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10,397 | When I consider my own existence with respect to time I can imagine three possibilities:
(1) **Time extends infinitely into the past.** In this case, how can the present, with me in it, exist, since there would be an infinite period of time that existed before the present. That seems illogical.
(2) **Time had a starting point from which everything in our universe evolved to the present (t=1).** That possibility would require something (God) to start the clock ticking (t=0). But in this case we're back to square 1 with the problem of an infinite past. So the only possibility that makes sense to me is a third possibility
(3) **Where time is some sort of abstraction in human consciousness that we need in order to relate cause and effect.** | 2014/03/24 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/10397",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/5538/"
] | I think there may be a 4th option which is closely related to your option (2). That is, time started at the big bang and has existed independently of our minds since then forming our Einstein-Minkowski 'time-cone'.
Of course, what came before the big bang, or if this is even a question that makes sense, is up for debate but there certainly would be no need to posit a God figure to make this work and so you could avoid your first cause infinite regress. | 3 is correct. Time is a abstraction, a filing system used to arrange events and memories into a logical system of cause and effect.
Per relativity, space and time are not discrete entities, but a single construct called spacetime. Saying something is X km long is equal to saying it is Y seconds long. All units of time are based on and can be reduced to measures of distance.
Time is a mental construct used to make sense of movement. Movement produces the sensation and experience of time, not the other way around. |
10,397 | When I consider my own existence with respect to time I can imagine three possibilities:
(1) **Time extends infinitely into the past.** In this case, how can the present, with me in it, exist, since there would be an infinite period of time that existed before the present. That seems illogical.
(2) **Time had a starting point from which everything in our universe evolved to the present (t=1).** That possibility would require something (God) to start the clock ticking (t=0). But in this case we're back to square 1 with the problem of an infinite past. So the only possibility that makes sense to me is a third possibility
(3) **Where time is some sort of abstraction in human consciousness that we need in order to relate cause and effect.** | 2014/03/24 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/10397",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/5538/"
] | Is time a mental abstraction or does it exist outside consciousness?
====================================================================
The latter. Time exists independently of us.
In all likelihood, time exists independently of one's consciousness. That is to say, while it may be that the experience which we refer to as the passage of time is in part created by our brains, there is still a physical process which it corresponds to, and this is something which cannot be suspended or initiated by our brains.
While it's possible that time only exists when there is something there to 'observe' it, time certainly still exists when people aren't around, as can be verified by simply using a video/tape recorder to record events in an area which is devoid of people or even all intelligent life (within a certain radius). Alternatively, there is any number of subtle signs in everything which suggest that physical processes proceed without direct human/animal observation.
Infinite timelines
==================
Does time stretch infinitely backward or have a starting point?
You say that either of these possibilities are less preferable to the option of time merely being an abstraction of the brain, and I understand this if you associate the idea of a non infinite timeline specifically with the idea of a deity. Also your option 1) (infinitely backwards timeline) involves the idea of infinity, which indeed may be internally contradictory in some way.
However, the possibility of time having a definite start point does not necessitate that there is some "entity" out there which initiated the timeline.
That being said, I don't know how to differentiate between option 1) and 2). All that we know is that the answer to 3) is that time proceeds without us, in some shape or form. | 3 is correct. Time is a abstraction, a filing system used to arrange events and memories into a logical system of cause and effect.
Per relativity, space and time are not discrete entities, but a single construct called spacetime. Saying something is X km long is equal to saying it is Y seconds long. All units of time are based on and can be reduced to measures of distance.
Time is a mental construct used to make sense of movement. Movement produces the sensation and experience of time, not the other way around. |
10,397 | When I consider my own existence with respect to time I can imagine three possibilities:
(1) **Time extends infinitely into the past.** In this case, how can the present, with me in it, exist, since there would be an infinite period of time that existed before the present. That seems illogical.
(2) **Time had a starting point from which everything in our universe evolved to the present (t=1).** That possibility would require something (God) to start the clock ticking (t=0). But in this case we're back to square 1 with the problem of an infinite past. So the only possibility that makes sense to me is a third possibility
(3) **Where time is some sort of abstraction in human consciousness that we need in order to relate cause and effect.** | 2014/03/24 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/10397",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/5538/"
] | A popular saying is: "Time doesn't exist, only clocks exist."
Time, like all units of measurement, are abstractions.
In physics, the purest way of comparison is the direct one: How long is this thing compared to that thing. It yields a fraction of some sort, which most importantly is *invariant*.
This fraction has no units, is directly bound to the original question and never varies, no matter our frame of reference or unit of measurement.
The thing is, if we can't measure one of the things before tomorrow, and we can't measure the other thing after today. That is when we introduce units of measurements, because units of measurement *co-vary*.
When we change our frame of reference, say by pretending everything is twice as big (effectively cutting all our reference units in half), all off our measurements go up by a factor of two.
Therefore, comparing the measurements to one another still yields an invariant fraction!
Time is measured in seconds, which is defined as some high number of periods in microwave radiation emitted by Cesium atoms cooled to some low temperature under some special conditions, in an atomic clock.
But atomic clocks are subject to time dilation courtesy special and general relativity.
If you put an atomic clock on a spacecraft (which has been done, by the way) and send it into orbit, the lower gravity will make the space clock disagree with an identically calibrated twin left on earth.
So when we say "it takes N seconds" we really mean "if I put an atomic clock next to this thing, the dial on the atomic clock would show the number N when this process has reached the end state."
Humans feel time passing because of some physical processes in our brains behave like (very inaccurate, compared to atomic ones) clocks.
**But what does time then abstract?** Entropy.
The universe is continually descending into informational chaos, usually in the form of heat. Entropy starts in the laws of quantum mechanics where a certain ubiquitous interaction causes loss of information; this can be proven to be an instance of Liouville's Theorem.
Some cosmologists and epistemological mathematicians currently believe that the final formulation of quantum mechanics will not include "time" as a parameter anywhere, and that time will be a derivable quantity. | The closest thing that time abstracts is motion. The passage of time is always tracked by some form of motion, be it clock ticks, days, seasons, ageing etc. If the motion of everything in the universe where to cease, time is frozen. Since time directly correspond to periodic (repetitive motion), one can argue that it is physical and not a pure mental construct. But if you ask if time is as 'real' as space, well it's not.
Ref: motionmountain.net |
10,397 | When I consider my own existence with respect to time I can imagine three possibilities:
(1) **Time extends infinitely into the past.** In this case, how can the present, with me in it, exist, since there would be an infinite period of time that existed before the present. That seems illogical.
(2) **Time had a starting point from which everything in our universe evolved to the present (t=1).** That possibility would require something (God) to start the clock ticking (t=0). But in this case we're back to square 1 with the problem of an infinite past. So the only possibility that makes sense to me is a third possibility
(3) **Where time is some sort of abstraction in human consciousness that we need in order to relate cause and effect.** | 2014/03/24 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/10397",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/5538/"
] | A popular saying is: "Time doesn't exist, only clocks exist."
Time, like all units of measurement, are abstractions.
In physics, the purest way of comparison is the direct one: How long is this thing compared to that thing. It yields a fraction of some sort, which most importantly is *invariant*.
This fraction has no units, is directly bound to the original question and never varies, no matter our frame of reference or unit of measurement.
The thing is, if we can't measure one of the things before tomorrow, and we can't measure the other thing after today. That is when we introduce units of measurements, because units of measurement *co-vary*.
When we change our frame of reference, say by pretending everything is twice as big (effectively cutting all our reference units in half), all off our measurements go up by a factor of two.
Therefore, comparing the measurements to one another still yields an invariant fraction!
Time is measured in seconds, which is defined as some high number of periods in microwave radiation emitted by Cesium atoms cooled to some low temperature under some special conditions, in an atomic clock.
But atomic clocks are subject to time dilation courtesy special and general relativity.
If you put an atomic clock on a spacecraft (which has been done, by the way) and send it into orbit, the lower gravity will make the space clock disagree with an identically calibrated twin left on earth.
So when we say "it takes N seconds" we really mean "if I put an atomic clock next to this thing, the dial on the atomic clock would show the number N when this process has reached the end state."
Humans feel time passing because of some physical processes in our brains behave like (very inaccurate, compared to atomic ones) clocks.
**But what does time then abstract?** Entropy.
The universe is continually descending into informational chaos, usually in the form of heat. Entropy starts in the laws of quantum mechanics where a certain ubiquitous interaction causes loss of information; this can be proven to be an instance of Liouville's Theorem.
Some cosmologists and epistemological mathematicians currently believe that the final formulation of quantum mechanics will not include "time" as a parameter anywhere, and that time will be a derivable quantity. | You've presented a false dichotomy: just because something is a "mental construct" doesn't mean that it can't also be a real property of the physical universe.
Take length as an example. "Length," as such, doesn't exist physically. It's not something you can see or touch. Nevertheless, it is a real quality of physical objects--it exists "out there" and not just in our heads. In this respect, length is like any other *measure*--it's an abstraction in the sense that it does not exist in and of itself, but it nevertheless describes real qualities of physical objects.
Time is no different. The more you understand of physics, the less sense it makes to think of time "extending" in any direction. Time isn't a medium, it's a *measure*, and what it measures is **change.** As for what change itself is, well...that's still an [unanswered question!](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics) |
10,397 | When I consider my own existence with respect to time I can imagine three possibilities:
(1) **Time extends infinitely into the past.** In this case, how can the present, with me in it, exist, since there would be an infinite period of time that existed before the present. That seems illogical.
(2) **Time had a starting point from which everything in our universe evolved to the present (t=1).** That possibility would require something (God) to start the clock ticking (t=0). But in this case we're back to square 1 with the problem of an infinite past. So the only possibility that makes sense to me is a third possibility
(3) **Where time is some sort of abstraction in human consciousness that we need in order to relate cause and effect.** | 2014/03/24 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/10397",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/5538/"
] | I will attempt to present the stance of physicist [Julian Barbour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Barbour), who presented a compelling answer to this question in a lecture I saw him give in Oxford ([this lecture](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5rExaKLEoU)).
He is firmly *not* in the camp of the latter viewpoint in your title, but I wouldn't necessarily put him in the former camp either. He puts his view of time in terms of the [primary/secondary quality distinction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary/secondary_quality_distinction) and refers to Galileo, who in 1623 classified attributes such as color and sound as secondary characteristics of matter that are perceiver-dependent. Rather than photons entering eyes or vibrations entering ears, in the case of time we have our perception of the *successiveness* of events streaming through the system we know as consciousness. These progressions correspond with an increase in system complexity, with all consciousnesses experiencing a flow of time along a line of increasing complexity.
All in all a fascinating viewpoint that I've hardly done justice here. After the lecture, he recommended that people watch [this video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKsNraFxPwk) for a more in-depth look (assuming they didn't want to read *[The End of Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Time_%28book%29)* or any of his papers) so I will pass that along as well.
Lastly, I'll add something because it made me laugh and because it is bound to come up if you consider the implications of this position: When someone asked him what all this means about free will, he said “I'm not sure it matters much. It *feels* free anyway, and I'm excited to find out what I'll do next.” | 3 is correct. Time is a abstraction, a filing system used to arrange events and memories into a logical system of cause and effect.
Per relativity, space and time are not discrete entities, but a single construct called spacetime. Saying something is X km long is equal to saying it is Y seconds long. All units of time are based on and can be reduced to measures of distance.
Time is a mental construct used to make sense of movement. Movement produces the sensation and experience of time, not the other way around. |
10,397 | When I consider my own existence with respect to time I can imagine three possibilities:
(1) **Time extends infinitely into the past.** In this case, how can the present, with me in it, exist, since there would be an infinite period of time that existed before the present. That seems illogical.
(2) **Time had a starting point from which everything in our universe evolved to the present (t=1).** That possibility would require something (God) to start the clock ticking (t=0). But in this case we're back to square 1 with the problem of an infinite past. So the only possibility that makes sense to me is a third possibility
(3) **Where time is some sort of abstraction in human consciousness that we need in order to relate cause and effect.** | 2014/03/24 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/10397",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/5538/"
] | You've hit upon one of the lines of thinking by Kant.
In his thinking both options (1) & (2) are true; to Kant this suggests this is an actual contradiction, an *antinomy* in his language, and which is irresolvable; by us; one can say we are at the limit of thought, of the human capacity to reason - hence *a critique of pure reason*; establishing thus limits.
Contradictions & antinomies in the main current of European philosophy are severely frowned upon; there is an assumption, perhaps since the Enlightenment that reason can solve all, that the world in its entirety is an ordered and intelligible whole. The *mysterium tremendum* has only be looked at in the proper fashion, in right spirit of sustained enquiry for it to reveal itself as less tremendous and less mysterious.
We can suppose that the ontological tissue of the world, the fabric of reality is intelligible but we can also suppose by being finite creatures that we must then be epistemlogically finite; and between these two thoughts, which are separate thoughts and also the same thought is an antinomy; an antinomy that is nonetheless no less an antinomy for being dynamic.
Kant declared himself a new Copernicus; who recentred Philosophy in a new orbit; he swapped the role of subject and object; time and space lose there object-ive character and become subject-ive; they are the forms of intuitions that the mind has such that it can experience at all; they are the conditions for experience; but by being the substrate of subjective experience they also retain their objective character; this appears as an antinomy, but it is a resolvable one.
The phenomenal realm is both the objective and the subjective realm as normatively understood. Kant by outlawing noumena, by rendering it unspeakable and unsayable is outlawing the numinous. From Spinozas emanationist ontology he retains the mode of extension and of thought; the other modes, the infinity of them - the attributes of God and God himself are placed permanantly behind a veil.
In Ghazalis Occasionalism; not only is God required to create the world; he is required to create it from moment to moment; or rather to sustain it; to propel it along through the dynamic of natural law - his law (we may also call it the law of Vishnu); thus also the law of cause and effect.
Kant, in a Promethean move takes this out of the hands of God and into the mind of Man; but that part of the mind that is inaccessible to us; not Freuds unconcious; nor something lower; but something that is immanent to mind. Can one put time out of mind? One can certainly write the words...
What was once a triad: Man - God - Object; is now a dyad: Man - Object; Kant banished God as once God banished man; then after the exile - execution: the Nietzschian gesture. | 3 is correct. Time is a abstraction, a filing system used to arrange events and memories into a logical system of cause and effect.
Per relativity, space and time are not discrete entities, but a single construct called spacetime. Saying something is X km long is equal to saying it is Y seconds long. All units of time are based on and can be reduced to measures of distance.
Time is a mental construct used to make sense of movement. Movement produces the sensation and experience of time, not the other way around. |
10,397 | When I consider my own existence with respect to time I can imagine three possibilities:
(1) **Time extends infinitely into the past.** In this case, how can the present, with me in it, exist, since there would be an infinite period of time that existed before the present. That seems illogical.
(2) **Time had a starting point from which everything in our universe evolved to the present (t=1).** That possibility would require something (God) to start the clock ticking (t=0). But in this case we're back to square 1 with the problem of an infinite past. So the only possibility that makes sense to me is a third possibility
(3) **Where time is some sort of abstraction in human consciousness that we need in order to relate cause and effect.** | 2014/03/24 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/10397",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/5538/"
] | The closest thing that time abstracts is motion. The passage of time is always tracked by some form of motion, be it clock ticks, days, seasons, ageing etc. If the motion of everything in the universe where to cease, time is frozen. Since time directly correspond to periodic (repetitive motion), one can argue that it is physical and not a pure mental construct. But if you ask if time is as 'real' as space, well it's not.
Ref: motionmountain.net | 3 is correct. Time is a abstraction, a filing system used to arrange events and memories into a logical system of cause and effect.
Per relativity, space and time are not discrete entities, but a single construct called spacetime. Saying something is X km long is equal to saying it is Y seconds long. All units of time are based on and can be reduced to measures of distance.
Time is a mental construct used to make sense of movement. Movement produces the sensation and experience of time, not the other way around. |
1,393,653 | I have 2 views which transition into each other using the ...
>
> [UIView setAnimationTransition:UIAnimationTransitionFlipFromLeft forView:self.view cache:YES]
>
>
>
My views both have a black background and when they flip over the colour underneath is white. I want to change this to something else. How do I do this? I have tried searching but I am not really sure which search terms to use. | 2009/09/08 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1393653",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/157733/"
] | I think what you are looking for is changing the background color of your application window (which is visible between the flipside views). You can do this
* either in the Interface Builder in the MainWindow.xib, Tab 1 of the Inspector
* or in code with
window.backgroundColor = [UIColor redColor]; | thanks! Very anti-intuitive. I'd think the superview's background color would show but I'd be wrong ;) |
443,275 | I have so far only worked with WS2812 strips and understood, that the WS2813 have a backup data line. But how do I connect the first LED to my Arduino (acts as a controller)?
Many tutorials said I should just wire the BI to V0, but doesn't this eliminate the backup functionality? So I thought about wiring both data pins to my data source? Is this a good idea? | 2019/06/12 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/443275",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/224172/"
] | No, not connecting the BIN doesn't eliminate the backup functionality. As for what to do with it, the official datasheet at <http://www.world-semi.com/DownLoadFile/117> doesn't say, so I won't speculate.
To show that the backup remains consider that the BIN of a WS2813 LED is connected to the DIN of the previous LED.
If the first LED is working, then it receives and shows the data on it's DIN and then forwards the next pixel data via DOUT to the DIN of the next LED in the chain. Note that the second LED will now receive it's data on both BIN (direct from the first LED's DIN) and on DIN (repeated by the first LED).
If the first LED is non-functional, then the next LED first sees the first pixels' data on it's BIN (and disregards it). It is then expecting data for itself on the DIN channel but receives none. Thus it goes into backup mode and uses the data that came in on the BIN channel direct from the DIN of the first LED.
Thus, DIN is the one that needs to be connected on the first LED. | This is based on a few sources including the (poor) [datasheet](https://www.elecrow.com/download/WS2813_LED_Datasheet.pdf).
My interpretation is that BIN should be connected to the *previous LED's* DIN. Then if the one LED fails, the next one will not receive any data on DIN, but it will receive data on BIN. It will switch to backup mode, where it uses the data from BIN, and ignores the data intended for the previous LED. This allows the rest of the chain to continue functioning with only one dead pixel, instead of letting the dead pixel break the chain completely. The chain will still be broken if two pixels next to each other are dead. |
443,275 | I have so far only worked with WS2812 strips and understood, that the WS2813 have a backup data line. But how do I connect the first LED to my Arduino (acts as a controller)?
Many tutorials said I should just wire the BI to V0, but doesn't this eliminate the backup functionality? So I thought about wiring both data pins to my data source? Is this a good idea? | 2019/06/12 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/443275",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/224172/"
] | This is based on a few sources including the (poor) [datasheet](https://www.elecrow.com/download/WS2813_LED_Datasheet.pdf).
My interpretation is that BIN should be connected to the *previous LED's* DIN. Then if the one LED fails, the next one will not receive any data on DIN, but it will receive data on BIN. It will switch to backup mode, where it uses the data from BIN, and ignores the data intended for the previous LED. This allows the rest of the chain to continue functioning with only one dead pixel, instead of letting the dead pixel break the chain completely. The chain will still be broken if two pixels next to each other are dead. | Based on the documentation and experimentation: do not connect them together because they are not interpreted the same way. D is the data signal and interpreted as such and B is expected to be the data signal with address shifted -1 so the addressing stays in sync. Do not connect your controller to BI. Do connect the BO at the end of one strip to the BI of the next strip in your daisy chain. If you are not chaining them together, you do not need to connect anything to BI. |
443,275 | I have so far only worked with WS2812 strips and understood, that the WS2813 have a backup data line. But how do I connect the first LED to my Arduino (acts as a controller)?
Many tutorials said I should just wire the BI to V0, but doesn't this eliminate the backup functionality? So I thought about wiring both data pins to my data source? Is this a good idea? | 2019/06/12 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/443275",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/224172/"
] | No, not connecting the BIN doesn't eliminate the backup functionality. As for what to do with it, the official datasheet at <http://www.world-semi.com/DownLoadFile/117> doesn't say, so I won't speculate.
To show that the backup remains consider that the BIN of a WS2813 LED is connected to the DIN of the previous LED.
If the first LED is working, then it receives and shows the data on it's DIN and then forwards the next pixel data via DOUT to the DIN of the next LED in the chain. Note that the second LED will now receive it's data on both BIN (direct from the first LED's DIN) and on DIN (repeated by the first LED).
If the first LED is non-functional, then the next LED first sees the first pixels' data on it's BIN (and disregards it). It is then expecting data for itself on the DIN channel but receives none. Thus it goes into backup mode and uses the data that came in on the BIN channel direct from the DIN of the first LED.
Thus, DIN is the one that needs to be connected on the first LED. | Based on the documentation and experimentation: do not connect them together because they are not interpreted the same way. D is the data signal and interpreted as such and B is expected to be the data signal with address shifted -1 so the addressing stays in sync. Do not connect your controller to BI. Do connect the BO at the end of one strip to the BI of the next strip in your daisy chain. If you are not chaining them together, you do not need to connect anything to BI. |
283,307 | My bluetooth mouse batteries died, and when I replaced them, the mouse didn't reconnect. Now how can I get OS X to discover and connect my mouse without having a mouse to open the mouse dialogue? | 2017/05/11 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/283307",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/28536/"
] | You should see a prompt when you turn on your computer. If the mouse can't be found,
* Check if the mouse is on.
* Check all other computers to see if one of them is paired with the mouse. If that is the case, unpair it.
If none of those work, try a USB mouse. | If the batteries run out in my wireless mouse it never reconnects automatically and I have resorted to reconnecting a wired mouse to click on the bluetooth icon in the menu bar. Then I found that you can activate the bluetooth icon by pressing Control-F8 (the "Move focus to status menus" in the keyboard shortcuts) and using the cursor keys and the enter key to get to the connect menu item for the mouse. |
283,307 | My bluetooth mouse batteries died, and when I replaced them, the mouse didn't reconnect. Now how can I get OS X to discover and connect my mouse without having a mouse to open the mouse dialogue? | 2017/05/11 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/283307",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/28536/"
] | You should see a prompt when you turn on your computer. If the mouse can't be found,
* Check if the mouse is on.
* Check all other computers to see if one of them is paired with the mouse. If that is the case, unpair it.
If none of those work, try a USB mouse. | I can usually get my mouse to connect if I can get to the bluetooth preferences.
Since upgrading (now on Monterey 12.3.1) that has become more difficult and a lot of the keyboard combinations to get to the menus do not seem to work for me any more.
The ⌘+Space "Bluetooth" to get to the preferences was not working until I found that "System Preferences" has its own option under Spotlight Search Results and it was not enabled. Enabling that has made the preferences show up in Spotlight so I should be able to nudge Bluetooth to connect the mouse next time. |
283,307 | My bluetooth mouse batteries died, and when I replaced them, the mouse didn't reconnect. Now how can I get OS X to discover and connect my mouse without having a mouse to open the mouse dialogue? | 2017/05/11 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/283307",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/28536/"
] | If the batteries run out in my wireless mouse it never reconnects automatically and I have resorted to reconnecting a wired mouse to click on the bluetooth icon in the menu bar. Then I found that you can activate the bluetooth icon by pressing Control-F8 (the "Move focus to status menus" in the keyboard shortcuts) and using the cursor keys and the enter key to get to the connect menu item for the mouse. | Keep a cheap usb mouse and keyboard in the back of some closet (with the batteries removed) to quickly use in an emergency. I've successfully used the keyboard and mouse once each in the last 8 - 10 years but it's worth it. |
283,307 | My bluetooth mouse batteries died, and when I replaced them, the mouse didn't reconnect. Now how can I get OS X to discover and connect my mouse without having a mouse to open the mouse dialogue? | 2017/05/11 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/283307",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/28536/"
] | If the batteries run out in my wireless mouse it never reconnects automatically and I have resorted to reconnecting a wired mouse to click on the bluetooth icon in the menu bar. Then I found that you can activate the bluetooth icon by pressing Control-F8 (the "Move focus to status menus" in the keyboard shortcuts) and using the cursor keys and the enter key to get to the connect menu item for the mouse. | I can usually get my mouse to connect if I can get to the bluetooth preferences.
Since upgrading (now on Monterey 12.3.1) that has become more difficult and a lot of the keyboard combinations to get to the menus do not seem to work for me any more.
The ⌘+Space "Bluetooth" to get to the preferences was not working until I found that "System Preferences" has its own option under Spotlight Search Results and it was not enabled. Enabling that has made the preferences show up in Spotlight so I should be able to nudge Bluetooth to connect the mouse next time. |
283,307 | My bluetooth mouse batteries died, and when I replaced them, the mouse didn't reconnect. Now how can I get OS X to discover and connect my mouse without having a mouse to open the mouse dialogue? | 2017/05/11 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/283307",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/28536/"
] | You should see a prompt when you turn on your computer. If the mouse can't be found,
* Check if the mouse is on.
* Check all other computers to see if one of them is paired with the mouse. If that is the case, unpair it.
If none of those work, try a USB mouse. | Keep a cheap usb mouse and keyboard in the back of some closet (with the batteries removed) to quickly use in an emergency. I've successfully used the keyboard and mouse once each in the last 8 - 10 years but it's worth it. |
23,557,620 | I'm learning Elixir, and the tool 'dialyzer' lets you do static analysis - annotate the function definition with the type specification of the parameters it expects and the output it returns. It's completely optional, but if it were to be used to the full extent possible, how does it match up to good 'ol static typing? | 2014/05/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/23557620",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1375688/"
] | While static typing takes care of a whole class of bugs, static analysis tools like dialyzer can tell you a lot more about potential pitfalls in your code. Assuming you used specs to their fullest extent, dialyzer would probably be more useful than static typing would be on it's own, at least compared to languages like Go, C#, etc. Something with a much more powerful type system like Haskell still can benefit from static analysis, but less so than a language with a more naive type system like Go. Static analysis is most useful when combined with a static type system though, and since Erlang and Elixir are both dynamic languages, static analysis can only do so much. That said, dialyzer is extremely powerful and useful, and if used consistently, should offer at least the same level of protection, if not more, as the type systems you are probably already familiar with.
I would take a look at the dialyzer docs (<http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/dialyzer.html>), they can tell you a lot more about what you can expect from the tool with respect to Erlang and Elixir. Hopefully that helps! | For one thing static typing is built into the compilation phase--sort of impossible to miss. Static analysis on the other hand is something that a developer has to run voluntarily.
Likewise, one doesn't have to annotate anything in Elixir; it's entirely down to programmer discretion. In statically typed languages it's impossible to avoid.
I would say your question is sort of broad and therefore hard to answer with any rigor. You might want to put this over on Programmers.Stackechange. |
23,557,620 | I'm learning Elixir, and the tool 'dialyzer' lets you do static analysis - annotate the function definition with the type specification of the parameters it expects and the output it returns. It's completely optional, but if it were to be used to the full extent possible, how does it match up to good 'ol static typing? | 2014/05/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/23557620",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1375688/"
] | My impression was that dialyzer is not as exact as static typing, meaning that it sometimes doesn't report an error, although it should.
On the plus side, if a dialyzer complains, it's almost always my fault. More often than not, errors are usually due to incorrect typespec.
So, while I don't think dialyzer is as good tool as static typing, it still helps. In particular, I find typespecs very useful, since they can serve as a documentation. Recently I've switched job, and the project I joined is a complex Erlang project. Owing to typespecs it was easy to find my way around the codebase.
So my advice is to use typespecs in larger projects. We write them only for exported (public) functions and records, and it's a big help, without taking up too much time. I usually first make the code work, and when I'm happy with it, add specs, and run dialyzer to verify all is fine. | For one thing static typing is built into the compilation phase--sort of impossible to miss. Static analysis on the other hand is something that a developer has to run voluntarily.
Likewise, one doesn't have to annotate anything in Elixir; it's entirely down to programmer discretion. In statically typed languages it's impossible to avoid.
I would say your question is sort of broad and therefore hard to answer with any rigor. You might want to put this over on Programmers.Stackechange. |
23,557,620 | I'm learning Elixir, and the tool 'dialyzer' lets you do static analysis - annotate the function definition with the type specification of the parameters it expects and the output it returns. It's completely optional, but if it were to be used to the full extent possible, how does it match up to good 'ol static typing? | 2014/05/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/23557620",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1375688/"
] | My impression was that dialyzer is not as exact as static typing, meaning that it sometimes doesn't report an error, although it should.
On the plus side, if a dialyzer complains, it's almost always my fault. More often than not, errors are usually due to incorrect typespec.
So, while I don't think dialyzer is as good tool as static typing, it still helps. In particular, I find typespecs very useful, since they can serve as a documentation. Recently I've switched job, and the project I joined is a complex Erlang project. Owing to typespecs it was easy to find my way around the codebase.
So my advice is to use typespecs in larger projects. We write them only for exported (public) functions and records, and it's a big help, without taking up too much time. I usually first make the code work, and when I'm happy with it, add specs, and run dialyzer to verify all is fine. | While static typing takes care of a whole class of bugs, static analysis tools like dialyzer can tell you a lot more about potential pitfalls in your code. Assuming you used specs to their fullest extent, dialyzer would probably be more useful than static typing would be on it's own, at least compared to languages like Go, C#, etc. Something with a much more powerful type system like Haskell still can benefit from static analysis, but less so than a language with a more naive type system like Go. Static analysis is most useful when combined with a static type system though, and since Erlang and Elixir are both dynamic languages, static analysis can only do so much. That said, dialyzer is extremely powerful and useful, and if used consistently, should offer at least the same level of protection, if not more, as the type systems you are probably already familiar with.
I would take a look at the dialyzer docs (<http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/dialyzer.html>), they can tell you a lot more about what you can expect from the tool with respect to Erlang and Elixir. Hopefully that helps! |
5,157 | What can I do in my specific case to show my positive contribution to the site to get my question ban lifted?
I just asked this question several different ways on the SE meta site and the answer that I derived from all of the feedback is that providing good conventional answers that get up votes can unblock my question asking on this site.
=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
The other difficult follow up that is best asked here is how I can "fix" my existing (very unconventional) questions/answers.
=============================================================================================================================
To the very best of my current understanding the only thing that was "wrong" about any of my questions / answers was that they are very unconventional. From my perspective it really seems that thinking outside-of-the box in generally regarded as incorrect.
When I spoke much more in depth about this aspect with Philip Klöcking and Conifold the idea that I was being rejected on the basis of outside-the-box thinking was reaffirmed.
The foundationalism you envision has been tried time and again and is, philosophically, a dead horse. Nuff said. – **Philip Klöcking**
"philosophically, a dead horse" How so? What objective basis do you have for this assertion? – **polcott**
He responded with many different objections that only applied to the synthetic side of the analytic versus synthetic distinction and I was not able to redirect the conversion back to this analytic perspective.
**@Conifold** If truth is provability then true and unprovable (thus incompleteness) is necessarily impossible. Also impossible is Tarski Undefinability when we simply define True as provable. **polcott**
You are mistaken because "true" and "provable" have different meanings in the incompleteness theorem and in intuitionism. – **Conifold**
This conversion has not been resolved.
So my question is how do I best "fix" my questions and answers so that they are acceptable, yet still retain their thinking-out-side-the-box unconventional perspective? To the best of my current knowledge no one has ever actually pointed out any actual error.
---
This notion of strong foundationalism makes every element of the body of analytical knowledge a theorem of a formal system comprised of a recursive language with a membership algorithm
========================================================================================================================================================================================
Analytical knowledge is merely semantic meanings expressed using language and encoded like this: Successor(Successor(Successor(0))) = 3 where the LHS encodes the semantics of the RHS.
It is self-evident to me that the entire body of analytical truth (including all of mathematics) is essentially theorems in a single formal system expressed as a recursive language with a membership algorithm.
So far all of the objections to this kind of strong foundationalism that I have encountered rejects its application to analytical knowledge entirely on the basis that it does not work on synthetic knowledge. That is like saying that you can't drive a car on the street because you can't drive a car in the ocean.
**Copyright PL\_OLCOTT 2020** | 2020/05/13 | [
"https://philosophy.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/5157",
"https://philosophy.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.meta.stackexchange.com/users/39778/"
] | Stack Exchange sites are rarely an appropriate place to "try out" new or eclectic theories. Like Wikipedia, Stack Exchange sites are only meant to be secondary sources, quoting and linking to the primary sources of knowledge. Maybe on occasion people will in the process of answering a question give some new novel insight or pose a question that leads to a new theory, but we shouldn't expect that to be a common occurrence. This site is definitely not an appropriate venue to present a novel theory and ask for feedback.
If someone else has already published in an academic venue some philosophical model or theory, then even if it's uncommon, I'd say that it's not "outside the box" and is an appropriate subject for questions on this site. I know that many of your questions definitely refer to existing authors and theories, but I don't know whether you're trying to push the boundaries of knowledge here rather than in an academic journal. What do you think? Are you just asking for explanations and references from primary sources, or are you trying to do some primary research here? | Question: "What can I do in my specific case to show my positive contribution to the site to get my question ban lifted?"
Answer (part one): Look for questions that make reference to philosophical literature on topics that interest you. Carefully read the cited philosophical literature, or at least the most important parts of it, and apply your understanding of that reading to post your own answers to such questions.
Your question might not be as clear, in indicating your present situation on Stack Exchange, as the following comments that you posted:
"I have studied philosophy from the very unconventional approach of reasoning from first principles: jamesclear.com/first-principles This approach initially requires that I not look at anything that anyone else has ever said but start from scratch. – polcott May 19 at 19:37"
"I am doing primary research in the mathematical formal nature of truth and the foundation of knowledge on the basis of reasoning from first principles thus through direct analysis instead of reading what anyone else has ever said. jamesclear.com/first-principles – polcott May 14 at 15:32"
"The only way to approach problems as difficult as these problems is to reason from first principles: jamesclear.com/first-principles When one reasons from first principles they start from scratch not even bothering to look at conventional wisdom. When one does not even bother to look at conventional wisdom one is not aware of conventional objections."
---
Answer (part two):
It sounds as though you want people to explain to you, step-by-step, things that you could learn directly from the literature. How will relying upon second-hand information protect you from the hazards of "conventional wisdom"?
Sometimes, the conventional wisdom includes influence from secondary sources, such as textbooks, and popularizations that sell more copies than textbooks, but that aren't reliable enough or of high enough quality to be used as textbooks.
Thus, you could protect yourself from some errors of conventional wisdom by going directly to works written by well-known philosophers, instead of reading what well-known writers have to say about their own interpretations of the ideas of well-known philosophers.
---
Answer (part three):
You wrote, in your question, the following: "To the best of my current knowledge no one has ever actually pointed out any actual error."
One possible error is the belief that your philosophical ideas weren't already thought of by other people, and published before you thought of them. One advantage of reading philosophical literature is that you will see for yourself that, although you may have thought of some ideas independently, in some cases those ideas aren't new.
Another way for you to make a positive contribution is to read through Unanswered Questions on Stack Exchange, and perhaps find something interesting that goes beyond the range of philosophy topics that you are familiar with. In answering such questions, you would be indicating that your future performance on Stack Exchange might be something other than a repeat of your past performance on Stack Exchange. |
5,157 | What can I do in my specific case to show my positive contribution to the site to get my question ban lifted?
I just asked this question several different ways on the SE meta site and the answer that I derived from all of the feedback is that providing good conventional answers that get up votes can unblock my question asking on this site.
=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
The other difficult follow up that is best asked here is how I can "fix" my existing (very unconventional) questions/answers.
=============================================================================================================================
To the very best of my current understanding the only thing that was "wrong" about any of my questions / answers was that they are very unconventional. From my perspective it really seems that thinking outside-of-the box in generally regarded as incorrect.
When I spoke much more in depth about this aspect with Philip Klöcking and Conifold the idea that I was being rejected on the basis of outside-the-box thinking was reaffirmed.
The foundationalism you envision has been tried time and again and is, philosophically, a dead horse. Nuff said. – **Philip Klöcking**
"philosophically, a dead horse" How so? What objective basis do you have for this assertion? – **polcott**
He responded with many different objections that only applied to the synthetic side of the analytic versus synthetic distinction and I was not able to redirect the conversion back to this analytic perspective.
**@Conifold** If truth is provability then true and unprovable (thus incompleteness) is necessarily impossible. Also impossible is Tarski Undefinability when we simply define True as provable. **polcott**
You are mistaken because "true" and "provable" have different meanings in the incompleteness theorem and in intuitionism. – **Conifold**
This conversion has not been resolved.
So my question is how do I best "fix" my questions and answers so that they are acceptable, yet still retain their thinking-out-side-the-box unconventional perspective? To the best of my current knowledge no one has ever actually pointed out any actual error.
---
This notion of strong foundationalism makes every element of the body of analytical knowledge a theorem of a formal system comprised of a recursive language with a membership algorithm
========================================================================================================================================================================================
Analytical knowledge is merely semantic meanings expressed using language and encoded like this: Successor(Successor(Successor(0))) = 3 where the LHS encodes the semantics of the RHS.
It is self-evident to me that the entire body of analytical truth (including all of mathematics) is essentially theorems in a single formal system expressed as a recursive language with a membership algorithm.
So far all of the objections to this kind of strong foundationalism that I have encountered rejects its application to analytical knowledge entirely on the basis that it does not work on synthetic knowledge. That is like saying that you can't drive a car on the street because you can't drive a car in the ocean.
**Copyright PL\_OLCOTT 2020** | 2020/05/13 | [
"https://philosophy.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/5157",
"https://philosophy.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.meta.stackexchange.com/users/39778/"
] | Phil SE exists because the "work from first principles only" paradigm DOES NOT WORK! It is the nature of humans to be blind to their own unexplored pre-conceptions. We NEED other humans to help us identify, and critique, the assumptions we hide from ourselves. This is a process of dialog, with others both interactively, and by research into prior published thought.
You appear to realize this, and realize you need readers to point out the flaws in your thinking. Hence, your wish for others to offer answers to questions you post here.
Most of what you are looking for exists in the criticism's of Logical Positivism that lead to the collapse of that movement. The writers who made those critiques include Popper, Quine and Wittgenstein. Other posters could point you to other critics. As LP was rejecting the limits on analyticity that Russell and Whitehead discovered when they tried this same approach to philosophy, the later writings of Russell and Whitehead would also be of use to you, to see what analytically inclined philosophers did after establishing the limits to analyticity.
Once you do that research, then your answers here will become much more useful to other members. This is a payback to the site. You might also be able to improve your questions that have been downvoted.
However, as your primary interest seems to be in live dialog, which the question/answer format of the site discourages, what you are really looking for is Chat discussions. Posting Chats is still in your permission set.
You have been criticized in most of your dialogs for not LISTENING to the responses you get in discussion, hence limiting the benefit to either party from dialog. So you may discover there is little interest in engaging with you.
A core skill in doing philosophy is to learn to identify and question assumptions. This may be a skill you could benefit from practicing. | Question: "What can I do in my specific case to show my positive contribution to the site to get my question ban lifted?"
Answer (part one): Look for questions that make reference to philosophical literature on topics that interest you. Carefully read the cited philosophical literature, or at least the most important parts of it, and apply your understanding of that reading to post your own answers to such questions.
Your question might not be as clear, in indicating your present situation on Stack Exchange, as the following comments that you posted:
"I have studied philosophy from the very unconventional approach of reasoning from first principles: jamesclear.com/first-principles This approach initially requires that I not look at anything that anyone else has ever said but start from scratch. – polcott May 19 at 19:37"
"I am doing primary research in the mathematical formal nature of truth and the foundation of knowledge on the basis of reasoning from first principles thus through direct analysis instead of reading what anyone else has ever said. jamesclear.com/first-principles – polcott May 14 at 15:32"
"The only way to approach problems as difficult as these problems is to reason from first principles: jamesclear.com/first-principles When one reasons from first principles they start from scratch not even bothering to look at conventional wisdom. When one does not even bother to look at conventional wisdom one is not aware of conventional objections."
---
Answer (part two):
It sounds as though you want people to explain to you, step-by-step, things that you could learn directly from the literature. How will relying upon second-hand information protect you from the hazards of "conventional wisdom"?
Sometimes, the conventional wisdom includes influence from secondary sources, such as textbooks, and popularizations that sell more copies than textbooks, but that aren't reliable enough or of high enough quality to be used as textbooks.
Thus, you could protect yourself from some errors of conventional wisdom by going directly to works written by well-known philosophers, instead of reading what well-known writers have to say about their own interpretations of the ideas of well-known philosophers.
---
Answer (part three):
You wrote, in your question, the following: "To the best of my current knowledge no one has ever actually pointed out any actual error."
One possible error is the belief that your philosophical ideas weren't already thought of by other people, and published before you thought of them. One advantage of reading philosophical literature is that you will see for yourself that, although you may have thought of some ideas independently, in some cases those ideas aren't new.
Another way for you to make a positive contribution is to read through Unanswered Questions on Stack Exchange, and perhaps find something interesting that goes beyond the range of philosophy topics that you are familiar with. In answering such questions, you would be indicating that your future performance on Stack Exchange might be something other than a repeat of your past performance on Stack Exchange. |
11,209,457 | At my work, my co-workers are considering using hyperfile as a database server for a windev project. I don't even know that kind of database, it's from PCSOFT, the company that develops windev.
Since windev can also work with microsoft sql server, I'm looking for advice on that kind of database (performance, stability, etc) from people who already used it.
Regards! | 2012/06/26 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11209457",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/918714/"
] | It depends on the size of your project. Actually, Windev works well with HyperFileSQL. It has been designed for it ! By using another DBMS, you cut yourself some feature such as direct-reading/modifying/deleting in your tables.
Your performances will decrease significantly as soon as you have a nice amount of records in a table (> 100'000). Your database management will become a nightmare since you can't execute several SQL requests at the same time. In example, i'm using another tool developped by a french guy to manage my databases and execute some updates.
Despite of this, it's stable and provides an easy way to interact with Windev's fields.
In my opinion, Hyperfile SQL should be used with small applications with a small amount of features and datas. | FYI: New in Windev version 19: Hyperfile SQL is ACID. |
11,209,457 | At my work, my co-workers are considering using hyperfile as a database server for a windev project. I don't even know that kind of database, it's from PCSOFT, the company that develops windev.
Since windev can also work with microsoft sql server, I'm looking for advice on that kind of database (performance, stability, etc) from people who already used it.
Regards! | 2012/06/26 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11209457",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/918714/"
] | You should carefully consider what sql functions you will use. For example deg2rad, rad2deg, ... not working correctly.
Also if you want to use it on a mobile device (Windev Mobile for iOS or Android) you should use SQLLite. Because HyperFile uses a lot of memory and it will be a problem on mobile. | FYI: New in Windev version 19: Hyperfile SQL is ACID. |
11,209,457 | At my work, my co-workers are considering using hyperfile as a database server for a windev project. I don't even know that kind of database, it's from PCSOFT, the company that develops windev.
Since windev can also work with microsoft sql server, I'm looking for advice on that kind of database (performance, stability, etc) from people who already used it.
Regards! | 2012/06/26 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11209457",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/918714/"
] | If you want a free database, use PostgreSQL, the Windev connector for PostgreSQL is free to download and install on your windev as a replacement for HFSQL, it will be way more powerful while using the usual hFunctions like you would with HFSQL, plus you will find a ton of docs on the web to do powerful stuff.
HFSQL is in fact the same as an old ISAM DBASE database so it requires re-indexations and things like that of those older DB systems era.
PostgreSQL is like having a free Oracle DB with all the powerful features and reliability, we dropped HFSQL for this and performance has increased tenfold plus all the other benefits while keeping our code pretty much the same, every day feels like we discover freebies and gifts from ProsgreSQL since our migration :)
Free VS Free... You gotta go with power and sheer size of web documentation and poeple available to help . | FYI: New in Windev version 19: Hyperfile SQL is ACID. |
11,209,457 | At my work, my co-workers are considering using hyperfile as a database server for a windev project. I don't even know that kind of database, it's from PCSOFT, the company that develops windev.
Since windev can also work with microsoft sql server, I'm looking for advice on that kind of database (performance, stability, etc) from people who already used it.
Regards! | 2012/06/26 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11209457",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/918714/"
] | Adding upon what Samuël Tremblay already wrote, I would say that after 2+ years of using Windev with HFSQL (old name is HyperFile SQL), here are my conclusions (I have used Windev versions 20 and 22):
**PROS:**
* replication of a database to another server is rather easy to setup. You can choose to replicate a whole database or a selection of tables. But DBMS like PostgreSQL are actually offering advanced replication setups (<https://www.2ndquadrant.com/en/resources/pglogical/>).
* easy export to a Microsoft Excel file of a query/table
* create and change the schema/structure of your database through a graphical user interface (GUI)
**CONS:**
* When you use the database server provided by Windev (i.e. HFSQL), you must use *Windev* (that is imposed upon you). **You cannot interact with your database with another language/framework other than Windev**, you are forced to use Windev to query a HFSQL database. If you use instead a DBMS like PostgreSQL, mySQL/MariaDB, etc. you can (and will be able) to query the database with some other language : C++, Java, JavaScript, etc.
Say that you wanted now to open your data to customers through a web app, you will actually need to use their other software *Webdev* from their software suite (and buy it actually).
Or say, some day, you want to develop a simple app for smartphone with Qt or else. Well, if your database runs on HFSQL, then you will not be able to query your database unless you use Windev (actually *Windev Mobile* that you also need to purchase).
* UNIQUE constraints are not working with the presence of NULL (two rows containing NULL would be considered to violate the UNIQUE constraint).
* (almost) every time you update your "analyse/analysis" (basically the database schema), you will also need to update your binary executable. You will need to recompile your software and distribute it again to the users. For example, say you modify a table by adding a column, or modifying the type of a column, then you need to recompile. The executable that the users have will not run, it will say that the version of the "analysis" (schema) on the database is not the same as the one in the executable, and will stop. BAM !
* the HyperFile SQL (HFSQL) server is not so stable, it will crash (often) when executing slightly advanced queries with not so many rows...
* You cannot create scripts to query the HFSQL database : you must create a binary executable (a new project) with Windev. Say you want to quickly modify something --> you need to recompile (and have a Windev IDE with you).
* Say you are on the go, on some trip, and you forgot to bring your computer with the Windev Dongle key (a license cryptographic USB key : it you don't have it, you cannot run Windev), and you need to do some work on the database. PCSoft provides a software called HFSQL Control Center (a GUI software) that can interact with the database, but unfortunately it cannot be downloaded from the internet. You actually obtain it when you buy Windev, and you are allowed to distribute it to whom you want, but it cannot be downloaded from PCSOFT website.
Whereas if your database engine is another one, say PostgreSQL or MariaDB, you can simply download PGAdmin or the equivalent, and boom you can interact with your data.
* It seems to me that HFSQL is not a real/genuine DBMS, let me explain myself : the constraints you can set in the analysis (UNIQUE for example), are not always respected. For example, after adding a UNIQUE constraint in the schema (analysis) and compiling the program, I have seen that if I would insert some data in a table from the executable, it would detect the violation of the UNIQUE constraint when it should happen. However if I would insert the same set of data through the HFSQL Control Center, the constraint would not be enforced and the duplicates would be insterted.
* There would be more to say ...
**Bottom line:** From my own experience, I would strongly encourage anybody, who wants to develop a reliable and dependable software that "must" be developed with Windev (and that needs data persistence), not to use their database HFSQL. You would be much better off using a RDBMS such as PostgreSQL or MariaDB. We are actually going to port our databases from HFSQL to PostgreSQL this Summer. | FYI: New in Windev version 19: Hyperfile SQL is ACID. |
11,209,457 | At my work, my co-workers are considering using hyperfile as a database server for a windev project. I don't even know that kind of database, it's from PCSOFT, the company that develops windev.
Since windev can also work with microsoft sql server, I'm looking for advice on that kind of database (performance, stability, etc) from people who already used it.
Regards! | 2012/06/26 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11209457",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/918714/"
] | You should carefully consider what sql functions you will use. For example deg2rad, rad2deg, ... not working correctly.
Also if you want to use it on a mobile device (Windev Mobile for iOS or Android) you should use SQLLite. Because HyperFile uses a lot of memory and it will be a problem on mobile. | In WinDev Mobile 18 and up, you can use Hyperfile on the device. And it is recommended from me, because it is faster and SQLLite restrict blob-size to 1MB!!
@Spek memory usage of HyperFile on the phone? Can you give me any values? I think if you want to make a full feature APP you cannot ignore the benefits of HyperFile... |
11,209,457 | At my work, my co-workers are considering using hyperfile as a database server for a windev project. I don't even know that kind of database, it's from PCSOFT, the company that develops windev.
Since windev can also work with microsoft sql server, I'm looking for advice on that kind of database (performance, stability, etc) from people who already used it.
Regards! | 2012/06/26 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11209457",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/918714/"
] | It depends on the size of your project. Actually, Windev works well with HyperFileSQL. It has been designed for it ! By using another DBMS, you cut yourself some feature such as direct-reading/modifying/deleting in your tables.
Your performances will decrease significantly as soon as you have a nice amount of records in a table (> 100'000). Your database management will become a nightmare since you can't execute several SQL requests at the same time. In example, i'm using another tool developped by a french guy to manage my databases and execute some updates.
Despite of this, it's stable and provides an easy way to interact with Windev's fields.
In my opinion, Hyperfile SQL should be used with small applications with a small amount of features and datas. | You should carefully consider what sql functions you will use. For example deg2rad, rad2deg, ... not working correctly.
Also if you want to use it on a mobile device (Windev Mobile for iOS or Android) you should use SQLLite. Because HyperFile uses a lot of memory and it will be a problem on mobile. |
11,209,457 | At my work, my co-workers are considering using hyperfile as a database server for a windev project. I don't even know that kind of database, it's from PCSOFT, the company that develops windev.
Since windev can also work with microsoft sql server, I'm looking for advice on that kind of database (performance, stability, etc) from people who already used it.
Regards! | 2012/06/26 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11209457",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/918714/"
] | It depends on the size of your project. Actually, Windev works well with HyperFileSQL. It has been designed for it ! By using another DBMS, you cut yourself some feature such as direct-reading/modifying/deleting in your tables.
Your performances will decrease significantly as soon as you have a nice amount of records in a table (> 100'000). Your database management will become a nightmare since you can't execute several SQL requests at the same time. In example, i'm using another tool developped by a french guy to manage my databases and execute some updates.
Despite of this, it's stable and provides an easy way to interact with Windev's fields.
In my opinion, Hyperfile SQL should be used with small applications with a small amount of features and datas. | If you want a free database, use PostgreSQL, the Windev connector for PostgreSQL is free to download and install on your windev as a replacement for HFSQL, it will be way more powerful while using the usual hFunctions like you would with HFSQL, plus you will find a ton of docs on the web to do powerful stuff.
HFSQL is in fact the same as an old ISAM DBASE database so it requires re-indexations and things like that of those older DB systems era.
PostgreSQL is like having a free Oracle DB with all the powerful features and reliability, we dropped HFSQL for this and performance has increased tenfold plus all the other benefits while keeping our code pretty much the same, every day feels like we discover freebies and gifts from ProsgreSQL since our migration :)
Free VS Free... You gotta go with power and sheer size of web documentation and poeple available to help . |
11,209,457 | At my work, my co-workers are considering using hyperfile as a database server for a windev project. I don't even know that kind of database, it's from PCSOFT, the company that develops windev.
Since windev can also work with microsoft sql server, I'm looking for advice on that kind of database (performance, stability, etc) from people who already used it.
Regards! | 2012/06/26 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11209457",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/918714/"
] | Adding upon what Samuël Tremblay already wrote, I would say that after 2+ years of using Windev with HFSQL (old name is HyperFile SQL), here are my conclusions (I have used Windev versions 20 and 22):
**PROS:**
* replication of a database to another server is rather easy to setup. You can choose to replicate a whole database or a selection of tables. But DBMS like PostgreSQL are actually offering advanced replication setups (<https://www.2ndquadrant.com/en/resources/pglogical/>).
* easy export to a Microsoft Excel file of a query/table
* create and change the schema/structure of your database through a graphical user interface (GUI)
**CONS:**
* When you use the database server provided by Windev (i.e. HFSQL), you must use *Windev* (that is imposed upon you). **You cannot interact with your database with another language/framework other than Windev**, you are forced to use Windev to query a HFSQL database. If you use instead a DBMS like PostgreSQL, mySQL/MariaDB, etc. you can (and will be able) to query the database with some other language : C++, Java, JavaScript, etc.
Say that you wanted now to open your data to customers through a web app, you will actually need to use their other software *Webdev* from their software suite (and buy it actually).
Or say, some day, you want to develop a simple app for smartphone with Qt or else. Well, if your database runs on HFSQL, then you will not be able to query your database unless you use Windev (actually *Windev Mobile* that you also need to purchase).
* UNIQUE constraints are not working with the presence of NULL (two rows containing NULL would be considered to violate the UNIQUE constraint).
* (almost) every time you update your "analyse/analysis" (basically the database schema), you will also need to update your binary executable. You will need to recompile your software and distribute it again to the users. For example, say you modify a table by adding a column, or modifying the type of a column, then you need to recompile. The executable that the users have will not run, it will say that the version of the "analysis" (schema) on the database is not the same as the one in the executable, and will stop. BAM !
* the HyperFile SQL (HFSQL) server is not so stable, it will crash (often) when executing slightly advanced queries with not so many rows...
* You cannot create scripts to query the HFSQL database : you must create a binary executable (a new project) with Windev. Say you want to quickly modify something --> you need to recompile (and have a Windev IDE with you).
* Say you are on the go, on some trip, and you forgot to bring your computer with the Windev Dongle key (a license cryptographic USB key : it you don't have it, you cannot run Windev), and you need to do some work on the database. PCSoft provides a software called HFSQL Control Center (a GUI software) that can interact with the database, but unfortunately it cannot be downloaded from the internet. You actually obtain it when you buy Windev, and you are allowed to distribute it to whom you want, but it cannot be downloaded from PCSOFT website.
Whereas if your database engine is another one, say PostgreSQL or MariaDB, you can simply download PGAdmin or the equivalent, and boom you can interact with your data.
* It seems to me that HFSQL is not a real/genuine DBMS, let me explain myself : the constraints you can set in the analysis (UNIQUE for example), are not always respected. For example, after adding a UNIQUE constraint in the schema (analysis) and compiling the program, I have seen that if I would insert some data in a table from the executable, it would detect the violation of the UNIQUE constraint when it should happen. However if I would insert the same set of data through the HFSQL Control Center, the constraint would not be enforced and the duplicates would be insterted.
* There would be more to say ...
**Bottom line:** From my own experience, I would strongly encourage anybody, who wants to develop a reliable and dependable software that "must" be developed with Windev (and that needs data persistence), not to use their database HFSQL. You would be much better off using a RDBMS such as PostgreSQL or MariaDB. We are actually going to port our databases from HFSQL to PostgreSQL this Summer. | If you want a free database, use PostgreSQL, the Windev connector for PostgreSQL is free to download and install on your windev as a replacement for HFSQL, it will be way more powerful while using the usual hFunctions like you would with HFSQL, plus you will find a ton of docs on the web to do powerful stuff.
HFSQL is in fact the same as an old ISAM DBASE database so it requires re-indexations and things like that of those older DB systems era.
PostgreSQL is like having a free Oracle DB with all the powerful features and reliability, we dropped HFSQL for this and performance has increased tenfold plus all the other benefits while keeping our code pretty much the same, every day feels like we discover freebies and gifts from ProsgreSQL since our migration :)
Free VS Free... You gotta go with power and sheer size of web documentation and poeple available to help . |
11,209,457 | At my work, my co-workers are considering using hyperfile as a database server for a windev project. I don't even know that kind of database, it's from PCSOFT, the company that develops windev.
Since windev can also work with microsoft sql server, I'm looking for advice on that kind of database (performance, stability, etc) from people who already used it.
Regards! | 2012/06/26 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11209457",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/918714/"
] | It depends on the size of your project. Actually, Windev works well with HyperFileSQL. It has been designed for it ! By using another DBMS, you cut yourself some feature such as direct-reading/modifying/deleting in your tables.
Your performances will decrease significantly as soon as you have a nice amount of records in a table (> 100'000). Your database management will become a nightmare since you can't execute several SQL requests at the same time. In example, i'm using another tool developped by a french guy to manage my databases and execute some updates.
Despite of this, it's stable and provides an easy way to interact with Windev's fields.
In my opinion, Hyperfile SQL should be used with small applications with a small amount of features and datas. | Adding upon what Samuël Tremblay already wrote, I would say that after 2+ years of using Windev with HFSQL (old name is HyperFile SQL), here are my conclusions (I have used Windev versions 20 and 22):
**PROS:**
* replication of a database to another server is rather easy to setup. You can choose to replicate a whole database or a selection of tables. But DBMS like PostgreSQL are actually offering advanced replication setups (<https://www.2ndquadrant.com/en/resources/pglogical/>).
* easy export to a Microsoft Excel file of a query/table
* create and change the schema/structure of your database through a graphical user interface (GUI)
**CONS:**
* When you use the database server provided by Windev (i.e. HFSQL), you must use *Windev* (that is imposed upon you). **You cannot interact with your database with another language/framework other than Windev**, you are forced to use Windev to query a HFSQL database. If you use instead a DBMS like PostgreSQL, mySQL/MariaDB, etc. you can (and will be able) to query the database with some other language : C++, Java, JavaScript, etc.
Say that you wanted now to open your data to customers through a web app, you will actually need to use their other software *Webdev* from their software suite (and buy it actually).
Or say, some day, you want to develop a simple app for smartphone with Qt or else. Well, if your database runs on HFSQL, then you will not be able to query your database unless you use Windev (actually *Windev Mobile* that you also need to purchase).
* UNIQUE constraints are not working with the presence of NULL (two rows containing NULL would be considered to violate the UNIQUE constraint).
* (almost) every time you update your "analyse/analysis" (basically the database schema), you will also need to update your binary executable. You will need to recompile your software and distribute it again to the users. For example, say you modify a table by adding a column, or modifying the type of a column, then you need to recompile. The executable that the users have will not run, it will say that the version of the "analysis" (schema) on the database is not the same as the one in the executable, and will stop. BAM !
* the HyperFile SQL (HFSQL) server is not so stable, it will crash (often) when executing slightly advanced queries with not so many rows...
* You cannot create scripts to query the HFSQL database : you must create a binary executable (a new project) with Windev. Say you want to quickly modify something --> you need to recompile (and have a Windev IDE with you).
* Say you are on the go, on some trip, and you forgot to bring your computer with the Windev Dongle key (a license cryptographic USB key : it you don't have it, you cannot run Windev), and you need to do some work on the database. PCSoft provides a software called HFSQL Control Center (a GUI software) that can interact with the database, but unfortunately it cannot be downloaded from the internet. You actually obtain it when you buy Windev, and you are allowed to distribute it to whom you want, but it cannot be downloaded from PCSOFT website.
Whereas if your database engine is another one, say PostgreSQL or MariaDB, you can simply download PGAdmin or the equivalent, and boom you can interact with your data.
* It seems to me that HFSQL is not a real/genuine DBMS, let me explain myself : the constraints you can set in the analysis (UNIQUE for example), are not always respected. For example, after adding a UNIQUE constraint in the schema (analysis) and compiling the program, I have seen that if I would insert some data in a table from the executable, it would detect the violation of the UNIQUE constraint when it should happen. However if I would insert the same set of data through the HFSQL Control Center, the constraint would not be enforced and the duplicates would be insterted.
* There would be more to say ...
**Bottom line:** From my own experience, I would strongly encourage anybody, who wants to develop a reliable and dependable software that "must" be developed with Windev (and that needs data persistence), not to use their database HFSQL. You would be much better off using a RDBMS such as PostgreSQL or MariaDB. We are actually going to port our databases from HFSQL to PostgreSQL this Summer. |
11,209,457 | At my work, my co-workers are considering using hyperfile as a database server for a windev project. I don't even know that kind of database, it's from PCSOFT, the company that develops windev.
Since windev can also work with microsoft sql server, I'm looking for advice on that kind of database (performance, stability, etc) from people who already used it.
Regards! | 2012/06/26 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11209457",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/918714/"
] | In WinDev Mobile 18 and up, you can use Hyperfile on the device. And it is recommended from me, because it is faster and SQLLite restrict blob-size to 1MB!!
@Spek memory usage of HyperFile on the phone? Can you give me any values? I think if you want to make a full feature APP you cannot ignore the benefits of HyperFile... | FYI: New in Windev version 19: Hyperfile SQL is ACID. |
67,830 | Can a soldier be court-martialed for revealing intelligence while in duress? Let's say a soldier is captured and then tortured by Russian agents to reveal critical top-secret intelligence to the Russian government. Can the soldier be then court-martialed in the U.S. for treason or some other crime? | 2021/07/18 | [
"https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/67830",
"https://law.stackexchange.com",
"https://law.stackexchange.com/users/38666/"
] | [2019 Manual for Courts-Martial](https://jsc.defense.gov/Portals/99/Documents/2019%20MCM%20(Final)%20(20190108).pdf?ver=2019-01-11-115724-610), Rule 916(h):
>
> (h) Coercion or duress. It is a defense to any offense
> except killing an innocent person that the accused’s
> participation in the offense was caused by a reasonable
> apprehension that the accused or another innocent
> person would be immediately killed or would
> immediately suffer serious bodily injury if the accused
> did not commit the act. The apprehension must
> reasonably continue throughout the commission of the
> act. If the accused has any reasonable opportunity to
> avoid committing the act without subjecting the
> accused or another innocent person to the harm
> threatened, this defense shall not apply.
>
>
>
So, if your hypothetical soldier asserts they had a reasonable apprehension that they would have immediately suffered serious bodily injury if they didn't reveal the intelligence, then they should not be convicted by a court-martial, unless the prosecution can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that this was not the case (Rule 916 (b)(1)). | [uk](/questions/tagged/uk "show questions tagged 'uk'")
As I understand it, in the UK, there is no specific defence of 'duress' under law against the charge of *Assisting the Enemy* (e.g. in contravention of the [Armed Forces Act 2006](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/52/pdfs/ukpga_20060052_en.pdf)).
>
> 1. **Assisting an enemy**
>
> (1) A person subject to service law commits an offence if, **without lawful excuse**,
> he intentionally
>
> ...
>
> (b) gives an enemy information that would or might be useful to the
> enemy;
>
>
>
Various defences to *lesser charges* are raised in the [supporting documents](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/617132/20170523-Chapter_12-Defences_Mitigation_Criminal_responsibility-AL42-v1.pdf) which **do** include duress;
>
> 15. **Duress.**
>
> Duress may form a defence **to all offences which may be heard summarily.** However, the exact scope of this defence is not clearly defined in law and staff legal advice should be sought if it is raised. **This defence covers the situation where a person is threatened by another with death or grievous bodily harm if they do not undertake a criminal act.** For example, where an accused claims that another person threatened to seriously harm them unless they stole a digital camera for them.
>
>
>
But since the charge of Assisting an enemy is not one that can be dealt with at a summary hearing, this defence could only be raised *in mitigation*, not as a lawful defence against the charge itself.
---
That all being said, the Attorney General and DPP have a wide latitude to determine whether a prosecution would be in the public's interest. If the individual could demonstrate (to a reasonable extent) that they were *genuinely fearful of their life* when giving up vital information, then it's highly unlikely that a prosecution would be called for. |
67,830 | Can a soldier be court-martialed for revealing intelligence while in duress? Let's say a soldier is captured and then tortured by Russian agents to reveal critical top-secret intelligence to the Russian government. Can the soldier be then court-martialed in the U.S. for treason or some other crime? | 2021/07/18 | [
"https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/67830",
"https://law.stackexchange.com",
"https://law.stackexchange.com/users/38666/"
] | [2019 Manual for Courts-Martial](https://jsc.defense.gov/Portals/99/Documents/2019%20MCM%20(Final)%20(20190108).pdf?ver=2019-01-11-115724-610), Rule 916(h):
>
> (h) Coercion or duress. It is a defense to any offense
> except killing an innocent person that the accused’s
> participation in the offense was caused by a reasonable
> apprehension that the accused or another innocent
> person would be immediately killed or would
> immediately suffer serious bodily injury if the accused
> did not commit the act. The apprehension must
> reasonably continue throughout the commission of the
> act. If the accused has any reasonable opportunity to
> avoid committing the act without subjecting the
> accused or another innocent person to the harm
> threatened, this defense shall not apply.
>
>
>
So, if your hypothetical soldier asserts they had a reasonable apprehension that they would have immediately suffered serious bodily injury if they didn't reveal the intelligence, then they should not be convicted by a court-martial, unless the prosecution can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that this was not the case (Rule 916 (b)(1)). | While the basic answer has already been given it's worth noting the Constitution [says](https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artIII_S3_C1_1_2/) the following about treason:
>
> Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
>
>
>
It seems pretty clear based on the various [articles](https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/treason.htm) I've read that SCOTUS would probably read that provision as not including aid given under duress (wouldn't be surprised if it's even in an opinion somewhere) so not only can you not now but Congress likely couldn't even change the law to make giving info under duress treason.
Of course, someone could always argue that the duress was merely for show or the like. |
67,830 | Can a soldier be court-martialed for revealing intelligence while in duress? Let's say a soldier is captured and then tortured by Russian agents to reveal critical top-secret intelligence to the Russian government. Can the soldier be then court-martialed in the U.S. for treason or some other crime? | 2021/07/18 | [
"https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/67830",
"https://law.stackexchange.com",
"https://law.stackexchange.com/users/38666/"
] | [2019 Manual for Courts-Martial](https://jsc.defense.gov/Portals/99/Documents/2019%20MCM%20(Final)%20(20190108).pdf?ver=2019-01-11-115724-610), Rule 916(h):
>
> (h) Coercion or duress. It is a defense to any offense
> except killing an innocent person that the accused’s
> participation in the offense was caused by a reasonable
> apprehension that the accused or another innocent
> person would be immediately killed or would
> immediately suffer serious bodily injury if the accused
> did not commit the act. The apprehension must
> reasonably continue throughout the commission of the
> act. If the accused has any reasonable opportunity to
> avoid committing the act without subjecting the
> accused or another innocent person to the harm
> threatened, this defense shall not apply.
>
>
>
So, if your hypothetical soldier asserts they had a reasonable apprehension that they would have immediately suffered serious bodily injury if they didn't reveal the intelligence, then they should not be convicted by a court-martial, unless the prosecution can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that this was not the case (Rule 916 (b)(1)). | Convictions are automatic if intelligence is shared, but courts-martial tend to take a dim view of soldiers who succumb to duress. The case of [Bowe Bergdahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowe_Bergdahl), a U.S. soldiers captured and tortured by the Taliban, and then convicted in a court martial after he was returned to U.S. forces, is a case in point. |
67,830 | Can a soldier be court-martialed for revealing intelligence while in duress? Let's say a soldier is captured and then tortured by Russian agents to reveal critical top-secret intelligence to the Russian government. Can the soldier be then court-martialed in the U.S. for treason or some other crime? | 2021/07/18 | [
"https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/67830",
"https://law.stackexchange.com",
"https://law.stackexchange.com/users/38666/"
] | [uk](/questions/tagged/uk "show questions tagged 'uk'")
As I understand it, in the UK, there is no specific defence of 'duress' under law against the charge of *Assisting the Enemy* (e.g. in contravention of the [Armed Forces Act 2006](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/52/pdfs/ukpga_20060052_en.pdf)).
>
> 1. **Assisting an enemy**
>
> (1) A person subject to service law commits an offence if, **without lawful excuse**,
> he intentionally
>
> ...
>
> (b) gives an enemy information that would or might be useful to the
> enemy;
>
>
>
Various defences to *lesser charges* are raised in the [supporting documents](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/617132/20170523-Chapter_12-Defences_Mitigation_Criminal_responsibility-AL42-v1.pdf) which **do** include duress;
>
> 15. **Duress.**
>
> Duress may form a defence **to all offences which may be heard summarily.** However, the exact scope of this defence is not clearly defined in law and staff legal advice should be sought if it is raised. **This defence covers the situation where a person is threatened by another with death or grievous bodily harm if they do not undertake a criminal act.** For example, where an accused claims that another person threatened to seriously harm them unless they stole a digital camera for them.
>
>
>
But since the charge of Assisting an enemy is not one that can be dealt with at a summary hearing, this defence could only be raised *in mitigation*, not as a lawful defence against the charge itself.
---
That all being said, the Attorney General and DPP have a wide latitude to determine whether a prosecution would be in the public's interest. If the individual could demonstrate (to a reasonable extent) that they were *genuinely fearful of their life* when giving up vital information, then it's highly unlikely that a prosecution would be called for. | While the basic answer has already been given it's worth noting the Constitution [says](https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artIII_S3_C1_1_2/) the following about treason:
>
> Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
>
>
>
It seems pretty clear based on the various [articles](https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/treason.htm) I've read that SCOTUS would probably read that provision as not including aid given under duress (wouldn't be surprised if it's even in an opinion somewhere) so not only can you not now but Congress likely couldn't even change the law to make giving info under duress treason.
Of course, someone could always argue that the duress was merely for show or the like. |
67,830 | Can a soldier be court-martialed for revealing intelligence while in duress? Let's say a soldier is captured and then tortured by Russian agents to reveal critical top-secret intelligence to the Russian government. Can the soldier be then court-martialed in the U.S. for treason or some other crime? | 2021/07/18 | [
"https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/67830",
"https://law.stackexchange.com",
"https://law.stackexchange.com/users/38666/"
] | [uk](/questions/tagged/uk "show questions tagged 'uk'")
As I understand it, in the UK, there is no specific defence of 'duress' under law against the charge of *Assisting the Enemy* (e.g. in contravention of the [Armed Forces Act 2006](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/52/pdfs/ukpga_20060052_en.pdf)).
>
> 1. **Assisting an enemy**
>
> (1) A person subject to service law commits an offence if, **without lawful excuse**,
> he intentionally
>
> ...
>
> (b) gives an enemy information that would or might be useful to the
> enemy;
>
>
>
Various defences to *lesser charges* are raised in the [supporting documents](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/617132/20170523-Chapter_12-Defences_Mitigation_Criminal_responsibility-AL42-v1.pdf) which **do** include duress;
>
> 15. **Duress.**
>
> Duress may form a defence **to all offences which may be heard summarily.** However, the exact scope of this defence is not clearly defined in law and staff legal advice should be sought if it is raised. **This defence covers the situation where a person is threatened by another with death or grievous bodily harm if they do not undertake a criminal act.** For example, where an accused claims that another person threatened to seriously harm them unless they stole a digital camera for them.
>
>
>
But since the charge of Assisting an enemy is not one that can be dealt with at a summary hearing, this defence could only be raised *in mitigation*, not as a lawful defence against the charge itself.
---
That all being said, the Attorney General and DPP have a wide latitude to determine whether a prosecution would be in the public's interest. If the individual could demonstrate (to a reasonable extent) that they were *genuinely fearful of their life* when giving up vital information, then it's highly unlikely that a prosecution would be called for. | Convictions are automatic if intelligence is shared, but courts-martial tend to take a dim view of soldiers who succumb to duress. The case of [Bowe Bergdahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowe_Bergdahl), a U.S. soldiers captured and tortured by the Taliban, and then convicted in a court martial after he was returned to U.S. forces, is a case in point. |
67,830 | Can a soldier be court-martialed for revealing intelligence while in duress? Let's say a soldier is captured and then tortured by Russian agents to reveal critical top-secret intelligence to the Russian government. Can the soldier be then court-martialed in the U.S. for treason or some other crime? | 2021/07/18 | [
"https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/67830",
"https://law.stackexchange.com",
"https://law.stackexchange.com/users/38666/"
] | While the basic answer has already been given it's worth noting the Constitution [says](https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artIII_S3_C1_1_2/) the following about treason:
>
> Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
>
>
>
It seems pretty clear based on the various [articles](https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/treason.htm) I've read that SCOTUS would probably read that provision as not including aid given under duress (wouldn't be surprised if it's even in an opinion somewhere) so not only can you not now but Congress likely couldn't even change the law to make giving info under duress treason.
Of course, someone could always argue that the duress was merely for show or the like. | Convictions are automatic if intelligence is shared, but courts-martial tend to take a dim view of soldiers who succumb to duress. The case of [Bowe Bergdahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowe_Bergdahl), a U.S. soldiers captured and tortured by the Taliban, and then convicted in a court martial after he was returned to U.S. forces, is a case in point. |
820,693 | I am having the problem that most times that I plug in a USB device, my wi-fi in the [Asus Zenbook UX31E](http://www.asus.com/us/Notebooks_Ultrabooks/ASUS_ZENBOOK_UX31E/) will turn off (not disconnect, but turn off with the red x over the wireless icon in the task bar), as per the diagram after step 7 in the diagram below:
Another thing to note, the light on the F2 button (which has the wireless icon) is still lit when the wireless deactivates. I am always careful to not press Fn and F2 when inserting the USB device.
I reactivate it through right clicking the wireless icon and performing the troubleshooting steps - most of the time, this is quick.
*Other information that may be relevant to this question:*
* Operating system: Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit SP1
* Wireless adapter (internal): Atheros AR9485WB-EG Wireless Network Adapter
* I have had the laptop for 2 years and have had no mishaps (drops etc).
I have checked the questions and answers to [Wi-fi turns off randomly](https://superuser.com/questions/187668/wi-fi-turns-off-randomly), [Wi-Fi connection turns off all the time](https://superuser.com/questions/149091/wi-fi-connection-turns-off-all-the-time) and [Wi Fi keeps going on and off](https://superuser.com/questions/555082/wi-fi-keeps-going-on-and-off) - but these do not address the problem I am having. | 2014/10/04 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/820693",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/-1/"
] | The root cause of the problem is as follows! Believe you are currently running Windows 7 64-Bit system on an Asus Zenbook UX31E .
On the ASUS download page for the UX31E their is a list of Utilities that comes installed on your computer. One of these is called "Wireless Console 3" here is a link to the utility download to fix the issue:
<http://dlcdnet.asus.com/pub/ASUS/nb/U32VM/Wireless_Console_3_Win7_64_Z3029.zip>
Its pretty much a switch which I'm assuming is the "SW switch" that your diagnosis told me was off; that is just a graphical representation that shows up at the bottom of your screen telling you if your Blue Tooth and or LAN capabilities are enabled or not. You can access it by either holding the "FN" button and hitting F2 or turning your actual switch on or off located by your SD chip slot on the front left side of the UX31E .
So wrapping things up your Wireless Console 3 has some sort of glitch in it that tells you your LAN is off when you come out of sleep mode or when you start your computer but the graphical representation shows that its on. So all you need to do is UNINSTALL the Wireless Console 3 Utility and it seems to fix the issue.
From what I can tell you will still able to turn your wireless capabilities on and off, it just doesn't show a high resolution picture telling you what your settings are. (It shows a tower for LAN in the top left corner when you turn it on and off then disappears).
Hope this helps!
Martin | Update USB Drivers or reinstall , and uninstall the WiFi driver and reinstall it
at worst, it is just conflict between drivers in the registry. If it does not work, respond to me under this answer with more details about what happens and I will try to help you. |
820,693 | I am having the problem that most times that I plug in a USB device, my wi-fi in the [Asus Zenbook UX31E](http://www.asus.com/us/Notebooks_Ultrabooks/ASUS_ZENBOOK_UX31E/) will turn off (not disconnect, but turn off with the red x over the wireless icon in the task bar), as per the diagram after step 7 in the diagram below:
Another thing to note, the light on the F2 button (which has the wireless icon) is still lit when the wireless deactivates. I am always careful to not press Fn and F2 when inserting the USB device.
I reactivate it through right clicking the wireless icon and performing the troubleshooting steps - most of the time, this is quick.
*Other information that may be relevant to this question:*
* Operating system: Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit SP1
* Wireless adapter (internal): Atheros AR9485WB-EG Wireless Network Adapter
* I have had the laptop for 2 years and have had no mishaps (drops etc).
I have checked the questions and answers to [Wi-fi turns off randomly](https://superuser.com/questions/187668/wi-fi-turns-off-randomly), [Wi-Fi connection turns off all the time](https://superuser.com/questions/149091/wi-fi-connection-turns-off-all-the-time) and [Wi Fi keeps going on and off](https://superuser.com/questions/555082/wi-fi-keeps-going-on-and-off) - but these do not address the problem I am having. | 2014/10/04 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/820693",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/-1/"
] | As of this post, two people have posted some great possible solutions.
If those don't work, or you want to try something else first, try attaching only one very low power USB device into the port (such as a USB flash drive, but not a mechanical drive). See if your Wifi still works. If it does, that would indicate that it is a power issue, and that the power drain from your USB port is causing your Wifi adapter to fail. It's an easy-to-check possibility. | Update USB Drivers or reinstall , and uninstall the WiFi driver and reinstall it
at worst, it is just conflict between drivers in the registry. If it does not work, respond to me under this answer with more details about what happens and I will try to help you. |
820,693 | I am having the problem that most times that I plug in a USB device, my wi-fi in the [Asus Zenbook UX31E](http://www.asus.com/us/Notebooks_Ultrabooks/ASUS_ZENBOOK_UX31E/) will turn off (not disconnect, but turn off with the red x over the wireless icon in the task bar), as per the diagram after step 7 in the diagram below:
Another thing to note, the light on the F2 button (which has the wireless icon) is still lit when the wireless deactivates. I am always careful to not press Fn and F2 when inserting the USB device.
I reactivate it through right clicking the wireless icon and performing the troubleshooting steps - most of the time, this is quick.
*Other information that may be relevant to this question:*
* Operating system: Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit SP1
* Wireless adapter (internal): Atheros AR9485WB-EG Wireless Network Adapter
* I have had the laptop for 2 years and have had no mishaps (drops etc).
I have checked the questions and answers to [Wi-fi turns off randomly](https://superuser.com/questions/187668/wi-fi-turns-off-randomly), [Wi-Fi connection turns off all the time](https://superuser.com/questions/149091/wi-fi-connection-turns-off-all-the-time) and [Wi Fi keeps going on and off](https://superuser.com/questions/555082/wi-fi-keeps-going-on-and-off) - but these do not address the problem I am having. | 2014/10/04 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/820693",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/-1/"
] | As of this post, two people have posted some great possible solutions.
If those don't work, or you want to try something else first, try attaching only one very low power USB device into the port (such as a USB flash drive, but not a mechanical drive). See if your Wifi still works. If it does, that would indicate that it is a power issue, and that the power drain from your USB port is causing your Wifi adapter to fail. It's an easy-to-check possibility. | The root cause of the problem is as follows! Believe you are currently running Windows 7 64-Bit system on an Asus Zenbook UX31E .
On the ASUS download page for the UX31E their is a list of Utilities that comes installed on your computer. One of these is called "Wireless Console 3" here is a link to the utility download to fix the issue:
<http://dlcdnet.asus.com/pub/ASUS/nb/U32VM/Wireless_Console_3_Win7_64_Z3029.zip>
Its pretty much a switch which I'm assuming is the "SW switch" that your diagnosis told me was off; that is just a graphical representation that shows up at the bottom of your screen telling you if your Blue Tooth and or LAN capabilities are enabled or not. You can access it by either holding the "FN" button and hitting F2 or turning your actual switch on or off located by your SD chip slot on the front left side of the UX31E .
So wrapping things up your Wireless Console 3 has some sort of glitch in it that tells you your LAN is off when you come out of sleep mode or when you start your computer but the graphical representation shows that its on. So all you need to do is UNINSTALL the Wireless Console 3 Utility and it seems to fix the issue.
From what I can tell you will still able to turn your wireless capabilities on and off, it just doesn't show a high resolution picture telling you what your settings are. (It shows a tower for LAN in the top left corner when you turn it on and off then disappears).
Hope this helps!
Martin |
820,693 | I am having the problem that most times that I plug in a USB device, my wi-fi in the [Asus Zenbook UX31E](http://www.asus.com/us/Notebooks_Ultrabooks/ASUS_ZENBOOK_UX31E/) will turn off (not disconnect, but turn off with the red x over the wireless icon in the task bar), as per the diagram after step 7 in the diagram below:
Another thing to note, the light on the F2 button (which has the wireless icon) is still lit when the wireless deactivates. I am always careful to not press Fn and F2 when inserting the USB device.
I reactivate it through right clicking the wireless icon and performing the troubleshooting steps - most of the time, this is quick.
*Other information that may be relevant to this question:*
* Operating system: Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit SP1
* Wireless adapter (internal): Atheros AR9485WB-EG Wireless Network Adapter
* I have had the laptop for 2 years and have had no mishaps (drops etc).
I have checked the questions and answers to [Wi-fi turns off randomly](https://superuser.com/questions/187668/wi-fi-turns-off-randomly), [Wi-Fi connection turns off all the time](https://superuser.com/questions/149091/wi-fi-connection-turns-off-all-the-time) and [Wi Fi keeps going on and off](https://superuser.com/questions/555082/wi-fi-keeps-going-on-and-off) - but these do not address the problem I am having. | 2014/10/04 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/820693",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/-1/"
] | The root cause of the problem is as follows! Believe you are currently running Windows 7 64-Bit system on an Asus Zenbook UX31E .
On the ASUS download page for the UX31E their is a list of Utilities that comes installed on your computer. One of these is called "Wireless Console 3" here is a link to the utility download to fix the issue:
<http://dlcdnet.asus.com/pub/ASUS/nb/U32VM/Wireless_Console_3_Win7_64_Z3029.zip>
Its pretty much a switch which I'm assuming is the "SW switch" that your diagnosis told me was off; that is just a graphical representation that shows up at the bottom of your screen telling you if your Blue Tooth and or LAN capabilities are enabled or not. You can access it by either holding the "FN" button and hitting F2 or turning your actual switch on or off located by your SD chip slot on the front left side of the UX31E .
So wrapping things up your Wireless Console 3 has some sort of glitch in it that tells you your LAN is off when you come out of sleep mode or when you start your computer but the graphical representation shows that its on. So all you need to do is UNINSTALL the Wireless Console 3 Utility and it seems to fix the issue.
From what I can tell you will still able to turn your wireless capabilities on and off, it just doesn't show a high resolution picture telling you what your settings are. (It shows a tower for LAN in the top left corner when you turn it on and off then disappears).
Hope this helps!
Martin | Had a very similar issue.
When I plugged in my phone through USB, the wifi would disable.
This issue was that the computer was detecting the phone as a network connection.
I disabled the "Disable Wireless when wired connection" and now no longer lose connection.
This or checking AutoPlay options may also work for other types of usb connections causing interference. |
820,693 | I am having the problem that most times that I plug in a USB device, my wi-fi in the [Asus Zenbook UX31E](http://www.asus.com/us/Notebooks_Ultrabooks/ASUS_ZENBOOK_UX31E/) will turn off (not disconnect, but turn off with the red x over the wireless icon in the task bar), as per the diagram after step 7 in the diagram below:
Another thing to note, the light on the F2 button (which has the wireless icon) is still lit when the wireless deactivates. I am always careful to not press Fn and F2 when inserting the USB device.
I reactivate it through right clicking the wireless icon and performing the troubleshooting steps - most of the time, this is quick.
*Other information that may be relevant to this question:*
* Operating system: Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit SP1
* Wireless adapter (internal): Atheros AR9485WB-EG Wireless Network Adapter
* I have had the laptop for 2 years and have had no mishaps (drops etc).
I have checked the questions and answers to [Wi-fi turns off randomly](https://superuser.com/questions/187668/wi-fi-turns-off-randomly), [Wi-Fi connection turns off all the time](https://superuser.com/questions/149091/wi-fi-connection-turns-off-all-the-time) and [Wi Fi keeps going on and off](https://superuser.com/questions/555082/wi-fi-keeps-going-on-and-off) - but these do not address the problem I am having. | 2014/10/04 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/820693",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/-1/"
] | As of this post, two people have posted some great possible solutions.
If those don't work, or you want to try something else first, try attaching only one very low power USB device into the port (such as a USB flash drive, but not a mechanical drive). See if your Wifi still works. If it does, that would indicate that it is a power issue, and that the power drain from your USB port is causing your Wifi adapter to fail. It's an easy-to-check possibility. | Had a very similar issue.
When I plugged in my phone through USB, the wifi would disable.
This issue was that the computer was detecting the phone as a network connection.
I disabled the "Disable Wireless when wired connection" and now no longer lose connection.
This or checking AutoPlay options may also work for other types of usb connections causing interference. |
16,791 | My lease is up this summer and I'm planning on moving apartments. The problem is that I also have a 3-day trip scheduled to start the day my lease ends (cannot be changed).
My cat will be a little over a year old at that point and has always lived indoors at my current apartment. When I go on trips, I usually have a cat-sitter come to the apartment. I've only boarded her once, just for the day, and she took a few hours to return to normal after coming home.
I'm concerned about her reaction to moving to a strange new place, especially if I were to leave immediately after. What is the least bad option for her?
1. Move a week or so early, leave her there and go on trip (avoids boarding, but is that enough time for her to get used to it?)
2. Board her, move, go on the trip, and bring her back to the new apartment afterwards (or would that be doubly traumatic?) | 2017/04/05 | [
"https://pets.stackexchange.com/questions/16791",
"https://pets.stackexchange.com",
"https://pets.stackexchange.com/users/7988/"
] | I would move a week early. Going to a new place is traumatic for most cats, they need time to adjust and scent mark. As you said, boarding then new apartment would be doubly traumatic.
If there is not enough time to get used to her to get used to the apartment, why would it be any better with boarding? In a boarding situation, there will be all sorts of other cats and stimuli to stress her out. In your new home, she can feel relatively safe hiding under **her** bed :)
Even if she has been boarded there before, it is unlikely that she will occupy the same domicile with her own scent. | I agree with the cat whisperer. Take it there at least a week early. If you can't, then bring it for short sessions to get used to the house daily, and confirm with the current resident. If you can't cancel the trip, get a family member or someone the cat knows well and is used to to replace you and introduce it. |
16,791 | My lease is up this summer and I'm planning on moving apartments. The problem is that I also have a 3-day trip scheduled to start the day my lease ends (cannot be changed).
My cat will be a little over a year old at that point and has always lived indoors at my current apartment. When I go on trips, I usually have a cat-sitter come to the apartment. I've only boarded her once, just for the day, and she took a few hours to return to normal after coming home.
I'm concerned about her reaction to moving to a strange new place, especially if I were to leave immediately after. What is the least bad option for her?
1. Move a week or so early, leave her there and go on trip (avoids boarding, but is that enough time for her to get used to it?)
2. Board her, move, go on the trip, and bring her back to the new apartment afterwards (or would that be doubly traumatic?) | 2017/04/05 | [
"https://pets.stackexchange.com/questions/16791",
"https://pets.stackexchange.com",
"https://pets.stackexchange.com/users/7988/"
] | I would move a week early. Going to a new place is traumatic for most cats, they need time to adjust and scent mark. As you said, boarding then new apartment would be doubly traumatic.
If there is not enough time to get used to her to get used to the apartment, why would it be any better with boarding? In a boarding situation, there will be all sorts of other cats and stimuli to stress her out. In your new home, she can feel relatively safe hiding under **her** bed :)
Even if she has been boarded there before, it is unlikely that she will occupy the same domicile with her own scent. | I did the exact same thing once, I moved out to a new apartment with my cat and there was an emergency at the day I was moving so I had to leave for a couple of days.
What I did was; I confined her to a smaller room full of her favourite things & furnitures. This included my bed (she always sleeps with me), her toy collection, her favourite blanket which she sometimes kneads and cleans, a couple of my clothing, food, water and of course a closed litter box. Since she was surrounded with familiar things & scents she had an easier time to adjust (which I have heard from my friends who kept an eye on her basic needs a couple minutes each day). And when I returned she was pretty much normal but I had to go through the skittish behaviour when I introduced her to the rest of the apartment.
If you can bring her a week early; by all means do it. Your cat will probably adjust in that time frame. |
16,791 | My lease is up this summer and I'm planning on moving apartments. The problem is that I also have a 3-day trip scheduled to start the day my lease ends (cannot be changed).
My cat will be a little over a year old at that point and has always lived indoors at my current apartment. When I go on trips, I usually have a cat-sitter come to the apartment. I've only boarded her once, just for the day, and she took a few hours to return to normal after coming home.
I'm concerned about her reaction to moving to a strange new place, especially if I were to leave immediately after. What is the least bad option for her?
1. Move a week or so early, leave her there and go on trip (avoids boarding, but is that enough time for her to get used to it?)
2. Board her, move, go on the trip, and bring her back to the new apartment afterwards (or would that be doubly traumatic?) | 2017/04/05 | [
"https://pets.stackexchange.com/questions/16791",
"https://pets.stackexchange.com",
"https://pets.stackexchange.com/users/7988/"
] | I did the exact same thing once, I moved out to a new apartment with my cat and there was an emergency at the day I was moving so I had to leave for a couple of days.
What I did was; I confined her to a smaller room full of her favourite things & furnitures. This included my bed (she always sleeps with me), her toy collection, her favourite blanket which she sometimes kneads and cleans, a couple of my clothing, food, water and of course a closed litter box. Since she was surrounded with familiar things & scents she had an easier time to adjust (which I have heard from my friends who kept an eye on her basic needs a couple minutes each day). And when I returned she was pretty much normal but I had to go through the skittish behaviour when I introduced her to the rest of the apartment.
If you can bring her a week early; by all means do it. Your cat will probably adjust in that time frame. | I agree with the cat whisperer. Take it there at least a week early. If you can't, then bring it for short sessions to get used to the house daily, and confirm with the current resident. If you can't cancel the trip, get a family member or someone the cat knows well and is used to to replace you and introduce it. |
234,937 | Background:
-----------
Story Background:
>
> The main crux of my story is that one of the 2 mcs - Delilah- is from a group of people being exploited, and the other is the son of the leader of the group doing the exploiting - Jack. Delilah is helping people leave the situation they're in, but the people doing the exploiting send Jack under cover to try and stop it. (Obviously, he then has character development, and we follow as he changes for the better and all that good stuff.)
>
>
>
Exploited people are leaving their situation, resulting in a lack of work being done by that group. The exploited group (once rested and feeling restored) take advantage of their exploiter's weakened state, and the country ends up going into civil war.
It's set on a small archipelago, 'Island Union', with the exploitation happening (mostly) to the north of the central island, by the south of the same island.
What I'm looking for
--------------------
What I'm stuck on is the specifics of what exactly the exploitation is. (I'd rather it not be to be *too* similar to any *one* specific instance of irl exploitation. I don't mind so much if it's more similar to the exploitation that's happened within the British Isles, since I'm from the UK, and much of the rest of the setting and culture is heavily inspired by the UK.)
I think it would be good if it's the main source of income for the I.U. I think that might help make a juicier internal conflict for Jack, as well as give him a somewhat less terrible reason to be doing this.
Things I've thought of
----------------------
* **Lithium mining**. this is what I was initially thinking of, then I figured the worker would need to be highly trained for that, and it wouldn't work for a series of 5 tiny islands.
(Edit: The main reason I thought maybe not this is, I had a couple readers think it didn't make sense for a tiny island to be able produce enough lithium for other countries to be interested in buying it. The island has to be tiny. For story reasons, they need to walk to where they are to where they need to go. I was thinking ~5/6 days walk from east to west, so ~144 miles - and probably about 75 from north to south. Li mining typically uses large evaporation lakes, and requires a large amount of space. Granted, there were a couple other things some of them said that made me think it would be fair to ignore their specific feedback, but that was a doubt I was already having.)
* **Coal mining**, but I'd rather it be modern if it can be, and that didn't seem to fit with the way things are going, climate wise, but it might work in a 'its terrible conditions for the workers, who have little other choice in the matter, AND it's bad for the climate!' might work.
* **Food source** The northern half has excellent farm land, but terrible coastlines for sea fairing, and the south is the other way around, finding it almost impossible to feed themselves with their own farming, relying on sea trade as well as northern farms. I did think this might be a good way for it to work. In many ways, I want the I.U. to be of some note to the rest of the world, and this doesn't offer that. However that might have the benefit of explaining why the rest of the world might not get involved with the later civil war (which would make things simpler for me!)
I would really appreciate any input anyone could offer! I often find it hard to see which might be best or think of any other ideas.
These are just the things I've thought of. If there's something not listed that jumps out at you, I would love to hear it! | 2022/08/28 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/234937",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/91171/"
] | Construction
============
An island in a vast ocean is a prime location for an airforce and/or naval base for a superpower.
Have the Jacks struck a deal with a superpower where they lease part of the island to the superpower. Part of the deal is a supply of labourers to do construction. The Delilahs form this group of labourers. | Any resemblance with real people, place or events is purely coincidental. Except not really.
Tourism
-------
Island nations can make for very attractive vacation spots, and you can certainly develop a healthy industry off that, with hotels, restaurants, jetski rentals, boat or helicopter tours, and so forth.
You can already exploit people just on the salaries. If basically all the jobs are in the tourism industry, your choices are 1) low salaries of the service industry serving first-world tourists, 2) no job, 3) buying a ticket out, presuming you want to uproot your whole life, can afford to, and there's a government that'll want to let you in.
In short, the owners and shareholders get the lion's share of the profit, meanwhile the staff is paid peanuts because they don't have any power in that situation.
Then you have the double whammy of the cost of living. Island nation with small islands means firstly you don't have a lot of land. You can fish, you might have some arable land to feed your people, you might have some trees to build houses, and that might be fine for your population, but then you have all those tourists to keep happy.
Fact is, the trouble of living on an island with very limited land is you have to import a lot of things.
First there's food. More people require more food. Tourists might eat more individually than locals. Tourists might also expect things that your island has never produced. And to add insult to injury, all the fresh, local produce, well that can be sold off at a higher price to tourists, so hope you enjoy imported canned goods.
Then there's manufactured goods. You need resources to make stuff, but you also need factories. Industrial zones and tourist areas don't mix very well, assuming you have the real estate to spare in the first place.
Then there's also fuel. Yes, solar power is nice, but the panels are imported and degrade quicker when you're in the middle of the sea. Wind and wave power can conflict with tourism and boat traffic. But you sill have planes, boats and most cars that still run on combustion.
And once you face the fact you have to import everything, you have to think about the port you'll need to import it. The smaller the port, the more expensive imports and exports get.
So the higher the cost of living, the less you can afford to not have a job. And bonus points if you can guess who runs the supermarkets.
Banking
-------
The British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, the Bahamas, the Seychelles, Bermuda, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, Vanuatu, Tonga, you get the idea hopefully.
Favorable tax laws mean foreign banks come to your islands. Rich foreigners bring their money into those banks. Of course, those banks have to be staffed, but there's also lawyers and accountants that can provide a wide range of fiscal services.
The lower the taxes, the more attractive your tax haven. You try to offset the nominal tax rates with the sheer volume of money to be taxed. 50% corporate tax on a million is half a million. So is 1% corporate tax on fifty millions.
So all the banks, lawyers and accountants handling all that tax evasion can make a hefty profit. And the best part is, they also pay taxes, and possibly at a higher rate because bank clerks maybe can't afford to pay a tax lawyer to dodge their taxes.
In short, make money from money, and also from the people making money into money.
Luxury natural resources
------------------------
Most natural resource you can think of, some other nation can probably export more of it and cheaper. You'll have to import the equipment and fuel to extract and process it, and then you'll need the necessary infrastructure to export it.
Overall, you're severely limited in your ability to compete with e.g. China, or the United States, or Brazil, and other large nations, but even with small continental nations, even just because they either can produce the equipment themselves, or can import more of it and cheaper.
Pearls, as suggested in an answer, do work because it's luxury and niche. So there isn't much competition, and you can still make an absurd margin even if export costs are also absurd.
The best bet here is a resource that can be uniquely tied to your island will. A protected designation of origin of sorts. Think "Cuban cigar". Sure, you can make cigar elsewhere, but the rich people, they want handrolled Cubans.
Doesn't matter much how little you can produce, or expensive it is to export, because nobody else can make it. That's the best thing about luxury: supply and demand need not apply. You can set prices arbitrarily high, and that'll only make it more prestigious.
---
The nice thing is you can combine all of the above. There may or may not be overlap on who controls those industries, but the import part is that the revenue those industries generate is what the government functions on.
In practice, those interest groups control the government, so they can lobby for extremely favorable conditions making them even richer.
Meanwhile, the workers have no choice but to basically take any job, at any cost, because everything is expensive and you can't live on welfare.
And then it shouldn't take much to spark an uprising. |
234,937 | Background:
-----------
Story Background:
>
> The main crux of my story is that one of the 2 mcs - Delilah- is from a group of people being exploited, and the other is the son of the leader of the group doing the exploiting - Jack. Delilah is helping people leave the situation they're in, but the people doing the exploiting send Jack under cover to try and stop it. (Obviously, he then has character development, and we follow as he changes for the better and all that good stuff.)
>
>
>
Exploited people are leaving their situation, resulting in a lack of work being done by that group. The exploited group (once rested and feeling restored) take advantage of their exploiter's weakened state, and the country ends up going into civil war.
It's set on a small archipelago, 'Island Union', with the exploitation happening (mostly) to the north of the central island, by the south of the same island.
What I'm looking for
--------------------
What I'm stuck on is the specifics of what exactly the exploitation is. (I'd rather it not be to be *too* similar to any *one* specific instance of irl exploitation. I don't mind so much if it's more similar to the exploitation that's happened within the British Isles, since I'm from the UK, and much of the rest of the setting and culture is heavily inspired by the UK.)
I think it would be good if it's the main source of income for the I.U. I think that might help make a juicier internal conflict for Jack, as well as give him a somewhat less terrible reason to be doing this.
Things I've thought of
----------------------
* **Lithium mining**. this is what I was initially thinking of, then I figured the worker would need to be highly trained for that, and it wouldn't work for a series of 5 tiny islands.
(Edit: The main reason I thought maybe not this is, I had a couple readers think it didn't make sense for a tiny island to be able produce enough lithium for other countries to be interested in buying it. The island has to be tiny. For story reasons, they need to walk to where they are to where they need to go. I was thinking ~5/6 days walk from east to west, so ~144 miles - and probably about 75 from north to south. Li mining typically uses large evaporation lakes, and requires a large amount of space. Granted, there were a couple other things some of them said that made me think it would be fair to ignore their specific feedback, but that was a doubt I was already having.)
* **Coal mining**, but I'd rather it be modern if it can be, and that didn't seem to fit with the way things are going, climate wise, but it might work in a 'its terrible conditions for the workers, who have little other choice in the matter, AND it's bad for the climate!' might work.
* **Food source** The northern half has excellent farm land, but terrible coastlines for sea fairing, and the south is the other way around, finding it almost impossible to feed themselves with their own farming, relying on sea trade as well as northern farms. I did think this might be a good way for it to work. In many ways, I want the I.U. to be of some note to the rest of the world, and this doesn't offer that. However that might have the benefit of explaining why the rest of the world might not get involved with the later civil war (which would make things simpler for me!)
I would really appreciate any input anyone could offer! I often find it hard to see which might be best or think of any other ideas.
These are just the things I've thought of. If there's something not listed that jumps out at you, I would love to hear it! | 2022/08/28 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/234937",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/91171/"
] | 1/12 of the whole income of [Tuvalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu) is from the `.tv` top-level domain.
Your archipelago can have a natural resource (either digital or something like oil) where profits are only distributed to the Jacks and not the Delilahs. | Guano.
Islands attract seabirds, which leave dung that's rich in nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium. Over thousands of years, they can build up huge deposits.
That guano is then valuable as a fertiliser, and as a precursor for nitrate-based explosives (gunpowder etc.) Before the invention of the Haber process, which allowed for making these products from atmospheric nitrogen, guano was a very important industrial and military resource. This resulted in colonial powers looking to control guano-rich islands and mine them. See Nauru for an example of how this has worked out historically. |
234,937 | Background:
-----------
Story Background:
>
> The main crux of my story is that one of the 2 mcs - Delilah- is from a group of people being exploited, and the other is the son of the leader of the group doing the exploiting - Jack. Delilah is helping people leave the situation they're in, but the people doing the exploiting send Jack under cover to try and stop it. (Obviously, he then has character development, and we follow as he changes for the better and all that good stuff.)
>
>
>
Exploited people are leaving their situation, resulting in a lack of work being done by that group. The exploited group (once rested and feeling restored) take advantage of their exploiter's weakened state, and the country ends up going into civil war.
It's set on a small archipelago, 'Island Union', with the exploitation happening (mostly) to the north of the central island, by the south of the same island.
What I'm looking for
--------------------
What I'm stuck on is the specifics of what exactly the exploitation is. (I'd rather it not be to be *too* similar to any *one* specific instance of irl exploitation. I don't mind so much if it's more similar to the exploitation that's happened within the British Isles, since I'm from the UK, and much of the rest of the setting and culture is heavily inspired by the UK.)
I think it would be good if it's the main source of income for the I.U. I think that might help make a juicier internal conflict for Jack, as well as give him a somewhat less terrible reason to be doing this.
Things I've thought of
----------------------
* **Lithium mining**. this is what I was initially thinking of, then I figured the worker would need to be highly trained for that, and it wouldn't work for a series of 5 tiny islands.
(Edit: The main reason I thought maybe not this is, I had a couple readers think it didn't make sense for a tiny island to be able produce enough lithium for other countries to be interested in buying it. The island has to be tiny. For story reasons, they need to walk to where they are to where they need to go. I was thinking ~5/6 days walk from east to west, so ~144 miles - and probably about 75 from north to south. Li mining typically uses large evaporation lakes, and requires a large amount of space. Granted, there were a couple other things some of them said that made me think it would be fair to ignore their specific feedback, but that was a doubt I was already having.)
* **Coal mining**, but I'd rather it be modern if it can be, and that didn't seem to fit with the way things are going, climate wise, but it might work in a 'its terrible conditions for the workers, who have little other choice in the matter, AND it's bad for the climate!' might work.
* **Food source** The northern half has excellent farm land, but terrible coastlines for sea fairing, and the south is the other way around, finding it almost impossible to feed themselves with their own farming, relying on sea trade as well as northern farms. I did think this might be a good way for it to work. In many ways, I want the I.U. to be of some note to the rest of the world, and this doesn't offer that. However that might have the benefit of explaining why the rest of the world might not get involved with the later civil war (which would make things simpler for me!)
I would really appreciate any input anyone could offer! I often find it hard to see which might be best or think of any other ideas.
These are just the things I've thought of. If there's something not listed that jumps out at you, I would love to hear it! | 2022/08/28 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/234937",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/91171/"
] | Have a foreign power import educated labourers
==============================================
There's an island with a poorly known but similar situation to yours. [Nauru](https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/07/magazine/world-s-richest-little-isle.html)
>
> Citizenship in the minirepublic is restricted to the native Nauruans, a brown-skinned, mixed-blood people, predominantly Polynesian but of mysterious origins - their language is unlike any other - and there are only about 4,300 of them. Nauru is technically the richest country in the world, body for body and acre for acre, because the Government's annual income from the sale of phosphate is at least 123 million, or more than $ 27,000 a year for every Nauruan man, woman and child.
>
>
>
>
> Everything is tax free. ''Taxation is unsuited to the Nauruan temperament,'' President DeRoburt once said. Nor are the Nauruans troubled with the hard and dirty work of mining the phosphate that is their sole export and the source of the island's wealth. Laborers are imported from the nearby island states of Kiribati and Tuvalu, Hong Kong and the Philippines to do that. Managers, supervisors, technicians, schoolteachers and top Government administrators are recruited from Australia, New Zealand and Britain, the three countries that formerly ruled Nauru jointly. In general, Nauruans either work in the phosphate industry or in national or local government. Nauru, which has a low crime rate, also employs 57 Nauruans on its police force.
>
>
>
Essentially you have some sort of foreign power importing in foreign labourers to work on an island to produce some extremely valuable goods. It could be lithium mining, it could be coal mining, but regardless, very intelligent and well educated citizens from some foreign country that's fairly poor and not well connected were lured in by a much richer and more prosperous power to do the mining.
They work in slave like conditions, and legally no one cares because the natives get paid tons of money and massive perks to tolerate it, and because the international community gets a rare and valuable product. Enough money gets sent home to their home country that the native country is ok with it. Everyone wins, except the slaves. | Any resemblance with real people, place or events is purely coincidental. Except not really.
Tourism
-------
Island nations can make for very attractive vacation spots, and you can certainly develop a healthy industry off that, with hotels, restaurants, jetski rentals, boat or helicopter tours, and so forth.
You can already exploit people just on the salaries. If basically all the jobs are in the tourism industry, your choices are 1) low salaries of the service industry serving first-world tourists, 2) no job, 3) buying a ticket out, presuming you want to uproot your whole life, can afford to, and there's a government that'll want to let you in.
In short, the owners and shareholders get the lion's share of the profit, meanwhile the staff is paid peanuts because they don't have any power in that situation.
Then you have the double whammy of the cost of living. Island nation with small islands means firstly you don't have a lot of land. You can fish, you might have some arable land to feed your people, you might have some trees to build houses, and that might be fine for your population, but then you have all those tourists to keep happy.
Fact is, the trouble of living on an island with very limited land is you have to import a lot of things.
First there's food. More people require more food. Tourists might eat more individually than locals. Tourists might also expect things that your island has never produced. And to add insult to injury, all the fresh, local produce, well that can be sold off at a higher price to tourists, so hope you enjoy imported canned goods.
Then there's manufactured goods. You need resources to make stuff, but you also need factories. Industrial zones and tourist areas don't mix very well, assuming you have the real estate to spare in the first place.
Then there's also fuel. Yes, solar power is nice, but the panels are imported and degrade quicker when you're in the middle of the sea. Wind and wave power can conflict with tourism and boat traffic. But you sill have planes, boats and most cars that still run on combustion.
And once you face the fact you have to import everything, you have to think about the port you'll need to import it. The smaller the port, the more expensive imports and exports get.
So the higher the cost of living, the less you can afford to not have a job. And bonus points if you can guess who runs the supermarkets.
Banking
-------
The British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, the Bahamas, the Seychelles, Bermuda, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, Vanuatu, Tonga, you get the idea hopefully.
Favorable tax laws mean foreign banks come to your islands. Rich foreigners bring their money into those banks. Of course, those banks have to be staffed, but there's also lawyers and accountants that can provide a wide range of fiscal services.
The lower the taxes, the more attractive your tax haven. You try to offset the nominal tax rates with the sheer volume of money to be taxed. 50% corporate tax on a million is half a million. So is 1% corporate tax on fifty millions.
So all the banks, lawyers and accountants handling all that tax evasion can make a hefty profit. And the best part is, they also pay taxes, and possibly at a higher rate because bank clerks maybe can't afford to pay a tax lawyer to dodge their taxes.
In short, make money from money, and also from the people making money into money.
Luxury natural resources
------------------------
Most natural resource you can think of, some other nation can probably export more of it and cheaper. You'll have to import the equipment and fuel to extract and process it, and then you'll need the necessary infrastructure to export it.
Overall, you're severely limited in your ability to compete with e.g. China, or the United States, or Brazil, and other large nations, but even with small continental nations, even just because they either can produce the equipment themselves, or can import more of it and cheaper.
Pearls, as suggested in an answer, do work because it's luxury and niche. So there isn't much competition, and you can still make an absurd margin even if export costs are also absurd.
The best bet here is a resource that can be uniquely tied to your island will. A protected designation of origin of sorts. Think "Cuban cigar". Sure, you can make cigar elsewhere, but the rich people, they want handrolled Cubans.
Doesn't matter much how little you can produce, or expensive it is to export, because nobody else can make it. That's the best thing about luxury: supply and demand need not apply. You can set prices arbitrarily high, and that'll only make it more prestigious.
---
The nice thing is you can combine all of the above. There may or may not be overlap on who controls those industries, but the import part is that the revenue those industries generate is what the government functions on.
In practice, those interest groups control the government, so they can lobby for extremely favorable conditions making them even richer.
Meanwhile, the workers have no choice but to basically take any job, at any cost, because everything is expensive and you can't live on welfare.
And then it shouldn't take much to spark an uprising. |
234,937 | Background:
-----------
Story Background:
>
> The main crux of my story is that one of the 2 mcs - Delilah- is from a group of people being exploited, and the other is the son of the leader of the group doing the exploiting - Jack. Delilah is helping people leave the situation they're in, but the people doing the exploiting send Jack under cover to try and stop it. (Obviously, he then has character development, and we follow as he changes for the better and all that good stuff.)
>
>
>
Exploited people are leaving their situation, resulting in a lack of work being done by that group. The exploited group (once rested and feeling restored) take advantage of their exploiter's weakened state, and the country ends up going into civil war.
It's set on a small archipelago, 'Island Union', with the exploitation happening (mostly) to the north of the central island, by the south of the same island.
What I'm looking for
--------------------
What I'm stuck on is the specifics of what exactly the exploitation is. (I'd rather it not be to be *too* similar to any *one* specific instance of irl exploitation. I don't mind so much if it's more similar to the exploitation that's happened within the British Isles, since I'm from the UK, and much of the rest of the setting and culture is heavily inspired by the UK.)
I think it would be good if it's the main source of income for the I.U. I think that might help make a juicier internal conflict for Jack, as well as give him a somewhat less terrible reason to be doing this.
Things I've thought of
----------------------
* **Lithium mining**. this is what I was initially thinking of, then I figured the worker would need to be highly trained for that, and it wouldn't work for a series of 5 tiny islands.
(Edit: The main reason I thought maybe not this is, I had a couple readers think it didn't make sense for a tiny island to be able produce enough lithium for other countries to be interested in buying it. The island has to be tiny. For story reasons, they need to walk to where they are to where they need to go. I was thinking ~5/6 days walk from east to west, so ~144 miles - and probably about 75 from north to south. Li mining typically uses large evaporation lakes, and requires a large amount of space. Granted, there were a couple other things some of them said that made me think it would be fair to ignore their specific feedback, but that was a doubt I was already having.)
* **Coal mining**, but I'd rather it be modern if it can be, and that didn't seem to fit with the way things are going, climate wise, but it might work in a 'its terrible conditions for the workers, who have little other choice in the matter, AND it's bad for the climate!' might work.
* **Food source** The northern half has excellent farm land, but terrible coastlines for sea fairing, and the south is the other way around, finding it almost impossible to feed themselves with their own farming, relying on sea trade as well as northern farms. I did think this might be a good way for it to work. In many ways, I want the I.U. to be of some note to the rest of the world, and this doesn't offer that. However that might have the benefit of explaining why the rest of the world might not get involved with the later civil war (which would make things simpler for me!)
I would really appreciate any input anyone could offer! I often find it hard to see which might be best or think of any other ideas.
These are just the things I've thought of. If there's something not listed that jumps out at you, I would love to hear it! | 2022/08/28 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/234937",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/91171/"
] | 1/12 of the whole income of [Tuvalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu) is from the `.tv` top-level domain.
Your archipelago can have a natural resource (either digital or something like oil) where profits are only distributed to the Jacks and not the Delilahs. | Any resemblance with real people, place or events is purely coincidental. Except not really.
Tourism
-------
Island nations can make for very attractive vacation spots, and you can certainly develop a healthy industry off that, with hotels, restaurants, jetski rentals, boat or helicopter tours, and so forth.
You can already exploit people just on the salaries. If basically all the jobs are in the tourism industry, your choices are 1) low salaries of the service industry serving first-world tourists, 2) no job, 3) buying a ticket out, presuming you want to uproot your whole life, can afford to, and there's a government that'll want to let you in.
In short, the owners and shareholders get the lion's share of the profit, meanwhile the staff is paid peanuts because they don't have any power in that situation.
Then you have the double whammy of the cost of living. Island nation with small islands means firstly you don't have a lot of land. You can fish, you might have some arable land to feed your people, you might have some trees to build houses, and that might be fine for your population, but then you have all those tourists to keep happy.
Fact is, the trouble of living on an island with very limited land is you have to import a lot of things.
First there's food. More people require more food. Tourists might eat more individually than locals. Tourists might also expect things that your island has never produced. And to add insult to injury, all the fresh, local produce, well that can be sold off at a higher price to tourists, so hope you enjoy imported canned goods.
Then there's manufactured goods. You need resources to make stuff, but you also need factories. Industrial zones and tourist areas don't mix very well, assuming you have the real estate to spare in the first place.
Then there's also fuel. Yes, solar power is nice, but the panels are imported and degrade quicker when you're in the middle of the sea. Wind and wave power can conflict with tourism and boat traffic. But you sill have planes, boats and most cars that still run on combustion.
And once you face the fact you have to import everything, you have to think about the port you'll need to import it. The smaller the port, the more expensive imports and exports get.
So the higher the cost of living, the less you can afford to not have a job. And bonus points if you can guess who runs the supermarkets.
Banking
-------
The British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, the Bahamas, the Seychelles, Bermuda, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, Vanuatu, Tonga, you get the idea hopefully.
Favorable tax laws mean foreign banks come to your islands. Rich foreigners bring their money into those banks. Of course, those banks have to be staffed, but there's also lawyers and accountants that can provide a wide range of fiscal services.
The lower the taxes, the more attractive your tax haven. You try to offset the nominal tax rates with the sheer volume of money to be taxed. 50% corporate tax on a million is half a million. So is 1% corporate tax on fifty millions.
So all the banks, lawyers and accountants handling all that tax evasion can make a hefty profit. And the best part is, they also pay taxes, and possibly at a higher rate because bank clerks maybe can't afford to pay a tax lawyer to dodge their taxes.
In short, make money from money, and also from the people making money into money.
Luxury natural resources
------------------------
Most natural resource you can think of, some other nation can probably export more of it and cheaper. You'll have to import the equipment and fuel to extract and process it, and then you'll need the necessary infrastructure to export it.
Overall, you're severely limited in your ability to compete with e.g. China, or the United States, or Brazil, and other large nations, but even with small continental nations, even just because they either can produce the equipment themselves, or can import more of it and cheaper.
Pearls, as suggested in an answer, do work because it's luxury and niche. So there isn't much competition, and you can still make an absurd margin even if export costs are also absurd.
The best bet here is a resource that can be uniquely tied to your island will. A protected designation of origin of sorts. Think "Cuban cigar". Sure, you can make cigar elsewhere, but the rich people, they want handrolled Cubans.
Doesn't matter much how little you can produce, or expensive it is to export, because nobody else can make it. That's the best thing about luxury: supply and demand need not apply. You can set prices arbitrarily high, and that'll only make it more prestigious.
---
The nice thing is you can combine all of the above. There may or may not be overlap on who controls those industries, but the import part is that the revenue those industries generate is what the government functions on.
In practice, those interest groups control the government, so they can lobby for extremely favorable conditions making them even richer.
Meanwhile, the workers have no choice but to basically take any job, at any cost, because everything is expensive and you can't live on welfare.
And then it shouldn't take much to spark an uprising. |
234,937 | Background:
-----------
Story Background:
>
> The main crux of my story is that one of the 2 mcs - Delilah- is from a group of people being exploited, and the other is the son of the leader of the group doing the exploiting - Jack. Delilah is helping people leave the situation they're in, but the people doing the exploiting send Jack under cover to try and stop it. (Obviously, he then has character development, and we follow as he changes for the better and all that good stuff.)
>
>
>
Exploited people are leaving their situation, resulting in a lack of work being done by that group. The exploited group (once rested and feeling restored) take advantage of their exploiter's weakened state, and the country ends up going into civil war.
It's set on a small archipelago, 'Island Union', with the exploitation happening (mostly) to the north of the central island, by the south of the same island.
What I'm looking for
--------------------
What I'm stuck on is the specifics of what exactly the exploitation is. (I'd rather it not be to be *too* similar to any *one* specific instance of irl exploitation. I don't mind so much if it's more similar to the exploitation that's happened within the British Isles, since I'm from the UK, and much of the rest of the setting and culture is heavily inspired by the UK.)
I think it would be good if it's the main source of income for the I.U. I think that might help make a juicier internal conflict for Jack, as well as give him a somewhat less terrible reason to be doing this.
Things I've thought of
----------------------
* **Lithium mining**. this is what I was initially thinking of, then I figured the worker would need to be highly trained for that, and it wouldn't work for a series of 5 tiny islands.
(Edit: The main reason I thought maybe not this is, I had a couple readers think it didn't make sense for a tiny island to be able produce enough lithium for other countries to be interested in buying it. The island has to be tiny. For story reasons, they need to walk to where they are to where they need to go. I was thinking ~5/6 days walk from east to west, so ~144 miles - and probably about 75 from north to south. Li mining typically uses large evaporation lakes, and requires a large amount of space. Granted, there were a couple other things some of them said that made me think it would be fair to ignore their specific feedback, but that was a doubt I was already having.)
* **Coal mining**, but I'd rather it be modern if it can be, and that didn't seem to fit with the way things are going, climate wise, but it might work in a 'its terrible conditions for the workers, who have little other choice in the matter, AND it's bad for the climate!' might work.
* **Food source** The northern half has excellent farm land, but terrible coastlines for sea fairing, and the south is the other way around, finding it almost impossible to feed themselves with their own farming, relying on sea trade as well as northern farms. I did think this might be a good way for it to work. In many ways, I want the I.U. to be of some note to the rest of the world, and this doesn't offer that. However that might have the benefit of explaining why the rest of the world might not get involved with the later civil war (which would make things simpler for me!)
I would really appreciate any input anyone could offer! I often find it hard to see which might be best or think of any other ideas.
These are just the things I've thought of. If there's something not listed that jumps out at you, I would love to hear it! | 2022/08/28 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/234937",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/91171/"
] | **Prostitution.**
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Dutch_Caribbean>
>
> Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba,
> Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) is legal and regulated.[1][2] At
> least 500 foreign women are reportedly working in prostitution
> throughout the islands.[3][1] Bonaire,[4] Sint Eustatius, and Curaçao
> are sex tourism destinations.[2]
>
>
> Curaçao, Aruba, and Sint Maarten are destination islands for women
> trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the
> Dominican Republic, and Haiti,[3]
>
>
>
Your exploited persons are prostitutes. Few if any are born on the island. They wound up in this work for various reasons. The exploiters run legal brothels and pay taxes, supporting the government.
--
I like the idea of revolution and the workers taking control; the government becomes a democracy. But the brothels continue because sex tourism is good money and other options are scarce. Not in a cynical way - now working conditions are good and workers are protected not exploited. Could that be ok? | Lumber
======
If the islands are in the tropics, the trees there tend to grow quickly, which is ideal for a lumber trade. Islands are also a great place for building ships, and at least in the early days of seafaring, ships require a lot of wood. An island nation in a strategic place in the ocean would be a great place to stop over for repairs, and to build more ships if needed.
Logging is backbreaking mostly low-skilled labor, so one more check for your exploited local workforce. Any oppressor nation with a large navy will be looking for ways to acquire lumber from their vassal nations in order to expand and maintain said navy, so this would be a perfect resource to exploit.
For a good real-world example, look up [Sebatik Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebatik_Island) off of Borneo, on the border between Malaysia and Indonesia. If you look at the island in [Google Maps satellite view](https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sebatik+Island/@4.1515347,117.6988645,49384m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3215a2e3ae31d2a1:0x4f06c0d84937e230!8m2!3d4.1480899!4d117.784246?hl=en), you'll see that nearly all the trees there are in perfect even rows, due to the European lumber trade that used to control the island. |
234,937 | Background:
-----------
Story Background:
>
> The main crux of my story is that one of the 2 mcs - Delilah- is from a group of people being exploited, and the other is the son of the leader of the group doing the exploiting - Jack. Delilah is helping people leave the situation they're in, but the people doing the exploiting send Jack under cover to try and stop it. (Obviously, he then has character development, and we follow as he changes for the better and all that good stuff.)
>
>
>
Exploited people are leaving their situation, resulting in a lack of work being done by that group. The exploited group (once rested and feeling restored) take advantage of their exploiter's weakened state, and the country ends up going into civil war.
It's set on a small archipelago, 'Island Union', with the exploitation happening (mostly) to the north of the central island, by the south of the same island.
What I'm looking for
--------------------
What I'm stuck on is the specifics of what exactly the exploitation is. (I'd rather it not be to be *too* similar to any *one* specific instance of irl exploitation. I don't mind so much if it's more similar to the exploitation that's happened within the British Isles, since I'm from the UK, and much of the rest of the setting and culture is heavily inspired by the UK.)
I think it would be good if it's the main source of income for the I.U. I think that might help make a juicier internal conflict for Jack, as well as give him a somewhat less terrible reason to be doing this.
Things I've thought of
----------------------
* **Lithium mining**. this is what I was initially thinking of, then I figured the worker would need to be highly trained for that, and it wouldn't work for a series of 5 tiny islands.
(Edit: The main reason I thought maybe not this is, I had a couple readers think it didn't make sense for a tiny island to be able produce enough lithium for other countries to be interested in buying it. The island has to be tiny. For story reasons, they need to walk to where they are to where they need to go. I was thinking ~5/6 days walk from east to west, so ~144 miles - and probably about 75 from north to south. Li mining typically uses large evaporation lakes, and requires a large amount of space. Granted, there were a couple other things some of them said that made me think it would be fair to ignore their specific feedback, but that was a doubt I was already having.)
* **Coal mining**, but I'd rather it be modern if it can be, and that didn't seem to fit with the way things are going, climate wise, but it might work in a 'its terrible conditions for the workers, who have little other choice in the matter, AND it's bad for the climate!' might work.
* **Food source** The northern half has excellent farm land, but terrible coastlines for sea fairing, and the south is the other way around, finding it almost impossible to feed themselves with their own farming, relying on sea trade as well as northern farms. I did think this might be a good way for it to work. In many ways, I want the I.U. to be of some note to the rest of the world, and this doesn't offer that. However that might have the benefit of explaining why the rest of the world might not get involved with the later civil war (which would make things simpler for me!)
I would really appreciate any input anyone could offer! I often find it hard to see which might be best or think of any other ideas.
These are just the things I've thought of. If there's something not listed that jumps out at you, I would love to hear it! | 2022/08/28 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/234937",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/91171/"
] | Pearl Diving (or similar sea-based resources)
---------------------------------------------
There is a reef off the north coast that has a unique and valuable shellfish species, and the northerners job is diving for them.
Exactly why these shellfish are so valuable could vary. Pearls are the obvious answer - top-quality natural pearls can sell for thousands or even millions of dollars each ([La Peregrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Peregrina_pearl) sold for over $10,000,000 in 2011, but that is with significant historical significance on top of its raw value). On the other hand, a historical story might use [Tyrian Purple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrian_purple), while a modern or sci-fi take could give them pharmaceutical properties (imagine how valuable an anti-aging drug or reliable cure for cancer would be) - or if you want to double down on how evil the bad guys are, they're the key ingredient in a new, dangerous, but highly-addictive illegal drug.
Regardless of why they're valuable, this species has very specific habitat requirements that mean they can't be farmed (or, in the case of pearls, farmed ones are considered 'cheap knockoffs'), so they must be harvested in the wild.
Reasons why this is unpleasant and exploitative can be tailored to your story needs, but could include:
* The workers are paid pennies for recovering a product worth a fortune. (Supposedly the worker who found La Peregrina in the 1500s was rewarded with 'his freedom') This one is obvious, but included for completeness.
* The sea where the shellfish are harvested is particularly dangerous, due to currents, weather, temperature, or some combination of all three. This likely fits well with your note in the food section about the north having a terrible shoreline - only a mad or desperate person would swim off North IU, but that's the only place where Union Rainbow Pearls are found...
* Technological assistance isn't possible. There's no way to harvest these with nets or lines from the surface, and they're too fragile or difficult for a robot to handle, so a diver is needed. Perhaps they live in caves or reef crevices that are barely large enough for a human, so SCUBA gear is too bulky - or the gear *can* be used, but there's a major risk of death-by-snagged-air-hose.
* Alternatively, the assistance *is* possible - perhaps an automated harvester has recently been developed - but the exploited group can't afford it themselves, and the exploiters don't want to pay.
* The flora and fauna in the area are particularly dangerous. Sharks, sea snakes, salt-water crocodiles, tangled kelp forests, merfolk, krakens... whatever it is, as above, only a madman swims off North IU.
* The shellfish *themselves* are dangerous - perhaps they have venomous claws/spines or are just highly poisonous to the touch. If they're valuable because of some chemical that can be harvested, the dangerous part may well be the reason they are so valuable in the first place. | Lumber
======
If the islands are in the tropics, the trees there tend to grow quickly, which is ideal for a lumber trade. Islands are also a great place for building ships, and at least in the early days of seafaring, ships require a lot of wood. An island nation in a strategic place in the ocean would be a great place to stop over for repairs, and to build more ships if needed.
Logging is backbreaking mostly low-skilled labor, so one more check for your exploited local workforce. Any oppressor nation with a large navy will be looking for ways to acquire lumber from their vassal nations in order to expand and maintain said navy, so this would be a perfect resource to exploit.
For a good real-world example, look up [Sebatik Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebatik_Island) off of Borneo, on the border between Malaysia and Indonesia. If you look at the island in [Google Maps satellite view](https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sebatik+Island/@4.1515347,117.6988645,49384m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3215a2e3ae31d2a1:0x4f06c0d84937e230!8m2!3d4.1480899!4d117.784246?hl=en), you'll see that nearly all the trees there are in perfect even rows, due to the European lumber trade that used to control the island. |
234,937 | Background:
-----------
Story Background:
>
> The main crux of my story is that one of the 2 mcs - Delilah- is from a group of people being exploited, and the other is the son of the leader of the group doing the exploiting - Jack. Delilah is helping people leave the situation they're in, but the people doing the exploiting send Jack under cover to try and stop it. (Obviously, he then has character development, and we follow as he changes for the better and all that good stuff.)
>
>
>
Exploited people are leaving their situation, resulting in a lack of work being done by that group. The exploited group (once rested and feeling restored) take advantage of their exploiter's weakened state, and the country ends up going into civil war.
It's set on a small archipelago, 'Island Union', with the exploitation happening (mostly) to the north of the central island, by the south of the same island.
What I'm looking for
--------------------
What I'm stuck on is the specifics of what exactly the exploitation is. (I'd rather it not be to be *too* similar to any *one* specific instance of irl exploitation. I don't mind so much if it's more similar to the exploitation that's happened within the British Isles, since I'm from the UK, and much of the rest of the setting and culture is heavily inspired by the UK.)
I think it would be good if it's the main source of income for the I.U. I think that might help make a juicier internal conflict for Jack, as well as give him a somewhat less terrible reason to be doing this.
Things I've thought of
----------------------
* **Lithium mining**. this is what I was initially thinking of, then I figured the worker would need to be highly trained for that, and it wouldn't work for a series of 5 tiny islands.
(Edit: The main reason I thought maybe not this is, I had a couple readers think it didn't make sense for a tiny island to be able produce enough lithium for other countries to be interested in buying it. The island has to be tiny. For story reasons, they need to walk to where they are to where they need to go. I was thinking ~5/6 days walk from east to west, so ~144 miles - and probably about 75 from north to south. Li mining typically uses large evaporation lakes, and requires a large amount of space. Granted, there were a couple other things some of them said that made me think it would be fair to ignore their specific feedback, but that was a doubt I was already having.)
* **Coal mining**, but I'd rather it be modern if it can be, and that didn't seem to fit with the way things are going, climate wise, but it might work in a 'its terrible conditions for the workers, who have little other choice in the matter, AND it's bad for the climate!' might work.
* **Food source** The northern half has excellent farm land, but terrible coastlines for sea fairing, and the south is the other way around, finding it almost impossible to feed themselves with their own farming, relying on sea trade as well as northern farms. I did think this might be a good way for it to work. In many ways, I want the I.U. to be of some note to the rest of the world, and this doesn't offer that. However that might have the benefit of explaining why the rest of the world might not get involved with the later civil war (which would make things simpler for me!)
I would really appreciate any input anyone could offer! I often find it hard to see which might be best or think of any other ideas.
These are just the things I've thought of. If there's something not listed that jumps out at you, I would love to hear it! | 2022/08/28 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/234937",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/91171/"
] | Pearl Diving (or similar sea-based resources)
---------------------------------------------
There is a reef off the north coast that has a unique and valuable shellfish species, and the northerners job is diving for them.
Exactly why these shellfish are so valuable could vary. Pearls are the obvious answer - top-quality natural pearls can sell for thousands or even millions of dollars each ([La Peregrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Peregrina_pearl) sold for over $10,000,000 in 2011, but that is with significant historical significance on top of its raw value). On the other hand, a historical story might use [Tyrian Purple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrian_purple), while a modern or sci-fi take could give them pharmaceutical properties (imagine how valuable an anti-aging drug or reliable cure for cancer would be) - or if you want to double down on how evil the bad guys are, they're the key ingredient in a new, dangerous, but highly-addictive illegal drug.
Regardless of why they're valuable, this species has very specific habitat requirements that mean they can't be farmed (or, in the case of pearls, farmed ones are considered 'cheap knockoffs'), so they must be harvested in the wild.
Reasons why this is unpleasant and exploitative can be tailored to your story needs, but could include:
* The workers are paid pennies for recovering a product worth a fortune. (Supposedly the worker who found La Peregrina in the 1500s was rewarded with 'his freedom') This one is obvious, but included for completeness.
* The sea where the shellfish are harvested is particularly dangerous, due to currents, weather, temperature, or some combination of all three. This likely fits well with your note in the food section about the north having a terrible shoreline - only a mad or desperate person would swim off North IU, but that's the only place where Union Rainbow Pearls are found...
* Technological assistance isn't possible. There's no way to harvest these with nets or lines from the surface, and they're too fragile or difficult for a robot to handle, so a diver is needed. Perhaps they live in caves or reef crevices that are barely large enough for a human, so SCUBA gear is too bulky - or the gear *can* be used, but there's a major risk of death-by-snagged-air-hose.
* Alternatively, the assistance *is* possible - perhaps an automated harvester has recently been developed - but the exploited group can't afford it themselves, and the exploiters don't want to pay.
* The flora and fauna in the area are particularly dangerous. Sharks, sea snakes, salt-water crocodiles, tangled kelp forests, merfolk, krakens... whatever it is, as above, only a madman swims off North IU.
* The shellfish *themselves* are dangerous - perhaps they have venomous claws/spines or are just highly poisonous to the touch. If they're valuable because of some chemical that can be harvested, the dangerous part may well be the reason they are so valuable in the first place. | Purple (or equivalent)
----------------------
The reason purple was associated with royalty in Roman times and earlier is that the only known method of producing it then was from a certain type of mediterranean sea snail, only found in Phoenicia (I believe the name Phoenicia is from the same root as the Greek word for purple, although stand to be corrected here).
From your suggestion of lithium mining I'm guessing your world has more advanced technology than ancient roman, however the same principle could apply given a niche non-synthetic substance (that is, farmed or hunted rather than manufactured). Make it a luxury item like a dye or cooking substance for maximum cruel needless profit to whoever controls the trade, or raise the stakes to make it a medical or otherwise more needed substance such as insulin or an antibiotic for a more dramatic version.
Indirect Force Exploitation
---------------------------
Exploitation means using an unfair advantage to increase profits.
Where that unfair advantage is physical (workers threatened with violence, superior weapons etc as has so often happened irl and historically), it's going to make a very predictable development/storyline for the main characters because the moral choice is so clear-cut - and you run the risk of the audience disliking Jack at the start because of his (presumably) exploitative nature/circumstances before he undergoes development.
*However* if the unfair advantage is more subtle and indirect (for example controlling of trade routes, travel, a legal loophole or a resource crucial to the industry) a single entity/company/group can maintain a monopoly easily without the working population necessarily realising they are being exploited - remaining (fairly) willing workers within their limitations. A further narrative benefit of this sort of exploitation is, generally in a physical exploitation case the exploitees must rely on superiority of numbers (to some degree) to effect a revolt, whereas in the more indirect form a much greater effect can be made by fewer characters undermining or getting out of the system, as a rule. |
38,941 | I was reading my bible when I stumbled on Isaiah 65:20:
>
> There shall be no more thence an infant of days, nor an old man that
> hath not filled his days: **for the child shall die an hundred years
> old**; but the sinner being an hundred years old shall be accursed.
>
>
>
From what I understand the verse refers to the new heavens and earth.
But the expression "for the child shall die an hundred years
old" gave me a lot of headaches.
I asked myself what? Will there still be death at that time?
So I tried to do some research and I saw that many people asked themselves the same question. Everyone giving his interpretation, or proposing a new translation like here: [In Isaiah 65:17-25 does the author envision death in the new Heavens and new Earth?](https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/25233/in-isaiah-6517-25-does-the-author-envision-death-in-the-new-heavens-and-new-ear)
I was thinking of choosing a proposal that could satisfy me, and not give much weight to the thing. But I was even luckier, on this page I found what I think is the best explanation: <http://allpowertothelamb.com/2016/04/reconciling-isaiah/>
>
> And there shall be no more there a person of immature years, or an old
> man who shall not fulfil his days. For the young man shall be an
> hundred years old; but the sinner who dies an hundred years old, he
> shall be accursed.
>
>
>
As you can read the quote of Justin Martyr is different from the translations we have today. As the author of the article explains the new meaning of the verse is this:
>
> ...Isaiah is contrasting the state of the sinner with the state of the
> righteous in the new heavens and the new earth. The righteous people
> that are born in the new earth and have lived 100 years will be
> considered young, a mere youth. In contrast, the sinner that lived to
> the ripe old age of 100 during this life and was seemingly blessed by
> having had a long life, will find the situation dramatically changed
> in the new earth...
>
>
>
Then the author continues with various speculations: he states that the Jews have changed different verses of the bible to make them incompatible with Christian writings. But he also states that the early Christians read the Septuagint, which according to tradition was translated centuries before the formation of Christianity. Did those Jews altered also all the copies of the Septuagint?! (/s) Even modern versions of the bible based on the Septuagint do not contain the verses as expressed by Justin Martyr.
From further research I discovered that the Septuagint contains the apocrypha, which made me doubt that it was used by the early Christians. And after reading the book "Did Jesus Use the Septuagint?" by David W. Daniels, I doubt that such a thing ever existed.
In short, I would like to know if any of you have studied the subject and if you could tell me if a version of the bible, containing Isaiah 65:20 as expressed by Justin Martyr, has come to this day. Or the writing of Justin Martyr is not a precise quotation, but just an insightful paraphrase. | 2019/02/14 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/38941",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/28720/"
] | The OP asks if there is a modern translation of the Bible that closely parallels the quote from the *Dialog with Trypho.* The answer is yes. Modern translations of the Septuagint are almost indistinguishable from the quote from Justin Martyr used. Here is the quote from the translation of Justin:
>
> And there shall be no more there a person of immature years, or an old
> man who shall not fulfil his days. For the young man shall be an
> hundred years old; but the sinner who dies an hundred years old, he
> shall be accursed.
>
>
>
Here is the same passage from a [modern translation of the Septuagint](https://biblehub.com/sep/isaiah/65.htm).
>
> Neither shall there be there any more a child that dies untimely, or
> an old man who shall not complete his time: for the youth shall be a
> hundred years old, and the sinner who dies at a hundred years shall
> also be accursed.
>
>
>
The two passages have no significant differences other than minor translation variations. Moreover the traditional version, based on the Masoretic text, is also not very different from the above.
>
> No more shall there be in it an infant that lives but a few days, or
> an old man who does not fill out his days, for the child shall die a
> hundred years old, and the sinner a hundred years old shall be
> accursed.
>
>
>
As a Greek writer, Justin certainly used the Septuagint, and there is no reason to doubt here that he quoted it accurately or to suspect that anyone else modified it.
The OP also says "the Septuagint contains the apocrypha, which made me doubt that it was used by the early Christians." One of the few things that NT scholars have reached consensus about is that most NT writings and the early Church Fathers based their scripture quotations on the Septuagint. The fact that the Septuagint contained the apocrypha is neither here nor there. Indeed the apocrypha were accepted as canonical in both the East and the West until the Protestant Reformation.
* **Was Justin Martyr quoting Isaiah 65:20 in his Dialogue with Trypho? -- YES.**
* **If yes from what Bible? The Septuagint.** | @vikZ......I have reviewed right now all as much as I could in my Logos Bible Software and scholarly resources online. I read All Power to the Lamb as well written by James Johnson. It seems to me that James Johnson misunderstood what's going on with the Septuagint (LXX). I dont see anything wrong. It's simply phrased slightly differently from the Hebrew MT and how English translations handle the difficulties in the Hebrew text.
Here is Justin Martyr:
>
> Chapter LXXXI.—He endeavours to prove this opinion from Isaiah and the
> Apocalypse. “For Isaiah spake thus concerning this space of a thousand
> years: ‘For there shall be the new heaven and the new earth, and the
> former shall not be remembered, or come into their heart; but they
> shall find joy and gladness in it, which things I create. For, Behold,
> I make Jerusalem a rejoicing, and My people a joy; and I shall rejoice
> over Jerusalem, and be glad over My people. And the voice of weeping
> shall be no more heard in her, or the voice of crying. And there shall
> be no more there a person of immature years, or an old man who shall
> not fulfil his days. 2265 For the young man shall be an hundred years
> old; 2266 but the sinner who dies an hundred years old, 2267 he shall
> be accursed.
>
>
>
But, it says and means the same as the LXX we have:
>
> 20 Neither shall there be there any more a child that dies untimely,
> or an old man who shall not complete his time: for the youth shall be
> a hundred years old, and the sinner who dies at a hundred years shall
> also be accursed
>
>
> Lancelot Charles Lee Brenton, The Septuagint Version of the Old
> Testament: English Translation (London: Samuel Bagster and Sons,
> 1870), Is 65:20.
>
>
>
James Johnson says:
>
> Justin Martyr’s Bible did not have the young man dying at a hundred.
> To paraphrase it, his Bible said of the time when the new heavens and
> the new earth have come that a 100 year old man would be considered
> young. It says nothing about that youth dying when he was 100.
>
>
>
But, this is not quite right. Both the LXX we have and Justin's quotation of the LXX he had in his possession for reading say the same thing. So, dont put much weight on James Johnson (and I have nothing against him--it's ok to miss details as I do myself).
Now, it's true that the Hebrew MT text does have the word "will die" / death when it says " the boy of a hundred years will die " and the LXX does not have "will die" / death in this clause. But, they both mean the same thing. It seems to me that the LXX translators tried to fix the difficulty with this clause from the Hebrew, so the LXX translators do not mention death, otherwise it causes this precise confusion.
The NET Bible, the LEB and the ISV all translate it correctly as well as some other modern translations.
Look at the NET Bible and its notes:
>
> tn Heb “for the child as a son of one hundred years will die.” The
> point seems to be that those who die at the age of a hundred will be
> considered children, for the average life span will be much longer
> than that. The category “child” will be redefined in light of the
> expanded life spans that will characterize this new era.
>
>
> Biblical Studies Press, The NET Bible First Edition; Bible. English.
> NET Bible.; The NET Bible (Biblical Studies Press, 2005).
>
>
>
I prefer the ISV and it's based on the Great Isaiah Scroll from the Dead Sea Scrolls. Also, I just reviewed John D. W. Watts, Isaiah 34–66 (vol. 25, Revised Edition.; Word Biblical Commentary; Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, Inc, 2005). He translates in his commentary and explains that it means that if someone dies at 100 years, that person would be like an infant, but the person who dies before 100 years, that person will be considered accursed---and it might not have anything to do with a sinner:
>
> The line is usually translated “the sinner who lives to be a hundred
> is thought accursed,” which seems strange in the context of the
> previous line. BHS emends MT יְקֻלָּל piʿel, “he is accursed,” to
> יֵקָל qal, “he is of little account,” i.e., not unusual, but it is
> more effective to simply translate החוטא, “sinner,” as “one who
> fails,” following NEB and Whybray.
>
>
> The line is usually translated “the sinner who lives to be a hundred
> is thought accursed,” which seems strange in the context of the
> previous line. BHS emends MT יְקֻלָּל piʿel, “he is accursed,” to
> יֵקָל qal, “he is of little account,” i.e., not unusual, but it is
> more effective to simply translate החוטא, “sinner,” as “one who
> fails,” following NEB and Whybray.
>
>
> John D. W. Watts, Isaiah 34–66 (vol. 25, Revised Edition.; Word
> Biblical Commentary; Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, Inc, 2005).
>
>
> |
225,000 | I'm trying to design a UML diagram ( UML Static Structure ) in Visio and I need to specify my own custom type for an attribute. How do I this ? When I go the Type combo box I see a list of predefined types and it forces me to select one of those, I can't type whatever I want.
 | 2010/12/22 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/225000",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/60122/"
] | I actually have had a similar problem, and unfortunately you CANNOT specify your own attribute type. I'm unsure what David was talking about, That's just a tutorial on creating a diagram. Unfortunately Microsoft didn't leave data-type as a modifiable parameter, and thus, you have to insert a basic parameter and document that it is a custom type.
I am very surprised at the lack of support from Microsoft on it's UML schema in the Visio platform. It could be much better, but I don't think they are working on it actively.
I would recommend specifying an out-of-language type (if you are using C#, choose something else), that way there is a visual queue in the documentation that shows the type difference. If you are only in need of a few types, you can also (in documentation) just use a specific type from another language and specify in documentation the actual type definitions for these. | You can add your own custom attributes for UML static structure using Visio in the [following way.](http://www.office.microsoft.com/en-us/visio-help/create-a-uml-static-structure-diagram-HP001208873.aspx)
1. On the File menu, point to new, point to Software, and then click UML Model Diagram.
2. In the tree view, right-click the package in which you want to include the static structure diagram, point to New, and click Static Structure Diagram.
3. Drag class or object shapes onto the drawing page to represent the classes or objects you want to include in your class static structure diagram or conceptual model.
4. Double-click each shape to open its UML Properties dialog box, where you can add attributes, operations, and other properties. |
225,000 | I'm trying to design a UML diagram ( UML Static Structure ) in Visio and I need to specify my own custom type for an attribute. How do I this ? When I go the Type combo box I see a list of predefined types and it forces me to select one of those, I can't type whatever I want.
 | 2010/12/22 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/225000",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/60122/"
] | In Visio 2007 you can add custom datatypes by:
* In the Model Explorer, right-click "UML System"
* Select "Packages"
* Click the "New" button
* Enter a name for your new Package (I recommend you name it the same as your assembly or namespace)
* Click "OK"
* In the Model Explorer, right-click the Package that you just created
* Select "New > Datatype"
* Enter the name of your datatype
* Click "OK"
* Now your new datatype will be listed along with the other default datatypes | You can add your own custom attributes for UML static structure using Visio in the [following way.](http://www.office.microsoft.com/en-us/visio-help/create-a-uml-static-structure-diagram-HP001208873.aspx)
1. On the File menu, point to new, point to Software, and then click UML Model Diagram.
2. In the tree view, right-click the package in which you want to include the static structure diagram, point to New, and click Static Structure Diagram.
3. Drag class or object shapes onto the drawing page to represent the classes or objects you want to include in your class static structure diagram or conceptual model.
4. Double-click each shape to open its UML Properties dialog box, where you can add attributes, operations, and other properties. |
190,213 | My knowledge of electrics is very limited, I am planning to buy a Multimeter, but I am confused when it comes to safety. I do not really know what is a danger to life when measuring a circuit with a multimeter. Is it the voltage, current, resistor, capacity, frequenz a combination of some of this or other factors. Could you please explain common conditions in working with an multimeter and when it is safe and when not. | 2015/09/12 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/190213",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/86392/"
] | Some general points- of course you should always follow the meter and test probe manufacturer's recommendations.
There is danger from electrocution and from release of high energy (shrapnel, molten metal, vapor) in case of a short. Arc flash is a particular type of high energy fault that can cause fatal injuries, A lesser danger of injury (death is less likely) is from high high current causing burn injuries, which can occur even at low voltage. Some cheap meters have no fuse at all in the high current range and putting the probes across a hefty battery or high current supply will melt or blow the test leads off. Others have a fuse but with woefully inadequate interrupting capacity.
In all cases using a multimeter with **at least** the minimum safety category for the situation will reduce the risk. A good summary of the categories is in [this](http://www.testequipmentdepot.com/application-notes/pdf/safety/abcs-of-multimeter-safety_an.PDF) Fluke publication- ABCs of Multimeter Safety.
I would recommend CAT III for most mains measurement situations.
[Here](http://m.ecmweb.com/arc-flash/case-deadly-arc-flash) is an analysis of an incident that killed two people as a result of using cheap multimeter. | I'll skip the fun stuff, like measuring the voltage of a lightning bolt by standing in the middle of a thunderstorm with one DMM probe stuck in the ground while holding the other above your head.
There are two basic areas to be careful of.
First, measuring high voltage (basically, 110 volts or greater). You've got to be careful that you don't inadvertently complete a circuit. This means being careful not to let your fingers touch the metal probe ends, or try it while wet, or get careless about what you touch. A useful technique, if you are worried, is to keep one hand in your pocket. That is, you clip the DMM ground probe to a handy ground point, then use one hand to make the probe connection to the point of interest, while keeping the other hand in your pocket. The very worst thing you can do is to make contact with two voltage sources with both hands - the current path from one hand to another will include your heart, and this is technically known as A Bad Thing. Another thing to consider is to make sure that your contact points are mechanically stable. Do not, under any circumstances, try to use a DMM on a point which is not held firmly in place, such as the end of a wire which is hanging freely.
For voltages of, let's say, 24 volts or less, the above concerns are simply not much of a problem as long as you're not doing it while immersed in water. With dry hands, 24 volts may give you tingle, but nothing more, and lower voltages, such as 5 volts simply won't produce any sensation at all. Under these conditions, you need to worry more about accidentally short-circuiting two adjacent conductors with the metal end of the probe. This can happen, for instance, if your hand slips, or if you have the probe touching one point and turn away (for instance to look at the DMM face), and change the angle of the probe so that it makes contact with two points and short circuits them. This is most likely to just damage the circuit, but if the voltage being shorted can produce currents of many amps you may get spatters of hot metal being thrown off. |
190,213 | My knowledge of electrics is very limited, I am planning to buy a Multimeter, but I am confused when it comes to safety. I do not really know what is a danger to life when measuring a circuit with a multimeter. Is it the voltage, current, resistor, capacity, frequenz a combination of some of this or other factors. Could you please explain common conditions in working with an multimeter and when it is safe and when not. | 2015/09/12 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/190213",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/86392/"
] | I'll skip the fun stuff, like measuring the voltage of a lightning bolt by standing in the middle of a thunderstorm with one DMM probe stuck in the ground while holding the other above your head.
There are two basic areas to be careful of.
First, measuring high voltage (basically, 110 volts or greater). You've got to be careful that you don't inadvertently complete a circuit. This means being careful not to let your fingers touch the metal probe ends, or try it while wet, or get careless about what you touch. A useful technique, if you are worried, is to keep one hand in your pocket. That is, you clip the DMM ground probe to a handy ground point, then use one hand to make the probe connection to the point of interest, while keeping the other hand in your pocket. The very worst thing you can do is to make contact with two voltage sources with both hands - the current path from one hand to another will include your heart, and this is technically known as A Bad Thing. Another thing to consider is to make sure that your contact points are mechanically stable. Do not, under any circumstances, try to use a DMM on a point which is not held firmly in place, such as the end of a wire which is hanging freely.
For voltages of, let's say, 24 volts or less, the above concerns are simply not much of a problem as long as you're not doing it while immersed in water. With dry hands, 24 volts may give you tingle, but nothing more, and lower voltages, such as 5 volts simply won't produce any sensation at all. Under these conditions, you need to worry more about accidentally short-circuiting two adjacent conductors with the metal end of the probe. This can happen, for instance, if your hand slips, or if you have the probe touching one point and turn away (for instance to look at the DMM face), and change the angle of the probe so that it makes contact with two points and short circuits them. This is most likely to just damage the circuit, but if the voltage being shorted can produce currents of many amps you may get spatters of hot metal being thrown off. | One risk is electric shocks.
It's difficult to pin down exactly what point a supply becomes hazardous because it depends on many factors but the general rule of thumb is that supplies below 50V or so are safe enough under normal conditions.
Sticking probes into bits of live metal carries a risk that you will end up touching live metal. How serious that risk is depends on the type of probe you are using, what you are using it to probe and how careful you are.
If one probe is touching an object that is live at a dangerous voltage then you should treat the other probe as also being live.
---
The other side of the safety equation is energy related risks. Something goes wrong during measurement that results in very high current flow. Maybe a spike in the supply flashed over the meter. Maybe the user plugged the test leads into the wrong sockets.
Whatever the cause of the high current event the level of danger depends very much on the type of supply. Industrial and commercial distribution tends to be especially bad for this. In the worst case the energy released as an arc flash can be enough to kill.
Test gear is rated into "categories" depending on the environment in which it will be used. Another answer linked a document from fluke titled "the ABCs of mulitimeter safety which convers this pretty well" but basically you want at least CAT II for working on mains supplies inside portable equippment, CAT III for work on most wiring inside buldings and CAT IV for outdoor work and work on the main service intake.
Be careful of CE marks, they can be self-certified and there is no central tracking. So unscrupulous vendors can and will slap them on virtually anything. I would avoid no-name meters for working on anything hazardous regardless of what measurement category the lables on them claim. |
190,213 | My knowledge of electrics is very limited, I am planning to buy a Multimeter, but I am confused when it comes to safety. I do not really know what is a danger to life when measuring a circuit with a multimeter. Is it the voltage, current, resistor, capacity, frequenz a combination of some of this or other factors. Could you please explain common conditions in working with an multimeter and when it is safe and when not. | 2015/09/12 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/190213",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/86392/"
] | Some general points- of course you should always follow the meter and test probe manufacturer's recommendations.
There is danger from electrocution and from release of high energy (shrapnel, molten metal, vapor) in case of a short. Arc flash is a particular type of high energy fault that can cause fatal injuries, A lesser danger of injury (death is less likely) is from high high current causing burn injuries, which can occur even at low voltage. Some cheap meters have no fuse at all in the high current range and putting the probes across a hefty battery or high current supply will melt or blow the test leads off. Others have a fuse but with woefully inadequate interrupting capacity.
In all cases using a multimeter with **at least** the minimum safety category for the situation will reduce the risk. A good summary of the categories is in [this](http://www.testequipmentdepot.com/application-notes/pdf/safety/abcs-of-multimeter-safety_an.PDF) Fluke publication- ABCs of Multimeter Safety.
I would recommend CAT III for most mains measurement situations.
[Here](http://m.ecmweb.com/arc-flash/case-deadly-arc-flash) is an analysis of an incident that killed two people as a result of using cheap multimeter. | One risk is electric shocks.
It's difficult to pin down exactly what point a supply becomes hazardous because it depends on many factors but the general rule of thumb is that supplies below 50V or so are safe enough under normal conditions.
Sticking probes into bits of live metal carries a risk that you will end up touching live metal. How serious that risk is depends on the type of probe you are using, what you are using it to probe and how careful you are.
If one probe is touching an object that is live at a dangerous voltage then you should treat the other probe as also being live.
---
The other side of the safety equation is energy related risks. Something goes wrong during measurement that results in very high current flow. Maybe a spike in the supply flashed over the meter. Maybe the user plugged the test leads into the wrong sockets.
Whatever the cause of the high current event the level of danger depends very much on the type of supply. Industrial and commercial distribution tends to be especially bad for this. In the worst case the energy released as an arc flash can be enough to kill.
Test gear is rated into "categories" depending on the environment in which it will be used. Another answer linked a document from fluke titled "the ABCs of mulitimeter safety which convers this pretty well" but basically you want at least CAT II for working on mains supplies inside portable equippment, CAT III for work on most wiring inside buldings and CAT IV for outdoor work and work on the main service intake.
Be careful of CE marks, they can be self-certified and there is no central tracking. So unscrupulous vendors can and will slap them on virtually anything. I would avoid no-name meters for working on anything hazardous regardless of what measurement category the lables on them claim. |
49,839 | So far I've been using a printed copy of the official character sheet for my D&D characters.
It features a blank space for every stat. As a consequence of that, every time my character levels up I have to erase whatever number I wrote and write new ones. After a few levels, this wear and tear adds up and the character sheet becomes barely usable.
Sure, I could print a fresh character sheet every level and fill it up with the new stats. But, as you may have experienced, during a campaign the sheet gets covered with all kind of notes, and copying those all can be pretty boring and prone to error.
I'm about to start a new campaign, and I was searching for a custom printed character sheet that's easy to update. Possibly one with little dots or squares to represent the numbers, so that when I need to add 2 points to an ability, I can just mark two more dots. For that reason, it may take more pages than the standard sheet, that's fine.
I'd like a ready made solution, preferably a PDF that I can print. | 2014/10/21 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/49839",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/17639/"
] | As for PDF-based character sheets, [Dyslexic Studeos’](http://charactersheets.minotaur.cc/) are by-far the highest-quality that I have seen. But I don’t think you’re likely to find a non-digital sheet that can be updated without an eraser.
A digital sheet, on the other hand, can have anything edited with ease, and most automatically update dependent variables based on any changes you make (increase your Dexterity, and all the Dex-based skills go up automatically).
Personally, I tend to prefer [The Tangled Web](http://thetangledweb.net/)’s 3.5 character sheets over MythWeavers’. They’re almost identical to MW’s non-alpha sheets, but small differences (like the checkboxes for extra weapons/armor you may or may not need, and using the checkbox for “class skills” rather than “cross-class skills”) make a difference for me. I have not tried MW’s new alpha 3.5 sheets, as at this point I use my own custom sheets – but those aren’t anything *like* easy-to-update (unless, like me, you are deeply familiar with the source code and what edits need to be made where...). | [Mythweaver](http://www.myth-weavers.com/sheetindex.php) is a good place to start.
If online sheet-tracking is an option for you, Mythweaver covers a wide range of character sheets (including DnD 3.5e, as you've requested) and is fully editable, customizable, and easy to update.
There are other online sheet-keeping methods of course - and if you don't favor relying on a sever to host your info, you could always use a simple Doc file to track all your character data (format subject to your own preference). |
49,839 | So far I've been using a printed copy of the official character sheet for my D&D characters.
It features a blank space for every stat. As a consequence of that, every time my character levels up I have to erase whatever number I wrote and write new ones. After a few levels, this wear and tear adds up and the character sheet becomes barely usable.
Sure, I could print a fresh character sheet every level and fill it up with the new stats. But, as you may have experienced, during a campaign the sheet gets covered with all kind of notes, and copying those all can be pretty boring and prone to error.
I'm about to start a new campaign, and I was searching for a custom printed character sheet that's easy to update. Possibly one with little dots or squares to represent the numbers, so that when I need to add 2 points to an ability, I can just mark two more dots. For that reason, it may take more pages than the standard sheet, that's fine.
I'd like a ready made solution, preferably a PDF that I can print. | 2014/10/21 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/49839",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/17639/"
] | You could have the character sheet printed and laminated somewhere like staples for next to nothing as far as cost and use wet erase markers to update it. This is something I have found useful during campaigns. | [Mythweaver](http://www.myth-weavers.com/sheetindex.php) is a good place to start.
If online sheet-tracking is an option for you, Mythweaver covers a wide range of character sheets (including DnD 3.5e, as you've requested) and is fully editable, customizable, and easy to update.
There are other online sheet-keeping methods of course - and if you don't favor relying on a sever to host your info, you could always use a simple Doc file to track all your character data (format subject to your own preference). |
49,839 | So far I've been using a printed copy of the official character sheet for my D&D characters.
It features a blank space for every stat. As a consequence of that, every time my character levels up I have to erase whatever number I wrote and write new ones. After a few levels, this wear and tear adds up and the character sheet becomes barely usable.
Sure, I could print a fresh character sheet every level and fill it up with the new stats. But, as you may have experienced, during a campaign the sheet gets covered with all kind of notes, and copying those all can be pretty boring and prone to error.
I'm about to start a new campaign, and I was searching for a custom printed character sheet that's easy to update. Possibly one with little dots or squares to represent the numbers, so that when I need to add 2 points to an ability, I can just mark two more dots. For that reason, it may take more pages than the standard sheet, that's fine.
I'd like a ready made solution, preferably a PDF that I can print. | 2014/10/21 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/49839",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/17639/"
] | You could have the character sheet printed and laminated somewhere like staples for next to nothing as far as cost and use wet erase markers to update it. This is something I have found useful during campaigns. | As for PDF-based character sheets, [Dyslexic Studeos’](http://charactersheets.minotaur.cc/) are by-far the highest-quality that I have seen. But I don’t think you’re likely to find a non-digital sheet that can be updated without an eraser.
A digital sheet, on the other hand, can have anything edited with ease, and most automatically update dependent variables based on any changes you make (increase your Dexterity, and all the Dex-based skills go up automatically).
Personally, I tend to prefer [The Tangled Web](http://thetangledweb.net/)’s 3.5 character sheets over MythWeavers’. They’re almost identical to MW’s non-alpha sheets, but small differences (like the checkboxes for extra weapons/armor you may or may not need, and using the checkbox for “class skills” rather than “cross-class skills”) make a difference for me. I have not tried MW’s new alpha 3.5 sheets, as at this point I use my own custom sheets – but those aren’t anything *like* easy-to-update (unless, like me, you are deeply familiar with the source code and what edits need to be made where...). |
49,839 | So far I've been using a printed copy of the official character sheet for my D&D characters.
It features a blank space for every stat. As a consequence of that, every time my character levels up I have to erase whatever number I wrote and write new ones. After a few levels, this wear and tear adds up and the character sheet becomes barely usable.
Sure, I could print a fresh character sheet every level and fill it up with the new stats. But, as you may have experienced, during a campaign the sheet gets covered with all kind of notes, and copying those all can be pretty boring and prone to error.
I'm about to start a new campaign, and I was searching for a custom printed character sheet that's easy to update. Possibly one with little dots or squares to represent the numbers, so that when I need to add 2 points to an ability, I can just mark two more dots. For that reason, it may take more pages than the standard sheet, that's fine.
I'd like a ready made solution, preferably a PDF that I can print. | 2014/10/21 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/49839",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/17639/"
] | As for PDF-based character sheets, [Dyslexic Studeos’](http://charactersheets.minotaur.cc/) are by-far the highest-quality that I have seen. But I don’t think you’re likely to find a non-digital sheet that can be updated without an eraser.
A digital sheet, on the other hand, can have anything edited with ease, and most automatically update dependent variables based on any changes you make (increase your Dexterity, and all the Dex-based skills go up automatically).
Personally, I tend to prefer [The Tangled Web](http://thetangledweb.net/)’s 3.5 character sheets over MythWeavers’. They’re almost identical to MW’s non-alpha sheets, but small differences (like the checkboxes for extra weapons/armor you may or may not need, and using the checkbox for “class skills” rather than “cross-class skills”) make a difference for me. I have not tried MW’s new alpha 3.5 sheets, as at this point I use my own custom sheets – but those aren’t anything *like* easy-to-update (unless, like me, you are deeply familiar with the source code and what edits need to be made where...). | Use a laminated sheet and Mark it with a permanent marker. They won't accidently erase. In order to erase your old marks, write over them with a dry erase marker, then simply wipe clean. |
49,839 | So far I've been using a printed copy of the official character sheet for my D&D characters.
It features a blank space for every stat. As a consequence of that, every time my character levels up I have to erase whatever number I wrote and write new ones. After a few levels, this wear and tear adds up and the character sheet becomes barely usable.
Sure, I could print a fresh character sheet every level and fill it up with the new stats. But, as you may have experienced, during a campaign the sheet gets covered with all kind of notes, and copying those all can be pretty boring and prone to error.
I'm about to start a new campaign, and I was searching for a custom printed character sheet that's easy to update. Possibly one with little dots or squares to represent the numbers, so that when I need to add 2 points to an ability, I can just mark two more dots. For that reason, it may take more pages than the standard sheet, that's fine.
I'd like a ready made solution, preferably a PDF that I can print. | 2014/10/21 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/49839",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/17639/"
] | You could have the character sheet printed and laminated somewhere like staples for next to nothing as far as cost and use wet erase markers to update it. This is something I have found useful during campaigns. | Use a laminated sheet and Mark it with a permanent marker. They won't accidently erase. In order to erase your old marks, write over them with a dry erase marker, then simply wipe clean. |
192,214 | The guidelines do not clearly specify how much work one is assumed to do in writing a MathSciNet review. What is the consensus? Is one expected to read the whole paper and check the the proofs in detail? | 2015/01/05 | [
"https://mathoverflow.net/questions/192214",
"https://mathoverflow.net",
"https://mathoverflow.net/users/64663/"
] | You are not expected to check the proofs. You are expected to write an informative text which will reflect the contents of the paper. So that the reader can get an idea what did the author prove (or claims to prove), and decide whether s/he wants to read the paper. Of course, if you find a mistake you mention this. Or if you know that the result is not new.
But you are not supposed to check the proof: it is the job of the referee. | I echo the answer that you are not *expected* to check the proofs as a MathSciNet reviewer. That said, I personally choose to do so, because I believe that this leads to better reviews. When I read a review I want it to tell me what to expect from the paper, and if there is a gaping hole I want to know that fact before I spend hours stuck on it. Of course, this is assuming that the paper is of somewhat moderate to small length, which has often been the case in the papers I've reviewed. I also feel like putting my name on a review gives it my stamp of approval, and for me that stamp means something more than just looking over a paper quickly.
It might surprise you that I've found *many* errors in papers I've been asked to review. Some unfixable and central to the paper, some small and unfixable, lots of minor typos (which I don't mention in my reviews unless there are just gobs of them), and in one case an error that was quite subtle and it took a good week for me to find a fix. (I added the fix to my review, but only at the recommendation of the author of the paper.) Of course, you better be sure there is an error (perhaps by communicating with the author if appropriate) before mentioning it in a review. In all these cases, I hope that the people who read my reviews find them helpful. |
46,493 | I had started writing my novel in the first person. Later on, I planned some plot twists along the way.
For these plot twists to happen, the protagonist shouldn't be aware of the consequences/interpretation of certain events; some go back to when she was in school. Eventually, my protagonist will experience a moment of reckoning towards the end of the book.
I don't know how to pull this off when the protagonist is the narrator. Is she supposed to be aware of everything happening around her and ***to*** her when I'm writing in the first person? Or is it possible to navigate this? | 2019/07/07 | [
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/questions/46493",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/users/40099/"
] | >
> Is she supposed to be aware of everything happening around her and **to** her if I'm writing in the first person?
>
>
>
Yes. But she can be aware and not *understand.*
She can see and describe things she doesn't understand, but perhaps the reader does. Likewise, she may be involved in conversations, or overhear conversations, that only in retrospect make sense to her.
It isn't just first person, though, in 3rd person limited we often follow a single character throughout the book, and know her thoughts, so a similar issue arises.
One alternative is to engage with a character (or book, or scroll, or legend) that is basically telling her what happened, now that she can understand it, and have her remember her role in it or what she witnessed firsthand.
Otherwise this can require some imagination to figure out. In the end it may not be possible to figure out; you just cannot tell the reader about the past event. But that should be okay, the reader should be immersed in the first person character, and NOT expecting something that character cannot possibly know about! It would be a deal breaker for that kind of reader experience.
Whatever the **consequences** of this prior event, let it happen, and learn the history later because they happened. Just as we do all the time in real life when we are surprised by something happening due to historical events we knew nothing about. | **Plot twists are actually easier to pull off in first person**, because the first person perspective shapes what the audience sees. There's a famous plot twist at the end of *The Sixth Sense*, and the clues are all present throughout the movie, but the audience doesn't pick up on it, because we see the entire movie from the perspective of the protagonist.
Make sure you have the entire plot worked out for yourself, and that you've considered it from everyone's perspective. But **only write into the narrative what your character sees and experiences**, and from her perspective and frame of understanding. |
8,817,814 | is it any possibility to get a spin box like the ones used in Time or DatePickers? I want to set my own data using those.
Thanks in advance | 2012/01/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/8817814",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/649910/"
] | More precisely, I think you are looking for this: <http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/NumberPicker.html>.
EDIT:
Or if you're looking into other options, it already has been discussed here: [Android Number Picker Dialog](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3359510/android-number-picker-dialog).
Hope it helps! | it is possible via a custom view... <http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/custom-components.html>
happy coding ;) |
123,930 | This question is in part inspired by a quote I saw in an answer to another question:
>
> *The problem with incorrect proofs to correct statements is that it is hard to come up with a counterexample.*
>
>
>
A little while ago, I attended a graph theory course in which there was a chapter on graph colourings. The most famous problem in this area is the *four-colour theorem*, which states that the vertices of any planar graph can be coloured using at most four colours in such a way that no two adjacent vertices have the same colour. This is easily shown to be equivalent to the more famous statement of the theorem concerning colourings of countries on a map. Our lecturer showed us the rather simple proofs of the six-colour and five-colour theorems (i.e., the four-colour theorem but with 'five' and 'six' substituted for 'four') and then showed us a slightly more complicated proof of the four-colour theorem.
At this point, whispers started going round the room. It is well known that the only known proof of the four-colour theorem, due to Appel and Haken, makes essential use of a computer to check thousands of cases and can certainly not be written down on a blackboard in under an hour. Our leccturer explained that the proof was incorrect, and left it to us as an exercise to find out why.
I worked at it a bit, and eventually found a problem with the proof. I looked online to find out if was right, but was unable to do so. However, I did see one thing that intrigued me. The proof that our lecturer had shown us was originally formulated by Alfred Kempe, and stood unchallenged for eleven years until Percy Heawood found the problem with it. What I found intriguing was the following:
*Percy Heawood found a graph that was a* counterexample *to the proof!*
So here's my question. Given that the four-colour theorem is correct, how is it possible to find a counterexample to an incorrect proof? My guess is what Kempe proved was slightly stronger than the four colour theorem, and the Heawood graph is a counterexample to that slight strengthening. But I'd be interested to find out if there's more that can be said.
I'd be especially interested if you have any other examples of counterexamples to incorrect proofs to correct statements. | 2012/03/24 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/123930",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/26267/"
] | Kempe's "proof" used induction on the number of vertices in the graph G. Given a graph with n vertices, he removed a vertex, colored the remaining graph in four colors using the inductive hypothesis, and then (and this is the hard part) re-inserted the missing vertex, which possibly resulted in having to "fix up" the coloring of its adjacent vertices - this is where the problem occurred.
The Heawood counterexample showed very clearly why the algorithm that Kempe used was invalid - when applied to Heawood's graph, it did not have the intended result. Thus it was this algorithmic portion of the proof that had a logical error that was exposed by the Heawood counterexample.
There are quite a few expositions of this entire affair; one chosen more or less at random is at
<http://web.stonehill.edu/compsci/LC/Four-Color/Four-color.htm> | Usually proofs have many steps, and establish auxiliary results on the way to the final goal. A counterexample to an auxiliary result would unambiguously disqualify the proof, without disproving the ultimate statement to be proved. |
901,979 | What is generally the fastest algorithm to recursively make a directory (similar to UNIX mkdir -p) using the FTP protocol?
I have considered one approach:
1. MKDIR node
2. if error and nodes left go to 1 with next node
3. end
But this might have bad performance if part of the directory most likely exists. For example, with some amortization the "/a/b/c/d" part of "/a/b/c/d/e/f/g" path exists %99 of the time. | 2009/05/23 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/901979",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/111559/"
] | Considering that sending a command and receiving the response is taking most of the time, the fastest way to create a directory path is using as few commands as possible.
As there is no way other than to try to create or cd into a directory to check for its existence, just using mkdir a; mkdir a/b; ..., mkdir a/b/c/d/e/f would be the generally fastest way (do not cd into the subdirectories to create the next as this would prolong the process).
If you create multiple directories this way, you could of course keep track of which top-level directories you already created. Also, depending on the length of your paths and the likelihood that the upper directories already exist, you could try to start with e.g. mkdir a/b/c (for a/b/c/d/e/f) and then backtrack if it did not succeed. However if it's more likely that directories do not exist this will actually be slower in the long run. | If the existing directory hierarchy is equally likely to end at any given depth, then **binary searching** for the start position will be the fastest way. But as [dseifert points out](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/901979/the-fastest-way-to-implement-mktree-in-ftp/903540#903540), if most of the time the directories already exist down to say level k, then it will be faster to start binary searching at level k rather than level n/2.
BTW, you'd have to be creating *a lot* of *very deep* directories for this sort of optimisation to be worth your time. Are you sure you're not optimising prematurely? |
142,195 | Does AIC require the residuals of the models to be compared to be normally distributed? | 2015/03/17 | [
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/142195",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/71399/"
] | No, but the likelihood function used in the AIC formula should match the distribution of the residuals (see point 3. [here](http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/aic/)). If a normal likelihood is used when the residuals are actually non-normal, that will generally invalidate AIC (except perhaps for some special cases). | After reading the resource pointed out by @Richard Hardy, my take-away is:
No, AIC does not necessarily assume that the residual distribution is normal. *However*, it *does* assume that the model was fit by maximum-likelihood rather than any other method (such as least-squares). If and only if the residuals of a least-squares fit are normal, the LS model is also the ML model, and AIC is meaningful. |
27,512 | I noticed a few piles of soil near plants in the garden. Not sure which critter is doing it.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/m4POz.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/FBbSB.jpg)
So far I have not seen any damage to the plants. But I'm wondering if this critter will cause any root damage. How to guard my plants against critters like these? | 2016/07/29 | [
"https://gardening.stackexchange.com/questions/27512",
"https://gardening.stackexchange.com",
"https://gardening.stackexchange.com/users/11971/"
] | Your location would be helpful here, but it appears that whatever it was is after insects, etc, that are living in the decomposing mulch layer (not plants). If it's not rodents, it could be possums, coons, etc rooting through. It looks to me more like something rooting, rather than a rodent tunneling. The best way to stop this (in my experience), is to catch them in a live trap, and transport them to another location. I wouldn't worry about it so long as they aren't doing any damage to your plants. Also, it looks like pretty much all the turned up layer was decomposing mulch, so that shouldn't harm plant roots growing in the soil below. | This all depends on location of course. This looks like squirrel gopher. Larger than vole and shrews. Usually the preferred food are grubs. Occasionally they will eat roots, bulbs and tender plants as well. If you don't have a big community of grubs. Echnerwal's opinion to 'wait and see' is wise.
J. Musser's live trap thingy is good...I like it but I have to say, when you remove a critter it only opens up a new niche in your environment for a few others to come and fight over it or fill it. Tide goes out tide comes in. Killing these survivalist species is just silly.
It has been proven that once an environment is compromised with poison and traps somehow that is translated into larger litters, more babies per pregnancy. The trick is to design and expect your garden to fit within the existing environment...a harmony.
These underground animals are wonderful in my opinion. I don't mind 'feeding' them at all. What they do for the aeration of your soil, top dressing of lawns and controlling other insects that without that control will become far worse on your plants than loosing a few to these wonderful, FREE, laborers. A little raking and a few plants that die from root damage or root exposure or eaten is a small price to pay.
There are Rodent Killing Killers Sites I've been harassing, mostly cause I inserted some common sense and the killers themselves became incensed and harassed me! The internet is a wonderful thing...grins!! I have never ever found it necessary to kill a mammal, even mice. Heck, most insects are welcome as they also control harmony. Remember, when you kill something you are opening a niche for more to come into your environment. If you can learn about your new 'family' members you stand a chance to figure out a way to create harmony. Humans are so arrogant. We think if we kill a little shrew that will 'save' our gardens and make sure we are in charge. Ha ha. If we don't understand the system there is no way we are going to make things better by killing |
241,540 | I have a relatively fresh instance of Ubuntu 16.04 running a Drupal 7 site, with php5.6 installed instead of php7. The drupal site runs well. I am trying to get drush installed so that I can easily do updates.
I have done the global install per <http://docs.drush.org/en/8.x/install/>
Specifically, as the ubuntu user (no root login)
wget <http://files.drush.org/drush.phar>
/usr/bin/php5.6 drush.phar core-status
PHP configuration : /etc/php/5.6/cli/php.ini
PHP OS : Linux
Drush script : /home/ubuntu/drush.phar
Drush version : 8.1.12
Drush temp directory : /tmp
Drush configuration :
Drush alias files :
chmod +x drush.phar
sudo mv drush.phar /usr/bin/drush
/usr/bin/php5.6 drush --version
Could not open input file: drush
What am I missing? | 2017/07/12 | [
"https://drupal.stackexchange.com/questions/241540",
"https://drupal.stackexchange.com",
"https://drupal.stackexchange.com/users/77491/"
] | To use namespaced classes in Drupal 7, you can use one of these modules:
* <https://drupal.org/project/xautoload>
* <https://drupal.org/project/registry_autoload>
One reason for choosing one or the other may be if you have other modules that also depend on one of those modules.
Otherwise I guess it is largely a matter of taste.
One difference is that xautoload is more convenient during development, because newly created PSR-4 classes are immediately available without rebuilding the class registry.
On the other hand, it does a lot of things which you probably don't need right now, and the code looks complex.
Of course you could do some profiling to find out which is faster, but as always you would need to be careful what you measure and what you compare. I currently cannot tell you which one is faster, or better for memory.
There is also the [alternatives](https://drupal.org/project/alternatives) module that can help to have only one of those enabled, instead of both.
*Disclaimer: I am the author of one of these modules, and I am subscribed to the autoload tag on drupal.stackexchange.com.* | I believe the reason is that Drupal 7's class loader doesn't account for namespaces, so it would find \TestClass but \Drupal\testmodule\TestClass is not found.
There are two ways around this: don't use namespaces (may not be possible), or include your own class loader as one of the files mentioned in your .info file.
There are examples of trivial autoloaders on this page:
<http://php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.autoload.php> |
2,696,229 | I've been a CF developer for 15 years and I've never run into anything this strange or frustrating. I've pulled my hair out for hours, googled, abstracted, simplified, prayed and done it all in reverse. Can you help me?
A cffunction takes one string argument and from that string I build an array of "phrases" to run a query with, attempting to match a location name in my database. For example, the string "the republic of boulder" would produce the array: ["the","republic","of","boulder","the republic","the republic of","the republic of boulder","republic of","republic of boulder","of boulder"].
Another cffunction uses the aforementioned cffunction and runs a cfquery. A query based on the previously given example would be...
select locationid, locationname, locationaliasname from vwLocationsWithAlias where LocationName in ('the','the republic','the republic of','republic','republic of','republic of boulder','of','of boulder','boulder') or LocationAliasName in ('the','the republic','the republic of','republic','republic of','republic of boulder','of','of boulder','boulder')
This returns 2 records...
locationid - locationname - locationalias
99 - 'Boulder' - 'the republic'
68 - 'Boulder' - NULL
This is good. Works fine and dandy. HOWEVER... if the string is changed to "the republic", resulting in the phrases array ["the","republic","the republic"] which is then used to produce the query...
select locationid, locationname, locationaliasname from vwLocationsWithAlias where LocationName in ('the','the republic','republic') or LocationAliasName in ('the','the republic','republic')
This returns 0 records. Say what?! OK, just to make sure I'm not involuntarily HIGH I run that very same query in my SQL console against the same database in the cf datasource. 1 RECORD!
locationid - locationname - locationalias
99 - 'Boulder' - 'the republic'
I can even hard-code that sql within the same cffunction and get that one result, but never from the dynamically generated SQL. I can get my location phrases from another cffunction of a different name that returns hard-coded array values and those work, but never if the array is dynamically built. I've tried removing cfqueryparams, triple-checking my datatypes, datasource setups, etc., etc., etc. NO DICE
WTF!? Is this an obscure bug? Am I losing my mind? I've tried everything I can think of and others (including Ray Camden) can think of.
ColdFusion 8 (with all the latest hotfixes)
SQL Server 2005 (with all the greatest service packs)
Windows 2003 Server (with all the latest updates, service packs and nightly MS voodoo) | 2010/04/23 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2696229",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/182544/"
] | It seems to me that your function generates a slightly different query than what you are expecting, try to put a breakpoint in your function after generating the query, copy the generated query and run it in sql server. I expect no results will be found also.
May be some spaces or something resulting in no records found. Notes: You are searching for **exact** strings. To search for **near** strings use [like](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms179859.aspx) in your queries. | Are you using CF 8 or CF 8.01? Upgrade to CF 8.01 if you're not on it already.
You can also try loading a different JDBC driver for SQL Server 2005 than the built-in one. See <http://kb2.adobe.com/cps/421/ded4216b.html> I suggest this because the connection between CF/JRUN and the database seems to be the layer where your problem is occurring. That article is a bit old so it may not point to the most up to date JDBC driver for SQL Server 05 |
520,985 | Some physical theories such as special theory of relativity are based on the invariance of the speed of light.
However, is the invariance of the speed of light, in the first place, logically possible?
I'm talking about this version or its equivalence: the speed of light in vacuum is always measured to be the same value from any uniformly moving observer even if at different (but constant) velocities.
Suppose there are two uniformly moving observers at different velocities:
An observer O moving at constant velocity **v** with respect to some observer
Another observer (light in vacuum) L moving at constant velocity **c** with respect to the same observer
where **c** = k \* **v** for some real number k except 1
Also consider the velocity of L with respect to each observers:
The velocity of L with respect to O = **c** - **v**
The velocity of L with respect to L itself = **c** - **c**
If the invariance of the speed of light is true, those values should be identical for O and L are defined as uniformly moving observers.
Then, we can obtain this equation:
**c** - **v** = **c** - **c**
But the solution **v** = **c** contradicts our definition **v** and **c** are different.
Therefore, I believe the invariance of the speed of light is untrue.
Or is there any error in my disproof above? | 2019/12/23 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/520985",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/250120/"
] | You're correct that you've reached a contradiction but it is because you have used the non-relativistic velocity addition formula. The relativistic version is needed to keep the speed of light invariant.
Also, how can the speed of light be different but always be measured to be the same? The value of a number can only be determined by measurement so it makes no sense to speak of a real, unmeasurable value as it will have no physcal meaning.
However, it is good to question theories to help build an understanding of the underlying physics, so keep it up :) | >
> Also consider the velocity of L with respect to each observers
>
>
>
What seems obvious to us now wasn't as obvious to people at the time of Galileo. Although we are used to [Galilean transformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_transformation) so much that we consider it trivial and obvious, it is not the only logically consistent way to transform positions and velocities. The usual formula for addition of velocities simply as vectors, ubiquitous in classical mechanics, is a corollary of Galilean transformation, which is only an approximation to the more precise [Lorentz transformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_transformation) used in relativistic mechanics.
When talking about speeds comparable to speed of light (or when combining any speeds with the speed of light), Galilean transformation is inadequate, and the full Lorentz transformation should be used. After you do this switch, your paradox will be resolved. |
520,985 | Some physical theories such as special theory of relativity are based on the invariance of the speed of light.
However, is the invariance of the speed of light, in the first place, logically possible?
I'm talking about this version or its equivalence: the speed of light in vacuum is always measured to be the same value from any uniformly moving observer even if at different (but constant) velocities.
Suppose there are two uniformly moving observers at different velocities:
An observer O moving at constant velocity **v** with respect to some observer
Another observer (light in vacuum) L moving at constant velocity **c** with respect to the same observer
where **c** = k \* **v** for some real number k except 1
Also consider the velocity of L with respect to each observers:
The velocity of L with respect to O = **c** - **v**
The velocity of L with respect to L itself = **c** - **c**
If the invariance of the speed of light is true, those values should be identical for O and L are defined as uniformly moving observers.
Then, we can obtain this equation:
**c** - **v** = **c** - **c**
But the solution **v** = **c** contradicts our definition **v** and **c** are different.
Therefore, I believe the invariance of the speed of light is untrue.
Or is there any error in my disproof above? | 2019/12/23 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/520985",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/250120/"
] | Your argument is faulty. You set out to prove that the speed of light cannot be invariant, and you do so by assuming it is not invariant. Specifically, you say that the velocity of L with respect to O is c-v, which means that the velocity of L is not invariant. If L is light in a vacuum then its velocity is c with respect to any other observer. | >
> Also consider the velocity of L with respect to each observers
>
>
>
What seems obvious to us now wasn't as obvious to people at the time of Galileo. Although we are used to [Galilean transformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_transformation) so much that we consider it trivial and obvious, it is not the only logically consistent way to transform positions and velocities. The usual formula for addition of velocities simply as vectors, ubiquitous in classical mechanics, is a corollary of Galilean transformation, which is only an approximation to the more precise [Lorentz transformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_transformation) used in relativistic mechanics.
When talking about speeds comparable to speed of light (or when combining any speeds with the speed of light), Galilean transformation is inadequate, and the full Lorentz transformation should be used. After you do this switch, your paradox will be resolved. |
9,853,562 | I am using xcode to develop a prototype application. Nothing too fancy, just slide effects and other simple gestures. Mostly moving images around the screen.
I can preview the app on my laptop using ios simulator, but how do I take the prototype to the iPad for a more realistic view?
Thank you | 2012/03/24 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9853562",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1006020/"
] | First, you need to join a paid [iOS Developer Program](https://developer.apple.com/programs/) or, if possible, the [iOS University Program](https://developer.apple.com/programs/ios/university/).
Then, you will have to create and install provisioning profiles using the steps in this [documentation](https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/Xcode/Conceptual/ios_development_workflow/10-Configuring_Development_and_Distribution_Assets/identities_and_devices.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40007959-CH4-SW1).
After that, you can test on iOS devices the same way you test on the Simulator.
**Edit**
>
> Alleviate the need to go to the iOS Provisioning Portal every time you want to add a device to your provisioning profile by using automatic provisioning.
>
>
>
An easier way to install provisioning profiles is to let Xcode manage them for you. See the paragraph *"To provision a device automatically for development"* in [this](http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/ToolsLanguages/Conceptual/Xcode4UserGuide/Devices/Devices.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40010215-CH12-SW4) guide for more information. | This process requires a developer account with Apple - and you have to go through the Provisioning Portal to setup your provisioning profile. Apple recently came up with a great getting started guide:
<https://developer.apple.com/programs/ios/gettingstarted/>
Read the section on "Installing and Testing Apps on iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch". |
411,825 | I'm just curious, I'd like to understand how compiled code works from the moment I run an executable file. Some time ago I had found a very well written article which helped, using a hex editor, to read a binary file and, for example, find out the references to external function in external static libs. But I cannot find it any more, I only find tutorial which explain the compilation & linking pipeline.
**EDIT**
Many tanks to all have answered so far, but maybe I have to be more clear: I already know how a compiler works an all the main steps source -> compiling -> linking ect.
What I've never had is the opportunity to know deeper how the OS interacts with a binary executable.
Thanks again. | 2020/06/22 | [
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/411825",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/123094/"
] | There are a few pieces to the puzzle of executables.
First, obviously, is the code itself. To understand this, you need to understand your target CPU's instruction set, including its binary encoding.
Second, how the code is packaged into files. Different OSs use different formats for this, typically ELF on Linux and PE on Windows. This file has different sections: some contain code, some contain static data, and some contain references to other libraries (DLLs/SOs) and their functions.
Finally, you need to understand how your platform's loader works, i.e. how exactly references to external functions are resolved. This is tightly interlinked with both previous parts.
In addition, it's probably helpful, but not completely necessary, to understand how processes and threads work in your OS.
After that, it's basically: loader parses the executable, puts the code and data into memory, changes some things to resolve external references, and does all these things recursively for any dependencies. Then it sets up a process to start execution at some point in the code (typically specified by the executable). | >
> Understanding how compiled code works
>
>
>
You need to read several books.
-------------------------------
Several programming language specifications, e.g. for C11 its standard [n1570](https://web.cs.dal.ca/%7Evlado/pl/C_Standard_2011-n1570.pdf), for C++11 its standard [n3337](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2012/n3337.pdf), for Scheme the [R5RS](https://schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/).
A book covering several [programming languages](https://www.cs.rochester.edu/%7Escott/pragmatics/). Read also about [executables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable) and [object files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_file) formats, e.g. about [ELF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format) and [ABI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface)s.
A book about homoiconic languages, including Lisp or Scheme. I recommend Queinnec's [*Lisp in Small Pieces*](https://christian.queinnec.org/WWW/LiSP.html) book.
A book on compilation, such as the [Dragon book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilers:_Principles,_Techniques,_and_Tools). Another about [*Linkers and loaders*](https://www.iecc.com/linker/)
A book on [*Operating systems*](http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/%7Eremzi/OSTEP/), since most programs are running under some OSes (except e.g. the code for an [Arduino](https://arduino.cc/)). See also [OSdev.org](https://osdev.org/)
A book on [*Computer architecture*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture)
A book about the instruction set of your computer. Perhaps an [x86-64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) one. Or (for a tablet or a [RaspBerryPi](https://raspberrrypi.org/)) an [ARM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture).
You may need to read something about [Garbage Collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)) and about [bytecode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode). In particular related to the [JVM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_virtual_machine).
Be aware that many compilers are [open-source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source).
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So **study the source code** of e.g. [nwcc](http://nwcc.sourceforge.net/), [GCC](https://gcc.gnu.org/), [Clang](https://clang.llvm.org/), [Ocaml](https://ocaml.org/), [SBCL](https://sbcl.org/), [OpenJDK](https://openjdk.java.net/), etc...
Study also the source code of operating systems. Several references to open source OSes are on [OSDEV wiki](https://wiki.osdev.org/Main_Page), and the [wikipage on OS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system) gives more references.
ACM [SIGOPS](https://www.sigops.org/) and [SIGPLAN](https://www.sigplan.org/) conferences are relevant, and past conference proceedings are useful. See also [ACM Queue](https://queue.acm.org/) and [Phoronix](https://queue.acm.org/).
PS. I recommend using Linux on your computer. See also <http://linuxfromscratch.org/>
Since the OP is Italian: in Italy, you might attend seminars or webinars at [Scuola Normale Superiore](https://www.sns.it/), courses from [Universita de Pisa](https://www.sns.it/), or [Universita de Parma](https://cdl-info.unipr.it/it). [Roberto Bagnara](http://www.cs.unipr.it/%7Ebagnara/) is teaching very well such topics, and is a really nice person. |
207,709 | What are the factors that help the Earth to form a magnetic field around itself and why it is spread throughout from South to North? | 2015/09/18 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/207709",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/87161/"
] | The outer core of the Earth is a fluid consisting of molten iron, nickel, cobalt and other ferromagnetic metals. These are in constant motion. Their motion and the high temperature together cause the production of the Earth's magnetic field. Since the source of the field is itself dynamic, the magnetic field of the earth is also dynamic, and changes constantly changes on a cosmological timescale (1000s of years). This is the basic idea of the hydrodynamic dynamo model, as referenced in the comment below your question. | The Earth's outer core is essentially made of molten iron, nickel, cobalt and other ferromagnetic metals, which are in constant motion. With these elements inside the outer core and in motion, they help create Earth's magnetic field. This is the basic idea of the hydromagnetic dynamo model:
>
> Convection currents of magma in the Earth's outer core, driven by heat flow from the inner core, organized into rolls by the Coriolis force, creates circulating electric currents, which generate the magnetic field.
>
>
>
Source for quote: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo_theory> |
12,328,253 | I have googled and looked all over, but can't find it ANYWHERE. Anyone know where to get it? | 2012/09/08 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/12328253",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1582900/"
] | OK. After a little research on the documentation for this, I believe the library you're looking for is part of the WinAVR-GCC Toolkit, the static library kit for CEENBoT-API, and a few other things. According to the [links](http://www.ceen.unomaha.edu/CEENBoT/API/CEENBoT-API_GettingStarted%28Rev1.07%29.pdf) at UnOmaha, there are a variety of things you need to program those little gems. But the configuration of what I believe you're looking for is on page 11 of the linked PDF. There is a fairly nice walkthrough of configuring the project.
These robots are effectively programmed using a cross-compiler, and configuring them is always a fun agenda. I wish you the best of luck. (and now you made me want to go out and buy one as soon as I clear it with my wife, cuz these things look damn-cool). | math library is part of C standard library. It should be provided with compiler. |
17,059 | While reading this wikipedia [article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet), Brookes has told that there is a difference between "good" designers and "great" designers. What is the difference between them? How can I decide if a designer is good or great? | 2010/11/05 | [
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/17059",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/7087/"
] | A great designer catches the intent of what I want to accomplish and improves on it to my delight. A good designer follows a specification to the letter, but creativity shows in how they did that.
A bad designer is, well, none of the above.
I think 'exceptional' is always in the eye of the client, and the people they hope to reach.
Other things come into play in the 'great' category, such as someone who can articulate why my 'vision' of something might be skewed. I guess it boils down, mostly to how much ownership someone takes in any given project, given a group of people with similar skills.
Great, is also, entirely subjective. | A good designer creates something that does the job well. A great designer also makes the user say "wow!!!".
A good designer knows the established standards, and applies them well. A great designer goes beyond that and creates new solutions that become new standards. |
17,059 | While reading this wikipedia [article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet), Brookes has told that there is a difference between "good" designers and "great" designers. What is the difference between them? How can I decide if a designer is good or great? | 2010/11/05 | [
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/17059",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/7087/"
] | A good designer can design for simplicity **or** flexibility **or** efficiency **or** robustness. A great designer has a deep understanding of the tradeoffs involved and can effectively balance all of these and come up with a solution that satisfies all of them reasonably well. | If you want to know what Fred Brooks was saying in *No Silver Bullet* you should read [the paper itself](http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~cah/G51ISS/Documents/NoSilverBullet.html) and not a Wikipedia article about the paper. Brooks isn't specific as to the the precise difference but he nevertheless makes it clear that the distinction will be pretty easy to spot:
>
> The differences are not minor--they are rather like the differences
> between Salieri and Mozart. Study after study shows that the very best
> designers produce structures that are faster, smaller, simpler,
> cleaner, and produced with less effort... The differences between
> the great and the average approach an order of magnitude.
>
>
> |
17,059 | While reading this wikipedia [article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet), Brookes has told that there is a difference between "good" designers and "great" designers. What is the difference between them? How can I decide if a designer is good or great? | 2010/11/05 | [
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/17059",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/7087/"
] | If you want to know what Fred Brooks was saying in *No Silver Bullet* you should read [the paper itself](http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~cah/G51ISS/Documents/NoSilverBullet.html) and not a Wikipedia article about the paper. Brooks isn't specific as to the the precise difference but he nevertheless makes it clear that the distinction will be pretty easy to spot:
>
> The differences are not minor--they are rather like the differences
> between Salieri and Mozart. Study after study shows that the very best
> designers produce structures that are faster, smaller, simpler,
> cleaner, and produced with less effort... The differences between
> the great and the average approach an order of magnitude.
>
>
> | Great designers can make 2 + 2 = 5. They change the art of the possible. |
17,059 | While reading this wikipedia [article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet), Brookes has told that there is a difference between "good" designers and "great" designers. What is the difference between them? How can I decide if a designer is good or great? | 2010/11/05 | [
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/17059",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/7087/"
] | A good designer can design for simplicity **or** flexibility **or** efficiency **or** robustness. A great designer has a deep understanding of the tradeoffs involved and can effectively balance all of these and come up with a solution that satisfies all of them reasonably well. | Great designers can make 2 + 2 = 5. They change the art of the possible. |
17,059 | While reading this wikipedia [article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet), Brookes has told that there is a difference between "good" designers and "great" designers. What is the difference between them? How can I decide if a designer is good or great? | 2010/11/05 | [
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/17059",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/7087/"
] | A great designer catches the intent of what I want to accomplish and improves on it to my delight. A good designer follows a specification to the letter, but creativity shows in how they did that.
A bad designer is, well, none of the above.
I think 'exceptional' is always in the eye of the client, and the people they hope to reach.
Other things come into play in the 'great' category, such as someone who can articulate why my 'vision' of something might be skewed. I guess it boils down, mostly to how much ownership someone takes in any given project, given a group of people with similar skills.
Great, is also, entirely subjective. | After The Mythical Man Month came out, Fred Brooks released another collection of essays under the title [The Design of Design](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0201362988). There's a lot of information in this book about how to design, the design process and methodologies, what makes a good design, methods of collaboration in designing. There are also case studies that range from designing a beach hours to the IBM Operating System/360.
A few passages stand out as being especially relevant to your question:
>
> A chief service of a designer is helping clients discover what they want designed.
>
>
>
There's also an entire essay devoted to where great designers come from. This mentions teaching design in addition to performing prescribed experiments or tasks, co-op programs to provide real-world, practical experience as part of education, managing them to prevent distractions or managers who do things that stifle creativity, and continued study of things considered to be good designs or good practice.
---
As @Caleb notes in the comments, The Design of Design was published in 2010. No Silver Bullet was written in 1986, and The Mythical Man Month was published in 1975, updated in 1982, and republished with extra essays in 1995 (which is when the No Silver Bullet and commentary on it was added to the book). So there is almost a quarter century between the essay you are referring to and the release of the book that contains the essays that I'm citing.
It should also be noted that The Design of Design, as far as I can tell, doesn't identify the date of writing of any of the individual essays, although some do cite works as late as 2008 and 2009 as resources/references. I'd have to do further research to find out when "What's Wrong With This Model?" and "Where Do Great Designers Come From?" were written. |
17,059 | While reading this wikipedia [article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet), Brookes has told that there is a difference between "good" designers and "great" designers. What is the difference between them? How can I decide if a designer is good or great? | 2010/11/05 | [
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/17059",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/7087/"
] | I'm going to assume you're talking about Software Design as opposed to the narrower Ux design.
I'll quote a semi-famous passage from Alan Perlis:
"Fools ignore complexity. Pragmatists suffer it. Some can avoid it. Geniuses remove it."
One aspect of a Great designer is that they reduce complexity. | Great designers can make 2 + 2 = 5. They change the art of the possible. |
17,059 | While reading this wikipedia [article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet), Brookes has told that there is a difference between "good" designers and "great" designers. What is the difference between them? How can I decide if a designer is good or great? | 2010/11/05 | [
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/17059",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/7087/"
] | After The Mythical Man Month came out, Fred Brooks released another collection of essays under the title [The Design of Design](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0201362988). There's a lot of information in this book about how to design, the design process and methodologies, what makes a good design, methods of collaboration in designing. There are also case studies that range from designing a beach hours to the IBM Operating System/360.
A few passages stand out as being especially relevant to your question:
>
> A chief service of a designer is helping clients discover what they want designed.
>
>
>
There's also an entire essay devoted to where great designers come from. This mentions teaching design in addition to performing prescribed experiments or tasks, co-op programs to provide real-world, practical experience as part of education, managing them to prevent distractions or managers who do things that stifle creativity, and continued study of things considered to be good designs or good practice.
---
As @Caleb notes in the comments, The Design of Design was published in 2010. No Silver Bullet was written in 1986, and The Mythical Man Month was published in 1975, updated in 1982, and republished with extra essays in 1995 (which is when the No Silver Bullet and commentary on it was added to the book). So there is almost a quarter century between the essay you are referring to and the release of the book that contains the essays that I'm citing.
It should also be noted that The Design of Design, as far as I can tell, doesn't identify the date of writing of any of the individual essays, although some do cite works as late as 2008 and 2009 as resources/references. I'd have to do further research to find out when "What's Wrong With This Model?" and "Where Do Great Designers Come From?" were written. | Depends on what kind of design. For web page designers a good designer can make something that looks good but a great designer can make something that looks good and works well (ie intuitive and easy to use). |
17,059 | While reading this wikipedia [article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet), Brookes has told that there is a difference between "good" designers and "great" designers. What is the difference between them? How can I decide if a designer is good or great? | 2010/11/05 | [
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/17059",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/7087/"
] | A great designer catches the intent of what I want to accomplish and improves on it to my delight. A good designer follows a specification to the letter, but creativity shows in how they did that.
A bad designer is, well, none of the above.
I think 'exceptional' is always in the eye of the client, and the people they hope to reach.
Other things come into play in the 'great' category, such as someone who can articulate why my 'vision' of something might be skewed. I guess it boils down, mostly to how much ownership someone takes in any given project, given a group of people with similar skills.
Great, is also, entirely subjective. | Great designers can make 2 + 2 = 5. They change the art of the possible. |
17,059 | While reading this wikipedia [article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet), Brookes has told that there is a difference between "good" designers and "great" designers. What is the difference between them? How can I decide if a designer is good or great? | 2010/11/05 | [
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/17059",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/7087/"
] | I'm going to assume you're talking about Software Design as opposed to the narrower Ux design.
I'll quote a semi-famous passage from Alan Perlis:
"Fools ignore complexity. Pragmatists suffer it. Some can avoid it. Geniuses remove it."
One aspect of a Great designer is that they reduce complexity. | A good designer creates something that does the job well. A great designer also makes the user say "wow!!!".
A good designer knows the established standards, and applies them well. A great designer goes beyond that and creates new solutions that become new standards. |
17,059 | While reading this wikipedia [article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet), Brookes has told that there is a difference between "good" designers and "great" designers. What is the difference between them? How can I decide if a designer is good or great? | 2010/11/05 | [
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/17059",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/7087/"
] | A good designer can design for simplicity **or** flexibility **or** efficiency **or** robustness. A great designer has a deep understanding of the tradeoffs involved and can effectively balance all of these and come up with a solution that satisfies all of them reasonably well. | After The Mythical Man Month came out, Fred Brooks released another collection of essays under the title [The Design of Design](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0201362988). There's a lot of information in this book about how to design, the design process and methodologies, what makes a good design, methods of collaboration in designing. There are also case studies that range from designing a beach hours to the IBM Operating System/360.
A few passages stand out as being especially relevant to your question:
>
> A chief service of a designer is helping clients discover what they want designed.
>
>
>
There's also an entire essay devoted to where great designers come from. This mentions teaching design in addition to performing prescribed experiments or tasks, co-op programs to provide real-world, practical experience as part of education, managing them to prevent distractions or managers who do things that stifle creativity, and continued study of things considered to be good designs or good practice.
---
As @Caleb notes in the comments, The Design of Design was published in 2010. No Silver Bullet was written in 1986, and The Mythical Man Month was published in 1975, updated in 1982, and republished with extra essays in 1995 (which is when the No Silver Bullet and commentary on it was added to the book). So there is almost a quarter century between the essay you are referring to and the release of the book that contains the essays that I'm citing.
It should also be noted that The Design of Design, as far as I can tell, doesn't identify the date of writing of any of the individual essays, although some do cite works as late as 2008 and 2009 as resources/references. I'd have to do further research to find out when "What's Wrong With This Model?" and "Where Do Great Designers Come From?" were written. |
48,658,097 | I have a liferay cluster(2 servers), while each liferay boundle has one lucene files, I want to separate these lucene files into a mounted volume, like EFS. Is there any way that I can do this? I had tried, but failed, the main reason is that the server will lock the lucene file when indexing, and another server can not access. | 2018/02/07 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/48658097",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9326034/"
] | When using a clustered environment, it is recommended to not use a plain file base lucene search index. Liferay rather recommends ([Liferay Clustering](https://dev.liferay.com/discover/deployment/-/knowledge_base/6-2/liferay-clustering)) to use a pluggable enterprise search such as SOLR or Elasticsearch. There are also some help advices on that page for setup such an environment. | As Liferay says:
>
> Sharing a Search Index (not recommended unless you have a file
> locking-aware SAN)
>
>
>
That's why, the best option are:
1. Use pluggable engines like [SolR](https://web.liferay.com/marketplace/-/mp/application/36322550) or ElasticSearch ([Elasticray](https://web.liferay.com/marketplace/-/mp/application/41044606) or others).
2. Configure Liferay cluster with 1 node writer and 1 node reader with the property:
>
> index.read.only=false
>
>
>
IMHO, I would try to use elasticsearch for indexes because it's the one used in the last versions (7+) and Lucene is not as powerful as Elastic, for example with the performance. |
879,890 | I see a lot of frustrated questions here and elsewhere with no clear answer. I am trying to get the stored procs to debug, but with no success.
Client: either VS2005 or VS2008, works in neither. When I select 'Step into Stored Procedure' from the sproc context menu, I get "Cancelled by User' in the debug window and that's the end of it.
I did the following to help myself (all to no avail):
1. Right clicked on the connection and selected 'Application Debugging' and 'Allow SQL/CRL debugging'
2. Made sure that all the boxes are on the same domain.
3. Made sure that I am logging in to SQL Server with the same domain account that I log into my workstation with.
4. Made sure that my domain account is both an admin on the SQL box and an admin within SQL Server.
5. I ran msvsmon.exe on the SQL box and successfully attached to a process from my client box (in VS).
What am I missing? | 2009/05/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/879890",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9382/"
] | One important issue here is that this won't work if SQL Server process is running as local system, which is the default install. It needs to be running as an account which is in the administrator group on the local machine.
What I have done is set up local user on my box named "sqlserver" and put it into the local administrators group. Then, go into the service control panel, stop the sql server service. Modify it and set it to run as the specified user account rather than as local system. Specify the sqlserver local user account and the password you created. Then restart the service. | What edition is your SQL Server? SP debugging is only available in Pro and Team edition (not Express and Standard)
Also make sure (again) you're using Windows authentication to login and your account is a sysadmin in SQL server.
As you are able to attach to a process on the SQL box, I assume DCOM to work correctly and there is no blocking firewall in between. |
16,565 | You can use spellcraft to identify a spell as it is being cast. But does this check let you know the target of the spell? As an example of when this could matter quite a lot, *Dominate* allows you to control someone telepathically. You'll really want to know who the evil wizard just tried to dominate!
The rules (3.5/PF) do mention that
>
> You make all pertinent decisions about a spell (range, target, area, effect, version, and so forth) when the spell comes into effect,
>
>
>
so clearly for spells with a longer casting time, you can't know the target until the very end.
I believe the RAW are simply silent on this issue (certainly the spellcraft skill itself provides only minimal guidance) but I'm wondering if there's something I've missed. Also, I chose target for concreteness, but the situation in general applies to each of the "decisions" mentioned above. | 2012/09/06 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/16565",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/4132/"
] | **No.** [Spellcraft only allows you to identify the spell](http://www.d20pfsrd.com/skills/spellcraft), so you just learn what spell it is. No other attributes of the spell as cast (target, exact duration if it varies by caster level, other results of variable rolls, DCs, CLs, etc) are given to you. Expectation otherwise is not supported by the text or commonly used in play in my experience.
You would expect to get the information in the spell description, at least for commonly available spells - like 'that can target one humanoid' - but not which humanoid got Charm cast on them, that it's going to last for 5 rounds, or where the demon Teleported to. In some cases (fireball) it's obvious, in others you might allow a Perception or other check (possibly opposed by Bluff if they're being sly) to determine things that could reasonably be determined, like a spell's target. If it's a custom or rare spell not known to the Spellcrafter in question, I would require some more intensive-DC Knowledge:Arcana rolls to get some description elements, just like when identifying a monster. | Spellcraft or Sense Motive
--------------------------
There is no listed use for determining the target of a spell. This can be important, however, in terms of all sorts of things - immediate-use abilities, spells without visual identifiers (like Dominate, although Dominate/Charm are special in that it allows a Sense Motive check to identify dominated individuals).
It's also reasonable to assume that someone with a decent knowledge of practical magic (which is the definition of the Spellcraft skill) would be able to determine such things when they can witness the spellcasting. For example, a pointed finger can determine where a *fireball* was fired, and i'm sure other spells have similar clues.
As such, i'd allow a successful Spellcraft roll to determine the target of a spell *if the Spellcraft roll beat the DC by at least 5*, as a Houserule. Currently though, there are few RAW ways to do this. I believe Battlemagic Perception is one, but I am afb at the moment.
I'd also allow a use of Sense Motive to determine if the Wizard was concentrating on anyone or any particular area when he cast a spell, as that seems within the bounds of the listed uses of Sense Motive. If the Wizard is all but eye-banging Jim when he casts Delayed Necrotic Cyst, well, he probably cast the spell on Jim (and if he didn't, that's probably a Bluff check on his part, which would be measured against Sense Motive as normal). |
16,565 | You can use spellcraft to identify a spell as it is being cast. But does this check let you know the target of the spell? As an example of when this could matter quite a lot, *Dominate* allows you to control someone telepathically. You'll really want to know who the evil wizard just tried to dominate!
The rules (3.5/PF) do mention that
>
> You make all pertinent decisions about a spell (range, target, area, effect, version, and so forth) when the spell comes into effect,
>
>
>
so clearly for spells with a longer casting time, you can't know the target until the very end.
I believe the RAW are simply silent on this issue (certainly the spellcraft skill itself provides only minimal guidance) but I'm wondering if there's something I've missed. Also, I chose target for concreteness, but the situation in general applies to each of the "decisions" mentioned above. | 2012/09/06 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/16565",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/4132/"
] | **No.** [Spellcraft only allows you to identify the spell](http://www.d20pfsrd.com/skills/spellcraft), so you just learn what spell it is. No other attributes of the spell as cast (target, exact duration if it varies by caster level, other results of variable rolls, DCs, CLs, etc) are given to you. Expectation otherwise is not supported by the text or commonly used in play in my experience.
You would expect to get the information in the spell description, at least for commonly available spells - like 'that can target one humanoid' - but not which humanoid got Charm cast on them, that it's going to last for 5 rounds, or where the demon Teleported to. In some cases (fireball) it's obvious, in others you might allow a Perception or other check (possibly opposed by Bluff if they're being sly) to determine things that could reasonably be determined, like a spell's target. If it's a custom or rare spell not known to the Spellcrafter in question, I would require some more intensive-DC Knowledge:Arcana rolls to get some description elements, just like when identifying a monster. | **RAW doesn't state it explicitly, but I'd be forced to lean no**. d20srd's table for possible Spellcraft checks notes this among the possible uses for Spellcraft:
>
> 20 + spell level : Identify a spell that’s already in place and in effect. You must be able to see or detect the effects of the spell. No action required. No retry.
>
>
>
I mention this because it implies that **although a Spellcraft check will let you identify the spell being cast, it doesn't give you any information about the effects of the spell**. You have to deduce that information from what you know about the spell and the caster, or whatever other sources of information are available to you. Fortunately, most spells make this pretty obvious. When the caster points in a given direction and a fireball flies out that way, you can get a good idea of what the target is. But spells like *dominate person* (and its cousins) are more subtle. They're designed not to leave clues quite so out in the open.
**If the goal is to detect when someone has been dominated, there are other ways to do that**. The spell has an ongoing effect, so you can look for its aura with *detect magic*. Once you've detected the effect, you could then work backwards: for example, attempting a Spellcraft check to figure out that this was the work of a *dominate person* spell. |
2,431,245 | One of Kane, Dave, Ron or Rose broke a vase. The following is what each of them had to tell about the person who broke the vase:
1. Kane: Dave broke it.
2. Dave: Kane lied.
3. Ron: Kane broke it.
4. Rose: I did not break it.
(a) If only one of these statements is true who broke the vase?
(b) If only two of these statements are true who broke the vase? Justify your answer.
I tried to answer this by taking ,
Let p = Kane broke the vase , q = Dave broke the vase , r = Ron broke the vase and s = Rose broke the vase.
So the statements Dave broke it = q , Kane lied = -q , Kane broke it = p and I did not break it (Rose) = s
Both q and q cannot be either true or false simultaneously.
Then how to proceed ? I'm stuck here | 2017/09/16 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2431245",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/280637/"
] | The key to both parts of this problem is noticing that if Rose is lying then he broke the vase, and if Dave is not lying then Kane is, and vice-versa.
a : So suppose Rose is not lying. Then, the rest are, which means that Dave is lying, so that Kane can't be lying. This is a contradiction. Hence Rose broke the vase if only one person is saying the truth. That person saying the truth must then be Dave.
part b : Suppose that Rose is not lying. Then one of the rest are also not lying. Suppose Kane is not. Then, Dave broke the vase. The rest seems to make sense : Dave says Kane is lying, which is not true, and Ron says that Kane broke the vase, which isn't true either. So Dave must have broken the vase.
However, there's a bit of problem. Suppose both Rose and Dave are saying the truth. This means that Rose did not break it, and Kane is lying that Dave broke it, and Ron is lying that Kane broke it. Hence, Ron must have broken it, and this is consistent as well.
Therefore, there seem to be two answers to part b, namely Dave and Ron. | Using symbols probably makes this harder rather than easier. Just try some things. If Kane broke it, then Kane is lying, but the others are telling the truth, so you have three true statements. Well, that's not what you are looking for. So, try something else. |
2,431,245 | One of Kane, Dave, Ron or Rose broke a vase. The following is what each of them had to tell about the person who broke the vase:
1. Kane: Dave broke it.
2. Dave: Kane lied.
3. Ron: Kane broke it.
4. Rose: I did not break it.
(a) If only one of these statements is true who broke the vase?
(b) If only two of these statements are true who broke the vase? Justify your answer.
I tried to answer this by taking ,
Let p = Kane broke the vase , q = Dave broke the vase , r = Ron broke the vase and s = Rose broke the vase.
So the statements Dave broke it = q , Kane lied = -q , Kane broke it = p and I did not break it (Rose) = s
Both q and q cannot be either true or false simultaneously.
Then how to proceed ? I'm stuck here | 2017/09/16 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2431245",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/280637/"
] | The key to both parts of this problem is noticing that if Rose is lying then he broke the vase, and if Dave is not lying then Kane is, and vice-versa.
a : So suppose Rose is not lying. Then, the rest are, which means that Dave is lying, so that Kane can't be lying. This is a contradiction. Hence Rose broke the vase if only one person is saying the truth. That person saying the truth must then be Dave.
part b : Suppose that Rose is not lying. Then one of the rest are also not lying. Suppose Kane is not. Then, Dave broke the vase. The rest seems to make sense : Dave says Kane is lying, which is not true, and Ron says that Kane broke the vase, which isn't true either. So Dave must have broken the vase.
However, there's a bit of problem. Suppose both Rose and Dave are saying the truth. This means that Rose did not break it, and Kane is lying that Dave broke it, and Ron is lying that Kane broke it. Hence, Ron must have broken it, and this is consistent as well.
Therefore, there seem to be two answers to part b, namely Dave and Ron. | This problem can be more easily visualized/solved by making a table:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/5kM34.jpg)
Assuming the person in the left column broke the vase, we can conclude which statements are true or false.
It is important to notice that this arrangement only works if it is assumed that every other character knows who broke the vase.
Both Parts A and B are now Trivial:
A) Rose must have broken the vase, as that is the only way in which only one person (Dave) has told the truth.
B) There are two solutions:
-1) Dave broke the vase, Kane and Rose are telling the truth.
-2) Ron broke the vase, Dave and Rose are telling the truth. |
2,431,245 | One of Kane, Dave, Ron or Rose broke a vase. The following is what each of them had to tell about the person who broke the vase:
1. Kane: Dave broke it.
2. Dave: Kane lied.
3. Ron: Kane broke it.
4. Rose: I did not break it.
(a) If only one of these statements is true who broke the vase?
(b) If only two of these statements are true who broke the vase? Justify your answer.
I tried to answer this by taking ,
Let p = Kane broke the vase , q = Dave broke the vase , r = Ron broke the vase and s = Rose broke the vase.
So the statements Dave broke it = q , Kane lied = -q , Kane broke it = p and I did not break it (Rose) = s
Both q and q cannot be either true or false simultaneously.
Then how to proceed ? I'm stuck here | 2017/09/16 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2431245",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/280637/"
] | This problem can be more easily visualized/solved by making a table:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/5kM34.jpg)
Assuming the person in the left column broke the vase, we can conclude which statements are true or false.
It is important to notice that this arrangement only works if it is assumed that every other character knows who broke the vase.
Both Parts A and B are now Trivial:
A) Rose must have broken the vase, as that is the only way in which only one person (Dave) has told the truth.
B) There are two solutions:
-1) Dave broke the vase, Kane and Rose are telling the truth.
-2) Ron broke the vase, Dave and Rose are telling the truth. | Using symbols probably makes this harder rather than easier. Just try some things. If Kane broke it, then Kane is lying, but the others are telling the truth, so you have three true statements. Well, that's not what you are looking for. So, try something else. |
87,320 | I am a developer who is used to being able to test and debug code.
Occasionally I have to make changes to our load balancer configuration. As far as I can see, if I mess this up it could stop the whole site working, but we don't have a way to test it off-line.
How do people test such things? I was hoping there would be some sort of emulator that I could use. Or is it possible to have a second configuration for testing?
I would like to be as confident in the changes I make to the load balancer as I am to the changes I make to my code. Does anyone have a test suite they use for testing their load balancer?
**update**
We are in the process of moving from one back end to another, and we are redirecting users based on the url. | 2009/11/23 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/87320",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/536/"
] | Ideally, you should have an F5 BigIP in your (production parallel) staging environment. This allows you to test new configuration, code versions, features, etc without impacting production.
Assuming that this is not possible due to cost or other constraints, then the next best alternative would be to have a second set of 'QA' or 'UAT' services that is configured to hit the same back-end servers as production, but only has a small fraction of users targetting it.
Without knowing more about your configuration, it's difficult to be more specific. Are you able to provide a bit more detail as to how you are using your load-balancer, and what changes you are planning to make?
UPDATE: based on your clarification, it seems that you want to test your ability to flip users between one set of back-end servers and another, and that you are routing user requests based on the URL they are accessing? (Content switching).
If you are unable to afford another load-balancer in production, I would suggest configuring a new service using a test URL, and forwarding the requests to that URL the same as you do in production currently. Once you are happy that this test service is working as per production, you can change the policy associated with the test URL to forward to your new backend. This should verify that your Big-IP configuration is correct.
(Apologies for the lack of sample configuration, I've not worked with F5 load-balancers myself, only other vendors.) | You can get a time (and some functionality) limited virtual edition of LTM that will run in vmware:
<https://www.f5.com/trial/>
Or a test virtual server on the production unit(s) is a good alternative. |
87,320 | I am a developer who is used to being able to test and debug code.
Occasionally I have to make changes to our load balancer configuration. As far as I can see, if I mess this up it could stop the whole site working, but we don't have a way to test it off-line.
How do people test such things? I was hoping there would be some sort of emulator that I could use. Or is it possible to have a second configuration for testing?
I would like to be as confident in the changes I make to the load balancer as I am to the changes I make to my code. Does anyone have a test suite they use for testing their load balancer?
**update**
We are in the process of moving from one back end to another, and we are redirecting users based on the url. | 2009/11/23 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/87320",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/536/"
] | Ideally, you should have an F5 BigIP in your (production parallel) staging environment. This allows you to test new configuration, code versions, features, etc without impacting production.
Assuming that this is not possible due to cost or other constraints, then the next best alternative would be to have a second set of 'QA' or 'UAT' services that is configured to hit the same back-end servers as production, but only has a small fraction of users targetting it.
Without knowing more about your configuration, it's difficult to be more specific. Are you able to provide a bit more detail as to how you are using your load-balancer, and what changes you are planning to make?
UPDATE: based on your clarification, it seems that you want to test your ability to flip users between one set of back-end servers and another, and that you are routing user requests based on the URL they are accessing? (Content switching).
If you are unable to afford another load-balancer in production, I would suggest configuring a new service using a test URL, and forwarding the requests to that URL the same as you do in production currently. Once you are happy that this test service is working as per production, you can change the policy associated with the test URL to forward to your new backend. This should verify that your Big-IP configuration is correct.
(Apologies for the lack of sample configuration, I've not worked with F5 load-balancers myself, only other vendors.) | Other load balancers offer similar functionality to F5, and their vendors provide more useful test and development options.
You can get a development license for Zeus Traffic Manager (full functionality) or a Citrix VPX license (standard edition only), both limited to 1 MBits throughput (which should be adequate for most development purposes), and valid for 1 year.
Zeus will renew development licenses yearly at no charge (don't know what Citrix will do?)
Aaron - under no circumstances is a test virtual server on a production unit a good alternative! |
87,320 | I am a developer who is used to being able to test and debug code.
Occasionally I have to make changes to our load balancer configuration. As far as I can see, if I mess this up it could stop the whole site working, but we don't have a way to test it off-line.
How do people test such things? I was hoping there would be some sort of emulator that I could use. Or is it possible to have a second configuration for testing?
I would like to be as confident in the changes I make to the load balancer as I am to the changes I make to my code. Does anyone have a test suite they use for testing their load balancer?
**update**
We are in the process of moving from one back end to another, and we are redirecting users based on the url. | 2009/11/23 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/87320",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/536/"
] | Ideally, you should have an F5 BigIP in your (production parallel) staging environment. This allows you to test new configuration, code versions, features, etc without impacting production.
Assuming that this is not possible due to cost or other constraints, then the next best alternative would be to have a second set of 'QA' or 'UAT' services that is configured to hit the same back-end servers as production, but only has a small fraction of users targetting it.
Without knowing more about your configuration, it's difficult to be more specific. Are you able to provide a bit more detail as to how you are using your load-balancer, and what changes you are planning to make?
UPDATE: based on your clarification, it seems that you want to test your ability to flip users between one set of back-end servers and another, and that you are routing user requests based on the URL they are accessing? (Content switching).
If you are unable to afford another load-balancer in production, I would suggest configuring a new service using a test URL, and forwarding the requests to that URL the same as you do in production currently. Once you are happy that this test service is working as per production, you can change the policy associated with the test URL to forward to your new backend. This should verify that your Big-IP configuration is correct.
(Apologies for the lack of sample configuration, I've not worked with F5 load-balancers myself, only other vendors.) | I do this by setting up a second virtual (or set of virtuals) that are mapped to the same pools. You can then test the staging VIP by editing your /etc/hosts file (or Windows hosts file).
At this point I'll sing the praises of my outsourced DNS provider, Dynect (<http://dynect.com>). They have a Traffic Management feature that allows you to add both the old and new VIPs to a hostname rotation, but also adjust the weighting - the ratio of how often the old vs new IP is served, and then you can raise the weight to slowly migrate if a hard cutover is too risky.
For internal DNS, I believe that F5's GLB can do the same thing (but don't quote me as I don't have hands-on experience here). |
87,320 | I am a developer who is used to being able to test and debug code.
Occasionally I have to make changes to our load balancer configuration. As far as I can see, if I mess this up it could stop the whole site working, but we don't have a way to test it off-line.
How do people test such things? I was hoping there would be some sort of emulator that I could use. Or is it possible to have a second configuration for testing?
I would like to be as confident in the changes I make to the load balancer as I am to the changes I make to my code. Does anyone have a test suite they use for testing their load balancer?
**update**
We are in the process of moving from one back end to another, and we are redirecting users based on the url. | 2009/11/23 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/87320",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/536/"
] | Ideally, you should have an F5 BigIP in your (production parallel) staging environment. This allows you to test new configuration, code versions, features, etc without impacting production.
Assuming that this is not possible due to cost or other constraints, then the next best alternative would be to have a second set of 'QA' or 'UAT' services that is configured to hit the same back-end servers as production, but only has a small fraction of users targetting it.
Without knowing more about your configuration, it's difficult to be more specific. Are you able to provide a bit more detail as to how you are using your load-balancer, and what changes you are planning to make?
UPDATE: based on your clarification, it seems that you want to test your ability to flip users between one set of back-end servers and another, and that you are routing user requests based on the URL they are accessing? (Content switching).
If you are unable to afford another load-balancer in production, I would suggest configuring a new service using a test URL, and forwarding the requests to that URL the same as you do in production currently. Once you are happy that this test service is working as per production, you can change the policy associated with the test URL to forward to your new backend. This should verify that your Big-IP configuration is correct.
(Apologies for the lack of sample configuration, I've not worked with F5 load-balancers myself, only other vendors.) | Having a test environment is the first answer.
I recommend to automate testing with any HTTP scenario injection tool.
Then comes the question how to keep your environments in sync, and I recommend to give up manual setup on production environment from admin interface.
Proposals to automate BigIP setup the DevOps way are:
* iApp created by F5 <https://clouddocs.f5.com/api/iapps/>
* Ansible modules <https://www.ansible.com/integrations/networks/f5>
* Terraform ressources <https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/bigip/index.html>
* design your own iApp
Or course applications created from iApp (either from F5 or your own) must be deployed thanks to either Ansible or Terraform.
At the time of writing this, neither Ansible modules nor Terraform ressources cover all BigIP configuration entities yet. |
87,320 | I am a developer who is used to being able to test and debug code.
Occasionally I have to make changes to our load balancer configuration. As far as I can see, if I mess this up it could stop the whole site working, but we don't have a way to test it off-line.
How do people test such things? I was hoping there would be some sort of emulator that I could use. Or is it possible to have a second configuration for testing?
I would like to be as confident in the changes I make to the load balancer as I am to the changes I make to my code. Does anyone have a test suite they use for testing their load balancer?
**update**
We are in the process of moving from one back end to another, and we are redirecting users based on the url. | 2009/11/23 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/87320",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/536/"
] | You can get a time (and some functionality) limited virtual edition of LTM that will run in vmware:
<https://www.f5.com/trial/>
Or a test virtual server on the production unit(s) is a good alternative. | Other load balancers offer similar functionality to F5, and their vendors provide more useful test and development options.
You can get a development license for Zeus Traffic Manager (full functionality) or a Citrix VPX license (standard edition only), both limited to 1 MBits throughput (which should be adequate for most development purposes), and valid for 1 year.
Zeus will renew development licenses yearly at no charge (don't know what Citrix will do?)
Aaron - under no circumstances is a test virtual server on a production unit a good alternative! |
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