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28869 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Angeles%20Galaxy | Los Angeles Galaxy | The Los Angeles Galaxy, branded as the LA Galaxy, are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Carson, California. They shared their home field, Dignity Health Sports Park, with Chivas USA before that team folded at the end of the 2014 season.
Until he left when his contract ended after the 2012 season, the team's best-known player was English icon David Beckham, signed from Real Madrid in 2007. Landon Donovan, the joint all-time leading goal scorer for the US national team, played with the Galaxy from 2005 until his first retirement in 2014, and briefly returned to the team in the last part of the 2016 season. Robbie Keane, the Republic of Ireland's captain, leading scorer, and most-capped (most games) player, was a Galaxy captain. The team also included longtime Liverpool and England star Steven Gerrard. Currently, the Galaxy's best-known player is Sweden all-time leading scorer Zlatan Ibrahimović.
Honors
MLS Cup (Major League Soccer champion): 5
2002, 2005, 2011, 2012, 2014
MLS Supporters' Shield (best regular-season record): 4
1998, 2002, 2010, 2011
Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2
2001, 2005
Players
Current Players
Notable Former Players
Juan Pablo Ángel
David Beckham
Jorge Campos
Ashley Cole
Carlo Cudicini
Landon Donovan
Giovani dos Santos
Steven Gerrard
Luis Hernández
Zlatan Ibrahimović
Cobi Jones
Nigel de Jong
Robbie Keane
Gyasi Zardes
League position
References
American soccer teams
Sports in Los Angeles
Major League Soccer teams
1995 establishments in California |
28870 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20Salt%20Lake | Real Salt Lake | Real Salt Lake is an American soccer team. They play in Major League Soccer in Salt Lake City, Utah. They began playing in 2005. Their head coach is Jason Kreis. They play at Rio Tinto Stadium in Sandy, Utah. Their rival is the Colorado Rapids.
Current Roster
As of January 15, 2009.
Head coaches
John Ellinger (2005–2007)
Jason Kreis (2007—)
Team records
Games: Andy Williams, 55
Goals: Jeff Cunningham, 18
Assists: Javier Morales, 17
Shutouts: Nick Rimando 7
Single Season Goals: Jeff Cunningham, 16 (2006)
Single Season Assists: Javier Morales, 15 (2008)
MLS regular season only, through 2006 season
All-Time regular season record: 21-50-23 (Through Oct. 21, 2007)
Year-by-year
Average attendance
regular season/playoffs
2005: 18,037/missed playoffs
2006: 16,366/missed playoffs
2007: 15,960/missed playoffs
2008: 16,179/19,632
References
American soccer teams
Salt Lake City
2004 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Utah |
28871 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20FC | Toronto FC | Toronto Football Club, usually known as Toronto FC, is a soccer club based in Toronto, Ontario. They have played in the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer (MLS) since the 2007 season. They were the first Canadian soccer team to join MLS. They play their home games at BMO Field in Downtown Toronto. The team is coached by Greg Vanney and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment.
History
Toronto FC has won the Canadian Championship five times, most recently in 2016. They also made it to the 2016 MLS Cup but lost to Seattle Sounders 4-5 in penalties. They were also semi-finalists of the 2011-2012 CONCACAF Champions League.
References
Sport in Toronto
Canadian soccer teams
Major League Soccer teams
2005 establishments in Canada |
28872 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Germany | President of Germany | The President of Germany (German: Bundespräsident, literally: federal president) is the head of state of the Federal Republic of Germany. His functions are mostly supervising and representative, because of the negative experiences with the office of its predecessor the Reich President (Reichskanzler).
The president is elected every five years by the Bundesversammlung.
List of presidents
Theodor Heuss (FDP), 1949 – 1959
Heinrich Lübke (CDU), 1959 – 1969
Gustav Heinemann (SPD), 1969 – 1974
Walter Scheel (FDP), 1974 – 1979
Karl Carstens (CDU), 1979 – 1984
Richard von Weizsäcker (CDU), 1984 – 1994
Roman Herzog (CDU), 1994 – 1999
Johannes Rau (SPD), 1999 – 2004
Horst Köhler (CDU), 2004 – 2010
Christian Wulff (CDU), 2010 – 2012
Joachim Gauck (Independent), 2012 – 2017
Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD), since 2017
References
Politics of Germany
Lists of national presidents
Germany-related lists |
28873 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami%20Fusion%20F.C. | Miami Fusion F.C. | The Miami Fusion were an American soccer team that played in Major League Soccer from 1998 to 2001. They played in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
American soccer teams
Sports in Miami, Florida
1998 establishments in the United States
2001 disestablishments in the United States |
28874 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa%20Bay%20Mutiny | Tampa Bay Mutiny | Tampa Bay Mutiny was an American soccer team that played in Major League Soccer from 1996 to 2001. They played in Tampa, Florida. Their stadium was the Raymond James Stadium.
The Mutiny went out of business after the 2001 season, after having low attendance and finishing in last place.
American soccer teams
Sports in Tampa, Florida
1996 establishments in Florida
2001 disestablishments in the United States |
28881 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gillette%20Company | The Gillette Company | Global Gillette (formerly The Gillette Company) is an American company famous for making shaving products. It has been merged recently into Procter & Gamble's operations.
References
1900s establishments in Massachusetts
1901 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Boston, Massachusetts |
28890 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia | Abkhazia | Abkhazia is an unrecognised country in the caucuses.
The country fought a war with Georgia for its independence in 1991, the Georgian–Abkhaz conflict. Since its declaration of independence from Georgia in 1991, it has been ruled by the partly-recognized Republic of Abkhazia.
Georgia believes Abkhazia is part of its territory and has listed the province, in its official subdivisions, as an autonomous republic On 28 August 2008, the Parliament of Georgia passed a resolution declaring Abkhazia a "Russian-occupied territory".
The Republic of Abkhazia, with Sukhumi as its capital, is a client state of Russia. It is formally recognised by Russia and by Nicaragua, and the de facto independent republics of South Ossetia and Transnistria. The European Union, OSCE, and NATO recognise Abkhazia as an integral part of the territory of Georgia.
The secessionist movement of the Abkhaz minority led to the Georgian–Abkhaz conflict. The War in Abkhazia resulted in a Georgian military defeat and the mass exodus and ethnic cleansing of the Georgian population from Abkhazia.
There was a 1994 ceasefire agreement. There is a UN-monitored and Russian-dominated CIS peacekeeping operation. The sovereignty dispute has not been resolved. The dispute is a source of conflict between Georgia and Russia.
Related pages
Gagra
Pitsunda
Sukhumi
References
Other websites
inline
Caucasus
Autonomous republics of Georgia (country) |
28891 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Sch%C3%BCtz | Heinrich Schütz | Heinrich Schütz (born Köstritz, Saxony, 8 October 1585; died Dresden, Germany, 6 November 1672) was the greatest German composer of his time. As a young man he travelled to Italy to learn the art of composition from the great Italian composers. He had lessons from Giovanni Gabrieli. When Gabrieli died in 1612 Schütz returned to Germany. He visited Italy a second time in 1628 to learn from the music of Claudio Monteverdi. He also visited Copenhagen. For much of his life he was a court composer at the Electoral Chapel in Dresden. Most of his work consists of choral works especially motets and madrigals. He was very good at writing counterpoint and his music has some very striking effects. His Christmas Oratorio is particularly famous.
German composers
Baroque composers
1585 births
1672 deaths |
28894 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico%20Scarlatti | Domenico Scarlatti | Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (born Naples, Italy, on 26 October 1685; died Madrid, Spain, on 23 July 1757) was an Italian composer and harpsichordist. He was the son of the famous composer Alessandro Scarlatti. Part of his life he spent in Venice and Rome. His father Alessandro was a famous composer who wrote many operas. Domenico became famous for his sonatas for harpsichord. He wrote over 550 of them. They are mostly quite short pieces in one movement, most written in an early Classical style, which influenced many future Classical composers. He had some unusual effects in his music such as the crossing of hands as they leap wildly from one end of the keyboard to another. He also liked crunchy chords which sound like the strumming of Spanish guitars. He gave harpsichord lessons to the Infanta Maria Barbara at the Royal Court in Lisbon in Portugal. When she married she took Scarlatti, her harpsichord teacher, with her to Madrid in Spain where he spent the rest of his life.
Scarlatti, Domenico
Scarlatti, Domenico
1685 births
1757 deaths
People from Naples |
28896 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Friedemann%20Bach | Wilhelm Friedemann Bach | Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (born Weimar 22 November 1710–Berlin 1 July 1784) was a famous German composer and organist.
He was the son of Johann Sebastian Bach, who taught him to play the harpsichord and organ. Johann Sebastian wrote some pieces and put them in a book called Notebook for Wilhelm Friedemann Bach. Although they are in order of increasing difficulty, it is not known if these were used to teach him to play, or how to write music. The book does contain two allemandes and four preludes written by Wilhelm Friedemann. He also learned to play the violin.
Wilhelm Friedemann was an excellent organist, and took over teaching some of his father's students. In 1733 he was appointed as the organist at the Dresden Sophienkirche (St. Sophia's Church). While living in Dresden he continued to write music including harpsichord concertos, sinfonias, trio sonatas, harpsichord sonatas, and other smaller works for keyboard. He published his first music in 1745.
In 1746 became organist of the Liebfrauenkirche at Halle. This was an important position and he was paid twice as much as he had earned at Dresden. He was expected to provide music for feast days, and so he began to compose cantatas which could be reused each year. He still visited his father, and often used parts of his music. After his father's death in 1750, Wilhelm Friedemann inherited as lot of his father's music, and tried to make people think they were his compositions. He was in trouble with the church when he went to Leipzig to sort out his father's estate. They felt that he was away for too long and was not fulfilling his proper duties.
In 1764, after arguing with a lot of people, he left the job in Halle, remaining unemployed and living a life of poverty until his death.
He had a lot of talent which he did not use. He was a very good improviser, but was careless when playing music by other composers, including his father's.
References
1710 births
1784 deaths
Wilhelm Friedemann
Classical era composers
German composers
German organists
People from Weimar |
28898 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20Jones | Indiana Jones | Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr. is a fictional American professor, archaeologist, and adventurer.
He originally appeared in a series of movies produced by George Lucas and directed by Steven Spielberg in the 1980s, in which he was played by actor Harrison Ford.
Indiana Jones is noted for his trademark bullwhip, his fedora hat, and his great fear of snakes.
Indiana Jones is also the general name given to the series as a whole, which has four movies, a TV series, novels, comics, video games, and other media.
Movies
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Indiana Jones (1992)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).
Video games
Raiders of the Lost Ark - (Atari 2600)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom arcade - (Atari System 1)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game - (C64, NES, Amiga, Macintosh, PC)
Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures - (SNES)
Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis: The Graphic Adventure - (PC, Amiga, Macintosh)
Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - (PC, Nintendo 64, Nintendo Game Boy Color)
Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb - (PC, PlayStation 2, Microsoft Xbox)
Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings - (Wii, Nintendo DS, PSP, PlayStation 2)
Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - (PC, Nintendo 64, Gameboy Color)
Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures - (PC, Macintosh)
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles - (NES)
LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures (PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Macintosh)
LEGO Indiana Jones 2: The Adventures Continues (PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii)
Indiana Jones Adventure World - (Facebook)
Other websites
Official Indiana Jones site
Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1981
Movie characters |
28902 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Protector | Lord Protector | A Lord Protector is a British title for heads of state. It has two different meanings at different times in history.
The title of Lord Protector was first used by royal princes or other nobles who ruled as regent while the English monarch was still too young to rule or was not able to rule for some other reason, in this case the Lord Protector would make all the decisions for the country, and the young monarch would decide whether they agree or not.
The Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland was the title of the head of state during the Interregnum, following the first period of the Commonwealth under Council of State government. It was held by Oliver Cromwell (December 1653 – September 1658), leader of the roundheads and his son Richard Cromwell (September 1658 – May 1659) during what is now known as the Protectorate.
Heads of state
Titles |
28906 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy | Fantasy | Fantasy is a genre of fiction (make believe) that shows some form of magic, or supernatural elements.
Often fantasy also means that the story happens in a fictional place, a world different from our own (e.g. Middle-earth or Narnia). Although the word fantasy is most often applied to low-tech worlds, it also can depict high tech worlds, overlapping with science fiction (science fantasy). Or it is used for historical fiction, if it is magical in some way.
Related pages
Fairy tale
Folklore
Other websites
EDGE Science Fiction and Fantasy Publishing |
28910 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism | Materialism | Materialism is the philosophical belief that the world is made of material, and that there are no other types of entity (things). Everything is composed of material. Things that are not made of material, such as consciousness, are the result of actions by material. In other words, matter is the only real substance. Physicalism is a related term.
Especially, a materialist does not believe in supernatural entities. Many of history's materialists thinkers have found the idea of a spirit either meaningless or not scientifically proven. By definition, these thinkers are therefore also atheists, though not all atheists are materialists, and there have even been some historically important Materialist thinkers who believe in a Pantheist idea of God (such as Baruch Spinoza and Friedrich Engels).
Modern philosophical materialists extend the definition to include other basic entities proven by science, such as energy, forces, and the curvature of space. Matter and energy are known to be interchangeable, and much else, such as gravity, is caused by matter. However, the concept of matter is itself not entirely clear.
Other types of philosophy share some of the aims of materialism. Examples would include reductionism, logical positivism and empiricism.
The origin of materialism is in a type of Ancient Greek philosophy. Thales, Epicurus, and Lucretius are early materialist philosophers. The idea also appeared in other ancient cultures.
References
Philosophical movements and positions |
28917 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Cyprus | Northern Cyprus | Northern Cyprus (), officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC; , KKTC), is a de facto state in the northern half of the island of Cyprus. It is internationally recognised as part of the Republic of Cyprus and only Turkey recognises it as a separate state. Three hundred thousand Muslim Turkish Cypriots live in its 3,335 km². Turkey is the only country which recognizes the territory as an independent republic despite the international sanctions and embargos in place.
Cyprus was conquered and became part of the Ottoman Empire from 1570–1914. Many Ottoman Turks became settlers. As the Ottoman Empire sided against the British empire in World War I, the British annexed Cyprus. In 1923, by the Treaty of Lausanne Turkey gave up the island to the British Empire which in 1925 converted it to a crown colony. The British administered it from 1878 until 1960. Cypriot Turk males are circumcised, because Sunni Islam is the main religion.
In 1974, in response to a growing conflict with Greece, the Turkish army invaded and occupied Cyprus. Many settlers from mainland Turkey came from Turkey into the northern part of the island. The move drew international condemnation and Northern Cyprus remains unrecognized by the United Nations.
Since 1974, the United Nations has established a ceasefire line between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots. The ''Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus'' was formed in 1983 and Rauf Denktash became the first president. Negotiations for a unified island have been held several times without success.
Northern Cyprus, despite its international pariah status, stands out amongst other "frozen conflict" zones as having a relatively stable and democratic form of government with high levels of political freedom and civic engagement in the political process.
References
Other websites
Zypern Times
Nordzypern Almanac
North Cyprus Information Map - A directory and information source for Northern Cyprus. Company information including location maps. General and specific questions for residences and tourists
Government of the TRNC |
28929 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Caledonia | New Caledonia | New Caledonia (; popular name: Le caillou) () is a "sui generis collectivity" (in practice an overseas territory) of France, made up of a main island (Grande Terre) and several smaller islands. It is in the region of Melanesia in the southwest Pacific. At about half the size of Taiwan, it has a land area of 18,575.5 square kilometres (7,172 sq mi). At the 2004 census, 230,789 people lived there. It has an internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of .nc. The capital and largest city of the territory is Nouméa. The currency is the CFP franc. The inflation rate is -0.6%. The unemployment rate is 17.1%
A referendum was held in November 2018 to see if New Caledonia should declare independence from France. The results were more people wanted to stay in France than leave.
References
Islands of Oceania
Melanesia
Australasia
Gondwana |
28944 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam | Dam | A dam is a large wall or barrier that blocks or stops the flow of water, forming a reservoir or a lake. Most dams have a section called a spillway or weir over which, or through which, water flows, either sometimes or always.
Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water. The tallest dam in the world is the 300 meter high Nurek Dam in Tajikistan.
History
Some of the first dams were built in Mesopotamia up to 7,000 years ago. Modern dams are built with arched walls of steel rod-reinforced concrete. The arched wall is a very strong shape which helps the wall to withstand the huge weight of the water.
Reasons for building dams
There are a number of reasons that people build dams. Some countries build dams to control the flow of water in the downstream river systems, and prevent flooding. Other countries build dams to generate electricity using hydroelectric turbine generators. Other countries use dams to store water for use in irrigation (for farming) or drinking by people.
Notes
Civil engineering
Flood control |
28945 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Beckham | David Beckham | David Beckham (born 2 May 1975) is a retired English association football player. He is currently the owner of MLS team Inter Miami CF.
In June 2003, Queen Elizabeth II gave Beckham an OBE. In January 2005, Beckham became a UNICEF ambassador. Since his move from Manchester United F.C. to Real Madrid in 2003, he has been the highest paid footballer in the world.
Early life
Beckham was born at Whipps Cross University Hospital in London, England. He was the son of Ted and Sandra Georgina West. He grew up in the Manchester football youth system along with Ryan Giggs, Nicky Butt, Phil Neville, Gary Neville and Paul Scholes who all turned out to be famous footballers.
Career
Manchester United
From 1992 through 2003, he played for Manchester United in the Premier League.
Real Madrid
After leaving Manchester United, he signed a four-year contract with Real Madrid which ended in June 2007.
LA Galaxy
From 2007 to 2012, he played for LA Galaxy in the United States. He was loaned out to AC Milan of Italy for the 2008-09 and the 2009-10 seasons before joining the Galaxy again.
PSG
He played for Paris Saint-Germain in Ligue 1 until the end of the 2012/13 season. After the season ended, he retired.
England
He played for England for 13 years, from 1996 until 2009. He was dropped from the England team after giving up his England captaincy, but regained his place in the England squad when Fabio Capello became the England manager in 2008.
Personal life
Beckham's wife is singer Victoria Beckham. Some people call her Posh Spice because she was a member of the Spice Girls. The couple have three sons: Brooklyn Joseph Beckham (born 4 March 1999 in London), Romeo James Beckham (born 1 September 2002 in London), and Cruz David Beckham (born 20 February 2005 in Madrid, Spain), and a daughter Harper Beckham (born 2 July 2011). She is also the youngest member of the Beckham family.
Club career statistics
International career statistics
|-
|1996||3||0
|-
|1997||9||0
|-
|1998||8||1
|-
|1999||7||0
|-
|2000||10||0
|-
|2001||10||5
|-
|2002||9||3
|-
|2003||9||4
|-
|2004||12||2
|-
|2005||9||1
|-
|2006||8||1
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
|2008||8||0
|-
|2009||8||0
|-
!Total||115||17
|}
References
1975 births
Living people
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
English footballers
Manchester United F.C. players
People from Leytonstone
Sportspeople from London
UEFA Euro 2000 players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
Premier League players |
28946 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata | Sonata | A sonata is a piece of music for one instrument or one instrument with another instrument accompanying. The word comes from the Italian “sonare” which means “to sound”.
A composer could call any solo instrumental piece “sonata” if he or she wants to, but usually a sonata is quite a long piece with several movements. A sonatina is a simple and short sonata.
History
The term "sonata" was used in the 16th century to mean anything that was not sung.
In the Baroque period (17th and early 18th centuries) many composers like Arcangelo Corelli wrote sonatas with several movements. There were two types: “sonata da camera” (“room sonata” i.e. “chamber sonata”) which were for playing in people’s homes, and “sonata da chiesa” (“church sonata”) which were for being played in churches. The first type would have harpsichord accompaniment and the second type organ accompaniment. There would also be a cello playing the bass line. The solo instrument might be a violin, flute, recorder or oboe.
At the end of the Baroque period Domenico Scarlatti wrote over 500 sonatas for harpsichord. These are all short pieces in binary form (two sections).
By the time we come to the Classical period sonatas have become longer pieces with three or four movements. They would usually start with a fast movement, then a slow one, and then a fast one at the end. If there were four movements the extra one would be a minuet and trio or a scherzo, either before or after the slow movement. The first movement would be in sonata form. The most important composers of sonatas at this time were Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven
Many composers in the Romantic period wrote sonatas, for example: Brahms wrote piano sonatas as well as sonatas for violin and piano, cello and piano, and clarinet and piano.
In the 20th century composers who have written sonatas include Bartok, Tippett and William Walton.
Related pages
piano sonata
Sonata form
Classical music
Musical forms |
28949 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata%20form | Sonata form | Sonata form is a way of organizing a piece of music. It has been used in several pieces since the Classical period (from the middle of the 18th century onwards). Listening to pieces of music in sonata form will help to understand it fully and it is helpful to know something about the different keys.
Sonata form is not just used in sonatas. It can be the form for movements from symphonies, concertos, overtures etc.
In the Baroque period composers like Bach and Handel wrote pieces with dance movements such as minuets. These were in “binary form”. This meant that there were two sections. The two sections were often the same length, and were separated by a double bar line which meant that each section was repeated. The music would not be in the same key all the time. The first section could modulate (change key) and then the second section would gradually modulate back again so that it sounded finished at the end.
Domenico Scarlatti wrote sonatas for harpsichord also in binary form, but long and with additional complexity. The first section would start with a theme in the main key, and then modulate to another key for contrast. The second section might be longer than the first second, starting off by modulating to remote keys before arriving back to repeat the main theme. This kind of piece is the beginning of sonata form.
Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven developed the idea of sonata form. A movement in sonata form has three sections called: “exposition”, “development” and “recapitulation”.
In the exposition we hear all the main material: the first tune- or group of tunes - in the main key, then a contrasting tune or tunes in a related key (normally the “dominant” i.e. the key on the 5th note of the scale of the main key, or the relative minor). Or in the case of a first section in a minor key, one might frequently hear the second subject or subjects in the relative major.
In the development section the music is developed, going into several different keys. The music here feels unstable. There is a feeling of tension. The listener wants to get back to the main key.
In the recapitulation the exposition is repeated, but it changes towards the end so that it finishes in the main key. It feels as if the tension has gone and the listener feels happy.
This way of building a piece of music was used by almost every composer from the mid 18th century onwards – well into the 20th century. It gives scope for a very dramatic piece. Of course, composers sometime use it differently. There is often a sense of development during the whole piece, not just during the so-called “development section”. The first movement of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony spends all the time developing the famous idea heard at the beginning: the first four notes (short-short-short-long). Even the other three movements carry on developing this idea.
Musical forms |
28951 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lord%20of%20the%20Rings%20%28disambiguation%29 | The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation) |
The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel by J. R. R. Tolkien.
The Lord of the Rings may also refer to:
Movies
There have been several movies based on the book by J. R. R. Tolkien:
The Lord of the Rings (1978 movie), an animated movie directed by Ralph Bakshi
The Return of the King (1980 movie)
The Lord of the Rings (movie series), a trilogy of movied directed by Peter Jackson
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
Music and theatre
The Lord of the Rings (musical) (2006-2007)
The Lord of the Rings (soundtrack), the soundtrack for the 1978 movie by Ralph Bakshi
Astronomy
A euphemism for the planet Saturn |
28956 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria | Aria | An aria is a long song accompanying a solo voice. An aria is usually in an opera. It is an Italian word of the 18th century meaning “air” (i.e. a tune).
A small amount of text is used in an aria. Characteristics include the use of melismas, repetition and sequences. Typically there would be full accompaniment to the solo voice in the aria although this is not the case in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas where the majority of its arias are only accompanied by the continuo part.
In operas of the Baroque period most of the music was either “recitative” or “aria”. Recitative (from a word meaning: “to recite” i.e. “to tell”) was sung quickly, almost as if it were being spoken. The singer was accompanied just by a few supporting chords, usually on a harpsichord. The story was being told in the recitative.
Once the situation in the story had changed there would be an aria. The singer would sing a song which expressed his or her feelings. The aria had more musical interest than the recitative. Arias were usually in what we call “ABA” form or “Da Capo” form. There was a main section, then a middle part, then the main section was repeated (“Da Capo” means: “back to the beginning”). In the Da Capo section the singer usually improvised, adding many embellishments and ornaments. The aria gave performers the opportunity to show off their virtuosity.
The word “aria” is not just used in opera. Arias can be found in cantatas or just by themselves. Sometimes pieces for instruments are called “aria”. These are often a tune with variations, such as Handel's famous "Air with Variations" for harpsichord, also known as The Harmonious Blacksmith.
In the 19th century the difference between recitative and aria in opera started to disappear. Composers like Richard Wagner made the music much more continuous. He did not want audiences clapping in the middle of his operas. He wanted the music to develop dramatically and continuously.
References
Musical forms |
28957 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah%20Wood | Elijah Wood | Elijah Jordan Wood (born January 28, 1981, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa) is an American actor.
He has been a professional actor since he was nine years old. Wood is best known for his role of Frodo Baggins in the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.
Films
Back to the Future Part II (1989)
North (1994)
Oliver Twist (1997)
The Ice Storm (1997)
Deep Impact (1998)
The Faculty (1998)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
All I Want (2003)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)
Everything Is Illuminated (2005)
Green Street Hooligans (2005)
Sin City (2005)
Happy Feet (2006)
Day Zero (2007)
The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night (2007)
The Oxford Murders (2008)
The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon (2008)
9 (2009/I)
Beyond All Boundaries (2009)
The Romantics (2010)
Other websites
Elijah Wood at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
1981 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Cedar Rapids, Iowa |
28961 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20McKellen | Ian McKellen | Sir Ian Murray McKellen (born 25 May 1939) is an English actor. He has had a Tony Award and two Oscar nominations.
Life
McKellen was born on 25 May 1939 in Burnley, Lancashire. In 1939, he moved to Wigan. In 1951, he moved to Bolton.
His work has spanned genres from serious Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction movies.
In a television movie role in 1970 titled Edward II, he and his co-star, James Laurenson kissed in British television's first gay kiss.
Best known for his roles as Gandalf in the 2001-2003 Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, as Sir Leigh Teabing in The Da Vinci Code, and as Magneto in the X-Men series of movies.
He is openly gay and is a prominent activist for the rights of LGBT people. He said that the reason why he took the role in the X-Men movies was because of his sexuality. He said: "Mutants are like gays. They’re cast out by society for no good reason".
He was made a CBE in 1979 and knighted in 1990 for his outstanding work and contributions to the theatre. In 2008 he was made a Companion of Honour.
McKellen said in 2012 that he was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2006.
McKellen once signed an autograph to a fan stating "Fuck off, I’m gay." The person given the autograph was politician Michael Howard.
Movies
Apt Pupil (1998)
Gods and Monsters (1998)
X-Men (2000)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
X2: X-Men United (2003)
Emile, (2005)
Asylum, (2005)
The Magic Roundabout, as Zebedee (2005) (movie known as "Dougal" in the United States)
Flushed Away, (2006)
The Da Vinci Code, (as Sir Leigh Teabing) (2006)
X-Men: The Last Stand (2006)
The Good Liar (2019)
Cats (2019)
References
Other websites
The papers of Sir Ian McKellen, actor are held by the Victoria and Albert Museum Theatre and Performance Department.
Biography of Sir Ian McKellen, CH, CBE, Debrett's
1939 births
Living people
Actors from Greater Manchester
Actors from Lancashire
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of Honour
Drama Desk Award winners
English activists
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Gay men
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Knights Bachelor
LGBT actors
LGBT rights activists
People from Bolton
People with cancer
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Wigan |
28963 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandalf | Gandalf | Gandalf is a Middle-earth wizard from the books The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.
Fictional biography
Gandalf the Grey wanted Bilbo Baggins to let him go an adventure with him and the Company of Thorin Oakenshield to take back Erebor from Smaug. Decades later, he would help Bilbo's nephew Frodo bring the One Ring back to the fires of Mount Doom.
Peter Jackson adaptations (2001-2003, 2012-2014)
In the Peter Jackson movie adaptations of both books, Gandalf was played by Ian McKellen. In The Hobbit movies, which were written as a prequel to The Lord of the Rings movies, he figures out that the Necromancer happens to be Sauron.
Reception
His notable quote "You shall not pass" is known for fantasy and literary fans.
Fictional characters introduced in 1937
Fictional characters with immortality
Characters in The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings characters |
28964 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viggo%20Mortensen | Viggo Mortensen | Viggo Peter Mortensen, Jr. (born October 20, 1958, in New York City) is an American theater and movie actor, poet, musician, photographer and painter. He is best known for his role as Aragorn in Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.
Movies
Witness (1985)
G.I. Jane (1997)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
Hidalgo (2004)
A History of Violence (2005)
Other websites
Satellite Award winners
1958 births
Living people
American movie actors
American photographers
American poets
Actors from New York City
Writers from New York City |
28965 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20Astin | Sean Astin | Sean Astin (born February 25, 1971 in Santa Monica, California, U.S.) is an American movie actor. Astin is also a director and Oscar nominated producer. He is the son of Patty Duke and John Astin.
Personal life
Astin married Christine Harrell on July 11, 1992. They have three daughters, Alexandra (born November 27, 1996), Elizabeth (born August 6, 2002) and Isabella (born July 22, 2005), all with the same middle name of Louise.
Movies
The Goonies (1985)
Toy Soldiers (1991)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
References
Other websites
Sean Astin's official home page
1971 births
Living people
American movie actors
Movie directors from California
Actors from Santa Monica, California |
28966 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Holm | Ian Holm | Sir Ian Holm Cuthbert CBE (12 September 1931 – 19 June 2020), known professionally as Ian Holm was a retired English actor.
Ian Holm was born at Goodmayes Hospital in Goodmayes, Essex, He was son of James Harvey Cuthbert and his wife Jean Wilson (née Holm), The hospital was his father working there .
He married to four times, He had five children in his life.
He died in a London hospital on 19 June 2020 from Parkinson's disease-related problems, at the age of 88.
Movies
Alien (1979)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
Ratatouille (2007)
References-
Other websites
Sir Ian Holm (inoffiziell)
1931 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Essex
BAFTA Award winners
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Tony Award winning actors |
28973 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Boccherini | Luigi Boccherini | Luigi Boccherini (born in Lucca, 19 February 1743; died Madrid, 28 May 1805) is an Italian cellist and composer. As a boy he showed great talent and was sent to Rome to study music. When he returned to Lucca he entered the theatre orchestra and the town band. He travelled a lot, visiting France, Spain, and Germany. In Berlin he was offered the job of chamber composer to the King of Prussia. He took the job, but had to promise only to work for the king, and no one else. When the king died he found himself without a job, so he went back to Madrid. There he found work at times, but a lot of the time he was very poor.
Boccherini is famous for his chamber music. He wrote more than 100 quintets for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos. He also wrote 4 cello concertos.
Boccherini is sometimes nicknamed "Haydn’s wife" because his music sounds similar to that of Haydn. They may have known one another, but we cannot be sure.
1743 births
1805 deaths
Cellists
Classical era composers
Italian composers
People from Lucca |
28976 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Frideric%20Handel | George Frideric Handel | George Frideric Handel (German (Deutsch) : Georg Friedrich Händel) (23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a German composer who went to live in England when he was a young man and later became a naturalised Briton. Johann Sebastian Bach and Handel were born in the same year. They were the greatest composers of their time, but they never met. Handel changed his name to George Frideric Handel when he became British; he removed the dots above the "a" and changed the spelling of Georg and Friedrich. The German spelling of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is still used by German writers.
Although they both lived in the late Baroque period, Bach and Handel’s music developed differently. Handel wrote many operas and oratorios and by them became very famous. He took many trips, including to Italy where he learned a lot about composition. Bach never left central Germany, and most of the time he was a church musician who was not well known by the general public.
Handel wrote over 42 operas. Later he wrote oratorios. His most famous oratorio is the Messiah. He wrote anthems, chamber music and orchestral music including the Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks.
Life
Early years
Handel was born in Halle in the northeast of Germany, in today's Saxony-Anhalt. His father was a barber and a surgeon. He started playing the harpsichord and the organ when he was very young. He was given a clavichord when he was seven and he used to practice it in the attic where his father could not hear him. At the age of nine he was already composing. He had a teacher called Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow who was the organist of the big church, the Marienkirche, in Halle. He learned the organ, harpsichord and violin as well as composition, harmony.
Handel’s father did not want him to study music; he wanted him to be a lawyer. Although Handel's father died in 1697, Handel enrolled at the University of Halle in 1703. He studied law for a year because his father wanted him to do so. After that year, Handel was unhappy studying law. He decided to stop studying law and become a musician. He became organist at the Protestant Cathedral in Halle. The next year he moved to Hamburg where he got a job as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the opera-house. Here his first two operas, Almira and Nero, were produced early in 1705. Two other early operas, Daphne and Florindo, were produced at Hamburg in 1708.
Handel was becoming a good opera composer, but he wanted to learn more, so he went to Italy in 1707. He spent four years there. His opera Rodrigo was produced in Florence in 1707, and his Agrippina at Venice in 1709. Agrippina was very popular and had 26 performances. It made Handel famous. He also had three oratorios produced in Rome. He wrote sacred music (church music) and other pieces in an operatic style, e.g. Dixit Dominus (1707).
Move to England
In 1710 Handel became Kapellmeister (music director) to George, Elector of Hanover, who would soon be King George I of Great Britain. The Elector agreed that Handel could have an immediate leave of 12 months so that he could go to London. He visited London for eight months. His opera Rinaldo was performed in 1711. It was the first time an Italian opera had been performed in England. It was an immediate success. Handel returned to Hanover in the summer of 1711 and spent a year writing chamber and orchestral music because there was no opera in Hanover. He was also trying to learn English. In 1712 the Elector allowed him to make another visit to England. In England he had patrons (rich people who gave him money). He had a yearly income of £200 from Queen Anne (while Bach earned as little as eighty pounds in a year). He was having a lot of success, and so stayed in England instead of returning to his job in the Hanover Court.
In 1712 Queen Anne died and the Elector of Hanover became King of Great Britain. Handel might have been in trouble for staying in Britain. According to one story the King forgave Handel because he wrote some lovely music called Water Music which was performed on a boat on the Thames at a royal water party. This story about the king forgiving Handel is probably not true. George would have known that Queen Anne was about to die and he would become King of Great Britain and therefore Handel's master again. In fact, the new king doubled Handel’s salary. A few years later his salary increased again when he taught music to Queen Caroline’s daughter.
In 1724 Handel moved into a newly built house in 25 Brook Street, London, which he rented until his death in 1759, 35 years later. The house is now called Handel House Museum and is open to the public. It was here that Handel composed some of his most famous music such as Messiah, Zadok the Priest, and Fireworks Music.
In 1729 Handel's opera Scipio (Scipio) was performed for the first time. The march from this work is now the regimental slow march of the British Grenadier Guards. In the next year he took on British nationality.
In 1731 Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the coronation ceremony of King George II. One of these, Zadok the Priest, has been sung at every coronation ceremony since.
Handel spent most of his time working on operas. From 1722 to 1726 he was director of the Royal Academy of Music. This was an organisation that put on opera performances. It had nothing to do with the academy which is called the Royal Academy of Music today where young students study music. Handel also worked in the management of the King's Theatres and many of his operas were performed in the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden. He sometimes travelled to Italy to find new Italian singers and persuade them to come to London. London became world famous for operas. In spite of everything Handel was doing for opera he had many enemies as well as friends. There was a lot of rivalry, especially with a composer called Bononcini whose music is forgotten today. Handel gave up operatic management in 1740, after he had lost a lot of money in the business.
Later years
In April 1739, age 54, he had a stroke. It was probably this which left his right arm paralysed for a while so that he could not perform, but he made an excellent recovery after six weeks at a health spa in Aix-la-Chapelle. At this time he started to write oratorios instead of operas. In 1742 his oratorio Messiah was first performed in Dublin. Surprisingly, it was not successful in London until 1750 when it was performed in aid of the Foundling Hospital Chapel. Handel performed it every year there, which brought the hospital about £600 for each performance. Handel spent most of his time in these later years composing and producing oratorios. Judas Maccabaeus was particularly popular. The singers for these oratorios were English and Italian. They were not world-famous virtuosos but singers whom Handel had trained himself.
In August, 1750, on a journey back from Germany to London, Handel was seriously injured when his carriage overturned. In 1751 he started to lose his eyesight. He died, in 1759, in London. The last concert he went to was his own Messiah. More than 3,000 mourners went to his funeral. He was buried with full state honours in Westminster Abbey. Handel never married, and kept his personal life very private. He left £20,000 which was a lot of money for those days (Approximately 2800000 pounds today) His niece inherited most of his money. He also left some of it to friends, servants, relations and charities. His autographs (the original copies of the music that he wrote) are now mostly in the British Museum.
His name
Handel adopted the spelling "George Frideric Handel" on his naturalization as a British subject, and this spelling is generally used in English speaking countries. The original form of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is usually used in Germany, but he is known as "Haendel" in France. There was another composer with a similar name, Handl, who was a Slovene and is more commonly known as Jacobus Gallus. This can be very hard for cataloguers (people trying to make a list of his music)
References
1685 births
1759 deaths
Baroque composers
English composers
German composers
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from Halle, Saxony-Anhalt |
28980 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Wagner | Richard Wagner | Richard Wagner (22 May 1813 in Leipzig – 13 February 1883 in Venice) was a German opera composer. He was one of the most important opera composers in Germany during the Romantic period. Apart from some music that he wrote as a student he wrote ten operas which are all performed regularly in opera houses today. Most of his operas are about stories from German mythology. He always wrote the words himself.
Wagner changed people's ideas of what operas should be. He thought that the drama (the story that is being told with all its tensions) was very important, and he chose the singers for his operas himself, so that he could train them into his way of thinking. The music in his operas did not give the audience a chance to applaud after big solos as it had done in the 18th century: it continues throughout the whole act. He made his music tell the story by using what he called “leitmotifs”. These were melodies or short musical phrases which belonged to particular characters in the opera, or to particular ideas. He had more influence on other composers than anybody else in his time, largely because of his harmonies which became more and more chromatic (using lots of sharps and flats), with many changes of key. He built an opera house to his own design in the German town of Bayreuth. Nearly all musicians in Europe tried to make a journey to Bayreuth to hear Wagner's music. The Wagner festival still takes place every year there.
His life
Early years
He studied at the University of Leipzig, although he was not allowed to be a full student because he did not have proper school qualifications. Although he lived a wild life he worked hard at his music. He studied the scores of Beethoven's string quartets and symphonies and he wrote his own symphony which was performed in 1833 at the famous Leipzig Gewandhaus. He wrote his first opera, Die Feen (The Fairies) in Würzburg. He became the conductor of a travelling opera group and fell in love with one of the singers called Minna Planer and he married her in 1836. His second opera, Das Liebesverbot, based on Shakespeare's play Measure for Measure was a failure.
Wagner always liked spending money, and he soon found he owed money to a lot of people, so he went away to Paris where he lived for three years. He was not successful at all there, none of the French musicians showed any interest in him and he was very poor. He still managed to write an opera Rienzi in 1841, and this was soon followed by Der fliegende Holländer, (The Flying Dutchman), which still remains a favourite to opera lovers today. It was first performed in Dresden in 1843. The audience did not like it much because they were used to operas like Rienzi which were written in the old way. Wagner was given the job of court opera composer in Dresden. He stayed there until 1849. During that time he worked very hard to make opera performances better, improve the orchestra and train the singers. In 1845 he wrote another great opera, Tannhäuser. People gradually started to understand the way that Wagner's music was telling the drama of the story. After this all his operas were great successes, although there always remained some people who hated his music, e.g. the music critic Eduard Hanslick.
Years in exile
In 1848 he finished working on Lohengrin but it was not performed because he was supporting the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, joining in the demonstrations. Although he did join the fighting he was going to be arrested, so Franz Liszt helped him to escape to Switzerland. He lived in Zürich until 1858. There he wrote about music, conducted, and read stories from Norse mythology. He was starting to think about writing operas about these stories. It was something that would take him over 25 years to complete. They were to become the four operas known as Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung) which, together, tell one long story. The four operas which make up this famous Ring cycle are Das Rheingold (The Rhinegold), Die Walküre (The Valkyrie), Siegfried and Götterdämmerung (Twilight of the Gods). Because of the political situation in Germany at the time, Wagner expected the rise of a socialist state. The operas in the Ring cycle were a new kind of music drama (which Wagner simply called “drama”). These operas can be seen as describing a new kind of world in which humans are free. The music used the idea of leitmotif (in English: “leading motive”), where musical ideas represent characters or emotions, and help the development and understanding of the story.
By 1857 Wagner had written the first two operas as well as Acts One and Two of Siegfried. However, the third Act of Siegfried was not written until many years later, because he could see that at that time there was no suitable opera house to have these operas performed. He fell in love with a woman called Mathilde Wesendonk, whose husband was very rich. This affair led to a separation with his wife, Minna. He wrote an opera about an unhappy love affair: Tristan und Isolde (Tristan and Isolde).
Mid career
Meanwhile, he wrote another opera: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (The Mastersinger of Nűrnberg). It is the only comedy Wagner wrote.
It is set in medieval Germany and is about a song contest.
By 1864 Wagner was in debt once more. He fled to Stuttgart to avoid being put into prison (Germany at that time was still made up of many small countries, each with their own laws). Then he had a big stroke of luck. The new king of Bavaria, Ludwig II, who was only 18 years old, adored the music of Wagner. He had read the poem about the Ring of the Nibelungs (Wagner had written the words, but had not finished the music). King Ludwig invited Wagner to finish the Ring cycle for performances in Munich. He gave him somewhere to live, and his new operas were performed in Munich: Tristan und Isolde in 1865, Die Meistersinger von Nűrnberg in 1868, Das Rheingold in 1869 and Die Walkűre in 1870. There were plans for a new opera house in Munich, but it was never built because people were angry with Wagner for being in debt in spite of having lots of money from the king. Another thing people did not like was that he fell in love with the wife of the man who had conducted his operas, Hans von Bülow. Her name was Cosima. Her father was the composer Franz Liszt who had not been married to Cosima's mother. Wagner had already left Munich in 1865, but the king still supported him, making it possible for him to live in a large house called Triebschen on Lake Lucerne. Cosima divorced von Bülow in 1870 and married Wagner in the same year.
Bayreuth and Wahnfried
By now Wagner was working hard at the Ring cycle again. He had promised the king that the four operas would be performed in Munich when they were ready, but he realized that they would need a special kind of opera house. So he designed his own opera house and had it built in the town of Bayreuth. He spent a lot of time travelling and conducting in order to raise money for this huge project. The King Ludwig also gave him a lot of money, and a lovely new house in Bayreuth which Wagner called Wahnfried (the name of the house means something like: Peace from the mad world). Finally, the complete cycle of four operas was performed in August 1876 in the new opera house, the (Bayreuth Festspielhaus). The third and fourth operas of the cycle, Siegfried and Götterdämmerung were being performed for the first time.
Wagner spent the rest of his life living in Wahnfried. Sometimes he travelled. He went to London and made several trips to Italy. He wrote his last opera, Parsifal, which almost has a religious feeling to it. The story is related to the legends about King Arthur and the Holy Grail. Wagner dictated his memoirs to his wife. His autobiography is called Mein Leben (My Life). He died of a heart attack when he was staying in Venice. He was buried in the grounds of Wahnfried.
Wagner’s reputation
Wagner had enormous influence on the development of music. Many composers imitated his harmonies, or let themselves be influenced by them. By the early 20th century some composers like Arnold Schoenberg had gone even farther in making more and more complicated harmonies, and composers had to find new ways of composing.
Wagner made his orchestras much bigger than usual. The woodwind, for example, need four of each instrument (four flutes, four oboes etc.), and there are extra instruments like the bass clarinet and Wagner tubas. His ideas about music drama were very important. His music helps the drama to be told because it develops all the time, like the music in a symphony.
Wagner was anti-semitic. Wagner's writings on Jews, including ‘Jewishness in Music’, corresponded to some existing anti-semitic trends of thought in Germany during the 19th century. The published essay attacks two Jewish composers and Jews in general.
Wagner died long before the Nazis arose. Wagner's widow and heirs established direct political links with the Nazis. Their actions to belittle Jewish artists and involvement in anti-semetic organisations after 1914 helped prepare the ground for state-organised expulsion of Jewish artists after 1933.
When Hitler came to power in the 1930s he liked Wagner's music and thought that it was something typically German. Wagner's ideas in Die Meistersinger von Nűrnberg about German art suited some of Hitler's thoughts. After the war, the music was wrongly thought of as being something of the Nazis. Wagner wrote things that freely expressed his dislike of Jewish composers, although he praised Felix Mendelssohn for his Hebrides Overture. Wagner also had some Jewish friends. Wagner's music is played very rarely in Israel. Daniel Barenboim made people in Israel angry by conducting Wagner's music at a Jerusalem festival in 2001.
References
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Italy
Deaths from myocardial infarction
German autobiographers
German composers
People from Leipzig
Romantic composers
1813 births
1883 deaths |
28981 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Connecticut%20Yankee%20in%20King%20Arthur%27s%20Court | A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court | [[File:Connecticut Yankee frontispiece by Beard.jpg|thumb|300px|An illustration of the Connecticut Yankees 1st edition.]]A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court''''' is a novel. It was written by Mark Twain. It was published in 1889. It is one of the first stories about time travel.
Story
Hank Morgan is an American from late 19th-century Connecticut. He travels back in time to King Arthur's Camelot. He has a lot of knowledge of science and technology. He becomes very powerful. People call him "The Boss". He tries to improve medieval society according to the morals and technologies of his time. In the end, Merlin puts Hank in a magic sleep. Hank wakes in his own time.
Books by Mark Twain
1889 books
American novels
English-language novels |
28988 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno%20%28mythology%29 | Juno (mythology) | Juno (), in Roman mythology, is the wife of Jupiter and the queen of the gods. She was later identified with the goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus in Greek mythology. She was the goddess of marriage and childbirth. She was called Juno Regina ("Queen"). She was the patron goddess of Rome and a protector of the state. With Jupiter and Minerva, she was part of the Capitoline triad of gods.
Juno, Roman goddess and Hera, Greek goddess, are the same person just believed to be different.
References
Roman gods and goddesses |
28991 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur | Excalibur | Excalibur is a legendary sword, in the mythology of Great Britain. It was owned by King Arthur. The sword and its name have become very widespread in popular culture, and are used in fiction and films. Excalibur is a symbol of divine kingship and great power.
History of the sword
The sword was obtained by the king with the advice of his wizard-adviser Merlin. But it was considered that there existed two Excalibur swords. The first was the one Merlin put into the stone and said that the throne will be taken by the one who will take the sword out of the stone. Young Arthur was the one to do it. The second Excalibur was the one to which Merlin took the King. The sword was located at a magical lake where the Lady of the Lake gave it to Arthur. The Excalibur was made by an Avalonian elf. Later the sword was stolen by his sister and it was the time when the scabbard (sword coverage) was lost. In the battle of Camlann, Arthur was hurt, and he told Bedwyr (Griflet) to return the Excalibur to the lake.
One of the earliest names of King Arthur's sword was Caladfwlch. It is a Welsh word that comes from Calad-Bolg (Hard Lightning). Later it was changed to Caliburn by Geoffrey of Monmouth. And today we know it as Excalibur, due to French.
The legend of Excalibur is similar to the Irish hero, Cú Chulainn, who had a sword named Caladbolg; or to Norse Legend of Sigurd. All these swords were made by an elf. Sometimes he is named Wayland (Saxon myth); and Gofannon (Celtic myth).
Clarent is one of King Arthur's two mythic swords. The first is Excalibur, the sword of war, and the second Clarent, the sword of peace. The Clarent sword is less known because it was used for peaceful acts, whereas the Excalibur was well known because it was used to defend Camelot. But by the legend the Clarent Sword play a very important role. It was stolen by the traitor Mordred, who later used it against Arthur and cut him to death.
In some versions of the story of Excalibur, it is said that the sword was forged in dragon fire, though it is not commonly told of.
"No government should be based on old hags handing out swords!!"-Sir Galahad, Monty Python's, Spamalot
Other websites
Medieval European Armor
Arthurian legend
Mythological swords |
28992 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Philipp%20Telemann | Georg Philipp Telemann | Georg Philipp Telemann (March 14, 1681 in Magdeburg - June 25, 1767 in Hamburg) was a German baroque composer. He wrote over 601 pieces of music, many of which were published. As publishing cost much money at that time, this was quite unusual. He mostly taught himself musically and knew how to play 10(gay)instruments. During his life people thought he was one of the greatest composers. He also wrote lots of church music, most of which is not common today.
Reference
1681 births
1767 deaths
Baroque composers
German composers
Multi-instrumentalists
People from Magdeburg |
28995 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20da%20Palestrina | Giovanni da Palestrina | Giovanni da Palestrina (born Palestrina, (c.1525 – February 2, 1594 in Rome) was a very important Italian composer of church music of his time. He lived in the period called the Renaissance. Most of his music was choral (written for choirs). It is very polyphonic. This means that the different voices (sopranos, altos, tenors or basses) are often singing different words and different parts of the tune at the same time. Many composers since have studied the way that Palestrina wrote, because this is an excellent way to learn to write contrapuntal music.
Palestrina took his name from the town where he was born. We are not sure of the exact date of his birth. Any records of his birth were destroyed when the town burned in 1577. He was probably a choirboy in Palestrina. When he was grown up he got a job as organist and choir director at the Roman basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. He was not earning much money, but he married a lady who came from a very rich family, so he was comfortably off. Pope Julius III heard about how good this young composer was. He asked him to come and meet him. He was given the job of master of the Capella Juliana, the choir that sang at the services in St Peter’s, Rome. This was the top job in Italy and he was only 26. Of course, Palestrina composed a mass in the pope’s honour.
Palestrina composed 93 masses (these are musical settings of the words of the communion service). He also wrote motets and madrigals. Palestrina and Lassus were the two greatest composers of the late Renaissance.
Italian composers
Renaissance composers
1525 births
1594 deaths |
28996 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Prince%20and%20the%20Pauper | The Prince and the Pauper | [[Image:The Prince and the Pauper 1881 p20.jpg|thumb|200px|Tom Canty meets Prince Edward. An illustration in The Prince and the Paupers 1st edition.]]The Prince and the Pauper''''' is a book by Mark Twain. It was published in 1882. The story has been adapted to stage, television, and movies.
Story
The story takes place in England, in the year 1547 when the King has a glorious and much rejoiced birth of the son he awaited, Edward the fourth, after many sisters (Mary and Elizabeth)and still births. By chance, Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII of England and Jane Seymor, and Tom Canty, a pauper (poor boy), find out that they look exactly the same, like identical twins. After they put on each other's clothes for fun, the prince is thrown out of the palace, while people think that Tom is the prince. Now both Edward and Tom have to live in a world where they are treated different and which they do not understand.
Tom lives the life of a prince. On the streets of London, Edward is saved by the nobleman Miles Hendon. Edward travels with Miles around England. There Edward sees and has to live with the poverty and cruel treatment in the life of the poor people.
Then King Henry VIII dies. People prepare to make Tom the next King. At the crowning ceremony, Edward arrives and says that he is the real Prince. In the end, Tom and Edward can clear everything up. Edward becomes King of England. Tom Canty becomes "The King's Ward", a position in which he can live comfortably for the rest of his life. Miles Hendon is made an Earl. King Edward's rule is very good to the common and poor people, because he has lived that way for a while and knows how hard it is. But Edward dies when he is still very young.
Related pages
Books by Mark Twain
1882 books
Children's books
English-language novels
American novels |
29007 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventures%20of%20Tom%20Sawyer | The Adventures of Tom Sawyer | The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a book written by Mark Twain, published in 1876. There is also a sequel, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
It is the story about the boy Tom Sawyer who lives in America in the first half of the 19th century, and his everyday life has awsome adventures.
Plot
Tom Sawyer is 12 years old and lives with his Aunt Polly, his half-brother Sid and his cousin Mary in St.Petersburg, a small town along the Mississippi River.
Because Tom went to school and made his clothes dirty in a fight, he gets punished and he had to whitewash the fence. Because he does not want to do this, he tells some boys what a “pleasure” it is to do the work. His plan works and the boys even pay him for this.
As the story goes on, Tom falls in love with Becky Thatcher, the Judge’s daughter. He convinces her to get “engaged” to him but when she finds out that she is not the first girl he is engaged to, she breaks up with him.
One night, Tom goes with Huckleberry Finn, the town drunk’s son, to the graveyard to try out a “cure” for warts. When they arrive there at midnight, they see Injun Joe murdering Dr. Robinson. The murderer blames his drunken companion Muff Potter for committing the crime and in addition to that, Injun Joe’s accomplice gets arrested the next day. Because Tom and Huck are afraid of him, they swear not to tell anybody about what they have seen.
Some days later, Tom, Huck and their friend Joe Harper run away to an uninhabited island on the Mississippi. They want to become pirates there. The boys are having a great time there and do not care about their families and friends. After some days, their families search their bodies in the river because they think the boys are drowned. Because Tom wants more information, he returns home without being seen and overhears his aunt and some other people from town talk about the boys’ funeral. Afterwards he goes back to the island to tell his friends about his idea to return home at their funeral. Huck and Joe are convinced that this will be a big surprise and agree. As they expect, everybody is surprised and happy that they are back. After their return all classmates admire them.
After this incident, Becky is interested in Tom again and they continue where their relationship first ended.
Then the trial of Cheyenne Frazier started. At this moment, Tom feels guilty for not telling the truth. So he tells that Injun Joe is the real murderer but he does not mention that Huck also saw the crime. After this, Muff Potter comes free and Injun Joe flees through a window. Now, Tom is afraid that Injun Joe could kill him.
Sometime later, Tom and Huck see Injun Joe and his companion when they find a box full of gold coins in the “haunted house”. The boys follow him to see where they hide the treasure but it does not work. When they find out that Injun Joe hangs out in a room in the “Temperance Tavern”, Huck shadows the murderer each night.
One night, Tom and Becky go on a picnic with their classmates to McDougal’s cave. Both told their families that they spend the night at a friend’s house because they want to stay the night together. Later that night, they separate from the others and get lost in the cave. Nobody notices that they are gone, so their families miss them just the next morning.
The same night, Huck follows Injun Joe who hides the box of gold. Huck hears him and his companion talking that they want to kill the widow Douglas. Afterwards, he goes to the Welshman who helps to chase the criminals away.
In the meantime, Tom sees a person in the cave and first thinks of help, but it turns out that it is Injun Joe. He does not tell Becky about that and after a long time Tom finds a small hole where they can escape.
After some days, Tom wants to visit Becky and her father tells him that the hole has been closed. The boy tells the Judge that he saw Injun Joe inside the cave. So the townspeople go to the cave where they find the dead body of Injun Joe.
Tom shows Huck the hole where he got out of the cave and both search and finally really find the treasure inside.
In the end, the Widow Douglas adopts Huck Finn. First Huck does not like it but Tom tells him that he can just join his robber band if he stays. Finally, Huck agrees.
Related pages
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
References
1876 books
Children's books
Books by Mark Twain
English-language novels
American novels |
29009 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Boyd | Billy Boyd | Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968, in Glasgow) is a Scottish actor. He is best known for playing Peregrin Took in the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy (2001–2003) and Barrett Bonden in Peter Weir's movie Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003).
Talents
As well as being an actor, he can sing, and play the guitar, bass, and drums. He wrote and sang a song in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.
He worked as a book-binder for 6 years before becoming an actor. One of the books he bound was The Lord of the Rings.
He lives in a house in Lesmahagow with his girlfriend, Alison McKinnon. On 26 April 2006, he and McKinnon had their first child: Jack William Boyd.
Filmography
Stone of Destiny (2008)Ecstasy (2007) as WoodsyThe Flying Scotsman (2006) as MalkySave Angel Hope (2006) as VinceMidsummer Dream (2005) voice of PuckOn a Clear Day (2005) as DannyInstant Credit (2004) as FrankieSeed of Chucky (2004) as the voice of GlenThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) as Peregrin TookMaster and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) as Barrett BondenThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) as Peregrin TookSniper 470 (2002) as the SniperThe Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) as Peregrin TookJulie and the Cadillacs (1999) as Jimmy CampbellUrban Ghost Story (1998) as the loan sharkThe Soldier's Leap'' (1998) as the postman
Other websites
1968 births
Living people
Scottish movie actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish stage actors |
29010 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing%20machine | Turing machine | Turing machine is a term from computer science. A Turing machine is a system of rules, states and transitions rather than a real machine. It was first described in 1936 by English mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing. There are two purposes for a Turing machine: deciding formal languages and solving mathematical functions. Turing machines are one of the most important formal models in the study of computer science.
Common basics
A Turing machine consists of the following components (simplified):
A limited set of states (with one state marked as start state; while running, a Turing machine always has a current state)
An infinite tape with storage cells and a read/write-device that can move on the tape
A definition of a so-called transition function
Also, a working-alphabet (set of characters) has to be defined.
When a Turing machine is started, a word (out of the working-alphabet) must be present on the infinite tape of the machine. The read/write-device on the first character now reads the first character and depending on the current state of Turing machine the read/write-device overwrites the character with a new one or moves one cell to the left or to the right. Furthermore, the current state of the machine can be switched.
Turing machines that decide languages
For decidability theory a Turing machine is said to decide a language if it is always able to determine whether a given word is contained in a certain language or not. Therefore, the machine usually has two special states marked as Accept and Reject. After a while one of the two states will be reached (depending on the input word) and the machine is halted. If only one of the two states will ever be reached, the Turing machine is said to semi-decide a language.
Turing machines that compute functions
If a Turing machine is used for the computation of functions it only has one end state. When the machine comes to that state it is halted and the result of the function (depending on the input) can be found on the tape.
Impact of Turing machines
Turing machines were not invented to be built in reality, but they are very important for theoretical computer science as they are one of the simplest models for computers. The Church-Turing thesis states that all computers are only as powerful as Turing machines. This can be used to prove if a problem is solvable by a computer or not.
Variations
A Turing machine can consist of multiple infinite tapes (and multiple read/write-devices). However it is proven that such machines are only as powerful as single-tape machines. Multi-tape machines are useful when dealing with more complex problems.
If a Turing machine has a nondeterministic transition function there can be multiple transitions from one state to many others when reading a character. Again this does not enhance the power of Turing machines. However nondeterministic Turing machines (as they are called then) may possibly decrease the computation time by a strong amount. This question is covered in the P versus NP-discussion and is not solved yet. Most scientists assume however that nondeterministic machines can work much faster on certain problems.
A Universal Turing Machine is a variation which can simulate a Turing Machine with an input.
Other websites
Turing Machine -Citizendium
Computer science |
29017 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20football | Canadian football | Canadian football is football generally played in Canada and follows much the same general rules as American Football. Compared to American football, the field is slightly longer and wider, 110 by 65 yards (101 by 59 m) rather than 100 by 53 1/3 yards (91 by 49 m), and the endzones are 10 to 15 yards deeper. There are also only 3 downs instead of 4, and the field goal posts are at the front of the endzone instead of the back. There are 12 players per team on the field during play. More than one player may be in motion before the snap of the ball and the rules are less strict about players position relative to the line of scrimmage. |
29022 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Rhys-Davies | John Rhys-Davies | John Rhys-Davies (born 5 May 1944, in Ammanford, Carmarthenshire, Wales) is a British actor. Although he has played in many movies, Rhys-Davies is probably best known for his characters in two blockbuster movie series: Sallah in the Indiana Jones movies and the dwarf Gimli in the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.
Selected filmography
The Game of Their Lives (2005)
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
The Medallion (2003)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003) (voice)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
Sabretooth (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
Cats Don't Dance (1997) (voice)
Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996) (voice)
Glory Daze (1996)
The Great White Hype (1996)
Sliders (1995-1997)
Quest for Glory IV: Shadows of Darkness (1994)
The High Crusade (1994)
Indiana Jones (1992)
The Lost World (1992)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
The Living Daylights (1987)
King Solomon's Mines (1985)
Sahara (1983)
Victor/Victoria (1982)
Ivanhoe (1982)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
I, Claudius (1976)
Other websites
1944 births
Living people
Welsh Christians
Welsh movie actors
Welsh stage actors
Welsh television actors
Welsh voice actors |
29023 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20Bean | Sean Bean | Sean Bean (born as Shaun Mark Bean on 17 April 1959) is an English actor. As an actor, he adopted the Irish/Scottish spelling "Sean" of his first name. He was born in Handsworth, Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire.
Movies
Film
Television
References
Other websites
1959 births
Living people
Actors from Yorkshire
Actors who played Bond villains
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Entertainers from Sheffield |
29024 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli%2C%20Greece | Tripoli, Greece | Tripoli () is a city in Greece. It is in the center of the Peloponnese. It is built at an altitude of about 600 meters, at the bottom of Mainalo mountain. It had 28,876 people according to the 2001 census. Tripoli is the capital of Arcadia prefecture.
Transportation
Tripoli is connected to the capital city Athens by a motorway between Corinth-Tripoli-Kalamata, which is a part of the E65.
Known people from Tripoli
Kostas Karyotakis (1896–1928)
Semni Karusou (1900–1994)
Yiannis Kouros (1956–)
Other websites
Official site
Cities in Greece |
29026 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20FIFA%20World%20Cup | 2006 FIFA World Cup | The 2006 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Germany from June 9 to July 9, 2006. 32 teams took part from many countries. Italy won the trophy after beating France in the final on penalties. Germany got third place at home.
Participants
Africa
(ANG) • Squad
(CIV) • Squad
(GHA) • Squad
(TOG) • Squad
(TUN) • Squad
Asia
(AUS) • Squad
(IRN) • Squad
(JPN) • Squad
(KOR) • Squad
(KSA) • Squad
Europe
(CRO) • Squad
(CZE) • Squad
(ENG) • Squad
(FRA) • Squad
(GER) • Squad
(ITA) • Squad
(NED) • Squad
(POL) • Squad
(POR) • Squad
(SCG) • Squad
(ESP) • Squad
(SWE) • Squad
(SUI) • Squad
(UKR) • Squad
North and Central America
(CRC) • Squad
(MEX) • Squad
(TRI) • Squad
(USA) • Squad
South America
(ARG) • Squad
(BRA) • Squad
(ECU) • Squad
(PAR) • Squad
Group stage
Group A
Schedule
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
Knockout stage
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Third place play-off
Final
References
|-
|
FIFA World Cup tournaments
FIFA
2006 in Europe
2000s in Germany
Football in Germany
June events
July 2006 events
Sport in Berlin
Sport in Munich
History of Berlin
History of Munich |
29028 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia | Polynesia | Polynesia is a group of over 1,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean.
Triangle
Polynesia is the islands in a triangle in the Pacific Ocean. The top of the triangle is Hawai'i, the bottom left is New Zealand and the bottom right is Easter Island. All the islands inside the triangle are Polynesia.
Islands
American Samoa (overseas United States territory)
Anuta (in the Solomon Islands)
Bellona Island (in the Solomon Islands)
Cook Islands (self-governing state in free association with New Zealand)
Easter Island (part of Chile, called Rapa Nui in Rapa Nui)
Emae (in Vanuatu)
French Polynesia ("overseas country", a territory of France)
Hawaii (a state of the United States)
Kapingamarangi (in the Federated States of Micronesia)
Mele (in Vanuatu)
New Zealand (called Aotearoa in Māori, usually associated with Australasia)
Niue (self-governing state in free association with New Zealand)
Nuguria (in Papua New Guinea)
Nukumanu (in Papua New Guinea)
Nukuoro (in the Federated States of Micronesia)
Ontong Java (in the Solomon Islands)
Pileni (in the Solomon Islands)
Rennell (in the Solomon Islands)
Rotuma (in Fiji)
Samoa (independent nation)
Sikaiana (in the Solomon Islands)
Swains Island (politically part of American Samoa)
Takuu (in Papua New Guinea)
Tikopia (in the Solomon Islands)
Tokelau (overseas dependency of New Zealand)
Tonga (independent nation)
Tuvalu (independent nation)
Wallis and Futuna (overseas territory of France) |
29029 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine | Cocaine | Cocaine (also cocain) is a drug that is made from coca leaves. Cocaine is usually a white powder. Most cocaine is used as an illegal drug. Because it is a stimulant, cocaine gives people energy. It also makes people feel very happy when it is taken. When used this way, cocaine is very addictive. However, cocaine can also be used as a local anesthetic if it is applied topically (onto the skin or gums).
Origin and effects
Where cocaine comes from
Cocaine is taken from the leaves of the coca plant. Coca plants are mostly grown in South America, in countries like Brazil or Argentina. When Spanish conquistadors (explorers) discovered coca plants, they sent them back to Europe. People started using cocaine as a medicine, as well as in drinks and food. This was because they did not know how damaging and addictive the drug could be when used.
In America, cocaine was used during surgery, or to treat toothaches. It was also put into drinks. When Coca-Cola was first made in 1885, it got the first part of its name from the "handful of coca leaves" added to the drink for energy. (The caffeine in the drink came from the kola nut, so the name "Coca-Cola" was chosen.) Cocaine was taken out of Coca-Cola completely by the 1920s because of pressure from groups in the United States.
Effects of cocaine
When cocaine is applied topically (onto the skin or gums), it causes numbness.
When cocaine is chewed or eaten, inhaled into the nose ("snorted"), or injected into the veins, it causes people to feel euphoric (very happy), alert, very confident, and full of energy. This feeling is called being "high." Some people who take cocaine also have unpleasant feelings. They may feel worried, anxious, or even paranoid. They may also have physical symptoms, like shaking, a high heart rate, and high body temperature.
Cocaine cannot be smoked in its normal form. It must react with another chemical to form crack cocaine, which can be smoked. This is because burning normal cocaine destroys it, so the user does not get the effect they want.
Cocaine as an illegal drug
In most countries, it is illegal to make, sell, or use cocaine (unless it is being used for approved medical reasons).
As an illegal drug, cocaine can be used in its powder form, or it can be made into crack cocaine. Usually, crack is made by adding baking soda and water to cocaine and then heating the mixture. Crack is usually less expensive than the normal form of cocaine. Crack is usually smoked. It gives users a high that is very strong, but does not last as long as the high from regular cocaine. Both forms of cocaine are addictive, although crack cocaine is thought to be more addictive as it is usually smoked.
Dangers of using cocaine
If people use cocaine, they may take too much and get sick or even die. This is called an "overdose". When people take cocaine, they get intoxicated as well. When a person is intoxicated, they may do dangerous things, such as having unsafe sex with a person they do not know, or getting into a violent fight with a person.
If a person uses cocaine for a long time, they can start to get strange feelings, like there are bugs crawling under their skin, or they can get paranoia (a feeling that there are people that want to hurt them).
Cocaine is a very addictive drug. It can lead to psychological and/or physical dependence. When a person is addicted to a drug, they might do bad or criminal acts in order to get money for more drugs, such as crimes (for example theft, robbery, fraud, or prostitution). If the person tries to stop using cocaine, they will go through cocaine withdrawal.
Another danger from using cocaine is the risk of infection when using unsafe ways of taking cocaine (like using dirty needles when injecting cocaine). A person can get infectious diseases like HIV or Hepatitis C when they use cocaine in these ways.
Cocaine as a legal medicine
Cocaine is also occasionally used as a legal medicine in Australia and some parts of Europe, if a person has a prescription from a doctor. Doctors sometimes prescribe cocaine for people who want to lose weight, because cocaine decreases the appetite.
Dentists in countries like Australia sometimes use forms of cocaine in dental operations, as an anaesthetic. Doctors, surgeons, and dentists use anaesthetics when they are doing operations, so that the patient will not feel pain. Dentists put the cocaine on the patient's mouth so that the patient will not feel pain in their mouth during the operation.
Notes and references
Illegal drugs |
29032 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola | Viola | A viola ( ) is a musical instrument which is similar to the violin and cello. The viola sounds lower than a violin, but higher than a cello. It has four strings, called the C, G, D, and A strings. The highest string is the A. The viola is played with a bow in the right hand. Playing with the bow is called arco. Sometimes the strings may be plucked (pizzicato).
When people see the viola, sometimes they think it is a violin. This is because the viola is only a little larger than a violin, and like the violin, the viola is held on the player's left shoulder. It is also because the sound of the viola is only five notes lower than the sound of the violin. The biggest difference between the viola and the violin is the different sound. The viola's lowest string is the "C" string and its highest string is the "A" string. So, to see whether a violin-like instrument is a violin or viola, one will need to pluck the thinnest string. The violin's lowest string is the "G" string and its highest string is the "E" string. Even though the viola and violin can play many of the same notes, they each have a special sound quality. Sometimes people describe the viola's sound as more "dark", "earthy", or "mellow" than the violin's sound.
The person that makes and repairs violas is called a luthier.The Viola is also known as the Cinderella of the orchestra, due to it being unfairly neglected when it comes to popularity to the public and choice of famous classical music. Lionel Tertis and William Primrose were the two famous violist that helped the viola gain popularity and right to be a solo instrument.
People who write music often use the viola for harmony notes. It is one of the main instruments in a string quartet, along with two violins and a cello. The viola is found in chamber ensembles of string instruments only, and also in full symphony orchestras where strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion instruments play together. The viola can also be a solo instrument, but is mostly used in an orchestra. The viola comes in many sizes. The sizes are measured in inches, such as a 14-inch viola. The size of the viola is measured from the bottom to the neck of it (its body's length).
String instruments |
29033 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/String | String | Generally, string is a thin piece of rope or twine which is used to tie, bind, or hang other objects. String can be made from a variety of fibres.
String may also mean:
In science, computers or mathematics:
String (computer science), a sequence of symbols or digits in computer programming
String (physics), one of the main objects of study in string theory
strings (Unix), a Unix programme for finding character strings in binary files
String literal, the notation for representing a string value within the text of a computer program
A string of nucleotides is called DNA or RNA
A string of amino acids is called a peptide or protein
String theory, a popular grand unified theory
In music:
String instrument, a musical instrument that produces sound through vibrating strings
Strings (music), flexible material that provides vibrations in string instruments
Strings (Pakistani pop band), a pop band from Pakistan
String (Thai pop), a genre of Thai pop music
"Strings", the nickname of Robert Dahlqvist, guitarist of Swedish rock and roll band The Hellacopters
Other meanings:
Twine, another name for string
G-string, a type of underclothing that parts the buttocks without covering them
Strings (film), a 2004 movie directed by Anders Rønnow Klarlund
String figures, designs formed by weaving string around one's fingers
A character controlled by Marik in the Yu-Gi-Oh! series |
29035 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor%2C%20Berkshire | Windsor, Berkshire | Windsor is a town in Berkshire, England. It is near the River Thames. The Queen has a castle in Windsor called Windsor Castle.
Windsor, Berkshire |
29036 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor%20Castle | Windsor Castle | Windsor Castle is a castle in Windsor, Berkshire, England. It is the largest inhabited castle in the world. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom lives there for part of the year. The castle was built in the 11th century by William the Conqueror as a motte-and-bailey castle for the protection of England; it has been expanded and rebuilt many times. It was a military headquarters during the English Civil War. In 1992, there was a fire at the castle.
Windsor Castle is near the River Thames.
Castles in England
Royal residences in the United Kingdom
Windsor, Berkshire
11th-century establishments in Europe |
29037 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20206 | Peugeot 206 | The Peugeot 206 is a car made by the French company Peugeot from 1998 to 2013 in Europe with production ongoing in some markets. The car came in 3 or 5-door hatchback models with a hard-top convertible version added in 2000 and an estate version added in 2002, in 2006 it was replaced by the 207 but the 206 stayed as a budget model, in 2009 a heavily facelifted version called the 206+ arrived although this wasn't sold in the UK.
Engines
1.1 44 kW (60 hp)
1.4 55 kW (75 hp)
1.4 16V 65 kW (88 hp)
1.6 65 kW (88 hp)
1.6 16V 80 kW (109 hp)
2.0 GTI 100 kW (136 hp)
2.0 RC 130 kW (177 hp)
1.4 HDi 50 kW (68 hp)
1.6 HDi 80 kW (109 hp)
1.9 D 51 kW (69 hp)
2.0 HDi 66 kW (90 hp)
206
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles |
29038 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault%20Clio | Renault Clio | The Renault Clio is a car made by Renault since 1990. There are four generations of the Renault Clio. The Renault Clio was a replacement for the Renault 5. The car was intended to compete against established rivals in the European supermini market such as the Ford Fiesta, Vauxhall/Opel Corsa, Volkswagen Polo, , Rover Metro and the Fiat Uno.
Clio I (Typ 57)
The first Clio was produced from 1990 until 1998. The design was facelifted twice. It was 3700 millimeters long, 1670 millimeters wide and 1410 millimeters high. This Clio was voted European Car of the Year in 1991. The car went on sale somewhat cheaper than most of its rivals but had a basic interior. The previous Renault 5 continued to sell up until 1996 as a cheaper alternative to the Clio, being badged as the 'Renault 5 Campus'.
A sports version of the Renault Clio I with a 2.0l petrol engine was launched in 1992. This was called the 'Clio Williams' and was designed to compete with other 'hot'hatches' such as the Peugeot 205 GTI.
Sales of the Renault Clio I were strong throughout Europe, and it is often credited as the first Renault car to break into the British market as many previous models had sold poorly in the United Kingdom. The Clio did not have to compete with the smaller Renault Twingo in the United Kingdom as this was only made available in continental Europe.
Clio II (Typ B)
The second Clio was produced from 1998 until 2012. Its design was facelifted three times, the first in 2001, the second in 2006 and the third in 2009. The latter two being called the 'Renault Clio Campus and marketed alongside the Clio III. The rounded design of the Clio II contrasted with the 'square' Clio I. Certain issues with the previous design were addressed, for instance, the front wings were made of plastic, following problems with corrosion on the previous model.
In 1999, the Renault Sport or Clio RS was launched as a 'hot-hatch' and as a replacement for the previous Renault Clio Williams. This was entirely based on the Clio II.
A saloon version of the Renault Clio II was launched in South America and Eastern Europe, however was unavailable to customers in Western Europe.
Clio III (Typ R)
The third generation of the Clio has been produced since 2005. In 2007 the Clio Sportourer, the station wagon version was launched. The design was facelifted in 2009. The Clio III achieved a 5-star NCAP safety rating, leaving only the Twingo and the Kangoo in the range without one. It's replacement arrived in late 2012.
Clio IV
The Clio entered its fourth generation in late 2012. There's no longer a 3-door model in the range but it's available as a 5-door and a wagon, the latter isn't sold in the UK.
Advertising
The Clio 'Papa and Nicole' adverts featuring a young promiscuous woman and her slow witted father ran throughout the cars early years and were voted one of the favourite adverts on television in the United Kingdom.
Safety issues
A safety issue where the bonnet of the Clio II could come open whilst driving was highlighted by BBC consumer affairs programme, Watchdog. Some of these models were recalled by Renault. Problems were also highlighed where hazard warning light could come on without notice being unable to be switched off.
References
Clio |
29040 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan%20Horse | Trojan Horse | The Trojan Horse is a large wooden horse from the Trojan War in Greek mythology. In the Trojan War, the Greeks were fighting against the city of Troy. The war started when Helen, the queen of Sparta, was kidnapped by Paris, prince of Troy. The Greeks waged war on Troy to win Helen of Troy back.
The Greeks could not enter the city or win the war. Because of this, Odysseus, one of the Grecian leaders, thought of a way to trick the Trojans. The Greeks built a large wooden horse out of a ship and left it outside the gates of the city as a present for the Trojans, then sailed away. The Greek ships hid behind a nearby land mass. The Trojans took the horse and put it inside their city, thinking it was a victory gift from the Greeks. The Trojans had a festival to celebrate their victory. Odysseus chose a horse so that Athena (goddess of wisdom and strength) would grant them good luck after the battle. After the Trojan victory festival ended, the Greeks, who were hiding inside the horse, came out. They opened the city gates to let the other Greeks enter Troy. The Greeks easily overpowered the unsuspecting Trojans and took control of the city. Because of the Trojan Horse, the Greeks won the Trojan War.
Today the word "Trojan horse" is used for things that are similar to that story: something that looks good, but in truth has another purpose, usually bad. An example for this is a type of computer virus called a Trojan horse.
Other websites
Trojan horse -Citizendium
Greek mythology |
29041 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco | Tesco | Tesco is a multinational retailer owned by Tesco PLC from the United Kingdom. It was started by Jack Cohen in 1919 who opened the first Tesco grocery store in 1931 near London, England. His business grew very quickly and there were 100 Tesco stores by 1939. At first, Tesco only sold food in its stores, but in the 1990s it began to sell other things like mobile phones, DVDs and videos, clothing, and books. It now also operates petrol stations, banks, and is an Internet service provider in the UK since 2012.
There are different brands of Tesco stores, which are all different sizes. They go from small convenience stores to large hypermarkets. With more than 3,000 stores in the UK alone, it is one of the biggest retailers in the country. Tesco's website was also one of the first to let people buy things from the Internet.
The company that owns Tesco is called Tesco plc (public limited company) and is listed on the London Stock Exchange. It has opened stores in other countries within Europe and Asia. Countries with Tesco stores include Ireland, Hungary, Malaysia, and Thailand. Today, Tesco is the third-largest retailer in the world when measured by profit and the fifth-largest by revenue.
Other website
Corporate website
Tesco Payslipview
Supermarkets of the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Shops
1919 establishments in the United Kingdom |
29044 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat%20Panda | Fiat Panda | The Fiat Panda is a small car made by Fiat from 1980 to the present day. The first generation launched in 1980 and launched in the UK a year later. A 4x4 model appeared in 1983. A major facelift arrived in 1986 and another one took place in 1991. In 1995, the Panda was axed from the UK with other European markets following shortly after, remaining on sale in Italy right up to 2003. Normally it is bought by small families or young adults because the car is quite cheap and also the tax is not very high. The second generation of 2003 was made in Poland and was the European Car Of The Year in 2004. It received some small updates during it run and was produced until the end of 2012. It entered its third and current generation in 2011 with production moving back to Italy.
Panda
Front wheel drive vehicles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles |
29045 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat%20Croma | Fiat Croma | Fiat Croma is the name of two different large cars made by Fiat. The first was made between 1985 and 1996, and the design of it was changed in 1991. The second generation has been built between 2005 and 2010. Both have five seats and four doors.
Croma
Front wheel drive vehicles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles |
29046 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat%20Ulysse | Fiat Ulysse | The Fiat Ulysse was a large car with seven seats made by Fiat in three generations between 1994, 2002 and 2022. It is the only Eurovan in the PSA/Fiat joint vesture to have retained the same name in the second generation. The Fia
at Ulysee name will return in 2022 as an all electric Eurovan.
First generation (1994−2002)
Engines
1.8 73 kW (99 hp)
2.0 89 kW (121 hp)
2.0 16V 97 kW (132 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
2.0 Turbo 108 kW (147 hp)
1.9 TD 66 kW (90 hp)
2.0 JTD 80 kW (109 hp)
2.1 TD 80 kW (109 hp)
Second generation (2002−2010)
Engines
2.0 16V 100 kW (136 hp)
3.0 V6 152 kW (207 hp)
2.0 JTD 80 kW (109 hp), 88 kW (120 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
2.2 JTD 94 kW (128 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
Ulysse
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Front wheel drive vehicles |
29047 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto | The Fiat Punto is a car produced by Fiat in three generations since 1993. Production of the first generation Punto was 3.429 million units, second generation 2.96 million units, and third generation 2.67 million units.
First generation Type 176 (1993–1999)
Models
Engines
Petrol engines
1.1 8V 40 kW (55 hp)
1.2 8V 44 kW (60 hp) and 55 kW (73 hp)
1.2 16V 63 kW (85 hp)
1.4 8V Turbo 96 kW (130 hp) and 98 kW (133 hp)
1.6 8V 65 kW (88 hp)
Diesel engines
1.7 D 42 kW (57 hp)
1.9 TD 47 kW (63 hp) and 51 kW (70 hp)
Second generation Type 188 (1999–2011)
Models
Engines
Petrol engines
1.2 8V 44 kW (60 hp)
1.2 16V 59 kW (80 hp)
1.4 16V 77 kW (95 hp)
1.8 16V 96 kW (131 hp)
Diesel engines
1.3 Multijet 16V 51 kW (69 hp)
1.9 D 8V 44 kW (60 hp)
1.9 JTD 8V 59 kW (80 hp) and 63 kW (86 hp)
1.9 Multijet 8V 74 kW (101 hp)
BiPower engines
1.2 Natural Power 8V CNG 51 kW (69 hp)
Third generation Type 199 (2005–2018)
Models
Engines
Petrol engines
1.2 8V 48 kW (65 hp)
1.4 8V 57 kW (78 hp)
1.4 StarJet 16V 70 kW (95 hp)
1.4 MultiAir 16V 77 kW (105 hp)
1.4 T-Jet 16V 88 kW (120 hp)
1.4 MultiAir Turbo 16V 99 kW (135 hp)
Diesel engines
1.3 Multijet 16V 55 kW (75 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
1.3 Multijet II 16V 55 kW (75 hp) and 70 kW (95 hp)
1.6 Multijet 16V 88 kW (120 hp)
1.9 Multijet 8V 88 kW (120 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)
BiPower engines
1.4 Natural Power 8V CNG 51-57 kW (69-78 hp)
1.4 8V LPG 57 kW (78 hp)
References
Other websites
fiatpunto.com
The Punto Van
Grande Punto EuroNCAP results
The Punto Power fan site
The Punto Sports Forum fan site
The Punto MK2 & MK2B Forum fan site
PuntoUK: a UK based Punto fan site
Grande-Punto.de - The German Community
FiatPunto.com.pl - The Polish Fiat Punto fan Forum
Punto
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles |
29048 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen%20Polo | Volkswagen Polo | The Volkswagen Polo is a small car made by the German company Volkswagen since 1975. The first generation was made from 1975 to 1981 with a facelift in 1979. The second generation was made between 1981 and 1994 and was facelifted in 1990. The third generation was made from late 1994 to early 2002 with a facelift in early 2000. The fourth generation launched in early 2002 and featured distinctive twin round headlamps, they were dropped when it was facelifted in mid-2005. The fifth generation arrived in 2009 and was facelifted in mid-2014. The sixth generation launched in late 2017 and now only comes as a 5-door hatchback. In the fall of 2020, the Polo was visually redesigned with the switch to the 2021 model year. Since then, the vehicle has been supplied with the new Volkswagen logo and Polo lettering on the tailgate, which was once on the lower left , has now been positioned in a new font in the middle under the VW logo. Technically, there has been an update to the "Modular Infotainment Kit 3" (MIB3).
Different versions
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles |
29049 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen%20Fox | Volkswagen Fox | The Volkswagen Fox is a car made by the German company Volkswagen. It has four seats, four wheels and two doors. The car is similar in size to the Ford Ka.
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Fox |
29050 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton%20Savvy | Proton Savvy | The Proton Savvy is a small car made by the Malaysian company Proton Holding. It has 5 seats and 5 doors.
References
Automobiles Toyota
SEAT W MOTORI Renault Suzuki
Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi savvy |
29051 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20107 | Peugeot 107 | The Peugeot 107 is a car made by the French company Peugeot in the Czech Republic since 2005. It has four seats and either two or four doors. The car is related to the Toyota Aygo and the Citroën C1. It was facelifted in early 2009 and again in early 2012. It was replaced in 2014 with the 108.
Engines
1.0 50 kW (68 hp)
1.4 HDi 40 kW (54 hp)
107
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles |
29052 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20Aygo | Toyota Aygo | The Toyota Aygo is a car made by the Japanese company Toyota in the Czech Republic since 2005. It has four seats and either two or four doors. The car has a 1-litre petrol or 1,4-litre diesel engine. The car is similar to the Peugeot 107 and Citroën C1. It entered its second generation in 2014.
Engines
1.0 VVT-i 50 kW (68 hp)
1.4 D4-D 40 kW (54 hp)
Aygo
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles |
29053 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A380 | Airbus A380 | The Airbus A380 (also called "Super-jumbo-jet") is a four-engined, double-decked airliner manufactured by Airbus. It is the world's biggest passenger airplane, larger than the Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet. However, it is not the biggest airplane in the world; the Antonov An-225 super-freighter is bigger.
The Airbus A380 can carry up to 850 passengers (but it usually carries about 525), and weighs over 550 tonnes. It has four Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engines or four Engine Alliance GP7000 engines. The companies General Electric and Pratt & Whitney make alliance engines.
Orders
Hundreds of A380-800 airplanes have been ordered by 20 airlines. One has been ordered by a Saudi Arabian Prince, Al-Walid bin Talal and 10 by a company called ILFC (who gives other airlines airplanes for rent).
Emirates Airlines (an airline from the United Arab Emirates) has the most A380 aircraft, because they have ordered 123 aircraft. Singapore Airlines took delivery of the first A380, which flew to Sydney in Australia on October 25, 2007. Singapore Airlines has 19 A380s.
Other airlines which ordered the A380 are Qantas (from Australia, currently operating 12), Air France (formerly operated 10), China Southern Airlines, Lufthansa (the German airline, which has 8), Kingfisher Airlines (from India), Korean Air (from South Korea), Thai Airways, Malaysia Airlines, British Airways, Qatar Airways, Etihad Airways (from the United Arab Emirates), Virgin Atlantic (from the United Kingdom) and Air Austral (France).
More than 200 A380 have been delivered, including 15 in 2017 and 12 in 2018.
Freighter Version
Airbus was going to make a version of the A380 to carry cargo instead of people. This would look almost the same as the normal passenger version, but with no windows and much bigger doors. Some cargo companies ordered the plane, like FedEx and UPS. Because Airbus took too long to make the A380, those orders were canceled. Because Airbus has not got any orders for the plane anymore, they decided to not make the freighter version for a while and focus on making the passenger version of the A380.
Incidents
The Airbus A380 had 1 incident, with no deaths.
On 4 November 2010, Qantas Flight 32 was flying from Singapore Changi Airport when the number 2 engine failed, causing some damage to the plane, and forcing it to return to Singapore. Nobody was injured, but debris from the airplane fell onto the island of Batam, in Indonesia. Investigations found that the Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engine leaked oil, causing an explosion. Other Trent 900 engines had similar problems and many engines had to be replaced and the FAA issued that all Airbus A380s currently in service are required to go under mandatory inspections before takeoff to prevent future engine problems.
References
Other websites
Airbus A380 website
Proper A380 website
Airbus aircraft |
29054 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%20%28Trojan%20prince%29 | Paris (Trojan prince) | Paris is a personality in Greek mythology. He is an important person in the Trojan War, and Homer's Iliad. Paris was the son of King Priam of Troy and his wife Hecuba. Because it was prophesied that he would bring the end and destruction of Troy, he was left to die in the wilderness, but was found by another man, who took him as a son and named him Paris.
Three goddesses, Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena, had a beauty contest. They all bribed Paris with different offers. Hera offered him power, Athena offered him wisdom, and Aphrodite promised him the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen.
The problem was that Helen was already married to Menelaus, the brother of Agamemnon. Paris took Helen home with him to Troy. This caused the Trojan War.
During the war, Paris killed Achilles by shooting his heel with a poisoned arrow.
Late in the war, Paris was killed by Philoctetes.
References
Paris |
29056 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20of%20Troy | Helen of Troy | In Greek mythology, Helen, also known as Helen of Troy (Ancient Greek: Ἑλένη, Helénē), was said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world. The queen of Sparta, Helen was married to Menelaus, but later eloped with Prince Paris of Troy (most often depicted as being kidnapped) and taken to Troy, resulting in the Trojan War as the Achaeans set out to bring her back to Sparta. She was believed to be the daughter of Zeus and Leda, the wife of King Tyndareos of Sparta, and was the sister of twins Castor and Pollux, and Clytemnestra.
Other websites
Helen |
29060 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA%20algorithm | RSA algorithm | RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is an algorithm used by modern computers to encrypt and decrypt messages. It is an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm. Asymmetric means that there are two different keys. This is also called public key cryptography, because one of the keys can be given to anyone. The other key must be kept private. The algorithm is based on the fact that finding the factors of a large composite number is difficult: when the factors are prime numbers, the problem is called prime factorization. It is also a key pair (public and private key) generator.
RSA involves a public key and private key. The public key can be known to everyone- it is used to encrypt messages. Messages encrypted using the public key can only be decrypted with the private key. The private key needs to be kept secret. Calculating the private key from the public key is very difficult.
Concepts used
RSA use a number of concepts from cryptography:
A one-way function that is easy to compute; finding a function that reverses it, or computing this function is very difficult.
RSA uses a concept called discrete logarithm. This works much like the normal logarithm: The difference is that only whole numbers are used, and in general, a modulus operation is involved. As an example ax=b, modulo n. The discrete logarithm is about finding the smallest x that satisfies the equation, when a b and n are provided
Generating keys
The keys for the RSA algorithm are generated the following way:
Choose two different large random prime numbers and . This should be kept secret.
Calculate .
is the modulus for the public key and the private keys.
Calculate the totient: .
Choose an integer such that , and is co-prime to . i.e.: and share no factors other than : ; See greatest common divisor.
is released as the public key exponent.
Compute to satisfy the congruence relation . i.e.: for some integer . (Simply to say: Calculate to be an integer)
is kept as the private key exponent.
Notes on the above steps:
Step 1: Numbers can be probabilistically tested for primality.
Step 3: changed in PKCS#1 v2.0 to instead of .
Step 4: A popular choice for the public exponents is . Some applications choose smaller values such as , , or instead. This is done to make encryption and signature verification faster on small devices like smart cards but small public exponents may lead to greater security risks.
Steps 4 and 5 can be performed with the ; see modular arithmetic.
The public key is made of the modulus and the public (or encryption) exponent .
The personal key is made of p,q and the private (or decryption) exponent which must be kept secret.
For efficiency a different form of the private key can be stored:
and : the primes from the key generation;
and : often called dmp1 and dmq1;
: often called iqmp.
All parts of the private key must be kept secret in this form. and are sensitive since they are the factors of , and allow computation of given . If and are not stored in this form of the private key then they are securely deleted along with other intermediate values from key generation.
Although this form allows faster decryption and signing by using the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) it is considerably less secure since it enables . This is a particular problem if implemented on smart cards, which benefit most from the improved efficiency. (Start with , and let the card decrypt that. So it computes or , whose results give some value . Now, induce an error in one of the computations. Then will reveal or .)
Encrypting message
Alice gives her public key to Bob and keeps her private key secret. Bob wants to send message to Alice.
First he turns into a number smaller than by using an agreed-upon reversible protocol known as a padding scheme. He then computes the ciphertext corresponding to:
This can be done quickly using the method of exponentiation by squaring. Bob then sends to Alice.
Decrypting message
Alice can recover from by using her private key in the following procedure:
Given , she can recover the original distinct prime numbers, applying the Chinese remainder theorem to these two congruences yields
.
Thus,
.
Therefore:
A working example
Here is an example of RSA encryption and decryption. The prime numbers used here are too small to let us securely encrypt anything. You can use OpenSSL to generate and examine a real keypair.
1. Choose two random prime numbers and :
and ;
2. Compute :
;
3. Compute the totient :
;
4. Choose coprime to :
;
5. Choose to satisfy :
, with .
The public key is (, ). For a padded message the encryption function becomes:
The private key is (, ). The decryption function becomes:
For example, to encrypt , we calculate
To decrypt , we calculate
Both of these calculations can be computed fast and easily using the square-and-multiply algorithm for .
Deriving RSA equation from Euler's theorem
RSA can easily be derived using Euler's theorem and Euler's totient function.
Starting with Euler's theorem,we must show that decrypting an encrypted message, with the correct key, will give the original message.
Given a padded message m, the ciphertext c, is calculated bySubstituting into the decryption algorithm, we haveWe want to show this value is also congruent to m.
The values of e and d were chosen to satify,Which is to say, there exists some integer k, such thatNow we substitute into the encrypted then decrypted message,We apply Euler's theorem, and achive the result.
Padding schemes
When used in practice, RSA must be combined with some form of padding scheme, so that no values of M result in insecure ciphertexts. RSA used without padding may have some problems:
The values m = 0 or m = 1 always produce ciphertexts equal to 0 or 1 respectively, due to the properties of exponentiation.
When encrypting with small encryption exponents (e.g., e = 3) and small values of the m, the (non-modular) result of may be strictly less than the modulus n. In this case, ciphertexts may be easily decrypted by taking the eth root of the ciphertext with no regard to the modulus.
RSA encryption is a deterministic encryption algorithm. It has no random component. Therefore, an attacker can successfully launch a chosen plaintext attack against the cryptosystem. They can make a dictionary by encrypting likely plaintexts under the public key, and storing the resulting ciphertexts. The attacker can then observe the communication channel. As soon as they see ciphertexts that match the ones in their dictionary, the attackers can then use this dictionary in order to learn the content of the message.
In practice, the first two problems can arise when short ASCII messages are sent. In such messages, m might be the concatenation of one or more ASCII-encoded character(s). A message consisting of a single ASCII NUL character (whose numeric value is 0) would be encoded as m = 0, which produces a ciphertext of 0 no matter which values of e and N are used. Likewise, a single ASCII SOH (whose numeric value is 1) would always produce a ciphertext of 1. For systems which conventionally use small values of e, such as 3, all single character ASCII messages encoded using this scheme would be insecure, since the largest m would have a value of 255, and 2553 is less than any reasonable modulus. Such plaintexts could be recovered by simply taking the cube root of the ciphertext.
To avoid these problems, practical RSA implementations typically embed some form of structured, randomized padding into the value m before encrypting it. This padding ensures that m does not fall into the range of insecure plaintexts, and that a given message, once padded, will encrypt to one of a large number of different possible ciphertexts. The latter property can increase the cost of a dictionary attack beyond the capabilities of a reasonable attacker.
Standards such as PKCS have been carefully designed to securely pad messages prior to RSA encryption. Because these schemes pad the plaintext m with some number of additional bits, the size of the un-padded message M must be somewhat smaller. RSA padding schemes must be carefully designed so as to prevent sophisticated attacks. This may be made easier by a predictable message structure. Early versions of the PKCS standard used constructions, which were later found vulnerable to a practical adaptive chosen ciphertext attack. Modern constructions use secure techniques such as optimal asymmetric encryption padding (OAEP) to protect messages while preventing these attacks. The PKCS standard also has processing schemes designed to provide additional security for RSA signatures, e.g., the Probabilistic Signature Scheme for RSA (RSA-PSS).
Signing messages
Suppose Alice uses Bob's public key to send him an encrypted message. In the message, she can claim to be Alice but Bob has no way of verifying that the message was actually from Alice since anyone can use Bob's public key to send him encrypted messages. So, in order to verify the origin of a message, RSA can also be used to sign a message.
Suppose Alice wishes to send a signed message to Bob. She produces a hash value of the message, raises it to the power of d mod n (just like when decrypting a message), and attaches it as a "signature" to the message. When Bob receives the signed message, he raises the signature to the power of e mod n (just like encrypting a message), and compares the resulting hash value with the message's actual hash value. If the two agree, he knows that the author of the message was in possession of Alice's secret key, and that the message has not been tampered with since.
Note that secure padding schemes such as RSA-PSS are as essential for the security of message signing as they are for message encryption, and that the same key should never be used for both encryption and signing purposes.
References
Other websites
The Original RSA Patent as filed with the U.S. Patent Office by Rivest; Ronald L. (Belmont, MA), Shamir; Adi (Cambridge, MA), Adleman; Leonard M. (Arlington, MA), December 14, 1977, .
PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Standard (RSA Laboratories website)
The PKCS #1 standard "provides recommendations for the implementation of public-key cryptography based on the RSA algorithm, covering the following aspects: cryptographic primitives; encryption schemes; signature schemes with appendix; ASN.1 syntax for representing keys and for identifying the schemes".
Thorough walk through of RSA
Prime Number Hide-And-Seek: How the RSA Cipher Works
Onur Aciicmez, Cetin Kaya Koc, Jean-Pierre Seifert: On the Power of Simple Branch Prediction Analysis
A New Vulnerability In RSA Cryptography, CAcert NEWS Blog
Example of an RSA implementation with PKCS#1 padding (GPL source code)
Kocher's article about timing attacks
An animated explanation of RSA with its mathematical background by CrypTool
An interactive walkthrough going through all stages to make small example RSA keys
Hacking Secret Ciphers with Python, Chapter 24, Public Key Cryptography and the RSA Cipher
How RSA Key used for Encryption in real world
Prime Numbers, Factorization, and their Relationship with Encryption
Cryptography
Algorithms |
29061 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector | Hector | Hector (, Hektōr) was a Trojan prince and one of the central figures of the Iliad. The first-born son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, Hector was the heir apparent to the throne and the greatest of Troy's warriors in the defense of the city. Hector fought against a various number of the Greeks through the course of the Trojan War, including Protesilaus and Ajax. He was married to Andromache, with whom he had a son, Astyanax, whom the Trojans called Scamandrios.
Hector is eventually killed by Achilles (Book XXII of The Iliad).
Related pages
624 Hektor
Other websites
People in Greek mythology |
29064 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecuba | Hecuba | Hecuba (also Hekuba or Hekabe) was a person in Greek mythology. She was the wife of King Priam of Troy.
Her children with Priam were: Sons: Hector, Paris, Deiphobos, Helenos, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hipponous, Polydoros. And daughters: Ilione, Creusa, Laodice, Polyxena, and Kassandra.
After the Trojan War she became a slave of Odysseus.
People in Greek mythology
Slaves |
29069 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priam | Priam | Priam (Priamos or (Latin) Priamus) is a person in Greek mythology. He was the King of Troy during the Trojan War.
Priam had several wives, but his principal wife was Hecuba. With her he had his favourite son Hector; and Paris the cause of the war.
In Book II of Virgil's Aeneid, he was killed during the destruction of Troy by Achilles' son Neoptolemus.
Other websites
Priam |
29072 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles (Ancient Greek: Ἀχιλλεύς, Akhilleus) was a hero of the Trojan War and is the central character of Homer's Iliad. The son of the mortal hero Peleus and the Nereid Thetis, he is the leader of the Myrmidons, and is described as the greatest of all the Achaean warriors. The Iliad, which is set in the ninth year of the Trojan War, starts with a quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon, the commander of the Greek forces.
Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was his slaying the Trojan prince Hector outside the gates of Troy, as revenge against Hector for killing his lover, Patroclus.p53 While Achilles' death is not presented in the Iliad (as the poem ends with Hector's funeral), other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the war by Paris, who shot him in the heel with an arrow.
Legend
Later stories depict Achilles as being invulnerable in all of his body except for his heel, as that is where his mother Thetis held him when she dipped him in the River Styx as an infant. As such, the term "Achilles' heel" has come to mean a point of fatal weakness. Because of that, his heel was still vulnerable. However, the Iliad does not say this.
According to the legend, Achilles was killed by Paris, who shot his heel with a poisoned arrow. Achilles was shot many times by the arrows of Paris but the only arrow found on his body was through his heel.
References
People in Greek mythology
Classical Greek literature |
29080 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph | Nymph | A nymph is a kind of female nature entity/spirit in Greek mythology. They are often companions of Greek gods and goddesses. Nymphs can be divided into different kinds, such as:
Dryads (trees)
Naiads (fresh water)
Oreads (mountains)
the Okeanids, the daughters of Okeanos, and the Nereids, the daughters of Nereus (seas)
the Pleiades (stars)
Other websites |
29082 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic%20music | Romantic music | Romantic music is music written in the 19th century. This was the period called the “Romantic period” by musicians. In literature and some other arts the “Romantic period” is often said to begin and finish earlier: around mid 18th to mid 19th century.
In the Classical period artists liked to see clear forms. 18th century architecture nearly always shows a lot of symmetry. The gardens of the palace at Versailles are a good example of this with their very tidy patterns of straight paths, circular ponds and neatly clipped hedges.
In music the Classical composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert liked to compose music which had a clear plan like sonata form.
In the Romantic period artists thought that feeling and passions were more important than formal plans. This can be seen in the gardens designed by Capability Brown, e.g. in at Blenheim Palace, Oxford. The gardens are made to blend into nature.
In music the Romantic composers may still use plans like sonata form, but feelings and passions are important. They often write what is called programme music which means: music that describes something or tells a story. Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony is called the “Pastoral” which means that it is about the countryside. Although Beethoven is usually called a composer of the Classical period he is also an early Romantic. Later composers such as Felix Mendelssohn wrote pieces like Hebrides Overture which describes the sea coming into Fingal’s Cave in the Inner Hebrides Islands in Scotland. Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) wrote a lot of music which tells a story. His Symphonie Fantastique is about an artist madly in love. Berlioz’s whole way of life was wild and romantic. He fell in love with an actress he saw on stage playing the part of Juliet in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and he actually married her! Other composers who wrote a lot of programme music include Franz Liszt (1811-1886) and Richard Strauss (1864-1949). Strauss always wrote in a late-Romantic style even although he lived well into the 20th century.
The Romantic period was also the period of Nationalism. "Nationalism" means being proud of one's country. In the 19th century a lot of European countries as we know them were being formed. In music a lot of composers were writing music which was typical of their country. They often did this by using folk music. Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904) and Bedřich Smetana (1824-1884) wrote music which sounds very Czech. Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) wrote music with Russian folk songs in them. Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) used German folk songs in his symphonies, and Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) collected English folk songs and put them in his music. One of those pieces was a Fantasy on the famous tune Greensleeves.
Periods in music history |
29083 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereid | Nereid | In Greek mythology, the Nereids ( Nereides) are sea nymphs, the fifty daughters of Nereus, the Old Man of the Sea, and the Okeanid Doris.
Among them are:
Thetis - Wife of Peleus and mother of Achilles, she was often considered the leader of the Nereids.
Amphitrite - Wife of Poseidon and queen of the sea.
Galatea
Thoosa - mother of the Cyclops Polyphemus.
Dione (mythology)
Nymphs |
29087 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance | Romance | Romance or romantic might mean:
Something related to Ancient Rome
Romance language, a language based on Latin, including Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian
Chivalric romance, a style of medieval and Renaissance fiction
Romance (love), love focusing on feelings over sex
Romantic friendship, a close but non-sexual relationship between friends that includes a degree of physical closeness
Romantic orientation, indicates which sex or gender people are likely to have a romantic relationship with
Romanticism, a style of art that started in France in the late 1700s. It includes:
Romantic painting
Romantic music
Romantic poetry
Romance novel, a style of written fiction
Romance movie, a style of movies
Romance comics, a style of comics |
29089 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism | Romanticism | Romanticism (the Romantic era or Romantic period) is a movement, or style of art, literature and music in the late 18th and early 19th century in Europe.
The movement said that feelings, imagination, nature, human life, freedom of expression, individualism and old folk traditions, such as legends and fairy tales, were important. It was a reaction to the aristocratic social and political ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution.
It was also a reaction against turning nature into a mere science.
The movement showed most strongly in arts like music, and literature. However, it also had an important influence on historiography, education, and natural history.
Examples
United Kingdom
Romanticism in Britain was notable as the country was an early adopter of industrialization and science, and included such figures as:
William Wordsworth
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Lord Byron
Shelley
William Blake
Robert Burns
Walter Scott
J. M. W. Turner
Germany
During the same period as Britain, there was a notable romantistic movement in Germany. Important motifs in German Romanticism are traveling, nature, and Germanic myths. Involved were such figures as:
Goethe as a younger man.
Hegel
Schiller
Beethoven
The Brothers Grimm
Related pages
Romance (love)
Romantic music
References
Other websites
The Romantic Poets
Dictionary of the History of Ideas , Romanticism
Romantic Circles Electronic editions, histories, and scholarly articles related to the Romantic era
Dictionary of the History of Ideas , Romanticism in Political Thought
Romanticism in the "History of Art"
Romanticism in the Art History Archive
Art movements
Cultural history
Literature
Philosophical movements and positions |
29090 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seveso%20disaster | Seveso disaster | The Seveso disaster was a chemical accident on 10 July 1976, at the small Italian town of Meda, 20 km from Milan in Lombardy. There was an leak at a chemical factory which released a lot of the toxic poison dioxin, TCDD, into the air. The cloud of poison gas covered an area 6 km long and 1 km wide. It was named after the municipality of Seveso. It resulted in the highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential populations There were many studies and new regulations after the accident. The European Union directive covering the protection against such accidents is known as Seveso-II-directive today.
The company where the accident happened was called Icmesa. It was owned by Givaudan, who is owned by Roche. Icmesa produced Trichlorophenol, which is used to produce the disinfectant Hexachlorophene. The company was located in four communes; one of them Seveso.
None of the 20,000 people who lived in Seveso died, but the poison killed 3,000 farm animals and pets. Another 70,000 animals had to be killed to stop the dioxin from getting into the food chain.
Long term problems
Thirty years after the accident, scientists reported that babies born in the area affected by the dioxin were six times more likely to have thyroid problems. The affected people, now in their forties, are being studied to see if it stopped them growing properly, or reduced intellectual development (IQ).
References
1976 in Europe
1970s crimes in Europe
1970s disasters in Europe
1970s in Italy
Disasters in Italy
July events
Lombardy |
29091 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junichiro%20Koizumi | Junichiro Koizumi | Junichiro Koizumi is the former Prime Minister of Japan. He was born on January 8, 1942 in Japan. He stepped down in 2006.
Early life
Born in Yokosuka, Kanagawa on 8 January, 1942, Koizumi was taught at Yokosuka High School and Keio University, where he studied economics. He went to University College London before returning to Japan in August 1969 when his father died.
Yasukuni Shrine and Junichiro
While he was prime minister of Japan, he made China and South Korea very angry by continuing to visit the Yasukuni Shrine. He was succeeded by Shinzo Abe.
Prime Ministers of Japan
Alumni of University College London
1942 births
Living people
Politicians from Kanagawa Prefecture
Keio University alumni |
29099 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majulah%20Singapura | Majulah Singapura | "Majulah Singapura" is the national anthem of Singapore. It was written and composed by Singaporean musician Zubir Said in 1958. Seven years later, the anthem was adopted. This song must be sung in Malay, although there are translations provided in the country's three other official languages—English, Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil.
Singaporeans are encouraged to sing the national anthem during times of national celebration or at important national events such as at the National Day Parade, at National Day observance ceremonies held by government departments and educational institutions such as schools and universities, and at sports events that Singapore teams take part in.
Lyrics
Official Malay
Mandarin Chinese translation
Tamil translation
English translation
Come, fellow Singaporeans
Let us progress towards happiness together
May our noble aspirations
bring Singapore success
Come, let us all unite
In a brand new spirit
Let our voices soar as one
Onward Singapore
Onward Singapore
Come, let us all unite
In a brand new spirit
Let our voices soar as one
Onward Singapore
Onward Singapore
References
Other websites
Music score for Wind band (instrumental parts)
National anthems
Singaporean culture |
29101 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzo | Abruzzo | Abruzzo is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in Southern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is the city of L'Aquila.
Geography
The region is located in Southern Italy bordered by Marche to the north, Lazio to the west, Molise to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east.
Abruzzo is the 13th largest region in Italy, with a total area of . The main rivers in the region are:
Aterno-Pescara, long.
Sangro, long.
Vomano, long.
Tordino, long.
Liri, long, in Abruzzo.
The Tronto river is long but flows mainly in the Marche region.
The highest mountain in the region is Corno Grande (), in the Teramo province, with an altitude of .
Provinces
The region is divided into four provinces:
Largest municipalities
The 10 communi of the region with more people living in it are:
Gallery
References
Other websites
Official Site
Official Tourist Information |
29102 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teramo | Teramo | Teramo is an Italian city in Abruzzo. Teramo is the capital of the Province of Teramo. In 2020, Teramo had about 53,000 people.
Cities in Abruzzo
Capital cities in Italy |
29103 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean%20Sea | Aegean Sea | The Aegean Sea is part of the Mediterranean Sea. It is between Greece and Anatolia. It is connected (attached) in the north to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The large islands of Rhodes and Crete mark the south end.
History
In ancient times two groups of people lived near the sea the Minoans of Crete, and the Myceneans of the Peloponnese. The city-states of Athens and Sparta came later and were part of Ancient Greece. Persians, Romans, the Byzantine Empire, the Venetians (people from Venice), the Seljuk Empire, and the Ottoman Empire later started around the Aegean Sea. The people near the Aegean were very advanced (powerful and clever) in Ancient history and they sailed across it to talk to each other.
There are seven groups of Aegean islands: the Thracian Sea group, the East Aegean group, the Northern Sporades, the Cyclades, the Saronic Islands (or Argo-Saronic Islands), the Dodecanese and Crete. The word archipelago used to mean these islands. Many of the Aegean islands, or chains of islands, are part of the mountain ranges on the mainland. One chain goes across the sea to Chios, another one goes across Euboea to Samos, and a third one goes across the Peloponnese and Crete to Rhodes. This one divides (splits, cuts) the Aegean from the Mediterranean. Many of the islands have safe harbours and bays, but sailing in the sea is difficult. Many of the islands are volcanos, and marble and iron are mined on other islands. The bigger islands have some green valleys and plains. Two big islands on the Aegean Sea are part of Turkey: Bozcaada () and Gökçeada ().
Notes
Seas of the Atlantic Ocean |
29105 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20de%20Wiveleslie%20Abney | William de Wiveleslie Abney | William de Wiveleslie Abney (24 July 1843 – 3 December 1920) was an English astronomer, chemist, and photographer. Abney was a member of many scientific organizations.
He was best known for his discovering and measuring the effect of adding white to a hue, in 1910. The effect is generally known as the Abney effect. For example, adding white to red makes it slightly bluish (bluish red is known as pink), and adding white to yellowish green hues makes them less yellowish and thus greener.
1843 births
1920 deaths
English chemists
English astronomers
English photographers |
29116 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo%20Casanova | Giacomo Casanova | Giacomo Girolamo Casanova (, ; 2 April 1725 – 4 June 1798) was a famous Venetian adventurer and writer. He was born in Venice. He is best known for having had many affairs with women. He died in Dux, Bohemia, (now Duchcov, Czech Republic).
References
Italian writers
1725 births
1798 deaths
People from Venice |
29119 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colima%2C%20Colima | Colima, Colima | Colima is the capital city of the Mexican state Colima. About 240,000 people live in this town.
Capital cities in Mexico
Colima |
29122 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given%20name | Given name | A given name is a name given to a person at birth or baptism. Given names are referred as first names. It is different from a surname. A surname is the last name or family name.
Example: A baby girl is born and someone decides to name her Hope. Hope is her given name. Someone can decide to give her a surname as it is commonly accepted for people to have a last name. When she grows up, she can pick her own given name or surname if she does not like the one that was picked for her. Family names are inherited and are not easily changed.
In most Western countries the given name comes first (before the last name or family name). However, in many Eastern countries such as Japan and China it comes after the last name or family name, and occasionally also in Europe, e.g. in Hungarian.
Christians often call their first name their "Christian name".
Related pages
Personal name
Posthumous name
Regnal name
Indian Name |
29123 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family%20name | Family name | A 'family name' is a name shared by people in the same family. Different cultures have different arrangements for a person's family name and given name.In English, the family name is always at the end, and it is called a 'last name' or 'surname'.Children usually have the same family name as their father.A married woman usually changes her family name to be the same as her husband.
For example, Mary Brown married John Smith and she changed her name to Mary Smith. They had two children, David Smith and Kate Smith. Smith is the family name shared by the parents Mary and John, and their children David and Kate.
Some languages put the family name first. Some (for example Spanish) give both parents' family names in the childrens' surnames. In Russian most surnames change depending on the gender of the person (example: ...ski or ...sky for a male, and ...skaya for a female). Some, such as Javanese, do not often give anyone a family name.Sometimes a name is passed to generations,some people may have the same name like Mary Ann or Jane so don't worry about you having the same name as other people have.
References
Related pages
Personal name
Posthumous name
Regnal name |
29129 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20the%20Baptist | John the Baptist | John the Baptist (also called John the Baptizer or Yahya the Baptizer) is viewed as a prophet by at least three religions: Christianity, Islam, and Mandaeanism. According to the New Testament, he was a preacher who baptized people.
John called people to turn to God and to prepare for the coming of the messiah (Jesus). He baptized Jesus in the Jordan River.
People would go to him so that he would put them in the water to show that they have turned away from their sins, so that they could get into heaven.
John was the son of Zechariah and Elizabeth, and a relative of Jesus. He was known for living in the wild, wearing clothes made from camel's hair, and eating locusts and honey. In Catholicism, his birthday is celebrated on June 24.
References
1st-century BC births
1st-century deaths
Ancient Israeli people
Early Christian saints
Executed people
New Testament people |
29131 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John | John | John is a name, originating from Hebrew.
a common male given name
a family name
People, things and meanings named John:
Biblical meanings
John the Apostle (also called John the Evangelist)
John the Baptist
John of Patmos, the author of the book of Revelation.
the Biblical texts: Gospel of John and Epistles of John (1 John, 2 John, 3 John)
Popes
There are over 20 popes with the name John:
Pope John XXIII
Pope John Paul I
Pope John Paul II
Other People
People with the first and the last name John:
Elton John
Newton John
John Denver
John Stamos
John Wayne |
29134 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20English%20monarchs | List of English monarchs | The King of England was the supreme head of state and head of government of the Kingdom of England. This is a list of the Kings and Queens of the Kingdom of England from 924 until England and Scotland joined together in 1707.
First kings
Athelstan (924–939)
Edmund I (939–946)
Edred (946–955)
Edwy the Fair (955–959)
Edgar the Peaceable (959–975)
St Edward the Martyr (975–978)
Ethelred the Unready (978–1013, 1014–1016)
Sweyn Forkbeard (1013–1014)
Edmund Ironside (1016)
Danish kings
Cnut the Great (1016–1035)
Harold Harefoot (1037–1040)
Harthacanute (1035–1037, 1040–1042)
House of Wessex Restoration
St Edward the Confessor (1042–1066)
Normans
In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy invaded England. He defeated King Harold II and became King.
Harold Godwinson (1066) William the Conqueror (1066–1087)
William II (1087–1100)
Henry I (1100–1135)
House of Blois
Stephen (1135–1154)
Plantagenets
Angevins
Empress Matilda (1141)
Henry II (1154–1189)
Richard I, the Lionheart (1189–1199)
John (1199–1216)
Henry III (1216–1272)
Edward I (1272–1307)
Edward II (1307–1327) (deposed)
Edward III (1327–1377)
Richard II (1377–1399) (deposed, died 1400)
Lancastrians
Henry IV (1399–1413)
Henry V (1413–1422)
Henry VI (1422–1461 and 1470–1471)
Yorkists
Edward IV (1461–1470 and 1471–1483)
Edward V (uncrowned) (1483) (deposed 1483 possibly assassinated)
Richard III (1483–1485)
Tudors
The Tudors were from Wales. In 1536, Wales became part of England. England had controlled Wales since 1284.
Henry VII (1485–1509)
Henry VIII (1509–1547)
Edward VI (1547–1553)
Jane (uncrowned) (1553) (deposed, beheaded 1554)
Mary I (1553–1558)
Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
Stuarts
The Stuarts were also kings of Scotland, with which kingdom England was in personal, but not legal union until 1707.
James I (1603–1625), also from 1567 King James VI of Scotland
Charles I (1625–1649), also King of Scotland
Interregnum
The Civil War in England from 1642 until 1652 stemming from a growing enmity between King and Parliament, led to the execution of King Charles I in 1649. After the execution, England became a Commonwealth eventually led by Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector after successive interim governments failed and handed Cromwell power, and so England became a protectorate. Furthermore, both Ireland and Scotland became subjugated states under England and Cromwell at the end of the war. Cromwell died in 1658 and his son, Richard, became Lord Protector. This was short lived though as he failed to gain the support of the army and so the nation, in 1660 power was given back to the Monarchy and the King In Exile, Charles II, was invited back to England
Stuarts (restored)
Charles II (1660–1685), also King of Scotland (backdated the start of his reign to 1649)
James II (1685–1688) (deposed, died 1701), also King James VII of Scotland
William III (1689–1702) and Mary II (1689–1694), as co-monarchs, also King and Queen of Scotland
Anne (1702–1714), though the English throne was replaced with that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707
Related pages
In 1707, England and Scotland joined together. For Kings and Queens after 1707, see British monarchs.
References
Lists of British monarchs |
29137 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Scottish%20monarchs | List of Scottish monarchs | This is a list of the Kings and Queens of Scotland. This list goes from 843 until when England and Scotland joined together in 1707.
House of Alpin
The House of Alpin traditionally ends in 1034, although this list continues to 1058.
Kenneth I (c. 843–858)
Donald I (858–862)
Constantine I (862–877)
Aed (877–878)
Eochaid (878–889) (disputed)
Giric (878–889)
Donald II (889–890)
Constantine II (900–943)
Malcolm I (943–954)
Indulf (954–962)
Dub (962–967)
Culen (967–971)
Amlaíb (971-977) (disputed)
Kenneth II (971–995)
Constantine III (995–997)
Kenneth III (997–1005)
Malcolm II (1005–1034)
Duncan I (1034–1040)
Macbeth (1040–1057)
Lulach (1057–1058)
House of Dunkeld
The House of Dunkeld may have begun in 1034.
Malcolm III (1058–1093)
Donald III (1093–1094)
Duncan II (1094)
Donald III (1094–1097)
Edmund (1094–1097)
Edgar (1097–1107)
Alexander I (1107–1124)
Saint David I (1124–1153)
Malcolm IV (1153–1165)
William I (1165–1214)
Alexander II (1214–1249)
Alexander III (1249–1286)
Margaret (1286–1290)
First Interregnum 1290–1292
Guardians of Scotland
William Fraser, Bishop of St Andrews
Duncan Macduff, 8th Earl of Fife
Alexander Comyn, 2nd Earl of Buchan
Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow
James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland
John Comyn
House of Balliol
John (1292-1296)
Second Interregnum 1296–1306
Guardians of Scotland
Andrew de Moray (1297)
William Wallace (1297–1298)
Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick (1298–1300)
John Comyn (1298–1301)
William Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews (1299–1301)
Sir Ingram de Umfraville (1300–1301)
John de Soules (1301–1304)
John Comyn (1302–1304)
House of Bruce
Robert I the Bruce (1306–1329)
David II (1329–1371)
House of Balliol
Edward Balliol (1329 – 1363)
House of Stewart (Stuart)
Robert II (1371–1390)
Robert III (1390–1406)
James I (1406–1437)
James II (1437–1460)
James III (1460–1488)
James IV (1488–1513)
James V (1513–1542)
Mary I (1542–1567) (executed 1587)
James VI (1567–1625), Union of the Crowns with Kingdom of England from (1603)
Charles I (1625–1649)
Charles II (1649–1685) (See also English Interregnum)
James VII (1685–1689)
Mary II (1689–1694), co-monarch
William II (1689–1702), co-monarch until 1694
Anne (1702–1714), though the Scottish throne was replaced with that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707
Disputed or unrecognized claims
Note: there have been other claims to the Scottish throne besides these
Margaret, the Maid of Norway was unrecognized by some Scots (ruled 1286-1290)
Henry Lord Darnley proclaimed himself king in 1565 as Henry I of Scotland (ruled 1565-1567)
Charles II claimed to rule even during Oliver & Richard Cromwell's reigns (ruled 1649-1685)
James VII was recognized by France to rule after his deposal (ruled 1685-1702)
Related pages
In 1707, England and Scotland joined together. For Kings and Queens after 1707, see British monarchs. The same monarchs had ruled Scotland, England, and Ireland since James VI and the Union of the Crowns in 1603.
Lists of British monarchs |
29143 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion | Dandelion | A dandelion is a flower. Its scientific name is Taraxacum, a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Taraxacum are native to Eurasia, and have been widely introduced to North and South America and other continents. They are an invasive species in some areas. Two species, T. officinale and T. erythrospermum, are found as weeds worldwide. All parts of both species are edible.
Their sharp leaves look a bit like lion's teeth. Its seeds are like little parachutes that fly away with the wind, spreading and growing more dandelions. They are used in China as medicine. Dandelion pollen can often make people have allergies.
Like other members of the Asteraceae family, they have small flowers collected together into a composite flower head. Each single flower in a head is called a floret. Many Taraxacum species produce seeds asexually by apomixis, where the seeds are produced without pollination. This results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant.
Al Razi around 900 (A.D.) wrote "the tarashaquq is like chicory". A Muslim scientist and philosopher Ibn Sīnā around 1000 (A.D.) wrote a book chapter on Taraxacum. Gerard of Cremona, in translating Arabic to Japanese around 1170, spelled it tarasacon.
References
Flowers
Asteraceae
Herbs |
29149 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motet | Motet | The word Motet is a piece of music for a church service sung by a choir without using any instruments. The words are usually in Latin. If the words are written in English for the Anglican church, it is called an anthem.
Motets have been written since the Middle Ages. Medieval motets often had very complex rhythms. The tenor often had the tune, which might be a folk tune, and two voices would put quite complicated accompaniments on top. The most famous medieval composer who wrote motets was Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377)
In the Renaissance, motets were usually polyphonic. That means that the different voices (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) would be singing different parts of the melody at the same time, making it very beautiful, but quite complicated to listen to. Many composers of this time wrote motets. The most famous was Giovanni da Palestrina (1525-1594).
In the Baroque period, one of the most famous composers was Heinrich Schütz(1585-1672), who wrote motets which he called “Cantiones Sacrae” (meaning: “sacred songs”). Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote six wonderful motets with German texts. Some people think that Bach may have used a few instruments to accompany these motets. In three of them the choir divide into eight parts.
The most famous motet from the Classical period is Mozart’s Ave Verum Corpus.
In the Romantic period (19th century), Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) wrote several motets which are still very popular with choirs, both in services and at concerts.
musical forms |
29150 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Carmack | John Carmack | John D. Carmack II (born August 20 1970) is a well known video game creator. He was one of the creators of id Software, a video game company, in 1991. Carmack was the main programmer of the first-person shooter games Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Quake, and their sequels.
In 1999, Carmack appeared as number 10 in TIME's list of the 50 most influential people in technology.
Carmack is married to Katherine Anna Kang since January 2000 and their son, Christopher Ryan, was born on August 13 2004. In March 2006, Carmack was added to the Walk of Game, an event that names the most important people in video games.
References
Kushner, David (2003). Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture, New York: Random House. .
1970 births
Living people
Carmack, John
Carmack, John
Scientists from Kansas
American bloggers |
29151 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthem | Anthem | An anthem is a piece of music written for a choir to sing at an Anglican church service. The difference between an anthem and a motet is that an anthem is sung in English. Also most anthems are accompanied by an organ.
The word “anthem” has come to mean “a song of celebration”. Anthems are also patriotic songs adopted by countries of the world. It has 158 stanzas, written by the poet Dionysios Solomos (although the cut-down version is shorter than Uruguay's, which is more than five minutes long). The anthem of Greece "Hymn to liberty" is the longest anthem in the world.
Anthems for the church have been composed ever since King Henry VIII argued with the Pope and did not want to be Roman Catholic any more. He founded (started) the English Anglican church. Church composers were told to write music in English. The words usually come from the Bible. We know that as early as 1502 the composer Fayrfax was paid 20 shillings for composing an anthem. After the Reformation many anthems were composed. At first they were like motets, but in English. Soon the English anthem developed differently from the continental motet. Two kinds of anthem developed: the “Full Anthem” in which the whole anthem was sung by the full choir, and the “Verse Anthem” which was usually longer and had several verses which would be sung by soloists, with choruses for the full choir in between.
Almost every music director of cathedrals or large churches has written anthems. A few of the most famous composers of anthems are:
Thomas Tallis (1505-1585)
William Byrd (1543-1623)
Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625)
Henry Purcell (1659-1695)
George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)
William Boyce (1710-1779)
Samuel Sebastian Wesley (1810-1876)
Edward Bairstow (1874-1946)
William H.Harris (1883-1973)
Herbert Howells (1892-1983)
William Mathias (1934-1992)
John Tavener (1944-2013)
John Rutter (b.1945)
References
musical forms |
29156 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20characters | Chinese characters | Chinese characters are symbols used to write the Chinese and Japanese languages. In the past, other languages like Korean and Vietnamese also used them. The beginning of these characters was at least 3000 years ago, making them one of the oldest writing systems in the world that is still used today. In Chinese they are called hanzi (), which means "Han character". In Japanese they are called kanji, hanja in Korean, and Han Nom in Vietnamese.
Chinese characters are an important part of East Asian culture. Chinese characters may be considered to be abstract art, because of how the characters are made up of lines and dots. The art of writing Chinese characters is called calligraphy.
Writing
Chinese characters are a type of logogram, which are written symbols that represent words instead of sounds. Most earlier Chinese characters were pictographs, which are simple pictures used to mean some kind of thing or idea. Today, very few modern Chinese characters are pure pictographs, but are a combination of two or more simple characters, also known as radicals. While many radicals and characters show a word's meaning, some give hints of the word's pronunciation instead.
To better explain the different purposes and types of Chinese characters that exist, Chinese scholars have divided Chinese characters into six categories known as liushu (六书 / 六書), literally translated as the Six Books. The six types of Chinese characters are:
Pictographs, xiàng xÍng (象形): characters that use a simple picture, or one radical, that directly represent concrete nouns, like persons, places, and things. Examples include:
Simple ideograms, zhǐ shì (指事): characters that use one radical, to represent abstract nouns, such as ideas and abstractions. Examples include:
Complex ideograms, huì yì (会意), or characters that use more than one radical to represent more complex ideas or abstractions. Examples include:
Phonetic loan characters, jiǎ jiè (假借), or characters that borrow a radical from other characters because they sound similar, not because they have the same meaning. These are called rebuses, or pictures/letters/numbers/symbols that are used to represent a word with the same pronunciation. For example, someone writes the sentence, "I'll see you tonight" as "⊙ L C U 2nite". Sometimes, a new character is made for the original word to not have any confusion between the different words.
Common examples of words using phonetic characters are the names of countries, such as Canada, which is pronounced Jiānádà (加拿大) in Chinese. While the third character 大 dà, which has the meaning "big/large/great", seems to describe Canada well, since it is a big country, the first two characters 加 jiā, meaning "to add", and 拿 ná, meaning "to take", have no obvious relation to Canada. Therefore, it is safe to say that these characters were chosen only because the pronunciation of each character sounds similar to the syllables of the English name of the country.
Semantic-phonetic compounds, xíng shēng (形声), are characters where at least one radical hints at the word's meaning and at least one radical hints at the word's pronunciation. Most Chinese characters are these kinds of characters. For example, the character 媽 / 妈 mā means mother, and the character is made of 2 radicals, 女 and 馬 / 马. The semantic radical 女 means female/woman/girl, since the word's meaning is related to the radical, and even though the meaning of the phonetic radical 馬 / 马 mǎ has little to do with the word's meaning, if any at all, it sounds similar to the word 媽 / 妈 mā，so it is used to help the reader remember the word's pronunciation. Other examples include:
Transformed cognates, zhuan zhu (转注), or characters that used to be different ways of writing other characters, but have later taken on a different meaning.
Nobody knows exactly how many Chinese characters there are, but the biggest Chinese dictionaries list about fifty thousand characters, even though most of them are only variants of other characters seen in very old texts. For example, the character 回 (huí) has also been written as the variant characters 迴，廻，囬，逥，廽，and 囘, although most Chinese people only know and use the variant 回. Studies in China show that normally three to four thousand characters are used in daily life, so it is safe to say that someone needs to know three to four thousand characters to be functionally literate in Chinese, or be able to read everyday writing without serious problems.
Characters are a kind of graphic language, much different from languages that use an alphabet such as English. The correct way to tell between them is to remember the structure and meaning of every character, not pronunciation, because there is a very close relationship between meaning and structure of characters. Example: 房(house)=户+方. 房 is a shape-pronunciation character. 户 is for shape and 方 is for pronunciation. 户 means 'door'. 房 means 'A person lives behind a door'. 方 pronunciation is fang and tone is 1, and with the tone mark it is written as fāng. 房 pronunciation is also fang, but tone is 2, with the tone mark it is written as fáng.
Chinese characters in other languages
Chinese characters have been used to write other languages.
There are still many Chinese characters that are used in Japanese and Korean. Generally the educational level of a Japanese person is decided by the number of Chinese characters understood by this person. While Koreans nowadays mostly write in hangul, the native Korean alphabet, people have found that some meanings cannot be expressed clearly by just hangul, so people need to use Chinese characters as a note with a bracket. Before 1446, Korean people only used Chinese characters.
In Japanese, characters that are borrowed from the Chinese language are called kanji. Kanji can be used to write both native Japanese words and Chinese loanwords. Japanese writing uses a mix of kanji and two kana systems. Kanji is mostly used to show a word's meaning, while hiragana and katakana are syllabaries that show the pronunciation of Japanese words. Both writing systems are used often when writing Japanese.
In Korean, they are called hanja. Throughout most of Korean history, hanja was the only writing system most literate Koreans knew. Even though hangul was invented in 1446, it was only used by commoners and not the government until Korea gained independence from Japan. Nowadays, most Koreans write mostly in hangul. In North Korea, people write almost completely in hangul since Kim Il-sung abolished hanja from Korean. In South Korea, people mostly write in hangul, and they sometimes write hanja. Native Korean words are almost always written in hangul. Hanja are usually only used to write words that are borrowed from the Chinese language, and are usually only used when the word's meaning isn't obvious based on the context.
In Vietnamese, they are called chữ Nôm. Many Chinese loanwords were used in Vietnamese, especially in old Vietnamese literature. While Vietnamese used many Chinese characters, they also invented tens of thousands of their own characters to write Vietnamese words. The radicals used in chữ Nôm were usually a mix of the words' meanings and pronunciations.
Related pages
Simplified Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese characters
Wade–Giles, a romanization system used to write Chinese using the Roman alphabet
References
Other websites
How to write Chinese characters
Chinese language
Writing systems |
29158 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation | Improvisation | Improvisation is the art of performing without a script or rehearsal.
Music
In music, improvisation is the art of playing an instrument (or singing) in which the musician or musicians make up the music as they play. Improvising is inventing at the same time as one does something. Some musicians only play music when they have written music in front of them, but it can be great fun to improvise music. It is a way of composing. Improvisation is common during a jam session.
In Baroque times, all musicians were taught to improvise because composers often did not bother to write all the notes down. Musicians would have improvised lots of ornaments, and even whole sections.
Many great composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Liszt were famous for their keyboard improvisations.
Organists are often expected to improvise during a service. In this way they can fill in gaps in the service when there would otherwise be silence, they can make a smooth link between one piece of music and the next, and they can create the right atmosphere. In Baroque times, in the Lutheran church, organists would improvise a chorale prelude. This was a piece of music which uses the melody of the chorale (hymn) that the congregation sang. Bach was one of many composers who wrote many of his chorale preludes down. In more recent times, some famous concert organists often finish an organ recital by playing an improvisation. This might be quite a long piece with several linked movements, finishing with a fugue. Somebody may give them the theme written on a piece of paper, so that it is quite unprepared. Charles Tournemire, Marcel Dupré, Pierre Cochereau, Pierre Pincemaille are known to be great organ improviser.
A lot of people who play folk music improvise. Traditional folk music would not have been written down.
In traditional jazz the musicians usually improvise. It is quite tricky when a group of people are improvising together. They have to listen to one another and get ideas from one another. It can be a very exciting way of making music.
Comedy
Improvisation also refers to a type of performance. Improvisation (or improv for short) is often used in comedy. Actors or Improvisers will create an entire show that they make up as they go along. They will often ask the audience for an idea or suggestion. They will then do a short performance based on the suggestion. This lets them do many different short performances during each night's show. This is called "Short-form improv".
musical performance techniques
Plays
Theatrical forms |
29162 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag%20%28building%29 | Reichstag (building) | The Reichstag building was designed as a home to the parliament of the German Empire. It was opened in 1894. The original building's design was made by Paul Wallot. It was built on the site of an old palace in Berlin, Germany.
The building was used by the parliament of the German Empire until 1918. The parliament of the Weimar Republic, also called the Reichstag, sat there until the 1933 Reichstag fire. The Third Reich seldom used its parliament, so the building remained empty and derelict until after German reunification.
Then it became the seat of the German parliament again in 1999 after a reconstruction led by British architect Lord Norman Foster.
Today's parliament of Germany is called the Bundestag. The Reichstag as a parliament dates back to the Holy Roman Empire and ceased to act as a true parliament in the years of Nazi Germany (1933-1945). In today's usage, the German term Reichstag refers to the building, while the term Bundestag refers to the institution.
The Reichstag dome
The original Reichstag dome was damaged in the 1933 fire and again during the war. It was replaced by a large glass dome. The new dome has a 360-degree view of the surrounding Berlin cityscape. The main hall of the parliament below can also be seen from inside the dome, and natural light from above emits down to the parliament floor. A large sun shield tracks the movement of the sun electronically and blocks direct sunlight which would make the space too hot and dazzle those below. Construction work was finished in 1999 and the seat of parliament was transferred to the Bundestag in April of that year. The dome is no longer open to anyone without prior registration.
Other websites
panoramas and other images of the Reichstags building in Berlin
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Landmarks in Germany
1894 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Germany |
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