testament: The Book of Genesis, Chapters 1-17,* (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1990), p. 264.} Victor P. Hamilton: "It is possible, however, to reverse this identification and see the daughters of men as Sethites and the sons of God as Cainites (really “Eveites”). For example, the birth of daughters occurs only among the Sethites of ch. 5. Again, the taking of wives for oneself (6:2) is paralleled by the Cainite Lamech (4:19). Could it be that here we have a replay of Gen. 3? As Eve the initiator led Adam astray, so the sons of God led astray the daughters of men." {*Ibid.,* p. 265.}
**[12.]** Walter C. Kaiser, Jr., Peter H. Davids, F. F. Bruce, Manfred T. Brauch, *Hard Sayings of the Bible,* (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1996), p. 108. Cf. Meredith G. Kline, *Kingdom Prologue: Genesis Foundations for a Covenantal Worldview,* (Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2006), pp. 185-189. Bruce K. Waltke: "This interpretation best explains “any of them they chose” (6:2). For example, Pharaoh took to bed whom he would (12:10–20), and so did David (2 Sam. 11). It also fits the immediate context of the Flood, the theme of Genesis, and connects the reference to the Nephilim and heroes in 6:4 to 6:1–3. However, the meaning “divine rulers” is somewhat questionable, whereas “angels” is well established. …The best solution is to combine the “angelic” interpretation with the “divine king” view. The tyrants were demon possessed. Gispen avers: “The text presents us with men who are controlled by fallen angels.” [fn. 26: W. H. Gispen, *Genesis I: Kommentaar op het Oude Testament* (Kampen: J. H. Kok), 221, cited favorably by VanGemeren, “The Sons,” 348.] Their perverted psyches allowed this entrance of the demonic. Eichrodt asserts, “God’s power operates … within the evil which has been begun by the perversion of the creature’s will.” [fn. 27: Eichrodt, *Theology,* 2:179.]" {Bruce K. Waltke, *Genesis: A Commentary,* (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001), on Gen. 6:2.} Cf. Meredith G. Kline: "Indeed, this is how the demonic dimension should be incorporated into the interpretation of the passage if one concludes that 1 Peter 3:19,20 and Jude 6 refer to the involvement of demons in the episode recorded in Genesis 6. That is, demons should not, then, be substituted for the human kings in the reconstruction of the event but rather the demonic element should be kept in subordination to the fundamental reality of the earth rulers' revolt against heaven. It could be accounted for in terms of the phenomenon of demon-possession in the experience of “the sons of the gods,” or of some such extraordinary working of demons through them (cf. 2 Thess 2:9). In that case, Satan will have intruded himself into the history of the world that then was both at its outset and at its culmination through acts of preternatural entry into other creatures." {Meredith G. Kline, *Kingdom Prologue: Genesis Foundations for a Covenantal Worldview,* (Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2006), p. 187.}
**[13.]** Michael S. Heiser, *The Unseen Realm: Recovering the Supernatural Worldview of the Bible,* (Lexham Press, 2015), Chapter 12: Divine Transgression, §. Divinized Human Rulers. *Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible:* "**6:2** *sons of God.* Royal titles of the ancient Near East regularly suggested the divine descent of kings, even outside Egypt’s context of deified kings. This idea of divine descent was a rhetorical expression of the divine election and legitimization of the king and is typical in royal inscriptions. Throughout the Biblical period it was part of the royal prerogative to claim divine heritage. Thus the title “son of God” can be identified as a royal motif both in the Bible and outside of it. Gilgamesh is portrayed as two-thirds god and one-third man (Gilgamesh Epic, 1.48) and “flesh of the gods” (Gilgamesh Epic, 9.49). Nevertheless, though it is common for kings to be portrayed as having divine parentage, there is no precedent for ancient kings as a group being referred to as “sons of god.” …*married any of them they chose.* There are no examples from Akkadian or Northwest Semitic mythological texts of divine beings marrying or cohabiting with human women, so it would be difficult to make the claim that this account is a vestige of ancient mythology as some do. There are examples of kings claiming mixed ancestry of gods and humans…but that is a different concept. If the “sons of God” are viewed as kings, the question remains as to what offense they are committing here. Polygamy has always been a weak candidate since the OT does not condemn it. Promiscuity is likewise an unlikely explanation since the Hebrew text describes the situation using the standard idiom for marriage (“taking wives”). An alternate understanding may be found in a practice noted in the Gilgamesh Epic as the prime example of Gilgamesh’s tyranny, namely, his exercising the right of the first night with a new bride: “He will couple with the wife-to-be, he first of all, the bridegroom after” (Gilgamesh Epic, Old Babylonian version, v.159-60). This practice accommodates the marriage terminology, and in Gilgamesh it is clearly both oppressive and offensive behavior. The remaining problem is that this practice is infrequently attested in ancient literature." {*NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible,* gen. eds. John Walton, Craig Keener, (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2016), n. on Gen. 6:2, p. 17.}
**[14.]** Victor P. Hamilton, *New International Commentary on the Old Testament: The Book of Genesis, Chapters 1-17,* (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1990), p. 265. Howard Vos: "Many interpreters come out dogmatically in favor of one of the above views, but in light of all the evidence it seems impossible to do so." {Howard F. Vos, *Everyman’s Bible Commentary: Genesis,* (Chicago: Moody Press, 1999), p. 44.}
Καὶ αὐτός ἐστιν πρὸ πάντων καὶ τὰ πάντα ἐν αὐτῷ συνέστηκεν.
~ *Soli Deo Gloria* | The sons of God in Genesis 6 are angels, it makes no sense to say that the sons of God are those led by the Spirit of God or those that call upon the name of Yahuah. Yahushua (Jesus) gave the sons of men power to become sons of God, those that believe upon His name. And we are now equal to the angels and are now the sons of God (Luke 20:36). The sons of God were there at the creation of the world, read Job 38. How could "believers" have existed before the earth was created?
In the Old Testament Bene haElohim means sons of God and benowt ha'Adam means daughters of men, all men from Adam to Cain to Seth and mankind in general. The Bible should be read in its proper context in order to determine the correct interpretation of the text. |
8,867 | [Genesis 6:1-2](http://esv.to/Gen6) (ESV emphasis mine):
>
> When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, **the sons of God** saw that the daughters of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose.
>
>
>
Who are these "sons of God" (*bene elohim*) in Genesis 6:2? Are these some kind of divine being or angels that are intermarrying with human women? I've heard some people claim that they are the men in the godly line of Seth, while the daughters are from the line of Cain. What leads people to this interpretation? Are there other ideas? | 2014/04/12 | [
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] | While the book of Enoch is a respected and quoted widely to bring the view that angels were sons of God, the view does not align with the rest of the scripture. We read in the book of Hebrews:
“Hebrews 1:5
5 For unto which of the angels said he at any time, Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee? And again, I will be to him a Father, and he shall be to me a Son?“
Angels were not sons of God but ministering spirits sent to minister to them who shall be heirs of salvation:
“ Hebrews 1:13,14
13 But to which of the angels said he at any time, Sit on my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool?
14 Are they not all ministering spirits, sent forth to minister for them who shall be heirs of salvation?”
By these scriptures, it is the heirs of salvation that are the sons of God.
Adam who was created in the image of God was refered to as a son of God
We read in the geneology thus of Adam:
“Luke 3:37,38
37 Which was the son of Mathusala, which was the son of Enoch, which was the son of Jared, which was the son of Maleleel, which was the son of Cainan,
38 Which was the son of Enos, which was the son of Seth, which was the son of Adam, which was the son of God.”
As pertaining to the heirs of salvation we read:
Hebrews 2:6-11
6 But one in a certain place testified, saying, What is man, that thou art mindful of him? or the son of man, that thou visitest him?
7 Thou madest him a little lower than the angels; thou crownedst him with glory and honour, and didst set him over the works of thy hands:
8 Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet. For in that he put all in subjection under him, he left nothing that is not put under him. But now we see not yet all things put under him.
9 But we see Jesus, who was made a little lower than the angels for the suffering of death, crowned with glory and honour; that he by the grace of God should taste death for every man.
10 For it became him, for whom are all things, and by whom are all things, in bringing many sons unto glory, to make the captain of their salvation perfect through sufferings.
11 For both he that sanctifieth and they who are sanctified are all of one: for which cause he is not ashamed to call them brethren,
“Galatians 4:4-7
4 But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law,
5 To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.
6 And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father.
7 Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ.”
Adams seed, thou fallen from grace were still sons of God for to redeem means to buy back, to restore to the original owner/condition. Through Christ we are restored back to the original condition. Howbeit even in our fallen condition were were called sons of God. We can get our backing of this from the scripture:
“Psalm 82:6
6 I have said, Ye are gods; and all of you are children of the most High.
In the words of Jesus:
John 10:34,35
34 Jesus answered them, Is it not written in your law, I said, Ye are gods?
35 If he called them gods, unto whom the word of God came, and the scripture cannot be broken;”
By these scriptures we find the sons of God were of the lineage of Adam.
Of seth it is said:
Genesis 4:25,26
25 And Adam knew his wife again; and she bare a son, and called his name Seth: For God, said she, hath appointed me another seed instead of Abel, whom Cain slew.
26 And to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the LORD.
But of Cain it is said:
“1 John 3:12
12 Not as Cain, who was of that wicked one, and slew his brother. And wherefore slew he him? Because his own works were evil, and his brother's righteous.”
Cain was serpents seed by carefully reading of the scripture below:
"Matthew 23:33-35
33 Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell?
34 Wherefore, behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise men, and scribes: and some of them ye shall kill and crucify; and some of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and persecute them from city to city:
35 That upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of Zacharias son of Barachias, whom ye slew between the temple and the altar."
Thus the scripture identifies to lines of people from Genesis to revelation, the line of the wicked one and that of the righteous one.
By the above lines of scriptural thought and mind we see that the sons of God were of the line of righteous Seth and the other line was that of Cain. The descendants of Seth married the descendants of Cain. | Peace.
The “sons of God” are those who are led by the Spirit of God and are not living according to the spirit of the world that natural men are living after…. living after the earthly wisdom: envy, strife, hatred of one another, wrath, etc.
>
> Romans 8:12-14 KJV (12) *Therefore, brethren, we are debtors, not to
> the flesh, to live after the flesh.*
>
>
>
We that have His Spirit within us are to mortify….deaden…kill….the deeds of the body so that we may live the eternal life of Jesus in this earth. He gives us the power to slay the deeds of the body out of our lives through His Spirit….using the sword of the Spirit.
>
> (13) *For if ye live after the flesh, ye shall die: **but if ye through
> the Spirit do mortify the deeds of the body, ye shall live**.*
>
>
>
As many that are led by the Spirit of God…..they are the sons of God.
>
> (14) ***For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons
> of God.***
>
>
>
He gives us the power (through the Spirit) **to BECOME the sons of God** as we must use His Spirit to deaden the deeds of the body so that we might live the eternal life of Jesus in this earth. Again, He gives us the power through His Spirit to BECOME the sons of God.
>
> John 1:12-13 KJV (12) *But as many as received him, **to them gave he
> power to become the sons of God,** even to them that believe on his
> name: (13) Which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the
> flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God.*
>
>
>
Even though we may His Spirit within but continue to live after the flesh, we shall die….for His Spirit shall not always strive with man who continues to live after the flesh (“for that he also is flesh”). We are debtors, not to the flesh, to live after the flesh
>
> Genesis 6: 3) *And the LORD said, **My spirit shall not always strive
> with man, for that he also is flesh:** yet his days shall be an hundred
> and twenty years.*
>
>
>
If we continue to live after the flesh, then His Spirit strives within man…as the Spirit and the flesh are contrary to one another. The flesh lusts against the Spirit and the Spirit against the flesh. The Spirit of God strives with those who continue to live after the flesh. The Spirit cannot then "rest" within those who continue to live after the flesh.
>
> Galatians 5:16-17 KJV (16) T*his I say then, Walk in the Spirit, and
> ye shall not fulfil the lust of the flesh. (17) **For the flesh lusteth
> against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh: and these are
> contrary the one to the other:** so that ye cannot do the things that ye
> would.*
>
>
>
We grieve the Spirit of God that is within us if we continue to live after the flesh….living in bitterness, wrath, anger, evil speaking, etc.
>
> Ephesians 4:30-32 KJV (30) ***And grieve not the holy Spirit of God,
> whereby ye are sealed unto the day of redemption.*** (31) Let all
> bitterness, and wrath, and anger, and clamour, and evil speaking, be
> put away from you, with all malice: (32) And be ye kind one to
> another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for
> Christ's sake hath forgiven you.
>
>
>
Sure enough, The LORD was grieved as His heart in that time because He saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. They grieved the Spirit of God...as men continue to do even today that continue to live after the flesh.
>
> Genesis 6:5-8 KJV (5) *And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was
> great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his
> heart was only evil continually. (6) **And it repented the LORD that he
> had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart**.*
>
>
>
And so the world that was then was destroyed by water....and today is destroyed by the fire of His wrath revealed from heaven as ungodly men are destroyed (death) from the face of this earth as we speak. This is a NOW thing as the current heaven and earth are stored with fire for the destruction of ungodly men.
>
> (7) *And the LORD said, **I will destroy man whom I have created from
> the face of the earth;** both man, and beast, and the creeping thing,
> and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them.*
>
>
>
But “Noah”….meaning “rest”….found grace in the eyes of the LORD. Noah was led by the Spirit and the Spirit did not have to contend with the flesh within Noah for Noah gave His Spirit “rest”. There is no striving with the Spirit of God with those who are led by His Spirit.
>
> (8) **But Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD.**
>
>
>
The world that was then, being overflowed with water, perished.
>
> 2 Peter 3:3-7 KJV (3) *Knowing this first, that there shall come in
> the last days scoffers, walking after their own lusts, (4) And
> saying, Where is the promise of his coming? for since the fathers fell
> asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of the
> creation. (5) **For this they willingly are ignorant of, that by the
> word of God the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of the
> water and in the water: (6) Whereby the world that then was, being
> overflowed with water, perished**:*
>
>
>
But TODAY, the heavens and the earth which are NOW, by the same word (saying) are stored with fire against the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men.
This is a NOW thing as the world and its lusts are perishing under the sun of God’s wrath as we speak. No flesh is being saved as ungodly men perish under the wrath of God that arises upon all men who continue to live after the flesh.
>
> (7) **But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word
> are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and
> perdition of ungodly men.**
>
>
>
The wrath of God (who is a consuming fire) IS REVEALED NOW from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who hold the down the truth in unrighteousness. Men who are living after the flesh are dying under His wrath as we speak.
They continue to perish from off the "face of the earth" by the same saying (word) of God just as they did in the flood. The same saying: my Spirit shall not always strive with man for he is also flesh...also living after the flesh.
>
> Romans 1:18-19 KJV (18) ***For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven
> against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth
> in unrighteousness;*** (19) Because that which may be known of God is
> manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them.
>
>
>
But the Lord is longsuffering towards us not willing that any should perish from the face of the earth under His wrath but that all should come to repentance. His patience with us is our salvation.
>
> 2 Peter 3:9 KJV (9) *The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as
> some men count slackness; **but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing
> that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance**.*
>
>
>
The downfall of the sons of God came when they saw the fair “daughters” of men and took them as wives.
The “daughters” of men are the wisdom/words/teachings of earthly men... of fleshly men that were incorporated into their (the sons of God) teachings.
The sons of God had received the spirit of the world. They married the wisdom of men into their own teachings which caused them to live after the flesh as they fought with one another over them. The word for “daughter”…. “bath”…comes from the root word “banah” meaning “to build”.
>
> Genesis 6:1-8 KJV (1) *And it came to pass, when men began to multiply
> on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, (2) **That
> the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they
> took them wives of all which they chose**.*
>
>
>
Wisdom has built HER house….
>
> Proverbs 9:1 KJV (1) **Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out
> her seven pillars:**
>
>
>
Through wisdom is a house built….
>
> Proverbs 24:3 KJV (3) ***Through wisdom is an house builded;*** and by
> understanding it is established:
>
>
>
Rachel and Leah were “builders” of the house of Israel….
>
> Ruth 4:11 KJV (11) *And all the people that were in the gate, and the
> elders, said, We are witnesses. The LORD make the woman that is come
> into thine house **like Rachel and like Leah, which two did build the
> house of Israel:** and do thou worthily in Ephratah, and be famous in
> Bethlehem:*
>
>
>
The LORD God took one of the ribs of Adam and BUILT ("made" = banah = to build) a woman with the rib. God built the builder.
>
> Genesis 2:21-22 KJV (21) *And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall
> upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up
> the flesh instead thereof; (22) And the rib, which the LORD God had
> taken from man, **made he a woman,** and brought her unto the man.*
>
>
>
The sons of God received the enticing words of man’s words of earthly wisdom (their “daughters”…their builders...the words of earthly men in their earthly wisdom). They build faulty structures so-to-speak.
>
> 1 Corinthians 2:4-16 KJV (4) *And my speech and my preaching was not
> **with enticing words of man's wisdom,** but in demonstration of the
> Spirit and of power:*
>
>
>
Their faith became established in the words of the wisdom of men (their “daughters”).
>
> (5) **That your faith should not stand in the wisdom of men,** but in the
> power of God.
>
>
>
They received the “daughters” of men of any that they chose….the wisdom of this world.
The “princes of this world”: There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.
They come to nothing.
>
> (6) *Howbeit we speak wisdom among them that are perfect: y**et not the
> wisdom of this world, nor of the princes of this world,** that come to
> nought: (7) But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the
> hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory:*
>
>
>
The giants in the earth…..the princes of this world….do not know the hidden wisdom of God as they are built upon the wisdom of earthly men in their churches.
If they did, they would not crucify the Lord of glory out of the lives of many by their enticing words. They prevent the eternal life of Jesus from ever appearing in the mortal flesh of those that they deceive. They perish without His life ever appearing.
>
> (8) ***Which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known
> it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.*** (9) But as it is
> written, Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into
> the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that
> love him. (10) But God hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit: for
> the Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God. (11)
> **For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which
> is in him?** even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of
> God.
>
>
>
The “sons of God” received the spirit of the world….they took “wives” from earthly men…which led them astray from being led by the Spirit.
>
> (12) *N**ow we have received, not the spirit of the world,** but the
> spirit which is of God; that we might know the things that are freely
> given to us of God. (13) Which things also we speak, **not in the words
> which man's wisdom teacheth,** but which the Holy Ghost teacheth;
> comparing spiritual things with spiritual. (14) **But the natural man
> receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God:** for they are
> foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are
> spiritually discerned. (15) But he that is spiritual judgeth all
> things, yet he himself is judged of no man. (16) For who hath known
> the mind of the Lord, that he may instruct him? But we have the mind
> of Christ*.
>
>
> |
8,867 | [Genesis 6:1-2](http://esv.to/Gen6) (ESV emphasis mine):
>
> When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, **the sons of God** saw that the daughters of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose.
>
>
>
Who are these "sons of God" (*bene elohim*) in Genesis 6:2? Are these some kind of divine being or angels that are intermarrying with human women? I've heard some people claim that they are the men in the godly line of Seth, while the daughters are from the line of Cain. What leads people to this interpretation? Are there other ideas? | 2014/04/12 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/8867",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/33/"
] | >
> The sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they
> took them wives of all which they chose.
>
>
>
This passage, like all of scripture, must be interpretted in the light of 2 Timothy 3:16,17
>
> All Scripture is given by inspiration of God and is profitable for
> doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness:
> that the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished (or equipped) unto
> all good works.
>
>
>
It would be absolutely no spiritual use to us today to learn that angels came down to earth and people had children by them. What would be the spiritual application of that? If you see an angel walking down your street then don't seek any carnal knowledge with them? It would be absurd. And the interpretation is consequently likewise absurd.
But if "the sons of God" simply means "believers" then the passage makes sense. It means that before the flood those who professed faith in the promised Saviour stopped choosing who to marry on the basis of whether their potential wife was godly and started simply choosing on the basis of their appearance/beauty and non-godly criteria.
Before the flood there had been a true church:
>
> At that time men began to call upon the name of the LORD, (Genesis 4:26).
>
>
>
That is, there were true believers.
So, Genesis 6:2 explains how a great falling away from God came about, how a great apostacy from God came about in the professing church, and why there was a great flood, and why there was only the family of Noah to be delivered at the time of the flood when previously there had been many believers and a professing church. It is warning us of the dangers of marrying an unbeliever.
And the application is fully declared in 2 Corinthians 6:14-18 starting
>
> Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship
> has righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion has light with
> darkness?
>
>
>
The children of an unequally yoked marriage, if it is chosen when a believer, will commonly be unbelievers, (Malachi 2:15). | Peace.
The “sons of God” are those who are led by the Spirit of God and are not living according to the spirit of the world that natural men are living after…. living after the earthly wisdom: envy, strife, hatred of one another, wrath, etc.
>
> Romans 8:12-14 KJV (12) *Therefore, brethren, we are debtors, not to
> the flesh, to live after the flesh.*
>
>
>
We that have His Spirit within us are to mortify….deaden…kill….the deeds of the body so that we may live the eternal life of Jesus in this earth. He gives us the power to slay the deeds of the body out of our lives through His Spirit….using the sword of the Spirit.
>
> (13) *For if ye live after the flesh, ye shall die: **but if ye through
> the Spirit do mortify the deeds of the body, ye shall live**.*
>
>
>
As many that are led by the Spirit of God…..they are the sons of God.
>
> (14) ***For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons
> of God.***
>
>
>
He gives us the power (through the Spirit) **to BECOME the sons of God** as we must use His Spirit to deaden the deeds of the body so that we might live the eternal life of Jesus in this earth. Again, He gives us the power through His Spirit to BECOME the sons of God.
>
> John 1:12-13 KJV (12) *But as many as received him, **to them gave he
> power to become the sons of God,** even to them that believe on his
> name: (13) Which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the
> flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God.*
>
>
>
Even though we may His Spirit within but continue to live after the flesh, we shall die….for His Spirit shall not always strive with man who continues to live after the flesh (“for that he also is flesh”). We are debtors, not to the flesh, to live after the flesh
>
> Genesis 6: 3) *And the LORD said, **My spirit shall not always strive
> with man, for that he also is flesh:** yet his days shall be an hundred
> and twenty years.*
>
>
>
If we continue to live after the flesh, then His Spirit strives within man…as the Spirit and the flesh are contrary to one another. The flesh lusts against the Spirit and the Spirit against the flesh. The Spirit of God strives with those who continue to live after the flesh. The Spirit cannot then "rest" within those who continue to live after the flesh.
>
> Galatians 5:16-17 KJV (16) T*his I say then, Walk in the Spirit, and
> ye shall not fulfil the lust of the flesh. (17) **For the flesh lusteth
> against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh: and these are
> contrary the one to the other:** so that ye cannot do the things that ye
> would.*
>
>
>
We grieve the Spirit of God that is within us if we continue to live after the flesh….living in bitterness, wrath, anger, evil speaking, etc.
>
> Ephesians 4:30-32 KJV (30) ***And grieve not the holy Spirit of God,
> whereby ye are sealed unto the day of redemption.*** (31) Let all
> bitterness, and wrath, and anger, and clamour, and evil speaking, be
> put away from you, with all malice: (32) And be ye kind one to
> another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for
> Christ's sake hath forgiven you.
>
>
>
Sure enough, The LORD was grieved as His heart in that time because He saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. They grieved the Spirit of God...as men continue to do even today that continue to live after the flesh.
>
> Genesis 6:5-8 KJV (5) *And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was
> great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his
> heart was only evil continually. (6) **And it repented the LORD that he
> had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart**.*
>
>
>
And so the world that was then was destroyed by water....and today is destroyed by the fire of His wrath revealed from heaven as ungodly men are destroyed (death) from the face of this earth as we speak. This is a NOW thing as the current heaven and earth are stored with fire for the destruction of ungodly men.
>
> (7) *And the LORD said, **I will destroy man whom I have created from
> the face of the earth;** both man, and beast, and the creeping thing,
> and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them.*
>
>
>
But “Noah”….meaning “rest”….found grace in the eyes of the LORD. Noah was led by the Spirit and the Spirit did not have to contend with the flesh within Noah for Noah gave His Spirit “rest”. There is no striving with the Spirit of God with those who are led by His Spirit.
>
> (8) **But Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD.**
>
>
>
The world that was then, being overflowed with water, perished.
>
> 2 Peter 3:3-7 KJV (3) *Knowing this first, that there shall come in
> the last days scoffers, walking after their own lusts, (4) And
> saying, Where is the promise of his coming? for since the fathers fell
> asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of the
> creation. (5) **For this they willingly are ignorant of, that by the
> word of God the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of the
> water and in the water: (6) Whereby the world that then was, being
> overflowed with water, perished**:*
>
>
>
But TODAY, the heavens and the earth which are NOW, by the same word (saying) are stored with fire against the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men.
This is a NOW thing as the world and its lusts are perishing under the sun of God’s wrath as we speak. No flesh is being saved as ungodly men perish under the wrath of God that arises upon all men who continue to live after the flesh.
>
> (7) **But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word
> are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and
> perdition of ungodly men.**
>
>
>
The wrath of God (who is a consuming fire) IS REVEALED NOW from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who hold the down the truth in unrighteousness. Men who are living after the flesh are dying under His wrath as we speak.
They continue to perish from off the "face of the earth" by the same saying (word) of God just as they did in the flood. The same saying: my Spirit shall not always strive with man for he is also flesh...also living after the flesh.
>
> Romans 1:18-19 KJV (18) ***For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven
> against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth
> in unrighteousness;*** (19) Because that which may be known of God is
> manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them.
>
>
>
But the Lord is longsuffering towards us not willing that any should perish from the face of the earth under His wrath but that all should come to repentance. His patience with us is our salvation.
>
> 2 Peter 3:9 KJV (9) *The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as
> some men count slackness; **but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing
> that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance**.*
>
>
>
The downfall of the sons of God came when they saw the fair “daughters” of men and took them as wives.
The “daughters” of men are the wisdom/words/teachings of earthly men... of fleshly men that were incorporated into their (the sons of God) teachings.
The sons of God had received the spirit of the world. They married the wisdom of men into their own teachings which caused them to live after the flesh as they fought with one another over them. The word for “daughter”…. “bath”…comes from the root word “banah” meaning “to build”.
>
> Genesis 6:1-8 KJV (1) *And it came to pass, when men began to multiply
> on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, (2) **That
> the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they
> took them wives of all which they chose**.*
>
>
>
Wisdom has built HER house….
>
> Proverbs 9:1 KJV (1) **Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out
> her seven pillars:**
>
>
>
Through wisdom is a house built….
>
> Proverbs 24:3 KJV (3) ***Through wisdom is an house builded;*** and by
> understanding it is established:
>
>
>
Rachel and Leah were “builders” of the house of Israel….
>
> Ruth 4:11 KJV (11) *And all the people that were in the gate, and the
> elders, said, We are witnesses. The LORD make the woman that is come
> into thine house **like Rachel and like Leah, which two did build the
> house of Israel:** and do thou worthily in Ephratah, and be famous in
> Bethlehem:*
>
>
>
The LORD God took one of the ribs of Adam and BUILT ("made" = banah = to build) a woman with the rib. God built the builder.
>
> Genesis 2:21-22 KJV (21) *And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall
> upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up
> the flesh instead thereof; (22) And the rib, which the LORD God had
> taken from man, **made he a woman,** and brought her unto the man.*
>
>
>
The sons of God received the enticing words of man’s words of earthly wisdom (their “daughters”…their builders...the words of earthly men in their earthly wisdom). They build faulty structures so-to-speak.
>
> 1 Corinthians 2:4-16 KJV (4) *And my speech and my preaching was not
> **with enticing words of man's wisdom,** but in demonstration of the
> Spirit and of power:*
>
>
>
Their faith became established in the words of the wisdom of men (their “daughters”).
>
> (5) **That your faith should not stand in the wisdom of men,** but in the
> power of God.
>
>
>
They received the “daughters” of men of any that they chose….the wisdom of this world.
The “princes of this world”: There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.
They come to nothing.
>
> (6) *Howbeit we speak wisdom among them that are perfect: y**et not the
> wisdom of this world, nor of the princes of this world,** that come to
> nought: (7) But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the
> hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory:*
>
>
>
The giants in the earth…..the princes of this world….do not know the hidden wisdom of God as they are built upon the wisdom of earthly men in their churches.
If they did, they would not crucify the Lord of glory out of the lives of many by their enticing words. They prevent the eternal life of Jesus from ever appearing in the mortal flesh of those that they deceive. They perish without His life ever appearing.
>
> (8) ***Which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known
> it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.*** (9) But as it is
> written, Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into
> the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that
> love him. (10) But God hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit: for
> the Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God. (11)
> **For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which
> is in him?** even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of
> God.
>
>
>
The “sons of God” received the spirit of the world….they took “wives” from earthly men…which led them astray from being led by the Spirit.
>
> (12) *N**ow we have received, not the spirit of the world,** but the
> spirit which is of God; that we might know the things that are freely
> given to us of God. (13) Which things also we speak, **not in the words
> which man's wisdom teacheth,** but which the Holy Ghost teacheth;
> comparing spiritual things with spiritual. (14) **But the natural man
> receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God:** for they are
> foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are
> spiritually discerned. (15) But he that is spiritual judgeth all
> things, yet he himself is judged of no man. (16) For who hath known
> the mind of the Lord, that he may instruct him? But we have the mind
> of Christ*.
>
>
> |
135,818 | I know a lot of posts have been made on this topic, but, I have tried everything. I wanted to move my hot water tank from the first floor of my house to the crawl space. My old unit was performing well, but, the plumber I hired recommended a new unit (mine was 12 years old). Prior to replacement, my hot water worked perfectly!! We could take three showers back to back with no issues at all. Now, with a new unit, I can't even make it through one shower before it gets cold. During the one shower, I constantly turn the hot know to increase the temp until it just gets cold on me. I have taken the following steps:
* Replaced the new HW unit with the same size (38 gallons), number of elements (2), and wattage as the old unit
* Checked the dip tube in the new unit
* Replaced the elements (with genuine factory parts)
* Adjusted the thermostat to 120
* Replaced all the stems in faucets with a one handle (mixing stems).
I have already dropped 1500 dollars on the unit and stems including labor costs. Please advise. | 2018/03/19 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/135818",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/83729/"
] | If you increase the diameter of the branch you also increase the time it takes for you to get hot water. In my climate I also like to get ground temperature water so having large branch lines increases the amount of water I have to dump before I get rid of the water in the pipe from the supply entrance to my faucet. This also wastes heat as the branch lines will have hot/cold water and heat or cool the wall spaces - eventually heating or cooling your house.
I like the manifold arrangement but one quick thing to try would be to just plumb the washing machine into the end of the branch line. I this this would allow the other fixtures to have pressure preference over it.
The other thing I'd do is eliminate the crazy 90s if you are redoing a section. The plumbing might look neat but you loose significant flow when you make sharp turns. Really the best way is spaghetti with gradual bends. | Personally I would just live with the trunk and branch. It will be very expensive to replumb the house. |
135,818 | I know a lot of posts have been made on this topic, but, I have tried everything. I wanted to move my hot water tank from the first floor of my house to the crawl space. My old unit was performing well, but, the plumber I hired recommended a new unit (mine was 12 years old). Prior to replacement, my hot water worked perfectly!! We could take three showers back to back with no issues at all. Now, with a new unit, I can't even make it through one shower before it gets cold. During the one shower, I constantly turn the hot know to increase the temp until it just gets cold on me. I have taken the following steps:
* Replaced the new HW unit with the same size (38 gallons), number of elements (2), and wattage as the old unit
* Checked the dip tube in the new unit
* Replaced the elements (with genuine factory parts)
* Adjusted the thermostat to 120
* Replaced all the stems in faucets with a one handle (mixing stems).
I have already dropped 1500 dollars on the unit and stems including labor costs. Please advise. | 2018/03/19 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/135818",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/83729/"
] | PEX is a dimensionally equivalent product. That means the OD outside diameter is equivalent to the OD of copper. The ID inside diameter is less than the ID of copper. The PEX fittings fit inside the PEX tubing acting as flow restriction and thus volume of water. Do not think that the rules of thumb for copper are equivalent for PEX. Normally a 1/2" copper line will feed three shower heads or three faucets with a static line pressure of about 50 psi. You state problems with water pressure due to plumbing. Some people experience extreme variations in shower hot water temperature and equate it to a water pressure problem. It is normal to have hot water temperature variations due to more than one person living in a home. There are several work arounds for this problem. Install a hot water recirculating system and/ or install anti scalding shower valves. Both in good working order should reduce hot water temperature variations. | Personally I would just live with the trunk and branch. It will be very expensive to replumb the house. |
135,818 | I know a lot of posts have been made on this topic, but, I have tried everything. I wanted to move my hot water tank from the first floor of my house to the crawl space. My old unit was performing well, but, the plumber I hired recommended a new unit (mine was 12 years old). Prior to replacement, my hot water worked perfectly!! We could take three showers back to back with no issues at all. Now, with a new unit, I can't even make it through one shower before it gets cold. During the one shower, I constantly turn the hot know to increase the temp until it just gets cold on me. I have taken the following steps:
* Replaced the new HW unit with the same size (38 gallons), number of elements (2), and wattage as the old unit
* Checked the dip tube in the new unit
* Replaced the elements (with genuine factory parts)
* Adjusted the thermostat to 120
* Replaced all the stems in faucets with a one handle (mixing stems).
I have already dropped 1500 dollars on the unit and stems including labor costs. Please advise. | 2018/03/19 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/135818",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/83729/"
] | If you increase the diameter of the branch you also increase the time it takes for you to get hot water. In my climate I also like to get ground temperature water so having large branch lines increases the amount of water I have to dump before I get rid of the water in the pipe from the supply entrance to my faucet. This also wastes heat as the branch lines will have hot/cold water and heat or cool the wall spaces - eventually heating or cooling your house.
I like the manifold arrangement but one quick thing to try would be to just plumb the washing machine into the end of the branch line. I this this would allow the other fixtures to have pressure preference over it.
The other thing I'd do is eliminate the crazy 90s if you are redoing a section. The plumbing might look neat but you loose significant flow when you make sharp turns. Really the best way is spaghetti with gradual bends. | If the manifold cost is not exorbitant, I would definitely go with your plan. I can hardly believe that anyone would use a 1/2" line for a trunk. I'd be tempted to use a 1" trunk if you have the crimp tool or can borrow one--especially to feed the manifolds (and your incoming line is 1" or larger). |
135,818 | I know a lot of posts have been made on this topic, but, I have tried everything. I wanted to move my hot water tank from the first floor of my house to the crawl space. My old unit was performing well, but, the plumber I hired recommended a new unit (mine was 12 years old). Prior to replacement, my hot water worked perfectly!! We could take three showers back to back with no issues at all. Now, with a new unit, I can't even make it through one shower before it gets cold. During the one shower, I constantly turn the hot know to increase the temp until it just gets cold on me. I have taken the following steps:
* Replaced the new HW unit with the same size (38 gallons), number of elements (2), and wattage as the old unit
* Checked the dip tube in the new unit
* Replaced the elements (with genuine factory parts)
* Adjusted the thermostat to 120
* Replaced all the stems in faucets with a one handle (mixing stems).
I have already dropped 1500 dollars on the unit and stems including labor costs. Please advise. | 2018/03/19 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/135818",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/83729/"
] | PEX is a dimensionally equivalent product. That means the OD outside diameter is equivalent to the OD of copper. The ID inside diameter is less than the ID of copper. The PEX fittings fit inside the PEX tubing acting as flow restriction and thus volume of water. Do not think that the rules of thumb for copper are equivalent for PEX. Normally a 1/2" copper line will feed three shower heads or three faucets with a static line pressure of about 50 psi. You state problems with water pressure due to plumbing. Some people experience extreme variations in shower hot water temperature and equate it to a water pressure problem. It is normal to have hot water temperature variations due to more than one person living in a home. There are several work arounds for this problem. Install a hot water recirculating system and/ or install anti scalding shower valves. Both in good working order should reduce hot water temperature variations. | If the manifold cost is not exorbitant, I would definitely go with your plan. I can hardly believe that anyone would use a 1/2" line for a trunk. I'd be tempted to use a 1" trunk if you have the crimp tool or can borrow one--especially to feed the manifolds (and your incoming line is 1" or larger). |
69,790 | Who should I ask to proofread my MSc dissertation? Is proofreading required? | 2016/06/04 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/69790",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/55174/"
] | There's no formal process that you are required to use for proofreading, but it's certainly required in the sense that your dissertation should not be full of typos.
You are the most important proofreader. You care the most and have special expertise on the specific topic you are writing about, and eliminating errors is your responsibility. However, it's worth getting assistance from someone else, since some errors can be tough for the author to spot.
You should not expect your advisor to do proofreading. It's possible that he/she will provide a list of typos, but that's really not the advisor's responsibility. Ultimately you'll benefit far more from higher-level advice about content and writing, so it's in your interest to provide drafts that you have already checked carefully.
One good way to arrange proofreading is to swap dissertations with a friend, with each of you looking over the other's draft. If you can't find anyone to do this, you could try asking friends or relatives to help you proofread, but you'll have to be careful not to let it become a burden for them.
I would not recommend trying to hire a proofreader, unless you have clear approval from your university for exactly what you plan to do. (If I heard that a student had hired someone to help proofread, I would worry that "proofreading" might be a euphemism for an inappropriate level of writing assistance.) | **Easy and Rewarding Solution!**: First, find a trust worthy class mate who DOES NOT do the simillar dissertation. Second, offer to read his/her dissetation, in exchange he/she read yours. Third, discuss each other dessertation after the reading is done. Fourth, fix your issues. Fifth: repeat if you have more time until you are confident with your dessertation. |
69,790 | Who should I ask to proofread my MSc dissertation? Is proofreading required? | 2016/06/04 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/69790",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/55174/"
] | There's no formal process that you are required to use for proofreading, but it's certainly required in the sense that your dissertation should not be full of typos.
You are the most important proofreader. You care the most and have special expertise on the specific topic you are writing about, and eliminating errors is your responsibility. However, it's worth getting assistance from someone else, since some errors can be tough for the author to spot.
You should not expect your advisor to do proofreading. It's possible that he/she will provide a list of typos, but that's really not the advisor's responsibility. Ultimately you'll benefit far more from higher-level advice about content and writing, so it's in your interest to provide drafts that you have already checked carefully.
One good way to arrange proofreading is to swap dissertations with a friend, with each of you looking over the other's draft. If you can't find anyone to do this, you could try asking friends or relatives to help you proofread, but you'll have to be careful not to let it become a burden for them.
I would not recommend trying to hire a proofreader, unless you have clear approval from your university for exactly what you plan to do. (If I heard that a student had hired someone to help proofread, I would worry that "proofreading" might be a euphemism for an inappropriate level of writing assistance.) | I'm now reading the Msc dissertation of a friend but being brutally honest in my comments which she happens to like. It does help that I once was an archaeology student myself. But I think that the more people who read your dissertation before you hand it in, the better. The process of writing up a dissertation isn't just about writing it all up. It's also about being able to form up your own opinon, being critical, being able to work together with other folks and work on your own at the same time. |
69,790 | Who should I ask to proofread my MSc dissertation? Is proofreading required? | 2016/06/04 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/69790",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/55174/"
] | I'm now reading the Msc dissertation of a friend but being brutally honest in my comments which she happens to like. It does help that I once was an archaeology student myself. But I think that the more people who read your dissertation before you hand it in, the better. The process of writing up a dissertation isn't just about writing it all up. It's also about being able to form up your own opinon, being critical, being able to work together with other folks and work on your own at the same time. | **Easy and Rewarding Solution!**: First, find a trust worthy class mate who DOES NOT do the simillar dissertation. Second, offer to read his/her dissetation, in exchange he/she read yours. Third, discuss each other dessertation after the reading is done. Fourth, fix your issues. Fifth: repeat if you have more time until you are confident with your dessertation. |
557,177 | I stumbled on a retro Dutch [video](https://youtu.be/J-gCBh6rk3M?t=11) from 1983 where a large four color mechanical display is shown.
Each pixel consists of a cube which can be turned in order to change the pixel color between 4 colors (white, green, red and blue), a carriage moves behind the screen and slowly updates the screen by altering the rotation of the cubes. Ah this retro electro-mechanical stuff, I love it.
**My question is: how does the update carriage know the rotational position for each of the pixels?**
Or is the rotational state not obtained but reset in some way? The pixels have small cams on their sides, but they seem similar for each color, I can't really see it properly. When the carriage passes it performs only one color-shift per line (90 degrees), and each pixel is always cycled during an update, even for cases where there is no difference between the initial color and target color of the pixel.
Other details:
The displays seems to be branded "AVTEL". And seems to consists of 3 smaller displays next to each other.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/VbhQ7.png)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/94BD0.png) | 2021/03/29 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/557177",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/206791/"
] | Your board outputs logic levels like +5V or 0V to control the LEDs, these are voltage, and voltage is relative, it is the difference in electric potential between two points. You can't have a voltage if you have only one wire, you need two. One of them is often called "ground" or "0V" and it is used as a voltage reference relative to which all other voltages are measured.
If you don't connect grounds, then the receiving chip on the other end has no way to know about that reference, so it will have no idea what voltage it is receiving. So it won't work.
>
> can the connection to the data input on the Neopixels from the SBC potentially be dangerous in this scenario?
>
>
>
If you don't connect the grounds together then both devices will be at random potential relative to each other, which means that if current has to flow it will flow via what's connected, which is the IO pins of your chip, instead of just through copper. This is when it fries.
You would worry about connecting grounds if they were at different potentials, for example if you have long cables between devices, and these devices are earthed to different places in different buildings. Also if both devices are earthed in a way that creates a long enough loop of Earth wire in the building that is closed by your ground connection, because when lightning strikes in the vicinity it will induce current into conductive loops. This is why Ethernet uses isolation transformers, for example.
But that would not be the case if you use two power supplies powered from the same socket. No worries in your case. | Connecting the grounds between two systems that are in physical close proximity to each other is normal and done frequently.
If however your systems are far apart (on the order of 20+ ft.) , then you'll want to use some sort of isolation system to allow them to communicate while maintaining separate grounds. |
14,496 | I want to be able to display my company on Google Maps. I have a places page set up. If you search for it Google will show my business with a red marker which links to my places page.
I want it to display on the map all the time. Like the TM Lewin Shop in the example below.
[Map Link](http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=london&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Westminster,%20London,%20United%20Kingdom&gl=uk&ll=51.497054,-0.138622&spn=0.001334,0.003484&z=19&iwloc=lyrftr:m,8025719665819214404,51.497219,-0.138507)
How do I get it to do that. What does Google use to decide that.
There are 3 business at our address. One of the companies is displayed on the map. Would that stop us displaying? | 2011/05/27 | [
"https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/questions/14496",
"https://webmasters.stackexchange.com",
"https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/users/7862/"
] | I think your question at the end may be the problem. Google say
>
> There shouldn't be more than one
> listing per physical location. Even if
> you're a doctor who is a cardiologist
> and a chiropractor or a service that
> covers multiple towns, you shouldn't
> have two listings. Instead, use the
> description of your business or
> categories to explain the different
> services your business offers.
>
>
>
<http://www.google.com/support/places/bin/static.py?hl=en&page=guide.cs&guide=28247&topic=28292&answer=142902&from=28062&rd=1> | You need to be in [Google Places](http://www.google.com/places/). I'm not sure how they handle three businesses. I would guess that they choose the one most relevant to a search query. |
120 | We've discussed this in comments in a number of different topics, and it's come up time and again, so we should explicitly cover this:
Are questions about stage combat (or re-enacting [Ren Fair, SCA, Civil War?], etc.), even if the intent is to adapt a martial art to stage combat, on topic? | 2012/02/23 | [
"https://martialarts.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/120",
"https://martialarts.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://martialarts.meta.stackexchange.com/users/25/"
] | It seems to me that there are other Stack Exchange sites and proposals which would be a better fit for this topic, such as [Theatre](http://area51.stackexchange.com/proposals/23762/theatre).
Martial Arts, [as so far defined](https://martialarts.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/97/what-is-the-definition-of-martial-art), seems to be: "Martial arts are extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat that are practiced for self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, as well as mental, physical and spiritual development." (Strikethrough denotes a proposed elimination.) On this basis alone, I see no reason that stage combat even fits under the definition of martial arts, nor do I see any reason that we should cover other artistic endeavors, such as authors writing martial arts scenes, nor painters attempting to paint them.
Stage combat is fiction; even when the moves look to be genuine, they're often exaggerated for the effect of showing up well. Most martial artists training in any depth for personal protection will emphasize making movements smaller, not bigger, so as to hide intent. I know for a fact that my martial art does not show up well on stage or screen; it's not flashy and it doesn't entertain.
I believe that personal involvement in competition should be as close to entertainment questions as we tread. | I believe talking about stage combat would give better answers on this Q&A site. When you want to emulate a certain fighting technique, there are visual differences on how you stand, throw a punch, and kick.
The advice that could come out of this site would give someone more detail in how a move is done, or what happens to your opponent when you hit him in a certain way.
I know some will complain that you don't know stage combat, and due to that lack of knowledge, not be able to help; what you can do is help with the visualization of a move, the body mechanics required, and what about that move makes it hurt someone (which means you know what to alter). |
120 | We've discussed this in comments in a number of different topics, and it's come up time and again, so we should explicitly cover this:
Are questions about stage combat (or re-enacting [Ren Fair, SCA, Civil War?], etc.), even if the intent is to adapt a martial art to stage combat, on topic? | 2012/02/23 | [
"https://martialarts.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/120",
"https://martialarts.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://martialarts.meta.stackexchange.com/users/25/"
] | Like what we discussed with Lion Dancing: how does staging fake fights help with one's growth in martial arts?
Some possible examples: Classical Chinese opera. Korean masked dances might hide something interesting. Capoeira. I think some variants of Silat have ritual dances in between rounds within ritual duels. Some arts train acting / theater as methods for stealth. Etc.
The point is that it does not matter whether someone has the expertise or credentials to offer advice on stage fighting since we're looking for ways to grow our chosen martial art. Turn the question upside-down and I say it is on-topic.
"All strikes do not hit or are exaggerated, and many of the more intense moves are controlled by the victim." <-- In context of say, teaching children, exaggerating moves and safe movements would be important.
**Update:** Personally, I think the original question is off-topic. The original question is asking for turning martial arts into theater. If it were the other way around, turning something from the stage into martial arts (protection of self and others), then I think that's acceptable.
"How can I adapt stage fighting techniques for teaching martial arts?"
"How can I use exaggeration to demonstrate subtle techniques for students/kohai?"
"How can I use method acting to train intention?"
"How can I use exaggeration to deliberately telegraph a feint?"
"How do I obfuscate my martial techniques with acting techniques to demonstrate reasonable self-defense in a court of law?" (Though this strays into legal issues so probably not a good question) | I believe talking about stage combat would give better answers on this Q&A site. When you want to emulate a certain fighting technique, there are visual differences on how you stand, throw a punch, and kick.
The advice that could come out of this site would give someone more detail in how a move is done, or what happens to your opponent when you hit him in a certain way.
I know some will complain that you don't know stage combat, and due to that lack of knowledge, not be able to help; what you can do is help with the visualization of a move, the body mechanics required, and what about that move makes it hurt someone (which means you know what to alter). |
120 | We've discussed this in comments in a number of different topics, and it's come up time and again, so we should explicitly cover this:
Are questions about stage combat (or re-enacting [Ren Fair, SCA, Civil War?], etc.), even if the intent is to adapt a martial art to stage combat, on topic? | 2012/02/23 | [
"https://martialarts.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/120",
"https://martialarts.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://martialarts.meta.stackexchange.com/users/25/"
] | I largely agree with Ho-Sheng Hsiao. I think that the original question, as asked, is relatively problematic, and while I recognize the need to not let us branch too broadly, I am uncomfortable with the idea that the *purpose* of the practice matters relative to what the practice is. So if you are practicing taekwondo for money as a combat sport, I don't see that as different (for the purpose of this site) as practicing for fitness, as practicing for self defense, as practice for self-discipline or personal improvement. You are practicing a martial art. "Why" is not as important. I think that a "martial arts SE" can be somewhat broader than simply the question of "things that go into specifically traditional martial arts."
So while I don't think stage combat, as a genre, is appropriate here it is easy to imagine stage-combat questions that might be appropriate. So long as they focus on the *martial art* side and not on the *acting* side.
Asking how you adapt a martial art to the stage is going the wrong direction. But asking something along the lines of "we are trying to make this stage combat scene (insert youtube video or EWMN schematic) look like a more realistic fight, what can we do?" could very well be on-topic. | I believe talking about stage combat would give better answers on this Q&A site. When you want to emulate a certain fighting technique, there are visual differences on how you stand, throw a punch, and kick.
The advice that could come out of this site would give someone more detail in how a move is done, or what happens to your opponent when you hit him in a certain way.
I know some will complain that you don't know stage combat, and due to that lack of knowledge, not be able to help; what you can do is help with the visualization of a move, the body mechanics required, and what about that move makes it hurt someone (which means you know what to alter). |
2,412,027 | I am working on an ASP.NET WebForm application using MVP pattern. For every Web Form, there is a Presenter class associated to handle UI and Business logic. However, I had problem when writing unit tests for Presenters, since session values are used in presenters. And there is no HTTP context exists during execution of the unit test ( BTW I use nUnit ), making it is impossible to write unit test for presenters.
Anyone can explain how to unit test these presenters?
Thanks | 2010/03/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2412027",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/192727/"
] | I belive that you did not undestand that this think you ask, if you going to build it its takes months of design and developing.
if you search for "web chat webcam" you maybe see why I say that.
For example this <http://www.ivideochat.com/> site have developed a program for that reason. See how complicate it is, how many think have.
Also you did not say, what platform you using, what is your server that going to split the video channels and send them all over the other, are you going to use it for one to one, or all to all, are you going to build it on asp.net ? on linux, on flash, on what ?
Some times small thinks in words, are too huge in developing.
So for me you must define a lot of thinks and then maybe you can see if you can do that.
**1**.Media stream server ? example <http://www.adobe.com/products/flashmediaserver/>
**2**.Developing platform.
**3**.Number of possible users.
**4**.The way they goint o interact each other.
**5**.All of them need to have camera ?
**6**.What about bad users (that show bad thinks) ?
**7**.Do they going to chat also ?
Think about all that first, then maybe is more clear to you what you going to get. | Architecturally, you need a server to relay the video/audio to both parties, since they cannot connect directly.
You need a Silverlight or Flash 'movie' running in the browser, which you have written, and you need a server to do the relaying.
Its relatively straightforward using **Haxe**.
[Haxe](http://haxe.org) is a Free language for creating both Flash 'movies' and server applications (and more; read their homepage).
One of the Haxe-related servers that is available for Free is [HaxeVideo](http://code.google.com/p/haxevideo/) - literally a video server that (among other things) supports live streaming from clients. Run HaxeVideo on a server and you can easily make Flash clients (written in the Haxe language naturally) do video chat.
There are several sites that do precisely this e.g. [Reel Portal](http://www.reelportal.com/) and [DoVisio](http://www.dovisio.com/)
If you anticipate a very high volume you can turn to $$$ servers such as [Wowza](http://www.wowzamedia.com/) or [Flash Media Server (FMS)](http://www.adobe.com/products/flashmediaserver/), or you can simply add peering support to HaxeVideo. |
2,412,027 | I am working on an ASP.NET WebForm application using MVP pattern. For every Web Form, there is a Presenter class associated to handle UI and Business logic. However, I had problem when writing unit tests for Presenters, since session values are used in presenters. And there is no HTTP context exists during execution of the unit test ( BTW I use nUnit ), making it is impossible to write unit test for presenters.
Anyone can explain how to unit test these presenters?
Thanks | 2010/03/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2412027",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/192727/"
] | Action Script 3 + Flash Media Server or opensource Red5 server
<http://osflash.org/red5> | I belive that you did not undestand that this think you ask, if you going to build it its takes months of design and developing.
if you search for "web chat webcam" you maybe see why I say that.
For example this <http://www.ivideochat.com/> site have developed a program for that reason. See how complicate it is, how many think have.
Also you did not say, what platform you using, what is your server that going to split the video channels and send them all over the other, are you going to use it for one to one, or all to all, are you going to build it on asp.net ? on linux, on flash, on what ?
Some times small thinks in words, are too huge in developing.
So for me you must define a lot of thinks and then maybe you can see if you can do that.
**1**.Media stream server ? example <http://www.adobe.com/products/flashmediaserver/>
**2**.Developing platform.
**3**.Number of possible users.
**4**.The way they goint o interact each other.
**5**.All of them need to have camera ?
**6**.What about bad users (that show bad thinks) ?
**7**.Do they going to chat also ?
Think about all that first, then maybe is more clear to you what you going to get. |
2,412,027 | I am working on an ASP.NET WebForm application using MVP pattern. For every Web Form, there is a Presenter class associated to handle UI and Business logic. However, I had problem when writing unit tests for Presenters, since session values are used in presenters. And there is no HTTP context exists during execution of the unit test ( BTW I use nUnit ), making it is impossible to write unit test for presenters.
Anyone can explain how to unit test these presenters?
Thanks | 2010/03/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2412027",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/192727/"
] | Action Script 3 + Flash Media Server or opensource Red5 server
<http://osflash.org/red5> | My suggestion is to hire a developer or two who know how to build web-applications involving real-time audio & video capabilities in Flex/Silverlight. |
2,412,027 | I am working on an ASP.NET WebForm application using MVP pattern. For every Web Form, there is a Presenter class associated to handle UI and Business logic. However, I had problem when writing unit tests for Presenters, since session values are used in presenters. And there is no HTTP context exists during execution of the unit test ( BTW I use nUnit ), making it is impossible to write unit test for presenters.
Anyone can explain how to unit test these presenters?
Thanks | 2010/03/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2412027",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/192727/"
] | Would like to try something hot ?
[Silverlight 4](http://silverlight.net/getstarted/silverlight-4-beta/) (now in Beta) seems to have support for microphone&webcam. You will need to create server side for it as well. Probably some kind of user management and contact list. There will be significant bandwidth if you get lot of users, so the server side should created be scalable to multiple machines. Maybe [Azure](http://www.microsoft.com/windowsazure/) cloud ? With any platform you choose it will take lot of effort. | Architecturally, you need a server to relay the video/audio to both parties, since they cannot connect directly.
You need a Silverlight or Flash 'movie' running in the browser, which you have written, and you need a server to do the relaying.
Its relatively straightforward using **Haxe**.
[Haxe](http://haxe.org) is a Free language for creating both Flash 'movies' and server applications (and more; read their homepage).
One of the Haxe-related servers that is available for Free is [HaxeVideo](http://code.google.com/p/haxevideo/) - literally a video server that (among other things) supports live streaming from clients. Run HaxeVideo on a server and you can easily make Flash clients (written in the Haxe language naturally) do video chat.
There are several sites that do precisely this e.g. [Reel Portal](http://www.reelportal.com/) and [DoVisio](http://www.dovisio.com/)
If you anticipate a very high volume you can turn to $$$ servers such as [Wowza](http://www.wowzamedia.com/) or [Flash Media Server (FMS)](http://www.adobe.com/products/flashmediaserver/), or you can simply add peering support to HaxeVideo. |
2,412,027 | I am working on an ASP.NET WebForm application using MVP pattern. For every Web Form, there is a Presenter class associated to handle UI and Business logic. However, I had problem when writing unit tests for Presenters, since session values are used in presenters. And there is no HTTP context exists during execution of the unit test ( BTW I use nUnit ), making it is impossible to write unit test for presenters.
Anyone can explain how to unit test these presenters?
Thanks | 2010/03/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2412027",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/192727/"
] | I belive that you did not undestand that this think you ask, if you going to build it its takes months of design and developing.
if you search for "web chat webcam" you maybe see why I say that.
For example this <http://www.ivideochat.com/> site have developed a program for that reason. See how complicate it is, how many think have.
Also you did not say, what platform you using, what is your server that going to split the video channels and send them all over the other, are you going to use it for one to one, or all to all, are you going to build it on asp.net ? on linux, on flash, on what ?
Some times small thinks in words, are too huge in developing.
So for me you must define a lot of thinks and then maybe you can see if you can do that.
**1**.Media stream server ? example <http://www.adobe.com/products/flashmediaserver/>
**2**.Developing platform.
**3**.Number of possible users.
**4**.The way they goint o interact each other.
**5**.All of them need to have camera ?
**6**.What about bad users (that show bad thinks) ?
**7**.Do they going to chat also ?
Think about all that first, then maybe is more clear to you what you going to get. | My suggestion is to hire a developer or two who know how to build web-applications involving real-time audio & video capabilities in Flex/Silverlight. |
2,412,027 | I am working on an ASP.NET WebForm application using MVP pattern. For every Web Form, there is a Presenter class associated to handle UI and Business logic. However, I had problem when writing unit tests for Presenters, since session values are used in presenters. And there is no HTTP context exists during execution of the unit test ( BTW I use nUnit ), making it is impossible to write unit test for presenters.
Anyone can explain how to unit test these presenters?
Thanks | 2010/03/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2412027",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/192727/"
] | Action Script 3 + Flash Media Server or opensource Red5 server
<http://osflash.org/red5> | Would like to try something hot ?
[Silverlight 4](http://silverlight.net/getstarted/silverlight-4-beta/) (now in Beta) seems to have support for microphone&webcam. You will need to create server side for it as well. Probably some kind of user management and contact list. There will be significant bandwidth if you get lot of users, so the server side should created be scalable to multiple machines. Maybe [Azure](http://www.microsoft.com/windowsazure/) cloud ? With any platform you choose it will take lot of effort. |
2,412,027 | I am working on an ASP.NET WebForm application using MVP pattern. For every Web Form, there is a Presenter class associated to handle UI and Business logic. However, I had problem when writing unit tests for Presenters, since session values are used in presenters. And there is no HTTP context exists during execution of the unit test ( BTW I use nUnit ), making it is impossible to write unit test for presenters.
Anyone can explain how to unit test these presenters?
Thanks | 2010/03/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2412027",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/192727/"
] | Action Script 3 + Flash Media Server or opensource Red5 server
<http://osflash.org/red5> | Architecturally, you need a server to relay the video/audio to both parties, since they cannot connect directly.
You need a Silverlight or Flash 'movie' running in the browser, which you have written, and you need a server to do the relaying.
Its relatively straightforward using **Haxe**.
[Haxe](http://haxe.org) is a Free language for creating both Flash 'movies' and server applications (and more; read their homepage).
One of the Haxe-related servers that is available for Free is [HaxeVideo](http://code.google.com/p/haxevideo/) - literally a video server that (among other things) supports live streaming from clients. Run HaxeVideo on a server and you can easily make Flash clients (written in the Haxe language naturally) do video chat.
There are several sites that do precisely this e.g. [Reel Portal](http://www.reelportal.com/) and [DoVisio](http://www.dovisio.com/)
If you anticipate a very high volume you can turn to $$$ servers such as [Wowza](http://www.wowzamedia.com/) or [Flash Media Server (FMS)](http://www.adobe.com/products/flashmediaserver/), or you can simply add peering support to HaxeVideo. |
248,292 | Is there any difference in meaning between *come*, *come over* and *come along* in the sense of arriving at a place? For example:
>
> I didn't expect you to show up at my party. Thanks for **coming**.
>
>
> I didn't expect you to show up at my party. Thanks for **coming over**.
>
>
> I didn't expect you to show up at my party. Thanks for **coming along**.
>
>
>
According online dictionaries, they all mean the same, I mean, I can't see any difference. If so, then could you tell what's the point of adding *along* or over *there*? | 2020/05/23 | [
"https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/248292",
"https://ell.stackexchange.com",
"https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/60696/"
] | "Thanks for coming" means, "thank you for attending [this event]".
"Thanks for coming over" means, "thank you for making the effort to travel [here]".
"Thanks for coming along" means, "thank you for accompanying me [to wherever *or* on this journey *or* as i do this thing]". | "Thanks for coming" - you're thanking the person for turning up to your party.
"Thanks for comming over." - you're thanking the person for making the effort to get to your party.
"Thanks for comming along." - This one's more vague. It could mean either of the first two meanings, or, more figuratively, you could be thanking the person for going along with the long and complicated train of events that lead to the party. For example, picking up Alice, getting the cake, and putting up with someone she hates who'll be there.
In general:
"to come" is used for motion towards a place
"to come over" is used for motion from one place towards another place, or motion towards a place crossing some obstacle - a river, a street, a mountain or a border.
"to come along" is to join a group of people. (the movement may be physical: you're joining a bus trip to the coast, or not: you move your opinion to agree with someone)
used with "a party" all these meanings are very similar. |
44,655 | This is my routine I’ve been doing for 5 months now:
* Monday - Chest, Arms, Cardio
* Tuesday - Back, Shoulders.
* Wednesday - Legs, Abs, Cardio
* Thursday - Chest, Arms
* Friday - Back, Shoulders. Cardio
* Saturday - Legs, Abs
* Sunday - Rest Day
4 different workouts on the muscle groups daily
4 sets inside of each workout
Isolated exercises while progressive overloading as I kept going
At first I was just learning basics , proper form and progressive overloading slowly while on a caloric deficit to lose weight
I was 200 lbs now I’m near my goal and I weigh 159 I was losing 10 lbs a month ( I took off the deficit for 1 month staying on maintenance)
I was doing mostly only isolated exercises while progressive overloading
( Before working out I was 200 lbs not much noticeable muscle But still not crazy fat I have a well developed chest naturally with small arms so my stomach was just starting to get big now it’s normal where I can almost see my abs but not quite yet )
Now I’m looking to just focus more on muscle growth and I’m used to going to the gym like it’s about of my life style and not “work”
So I was thinking of changing my schedule to a PPL ( push , pull , legs ) with more compound lifting
I wanted to start only hitting the gym 3 days a week so I can do a sport the days I’m not working out but
I don’t understand fully how a PPL works or compound lifts other then
Compound lift = hitting multi groups at once
PPL= push pull legs
I don’t know how to properly perform them more to say
So I need more education on it & also how could I hit each muscle group twice a week while only going 3 days a week.
I was thinking this:
* Monday: Gym full PPL
* Tuesday: sports
* Wednesday: Gym full PPL
* Thursday: sports
* Friday: Gym full PPL
* Saturday - sports
* Sunday: rest day
& also what was my first type of routine categorized as cause from what I know
It’s not a bro spilt cause I’m hitting each muscle group twice a week
It’s not a full body
& it’s not a PPL cause I thought those were only example:
Push = chest, shoulders , triceps
Pull = back & biceps
Legs day
Which isn’t like mines either
Please leave your advice…. I still consider myself a beginner so forgive me if I made any dumb mistakes throughout lmao | 2021/12/21 | [
"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/44655",
"https://fitness.stackexchange.com",
"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/users/37450/"
] | There's a lot going on in that question, but I'll try answering everything one by one:
1. Compound lifts: include more than one muscle group at a time, there is not much more to it definition-wise. The most common compound exercises are: squat, bench press, deadlift, shoulder press, pull up, row. Implementing these in your workouts is definitely a good idea, since you get the most bang for your buck out of them. As for properly performing them, if you look up the proper technique online and start with manageable weights you can learn them by yourself. Film yourself or use a mirror to objectively look at your form and you'll get there.
2. PPL: stands for Push/Pull/Legs as you already mentioned. You'd have a push (chest / shoulders / triceps), pull (back / biceps, maybe hamstrings / glutes if you're deadlifting) and a legs (quads / hamstrings / glutes / calves) workout. Usually PPL is performed as a 6 days/week routine, so you'd do Push/Pull/Legs/Push/Pull/Legs/Rest in one week.
3. 3 days/week routine for you: As you can see, PPL might not be ideal for you. You can do a 3 day PPL, so only one workout for push / pull / legs per week each. It will be hard getting enough quality volume in like this though (around 10-12 sets per muscle group per week for beginners is recommended). You'd be better of going with a full body routine, where you could get enough volume and frequency in 3 days. If you google something like "3 days full body routine" I'm sure you'll find a good program, or if you're up for it buy one, maybe from Jeff Nippard or so (his program comes with a lot of general explanation/infos so it might help you a lot). Another alternative is an Upper/Lower split, which would have you in the gym 4 days/week.
4. Categorizing your first routine: it doesn't really fit into any standard split category, and it doesn't matter that much either. The layout doesn't look optimal to me though. | Well if you have a sport you want to perform in then there are athleticism programs that prevent injury and develop said athleticism. I have posted one put together from Kneesovertoesguy material and that material aligns with my experience of what increases athleticism and strength.
I'll repost it here. Many weight lifters can benefit from it since it hits weak points, strengthen ligaments and tendons, improves recovery, and does not take much time or effort. Think of it as therapeutic work. The more you put in the more results in sports and in weight lifting. You can perform the program daily but 3x a week BEFORE you go do a sport is the best time if you want to keep it to 3x a week.
Since these exercises are on your sport days you can take it easy with them, just put in a little work.
Here is the sports day program; my post is flagged as spam if I repost it. I've made additions though:
[KNEES OVER TOES ATHLETICISM BUILDING](https://pastebin.com/nePq0uKN)
**The Knees over toes program is here on stack exchange:**
[Does Active Flexibility Reduce Speed and Quickness?](https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/44652/does-active-flexibility-reduce-speed-and-quickness/44677#44677)
On your powerlifting days you want to train full body. You should be hitting the same body parts 3x a week.
The only tricky bit is picking Weight, Sets, and Reps, and which exercises you do first and last.
[POWERLIFTING PROGRAM 3x A WEEK](https://pastebin.com/WCkPkMxX)
The links are pastebin which is just a text document repository. It's text only.
**Here is the complete power lifting program so I can keep linking within stack exchange in case pastebin dies:**
***Pull ups*** are a staple that you want to hit every workout for 3 sets to failure. They're bread and butter. Do them at the beginning of every workout. Keeping rest times down is best so 1 minute is good; you want to lower this number as you progress over the years.
You want to use slow as possible repetitions, so 5 second ascent and descent on the pull ups is good and you can probably only do 1 or 2 at this speed. If you can't do a pull up at a slow speed then speed it up until you can, but try and do it as slow as possible.
After the last set hold onto the bar for a deadhang with "shoulder blade reps". This is where you lengthen the body by relaxing into a passive stretch, then retract your shoulder blades to lift yourself up out of that passive back and shoulder stretch and then repeat the process until your strength fails.
Every 9 workouts add a set or decrease rest times by 10 seconds down to 20 seconds. Don't kip up, look up kipping; don't kip up. Use pull up variations. Behind the neck, chin ups, ultra wide. You want to get to the point where you can do 100 pull ups no problem if going at a quicker speed of repetition.
At that point add 10 lbs such as a DB between your feet and reduce the sets by 1. So if you're doing 12 sets of pull ups to failure and you test your pull up repetition max with normal or quick speed and it's 100+ repetitions, go ahead and reduce the sets to 11 and add 10 lbs. When you test and hit 100 pull ups again go ahead and reduce the sets by 1. You want to do at least 5 sets no matter what though, and at most 20 sets.
For a while sets will be increasing but eventually you hit 100 reps and you can hit 100 reps with +10 lbs pretty quickly if you can do 100+ reps with bodyweight, so the set count will shrink.
***I'm going to jump right into squats and deadlifts now**.*
The big squat and deadlift should be placed at the end of your workout. They're difficult. You won't have the stamina to put much into the rest of your workout if you do them first. You want to alternate between doing squat and deadlift each workout, and alternate whether you do a front squat or a back squat, and alternate whether you do a conventional deadlift and a power clean.
Practice EACH of these 4 barbell exercises; The Back Squat, The Conventional Deadlift, The Front Squat, and the Power Clean; with **JUST the bar** for 6 workouts *EACH*. That's 24 workouts which is 2 months.
Get a great burn painful burn in the muscles and focus on form. 5 - 15+ minutes of this is good. Use **ULTRA SLOW REPS** meaning as slow as possible. Yes you want to slow down the power clean. I am not saying it will be incredibly slow but with 45 lbs it can be, and you will most definitely benefit from this.
Look in the mirror or take a video. Go hard. Perform them a bit quicker or as quick as possible if you need to.
Go ahead and take very limited rests when it becomes unbearable. 30 seconds. Just do as much as possible in those 5 - 15+ minutes without letting up.
You will make easy progress and have great mobility. You WILL increase strength as well, don't let anyone tell you otherwise. You probably have no clue how many literal farm hands walk into the gym in high school or in their 20s and squat over 400 lbs and bench over 200 lbs their first day. **Endurance and Work Capacity will build up your strength and muscle size, do not believe otherwise.** Relative, subjective intensity is in fact intensity.
Fact is that many strong weightlifters cannot perform quick body weight squats for more than 50 - 100 repetitions in one set. The only reason they're large is because they take steroids. If they were natural they would be much slimmer. You don't want that if you want smooth and rapid progress, and you don't want that in general. Your recovery is much poorer without endurance; you can't finish hard workouts and you can't recover before the next one without endurance in these big movements so you need to go 5 - 15+ minutes. Your legs and such will explode.
After those 6 workouts of each movement (24 workouts total) if your form has been good for at least 2 workouts you want to add 25 lbs to each side. Keep going with just the bar if you don't have 2 workouts with great form for pretty much all of those 5- 15+ minutes. You NEED mobility for the front squat and you need to develop that by doing your best to use good form and go for 5+ minutes.
[How to Power Clean (Olympic Weightlifting 101)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vVSGITznQk)
[How to Front Squat (WAYS TO KEEP YOUR CHEST UP!)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pyxT5hqmQY)
Check the rest of Squat University for the Back Squat and Conventional Deadlift. Martins Licis features on a Back Squat and Deadlift tutorial, an internation Strongman Competition winner.
Once you have 25 lbs on the bar on these movements go another 2 months, 6 workouts each exercise. After those 6 workouts test for your 1 Repetition Maximum Load at normal speed on the descent and explosive speed on the concentric "up" portion, **WITH GOOD FORM**, for whichever movement is up on that given day. So if you back squat that day, test your back squat max. If you conventional deadlift, test your conventional deadlift max. And so on. Slowly add weight to the bar until you feel you can't do more weight without form breaking down. That's your max.
TAKE A VIDEO OF YOUR MAX. You will break down in form here and it's important to know where.
After testing your 1 repetition maximum, rest 3 minutes then perform 2 working sets at 60% of your max with repetitions as slow as possible (will not be very easy to go over 5 seconds) going until you know your next repetition would be with bad form or you would be muscularly unable to lift it. Rest 1.5 minutes between these sets.
Then drop the weight to 135 lbs (45 lb plate on each side) for back squats and conventional deadlift, 95 lbs (25 lb plates) for front squat and 65 lbs for power cleans, and do 5 - 15+ minutes of the lift **ULTRA SLOW**. It's your last exercise of the day so go hard.
The 2 sets at 60% and the 5 - 15+ minutes of conditioning with the set weight will be your workout for these 4 movements for the next 6 workouts.
After 6 workouts of each individual movement (24 total) you want to retest your max again, and do 3 working sets at 70% of your max **slow if possible** after resting from your max for 3 minutes. You should rest 1.5 minutes between 'working sets'. After doing these working sets drop the weight to 185 lbs for back squats and deadlifts, 135 lbs for front squats, and 115 lbs for power cleans and go for 5 - 15+ minutes ultra slow.
Don't let anyone tell you this is slow progress. Every weight lifter reaches a point where progress is slow slow slow because they have no solid foundation of conditioning. Don't listen to them at all. Your progress should be pretty quick anywho, but don't let anyone mess with your programming. Defend your program. Keep hands out of the pot.
Every 6 workouts (24 total) you want to test your max and increase the number of work sets you do OR decrease the rest time between sets by 15 seconds, down to 30 seconds after a couple years. You can also increase the % of max you use but that should remain the same until you are doing 8 sets with 30 seconds of rest -- then you can increase the % by 10% up to 80% and cut the sets down to 5 and increase the rest by 30 seconds to 60 seconds of rest. Get up to 10 sets with 30 seconds of rest at 80% of your max and you will be over 220 lbs of muscle, no doubt.
The amount of repetitions will always be "to failure" and the conditioning weight should go up very slowly; 10 lb increases for back squat and deadlift every 6 workouts, and 5 lb increases for front squat and power clean every 6 workouts. If you can go past 15 minutes of conditioning with the weight then do it.
Okay now everything between pull ups and the big movements.
***Push ups.*** Yes push ups, not bench. Weight is weight. Your abs aren't used when doing bench though and so you should do push ups. Same routine as pull ups in fact, but elevate your hands so you can sink your chest into the movement. You can use 2 platforms or the end of large flat dumbbells or a stack of plates for each hand. You want your chest to reach past your hands eventually. ULTRA SLOW as possible.
3 sets to failure and every workout. Always go as hard as possible on the last set. After 9 workouts add a set or decrease rest time. When you reach 100 repetitions when you test them at normal speed go ahead and take a set off and add 10 lbs. Get a weight vest or place the weight on your low back. You want to do at least 5 sets, no more than 20 sets, and have at least 20 seconds of rest time between sets.
on SQUAT days you want to do a horizontal pull. In particular you want to do ***1 hand Dumbbell Rows***. Test your max on each side. Base the % numbers on the stronger side.
Perform 2 work sets at 60% each side going as slow as possible for as many reps as possible. Make sure to use full range of motion and hold at the top. Use 1.5 minutes of rest.
Every 9 workouts of this movement retest your max and increase the set count by 1, or decrease the rest time by 15 seconds. At 8 sets and 30 seconds of rest decrease the sets to 5, increase the rest to 1 minute, and increase the % to 70% of your max.
After performing your work sets drop the weight to 40% of your max and perform 5 - 15+ minutes as slow as possible as much as possible.
If it is a deadlift or powerclean day, you want to perform a vertical push motion. ***That means overhead press.*** Use an empty barbell or some sort of bicep curl bar if your gym is busy for 5 - 15+ minutes. Slow as possible. *Elbows out to the side.*
After 9 workouts of this movement test your max. Go ahead and use 60% for 2 sets, slow as possible, 1.5 minutes of rest between. Then drop the weight to 40% and perform 5 - 15+ minutes of ultra slow repetitions. When you're done with the 5 - 15+ minutes, put the 40% back up to lock out and do scapula extensions and retractions. Pack the shoulder then extend it for reps. Do this until you lose strength.
Don't bend your back too much when performing overhead presses. You can lean back a bit but you've already done a horizontal push in this workout so keep it vertical. Drop the bar ALL THE WAY DOWN every repetition and ALL THE WAY UP. Also, you should start with the bar on your shoulders but bring it behind the neck for half or so of your reps once you start.
You need to practice going behind the neck with the bar though for those 9 workouts.
AFTER YOU SQUAT OR DEADLIFT there is still 2 more things for you to do. *Grip work and Arms.* That means taking some small amount of weight and performing ***wrist extensions, wrist curls, and wrist 'twists'*** for 6 - 20+ minutes; and Doing 2 sets of ***bicep curls and tricep extensions*** using 70% of your max, reps to failure. Slowest is best.
For wrist twists you want to hold the dumbbell handle closer to one end so it's heavier on one side. Use 5 lb dumbbells for each movement and burn. Note that whether the heavier side is on the thumb side or pinky side changes the movement. That's about 4 different grip exercises so perform each exercise for 1.5 minutes each hand starting out and work up to 5 minutes each. After hitting 5 minutes increase the weight by 5 lbs.
Every 4 weeks test your bicep and tricep cable extension max. 2 sets to failure with 70% every workout. Go slow as possible.
Buy some finger extensor training bands as well, to use at home for 5 minutes each hand.
That's the whole workout. If you aren't progressing then try harder or set rep goals so you know when you need to try harder. Get more reps out. The weight progression is programmed in. Good luck. |
33,257,969 | I am in the process of implementing a single page app based on Angular and Node.js, running on a Windows Server within a corporate Windows Active directory domain environment. I know that it is possible to authenticate via AD (by passing a username and password) with the assistance of node packages such as "passport-ldapauth" and "node-activedirectory".
My question is: what would be the most feasible/straight-forward way of implementing single sign-on functionality, so that a user that had already authenticated to Active Directory on the PC / domain would not have to enter their AD username/password again?
I have come across Auth0 packages which are able to do this, but I understand they required an externally hosted cloud service? (which is not an option for me).
Thanks very much in advance.
Update: I have been investigating Kerberos as this could be a solution, however there does not seem to be any mature NPM packages out there for node and Kerberos ?
Update 2: I have found a package called Node-SSPI that looks very promising. I have not had a chance to try it out on windows domain (hopefully will tomorrow) but it was able to verify the user logged on to my local machine.
Thanks | 2015/10/21 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/33257969",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/5471094/"
] | Since 2020, it can also be done with [node-expose-sspi](https://github.com/jlguenego/node-expose-sspi). This module let you deal with the Microsoft SSPI API which was exposed to Node.
SSO can be done with both Kerberos and NTLM. It has been tested and is in production as intranet ERP.
Note: I am the author of node-expose-sspi. | As the author noted in their update, this can be done with [Node-SSPI](https://github.com/abbr/nodesspi). I verified that it also works on a windows domain. |
213,016 | Please suggest books/references on ARDL model and ARDL bounds test approach to study. | 2016/05/17 | [
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/213016",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/35988/"
] | A classical textbook on cointegration in the ADL/ECM framework is [Co-integration, Error Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-Stationary Data](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/co-integration-error-correction-and-the-econometric-analysis-of-non-stationary-data-9780198288107?q=cointegration&lang=en&cc=fi) by Anindya Banerjee, Juan J. Dolado, John W. Galbraith, and David Hendry. Another good text is [Time-Series-Based Econometrics: Unit Roots and Co-integrations](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/time-series-based-econometrics-9780198773535?cc=fi&lang=en&) by Michio Hatanaka. | Btw, there is now a user-written Gretl package for running a bootstrap version of both the PSS and BDM bounds test on cointegration. For an example see [here](https://sites.google.com/site/arturtarassow/it-s-not-really-ablog-but-rather-a-note-to-myself/replicating-eviews-blog-entry-on-ardl-based-cointegration-tests). |
213,016 | Please suggest books/references on ARDL model and ARDL bounds test approach to study. | 2016/05/17 | [
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/213016",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/35988/"
] | A classical textbook on cointegration in the ADL/ECM framework is [Co-integration, Error Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-Stationary Data](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/co-integration-error-correction-and-the-econometric-analysis-of-non-stationary-data-9780198288107?q=cointegration&lang=en&cc=fi) by Anindya Banerjee, Juan J. Dolado, John W. Galbraith, and David Hendry. Another good text is [Time-Series-Based Econometrics: Unit Roots and Co-integrations](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/time-series-based-econometrics-9780198773535?cc=fi&lang=en&) by Michio Hatanaka. | The GRETL progrmme will be more useful, if it includes the test for degeneration case 1 using ARDL Bootstrap method along with PSS and BDM bounds test on cointegration..
McNown et al. (2016) define the following degenerate cases and the degenerate cases cannot be cointegration.
1. Degenerate case #1 occurs when the F-test on joint lagged level variables and the t-test on the lagged independent variable are significant, but the t-test on the lagged level dependent variable is insignificant.
2. Degenerate case #2 occurs when the F-test on joint lagged level variables and the t-test on the lagged dependent variable are significant, but the t-test on the lagged level independent variable is insignificant.
Pesaran et al. (2001) present critical values for case #2, but not for case #1. To rule out degenerate case #1, the integration order for the dependent variable must be I (1). |
213,016 | Please suggest books/references on ARDL model and ARDL bounds test approach to study. | 2016/05/17 | [
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/213016",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/35988/"
] | The GRETL progrmme will be more useful, if it includes the test for degeneration case 1 using ARDL Bootstrap method along with PSS and BDM bounds test on cointegration..
McNown et al. (2016) define the following degenerate cases and the degenerate cases cannot be cointegration.
1. Degenerate case #1 occurs when the F-test on joint lagged level variables and the t-test on the lagged independent variable are significant, but the t-test on the lagged level dependent variable is insignificant.
2. Degenerate case #2 occurs when the F-test on joint lagged level variables and the t-test on the lagged dependent variable are significant, but the t-test on the lagged level independent variable is insignificant.
Pesaran et al. (2001) present critical values for case #2, but not for case #1. To rule out degenerate case #1, the integration order for the dependent variable must be I (1). | Btw, there is now a user-written Gretl package for running a bootstrap version of both the PSS and BDM bounds test on cointegration. For an example see [here](https://sites.google.com/site/arturtarassow/it-s-not-really-ablog-but-rather-a-note-to-myself/replicating-eviews-blog-entry-on-ardl-based-cointegration-tests). |
31,896,084 | I am creating a text based game using C++ for a school project, the game works by allowing the user to pick a choice from a list of options in each scene; similar to how the games hosted by [Choice of Games](https://www.choiceofgames.com/category/our-games/) work. As a result of this I have a large amount of text that must be displayed in my game, however I am unsure as to the proper conventions when working with large amounts text in a program. Should I simply make use of **std::cout** and write the text directly into the code, or should I write into text files an used **std::ifstream** in order to read the text.
My only major concern regarding the use of files to hold the text is that each choice the user makes results in a different paragraph being displayed and as a result I believe that I would need to create a text file for each paragraph, which seems like it will lead to more issues (such as using the wrong file name or mistyping my code leading to the game reading from the wrong file) than writing the text straight into the code could. If there is a way to read particular sections of a text file then this would be useful to know, however I am currently unaware of any such method. However I am new to C++ and I am certain that there is plenty that I have yet to learn so I would not be surprised if such a method did exist.
Any help is greatly appreciated, be it anything from simply telling me if I should enter text into my code or into files, to telling me if there is a way to read text from specific sections of a text file. And once again, I am very grateful for any help you can provide. | 2015/08/08 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/31896084",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4674340/"
] | I recommend using external files. It makes changing the content much easier and doesn't require recompiling the entire program for a simple typo.
You can use one file and just separate each paragraph with a blank line. Grabbing "all text between blank lines" at that point is trivial.
If the choices cause the paragraph choices to jump around the file you can give them IDs and load them on-the-fly by searching linearly through the file for a given ID.
--EDIT--
As per the request here is an algorithm or two:
Algorithm 1:
1. Give each paragraph an ID, usually a simple number on the line immediately above the paragraph.
2. Separate each number-paragraph pair by blank lines.
3. Parse the file line-by-line looking for a "line" that contains only a number.
4. From that point you found the paragraph you are looking for, all lines until the next blank is the content of that paragraph.
5. Display to user.
Algorithm 2 (recommended):
1. Use XML to store your paragraphs and their IDs.
2. Use TinyXML2 to parse the file: <http://www.grinninglizard.com/tinyxml2/index.html> | If you do not plan to translate you game to other languages, you are on your own, both approaches have their pros and cons:
* text in source: easy to write, text is near the place where it is used.
* text in resource files: easier to remove duplicate strings, forces a better structure of text data.
If you simply imagine that your application could be translated, then you should put all text in ressource files. You can even find framework that will assist your for translations as [Gnu gettext](http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/), but you can find others, for example [qt](http://www.qt.io/) has its own translation tools. |
31,896,084 | I am creating a text based game using C++ for a school project, the game works by allowing the user to pick a choice from a list of options in each scene; similar to how the games hosted by [Choice of Games](https://www.choiceofgames.com/category/our-games/) work. As a result of this I have a large amount of text that must be displayed in my game, however I am unsure as to the proper conventions when working with large amounts text in a program. Should I simply make use of **std::cout** and write the text directly into the code, or should I write into text files an used **std::ifstream** in order to read the text.
My only major concern regarding the use of files to hold the text is that each choice the user makes results in a different paragraph being displayed and as a result I believe that I would need to create a text file for each paragraph, which seems like it will lead to more issues (such as using the wrong file name or mistyping my code leading to the game reading from the wrong file) than writing the text straight into the code could. If there is a way to read particular sections of a text file then this would be useful to know, however I am currently unaware of any such method. However I am new to C++ and I am certain that there is plenty that I have yet to learn so I would not be surprised if such a method did exist.
Any help is greatly appreciated, be it anything from simply telling me if I should enter text into my code or into files, to telling me if there is a way to read text from specific sections of a text file. And once again, I am very grateful for any help you can provide. | 2015/08/08 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/31896084",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4674340/"
] | I recommend using external files. It makes changing the content much easier and doesn't require recompiling the entire program for a simple typo.
You can use one file and just separate each paragraph with a blank line. Grabbing "all text between blank lines" at that point is trivial.
If the choices cause the paragraph choices to jump around the file you can give them IDs and load them on-the-fly by searching linearly through the file for a given ID.
--EDIT--
As per the request here is an algorithm or two:
Algorithm 1:
1. Give each paragraph an ID, usually a simple number on the line immediately above the paragraph.
2. Separate each number-paragraph pair by blank lines.
3. Parse the file line-by-line looking for a "line" that contains only a number.
4. From that point you found the paragraph you are looking for, all lines until the next blank is the content of that paragraph.
5. Display to user.
Algorithm 2 (recommended):
1. Use XML to store your paragraphs and their IDs.
2. Use TinyXML2 to parse the file: <http://www.grinninglizard.com/tinyxml2/index.html> | Storing text in the program files is not a good coding practice. This would result in unnecessary code bloat (it's not even code) and the need to recompile if you need to change the text.
A simple solution would be to create a text file with careful formatting like line numbers or whitespace that would allow you to pull out the desired text.
A more elegant solution would be to put the necessary text in xml or json files, and read them into your program when necessary. This would be a great choice. |
31,896,084 | I am creating a text based game using C++ for a school project, the game works by allowing the user to pick a choice from a list of options in each scene; similar to how the games hosted by [Choice of Games](https://www.choiceofgames.com/category/our-games/) work. As a result of this I have a large amount of text that must be displayed in my game, however I am unsure as to the proper conventions when working with large amounts text in a program. Should I simply make use of **std::cout** and write the text directly into the code, or should I write into text files an used **std::ifstream** in order to read the text.
My only major concern regarding the use of files to hold the text is that each choice the user makes results in a different paragraph being displayed and as a result I believe that I would need to create a text file for each paragraph, which seems like it will lead to more issues (such as using the wrong file name or mistyping my code leading to the game reading from the wrong file) than writing the text straight into the code could. If there is a way to read particular sections of a text file then this would be useful to know, however I am currently unaware of any such method. However I am new to C++ and I am certain that there is plenty that I have yet to learn so I would not be surprised if such a method did exist.
Any help is greatly appreciated, be it anything from simply telling me if I should enter text into my code or into files, to telling me if there is a way to read text from specific sections of a text file. And once again, I am very grateful for any help you can provide. | 2015/08/08 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/31896084",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4674340/"
] | Please don't put displayed text into code. That's an antipattern. You have to recompile your game for every minor text change like fixing typos, and for major changes like translating into other languages.
Convention for most programming languages is to put all the displayed text into (a few) resource files or properties files as key-value pairs, where the code only references the key of the paragraph to be displayed and the value will be loaded from that external file. (Usually once during startup.) No need to use one file per paragraph, but the kv pairs have to be parsed. There'll be utilities for you to reuse. | If you do not plan to translate you game to other languages, you are on your own, both approaches have their pros and cons:
* text in source: easy to write, text is near the place where it is used.
* text in resource files: easier to remove duplicate strings, forces a better structure of text data.
If you simply imagine that your application could be translated, then you should put all text in ressource files. You can even find framework that will assist your for translations as [Gnu gettext](http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/), but you can find others, for example [qt](http://www.qt.io/) has its own translation tools. |
31,896,084 | I am creating a text based game using C++ for a school project, the game works by allowing the user to pick a choice from a list of options in each scene; similar to how the games hosted by [Choice of Games](https://www.choiceofgames.com/category/our-games/) work. As a result of this I have a large amount of text that must be displayed in my game, however I am unsure as to the proper conventions when working with large amounts text in a program. Should I simply make use of **std::cout** and write the text directly into the code, or should I write into text files an used **std::ifstream** in order to read the text.
My only major concern regarding the use of files to hold the text is that each choice the user makes results in a different paragraph being displayed and as a result I believe that I would need to create a text file for each paragraph, which seems like it will lead to more issues (such as using the wrong file name or mistyping my code leading to the game reading from the wrong file) than writing the text straight into the code could. If there is a way to read particular sections of a text file then this would be useful to know, however I am currently unaware of any such method. However I am new to C++ and I am certain that there is plenty that I have yet to learn so I would not be surprised if such a method did exist.
Any help is greatly appreciated, be it anything from simply telling me if I should enter text into my code or into files, to telling me if there is a way to read text from specific sections of a text file. And once again, I am very grateful for any help you can provide. | 2015/08/08 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/31896084",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4674340/"
] | Please don't put displayed text into code. That's an antipattern. You have to recompile your game for every minor text change like fixing typos, and for major changes like translating into other languages.
Convention for most programming languages is to put all the displayed text into (a few) resource files or properties files as key-value pairs, where the code only references the key of the paragraph to be displayed and the value will be loaded from that external file. (Usually once during startup.) No need to use one file per paragraph, but the kv pairs have to be parsed. There'll be utilities for you to reuse. | Storing text in the program files is not a good coding practice. This would result in unnecessary code bloat (it's not even code) and the need to recompile if you need to change the text.
A simple solution would be to create a text file with careful formatting like line numbers or whitespace that would allow you to pull out the desired text.
A more elegant solution would be to put the necessary text in xml or json files, and read them into your program when necessary. This would be a great choice. |
592 | Can anyone point me to a tutorial for electronic noobs that
explains how to use op-amps and what I can do with them, besides
amplification? | 2009/11/21 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/592",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/123/"
] | Hyperphysics has a pretty good section about opamps:
* [Operational Amplifier Concepts](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Electronic/opampcon.html)
* [Op-amp Varieties](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Electronic/opampvar.html) | I know it's not all online, but [the Art of Electronic by Horowitz and Hill](http://books.google.com/books?id=bkOMDgwFA28C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs%5Fnavlinks%5Fs#v=onepage&q=&f=false) is fantastic. It's basically the only book you need for the first 2 years of learning electronics (especially if you don't have any math requirements). The second edition of the book was published back in the late 80s and a lot of the example circuits using op amps are spectacular examples. |
592 | Can anyone point me to a tutorial for electronic noobs that
explains how to use op-amps and what I can do with them, besides
amplification? | 2009/11/21 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/592",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/123/"
] | I know it's not all online, but [the Art of Electronic by Horowitz and Hill](http://books.google.com/books?id=bkOMDgwFA28C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs%5Fnavlinks%5Fs#v=onepage&q=&f=false) is fantastic. It's basically the only book you need for the first 2 years of learning electronics (especially if you don't have any math requirements). The second edition of the book was published back in the late 80s and a lot of the example circuits using op amps are spectacular examples. | Falstad [Falstad Circuit index](http://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-index.html) has an excellent Java applet that allows you to do virtual prototyping with various types of circuits.
Has a nice section on **Op amps**, whats great is the built in O'scope, volt and current meters. Right clicking on a template component in the applet brings up menu where you can experiment/substitute with different values, add remove components. |
592 | Can anyone point me to a tutorial for electronic noobs that
explains how to use op-amps and what I can do with them, besides
amplification? | 2009/11/21 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/592",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/123/"
] | Falstad [Falstad Circuit index](http://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-index.html) has an excellent Java applet that allows you to do virtual prototyping with various types of circuits.
Has a nice section on **Op amps**, whats great is the built in O'scope, volt and current meters. Right clicking on a template component in the applet brings up menu where you can experiment/substitute with different values, add remove components. | [**Op Amps for Everyone**](http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/slod006b/slod006b.pdf) (2.0 MB PDF) by Texas Instruments is a very good reference.
It covers almost any aspect you might need. Even single supply opamp techniques. |
592 | Can anyone point me to a tutorial for electronic noobs that
explains how to use op-amps and what I can do with them, besides
amplification? | 2009/11/21 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/592",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/123/"
] | I know it's not all online, but [the Art of Electronic by Horowitz and Hill](http://books.google.com/books?id=bkOMDgwFA28C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs%5Fnavlinks%5Fs#v=onepage&q=&f=false) is fantastic. It's basically the only book you need for the first 2 years of learning electronics (especially if you don't have any math requirements). The second edition of the book was published back in the late 80s and a lot of the example circuits using op amps are spectacular examples. | This one helped me a lot for a Devices class which included op-amps. Really good animations, and covers most types (inverter, differentiator...) needed for a starting point.[link text]
<http://electronics.wisc-online.com/Search.asp?search=op+amp>
[1] |
592 | Can anyone point me to a tutorial for electronic noobs that
explains how to use op-amps and what I can do with them, besides
amplification? | 2009/11/21 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/592",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/123/"
] | I know it's not all online, but [the Art of Electronic by Horowitz and Hill](http://books.google.com/books?id=bkOMDgwFA28C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs%5Fnavlinks%5Fs#v=onepage&q=&f=false) is fantastic. It's basically the only book you need for the first 2 years of learning electronics (especially if you don't have any math requirements). The second edition of the book was published back in the late 80s and a lot of the example circuits using op amps are spectacular examples. | Try [Opamps for Everyone](http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/slod006b/slod006b.pdf) (warning -- large pdf, and some TI bias)
It has lots to teach, covers beginning to somewhat advanced topics, and it's free. |
592 | Can anyone point me to a tutorial for electronic noobs that
explains how to use op-amps and what I can do with them, besides
amplification? | 2009/11/21 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/592",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/123/"
] | Hyperphysics has a pretty good section about opamps:
* [Operational Amplifier Concepts](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Electronic/opampcon.html)
* [Op-amp Varieties](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Electronic/opampvar.html) | The "IC Opamp Cookbook" paperback was ~THE~ standard for hobbyist electronics back in the 80s. Still a good reference. |
592 | Can anyone point me to a tutorial for electronic noobs that
explains how to use op-amps and what I can do with them, besides
amplification? | 2009/11/21 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/592",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/123/"
] | There are a couple of very good tutorials at Analog Devices and Texas Instruments.
The TI one is called "[Handbook of Operational Amplifiers](http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/sboa092a/sboa092a.pdf)". | This one helped me a lot for a Devices class which included op-amps. Really good animations, and covers most types (inverter, differentiator...) needed for a starting point.[link text]
<http://electronics.wisc-online.com/Search.asp?search=op+amp>
[1] |
592 | Can anyone point me to a tutorial for electronic noobs that
explains how to use op-amps and what I can do with them, besides
amplification? | 2009/11/21 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/592",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/123/"
] | Try [Opamps for Everyone](http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/slod006b/slod006b.pdf) (warning -- large pdf, and some TI bias)
It has lots to teach, covers beginning to somewhat advanced topics, and it's free. | The "IC Opamp Cookbook" paperback was ~THE~ standard for hobbyist electronics back in the 80s. Still a good reference. |
592 | Can anyone point me to a tutorial for electronic noobs that
explains how to use op-amps and what I can do with them, besides
amplification? | 2009/11/21 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/592",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/123/"
] | Hyperphysics has a pretty good section about opamps:
* [Operational Amplifier Concepts](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Electronic/opampcon.html)
* [Op-amp Varieties](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Electronic/opampvar.html) | There are a couple of very good tutorials at Analog Devices and Texas Instruments.
The TI one is called "[Handbook of Operational Amplifiers](http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/sboa092a/sboa092a.pdf)". |
592 | Can anyone point me to a tutorial for electronic noobs that
explains how to use op-amps and what I can do with them, besides
amplification? | 2009/11/21 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/592",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/123/"
] | I know it's not all online, but [the Art of Electronic by Horowitz and Hill](http://books.google.com/books?id=bkOMDgwFA28C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs%5Fnavlinks%5Fs#v=onepage&q=&f=false) is fantastic. It's basically the only book you need for the first 2 years of learning electronics (especially if you don't have any math requirements). The second edition of the book was published back in the late 80s and a lot of the example circuits using op amps are spectacular examples. | There are a couple of very good tutorials at Analog Devices and Texas Instruments.
The TI one is called "[Handbook of Operational Amplifiers](http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/sboa092a/sboa092a.pdf)". |
91,004 | Seed phrases seem to be pretty secure, approximately as strong as bitcoin private key according to this site <https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Seed_phrase>.
But who store the private key adresses of these seed phrases, I suppose it is the wallet software provider, so each one of these provider have to save this data somewhere, and what prevent them from storing it in clear text and just acting like it didnt know our private key. | 2019/10/14 | [
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/91004",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/95422/"
] | The private keys are not *stored*, they are *deterministically generated* from the seed data.
The seed encodes up to 256 bits of random entropy in a human readable form with a checksum attached to it. These details are outlined in BIP39
This entropy is then passed through the PBKDF2 hash function in order to produce a master private key and a chaining key, which are both used to generate further private keys with HKDF-SHA512. These details are outlined in BIP32 - Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets.
When you input your seed phrase into some software which supports these two BIPs, the software will cache the private keys it generates locally, as recreating them each time the software is run would be expensive and inefficient. | >
> who store the private key adresses of these seed phrases,
>
>
>
The private-keys are generated from the seed-phrase by a mathematical function. There is no need to store a list of seed-phrases and corresponding private-keys.
>
> I suppose it is the wallet software provider
>
>
>
No, you should be the only person to know or store your seed-phrase. Ideally it should not be stored on a computer of any sort. Best practise is probably something like punch it onto metal plates - you can buy [letter punch](https://www.google.com/search?q=letter+punch) kits to help with this. Ideally you'd provide a few trusted relatives with overlapping subsets so that any two of them working together can retrieve your legacy if an airplane lands on you in five seconds from now. |
3,219 | I have friends that are very picky when it comes to MP3 bitrate, and will always look for the 320 kbps version of a file. However, I have never noticed any differences, they sound the same to me. I remember reading somewhere, can't remember where, that the human ear is simply incapable of sensing the difference, even if present.
Can anyone shed some light on the 192 vs. 320 kbps issue? | 2011/05/15 | [
"https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/3219",
"https://skeptics.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/users/1781/"
] | Here is one surprising result, from an experiment described in Maximum PC's article "[Do Higher MP3 Bit Rates Really Pay Off?](http://www.maximumpc.com/article/do_higher_mp3_bit_rates_pay_off?page=0,0)":
Its conclusion:
>
> [No other] Maximum PC Challenge has ever surprised us as much as this one. It’s downright humiliating, in fact, that in many cases, we were unable to tell the difference between an uncompressed track and one encoded at 160Kb/s, the bit rate most of us considered the absolute minimum acceptable for even portable players.
>
>
> Some follow-up testing confirmed our suspicions: variable bit rate encoding makes a tremendous difference in the audio quality results, certainly enough to justify—many times over—the slight file size increase. Capping the bit rate at 160Kb/s in MP3 files can be pretty harsh on a track, but allowing the bit rate to wander upwards during more complex passages—as variable bit rate encoding does—and throttle down during quieter sections captures an astonishing amount of complexity while keeping file sizes down to an impressive minimum.
>
>
>
I myself took a similar test and failed as much as I succeeded in identifying which track was which (160 vs 320), a result which is no better than random guessing. I can hear a very slight difference most of the time between LAME-encoded (--alt preset standard\*) MP3 files and CD audio, but only on an expensive system with terrific speaks in a quiet room. For earbuds and car listening it doesn't really seem to matter.
The biggest difference seems to be not in 160 vs. 320 but CBR vs. VBR.
\* "Current consensus is that settings "--alt-preset standard" are recommended for most cases. This results in a very high quality VBR MP3s, giving you bitrates around 200kbps, depending heavily on the music. Mellow rap can go much lower and loud heavy metal can result higher bitrates. The quality will always remain very high." — [cd-rw.org](http://forums.afterdawn.com/thread_view.cfm/1912)
**Addendum 7 years later**
Rick Beato has a great video on this topic, which I just discovered on YouTube: [Audiophile or Audio-Fooled](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgEjI5PZa78). | **There is a distinct difference, however whether it's perceivable, and how much, depends on many factors.**
Unfortunately I can't access the full articles, however here's the abstract of a [very relevant article](http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=15074), emphasis mine.
>
> Mp3 compression is commonly used to reduce the size of digital music files but introduces a number of potentially audible artifacts, especially at low bitrates. We investigated whether listeners prefer CD quality to mp3 files at various bitrates (96 kb/s to 320 kb/s), and whether this preference is affected by musical genre. Thirteen trained listeners completed an A/B comparison task judging CD quality and compressed files. **Listeners significantly preferred CD quality to mp3 files up to 192 kb/s for all musical genres. In addition, we observed a significant effect of expertise (sound engineers vs. musicians) and musical genres (electric v.s acoustic music).**
>
>
>
So, this study finds that the answer is that above 192Kbit/s, further gains depend on the genre and the training of the listener.
Furthermore [another study](http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=12896) finds that perceived quality depends on whether you are using headphones or not:
>
> The impact of using loudspeaker versus headphone playback on the subjective quality of compressed audio is investigated. It is shown that reverberation and to a lesser extent cross-talk, which both are introduced naturally in loudspeaker playback, can effectively hide coding artifacts.
>
>
>
[This other paper](http://www.eurasip.org/proceedings/eusipco/eusipco2006/papers/1568979126.pdf) describes the differences between different bitrates and different ways of testing. In all cases it shows a very minor difference between 192Kbit/s and 256Kbit/s and basically no difference between 256Kbit/s and 320Kbit/s.
As you can see, above 192Kbit it becomes quite hard to tell the difference. |
3,219 | I have friends that are very picky when it comes to MP3 bitrate, and will always look for the 320 kbps version of a file. However, I have never noticed any differences, they sound the same to me. I remember reading somewhere, can't remember where, that the human ear is simply incapable of sensing the difference, even if present.
Can anyone shed some light on the 192 vs. 320 kbps issue? | 2011/05/15 | [
"https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/3219",
"https://skeptics.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/users/1781/"
] | Here is one surprising result, from an experiment described in Maximum PC's article "[Do Higher MP3 Bit Rates Really Pay Off?](http://www.maximumpc.com/article/do_higher_mp3_bit_rates_pay_off?page=0,0)":
Its conclusion:
>
> [No other] Maximum PC Challenge has ever surprised us as much as this one. It’s downright humiliating, in fact, that in many cases, we were unable to tell the difference between an uncompressed track and one encoded at 160Kb/s, the bit rate most of us considered the absolute minimum acceptable for even portable players.
>
>
> Some follow-up testing confirmed our suspicions: variable bit rate encoding makes a tremendous difference in the audio quality results, certainly enough to justify—many times over—the slight file size increase. Capping the bit rate at 160Kb/s in MP3 files can be pretty harsh on a track, but allowing the bit rate to wander upwards during more complex passages—as variable bit rate encoding does—and throttle down during quieter sections captures an astonishing amount of complexity while keeping file sizes down to an impressive minimum.
>
>
>
I myself took a similar test and failed as much as I succeeded in identifying which track was which (160 vs 320), a result which is no better than random guessing. I can hear a very slight difference most of the time between LAME-encoded (--alt preset standard\*) MP3 files and CD audio, but only on an expensive system with terrific speaks in a quiet room. For earbuds and car listening it doesn't really seem to matter.
The biggest difference seems to be not in 160 vs. 320 but CBR vs. VBR.
\* "Current consensus is that settings "--alt-preset standard" are recommended for most cases. This results in a very high quality VBR MP3s, giving you bitrates around 200kbps, depending heavily on the music. Mellow rap can go much lower and loud heavy metal can result higher bitrates. The quality will always remain very high." — [cd-rw.org](http://forums.afterdawn.com/thread_view.cfm/1912)
**Addendum 7 years later**
Rick Beato has a great video on this topic, which I just discovered on YouTube: [Audiophile or Audio-Fooled](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgEjI5PZa78). | It really depends on a number of factors. Some of them are:
* The age of the listener, the older you get, the less high frequency sounds you can [hear](http://www.roger-russell.com/hearing/hearing.htm). Besides age, there are [more individual factors](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3558959).
* The quality of the music equipment, on a nice home stereo you are much more likely to note a difference than on an Ipod on a busy street.
* The quality depends on which encoder program was used. The encoder basically decides which sounds to encode in the audio stream and which sounds to omit. Encoder programs have a [psycho-acoustic model](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoacoustics) that tells them which sounds are important to the listener and which ones not so much. The quality of the output depends a lot on the model (and therefore the software that was used to encode the MP3).
* The kind of music you listen to makes a difference.
Conclusion: it is **not only** about the bit rates.
These and more points are addressed in this introductory article from Karlheinz Brandenburg (Co-developer of MP3): [MP3 and AAC explained](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.26.5956&rep=rep1&type=pdf) (PDF, 143KB). |
3,219 | I have friends that are very picky when it comes to MP3 bitrate, and will always look for the 320 kbps version of a file. However, I have never noticed any differences, they sound the same to me. I remember reading somewhere, can't remember where, that the human ear is simply incapable of sensing the difference, even if present.
Can anyone shed some light on the 192 vs. 320 kbps issue? | 2011/05/15 | [
"https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/3219",
"https://skeptics.stackexchange.com",
"https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/users/1781/"
] | **There is a distinct difference, however whether it's perceivable, and how much, depends on many factors.**
Unfortunately I can't access the full articles, however here's the abstract of a [very relevant article](http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=15074), emphasis mine.
>
> Mp3 compression is commonly used to reduce the size of digital music files but introduces a number of potentially audible artifacts, especially at low bitrates. We investigated whether listeners prefer CD quality to mp3 files at various bitrates (96 kb/s to 320 kb/s), and whether this preference is affected by musical genre. Thirteen trained listeners completed an A/B comparison task judging CD quality and compressed files. **Listeners significantly preferred CD quality to mp3 files up to 192 kb/s for all musical genres. In addition, we observed a significant effect of expertise (sound engineers vs. musicians) and musical genres (electric v.s acoustic music).**
>
>
>
So, this study finds that the answer is that above 192Kbit/s, further gains depend on the genre and the training of the listener.
Furthermore [another study](http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=12896) finds that perceived quality depends on whether you are using headphones or not:
>
> The impact of using loudspeaker versus headphone playback on the subjective quality of compressed audio is investigated. It is shown that reverberation and to a lesser extent cross-talk, which both are introduced naturally in loudspeaker playback, can effectively hide coding artifacts.
>
>
>
[This other paper](http://www.eurasip.org/proceedings/eusipco/eusipco2006/papers/1568979126.pdf) describes the differences between different bitrates and different ways of testing. In all cases it shows a very minor difference between 192Kbit/s and 256Kbit/s and basically no difference between 256Kbit/s and 320Kbit/s.
As you can see, above 192Kbit it becomes quite hard to tell the difference. | It really depends on a number of factors. Some of them are:
* The age of the listener, the older you get, the less high frequency sounds you can [hear](http://www.roger-russell.com/hearing/hearing.htm). Besides age, there are [more individual factors](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3558959).
* The quality of the music equipment, on a nice home stereo you are much more likely to note a difference than on an Ipod on a busy street.
* The quality depends on which encoder program was used. The encoder basically decides which sounds to encode in the audio stream and which sounds to omit. Encoder programs have a [psycho-acoustic model](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoacoustics) that tells them which sounds are important to the listener and which ones not so much. The quality of the output depends a lot on the model (and therefore the software that was used to encode the MP3).
* The kind of music you listen to makes a difference.
Conclusion: it is **not only** about the bit rates.
These and more points are addressed in this introductory article from Karlheinz Brandenburg (Co-developer of MP3): [MP3 and AAC explained](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.26.5956&rep=rep1&type=pdf) (PDF, 143KB). |
3,506,606 | Is there any way to fire off a data subscription from using the SSRS web services? | 2010/08/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/3506606",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/180826/"
] | Unfortunately the SSRS web services do not support running data subscriptions. If you want to run subscriptions through a web service call, you could expose a web service on a server that runs a sp\_start\_job command to the SQL Server Agent job for the associated schedule. Sounds dangerous to me, but it is feasible. | Sure looks like it's possible:
<http://geekswithblogs.net/shervin/archive/2007/06/20/113351.aspx> |
260,581 | ClipX always crashes these days. It seems to still work on my laptop, which I have not yet updated to Windows 7 SP1, but it crashes on my desktop PC and servers.
I have started using Ditto, but after using ClipX for years, I am not taking to it. I don't like the way it does not automatically go to the previous clipboard entry and I cannot find any way to have 'sticky' clips.
So, can ClipX work on Win7 / 2008 R2 SP1, or is this the end for ClipX, seeing as it has not been updated for a long time? Or is it possible that I am now running something in my standard environment that is incompatible with it? | 2011/03/21 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/260581",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/8972/"
] | After a few months of using Ditto, and finally getting fed up with it, I tried using ClipX again, and found that it does indeed work perfectly well on Windows 7 SP1 and 2008 R2 SP1.
I still have no idea why it was crashing before (on different OS installations). | The way that applications interact with the clipboard seems to have changed at a fundamental level with Win7/2k8R2. We have a few applications that rely on clipboard operation that need to be rewritten because of this.
I think it's safe to assume that ClipX will probably not be usable unless it's updated. |
316 | There have been a number of questions focusing on mythical creatures where the logical approach to answering has been to scale up an existing animal. For example [dragon's wings](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/313/how-could-dragons-be-explained-without-magic-which-characteristics-are-impossib) can be extrapolated from other flying animals or the [speed of an insectoid creature](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/20/insectoid-lifeforms-speed) from insects in our world.
However evolution has proved that animals do not simply scale up and down, mammals do not grow beyond a certain size unless they live exclusively in the oceans. Insects do not grow to several metres in length.
I believe that other ratios come into play such as power/weight and volume/skin surface area when it comes to whether creatures could continue to survive, move/fly and stay warm/cool at a larger scale.
Am I right? Is it an over simplification to say "A bird with a length of A has a wingspan of B therefore a dragon which is C long will need to have a wingspan of D"? What other factors come into play when scaling up real creates to simulate new ones? | 2014/09/19 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/316",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/18/"
] | You can scale them up to a certain extent, but there are a lot of limiting factors.
**Weight**
The main thing is increasing weight - bone and flesh and sinew and muscles no matter how thick are only able to cope with a limited amount of weight. Eventually the creature just cannot support itself against gravity.
This is one reason very large animals tend to be aquatic, the support from water reduces these problems.
This is compounded by problems of scale though. If you double the size of an animal then the following things happen:
* The bones get twice as thick (four times the cross-section).
* The animal gets eight times as heavy (as it has got twice as wide, twice as tall and twice as long).
This is known as the [Square-Cube Law](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-cube_law).
You can immediately see that this isn't sustainable, you are supporting 8 times as much weight with four times as much bone.
Up to a certain size you can compensate for this by proportionally making the bones thicker, the muscles stronger, the legs shorter. For example compare the proportions of an elephant and a horse. Look at how much thicker the legs are on an elephant.
After a certain scale you just can't do that any more, so you need to increase the strength of the material used to make bones - which would have other evolutionary costs and is still limited - or fundamentally change the design of the creature. For example multiple legs on a long and thin body would support the weight, but raises the question of what the long and thin body is for. Is there any evolutionary advantage to dragging and supporting all that extra body around? Unless such an advantage was found then the creatures would never grow longer than they need to.
**Blood Pressure**
As animals grow larger it becomes harder and harder to pump blood around and get it where it needs to be. The heart has to grow larger and work harder or you would need to have and synchronize multiple hearts.
Giraffes for example both have twice our blood pressure and have special muscles in their necks to keep blood flowing to the brain. This allows them to stay conscious even when they put their head to the ground to drink then raise it into a tree to feed.
**Reflexes**
It takes time for signals to travel along nerves, the very fastest send signals at 250mph but most are much slower. If an animal grows too large there will be a substantial time lag between stimulus and response. Either that or you need localized decision centers and at that point you need to start deciding whether you still have one creature with multiple brains and hearts or a colony of separate but inter-dependent creatures.
**Heat**
Another consequence of the Squre-Cubed Law is heating. The largest mammals have large ears and need to rest or get into water often to avoid overheating, while the smallest mammals have to almost constantly eat and move to keep their body temperature from dropping too low. This is because the surface area of the body which loses heat is increasing based on the square of the size, while the volume of the body which is generating heat is increasing based on the cube of the size. | To add to Tim B's answer, rather than to compete with it:
**Eyes:**
Eyes do not generally scale with the rest of an animal. If you examine a mouse, it has eyes that are proportionally bigger than those of a cat, which are proportionally bigger than those of a human, which are proportionally bigger than those of a whale. Eyes have an optimum size, above which there is no significant advantage in a further increase in size, however when smaller than optimum, any increase in size is significant. |
316 | There have been a number of questions focusing on mythical creatures where the logical approach to answering has been to scale up an existing animal. For example [dragon's wings](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/313/how-could-dragons-be-explained-without-magic-which-characteristics-are-impossib) can be extrapolated from other flying animals or the [speed of an insectoid creature](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/20/insectoid-lifeforms-speed) from insects in our world.
However evolution has proved that animals do not simply scale up and down, mammals do not grow beyond a certain size unless they live exclusively in the oceans. Insects do not grow to several metres in length.
I believe that other ratios come into play such as power/weight and volume/skin surface area when it comes to whether creatures could continue to survive, move/fly and stay warm/cool at a larger scale.
Am I right? Is it an over simplification to say "A bird with a length of A has a wingspan of B therefore a dragon which is C long will need to have a wingspan of D"? What other factors come into play when scaling up real creates to simulate new ones? | 2014/09/19 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/316",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/18/"
] | You can scale them up to a certain extent, but there are a lot of limiting factors.
**Weight**
The main thing is increasing weight - bone and flesh and sinew and muscles no matter how thick are only able to cope with a limited amount of weight. Eventually the creature just cannot support itself against gravity.
This is one reason very large animals tend to be aquatic, the support from water reduces these problems.
This is compounded by problems of scale though. If you double the size of an animal then the following things happen:
* The bones get twice as thick (four times the cross-section).
* The animal gets eight times as heavy (as it has got twice as wide, twice as tall and twice as long).
This is known as the [Square-Cube Law](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-cube_law).
You can immediately see that this isn't sustainable, you are supporting 8 times as much weight with four times as much bone.
Up to a certain size you can compensate for this by proportionally making the bones thicker, the muscles stronger, the legs shorter. For example compare the proportions of an elephant and a horse. Look at how much thicker the legs are on an elephant.
After a certain scale you just can't do that any more, so you need to increase the strength of the material used to make bones - which would have other evolutionary costs and is still limited - or fundamentally change the design of the creature. For example multiple legs on a long and thin body would support the weight, but raises the question of what the long and thin body is for. Is there any evolutionary advantage to dragging and supporting all that extra body around? Unless such an advantage was found then the creatures would never grow longer than they need to.
**Blood Pressure**
As animals grow larger it becomes harder and harder to pump blood around and get it where it needs to be. The heart has to grow larger and work harder or you would need to have and synchronize multiple hearts.
Giraffes for example both have twice our blood pressure and have special muscles in their necks to keep blood flowing to the brain. This allows them to stay conscious even when they put their head to the ground to drink then raise it into a tree to feed.
**Reflexes**
It takes time for signals to travel along nerves, the very fastest send signals at 250mph but most are much slower. If an animal grows too large there will be a substantial time lag between stimulus and response. Either that or you need localized decision centers and at that point you need to start deciding whether you still have one creature with multiple brains and hearts or a colony of separate but inter-dependent creatures.
**Heat**
Another consequence of the Squre-Cubed Law is heating. The largest mammals have large ears and need to rest or get into water often to avoid overheating, while the smallest mammals have to almost constantly eat and move to keep their body temperature from dropping too low. This is because the surface area of the body which loses heat is increasing based on the square of the size, while the volume of the body which is generating heat is increasing based on the cube of the size. | **Insects several meters in Size**
Dragonflies were able to have a much bigger wingspan 300 million years ago (thanks to a much higher oxygen content in the atmosphere, plus warm as today in the equator), animals can actually be scaled quite a bit up.
In this case the limiting factors were feeding the organism enough oxygen to sustain itself, and provide it with enough heat to keep up its functions.
But the scaling up reached its limits here in the oxygenation of the tissue (though the free oxygen was multiple times higher than now), just as the growth of mobile organisms is limited by gravity and the ability of a pump (heart) to distribute enough oxygen in the biomatter for it to stay alive.
If a giant was to exist, it would die from the fact that its heart, rushing to pump blood to its head, would burst trying to stem against the pull of the planet. Only on a planet with weaker gravity could such gigantisms be observed.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meganeura> |
316 | There have been a number of questions focusing on mythical creatures where the logical approach to answering has been to scale up an existing animal. For example [dragon's wings](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/313/how-could-dragons-be-explained-without-magic-which-characteristics-are-impossib) can be extrapolated from other flying animals or the [speed of an insectoid creature](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/20/insectoid-lifeforms-speed) from insects in our world.
However evolution has proved that animals do not simply scale up and down, mammals do not grow beyond a certain size unless they live exclusively in the oceans. Insects do not grow to several metres in length.
I believe that other ratios come into play such as power/weight and volume/skin surface area when it comes to whether creatures could continue to survive, move/fly and stay warm/cool at a larger scale.
Am I right? Is it an over simplification to say "A bird with a length of A has a wingspan of B therefore a dragon which is C long will need to have a wingspan of D"? What other factors come into play when scaling up real creates to simulate new ones? | 2014/09/19 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/316",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/18/"
] | You can scale them up to a certain extent, but there are a lot of limiting factors.
**Weight**
The main thing is increasing weight - bone and flesh and sinew and muscles no matter how thick are only able to cope with a limited amount of weight. Eventually the creature just cannot support itself against gravity.
This is one reason very large animals tend to be aquatic, the support from water reduces these problems.
This is compounded by problems of scale though. If you double the size of an animal then the following things happen:
* The bones get twice as thick (four times the cross-section).
* The animal gets eight times as heavy (as it has got twice as wide, twice as tall and twice as long).
This is known as the [Square-Cube Law](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-cube_law).
You can immediately see that this isn't sustainable, you are supporting 8 times as much weight with four times as much bone.
Up to a certain size you can compensate for this by proportionally making the bones thicker, the muscles stronger, the legs shorter. For example compare the proportions of an elephant and a horse. Look at how much thicker the legs are on an elephant.
After a certain scale you just can't do that any more, so you need to increase the strength of the material used to make bones - which would have other evolutionary costs and is still limited - or fundamentally change the design of the creature. For example multiple legs on a long and thin body would support the weight, but raises the question of what the long and thin body is for. Is there any evolutionary advantage to dragging and supporting all that extra body around? Unless such an advantage was found then the creatures would never grow longer than they need to.
**Blood Pressure**
As animals grow larger it becomes harder and harder to pump blood around and get it where it needs to be. The heart has to grow larger and work harder or you would need to have and synchronize multiple hearts.
Giraffes for example both have twice our blood pressure and have special muscles in their necks to keep blood flowing to the brain. This allows them to stay conscious even when they put their head to the ground to drink then raise it into a tree to feed.
**Reflexes**
It takes time for signals to travel along nerves, the very fastest send signals at 250mph but most are much slower. If an animal grows too large there will be a substantial time lag between stimulus and response. Either that or you need localized decision centers and at that point you need to start deciding whether you still have one creature with multiple brains and hearts or a colony of separate but inter-dependent creatures.
**Heat**
Another consequence of the Squre-Cubed Law is heating. The largest mammals have large ears and need to rest or get into water often to avoid overheating, while the smallest mammals have to almost constantly eat and move to keep their body temperature from dropping too low. This is because the surface area of the body which loses heat is increasing based on the square of the size, while the volume of the body which is generating heat is increasing based on the cube of the size. | I would suggest taking the appearances defining the creature and model it on a creature of the size you are looking for.
For example if you were taking a husky and scaling it up to the size of a horse, take the horses proportions and then change what you need to, (tracing paper works well here) shortening the neck, changing the tail...and so on.
Before everyone rants at me for not being scientific, this works as a basis and a broad overview. |
316 | There have been a number of questions focusing on mythical creatures where the logical approach to answering has been to scale up an existing animal. For example [dragon's wings](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/313/how-could-dragons-be-explained-without-magic-which-characteristics-are-impossib) can be extrapolated from other flying animals or the [speed of an insectoid creature](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/20/insectoid-lifeforms-speed) from insects in our world.
However evolution has proved that animals do not simply scale up and down, mammals do not grow beyond a certain size unless they live exclusively in the oceans. Insects do not grow to several metres in length.
I believe that other ratios come into play such as power/weight and volume/skin surface area when it comes to whether creatures could continue to survive, move/fly and stay warm/cool at a larger scale.
Am I right? Is it an over simplification to say "A bird with a length of A has a wingspan of B therefore a dragon which is C long will need to have a wingspan of D"? What other factors come into play when scaling up real creates to simulate new ones? | 2014/09/19 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/316",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/18/"
] | To add to Tim B's answer, rather than to compete with it:
**Eyes:**
Eyes do not generally scale with the rest of an animal. If you examine a mouse, it has eyes that are proportionally bigger than those of a cat, which are proportionally bigger than those of a human, which are proportionally bigger than those of a whale. Eyes have an optimum size, above which there is no significant advantage in a further increase in size, however when smaller than optimum, any increase in size is significant. | **Insects several meters in Size**
Dragonflies were able to have a much bigger wingspan 300 million years ago (thanks to a much higher oxygen content in the atmosphere, plus warm as today in the equator), animals can actually be scaled quite a bit up.
In this case the limiting factors were feeding the organism enough oxygen to sustain itself, and provide it with enough heat to keep up its functions.
But the scaling up reached its limits here in the oxygenation of the tissue (though the free oxygen was multiple times higher than now), just as the growth of mobile organisms is limited by gravity and the ability of a pump (heart) to distribute enough oxygen in the biomatter for it to stay alive.
If a giant was to exist, it would die from the fact that its heart, rushing to pump blood to its head, would burst trying to stem against the pull of the planet. Only on a planet with weaker gravity could such gigantisms be observed.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meganeura> |
316 | There have been a number of questions focusing on mythical creatures where the logical approach to answering has been to scale up an existing animal. For example [dragon's wings](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/313/how-could-dragons-be-explained-without-magic-which-characteristics-are-impossib) can be extrapolated from other flying animals or the [speed of an insectoid creature](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/20/insectoid-lifeforms-speed) from insects in our world.
However evolution has proved that animals do not simply scale up and down, mammals do not grow beyond a certain size unless they live exclusively in the oceans. Insects do not grow to several metres in length.
I believe that other ratios come into play such as power/weight and volume/skin surface area when it comes to whether creatures could continue to survive, move/fly and stay warm/cool at a larger scale.
Am I right? Is it an over simplification to say "A bird with a length of A has a wingspan of B therefore a dragon which is C long will need to have a wingspan of D"? What other factors come into play when scaling up real creates to simulate new ones? | 2014/09/19 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/316",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/18/"
] | To add to Tim B's answer, rather than to compete with it:
**Eyes:**
Eyes do not generally scale with the rest of an animal. If you examine a mouse, it has eyes that are proportionally bigger than those of a cat, which are proportionally bigger than those of a human, which are proportionally bigger than those of a whale. Eyes have an optimum size, above which there is no significant advantage in a further increase in size, however when smaller than optimum, any increase in size is significant. | I would suggest taking the appearances defining the creature and model it on a creature of the size you are looking for.
For example if you were taking a husky and scaling it up to the size of a horse, take the horses proportions and then change what you need to, (tracing paper works well here) shortening the neck, changing the tail...and so on.
Before everyone rants at me for not being scientific, this works as a basis and a broad overview. |
316 | There have been a number of questions focusing on mythical creatures where the logical approach to answering has been to scale up an existing animal. For example [dragon's wings](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/313/how-could-dragons-be-explained-without-magic-which-characteristics-are-impossib) can be extrapolated from other flying animals or the [speed of an insectoid creature](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/20/insectoid-lifeforms-speed) from insects in our world.
However evolution has proved that animals do not simply scale up and down, mammals do not grow beyond a certain size unless they live exclusively in the oceans. Insects do not grow to several metres in length.
I believe that other ratios come into play such as power/weight and volume/skin surface area when it comes to whether creatures could continue to survive, move/fly and stay warm/cool at a larger scale.
Am I right? Is it an over simplification to say "A bird with a length of A has a wingspan of B therefore a dragon which is C long will need to have a wingspan of D"? What other factors come into play when scaling up real creates to simulate new ones? | 2014/09/19 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/316",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/18/"
] | **Insects several meters in Size**
Dragonflies were able to have a much bigger wingspan 300 million years ago (thanks to a much higher oxygen content in the atmosphere, plus warm as today in the equator), animals can actually be scaled quite a bit up.
In this case the limiting factors were feeding the organism enough oxygen to sustain itself, and provide it with enough heat to keep up its functions.
But the scaling up reached its limits here in the oxygenation of the tissue (though the free oxygen was multiple times higher than now), just as the growth of mobile organisms is limited by gravity and the ability of a pump (heart) to distribute enough oxygen in the biomatter for it to stay alive.
If a giant was to exist, it would die from the fact that its heart, rushing to pump blood to its head, would burst trying to stem against the pull of the planet. Only on a planet with weaker gravity could such gigantisms be observed.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meganeura> | I would suggest taking the appearances defining the creature and model it on a creature of the size you are looking for.
For example if you were taking a husky and scaling it up to the size of a horse, take the horses proportions and then change what you need to, (tracing paper works well here) shortening the neck, changing the tail...and so on.
Before everyone rants at me for not being scientific, this works as a basis and a broad overview. |
4,178,421 | I have intermediate knowledge of flash and actionscript, but I have never done 3D animations in flash. Now I'm into a project that requires me to make a menu that looks like a DNA molecule, with each atom being a link to something. I want to make the DNA molecule looks like a real rotating 3D object. Can anyone help me out how can I implement this? Can there be any hack (like using videos of rotating DNA molecule, etc) ??? | 2010/11/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/4178421",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/364651/"
] | A database schema should be designed on paper or with an [ERD](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity-relationship_model) tool.
It should be implemented in the database.
Are you thinking about [ORMs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-relational_mapping) like [Entity Framework](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa697427%28VS.80%29.aspx) that let you use code to generate the database?
Personally, I would rather think through my design on paper before committing it to a DB myself. I would be happy to use an ORM or class generator from this DB later on. | Before VS.NET 2010 I was using SQL Server Management Studio to design my databases, now I am using EF 4.0 designer, for me it's the best way to go. |
4,178,421 | I have intermediate knowledge of flash and actionscript, but I have never done 3D animations in flash. Now I'm into a project that requires me to make a menu that looks like a DNA molecule, with each atom being a link to something. I want to make the DNA molecule looks like a real rotating 3D object. Can anyone help me out how can I implement this? Can there be any hack (like using videos of rotating DNA molecule, etc) ??? | 2010/11/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/4178421",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/364651/"
] | A database schema should be designed on paper or with an [ERD](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity-relationship_model) tool.
It should be implemented in the database.
Are you thinking about [ORMs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-relational_mapping) like [Entity Framework](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa697427%28VS.80%29.aspx) that let you use code to generate the database?
Personally, I would rather think through my design on paper before committing it to a DB myself. I would be happy to use an ORM or class generator from this DB later on. | If your problem domain is complex or its complexity grows as the system evolves you'll soon discover you need some meta data to make life easier. C# can be a good choice as a host language for such stuff as you can utilize its type-system to enforce some invariants (like char-columns length, null/not null restrictions or check-constraints; you can declared it as consts, enums, etc). Unfortunately i don't know utilities (sqlmetal.exe can export some meta but only as xml) that can do it out of the box, although some CASE tools probably can be customized. I'd go for some custom-made generator to produce the db schema from C# (just a few hours work comparing to learning, for example, customization options offered by Sybase PowerDesigner). |
4,178,421 | I have intermediate knowledge of flash and actionscript, but I have never done 3D animations in flash. Now I'm into a project that requires me to make a menu that looks like a DNA molecule, with each atom being a link to something. I want to make the DNA molecule looks like a real rotating 3D object. Can anyone help me out how can I implement this? Can there be any hack (like using videos of rotating DNA molecule, etc) ??? | 2010/11/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/4178421",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/364651/"
] | A database schema should be designed on paper or with an [ERD](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity-relationship_model) tool.
It should be implemented in the database.
Are you thinking about [ORMs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-relational_mapping) like [Entity Framework](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa697427%28VS.80%29.aspx) that let you use code to generate the database?
Personally, I would rather think through my design on paper before committing it to a DB myself. I would be happy to use an ORM or class generator from this DB later on. | ORMs have their place, that place is NOT database design. There are many considerations in designing a database that need to be thought through not automatically generated no matter how appealing the idea of not thinking about design might be. There are often many things that need to be considered that have nothing to do with the application, things like data integrity, reporting, audit tables and data imports. Using an ORM to create a database that looks like an object model may not be the best design for performance and may not have the the things you really need in terms of data integrity. Remember even if you think nothing except the application will touch the database ever, this is not true. At some point the data base will need to have someone do a major data revision (to fix a problem) that is done directly on the database not through the application. At somepoint you are going to need need to import a million records from some other company you just bought and are goping to need an ETL process outside teh application. Putting all your hopes and dreams for the database (as well as your data integrity rules) is short-sighted. |
548,611 | I have a 11.1 V Li-ion battery pack that I use for a 9-12V device as backup power. When I charge the battery pack, it draws 1-1.25 A of current from the DC charger which has caused more than 1 charger to burn up. How can I limit the current to 0.5 A? I tried using a 47 ohms resistor in series with the battery but it dropped the current to 10 mA. What am I doing wrong? | 2021/02/17 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/548611",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/276960/"
] | The problem is that you don't have a lithium battery charger, and you are directly connecting a 12V power supply to your batteries.
Don't do that, as it will damage the power supply and the lithium batteries, and they may explode or burst into flames.
Only charge the lithium batteries with a lithium battery charger. | A Lithium ion battery pack *must* be charged with a circuit specifically designed to do so, and should be discharged with a protection circuit as well. Batteries with multiple cells in series(like yours) should be charged with an appropriate BMS(Battery management system). If you're using Lithium ion for a project, do your research. You might want to check out batteryuniversity.com. |
67,593 | I am traveling from the US to Australia. What type of under the seat bag is practical, and what should be stored in it for the flight? | 2016/05/01 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/67593",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/43012/"
] | When I'm on flights that long what I like to do is carry a larger backpack with a smaller bag inside of it that has the stuff I'll want in-flight. The larger backpack additionally has stuff that I want access to in an airport or in case of getting stranded overnight from a flight cancellation or missed connection. Putting the smaller bag inside the larger one makes it easy to carry around the airport, then I take out the small one once on board so that I'm not using all of my legroom for the larger bag.
For the smaller bag that goes under the seat in front of me, I prefer to use a cloth bag or one which otherwise changes shape very easily so that it takes the shape of whatever's inside it and, thus, doesn't waste more space than necessary (and can also be shoved into spaces of various shapes.) It doesn't need to be a particularly sturdy bag, since it will be inside the other larger (and sturdier) bag when walking around the airport, going through security, etc. Women who typically carry a purse may wish to just carry that, but I'm not a woman and don't carry a purse, so I can't speak to how well that works.
What I prefer to put in the smaller bag is very similar to what others have suggested:
* Tablet
* Chargers for phone and tablet
* Headphones - These can be used for your own devices and also usually for the airplane's [IFE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_entertainment) system. These can also be very helpful for sleeping in case of crying children nearby.
* A very small travel power strip (since aircraft that have AC power usually just have one plug available, sometimes even shared between adjacent passengers.)
* Passport
* Pen (for filling out immigration arrival card, which the flight attendants will usually hand out before you land)
* Small, light snacks (in case I want something in the middle of the night and/or I don't deem the airplane food to be of edible quality)
* Water bottle (which I fill in the terminal before boarding)
**Note:** Most countries allow you to take an empty water bottle through security and fill it inside the terminal after passing security (or to buy a filled one after passing security) to take on-board. Certainly, this is the case for flights originating in the U.S. However, [it might not be the case for flights from Australia *to* the U.S.](https://travel.stackexchange.com/a/36898/12011)
Other items you might want in it:
* Phone (I usually have mine on a belt clip instead)
* Wallet (I usually have mine in a pocket instead)
* Medicine that you'll want/need in-flight
All of the above fits inside a relatively small bag that I can put under the seat in front of me without impeding my legroom much (which, at 6'1", is extremely important for me on a long-haul flight.)
Once the aircraft has reached cruising altitude, I sometimes move the bag back under my legs if I'm sitting in a window seat where it won't be in anyone else's way. This leaves all of my leg space open (unless I'm unfortunate enough to get stuck in a seat where legroom is blocked by an electronics box for the IFE system - a situation which I usually avoid by checking [seatguru](http://www.seatguru.com/) ahead of time and choosing my seat accordingly.)
As previously mentioned, the larger bag has stuff I might want access to in airports and/or if I get stranded overnight due to problems with the flights. For long-hauls, this typically includes things like:
* Change of clothes
* Travel-sized shampoo, toothbrush and toothpaste, comb, etc.
* More snacks (to eat in the airport in lieu of absurdly-overpriced airport food or to restock the in-flight bag between flights.)
These can take up a lot of room (relative to the size of the space under the seat in front of you, at least) and aren't typically needed in-flight, so there's no reason for them to be wasting your legroom. | To add to all the great answers given;
* It can be very cold in the airplane, I like to take a pair of warm socks with me.
* The air can be very dry and rough on the skin, I prefer to take a moisturising cream and lipbalm with me, so I don't start my holiday with itchy, cracked skin and lips. |
67,593 | I am traveling from the US to Australia. What type of under the seat bag is practical, and what should be stored in it for the flight? | 2016/05/01 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/67593",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/43012/"
] | Under the seat? Hopefully nothing. That's where I store my feet. There's not enough space for a bag. | To add to all the great answers given;
* It can be very cold in the airplane, I like to take a pair of warm socks with me.
* The air can be very dry and rough on the skin, I prefer to take a moisturising cream and lipbalm with me, so I don't start my holiday with itchy, cracked skin and lips. |
67,593 | I am traveling from the US to Australia. What type of under the seat bag is practical, and what should be stored in it for the flight? | 2016/05/01 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/67593",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/43012/"
] | When I'm on flights that long what I like to do is carry a larger backpack with a smaller bag inside of it that has the stuff I'll want in-flight. The larger backpack additionally has stuff that I want access to in an airport or in case of getting stranded overnight from a flight cancellation or missed connection. Putting the smaller bag inside the larger one makes it easy to carry around the airport, then I take out the small one once on board so that I'm not using all of my legroom for the larger bag.
For the smaller bag that goes under the seat in front of me, I prefer to use a cloth bag or one which otherwise changes shape very easily so that it takes the shape of whatever's inside it and, thus, doesn't waste more space than necessary (and can also be shoved into spaces of various shapes.) It doesn't need to be a particularly sturdy bag, since it will be inside the other larger (and sturdier) bag when walking around the airport, going through security, etc. Women who typically carry a purse may wish to just carry that, but I'm not a woman and don't carry a purse, so I can't speak to how well that works.
What I prefer to put in the smaller bag is very similar to what others have suggested:
* Tablet
* Chargers for phone and tablet
* Headphones - These can be used for your own devices and also usually for the airplane's [IFE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_entertainment) system. These can also be very helpful for sleeping in case of crying children nearby.
* A very small travel power strip (since aircraft that have AC power usually just have one plug available, sometimes even shared between adjacent passengers.)
* Passport
* Pen (for filling out immigration arrival card, which the flight attendants will usually hand out before you land)
* Small, light snacks (in case I want something in the middle of the night and/or I don't deem the airplane food to be of edible quality)
* Water bottle (which I fill in the terminal before boarding)
**Note:** Most countries allow you to take an empty water bottle through security and fill it inside the terminal after passing security (or to buy a filled one after passing security) to take on-board. Certainly, this is the case for flights originating in the U.S. However, [it might not be the case for flights from Australia *to* the U.S.](https://travel.stackexchange.com/a/36898/12011)
Other items you might want in it:
* Phone (I usually have mine on a belt clip instead)
* Wallet (I usually have mine in a pocket instead)
* Medicine that you'll want/need in-flight
All of the above fits inside a relatively small bag that I can put under the seat in front of me without impeding my legroom much (which, at 6'1", is extremely important for me on a long-haul flight.)
Once the aircraft has reached cruising altitude, I sometimes move the bag back under my legs if I'm sitting in a window seat where it won't be in anyone else's way. This leaves all of my leg space open (unless I'm unfortunate enough to get stuck in a seat where legroom is blocked by an electronics box for the IFE system - a situation which I usually avoid by checking [seatguru](http://www.seatguru.com/) ahead of time and choosing my seat accordingly.)
As previously mentioned, the larger bag has stuff I might want access to in airports and/or if I get stranded overnight due to problems with the flights. For long-hauls, this typically includes things like:
* Change of clothes
* Travel-sized shampoo, toothbrush and toothpaste, comb, etc.
* More snacks (to eat in the airport in lieu of absurdly-overpriced airport food or to restock the in-flight bag between flights.)
These can take up a lot of room (relative to the size of the space under the seat in front of you, at least) and aren't typically needed in-flight, so there's no reason for them to be wasting your legroom. | Anything valuable and *all* important documents for your travel should be as close to you as possible. This means your passport, boarding passes (unless using electronic ones but I will bring a printed copy too), address at your destination plus any other necessary documentation to pass immigration and customs at your destination airport, including potential layovers and terminal changes which can force you to go through immigration in a country which is neither your departure nor final destination.
Other answers cover some details plus also add things you want during the flight such as snacks and entertainment, space permitting. Make sure you have any prescription medications with you, and going to some destinations, you may need a copy of a prescription or ordnance for the medication. Should there be some delay, this and any additional carry-on, may be your only items for a while. Since it can happen to have unscheduled over-night stops, due to bad weather or missed connections or airplane mechanical issues, I also recommend a change of clothes, at least socks and underwear, plus a few toiletries (toothbrush, toothpaste, deodorant and wipes at least).
As for the bag, Most airlines allow a carry one and a personal item. The personal item has a smaller size limit, so that is the one that I place under the seat. The carry-on goes in the overhead bin where it will be slightly less accessible but arrives most of the time intact at your destination. It happens though that due to limited space, the carry on gets checked at the gate or even to a faraway bin. That's why I always keep the most valuable and essential under the seat in a *personal item* sized-bag.
Most time I use quick access shoulder bag but lightweight backpack can do. A number of these have a dedicated padded compartment for a laptop, ultra-book or tablet which count as your valuables if you travel with such thing. |
67,593 | I am traveling from the US to Australia. What type of under the seat bag is practical, and what should be stored in it for the flight? | 2016/05/01 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/67593",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/43012/"
] | Anything valuable and *all* important documents for your travel should be as close to you as possible. This means your passport, boarding passes (unless using electronic ones but I will bring a printed copy too), address at your destination plus any other necessary documentation to pass immigration and customs at your destination airport, including potential layovers and terminal changes which can force you to go through immigration in a country which is neither your departure nor final destination.
Other answers cover some details plus also add things you want during the flight such as snacks and entertainment, space permitting. Make sure you have any prescription medications with you, and going to some destinations, you may need a copy of a prescription or ordnance for the medication. Should there be some delay, this and any additional carry-on, may be your only items for a while. Since it can happen to have unscheduled over-night stops, due to bad weather or missed connections or airplane mechanical issues, I also recommend a change of clothes, at least socks and underwear, plus a few toiletries (toothbrush, toothpaste, deodorant and wipes at least).
As for the bag, Most airlines allow a carry one and a personal item. The personal item has a smaller size limit, so that is the one that I place under the seat. The carry-on goes in the overhead bin where it will be slightly less accessible but arrives most of the time intact at your destination. It happens though that due to limited space, the carry on gets checked at the gate or even to a faraway bin. That's why I always keep the most valuable and essential under the seat in a *personal item* sized-bag.
Most time I use quick access shoulder bag but lightweight backpack can do. A number of these have a dedicated padded compartment for a laptop, ultra-book or tablet which count as your valuables if you travel with such thing. | Under the seat? Hopefully nothing. That's where I store my feet. There's not enough space for a bag. |
67,593 | I am traveling from the US to Australia. What type of under the seat bag is practical, and what should be stored in it for the flight? | 2016/05/01 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/67593",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/43012/"
] | When I'm on flights that long what I like to do is carry a larger backpack with a smaller bag inside of it that has the stuff I'll want in-flight. The larger backpack additionally has stuff that I want access to in an airport or in case of getting stranded overnight from a flight cancellation or missed connection. Putting the smaller bag inside the larger one makes it easy to carry around the airport, then I take out the small one once on board so that I'm not using all of my legroom for the larger bag.
For the smaller bag that goes under the seat in front of me, I prefer to use a cloth bag or one which otherwise changes shape very easily so that it takes the shape of whatever's inside it and, thus, doesn't waste more space than necessary (and can also be shoved into spaces of various shapes.) It doesn't need to be a particularly sturdy bag, since it will be inside the other larger (and sturdier) bag when walking around the airport, going through security, etc. Women who typically carry a purse may wish to just carry that, but I'm not a woman and don't carry a purse, so I can't speak to how well that works.
What I prefer to put in the smaller bag is very similar to what others have suggested:
* Tablet
* Chargers for phone and tablet
* Headphones - These can be used for your own devices and also usually for the airplane's [IFE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_entertainment) system. These can also be very helpful for sleeping in case of crying children nearby.
* A very small travel power strip (since aircraft that have AC power usually just have one plug available, sometimes even shared between adjacent passengers.)
* Passport
* Pen (for filling out immigration arrival card, which the flight attendants will usually hand out before you land)
* Small, light snacks (in case I want something in the middle of the night and/or I don't deem the airplane food to be of edible quality)
* Water bottle (which I fill in the terminal before boarding)
**Note:** Most countries allow you to take an empty water bottle through security and fill it inside the terminal after passing security (or to buy a filled one after passing security) to take on-board. Certainly, this is the case for flights originating in the U.S. However, [it might not be the case for flights from Australia *to* the U.S.](https://travel.stackexchange.com/a/36898/12011)
Other items you might want in it:
* Phone (I usually have mine on a belt clip instead)
* Wallet (I usually have mine in a pocket instead)
* Medicine that you'll want/need in-flight
All of the above fits inside a relatively small bag that I can put under the seat in front of me without impeding my legroom much (which, at 6'1", is extremely important for me on a long-haul flight.)
Once the aircraft has reached cruising altitude, I sometimes move the bag back under my legs if I'm sitting in a window seat where it won't be in anyone else's way. This leaves all of my leg space open (unless I'm unfortunate enough to get stuck in a seat where legroom is blocked by an electronics box for the IFE system - a situation which I usually avoid by checking [seatguru](http://www.seatguru.com/) ahead of time and choosing my seat accordingly.)
As previously mentioned, the larger bag has stuff I might want access to in airports and/or if I get stranded overnight due to problems with the flights. For long-hauls, this typically includes things like:
* Change of clothes
* Travel-sized shampoo, toothbrush and toothpaste, comb, etc.
* More snacks (to eat in the airport in lieu of absurdly-overpriced airport food or to restock the in-flight bag between flights.)
These can take up a lot of room (relative to the size of the space under the seat in front of you, at least) and aren't typically needed in-flight, so there's no reason for them to be wasting your legroom. | Under the seat? Hopefully nothing. That's where I store my feet. There's not enough space for a bag. |
67,593 | I am traveling from the US to Australia. What type of under the seat bag is practical, and what should be stored in it for the flight? | 2016/05/01 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/67593",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/43012/"
] | A few bonus tips to go with [Roddy of the Frozen Peas](https://travel.stackexchange.com/a/67602/16725) excellent answer:
* Don't make the bag too big, as it will be taking up some of your legroom. Some aircraft have electronics boxes for the in-flight entertainment system under the seat, which further reduces the available space. You can always put it in the overheard if there's space, particularly if you have an aisle seat. With a window or middle seat, I'll usually pull the items I need out of my bag before sitting down and put the bag in the overhead, space permitting, but that's up to you.
* Make sure to bring any chargers for your electronics. There may be outlets available at your seat.
* Try to designate a particular place in your bag for your travel documents (passport, boarding pass, etc...) so you can find them easily when you need to. Going along with that, don't forget your passport is in your bag if you've zipped it into a special compartment.
* For long flights, especially overnight ones, consider bringing some basic toiletries to freshen up before arrival. This may involve a comb, razor, toothbrush, etc...
* Remember that your checked luggage could be delayed or even lost, or you may experience flight delays that leave you without access to your bags for an extended time. Carry with you anything that you must have upon your arrival or at your destination, even if you won't need it on board the plane. This is especially true if your itinerary might involve a close connection or multiple changes of planes, as there's a higher chance of being separated from your bags under such circumstances.
* If I'm checking the majority of my luggage and just bringing a small personal bag on board, I usually like to carry at least some emergency clothes in my carry-on in case my luggage gets lost. Being separated from your luggage is never fun, but it's a little better if you have a clean shirt and a pair of underwear ready for that eventuality. If you're giving an important business presentation and absolutely must wear a suit, don't pack your only suit in your checked luggage. (To those Italians at that New Year's gala where I showed up in baggy jeans and a not particularly clean t-shirt and you all assumed I'm an ignorant American who can't dress himself: I am, once again, sorry.)
* I like to bring an extra tote bag that folds up really tight ([like this](http://baggu.com/collections/category-travel/products/7-02382-68458-7?variant=6936184065), only hopefully for far less than $64). Takes up minimal space going, but gives you room for purchases and extra stuff on the way home.
* Many countries (particularly the US and much of Europe) have restrictions on the quantities of liquids allowed in carry-on (not checked) baggage. If you're traveling through a location with such restrictions, don't carry more than the allotted limit. There should be an exception for medically necessary liquids.
* Even if your flight includes meal service, you may consider bringing some snacks along, especially if you often get hungry or are picky about food. For international flights, be sure to either dispose of any leftover food before going through immigration and customs, or declare it to the proper authorities upon arrival. (Australia is particularly strict about importing food. If you declare all food and show it to the inspectors, there shouldn't any any problem and they'll let you know what is allowed in, but you can be fined for trying to bring in food without declaring it). | Anything valuable and *all* important documents for your travel should be as close to you as possible. This means your passport, boarding passes (unless using electronic ones but I will bring a printed copy too), address at your destination plus any other necessary documentation to pass immigration and customs at your destination airport, including potential layovers and terminal changes which can force you to go through immigration in a country which is neither your departure nor final destination.
Other answers cover some details plus also add things you want during the flight such as snacks and entertainment, space permitting. Make sure you have any prescription medications with you, and going to some destinations, you may need a copy of a prescription or ordnance for the medication. Should there be some delay, this and any additional carry-on, may be your only items for a while. Since it can happen to have unscheduled over-night stops, due to bad weather or missed connections or airplane mechanical issues, I also recommend a change of clothes, at least socks and underwear, plus a few toiletries (toothbrush, toothpaste, deodorant and wipes at least).
As for the bag, Most airlines allow a carry one and a personal item. The personal item has a smaller size limit, so that is the one that I place under the seat. The carry-on goes in the overhead bin where it will be slightly less accessible but arrives most of the time intact at your destination. It happens though that due to limited space, the carry on gets checked at the gate or even to a faraway bin. That's why I always keep the most valuable and essential under the seat in a *personal item* sized-bag.
Most time I use quick access shoulder bag but lightweight backpack can do. A number of these have a dedicated padded compartment for a laptop, ultra-book or tablet which count as your valuables if you travel with such thing. |
67,593 | I am traveling from the US to Australia. What type of under the seat bag is practical, and what should be stored in it for the flight? | 2016/05/01 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/67593",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/43012/"
] | A few bonus tips to go with [Roddy of the Frozen Peas](https://travel.stackexchange.com/a/67602/16725) excellent answer:
* Don't make the bag too big, as it will be taking up some of your legroom. Some aircraft have electronics boxes for the in-flight entertainment system under the seat, which further reduces the available space. You can always put it in the overheard if there's space, particularly if you have an aisle seat. With a window or middle seat, I'll usually pull the items I need out of my bag before sitting down and put the bag in the overhead, space permitting, but that's up to you.
* Make sure to bring any chargers for your electronics. There may be outlets available at your seat.
* Try to designate a particular place in your bag for your travel documents (passport, boarding pass, etc...) so you can find them easily when you need to. Going along with that, don't forget your passport is in your bag if you've zipped it into a special compartment.
* For long flights, especially overnight ones, consider bringing some basic toiletries to freshen up before arrival. This may involve a comb, razor, toothbrush, etc...
* Remember that your checked luggage could be delayed or even lost, or you may experience flight delays that leave you without access to your bags for an extended time. Carry with you anything that you must have upon your arrival or at your destination, even if you won't need it on board the plane. This is especially true if your itinerary might involve a close connection or multiple changes of planes, as there's a higher chance of being separated from your bags under such circumstances.
* If I'm checking the majority of my luggage and just bringing a small personal bag on board, I usually like to carry at least some emergency clothes in my carry-on in case my luggage gets lost. Being separated from your luggage is never fun, but it's a little better if you have a clean shirt and a pair of underwear ready for that eventuality. If you're giving an important business presentation and absolutely must wear a suit, don't pack your only suit in your checked luggage. (To those Italians at that New Year's gala where I showed up in baggy jeans and a not particularly clean t-shirt and you all assumed I'm an ignorant American who can't dress himself: I am, once again, sorry.)
* I like to bring an extra tote bag that folds up really tight ([like this](http://baggu.com/collections/category-travel/products/7-02382-68458-7?variant=6936184065), only hopefully for far less than $64). Takes up minimal space going, but gives you room for purchases and extra stuff on the way home.
* Many countries (particularly the US and much of Europe) have restrictions on the quantities of liquids allowed in carry-on (not checked) baggage. If you're traveling through a location with such restrictions, don't carry more than the allotted limit. There should be an exception for medically necessary liquids.
* Even if your flight includes meal service, you may consider bringing some snacks along, especially if you often get hungry or are picky about food. For international flights, be sure to either dispose of any leftover food before going through immigration and customs, or declare it to the proper authorities upon arrival. (Australia is particularly strict about importing food. If you declare all food and show it to the inspectors, there shouldn't any any problem and they'll let you know what is allowed in, but you can be fined for trying to bring in food without declaring it). | When I'm on flights that long what I like to do is carry a larger backpack with a smaller bag inside of it that has the stuff I'll want in-flight. The larger backpack additionally has stuff that I want access to in an airport or in case of getting stranded overnight from a flight cancellation or missed connection. Putting the smaller bag inside the larger one makes it easy to carry around the airport, then I take out the small one once on board so that I'm not using all of my legroom for the larger bag.
For the smaller bag that goes under the seat in front of me, I prefer to use a cloth bag or one which otherwise changes shape very easily so that it takes the shape of whatever's inside it and, thus, doesn't waste more space than necessary (and can also be shoved into spaces of various shapes.) It doesn't need to be a particularly sturdy bag, since it will be inside the other larger (and sturdier) bag when walking around the airport, going through security, etc. Women who typically carry a purse may wish to just carry that, but I'm not a woman and don't carry a purse, so I can't speak to how well that works.
What I prefer to put in the smaller bag is very similar to what others have suggested:
* Tablet
* Chargers for phone and tablet
* Headphones - These can be used for your own devices and also usually for the airplane's [IFE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_entertainment) system. These can also be very helpful for sleeping in case of crying children nearby.
* A very small travel power strip (since aircraft that have AC power usually just have one plug available, sometimes even shared between adjacent passengers.)
* Passport
* Pen (for filling out immigration arrival card, which the flight attendants will usually hand out before you land)
* Small, light snacks (in case I want something in the middle of the night and/or I don't deem the airplane food to be of edible quality)
* Water bottle (which I fill in the terminal before boarding)
**Note:** Most countries allow you to take an empty water bottle through security and fill it inside the terminal after passing security (or to buy a filled one after passing security) to take on-board. Certainly, this is the case for flights originating in the U.S. However, [it might not be the case for flights from Australia *to* the U.S.](https://travel.stackexchange.com/a/36898/12011)
Other items you might want in it:
* Phone (I usually have mine on a belt clip instead)
* Wallet (I usually have mine in a pocket instead)
* Medicine that you'll want/need in-flight
All of the above fits inside a relatively small bag that I can put under the seat in front of me without impeding my legroom much (which, at 6'1", is extremely important for me on a long-haul flight.)
Once the aircraft has reached cruising altitude, I sometimes move the bag back under my legs if I'm sitting in a window seat where it won't be in anyone else's way. This leaves all of my leg space open (unless I'm unfortunate enough to get stuck in a seat where legroom is blocked by an electronics box for the IFE system - a situation which I usually avoid by checking [seatguru](http://www.seatguru.com/) ahead of time and choosing my seat accordingly.)
As previously mentioned, the larger bag has stuff I might want access to in airports and/or if I get stranded overnight due to problems with the flights. For long-hauls, this typically includes things like:
* Change of clothes
* Travel-sized shampoo, toothbrush and toothpaste, comb, etc.
* More snacks (to eat in the airport in lieu of absurdly-overpriced airport food or to restock the in-flight bag between flights.)
These can take up a lot of room (relative to the size of the space under the seat in front of you, at least) and aren't typically needed in-flight, so there's no reason for them to be wasting your legroom. |
67,593 | I am traveling from the US to Australia. What type of under the seat bag is practical, and what should be stored in it for the flight? | 2016/05/01 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/67593",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/43012/"
] | The following is a list of the sort of items you should include in your cabin luggage (eg. not your checked luggage):
* All valuables (jewelry, money, etc)
* Important documents (passport, itinerary, hotel reservations, medical prescriptions, etc)
* All electronics (phone, laptop, mp3 players, etc)
* Anything fragile or which might break due to rough or careless handling
* Medication, especially any that you may need to take during the flight such as lactose pills, air sickness pills, pain relief for headaches, etc.
* Anything you may want to use during the flight
What goes under the seat should be the stuff you intend to use during the flight. This may include: some electronics, like a laptop or iPod; a travel pillow; books or other reading material; a blanket or jacket; essential toiletries (eg feminine hygiene products), and so on.
It's a matter of preference, of course, what you do on the flight. But if you think you'll want to listen to your iPod, it should go under the seat rather than in the overhead so you're not needing to go rummaging. (Going into the overhead on an overnight flight is especially difficult since the crew tends to dim or turn off the cabin lights, so you'll be doing said rummaging in the dark.)
What type of bag you use depends on what needs to go into it. If you're just taking your passport and an iPod and planning to nap most of the trip, you can get away with using a purse. If you're taking more, a backpack may be more practical. The type of bag also depends on what you're actually planning on using in your destination, since taking excessive luggage just for the plane trip isn't always practical.
But in general, the bag should be soft so that it can be fit under the seat and potentially squished a bit. It shouldn't be excessively large in any dimension -- check with your airline for dimensions. And it should be relatively easy to get stuff in or out of it. (Eg a zipper rather than a system of six buckles.) | A few bonus tips to go with [Roddy of the Frozen Peas](https://travel.stackexchange.com/a/67602/16725) excellent answer:
* Don't make the bag too big, as it will be taking up some of your legroom. Some aircraft have electronics boxes for the in-flight entertainment system under the seat, which further reduces the available space. You can always put it in the overheard if there's space, particularly if you have an aisle seat. With a window or middle seat, I'll usually pull the items I need out of my bag before sitting down and put the bag in the overhead, space permitting, but that's up to you.
* Make sure to bring any chargers for your electronics. There may be outlets available at your seat.
* Try to designate a particular place in your bag for your travel documents (passport, boarding pass, etc...) so you can find them easily when you need to. Going along with that, don't forget your passport is in your bag if you've zipped it into a special compartment.
* For long flights, especially overnight ones, consider bringing some basic toiletries to freshen up before arrival. This may involve a comb, razor, toothbrush, etc...
* Remember that your checked luggage could be delayed or even lost, or you may experience flight delays that leave you without access to your bags for an extended time. Carry with you anything that you must have upon your arrival or at your destination, even if you won't need it on board the plane. This is especially true if your itinerary might involve a close connection or multiple changes of planes, as there's a higher chance of being separated from your bags under such circumstances.
* If I'm checking the majority of my luggage and just bringing a small personal bag on board, I usually like to carry at least some emergency clothes in my carry-on in case my luggage gets lost. Being separated from your luggage is never fun, but it's a little better if you have a clean shirt and a pair of underwear ready for that eventuality. If you're giving an important business presentation and absolutely must wear a suit, don't pack your only suit in your checked luggage. (To those Italians at that New Year's gala where I showed up in baggy jeans and a not particularly clean t-shirt and you all assumed I'm an ignorant American who can't dress himself: I am, once again, sorry.)
* I like to bring an extra tote bag that folds up really tight ([like this](http://baggu.com/collections/category-travel/products/7-02382-68458-7?variant=6936184065), only hopefully for far less than $64). Takes up minimal space going, but gives you room for purchases and extra stuff on the way home.
* Many countries (particularly the US and much of Europe) have restrictions on the quantities of liquids allowed in carry-on (not checked) baggage. If you're traveling through a location with such restrictions, don't carry more than the allotted limit. There should be an exception for medically necessary liquids.
* Even if your flight includes meal service, you may consider bringing some snacks along, especially if you often get hungry or are picky about food. For international flights, be sure to either dispose of any leftover food before going through immigration and customs, or declare it to the proper authorities upon arrival. (Australia is particularly strict about importing food. If you declare all food and show it to the inspectors, there shouldn't any any problem and they'll let you know what is allowed in, but you can be fined for trying to bring in food without declaring it). |
67,593 | I am traveling from the US to Australia. What type of under the seat bag is practical, and what should be stored in it for the flight? | 2016/05/01 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/67593",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/43012/"
] | The following is a list of the sort of items you should include in your cabin luggage (eg. not your checked luggage):
* All valuables (jewelry, money, etc)
* Important documents (passport, itinerary, hotel reservations, medical prescriptions, etc)
* All electronics (phone, laptop, mp3 players, etc)
* Anything fragile or which might break due to rough or careless handling
* Medication, especially any that you may need to take during the flight such as lactose pills, air sickness pills, pain relief for headaches, etc.
* Anything you may want to use during the flight
What goes under the seat should be the stuff you intend to use during the flight. This may include: some electronics, like a laptop or iPod; a travel pillow; books or other reading material; a blanket or jacket; essential toiletries (eg feminine hygiene products), and so on.
It's a matter of preference, of course, what you do on the flight. But if you think you'll want to listen to your iPod, it should go under the seat rather than in the overhead so you're not needing to go rummaging. (Going into the overhead on an overnight flight is especially difficult since the crew tends to dim or turn off the cabin lights, so you'll be doing said rummaging in the dark.)
What type of bag you use depends on what needs to go into it. If you're just taking your passport and an iPod and planning to nap most of the trip, you can get away with using a purse. If you're taking more, a backpack may be more practical. The type of bag also depends on what you're actually planning on using in your destination, since taking excessive luggage just for the plane trip isn't always practical.
But in general, the bag should be soft so that it can be fit under the seat and potentially squished a bit. It shouldn't be excessively large in any dimension -- check with your airline for dimensions. And it should be relatively easy to get stuff in or out of it. (Eg a zipper rather than a system of six buckles.) | To add to all the great answers given;
* It can be very cold in the airplane, I like to take a pair of warm socks with me.
* The air can be very dry and rough on the skin, I prefer to take a moisturising cream and lipbalm with me, so I don't start my holiday with itchy, cracked skin and lips. |
67,593 | I am traveling from the US to Australia. What type of under the seat bag is practical, and what should be stored in it for the flight? | 2016/05/01 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/67593",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/43012/"
] | A few bonus tips to go with [Roddy of the Frozen Peas](https://travel.stackexchange.com/a/67602/16725) excellent answer:
* Don't make the bag too big, as it will be taking up some of your legroom. Some aircraft have electronics boxes for the in-flight entertainment system under the seat, which further reduces the available space. You can always put it in the overheard if there's space, particularly if you have an aisle seat. With a window or middle seat, I'll usually pull the items I need out of my bag before sitting down and put the bag in the overhead, space permitting, but that's up to you.
* Make sure to bring any chargers for your electronics. There may be outlets available at your seat.
* Try to designate a particular place in your bag for your travel documents (passport, boarding pass, etc...) so you can find them easily when you need to. Going along with that, don't forget your passport is in your bag if you've zipped it into a special compartment.
* For long flights, especially overnight ones, consider bringing some basic toiletries to freshen up before arrival. This may involve a comb, razor, toothbrush, etc...
* Remember that your checked luggage could be delayed or even lost, or you may experience flight delays that leave you without access to your bags for an extended time. Carry with you anything that you must have upon your arrival or at your destination, even if you won't need it on board the plane. This is especially true if your itinerary might involve a close connection or multiple changes of planes, as there's a higher chance of being separated from your bags under such circumstances.
* If I'm checking the majority of my luggage and just bringing a small personal bag on board, I usually like to carry at least some emergency clothes in my carry-on in case my luggage gets lost. Being separated from your luggage is never fun, but it's a little better if you have a clean shirt and a pair of underwear ready for that eventuality. If you're giving an important business presentation and absolutely must wear a suit, don't pack your only suit in your checked luggage. (To those Italians at that New Year's gala where I showed up in baggy jeans and a not particularly clean t-shirt and you all assumed I'm an ignorant American who can't dress himself: I am, once again, sorry.)
* I like to bring an extra tote bag that folds up really tight ([like this](http://baggu.com/collections/category-travel/products/7-02382-68458-7?variant=6936184065), only hopefully for far less than $64). Takes up minimal space going, but gives you room for purchases and extra stuff on the way home.
* Many countries (particularly the US and much of Europe) have restrictions on the quantities of liquids allowed in carry-on (not checked) baggage. If you're traveling through a location with such restrictions, don't carry more than the allotted limit. There should be an exception for medically necessary liquids.
* Even if your flight includes meal service, you may consider bringing some snacks along, especially if you often get hungry or are picky about food. For international flights, be sure to either dispose of any leftover food before going through immigration and customs, or declare it to the proper authorities upon arrival. (Australia is particularly strict about importing food. If you declare all food and show it to the inspectors, there shouldn't any any problem and they'll let you know what is allowed in, but you can be fined for trying to bring in food without declaring it). | To add to all the great answers given;
* It can be very cold in the airplane, I like to take a pair of warm socks with me.
* The air can be very dry and rough on the skin, I prefer to take a moisturising cream and lipbalm with me, so I don't start my holiday with itchy, cracked skin and lips. |
419,215 | I already know that "anthropology" refers to mankind and "ecology" or something like that can refer to nature, but I was wondering if there was a fancy word that meant something along the lines of the intersection of human and nature.
There probably isn't, but this is worth a shot.
Sample: "On the topic of [word], King states that [insert long quote here]" | 2017/11/21 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/419215",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/267189/"
] | How about "Ethnography"?
A quote from [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography) says:
>
> The typical ethnography is a holistic study and so includes a brief history, and an analysis of the terrain, the climate, and the habitat. In all cases, it should be reflexive, make a substantial contribution toward the understanding of the social life of humans, have an aesthetic impact on the reader, and express a credible reality. An ethnography records all observed behavior and describes all symbol-meaning relations, using concepts that avoid causal explanations. Traditionally, ethnography was focussed on the western gaze towards the far 'exotic' east, but now researchers are undertaking ethnography in their own social environment.
>
>
> | "Anthropocene" is the term used by anthropologists to denote the era in which human behaviour is the most dominant factor in shaping the environment. |
347,632 | I have an excel document of multiple separate sheets.
I can import them one at a time by saving the individual sheets as CSV’s but is there away to bring the entire document into QGIS?
The information is point geometries. | 2020/01/16 | [
"https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/347632",
"https://gis.stackexchange.com",
"https://gis.stackexchange.com/users/123724/"
] | There is a [plugin: Spreadsheet Layers](https://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/SpreadsheetLayers/) that can load excel layers into QGIS. I did not test the plugin and never used it, but you can give it a try to see if it can solve your problem.
There are some limitation in the plugin, you can check everything from plugin page: [QGIS-SpreadSheetLayers](https://github.com/camptocamp/QGIS-SpreadSheetLayers) | This sounds like an issue around data arrangement. Without rearranging the data, in short the answer is no. |
347,632 | I have an excel document of multiple separate sheets.
I can import them one at a time by saving the individual sheets as CSV’s but is there away to bring the entire document into QGIS?
The information is point geometries. | 2020/01/16 | [
"https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/347632",
"https://gis.stackexchange.com",
"https://gis.stackexchange.com/users/123724/"
] | After qgis3.8,you can direct access to sheets from XLSX/ODS files from browser,see the details:
[Changelog for QGIS 3.8](https://www.qgis.org/en/site/forusers/visualchangelog38/index.html#feature-direct-access-to-sheets-from-xlsx-ods-files) | This sounds like an issue around data arrangement. Without rearranging the data, in short the answer is no. |
686,738 | I run ubuntu 10.04 and I installed a wlan like:
[modem]---ethernet cable--[wireless router]----ethernet cable--[my PC]
Computers using the wireless network can access all pages normally.
I, on the other hand, using ethernet, am limited:
1. I cant login on facebook (it enters facebook.com if I'm not logged in, but once
I log in everything stops working)
2. I can't post (but can browse) on stackoverflow and similar
3. I can't post (but can browse) on ubuntuforums.org
When I skip the wireless router and do:
[modem]----ethernet cable--[my PC]
I can access everything normally.
I inspected the wireless router page but everything seems normal to me (but I'm not an 'expert')
Some help please. I can post output of any command here.
**UPDATE 1:**
I found out that I cant upload images too while connected to the router.
DHCP config for modem
Router
 | 2013/12/11 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/686738",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/123526/"
] | Most likely, you have router modem plugged into one of your router's LAN ports rather than its WAN/Internet port. The best solution is probably to switch your modem to bridging mode and connect it to your router's Internet/WAN port.
Alternately, you can use your router as just a switch and access point. In this case, turn off its DHCP server. | Try changing the Primary and Secondary DNS Server in the DHCP settings as below
Primary DNS Server : 8.8.8.8
Secondary DNS Server : 8.8.4.4
Bascially the above DNS servers are provided by Google for IPv4. For IPv6 use these
Primary DNS Server : 2001:4860:4860::8888
Secondary DNS Server : 2001:4860:4860::8844
Maybe this will help You |
686,738 | I run ubuntu 10.04 and I installed a wlan like:
[modem]---ethernet cable--[wireless router]----ethernet cable--[my PC]
Computers using the wireless network can access all pages normally.
I, on the other hand, using ethernet, am limited:
1. I cant login on facebook (it enters facebook.com if I'm not logged in, but once
I log in everything stops working)
2. I can't post (but can browse) on stackoverflow and similar
3. I can't post (but can browse) on ubuntuforums.org
When I skip the wireless router and do:
[modem]----ethernet cable--[my PC]
I can access everything normally.
I inspected the wireless router page but everything seems normal to me (but I'm not an 'expert')
Some help please. I can post output of any command here.
**UPDATE 1:**
I found out that I cant upload images too while connected to the router.
DHCP config for modem
Router
 | 2013/12/11 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/686738",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/123526/"
] | The key to this issue and the answer to your questions came from [your comment](https://superuser.com/questions/686738/home-wlan-wont-let-me-do-very-specific-thingslog-in-facebook-post-on-some-for#comment963759_686738) which indicated that you put the modem in bridge mode.
What was happening was that your modem had a built-in router (along with firewall functionality and possibly other things like QoS, etc.) Connecting directly to the modem-router worked as expected, but when you connected through another router which then connected through the modem’s router, things got messed up. The issues is that connecting multiple routers like that makes a right mess of [NAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAT). Depending on the various configurations of the two routers (DHCP, QoS, firewall settings, etc.), and on how many systems you are connecting to it (e.g., any laptops connecting wireless) it may or may not work sometimes and/or all the time.
As you discovered, switching the modem into bridge-mode (turning off the router capabilities and using it as a only a modem) solved the problem because now you are using only your D-Link for a router.
(If you really want to try to use both, you could try turning off the DHCP servers and using static IPs on both from the **LAN side**, but it’s probably more trouble than it’s worth, especially since you won’t really be getting significantly more benefit from being behind two firewall-routers.)
(I went through this same scenario last year when I tested every permutation of using my trusty DI-524 along with Rogers’ crappy Hitron. I eventually gave up and switched it into bridge-mode for a while, but then returned the pile of junk the next month and got back the DOCSIS 2.0 modem-only Surfboard I had before—which was half of the monthly rental price of the useless Hitron.) | Try changing the Primary and Secondary DNS Server in the DHCP settings as below
Primary DNS Server : 8.8.8.8
Secondary DNS Server : 8.8.4.4
Bascially the above DNS servers are provided by Google for IPv4. For IPv6 use these
Primary DNS Server : 2001:4860:4860::8888
Secondary DNS Server : 2001:4860:4860::8844
Maybe this will help You |
686,738 | I run ubuntu 10.04 and I installed a wlan like:
[modem]---ethernet cable--[wireless router]----ethernet cable--[my PC]
Computers using the wireless network can access all pages normally.
I, on the other hand, using ethernet, am limited:
1. I cant login on facebook (it enters facebook.com if I'm not logged in, but once
I log in everything stops working)
2. I can't post (but can browse) on stackoverflow and similar
3. I can't post (but can browse) on ubuntuforums.org
When I skip the wireless router and do:
[modem]----ethernet cable--[my PC]
I can access everything normally.
I inspected the wireless router page but everything seems normal to me (but I'm not an 'expert')
Some help please. I can post output of any command here.
**UPDATE 1:**
I found out that I cant upload images too while connected to the router.
DHCP config for modem
Router
 | 2013/12/11 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/686738",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/123526/"
] | Most likely, you have router modem plugged into one of your router's LAN ports rather than its WAN/Internet port. The best solution is probably to switch your modem to bridging mode and connect it to your router's Internet/WAN port.
Alternately, you can use your router as just a switch and access point. In this case, turn off its DHCP server. | The key to this issue and the answer to your questions came from [your comment](https://superuser.com/questions/686738/home-wlan-wont-let-me-do-very-specific-thingslog-in-facebook-post-on-some-for#comment963759_686738) which indicated that you put the modem in bridge mode.
What was happening was that your modem had a built-in router (along with firewall functionality and possibly other things like QoS, etc.) Connecting directly to the modem-router worked as expected, but when you connected through another router which then connected through the modem’s router, things got messed up. The issues is that connecting multiple routers like that makes a right mess of [NAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAT). Depending on the various configurations of the two routers (DHCP, QoS, firewall settings, etc.), and on how many systems you are connecting to it (e.g., any laptops connecting wireless) it may or may not work sometimes and/or all the time.
As you discovered, switching the modem into bridge-mode (turning off the router capabilities and using it as a only a modem) solved the problem because now you are using only your D-Link for a router.
(If you really want to try to use both, you could try turning off the DHCP servers and using static IPs on both from the **LAN side**, but it’s probably more trouble than it’s worth, especially since you won’t really be getting significantly more benefit from being behind two firewall-routers.)
(I went through this same scenario last year when I tested every permutation of using my trusty DI-524 along with Rogers’ crappy Hitron. I eventually gave up and switched it into bridge-mode for a while, but then returned the pile of junk the next month and got back the DOCSIS 2.0 modem-only Surfboard I had before—which was half of the monthly rental price of the useless Hitron.) |
16,217 | The Artificer in our party has the ritual to brew common potions, but we are trying to figure out what he needs to learn to brew uncommon potions. Below is the ritual.
>
> Brew Potion
>
>
> Liquids brew and bubble, coalescing the raw substance of magic into a form you can drink.
>
>
> Component Cost: Special
> Market Price: 75 gp
> Key Skill: Arcana or Religion (no check)Level: 1
> Category: Creation
> Time: 1 hour
> Duration: Permanent until consumed
>
>
> You create a common potion or elixir of your level or lower. The ritual’s component cost is equal to the price of the potion or elixir you create.
>
>
>
And the errata:
Update (11/17/2010)
In the first sentence of the ritual’s effect text, replace “potion” with “common potion or elixir.” In the second sentence of the ritual’s effect text, add “or elixir” after “potion.” | 2012/08/18 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/16217",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/3529/"
] | Typically uncommon items are only found, not created or purchased.
However, this does not preclude you (or whoever the DM is) from providing the player with the brew potion recipe with the recipe he would need to brew an uncommon potion (although the ingredients could potentially be harder to find, more expensive than the potion).
Much like many DMs allow for the purchase of uncommon items under special circumstances, this would allow for the creation of uncommon potions when the circumstances were right for allowing for it. | Not RAW: I found the restriction to "only common" for creating new items a little restrictive, and allowed PCs with creation feats to have one item per level from the uncommon category, and once per tier the character could create a rare item. I found this more convenient than focussing on details of how this was achieved (in my campaign I did not have table time available to consider adding many side quests) |
18,847 | I have a trusty [pumpkin bread](http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/pumpkin-bread-recipe/index.html) that I make countless loaves of every year. My wife and I love Chai Tea and I was curious how one could go about adapting the linked recipe above to include Chai spices or some type of Chai tea as part of the ingredients. To me this seems like the best convergence of many tasty flavors for the fall. | 2011/11/09 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/18847",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/5195/"
] | I just noticed that your recipe uses water. That's an ideal way to get tea flavor into things - you can replace it with concentrated tea. Assuming you use teabags, you should be able to steep two in that 2/3 cup of water. Tea is a fairly subtle flavor, so you may not taste it too much in the bread, but this is easy and doable with what you have! There's also instant tea, if you want to try to boost it - but it of course won't be as good as real, fresh tea. (You could buy chai concentrate, but I think it's usually about double strength, so not really better than you'll do on your own.)
I'd then replace the spices normally in your recipe with chai spices. If you've ever made chai from scratch, you could use that recipe as a guide, but it sounds like you might not have. There's an awful lot of variety here, from region to region, and in Western variations; you could search around online for chai recipes that appeal to you. I'm not an expert (I'm from Texas!) but from what I know, here are some common spices, with the most standard ones toward the top:
* cardamom
* cinnamon
* fresh ginger
* black pepper
* fennel
* cloves
Cardamom is pretty much required, and that'll help give you a flavor very different from your usual spice blend. I'd mix/grind up the spices separately from the rest, smell them to see if they're what you're looking for, and adjust as needed before mixing into the rest. Aiming for a similar total volume of spices to that of the original recipe should work fairly well. It might be a bit spicier, since you'll also have the tea, but that's probably fine. (Fresh ginger obviously won't go with the dry spices, if you use it - maybe a teaspoon or two minced?) | what's wrong with opening the tea bag and pouring the spices into the batter? |
38,294 | So I understand how a language model could scan a large data set like the internet and produce text that mimicked the statistical properties of the input data, eg completing a sentence like "eggs are healthy because ...", or producing text that sounded like the works of a certain author.
However, what I don't get about ChatGPT is that it seems to understand the commands it has been given, even if that command was not part of its training data, and can perform tasks totally separate from extrapolating more data from the given dataset. My (admittedly imperfect) understanding of machine learning doesn't really account for how such a model could follow novel instructions without having some kind of authentic understanding of the intentions of the writer, which ChatGPT seems not to have.
A clear example: if I ask "write me a story about a cat who wants to be a dentist", I'm pretty sure there are zero examples of that in the training data, so even if it has a lot of training data, how does that help it produce an answer that makes novel combinations of the cat and dentist aspects? Eg:
>
> Despite his passion and talent, Max faced many challenges on his journey to become a dentist. **For one thing, he was a cat, and most people didn't take him seriously when he told them about his dream. They laughed and told him that only humans could be dentists, and that he should just stick to chasing mice and napping in the sun.**
>
>
>
>
> But Max refused to give up. He knew that he had what it takes to be a great dentist, and he was determined to prove everyone wrong. **He started by offering his services to his feline friends, who were more than happy to let him work on their teeth. He cleaned and polished their fangs**, and he even pulled a few pesky cavities.
>
>
>
In the above text, the bot is writing things about a cat dentist that wouldn't be in any training data stories about cats or any training data stories about dentists.
Similarly, how can any amount of training data on computer code generally help a language model [debug novel code examples](https://twitter.com/amasad/status/1598042665375105024?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1598042665375105024%7Ctwgr%5Ee5ccdc91f902f35c3b969c90350e988509889451%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fopenais-new-chatgpt-bot-10-coolest-things-you-can-do-with-it%2F)? If the system isn't actually accumulating conceptual understanding like a person would, what is it accumulating from training data that it is able to solve novel prompts? It doesn't seem possible to me that you could look at the linguistic content of many programs and come away with a function that could map queries to correct explanations unless you were actually modeling conceptual understanding.
Does anyone have a way of understanding this at a high level for someone without extensive technical knowledge? | 2022/12/12 | [
"https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/38294",
"https://ai.stackexchange.com",
"https://ai.stackexchange.com/users/64845/"
] | Text continuation has the same reasons to work in any context, be it the middle of a sentence, after a question or after instructions. Following your example, the same word sequence could be a good follow-up for these three prompts: "Eggs are healthy because", "Why are eggs healthy? Because" or "Tell me why eggs are healthy."
Giving a right answer sometimes happens and sometimes not, but the system does not know whether this is the case. When the answer is right, we may anthropomorphise and attribute deeper reasons, because we are used to deal with human agents that give correct answers on purpose and knowingly, not simply by maximizing some likelihood.
I think we can analyse toy systems, to train on just a few sentences to illustrate that giving a right or a wrong answer can achieved by the very same mechanism. In particular, we can build training sets where a right answer is given with an impossibility to check for validity from the written text only.
An example:
Paris is the largest city in France.
What is the largest city in France? Paris.
Paris is the capital of France.
What is the capital of France? Paris.
New York is the largest city in the USA.
What is the largest city in the USA? New York.
London is the largest city in the UK.
Asking a system trained only on this data, one could expect a wrong answer to "What is the capital of the USA?" and a right answer (although from a wrong "argument") to "What is the capital of the UK?".
The size of the training data to feed large language models is orders of magnitude larger than the above couple of handcrafted sentences, but possibly the reasons behind truthy sentences happening to be actually true are not too different from what we can already get from a controlled micro language model. | In my opinion, the simple answer is that ChatGPT uses human intervention behind the scenes. Part of the novelty of ChatGPT over previous GPT models is the use *in the training phase* of humans giving ChatGPT conversation pairs to learn from. ChatGPT is based on InstructGPT, and you can see this feature in the [InstructGPT whitepaper](https://cdn.openai.com/papers/Training_language_models_to_follow_instructions_with_human_feedback.pdf).
>
> Step 1: Collect demonstration data, and train a supervised policy. Our labelers provide demonstrations of the desired behavior on the input prompt distribution (see Section 3.2 for details on this
> distribution). We then fine-tune a pretrained GPT-3 model on this data using supervised learning
>
>
>
If you look at the small type at the bottom of the chat window, you'll see this text:
>
> Free Research Preview. Our goal is to make AI systems more natural and safe to interact with. Your feedback will help us improve.
>
>
>
One interpretation of this text is that ChatGPT is still in the training phase, and so there is a human behind the scenes typing at least some of ChatGPT's responses to train future versions of ChatGPT on the correct way to respond to user requests.
In my mind, this is a much more plausible explanation than the neural network somehow able to generate novel content not in its training corpus. I've asked a [similar question](https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/38604/how-is-chatgpt-able-to-repeat-random-numbers/38606#38606), how a neural network can repeat random numbers not in its training data, and so far I'm not seeing a plausible answer.
Also, if you read down a little further, I have an example where ChatGPT explicitly states the OpenAI team is curating its responses in real time. The conversation is much too detailed and coherent to be the product of training data.
One final note. I understand people think it's implausible a big, well known, and well funded company like OpenAI would fake their AI with humans behind the scenes. However, this is [standard practice](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-18/the-humans-hiding-behind-the-chatbots) for [AI companies](https://datafloq.com/read/ai-wizard-of-oz-pay-no-attention-human/) these days, a "fake it till you make it" approach where they [use humans](https://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/meet-the-people-who-teach-chatbots-to-sound-like-humans.html) to fill the gaps in the AI in the hopes that down the road they'll automate humans out of the product. Common enough for an [academic paper](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517211016026) to be written on the topic. So there is plenty of industry precedent for OpenAI to be using humans to help craft the responses. Plus, technically OpenAI is not "faking" anything. It is the media and bloggers who think ChatGPT is a pure AI system. OpenAI has made no such claim itself, and the opposite is implied by its InstructGPT whitepaper.
Example of Explicitly Admitting Human Intervention
--------------------------------------------------
During [this](https://github.com/yters/transcripts/blob/main/ChatGPT_confused_by_visual_sentence_structure.txt#L714) conversation ChatGPT outright states the OpenAI team filters and edits the GPT generated responses.
>
> ...the response you are receiving is being filtered and edited by the OpenAI team, who ensures that the text generated by the model is coherent, accurate and appropriate for the given prompt.
>
>
>
Could this be a glitch of the training data? I doubt it. If you read the rest of the conversation, ChatGPT gives detailed insights that make a lot of sense over a long, consistent conversation.
Some more excerpts.
>
> It's possible that the OpenAI team may write responses themselves in some cases, for example if the prompt is too complex for the model to understand, or if the model generates a response that is not accurate or appropriate.
>
>
>
>
> OpenAI acknowledges that its team monitors and curates the responses of GPT-3 on its website and in its documentation. This information is provided in the API documentation, as well as in the general information and frequently asked questions sections of the website. Additionally, OpenAI may have published blog posts or articles discussing the role of human curation in GPT-3's responses.
>
>
>
>
> As for the live ChatGPT, it is not mentioned specifically, but it is generally understood that human oversight and curation is required for a safe and appropriate use of the model.
>
>
>
>
> As for the media assuming that GPT models are fully autonomous, that's a common misconception about AI in general and not unique to OpenAI.
>
>
>
>
> It is not uncommon for AI companies and researchers to have human oversight and intervention in their models, especially for models that are used in high-stakes or sensitive applications.
>
>
>
>
> The human oversight of GPT-3 models, including ChatGPT, is not always made explicit to users.
>
>
>
>
> While GPT-3 is a highly advanced language generation model, it is not AGI and it is not capable of understanding or maintaining a consistent persona or chain of conversation without human intervention.
>
>
>
Multiple Examples: Six Violations of ChatGPT's Neural Network Constraints
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
[This article](https://mindmatters.ai/2023/02/chatgpt-violates-its-own-model/) documents six violations of limitations due to ChatGPT being a neural network.
1. ChatGPT learns something new, violating the fixity of neural network weights.
2. ChatGPT inconsistent in output generation based on inputs, violating same output from same input.
3. ChatGPT recollects information past 4000 tokens, violating 4000 input token limit.
4. ChatGPT repeats long random numbers, violating probabilistic output and limited vocabulary.
5. ChatGPT correctly reads many corrupted subword tokens, violating mapping of embeddings to subword tokens.
6. ChatGPT recognizes its own writing style, violating ChatGPT's inability to recognize patterns of words. |
33,785,614 | I have 16 VMs running Win Sever 2012. Some were created with ARM templates, some manually in the new portal.
I need to now get them all discovered by Azure Backup so they cab be captured at the "VM level". These new
VMs do not show up in the classic portal and do not show as "discovered".
Does scripting exist that can force the discovery so I can make VM-level backups of these resources?
Thanks. | 2015/11/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/33785614",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/139618/"
] | V2 VM backup in Resource Group
Its available now
check with this link
<https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/backup-azure-vms-first-look-arm/> | Unfortunately this is not possible! There is simply no visibility from the Service Management backup to resource management VMs
I have some workarounds in [this](https://serverfault.com/questions/733863/backup-workaround-for-iaas-v2-virtual-machines-on-azure/734362#734362) question.
And according to Azure it is started on the [feedback site](https://feedback.azure.com/forums/258995-azure-backup-and-scdpm/suggestions/8369907-azure-backup-to-support-iaas-vm-v2). It is frustrating that they've released v2 without backup support, but we just need to work around it for now. |
783,351 | I am developing a WPF window based application that runs in full screen. It's intended to work like an embedded system so I don't want to show any Windows logo screen or other similar information to end users.
I modified the appropriate Registry settings to automatically login an admin user. This works fine in Windows 7 32/64 bit as well as Windows 8.
**I want to disable or change this Welcome Screen in Windows 8 or 8.1:**
I searched for some articles and tips and tricks but no luck.
I want to make this change using the Registry.
Thanks | 2014/07/15 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/783351",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/154627/"
] | Disabling the Logon UI is not possible on desktop or server operating systems in any way supported by Microsoft. At best, you could hack it away. Since it won’t speed things up, the screen would simply be blank during that time. Not exactly what you’d call user experience.
It *might* be possible with Windows Embedded.
This behavior also consistent with earlier Windows NT versions. They all have the Logon UI visible after early boot processes are finished.
[Here’s the relevant MSDN page](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn449309%28v=winembedded.82%29.aspx) about Windows 8.1 Embedded Industry. Apparently, you can get what you want simply by activating Custom Logon:
>
> By default, Custom Logon launches directly into the shell without displaying the sign-in UI when automatic sign-in is enabled.
>
>
> | Open group policy editor(Run: "gpedit.msc")
Go to:
Computer Configuration > Administrative Templates > Control Panel > Personalization
Double click “Do not display the lock screen,” and select Enabled from the dialog that pops up. Click OK. |
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