id int64 225 5.32k | context stringlengths 2.88k 70.8k | question stringlengths 11 194 | answers dict | is_impossible bool 1
class |
|---|---|---|---|---|
3,839 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | What testing and detection are needed? | {
"answer_start": [
11773
],
"text": [
"Testing of suspected cases based on geographical risk of importation needs to be complemented with additional approaches to ensure early detection of local circulation of COVID-19, including through testing of severe acute respiratory infections in hospitals irrespe... | false |
3,840 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | What did the finding prompt ECDC to do? | {
"answer_start": [
12486
],
"text": [
"include fever among several clinical signs or symptoms indicative for the suspected case definition."
]
} | false |
3,841 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | Why is understanding the infection-severity critical ? | {
"answer_start": [
13802
],
"text": [
"to help plan for the impact on the healthcare system and the wider population."
]
} | false |
3,842 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | Why are serological tests vital? | {
"answer_start": [
13911
],
"text": [
"to understand the proportion of cases who are asymptomatic."
]
} | false |
3,843 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | How can hospital based surveillance help? | {
"answer_start": [
14005
],
"text": [
"help estimate the incidence of severe cases and identify risk factors for severity and death"
]
} | false |
3,844 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | How can present systems of surveillance be used? | {
"answer_start": [
14099
],
"text": [
"Established hospital surveillance systems that are in place for influenza and other diseases in Europe may be expanded for this purpose. In addition, a number of countries in Europe are adapting and, in some cases, already using existing sentinel primary care based ... | false |
3,845 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | How will this approach used? | {
"answer_start": [
14462
],
"text": [
"will be used globally to help identify evidence of widespread community transmission and, should the virus spread and containment no longer be deemed feasible, to monitor intensity of disease transmission, trends and its geographical spread."
]
} | false |
3,846 | First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068164/
SHA: ce358c18aac69fc83c7b2e9a7dca4a43b0f60e2e
Authors: Spiteri, Gianfranco; Fielding, James; Diercke, Michaela; Campese, Christine; Enouf, Vincent; Gayma... | Why is additional research needed? | {
"answer_start": [
14734
],
"text": [
" to complement surveillance data to build knowledge on the infectious period, modes of transmission, basic and effective reproduction numbers, and effectiveness of prevention and case management options also in settings outside of China."
]
} | false |
4,123 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What growing dysjunction has been witnessed? | {
"answer_start": [
292
],
"text": [
"a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no less, between broadening strides in fundamental biomedical research and their incommensurate reach into the clinic. "
]
} | false |
4,124 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What is aiming to incorporate pathways to translation at the earliest stages? | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
" recent changes in the structure of government funding, 2 new public and private joint ventures and specialist undergraduate and postgraduate courses"
]
} | false |
4,125 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | How much have the number of biomedical research publications targeting 'translational' concepts has increased ? | {
"answer_start": [
842
],
"text": [
"exponentially, up 1800%"
]
} | false |
4,126 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What ways to solve the issues are outlined? | {
"answer_start": [
2042
],
"text": [
"by creatively leveraging the so-called 'strengths' of viruses. Viral RNA polymerisation and reverse transcription enable resistance to treatment by conferring extraordinary genetic diversity. "
]
} | false |
4,127 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | How do these exact processes ultimately restrict viral infectivity? | {
"answer_start": [
2302
],
"text": [
" by strongly limiting virus genome sizes and their incorporation of new information. "
]
} | false |
4,128 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What does the author coin this evolutionary dilemma as? | {
"answer_start": [
2424
],
"text": [
"'information economy paradox'."
]
} | false |
4,129 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | How do many viruses resolve this ? | {
"answer_start": [
2492
],
"text": [
"by manipulating multifunctional or multitasking host cell proteins (MMHPs), thereby maximising host subversion and viral infectivity at minimal informational cost."
]
} | false |
4,130 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | How may this "Achilles Heel" be safely targeted? | {
"answer_start": [
2725
],
"text": [
" via host-oriented therapies to impose devastating informational and fitness barriers on escape mutant selection."
]
} | false |
4,131 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | Why may MMHP-targeting therapies exhibit both robust and broadspectrum antiviral efficacy? | {
"answer_start": [
2852
],
"text": [
"since MMHPs are often conserved targets within and between virus families,"
]
} | false |
4,132 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What will achieving this through drug repurposing do? | {
"answer_start": [
3058
],
"text": [
" break the vicious cycle of escalating therapeutic development costs and trivial escape mutant selection, both quickly and in multiple places. "
]
} | false |
4,133 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What are also discussed by the author? | {
"answer_start": [
3215
],
"text": [
" alternative posttranslational and RNA-based antiviral approaches, designer vaccines, immunotherapy and the emerging field of neo-virology."
]
} | false |
4,134 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What does the author anticipate international efforts will do? | {
"answer_start": [
3429
],
"text": [
" will enable the tapping of useful new biological functions and processes, methods for controlling infection, and the deployment of symbiotic or subclinical viruses in new therapies and biotechnologies that are so crucially needed."
]
} | false |
4,138 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What do pathogens do upon infection? | {
"answer_start": [
3688
],
"text": [
"stimulate expression of numerous host inflammatory factors that support recruitment and activation of immune cells. "
]
} | false |
4,139 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What is the flip side ? | {
"answer_start": [
3822
],
"text": [
"this same process also causes immunopathology when prolonged or deregulated."
]
} | false |
4,140 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What do RBPs do? | {
"answer_start": [
4022
],
"text": [
"post-transcriptionally control expression of crucial inflammatory factors in various tissues and their potential therapeutic applications"
]
} | false |
4,141 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What is included in RBPs? | {
"answer_start": [
4182
],
"text": [
"tristetraprolin and AUF1"
]
} | false |
4,142 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What do tristetraprolin and AUF1, do? | {
"answer_start": [
4214
],
"text": [
"promote degradation of AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA"
]
} | false |
4,143 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What do RBPs include? | {
"answer_start": [
4276
],
"text": [
"members of the Roquin and Regnase families"
]
} | false |
4,144 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What domembers of the Roquin and Regnase families do? | {
"answer_start": [
4339
],
"text": [
"promote or effect degradation of mRNAs harbouring stem-loop structures"
]
} | false |
4,145 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What do the RBPs include? | {
"answer_start": [
4453
],
"text": [
"RNA methylation machinery"
]
} | false |
4,146 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What is the increasingly apparent role of RNA methylation machinery ? | {
"answer_start": [
4479
],
"text": [
"in controlling inflammatory mRNA stability."
]
} | false |
4,147 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | Where do these activities take place? | {
"answer_start": [
4550
],
"text": [
" in various subcellular compartments "
]
} | false |
4,148 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What happens to these activities during infection? | {
"answer_start": [
4591
],
"text": [
"are differentially regulated"
]
} | false |
4,149 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | In this way, what do the mRNA-destabilising RBPs constitute ? | {
"answer_start": [
4686
],
"text": [
"a 'brake' on the immune system"
]
} | false |
4,150 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What can be done with the 'brake' on the immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
4724
],
"text": [
"may ultimately be toggled therapeutically"
]
} | false |
4,151 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What does the author anticipate that continued efforts will lead to? | {
"answer_start": [
5011
],
"text": [
"Another mRNA under post-transcriptional regulation by Regnase-1 and Roquin"
]
} | false |
4,152 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What is another mRNA under post-transcriptional regulation by Regnase-1 and Roquin? | {
"answer_start": [
5088
],
"text": [
" Furin"
]
} | false |
4,153 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What does Furin encode? | {
"answer_start": [
5110
],
"text": [
"a conserved proprotein convertase crucial in human health and disease."
]
} | false |
4,154 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What are Furin, along with other PCSK family members implicated in? | {
"answer_start": [
5246
],
"text": [
" in immune regulation, cancer and the entry, maturation or release of a broad array of evolutionarily diverse viruses including human papillomavirus (HPV), influenza (IAV), Ebola (EboV), dengue (DenV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)"
]
} | false |
4,155 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What do Braun and Sauter review? | {
"answer_start": [
5516
],
"text": [
" the roles of furin in these processes, as well as the history and future of furin-targeting therapeutics."
]
} | false |
4,156 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What dis their recent work reveal? | {
"answer_start": [
5671
],
"text": [
"how two IFN-cinducible factors exhibit broad-spectrum inhibition of IAV, measles (MV), zika (ZikV) and HIV by suppressing furin activity."
]
} | false |
4,157 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What has the increasing abundance of affordable, sensitive, high-throughput genome sequencing technologies led to? | {
"answer_start": [
6119
],
"text": [
" a recent boom in metagenomics and the cataloguing of the microbiome of our world."
]
} | false |
4,160 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What was this system used for the first time for? | {
"answer_start": [
6678
],
"text": [
" to directly sequence an RNA virus genome (IAV)"
]
} | false |
4,161 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What have decades of basic immunology research provided ? | {
"answer_start": [
7152
],
"text": [
"a near-complete picture of the main armaments in the human antiviral arsenal. "
]
} | false |
4,162 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What has this focus on mammalian defences and pathologies sidelined? | {
"answer_start": [
7307
],
"text": [
"examination of the types and roles of viruses and antiviral defences that exist throughout our biosphere."
]
} | false |
4,163 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What has CRISPR/Cas antiviral immune system of prokaryotes been repurposed as? | {
"answer_start": [
7513
],
"text": [
"as a revolutionary gene-editing biotechnology in plants and animals."
]
} | false |
4,164 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What is another case in point? | {
"answer_start": [
7596
],
"text": [
"the ancient lineage of nucleocytosolic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs)"
]
} | false |
4,165 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What are the ancient lineage of NCLDVs?
| {
"answer_start": [
7673
],
"text": [
"emerging human pathogens that possess enormous genomes of up to several megabases in size encoding hundreds of proteins with unique and unknown functions."
]
} | false |
4,166 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What do the recent efforts indicate regarding hundreds of human and avian infectious viruses? | {
"answer_start": [
7949
],
"text": [
" the true number may be in the millions and many harbour zoonotic potential. "
]
} | false |
4,167 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What is neo-virology? | {
"answer_start": [
8235
],
"text": [
" an emerging field engaged in cataloguing and characterising this biodiversity through a global consortium."
]
} | false |
4,168 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What is predicted these efforts on neo-virology will unlock? | {
"answer_start": [
8382
],
"text": [
"a vast wealth of currently unexplored biodiversity, leading to biotechnologies and treatments that leverage the host-virus interactions developed throughout evolution."
]
} | false |
4,169 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What are the two of the four pillars of the National Innovation and Science Agenda? | {
"answer_start": [
8965
],
"text": [
"Supporting industry-academia collaboration and nurturing talent and skills in the Indo-Pacific region"
]
} | false |
4,170 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What do Australia's Medical Research and Innovation Priorities include? | {
"answer_start": [
9226
],
"text": [
"antimicrobial resistance, global health and health security, drug repurposing and translational research infrastructure,"
]
} | false |
4,171 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What is essential for these priority outcomes? | {
"answer_start": [
9414
],
"text": [
"Establishing durable international relationships that integrate diverse expertise"
]
} | false |
4,172 | Frontiers in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1115
SHA: facbfdfa7189ca9ff83dc30e5d241ab22e962dbf
Authors: Heaton, Steven M
Date: 2020
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1115
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Globally, recent decades have witnessed a growing disjunction, a 'Valley of Death' 1,2 no l... | What is the Japan AMED tasked with? | {
"answer_start": [
9774
],
"text": [
"translating the biomedical research output of that country."
]
} | false |
3,847 | Haunted with and hunting for viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089303/
SHA: c51c4f6146d0c636bc4dc3839c16b9e3ef52849a
Authors: Gao, George Fu; Wu, Ying
Date: 2013-08-07
DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4525-x
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: pecially with next-generation sequencing (NGS) for new virus ... | What serious question was raised? | {
"answer_start": [
464
],
"text": [
"as to whether or not our seasonal or pandemic flu might have another reservoir host."
]
} | false |
3,848 | Haunted with and hunting for viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089303/
SHA: c51c4f6146d0c636bc4dc3839c16b9e3ef52849a
Authors: Gao, George Fu; Wu, Ying
Date: 2013-08-07
DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4525-x
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: pecially with next-generation sequencing (NGS) for new virus ... | What is a recent discovery? | {
"answer_start": [
1315
],
"text": [
"Bat is believed to harbor many more viruses than we ever thought as a reservoir host or even a susceptible host "
]
} | false |
3,849 | Haunted with and hunting for viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089303/
SHA: c51c4f6146d0c636bc4dc3839c16b9e3ef52849a
Authors: Gao, George Fu; Wu, Ying
Date: 2013-08-07
DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4525-x
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: pecially with next-generation sequencing (NGS) for new virus ... | Which bat virus have been found to be linked with diseases? | {
"answer_start": [
1562
],
"text": [
"potential human infecting HKU-1, 4, 5 and 9 [17, 18] . Recent MERS-CoV infection is another example for severe disease caused by used-to-be-less pathogenic coronaviruses. Shi and colleagues [19] by using NGS have discovered many unknown animal viruses from bat, espec... | false |
3,850 | Haunted with and hunting for viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089303/
SHA: c51c4f6146d0c636bc4dc3839c16b9e3ef52849a
Authors: Gao, George Fu; Wu, Ying
Date: 2013-08-07
DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4525-x
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: pecially with next-generation sequencing (NGS) for new virus ... | What assay played an important role? | {
"answer_start": [
2606
],
"text": [
"reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)"
]
} | false |
1,057 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What was the death toll in the 1918-1919 Spanish Influenza epidemic? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"50 million deaths worldwide"
]
} | false |
1,058 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | How many people were infected during the 1918 Spanish Influenza epidemic? | {
"answer_start": [
985
],
"text": [
"An estimated one third of the world’s population (or\nz500 million persons) were infected and had clinical-\nly apparent illnesses"
]
} | false |
1,059 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What was the case fatality rate in the 1918 Spanish Influenza epidemic? | {
"answer_start": [
1198
],
"text": [
"Case-\nfatality rates were >2.5%, compared to <0.1% in other\ninfluenza pandemics"
]
} | false |
1,060 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What was the death toll in the 1918-1919 Spanish Influenza epidemic? | {
"answer_start": [
1284
],
"text": [
"Total deaths were estimated at\nz50 million (577) and were arguably as high as 100 mil-\nlion "
]
} | false |
1,062 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Are the modern day Influenza viruses related to the 1918 Spanish Influenza virus? | {
"answer_start": [
1439
],
"text": [
" All influenza A pandemics since that time, and\nindeed almost all cases of influenza A worldwide (except-\ning human infections from avian Viruses such as H5N1 and\nH7N7), have been caused by descendants of the 1918\nVirus, including “drifted” H1N1 Viruses and reassor... | false |
1,063 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Why is the Spanish Influenza virus the Mother of the modern influenza viruses? | {
"answer_start": [
1729
],
"text": [
"The latter are composed of key\ngenes from the 1918 Virus, updated by subsequently-incor—\nporated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface\n\n \n\n*Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rockville, Maryland, USA;\nand TNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, ... | false |
1,064 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | When was it determined that the 1918 pandemic was caused by the H1N1 Influenza virus? | {
"answer_start": [
2355
],
"text": [
"That question did not begin to be resolved until the 1930s,\nwhen closely related influenza Viruses (now known to be\nH1N1 Viruses) were isolated, first from pigs and shortly\nthereafter from humans. Seroepidemiologic studies soon\nlinked both of these viruses to the 1... | false |
1,065 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Did the Spanish Influenza or Swine flu or the H1N1 virus disappear in humans for some time? | {
"answer_start": [
2670
],
"text": [
" descendants of the 1918\nVirus still persists enzootically in pigs. They probably also\ncirculated continuously in humans, undergoing gradual\nantigenic drift and causing annual epidemics, until the\n1950s. With the appearance of a new H2N2 pandemic\nstrain in 1957 ... | false |
1,066 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | When did the Swine Flu (Spanish Influenza) virus reappear in humans? | {
"answer_start": [
3115
],
"text": [
" But in 1977, human H1N1 Viruses\nsuddenly “reemerged” from a laboratory freezer (9). They\ncontinue to circulate endemically and epidemically."
]
} | false |
1,068 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What descendant lineages of the swine flu (Spanish Influenza) virus were identified in 2006? | {
"answer_start": [
3271
],
"text": [
" 2 major descendant lineages of the 1918\nH1N1 Virus, as well as 2 additional reassortant lineages,\npersist naturally: a human epidemic/endemic H1N1 line-\nage, a porcine enzootic H1N1 lineage (so-called classic\nswine flu), and the reassorted human H3N2 Virus lineag... | false |
1,070 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Are the modern descendant influenza viruses as dangerous as the 1918 parent swine flu (Spanish Influenza) H1N1 virus? | {
"answer_start": [
3605
],
"text": [
"None of these Viral descendants, however,\napproaches the pathogenicity of the 1918 parent Virus."
]
} | false |
1,072 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | How dangerous are the modern H1N1 (swine flu) and the H3N2 (Influenza A) viruses compared to the 1918 H1N1 (swine flu Spanish Influenza) viruses? | {
"answer_start": [
3781
],
"text": [
"the human H1N1 and H3N2 lin-\neages have both been associated with substantially lower\nrates ofillness and death than the virus of 1918. In fact, cur-\nrent H1N1 death rates are even lower than those for H3N2\nlineage strains (prevalent from 1968 until the present).... | false |
1,073 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Are the descendant H1N1 strains of the 1918 H1N1 swine flu (Spanish Influenza) virus, still prevalent? | {
"answer_start": [
4045
],
"text": [
"H1N1 Viruses descended from the 1918 strain, as well as \nH3N2 Viruses, have now been cocirculating worldwide for\n29 years and show little evidence of imminent extinction."
]
} | false |
1,075 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Is the origin and epidemiology of the 1918 swine flu (Spanish Influenza) known? | {
"answer_start": [
5741
],
"text": [
"ongoing studies to map Virulence\nfactors are yielding interesting results. The 1918 sequence\ndata, however, leave unanswered questions about the ori-\ngin of the Virus (19) and about the epidemiology of the\npandemic."
]
} | false |
1,082 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What is the geographical origin of the H1N1 swine flu ? | {
"answer_start": [
6409
],
"text": [
"Historical and epidemiologic data are inade-\nquate to identify the geographic origin of the Virus (21),\nand recent phylogenetic analysis of the 1918 Viral genome\ndoes not place the Virus in any geographic context"
]
} | false |
1,087 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Is the geographical origin of the 1918 H1N1 swine flu known? | {
"answer_start": [
6125
],
"text": [
"Confounding definite assignment of a geographic\npoint of origin, the 1918 pandemic spread more or less\nsimultaneously in 3 distinct waves during an z12-month\nperiod in 191871919, in Europe, Asia, and North America\n(the first wave was best described in the United St... | false |
1,088 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What is an unique feature of the 1918 swine flu? | {
"answer_start": [
7949
],
"text": [
"the simultaneous (or nearly simultaneous) infection\nof humans and swin"
]
} | false |
1,089 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What season or time of the year do the new strains of influenza emerge? | {
"answer_start": [
9120
],
"text": [
"Historical records since the 16th century suggest that\nnew influenza pandemics may appear at any time of year,\nnot necessarily in the familiar annual winter patterns of\ninterpandemic years,"
]
} | false |
1,090 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Once appeared, when do the influenza like diseases occur in subsequent years? | {
"answer_start": [
9458
],
"text": [
"confronted by the selection pressures of population immu-\nnity, these pandemic Viruses begin to drift genetically and\neventually settle into a pattern of annual epidemic recur-\nrences caused by the drifted Virus variants."
]
} | false |
1,091 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | When did the first wave of the H1N1 swine flu (Spanish Influenza) occur? | {
"answer_start": [
9822
],
"text": [
" a first or spring wave\nbegan in March 1918 and spread unevenly through the\nUnited States, Europe, and possibly Asia over the next 6\nmonths"
]
} | false |
1,092 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What was the death rate in the first wave of the 1918 swine flu pandemic? | {
"answer_start": [
9972
],
"text": [
" Illness rates were high, but death rates\nin most locales were not appreciably above normal."
]
} | false |
1,093 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | When were the second and the third wave of the 1918-1919 swine flu pandemic? | {
"answer_start": [
10064
],
"text": [
" A sec-\nond or fall wave spread globally from September to\nNovember 1918 and was highly fatal. In many nations, a\nthird wave occurred in early 1919 "
]
} | false |
1,094 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What was the primary difference between the first wave and the 2nd and 3rd wave of the 1918-1919 swine flu pandemic? | {
"answer_start": [
10785
],
"text": [
"the much higher fre-\nquency of complicated, severe, and fatal cases in the last 2\nwaves."
]
} | false |
1,096 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Why the human influenza viruses do not disappear after herd immunity is developed? | {
"answer_start": [
11043
],
"text": [
"The occurrence, and to some extent the severity, of recur-\nrent annual outbreaks, are driven by Viral antigenic drift,\nwith an antigenic variant Virus emerging to become domi-\nnant"
]
} | false |
1,099 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What are the circumstances that promote the spread of influenza virus? | {
"answer_start": [
11707
],
"text": [
" lower environ-\nmental temperatures and human nasal temperatures (bene-\nficial to thermolabile Viruses such as influenza), optimal\nhumidity, increased crowding indoors, and imperfect ven-\ntilation due to closed windows and suboptimal airflow"
]
} | false |
1,101 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Do seasonal temperatures and humidity explain the appearance of the three waves of the 1918 swine flu? | {
"answer_start": [
11957
],
"text": [
"such factors cannot explain the 3 pandemic\nwaves of 1918-1919, which occurred in the spring-sum-\nmer, summer—fall, and winter (of the Northern\nHemisphere), respectively. The first 2 waves occurred at a\ntime of year normally unfavorable to influenza Virus\nspread. ... | false |
1,105 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Which virus samples from the 1918 swine flu pandemic have been identified? | {
"answer_start": [
14082
],
"text": [
"pandemic Virus samples we have\nyet identified are from second-wave patients"
]
} | false |
1,106 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Are viruses in the first and third waves of the 1918 swine flu pandemic same or derived from the virus from the second wave of the swine flu? | {
"answer_start": [
14163
],
"text": [
"nothing\ncan yet be said about whether the first (spring) wave, or for\nthat matter, the third wave, represented circulation of the\nsame Virus or variants of it"
]
} | false |
1,107 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Was the 1918 swine flu virus novel to humans are was it derived from older viruses? | {
"answer_start": [
14934
],
"text": [
"Viral sequence data now suggest that the entire 1918\nVirus was novel to humans in, or shortly before, 1918, and\nthat it thus was not a reassortant Virus produced from old\nexisting strains that acquired 1 or more new genes"
]
} | false |
1,108 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Do avian flu viruses change over long periods? | {
"answer_start": [
15425
],
"text": [
"Influenza Virus gene\nsequences from a number offixed specimens ofwild birds\ncollected circa 1918 show little difference from avian\nViruses isolated today, indicating that avian Viruses likely\nundergo little antigenic change in their natural hosts even\nover long p... | false |
1,109 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What is the typical age profile of mortality in Influenza diseases? | {
"answer_start": [
21665
],
"text": [
"The curve of influenza deaths by age at death has histor-\nically, for at least 150 years, been U-shaped (Figure 2),\nexhibiting mortality peaks in the very young and the very\nold, with a comparatively low frequency of deaths at all\nages in between"
]
} | false |
1,110 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What was the age profile of mortality in the 1918 swine flu? | {
"answer_start": [
21925
],
"text": [
"age-specific death rates in the\n1918 pandemic exhibited a distinct pattern that has not been\ndocumented before or since: a “W—shaped” curve, similar to\nthe familiar U-shaped curve but with the addition of a third\n(middle) distinct peak of deaths in young adults z... | false |
1,111 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Which age group was most susceptible to die during the 1918 swine flu pandemic? | {
"answer_start": [
23095
],
"text": [
"Persons 65 years of age in 1918 had a dispro-\nportionately high influenza incidence"
]
} | false |
1,112 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What was the death rate among children during the 1918 swine flu pandemic? | {
"answer_start": [
23541
],
"text": [
"those 5 to 14\nyears of age accounted for a disproportionate number of\ninfluenza cases, but had a much lower death rate from\ninfluenza and pneumonia than other age groups. "
]
} | false |
1,113 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | What theory provides partial explanation for the age-specific profile of the death rate in the 1918 swine flu pandemic? | {
"answer_start": [
24099
],
"text": [
" the 1918 Virus had an intrinsically high Virulence, tem-\npered only in those patients who had been born before\n1889, e.g., because of exposure to a then-circulating Virus\ncapable of providing partial immunoprotection against the\n1918 Virus strain only in person... | false |
1,114 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Is there a difference in the pathologic feature and course of disease between modern influenza pandemics and the 1918 swine flu pandemic? | {
"answer_start": [
26867
],
"text": [
" the 1918\npandemic was different in degree, but not in kind, from\nprevious and subsequent pandemics. Despite the extraordi-\nnary number of global deaths, most influenza cases in\n1918 (>95% in most locales in industrialized nations) were\nmild and essentially indi... | false |
1,117 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Could the 1918 swine flu virus been controlled by modern day drugs or vaccines? | {
"answer_start": [
27291
],
"text": [
"the 1918 and 1918-like Viruses would be\nas sensitive as other typical Virus strains to the Food and\nDrug Administrationiapproved antiinfluenza drugs riman-\ntadine and oseltamivir."
]
} | false |
1,120 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Why was there such a high death rate in the 19118 swine flu pandemic? | {
"answer_start": [
27603
],
"text": [
"Clinically and pathologically, these\nhigh death rates appear to be the result of several factors,\nincluding a higher proportion of severe and complicated\ninfections of the respiratory tract, rather than involvement\nof organ systems outside the normal range of th... | false |
1,123 |
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
Jeffery K. Taubenberger" and David M. Morens1-
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains an
ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its
origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of
it... | Is the molecular basis of human adaptation of a virus understood? | {
"answer_start": [
29201
],
"text": [
"While data bearing\non influenza Virus human cell adaptation (e.g., receptor\nbinding) are beginning to be understood at the molecular\nlevel, the basis for Viral adaptation to efficient human-to-\nhuman spread, the chief prerequisite for pandemic emer-\ngence, is unk... | false |
1,872 | Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020388
SHA: bf20dda99538a594eafc258553634fd9195104cb
Authors: Zhao, Shi; Musa, Salihu S.; Lin, Qianying; Ran, Jinjun; ... | What was the initial growth phase pattern? | {
"answer_start": [
1435
],
"text": [
"exponential growth pattern"
]
} | false |
1,875 | Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020388
SHA: bf20dda99538a594eafc258553634fd9195104cb
Authors: Zhao, Shi; Musa, Salihu S.; Lin, Qianying; Ran, Jinjun; ... | What was the result of under-reporting? | {
"answer_start": [
1514
],
"text": [
"469 (95% CI: 403−540) unreported cases from 1 to 15 Januar"
]
} | false |
1,877 | Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020388
SHA: bf20dda99538a594eafc258553634fd9195104cb
Authors: Zhao, Shi; Musa, Salihu S.; Lin, Qianying; Ran, Jinjun; ... | What is R0? | {
"answer_start": [
836
],
"text": [
"basic reproduction number,"
]
} | false |
1,879 | Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020388
SHA: bf20dda99538a594eafc258553634fd9195104cb
Authors: Zhao, Shi; Musa, Salihu S.; Lin, Qianying; Ran, Jinjun; ... | What is likely increase of the reporting rate after the 17th January 2020? | {
"answer_start": [
1649
],
"text": [
"reased 21-fold (95% CI: 18"
]
} | false |
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