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29563 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos%20%28moon%29 | Phobos (moon) | Phobos (or Mars I) is one of Mars' moons. The other is Deimos.
Phobos is the larger of the two moons, and is only 27 kilometers in diameter. This is about as far as a car can travel on the highway in 15 minutes. It is covered with craters, as Earth's moon is.
It is named after the god Phobos in Greek mythology. Its name means "fear".
Phobos is trapped in tidal drag, with its orbit lowering roughly 1.8 meters per century. In about 50 million years, Phobos will reach the Roche limit, where it is likely to be torn apart. Some fragments will fall on Mars and some will form a planetary ring or rings around Mars.
The other moon, Deimos, is the smaller of the two.
Spacecraft
The Soviet Union sent at least two space craft to this moon, Phobos 1 and Phobos 2. Both failed or lost contact with Earth, but Phobos 2 managed to take some pictures of the moon in 1989 before dying.
Features
There is one large crater on Phobos called Stickney. It is the size of the moon itself.
References
Moons of Mars |
29564 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon%20%28moon%29 | Charon (moon) | Charon is a moon of the dwarf planet Pluto. It is half as wide as Pluto and is much like the dwarf planet itself. It was discovered many years after Pluto. They are sometimes considered a binary system, as Charon does not orbit Pluto, and Pluto does not orbit Charon. They orbit a barycentre in space.
Naming
The moon is named after Charon in Greek mythology, a boatman who would carry the souls of dead people across the river Acheron to the underworld.
Discovery
Charon was found by astronomer James Christy on June 22, 1978, when he was looking at highly blown up picture of Pluto on a photographic plate that taken a couple of months before. Christy noticed that a slight bulge was able to be seen every now and then. This finding was made public on July 7, 1978. Later, the bulge was confirmed on plates dating back to April 29, 1965.
Later observations of Pluto were able to figure out that the bulge was due to a smaller body. The orbit of the bulge fit in with Pluto's rotation period, which was already known from Pluto's light curve.
Any final doubts were erased when Pluto and Charon entered a five-year period of mutual eclipses between 1985 and 1990. This happens when the Pluto-Charon orbital plane is edge-on as seen from Earth, which only happens at twice in Pluto's 248-year orbital period. It was very lucky that one of these intervals happened to occur so soon after Charon's discovery.
Pictures
Pictures showing Pluto and Charon as separate disks were taken for the first time by the Hubble Space Telescope in the 1990s. Later, after a new technology called adaptive optics was discovered, it was possible to see Pluto and Charon as separate disks using ground-based telescopes.
References
Other websites
Charon Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
James W. Christy and Robert S. Harrington, "The satellite of Pluto," The Astronomical Journal 83 (1978) 1005
Marc W. Buie, Phases of Charon as seen from Pluto, Lowell Observatory
Buie, Surface of Charon and Pluto
Hubble reveals new map of Pluto, BBC News, September 12, 2005
IAU Circular No. 3241 describing the discovery
Measuring the Size of a Small, Frost World (ESO press release January 2006)
M. J. Person et al.: Charon’s Radius and Density from the Combined Data Sets of the 2005 July 11 Occultation (submitted to the Astronomical Journal, February 3, 2006)
Cryovolcanism on Charon and other Kuiper Belt Objects
Pluto's moons |
29566 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon%20%28mythology%29 | Charon (mythology) | In mythology, Charon was the ferryman of Hades. He was the son of Erebos and Nyx.
Charon took the newly dead people across the river Acheron or Styx to the Greek underworld, if they paid him three obolus (a Greek silver coin). Because of this, people in Ancient Greece were always buried with a coin under their tongue and one on each eye to pay Charon. Those who could not pay him had to wander the banks of the Acheron until they found a pauper's entrance to Hades.
The largest moon of the planet Pluto is named Charon after this mythological person.
Greek gods and goddesses
Afterlife |
29569 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos%20%28mythology%29 | Chaos (mythology) | Chaos was the nothingness at the beginning of the world, described in the creation myths of Classical mythology. It was the state the universe (or cosmos) was in before it was created. Because early Christians did not understand how to use the word "chaos" properly, the word's meaning changed to "disorder" or random and not normal. It is the opposite of order.
Chaos is often identified as a god, who filled the gap between Heaven and Earth. Born out of chaos were the first beings:
Gaia, the Earth
Tartarus, the Underworld
Uranus, Sky
Nyx, the Night
Erebos, the Darkness of the Underworld
References
Greek mythology
Creation myths |
29570 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros | Eros | Eros is the god of love, lust, and sex in Greek mythology.
According to Hesiod's Theogony, Eros came from the Chaos. Later it was said that he was the son of Ares and Aphrodite.
His lover is Psyche.
Eros has a bow and golden arrows with whom he can shoot at people so they will fall in love, but he has also leaden arrows which make people hate others.
There is a famous statue which many people think is to Eros, but is actually to Anteros in London in Piccadilly Circus.
From the name Eros we get the word erotic, meaning: to do with sexual love (passionate and physical). There is also a noun: eroticism.
Eros is the son of Aphrodite.
Eros' main myth is: "the myth of Eros and Psyche" in which Eros and Psyche fall in love after psyche is put through tasks by Aphrodite.
Related pages
Cupid, the version of Eros in Roman mythology
433 Eros
Greek gods and goddesses |
29571 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelwright | Wheelwright | A wheelwright is someone who builds or repairs wheels. In the olden days there were lots of carts. The wheels were made of wood. It was a difficult job to make them, so the cartwright made the cart and the wheelwright did the specialized job of making the wheels. In ancient times some wheels were made of bone in order to look beautiful.
The word wheelwright is not often used for people who make wheels today. Wheels are made in factories and lots of people on the production line each have their bit to do.
Occupations
pt:Anexo:Lista de municípios de Santa Fé#Comunas |
29573 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam | Rotterdam | Rotterdam is the second-largest city in the Netherlands. There are about 653,000 people (2021) living in Rotterdam. It has the biggest port in Europe. The city is on several rivers, most notably the Maas. Rotterdam, like all of the Netherlands, has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
It hosts also a university: the Erasmus University Rotterdam.
On 18 March 2010, Rozenburg became a part of the municipality of Rotterdam.
History
A dam was built in 1260 across the river Rotte where the Hoogstraat is now. The name Rotterdam comes from this dam. The settlement was a regular fishing village at first, but became a thriving trading port pretty soon. The city got city rights in 1340 and city walls in 1360. Rotterdam became an important city in Holland in the middle of the 15th century, when it won little wars against Delft and Gouda. From 1449 until 1525 a Gothic church (Laurenskerk) was built. The city then hold about 10,000 people. The city revolted against Spanish occupation in 1573, becoming one of the main city's of the Eighty Years' War. The port of Rotterdam grew a lot in the late 16th century and early 17th century. In the end of the 17th century, the city hold almost 50,000 people. But the city had not built outside of the city walls. The city became very crowded.
The port of Rotterdam became bigger and bigger in the 19th century, when several new canals were dug. These were: Nieuwe Waterweg (lit: New Waterway), and Voornse Kanaal. The city grew quickly due to the enormous amount of work in the port. The population grew from 160,000 people in 1880 to 315,000 in 1900. Various new districts were built, including Cool, Crooswerk, and Nieuwe Westen. Neighbouring places also became part of Rotterdam. In 1920, the city held more than 500,000 people for the first time in its history
Second World War
Nazi Germany attacked the Netherlands in May 1940. The Battle of the Netherlands brought heavy fighting in Rotterdam. In the Blitz of Rotterdam, the Germans bombarded Rotterdam on May 14, 1940. The damage was huge; 24,000 buildings were destroyed in only 15 minutes, and there was virtually nothing left of the old centre of Rotterdam. 800 people died instantly, and 80,000 were homeless. The bombardment also destroyed the Willemsbrigde, one of the two brigdes across the Maas at that time. The Germans repaired the bridge quickly, as it was of vital importance for the city. During the German occupation, the neighbouring places of Hillegersberg, Schiebroek, Overschie, Kralingseveer and Ijsselmonde are annexed (put by) by Rotterdam. On November 11th, 1944, a large razzia took place. About 50,000 men from 17 to 40 years old from Rotterdam were deported into working camps. The city also lost many people in the famine of 1944 (hongerwinter (lit: Winter of hunger)).
After the war
Rotterdam was quickly rebuilt after the war, but modernization led to the fact that many old buildings were not repaired, but replaced by totally new ones. This has led to the fact that the centre of Rotterdam is composed of new buildings, a thing not common in European cities. The ports of Rotterdam grew even more during the latter part of the 20th century. New areas, built right on the sea, are Botlek, Maasvlakte, and Europoort. The Euromast (185 m high) became an icon of Rotterdam. The metro of Rotterdam opened in 1968, which was the first metro in the Netherlands. The 1990s saw more skyscrapers being built. The Delftse Poort, which was ready in 1991, was the highest skyscraper in the Netherlands, with 151 m high, until the Maastoren became the highest building in 2009 with 165 m. The new Erasmusbridge, which was ready in 1996, gave Rotterdam a new symbol.
Districts
The city of Rotterdam is split up into 14 districts, each with a number of neighbourhoods. The districts are:
Rotterdam Centrum
Charlois
Delfshaven
Feijenoord
Hillegersberg-Schiebroek
Hoek van Holland
Hoogvliet
IJsselmonde
Kralingen-Crooswijk
Noord
Overschie
Pernis
Prins Alexander
Rozenburg
Notable people from Rotterdam
Hans van Baalen
Leo Beenhakker
Thea Beckman
Pascal Bosschaart
Giovanni van Bronckhorst
Willem Pieterszoon Buytewech
Ferry Corsten
Jules Deelder
Julian "Bean" Delphiki (literary character)
Edsger Dijkstra
Royston Drenthe
André van Duin
Desiderius Erasmus
Pim Fortuyn
Ida Gerhardt
Jacobus van 't Hoff
Marianne Heemskerk
Bep van Klaveren
Rem Koolhaas
Kruimeltje (literary character)
Ruud Lubbers
Paul de Leeuw
Rie Mastenbroek
Robin van Persie
Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh
Ron Steens
Marten Toonder
References
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in South Holland |
29575 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne | Throne | A throne is the official chair or seat upon which a monarch (royal ruler) is seated on state or ceremonial occasions. The word "throne" can also refer to the monarchy itself.
References
Royalty and nobility
Monarchy |
29576 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar | Altar | An altar is a place, often a table, where a religious event happens. Altars are used in Christianity and in other religions.
In some old religions, the event was a sacrifice, which means a holy work. Usually the priest would use this item.
Related pages
Altar lamp
Altarpiece
Church architecture |
29577 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Bradman | Don Bradman | Sir Donald George Bradman (27 August 1908 – 25 February 2001) was an Australian cricketer. Often called "The Don", he was a batsman. Many people think he is the greatest batsmen of all time. He scored 6,996 runs in his Test match career, at an average of 99.94 runs. If he had scored four runs in his last Test match, he would have scored an average of 100 runs. However, he scored no runs (a duck) in his last innings from just two balls. This is the highest average in Test cricket, the second-highest average being 61.87.
Bradman command over the game showed as a batsman, as a captain, as a selector, as a writer and as an administrator. Australian fast bowler Jeff Thomson said that bowling to Bradman was one of his "greatest moments". This happened in 1977–78 in Adelaide during India's tour to Australia. Thompson said: "Sir Don was batting in a suit, no pads, no gloves, just a bat. He must've been around 70 and hadn't batted [much] for almost 30 years and he was still so good. It was turf wicket, and I bowled within myself, but there were a couple of young blokes who were bowling at full speed and he was carting them all over the place. Along with meeting George Best, bowling to Bradman is the greatest moment of my life."
Cricket playing days
Bodyline Series
Before the first match of the tour, England had not told Australia what they were going to do, but when England named 5 fast bowlers (including Harold Larwood and Bill Voce). It was not usual to have so many fast bowlers in one team, so Bradman knew that England were about to try something new. The new way of bowling was first tried in a warm-up match which Bradman played in, and as expected Bradman struggled. Bradman did not play in the first Test Match of the tour, which led some people to think this was because his had suffered a nervous breakdown. England still tried their new way of bowling, and won the match but the Australian team were not happy.
Australian newspapers described this way of bowling as "bodyline", because the balls were often aimed fast at the body. They felt that this bowling was unfair and dangerous, as in 1930s batsman did not wear helmets. Despite this, the tour carried on and in the second Test Match Bradman returned. In the first Australian innings, Bradman was bowled first ball. Bradman guessed that the ball was going to be bounced high, so he moved to one side and swung the bat so he could score a boundary. The ball did not bounce as high as Bradman thought, and it hit the stumps. This was the first time he had been out on the first ball (called a duck) in his career at that point. The crowd were shocked, as they were used to seeing Bradman easily score hundreds. Bradman had a better second innings and scored 103 runs. With good bowling from Australian bowlers Bill O'Reilly and Bert Ironmonger, this score helped Australia win the second match. Australia were happy, as they thought that they had beaten what they felt was unfair bowling.
England won the last 3 test matches, still bowling "bodyline". Bradman changed the way he batted a lot to try to score runs. In bodyline, England put a lot of fielders on the leg side, so Bradman had the idea of moving backwards to hit the ball on the off side, where there were few fielders. This was not a normal way of playing but this helped him to get 56.57 runs on average per innings in the tour. Jack Fingleton (Australian batsman) thought that this tour changed Bradman's way of batting for the rest of his career.
Personal life
Bradman was married to Jessie Martha Menzies for 65 years, until Jessie died in 1999. Bradman said on many occasions how important his wife was, once saying "I would never have achieved what I achieved without Jessie". Don and Jessie Bradman had 3 children, but family life was difficult. Their first child died young in 1936. Their second child (John, born in 1939) caught a serious virus disease called polio. and their third child (Shirley, born 1941) had cerebral palsy since birth.
Death
Bradman died of pneumonia on 25 February 2001, aged 92, in Kensington Park, South Australia.
Gallery
References
1908 births
2001 deaths
Australian cricketers
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Australia
Knights Bachelor
Sportspeople from New South Wales
Order of Australia |
29581 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Botham | Ian Botham | Sir Ian Terence Botham (born 24 November 1955) is an English retired cricketer. He also played football. He was an all-rounder, being good at both batting and bowling. He was also very good at catching the ball when he was fielding. He played over 100 test matches for England. He is a very popular man in England. One reason for this is that he helped England to beat Australia in a series of test matches called "The Ashes" in 1981. This series is sometimes called "Botham's Ashes". Now he works on television. He has done some long walks to raise money for charity. He was knighted in 2007.
References
1955 births
Living people
English cricketers
English footballers
Sportspeople from Cheshire |
29583 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne%20%28mythology%29 | Daphne (mythology) | Daphne (, meaning "laurel") was a dryad in Greek mythology, daughter of the river god Peneus.
According to Greek mythology, the god Apollo insulted Eros, otherwise known as Cupid, the god of love. Becoming angry, Eros shot a golden arrow at Apollo, causing him to fall in love with the nymph Daphne the virgin. Eros then shot Daphne with a leaden arrow so she could never love Apollo back. So Apollo followed her while she ran away, until she came to the river of her father, Peneus. Apollo became jealous and puts it into the girl's mind to stop to bathe in the river Ladon; there, as all strip naked, the ruse is revealed, as in the myth of Callisto. There she wanted help from her father who turned her into a laurel tree so she would be safe from Apollo. Apollo then began to be sad. Some versions say that when Daphne saw Apollo sad, taking pity she made him a laurel wreath (a circle made of laurel that is worn like a crown) from her leaves. Other accounts state that Apollo made the laurel himself, taking from the tree. The laurel tree became sacred of Apollo and is used by emperors within the culture. After the crown was used for all the winners at his games and great heroes in the years to come would be crowned with laurel leaves. He also vowed that she, like him, would have eternal youth where her leaves would never turn brown or fall but would always stay lush and green. Some even say that he created this laurel wreath to remind him of the prize he can never win still Apollo loved that laurel with all his heart.
See Ovid. Metamorphoses. Book I: 452-567.
Daphne |
29587 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively%20multiplayer%20online%20role-playing%20game | Massively multiplayer online role-playing game | A massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) is a massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) that is a role-playing game (RPG). It is an RPG which is played online (on the internet) by a very large number of people at the same time.
Some popular MMORPG games
2moons
The 4th Coming
Anarchy Online
Asheron's Call
Asheron's Call 2
Battle Dawn
Cantr II
City of Heroes
Club Penguin
Conquer Online
Dofus
Dreams of Mirrors Online
Dungeons & Dragons Online
Dungeon Siege: Legends Of Aranna
Eve Online
Everquest
Everquest II
Final Fantasy XI
Flyff
Guild Wars
Helbreath
Lineage II
MapleStory
Matrix Online
MU Online
Perfect World
Ragnarok Online
RF Online
Rumble Fighter
RuneScape
Runes of Magic
Sherwood
Silkroad Online
Tales Runner
Tibia
Transformice
Trickster Online
Ultima Online
World of Warcraft
Other websites
OGRank MMORPG news and resources
MMORPG linkcollection
Video game genres |
29589 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20English | Middle English | Middle English is an older type of the English language that was spoken after the Norman invasion in 1066 until the middle/late 1400s. It came from Old English after William the Conqueror came to England with his French nobles and stopped English from being taught in schools for a few hundred years. Over this time, English borrowed several French words.
In the 1470s, the Chancery Standard, a type of English spoken in London, started to become more common. This was partly because William Caxton brought the printing press to England in the 1470s. The type of English that people spoke in England between then and 1650 is called Early Modern English. There were many different dialects of Middle English.
Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in Middle English.
Sources
Brunner, Karl (1962) Abriss der mittelenglischen Grammatik; 5. Auflage. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer (1st ed. Halle (Saale): M. Niemeyer, 1938)
Brunner, Karl (1963) An Outline of Middle English Grammar; translated by Grahame Johnston. Oxford: Blackwell
English language
1060s establishments
15th-century disestablishments |
29590 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus | Patroclus | Patroclus (Ancient Greek: Πάτροκλος, Pátroklos - "glory of the father") was a central figure in Homer's Iliad. He was the son of Menoetius, and is most famous as being the lover of Achilles.
During the Trojan War, Achilles refuses to fight after a quarrel with Agamemnon, leader of the Greek forces, over a woman, Briseis. Patroclus, with Achilles' permission, then dons Achilles' armor and leads the Myrmidons into battle. The Greeks, thinking him to be Achilles, are roused into a frenzy as they begin to beat the Trojans back. He managed to kill Sarpedon when he charged into battle. However, the ruse is discovered as Patroclus is soon killed by the Trojan prince Hector. The death of Patroclus is a key event in the Iliad, as it serves as the catalyst of Achilles' legendary rage.
Related pages
617 Patroclus
People in Greek mythology |
29592 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20VI%20and%20I | James VI and I | James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He was the first monarch to be called the king of Great Britain. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 until his death and he ruled in England and Scotland from 24 March 1603 until his death.
His reign was important because it was the first time England and Scotland had the same monarch. He was the first monarch of England from the House of Stuart. The previous English monarch had been Elizabeth I. She had died without any children, so the English agreed to have a Scottish monarch because James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, thus the closest relative Elizabeth had. By being king of both, he created a personal union.
James fought often with the Parliament of England. In addition, he did not use the kingdom’s money well. While James was ruling, the Scottish and English governments were quite stable. After James died, his son Charles tried to rule in the same way as James, but caused the English Civil War. At the end of the war in 1649, Charles was executed.
James was very well educated and good at learning. He helped people in England and in Scotland to study things such as science, literature, and art. James wrote Daemonologie in 1597, The True Law of Free Monarchies in 1598, Basilikon Doron in 1599, and A Counterblaste to Tobacco in 1604. He sponsored the Authorized King James Version of the Bible.
James was a target of the Gunpowder Plot. A group of Catholics planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament on 5 November 1605 during a ceremony while James was in the building. The plot was stopped when a member of the group, Guy Fawkes, was found in a basement with barrels of gunpowder. The event is remembered every year on 5 November, also known as Bonfire Night,where many people decide to celebrate and light bonfires and fireworks.
James believed in witchcraft. When he read The Discoverie of Witchcraft, he ordered all copies of the book to be burnt. The king had an importance with the first English settlers.
The first permanent English established settlement in North America was made under the charter granted by James to Sir Thomas Gates and other in 1606.
References
1566 births
1625 deaths
House of Stuart
Kings and Queens of Scotland
Kings and Queens of Great Britain |
29595 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod | Hesiod | Hesiod (Hesiodos, ) was an Ancient Greek poet. He is probably the second Greek poet whose work has survived; like Homer, his dates are not known for certain. As with Homer, there are numerous legends, none of which are supported by hard evidence. He may have lived around 700 BC in Askra in Boeotia, as a farmer. Today his writings are one of the main sources for Greek mythology, and everyday life in Ancient Greece, such as farming techniques, astronomy and ancient time-keeping. The complete surviving works were published in 1493, and by Aldus Manutius in 1495.
Works
Works and days
Theogony
Catalogue of women (or Eoiae)
The Shield of Heracles
Other websites
Web texts taken from Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica, edited and translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, published as Loeb Classical Library #57, 1914, :
Scanned text at the Internet Archive, in PDF and DjVu format
Perseus Classics Collection: Greek and Roman Materials: Text: Hesiod Greek texts and English translations for Works and Days, Theogony, and Shield of Heracles with additional notes and cross links.
Versions of the electronic edition of Evelyn-White's English translation edited by Douglas B. Killings, June 1995:
Project Gutenberg plain text .
Berkeley Digital Library SunSITE: The Online Medieval and Classical Library: Hesiod
Sacred Texts: Classics: The Works of Hesiod (Theogony and Works and Days only)
Hesiod and the Arcadian theme in the paintings Shepherds of Arcadia – Et in Arcadia Ego
Ancient Greek poets
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown |
29596 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%20Xiancai | Fu Xiancai | Fu Xiancai is a Chinese farmer and civil rights activist. He started to be political in 1994, after his village was in danger, because the Three Gorges Dam was built. In 1997 he had to leave his home, after it was flooded by the water of the dam. Since that time he tries to get together with other people fair damages from the Peoples Republic of China. On 19 May 2006 he had an interview with the German television station ARD. After this one he was arrested by police and hit so he cannot move since that time and is crippled. He did not get any medical help, because he cannot pay it. The German government protested against this situation. In June 2006, the German embassy paid for the life-saving medical treatment. The Chinese government said they did not hit him, so he must have hit himself.
Other websites
Article of an international Organisation
Article of the german Newspaper FAZ (german)
Interview with the reporter of the german newsstation (german)
Chinese people
Civil rights |
29597 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebus | Phoebus | Phoebus (means shining-one) was originally a name of the Greek god Helios. But later, it also became a name of Apollo, because in later times, both gods were merged (became one).
Greek gods and goddesses |
29600 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture | Overture | An overture is a piece of music for the orchestra to play at the beginning of an opera or ballet. The word comes from the French word for "opening" because it "opens" the show.
Overtures usually have tunes which are going to be heard during the opera or ballet. In this way it prepares the audience for what is to come.
Many overtures in the 18th century were simply background music to get the audience's attention (people used to chatter during performances). Some composers like Gioacchino Rossini (1792-1868) used the same overture again and again for his next operas, or just changed bits of it.
Composers like Christoph Willibald Gluck and later Richard Wagner (1813-1883) were very careful to make the overture a dramatic beginning which prepared the audience for the story. Wagner often called his overtures "Vorspiel" (Prelude).
Not all composers wrote overtures to their operas. Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) and Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) often go straight into the first act or they just have a very short prelude.
In the 19th century many Romantic composers wrote concert overtures. These pieces did not belong to any opera or ballet, they were just written to be heard at concerts. They often had a descriptive title because they told some sort of story, e.g. Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) wrote an overture "Fingal's Cave" which describes the sea coming into the cave in the Inner Hebrides islands. Sometimes these descriptive pieces were much longer than an overture (which is usually just a few minutes), so they were called tone poems.
Overtures are usually played in sonata form.
Musical forms |
29602 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luthier | Luthier | A luthier is a person who repairs guitars, violins, violas, cellos, double basses, and other wooden stringed instruments. These instruments need regular adjustments and minor repairs, especially straightening the bridge. As well, sometimes instruments are damaged in accidents, and a luthier has to use wood glue, broken pieces, and clamps to repair the instrument. Luthiers also have the ability to create wooden stringed instruments, mostly classic string family instruments.
The French word lutherie is referred to the art to build wooden instruments. The word luthier comes from the French word luth, luth comes from the Arabian word al-`ūd (العود), this last word means lute, although its generic meaning is the wood. The German word for luthier is luther, that word has became also in a name (Martin Luther King) and in a last name (Martin Luther)
References
Music
Occupations |
29603 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss%2C%20Norway | Moss, Norway | Moss is a coastal town in the Norwegian county of Østfold. It served an important role in the declaration of independence from the union with Sweden. The city used to have a lot of heavy industries, like shipyards and paper mills. Today it has mostly service sector businesses (shops, banks etc.)
The city is also the centre of Moss Municipality which is 63 km² (square kilometers) large and has 28,000 people as of 2006.
Cities in Norway
Municipalities of Norway |
29606 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset | Dorset | Dorset is a county in south England which is by the sea. The biggest towns in it are Bournemouth and Poole. There are other smaller towns, some by the sea, like Weymouth, Swanage, West Bay, the Isle of Portland, Dorchester, Wareham, Lyme Regis, Blandford and Wool.
Location
Dorset is next to Devon, Somerset, Wiltshire and Hampshire.
There is a lot of countryside in Dorset, so there are quite a few farmers. Other people work in offices, shops or the holiday business. There are not many factories or industry in Dorset.
People come on holiday to Dorset because the countryside and sea is peaceful and pretty, and there are not many big towns and no cities at all. Bournemouth, Poole, Weymouth, Swanage and Lyme Regis are quite famous seaside towns, where most holidaymakers go when they come to Dorset.
Dorset coast
The Dorset coast is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Jurassic Coast. This includes famous fossil sites where Mary Anning collected, and famous landforms such as Chesil Beach.
Gallery
Ceremonial counties of England |
29607 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole | Poole | Poole is a town in Dorset, England. It is the second biggest town in Dorset after Bournemouth. In 2001, 138,299 people lived there. Lots of tourists visit Poole because of its nice beaches and sunny weather. It has a very big natural harbour. Lots of people in Poole work for Barclays Bank, Hamworthy Engineering, Poole Packaging, Sunseeker, RNLI and Ryvita.
Harbour
Poole's harbour is the second biggest natural harbour in the world after Sydney in Australia but the water in Poole is very shallow which means that very big ships cannot go into Poole Harbour. It was used in World War II for some ships to set off for France on D-Day. The harbour entrance is also the home to many millionaires being in the top 5 most expensive places to live in the world.
History
People have lived in Poole for 2,000 years. There were lots of Celtic people there. Archaeologists found a boat in the harbor which they think was made in 295 BC. When the Romans invaded Britain in the 1st century, they landed in Poole. In the Norman Conquest in 1066, Poole was used mostly for fishing but then became a port for trading things like wool. In the 18th century, Poole was one of the biggest ports in England.
The harbor stopped being so useful because big boats could not get in, so they went to places like Liverpool, Southampton and Plymouth. Even though the harbor can not be used that well, due to the shallowness of the sea, it is very beautiful and peaceful for people.
Unitary authorities in Dorset
Towns in Dorset
Ports and harbours of the United Kingdom |
29608 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla | Gorilla | Gorillas are one of three groups of african apes. They are divided into two species, the Western gorilla and the Eastern gorilla.
Behavior
Gorillas may be aggressive when attacked or provoked, but they are naturally gentle. They are generally herbivores, which means that they eat plants. But they also eat insects.
Life span
A gorilla's lifespan in the wild is between 35 and 40 years, although zoo gorillas may live for 50 years or more because they have more food and health care.
Taxonomy
Genus Gorilla
Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla
Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli
Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei
Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei
Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri
Appearance
Gorillas are large apes. They can be strong like chimpanzees, orangutans and humans. An adult male gorilla can weigh up to 225 kilograms and stand 1.8 meters in height. Gorillas live in family groups called troops. They have a broad chest, wide shoulders, short legs, and long strong arms. They have black skin and hair. Adult male gorillas' hair becomes silver/grey on their backs as they become older. Because of that, older males are called "silverbacks".
Life
Gorillas live in the rainforests in central Africa. They mostly live on the ground, but they can also climb. When on the ground, they walk on their feet and finger knuckles. Troops of gorillas wander slowly through the forests of Central Africa. For about half of their day they search for leaves, vines, and bamboo shoots to eat. Sometimes they also eat ants or termites. For the rest of the day, they lay in the sun and play with their children. If another gorilla threatens them, the troop's leader, the silverback, protects them by rearing up and beating his chest. Although mostly vegetarian, they have long canine teeth or fangs that the adult males sometimes use to fight each other for the troop leadership.
Gorillas sleep in nests that they build on the ground. At the end of each day, each adult gorilla spends a few minutes putting together a soft, flat bed made of leaves, branches, and moss. The young gorillas sleep with their mothers.
The gestation period (when a baby grows inside the mother) of a gorilla lasts between eight and ten months. Gorillas almost always produce one offspring - twins are rare. Gorilla babies begin to hang onto their mothers when they are only a few hours old and will continue to do so for the next three years. Gorillas live up to 50 years in the wild and up to 54 years in captivity.
Gallery
Related pages
Dian Fossey
Ape
References
Hominids
Mammals of Africa |
29609 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Bellamy | Matthew Bellamy | Matthew James Bellamy (born 9 June 1978) is an English singer. He is the lead singer of the band Muse. He also plays the electric guitar and the piano. He writes most of the songs. Bellamy is known for his falsetto and the way he plays the guitar, which is very creative. Bellamy sings with a tenor voice when he is not singing in falsetto.
Background
Matthew Bellamy was born on 9 June 1978 in Cambridge. He is the son of George Bellamy and Marilyn Bellamy and he has an older brother named Paul. His parents moved with him to Teignmouth in Devon in the mid 1980s.
George Bellamy was also a guitarist and was in a band called "The Tornados", who had a number-one hit in the United States with the song "Telstar". The talent of his father was part of what inspired Matthew to play guitar, sing and form a band. The Muse song "Knights of Cydonia" is sometimes called a tribute to "Telstar", since it has a similar space rock sound and futuristic video featuring cowboys like a spaghetti western. Marylin Bellamy was born in Belfast and went to live in England in the 1970s, meeting George for the first time on the day she did so.
When he was 6 years old, Matthew Bellamy began playing piano, and showed signs of having natural skill with the instrument. Bellamy's parents divorced before he reached fourteen years of age. He moved in with his grandmother, and around this time he considered playing guitar. His talent for quickly learning how to play instruments had made some people call him a virtuoso, which is someone musically talented in a unique way.
Matthew was heavily featured in the TV series "History of the Guitar" where his creativity with the instrument was demonstrated to the full. His father George was introduced on the programme as Matthew's father and was featured performing the hit instrumental "Telstar" with "The Tornados."
Interests
Bellamy is fascinated with conspiracy theories. A lot of songs of Muse are about conspiracies. He is also interested in the space and conspiracy theories about extraterrestrial life or aliens. This interest is probably caused by the death of his uncle, who was murdered of the Irish Republican Army. Matthew's uncle, murdered by the IRA, played lead guitar in the rock band "The Jokers." They played clubs mainly in the south of England during the late 1960s and early 1970s. At the time they were based in the Aldershot area of Hampshire UK. Other members of the band include Pete Crabbe, playing rhythm and base guitar, Denis Williams playing drums, Brian Foster and Joey Graham singing vocals. Pete Seddon played rhythm guitar occasionally. Matthew's father George Bellamy, was often mentioned and was a source of inspiration to all but particularly to Matt's uncle who modeled his style of play on him.
Matthew shows agnostic views, stating in a 2006 interview with the Rock Music channel that "I believe in the God of the universe, definitely" but does not believe in heaven or hell. It is also possible that Bellamy explores otherworldly theories, such as the origin of mankind from another universe, as reflected in the band's rock symphony, "Exogenesis".
English guitarists
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Cambridge
Musicians from Devon
1978 births
Living people |
29610 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Wolstenholme | Chris Wolstenholme | Christopher Tony Wolstenholme (born 2 December 1978 in Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English musician. He sings and plays a bass guitar in the band Muse. He also sometimes plays guitar or keyboard instead of bass.
Early and personal life
Chris grew up in Rotherham before moving to Teignmouth where he had lived up until April 2010. While attending school there, he played for various different bands until he joined Muse when Matthew Bellamy and Dominic Howard invited him to their band. Today he is an acclaimed bass-player, receiving praise from many musicians.
Wolstenhome has six children with his wife Kelly: Alfie (born 1999), Ava-Jo (born 2001), Frankie (born 2003), Ernie (born 2008), Buster (born 2010) and Teddi, born 2012.
He got married in 2018 to his Wife caris ball. On the 3rd of March, caris gave birth to their Daughter named Mabel aurora Wolstenholme
In April 2010, he moved with his family to Dublin, Ireland.
References
1978 births
Living people
English guitarists
Warner Bros. Records artists |
29611 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Howard | Dominic Howard | Dominic James Howard (born 7 December 1977) is an English musician. He plays the drums for the band Muse. Howard was born in Stockport, England. He is left-handed. Howard is a huge fan of British cheesecake, and has his own secret recipe. He often wears brightly coloured trousers.
1977 births
Living people
English musicians |
29612 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penlight | Penlight | A penlight is a small flashlight in the shape of a pen. A penlight usually uses a small light known as an "LED" (Light Emitting Diode) but it can also use a small lightbulb made just for small flashlights.
The LED lights up when power is run through it. Making the penlight light up is as simple as pressing a button, or screwing the end on tighter so it makes contact with the batteries.
Most of the time, penlights use two or three AA, AAA, or AAAA batteries. AAAA are a newer, thinner type of battery, most commonly found in small electronics. It started with the AA size batteries.
Penlights can be made out of plastic or metal, and can be any color. They most often have a little clip, to hold it on your shirt or something.
Light sources
en:Penlight |
29613 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raam | Raam | Ram is the son of Lord Surya and Seventh Avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism. However in Valmiki Ramayana, he was the son of Lord Sun. When king Dashrath conducted the sacrifice, lord sun presented his portion Rama. Rama's character purely resembles Karna(the chief protagonist of the Mahabharata). Both were the protagonists of the two greatest epics. Both were the eldest brother but however Yudhisthira and Bharat were crowned the king. Both had to be deceived by their mother-Kunti and Kaikeyi. Both were the most handsome good-looking person of their respective eras. Both learnt weaponry through the greatest teacher of all time- Parshurama and Vishwamitra. Despite being a part of royal family, had to suffer their entire life. Both possessed not more than 1 wife. Both possessed the bow of Shiva. Parshurama too had a place in the epic of Mahabharata and Ramayana because of the protagonist of the epics- Lord Rama and Karna.
Indra and Sumitra gave birth to Shatrughana and Lakshmana. Lakshmana and Shatrughana were twins. Kaikeyi and Lord Yama gave birth to Bharat. Lord Rama was born through Lord Surya.
According to Puranas, Rama, Karna and Shani are three portions of Surya. They are regarded as greatest of all men.
Rama is said to have been born to Kaushalya and Dasharatha in Ayodhya, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kosala. His siblings included Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna. He married Sita. Though born in a royal family, their life is described in the Hindu texts as one challenged by unexpected changes such as an exile into impoverished and difficult circumstances, ethical questions and moral dilemmas. Of all their travails, the most notable is the kidnapping of Sita by demon-king Ravana, followed by the determined and epic efforts of Rama and Lakshmana to gain her freedom and destroy the evil Ravana against great odds. The entire life story of Rama, Sita and their companions allegorically discusses duties, rights and social responsibilities of an individual. It illustrates dharma and dharmic living through model characters.
Rama is especially important to Vaishnavism. He is the central figure of the ancient Hindu epic Ramayana, a text historically popular in the South Asian and Southeast Asian cultures. His ancient legends have attracted bhasya (commentaries) and extensive secondary literature and inspired performance arts. Two such texts, for example, are the Adhyatma Ramayana – a spiritual and theological treatise considered foundational by Ramanandi monasteries, and the Ramcharitmanas – a popular treatise that inspires thousands of Ramlila festival performances during autumn every year in India.
Rama legends are also found in the texts of Jainism and Buddhism, though he is sometimes called Pauma or Padma in these texts, and their details vary significantly from the Hindu versions. Jain Texts also mentioned Rama as the eighth balabhadra among the 63 salakapurusas. In Sikhism, Rama is mentioned as one of twenty four divine incarnations of Vishnu in the Chaubis Avtar in Dasam Granth.
Etymology and nomenclature
Rāma is a Vedic Sanskrit word with two contextual meanings. In one context as found in Atharva Veda, as stated by Monier Monier-Williams, means "dark, dark-colored, black" and is related to the term ratri which means night. In another context as found in other Vedic texts, the word means "pleasing, delightful, charming, beautiful, lovely". The word is sometimes used as a suffix in different Indian languages and religions, such as Pali in Buddhist texts, where -rama adds the sense of "pleasing to the mind, lovely" to the composite word.
Rama as a first name appears in the Vedic literature, associated with two patronymic names – Margaveya and Aupatasvini – representing different individuals. A third individual named Rama Jamadagnya is the purported author of hymn 10.110 of the Rigveda in the Hindu tradition. The word Rama appears in ancient literature in reverential terms for three individuals:
Parashu-rama, as the sixth avatar of Vishnu. He is linked to the Rama Jamadagnya of the Rigveda fame.
Rama-chandra, as the seventh avatar of Vishnu and of the ancient Ramayana fame.
Bala-rama, also called Halayudha, as the elder brother of Krishna both of whom appear in the legends of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.
The name Rama appears repeatedly in Hindu texts, for many different scholars and kings in mythical stories. The word also appears in ancient Upanishads and Aranyakas layer of Vedic literature, as well as music and other post-Vedic literature, but in qualifying context of something or someone who is "charming, beautiful, lovely" or "darkness, night".
The Vishnu avatar named Rama is also known by other names. He is called Ramachandra (beautiful, lovely moon), or Dasarathi (son of Dasaratha), or Raghava (descendant of Raghu, solar dynasty in Hindu cosmology). He is also known as Ram Lalla (Infant form of Rama).
Additional names of Rama include Ramavijaya (Javanese), Phreah Ream (Khmer), Phra Ram (Lao and Thai), Megat Seri Rama (Malay), Raja Bantugan (Maranao), Ramudu (Telugu), Ramar (Tamil). In the Vishnu sahasranama, Rama is the 394th name of Vishnu. In some Advaita Vedanta inspired texts, Rama connotes the metaphysical concept of Supreme Brahman who is the eternally blissful spiritual Self (Atman, soul) in whom yogis delight nondualistically.
The root of the word Rama is ram- which means "stop, stand still, rest, rejoice, be pleased".
According to Douglas Q. Adams, the Sanskrit word Rama is also found in other Indo-European languages such as Tocharian ram, reme, *romo- where it means "support, make still", "witness, make evident". The sense of "dark, black, soot" also appears in other Indo European languages, such as *remos or Old English romig.
Legends
This summary is a traditional legendary account, based on literary details from the Ramayana and other historic mythology-containing texts of Buddhism and Jainism. According to Sheldon Pollock, the figure of Rama incorporates more ancient "morphemes of Indian myths", such as the mythical legends of Bali and Namuci. The ancient sage Valmiki used these morphemes in his Ramayana similes as in sections 3.27, 3.59, 3.73, 5.19 and 29.28.
|group=lower-greek}} He has been depicted in many films, television shows and plays.
See also
Ayodhya dispute
Ram Mandir, Ayodhya
Culture of India
Genealogy of Rama
Hindu philosophy
Natyashastra
Ram Nam
Ram Statue
Jai Shri Ram
Ramayan (1987 TV series)
Rama in Jainism
Rama in Sikhism
Ramayana
Dashavatara
Vaishnavism
Erlang Shen
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Other websites
Indian culture
Buddhism
Hinduism |
29615 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth | Bournemouth | Bournemouth is a town in Dorset, in the country of England. It is the biggest town in Dorset. It is next to Poole and Christchurch. |
29616 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch%2C%20Dorset | Christchurch, Dorset | Christchurch is a town in Dorset, England. It is next to Bournemouth.
Sister city
Christchurch is twinned with:
Saint-Lô, France, since 1985
References
Towns in Dorset |
29627 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony | Symphony | A symphony is a piece of music written for an orchestra to play. It may be quite a long piece. Usually it is divided into parts, usually 3 or 4 parts, which are called movements.
The first movement of a symphony can be a fast movement, often in sonata form. The second movement can be a slow movement. The third movement can be a minuet or scherzo and a trio. The fourth movement may be called “Finale”; it can be in Rondo form or sonata form or a combination of these. There are lots of different ways of writing a symphony, but this is the pattern that was used by Joseph Haydn who is known as the “Father of the Symphony”, and many composers since have used his pattern of movements for their symphonies.
Connotations
The word “symphony” comes from the Greek words “sym” (together) and “phone” (sound).
“Symphonic” means “like a symphony”. It is often used to describe music which is quite long and develops tunes over a long period.
A large orchestra is often called a “symphony orchestra”. This is to distinguish it from a small orchestra called a “chamber orchestra”.
Some of the most famous composers of symphonies are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Gustav Mahler, Jean Sibelius and Dmitri Shostakovich.
Related pages
Symphonic poem
Musical forms |
29628 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Franconia%20Government%20Region | Upper Franconia Government Region | Upper Franconia (, ; Main-Franconian: ) is a regierungsbezirk (administrative region) of the German state Bavaria. It has an area of 7,230 km² and about 1,200,000 people. It borders the German states of Sachsen and Thuringia, and also the Czech Republic. Bayreuth is its capital.
Cities and districts
Cities which are urban districts
Coburg,
Bamberg,
Hof,
Bayreuth.
Smaller cities
Forchheim,
Kulmbach,
Lichtenfels,
Marktredwitz,
Neustadt bei Coburg
Kronach,
Rödental,
Wunsiedel,
Selb,
Münchberg,
Helmbrechts,
Rehau,
Stadtsteinach,
Bad Staffelstein,
Ebermannstadt,
Burgkunstadt
Districts
Coburg Rural District
Bamberg Rural District
Forchheim Rural District
Bayreuth Rural District
Lichtenfels Rural District
Kronach Rural District
Hof Rural District
Kulmbach Rural District
Wunsiedel i. Fichtelgebirge Rural District
References |
29629 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar%20Republic | Weimar Republic | The Weimar Republic ( ), officially the German Reich (), also referred to as the German People's State () or simply the German Republic (), is the name now used for the republic that governed Germany from 1919 to 1933.
Origin
After the German Empire was defeated in World War I, Germany became a republic, but it was still called "Deutsches Reich" (German Empire). Today it is called the Weimar Republic and this period is called the Weimar period, because the constitution was made in the city of Weimar.
Beginning
On November 9, 1918, the Republic was proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin and two hours later a socialist republic was proclaimed around the corner at the Berlin Castle by Karl Liebknecht.
The Emperor, or Kaiser, Wilhelm II, went into exile in the Netherlands. The new Republic was declared even before the end of World War I.
Problems
The Weimar Republic had a lot of problems. The Treaty of Versailles made things very difficult for the economy. Inflation got completely out of hand. There were political problems because governments ruled only for a very short time, not long enough to be able to make important decisions. There were a lot of radical right and left extremists, for example monarchists (people who wanted back the monarchy) and communists, who believed that all things, especially property, land and money, should be shared. Political parties had their own militias to fight each other.
One of the paramilitary organizations that arose after World War I was the meaning "Steel Helmet, League of Front Soldiers". They operated as the armed branch of the national conservative German National People's Party (DNVP). they were placed at party gatherings in the position of armed security guards (Saalschutz). In 1935 they became part of the Nazi Party.
Positives
The Weimar period is also known for its culture. Artists tried out modern ideas and used new things like film. The Bauhaus began in the 1920s too.
End
What we now call The Weimar Republic came to an end on 23 March 1933, when Chancellor Adolf Hitler installed the Enabling Act, which established the Third Reich.
References
Other websites
The Constitution of the German Reich (Weimar constitution) of 11th August 1919, in full text
PSM Data Bank
historical Documents
1930s disestablishments in Germany
1910s establishments in Germany
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
States and territories established in the 20th century
Weimar
1918 establishments
1933 disestablishments in Europe |
29630 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma%20%28mathematics%29 | Lemma (mathematics) | In mathematics, a lemma is a "mini-proof"; a small hypothesis which is proved and then provides a part of a more important theorem.
Popular Lemmas
A good small thing can lead to many big things. Some powerful results in mathematics are known as lemmas, such as Bézout's lemma, Dehn's lemma, Euclid's lemma, Farkas' lemma, Fatou's lemma, Gauss's lemma, Greendlinger's lemma, Itō's lemma, Jordan's lemma, Nakayama's lemma, Poincaré's lemma, Riesz's lemma, Schur's lemma, Schwarz's lemma, Urysohn's lemma, Yoneda's lemma and Zorn's lemma. While these results originally seemed too simple to get independent interest, they have turned out to be important to the theories in which they occur.
Mathematics |
29633 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar | Avatar | Avatar, a word in Hinduism, is a deity which comes down to earth in a human form, an animal form or a partly human and partly animal form. Rama was an avatar of Vishnu, one of the three main gods of the Hindus. Similarly, Buddha was also an avatar. Both of these avatars had human form, but avatars of the Hindu mythology have also appeared in animal form. For example, Matsya had the form of a fish and Varaha had the form of a boar.
The word is usually translated into English as "incarnation", but better as "appearance" or "manifestation". This is the sense in which the word 'avatar' is used in various media today.
According to Hindu mythology, the important avatars of god Vishnu are named below:
Matsya
Kurma
Varaha
Narasimha
Vamana
Parashurama
Rama
Balarama
Krishna
Buddha
Kalki
Several Hindu scriptures have details and stories about Vishnu's avatars. These texts also tell that Vishnu will appear again the Kalki avatar. The following stories are of the avatars that appeared in animal forms or partly animal and partly human forms.
Matsya is the first avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a big fish. Sometimes, it is said that he took the form of a half-man and half-fish. There is a story about this in Hindu mythology. The story tells about a very wicked demon (an asura) who snatched the Vedas, the holy books of the Hindus, and went deep inside the sea. At this point, Vishnu came as the Matsya (fish) avatar, who went deep into the sea and brought back the Vedas. He gave the Vedas to Manu. The Hindu scriptures say that Manu was the first man in the world. He may also be compared with Noah.
Kurma is the second avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a tortoise. Kurma is a word in the Sanskrit language that means a tortoise. This avatar of Vishnu is a symbol of strength and stability.
Varaha was the third avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a black boar. Varaha is a word in the Sanskrit language that means a boar. The Hindu scriptures tell a story about this avatar. There was a demon (a daitya) named Hiranyaksha. He threw the earth (called prithivi by the Hindus) into the waters of the ocean. The earth was about to sink in the ocean. At this point, Vishnu took the form of a black boar, entered the water and carried the earth on its body. Thus Vishnu, as Varaha, saved the earth from destruction.
Narashimha was the fourth avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a man with the head of a lion. This avatar of Vishnu is also a symbol of great strength.
All other avatars of Vishnu after Narashimha avatar were in the form of human beings.
Although the avatars of Vishnu are the most important in the Hindu mythology, there are stories about avatars of other deities, like of Shiva, Ganesha and Devi.
Avatar is next birth of God in Hinduism.
References
Note
Related pages
Sugata Bhuddha
Puranass
Hinduism |
29634 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar%20%28disambiguation%29 | Avatar (disambiguation) | Avatar can mean:
Avatar, the incarnation of a God in Hinduism.
Avatar, a picture representing a person on the internet.
Avatar: The Last Airbender, a Nickelodeon animated television series
Avatar (2009 film), James Cameron's 3-D science fiction movie |
29644 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine%20the%20Great | Constantine the Great | Constantine I (27 February 272 – 22 May 337 AD) was a Roman emperor from 306 until he died. He was emperor for longer than any other emperor since Augustus, the first emperor. He was the first ruler of the Roman Empire to be a Christian. He made the old city Byzantium into a new, larger city: Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). The city's name means "City of Constantine" in Greek. He was the son of the emperor Constantius I, and members of their Constantinian dynasty controlled the empire until 364.
Six years after Constantine said that he was emperor, he was fighting for control of Rome with Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge, a bridge over the Tiber River. When he saw a cross in the sky with the words , he changed his deity from Apollo to Jesus and won the battle or war.
Early life
Constantine (; ) was born in Naissus (Niš, Serbia). He was born on 27 February. The Calendar of Philocalus and the works of the Latin writer Polemius Silvius both say Constantine was born in 272 or 273. The Latin historian Eutropius wrote the same information. However, the Greek historian and bishop Eusebius of Caesarea wrote that Constantine was born around the year 285.
Constantine's father was Constantius, who later became Roman emperor. Constantine's mother was Helena. She was not from the nobility. The Greek historian Procopius wrote that Helena had come from Drepanon, a city in Bithynia. The Latin theologian Ambrose wrote that Helena was a . Helena and Constantius may not have married, and Helena may have been Constantius's concubine.
Constantine was a military tribune in the Roman army by 293, the year his father became caesar (a junior Roman emperor) on 23 March.
Constantius and the other caesar Galerius each became augustus (a more senior Roman emperor) on 1 May 305. On that day, the emperors Diocletian and Maximian retired. Maximinus Daza and Valerius Severus each became caesar.
Emperor
306–310
The Consularia Constantinopolitana says that Constantius I died on 25 July 306 in Eboracum (York, England). There, on the same day, the army of Constantius made Constantine augustus. (Later, around August 306, the augustus Galerius agreed that Constantine was caesar, but not that he was augustus.) Roman Egypt accepted Constantine was an emperor.
In autumn 306 or early the next year, Constantine made a military campaign against the Franks. Constantine said that he was Roman consul for the first time in 307. However, the Roman provinces that other emperors controlled did not accept that Constantine was consul. Constantine may have been in Roman Britain again in 307.
Maximian and Constantine may have met at Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Germany) in 307, possibly in late summer. Maximian made Constantine augustus. Constantine married Maximian's daughter Fausta. (This could have been in late summer, September, or as late as 25 December. Historians are not in agreement about the date.) At the start of his reign, only the lands that Constantine controlled accepted Constantine as augustus. Then, the lands that Maximian's son Maxentius controlled also accepted that Constantine was an augustus.
In 308 Constantine fought a war against the Bructeri. In November 308, the emperors Diocletian, Maximian, and Galerius met at Carnutum (Petronell-Carnuntum, Austria) and agreed that Constantine was a caesar. Constantine himself continued to say that he was an augustus. The Latin writer Lactantius wrote that in 309, Constantine got the title in . The Roman provinces that Galerius controlled said that Constantine was Roman consul for the first time in 309, but the provinces Constantine and Maxentius controlled did not accept this.
In 310, probably on the 1 May, Galerius made Maximinus Daza augustus. From this time, the whole empire started to agree that Constantine was an augustus as well. In summer 310, Constantine again fought a military campaign against the Franks. A war between Constantine and Maximian began. Maximian was at Massilia (Marseille, France) when Constantine took control of the city, probably in around July 310. Then Maximian died, probably by suicide.
On 25 July 310, it was Constantine's fifth anniversary festival as emperor (his ). At that time, Constantine gave himself the name in . Constantine said that his father Constantius had been part of the family of the emperor Claudius Gothicus. This was fiction.
310–315
On 30 April 311, the augustus Galerius made a edict. The Edict of Serdica mostly ended the persecution of Christianity in the Roman Empire. At the start of May, Galerius died. Constantine was Roman consul for the second time in 312.
Constantine was consul for the third time in 313. Constantine fought a civil war with Maxentius. The Calendar of Philocalus says that the Battle of the Milvian Bridge happened on the 28 October 313. In this battle, Constantine's army overcame the army of Maxentius. Maxentius died in the battle. The Latin writer Lactantius wrote about these events. After the battle, Constantine went across the Tiber River and took control of Rome itself. The Calendar of Philocalus says that Constantine went into the city on 29 October, and that there was a festival for two days.
After 18 January 313, Constantine was in Mediolanum (Milan, Italy). There Constantine met his co-emperor, Licinius, in January or February. Either in autumn 313 or during the first half of 314, Constantine travelled to Britain. On 1 August 314 in the city of Arelate (Arles, France), the Council of Arles started (a meeting of bishops. Constantine was consul for the fourth time in 315. In the first half of 315, Constantine probably had success in a military campaign he fought against the Goths and Sarmatians.
The Calendar of Philocalus says that Constantine came again to Rome in July 315. There was a ceremony (an ) when Constantine came to the city. The Calendar says that there was a festival for two days. Constantine got the . On 25 July 315, it was Constantine's tenth anniversary as emperor (his ).
315–320
On 27 September 315 Constantine went away from Rome. There was another ceremony (a ) when Constantine went out of the city. At some time, Constantine fought a civil war with his co-emperor Licinius. The Calendar of Philocalus says that Constantine's army overcame Licinius's army at the Battle of Cibalae on 8 October 314, but historians are not in agreement about the date. It may have been in 316. After this civil war, Constantine and Licinius made peace. This was either at the end of 314 or in January 317. As part of the agreement, Constantine got from Licinius the Roman provinces next to the Danube. (Licinius kept Thracia however.)
The Consularia Constantinopolitana and the Chronicon Paschale both say Constantine and Licinius chose co-emperors on 1 March 317. Constantine and his co-emperor made their three sons their junior co-emperors (their ). Crispus and Constantine II (Constantine's sons) and Licinius II (Licinius's son) were each made caesar at Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria). Constantine was Roman consul for the fifth time in 319. He was consul for the sixth time in 320. On the 25 July 320, it was Constantine's fifteenth anniversary as emperor (his ).
320–325
In 321, it was the fifth anniversary of Crispus, Constantine II, and Licinius II as emperors (each caesar's ). In summer 322, Constantine won a military victory against the Sarmatians. At the start of 323, Constantine fought a war against the Goths.
In 324, Constantine and Crispus fought another war against their co-emperor Licinius. The Consularia Constantinopolitana says that Constantine's army overcame the army of Licinius in a battle near Hadrianopolis (Edirne, European Turkey) on 3 July 324. Constantine's armies again overcame Licinius's soldiers at the Battle of Chrysopolis. The Consularia Constantinopolitana says that this battle was on the 18 September 324. Licinius and Licinius II both retired from being emperors. On 8 November that year, Constantine made his son Constantius II caesar. At that time, all Constantine's co-emperors were Constantine's own children (the Crispus, Constantine II, and Constantius II).
On 20 May 324 at Nicaea (İznik, Turkey) the Council of Nicaea started. This meeting of bishops ended on 19 July 325. The Greek historian Socrates Scholasticus wrote about these events. The Chronicle of the Latin theologian Jerome and the Chronicon Paschale both say that on 25 July 325, it was Constantine's twentieth anniversary festival as emperor (his ) at Nicomedia (İzmit, Turkey).
325–330
Constantine was Roman consul for the seventh time in 326. The Consularia Constantinopolitana says that in around March 326, Constantine executed his oldest son, the caesar Crispus. The Calendar of Philocalus says that on 18 July 326 (or the 21 July) Constantine again came to Rome. When he came to the city there was another ceremony. Jerome wrote that on 25 July 326, it was Constantine's twentieth anniversary festival as emperor (his ) in Rome. (326 was the second year in which Constantine had a festival for the same twentieth anniversary.) Jerome's Chronicle and the Chronicon Paschale both say that Constantine set up the city of Helenopolis on 7 January 327. Constantine was consul for the eighth time in 329. The year was the last time Constantine was consul. The Consularia Constantinopolitana says that on 11 May 330, Constantine was in Byzantium. On that day, Constantine dedicated again the city. After that, Byzantium had the name Constantinople (; ).
330–335
The Consularia Constantinopolitana says that on 25 December 333, Constantine made his youngest son, Constans, his caesar. They were probably at Constantinople then. In 333 or 334, Calocaerus started a rebellion in Cyprus. The Consularia Constantinopolitana says that the Romans forced the Sarmatians out of the Banat area around the Danube in 334.
Around 335, Shapur II's armies attacked Armenia, as part of the Roman–Persian Wars. Shapur's Sasanian Empire sent Narses to invade Armenia, but the attack did not have success and Narses died. The Consularia Constantinopolitana and the Chronicon Paschale both say that on 25 July 335, it was Constantine's thirtieth anniversary festival as emperor (his ) at Constantinople. Eusebius of Caesarea gave a speech at the festival.
335–337
On the 18 September 335, Constantine made Dalmatius caesar. Constantine probably made Hannibalianus "King of Kings and of the Pontic people" () on the same day. Eusebius of Caesarea's Life of Constantine says that a Persian embassy from the Sasanian Empire came to Constantine at Constantinople not long after the festival of Easter. Constantine had been at Constantinople on Easter (3 April 337).
Death
Eusebius of Caesarea's Life of Constantine says that Constantine died at Ancyrona, near Nicomedia (İzmit, Turkey). He died on 22 May 337.
Religion
Constantine was the first Christian Roman emperor. His rule changed the Christian Church greatly. In February 313, Constantine met with Licinius in Milan where they made the Edict of Milan. The edict said that Christians could believe what they wanted. This stopped people from punishing Christians, who had often been martyred, or killed for their faith. It also returned the property which had been taken away from them. In 311, Galerius had made a similar edict, though it did not return any property to them. In pagan Rome before this, it had been against the law to practise Christianity, and Christians had often been tortured or killed. Constantine protected them. He went on to organize the whole Christian Church at the First Council of Nicea, even though he himself did not get baptized until near the end of his life.
Constantine did not support Christianity alone. After winning the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, he built the Arch of Constantine) to celebrate, but the arch was decorated with pictures of sacrifices to gods like Apollo, Diana, or Hercules. It had no Christian symbolism. In 321, Constantine said that Christians and non-Christians should all join the "day of the sun" (the eastern sun-worship which Aurelian had helped him introduce). His coins also had symbols of the sun-cult until 324. Even after pagan gods disappeared from the coins, Christians symbols never appeared on the coin, either. Even when Constantine dedicated the new city of Constantinople, he was wearing the Apollonian sun-rayed Diadem.
References
Other websites
Letters of Constantine: Book 1, Book 2, & Book 3
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Constantine I
12 Byzantine Rulers by Lars Brownworth of Stony Brook School (grades 7–12). 40 minute audio lecture on Constantine.
Constantine I in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
Constantine the Great A site about Constantine the Great and his bronze coins emphasizing history using coins, with many resources including reverse types issued and reverse translations.
House of Constantine bronze coins Illustrations and descriptions of coins of Constantine the Great and his relatives.
BBC North Yorkshire's site on Roman York, Yorkshire and Constantine the Great
This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Constantine I relating to Christianity.
Professor Edwin Judge discusses Constantine's legacy for a Centre for Public Christianity vodcast
Constantine's time in York on the 'History of York'
272 births
337 deaths
Byzantine Emperors |
29651 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra%20VII | Cleopatra VII | Cleopatra (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ) 69 BC – 10 August 30 BC was part of the Macedonian Ptolemaic dynasty in the Kingdom of Egypt and was the last active ruler of Egypt.
She was one of the most famous women in history. Her full name was Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator. She was the last of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Pharaohs set up in Egypt after the death of the famous Macedonian king Alexander the Great. After her death, Egypt became the Roman province of Aegyptus. See Roman Empire
The main historical source for her life is Plutarch's Life of Antony, available in translations.
Antony and Cleopatra is the famous tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written sometime between 1603 and 1607. It was first printed in 1623.
Life of Cleopatra
Cleopatra was born in Alexandria, then the capital of Egypt. She is the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes and Cleopatra V. When she was 18 years old, her father Ptolemy XII - who was Pharaoh, died. She and her brother, Ptolemy XIII, became the leaders of Egypt. She was queen and her brother was king. Her brother was only 10 years old, so she was the real leader.
Cleopatra made some enemies amongst the courtiers. The reign of Cleopatra was ended by a cabal of courtiers, led by the eunuch Pothinus. They removed Cleopatra from power, as her being a woman, and made Ptolemy sole ruler, in about 51 to 48 BC. She had to leave the country. Ptolemy was king, but because he was still a boy, Pothinus and his friends were the real leaders of Egypt.
Cleopatra was the first of the Ptolemaic dynasty to learn the Egyptian language, and she was fluent in 9 languages in total. She also embraced Egyptian culture, associating herself with the Goddess Isis.
Caesar and Pompey
At that time, two Roman generals were fighting to be the leaders of the Roman Republic. They were Pompey and Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar defeated Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus in Greece, 48 BC. Pompey fled to Egypt from Pharsalus, and was murdered by the orders of Ptolemy.
Ptolemy and his supporters thought Caesar would be pleased, but that was a big mistake. Caesar had pardoned many of the senators who fought against him. His reason was to lay the ground for peace in Rome. The murder of Pompey cut right across Caesar's plans. Worse, Pompey was a Roman consul, and the widower of Caesar's only daughter, Julia. Worse still, Pompey was beheaded in front of his fifth wife and children, who were on the ship from which he had just disembarked. This made sure that Pompey's powerful family and supporters would never forget, and would always be enemies of Caesar.
Then Caesar came to Alexandria, the capital of Egypt. Economically, Egypt was a bread-basket which could feed the people of Rome. Cleopatra received Caesar in her own unique way. She lay down on a carpet. Then her servants rolled up the carpet with Cleopatra inside. Then the carpet was taken to the palace where Caesar was staying. The guards saw some people carrying a carpet and they did not stop them. They carried the carpet to Caesar. Then Cleopatra came out of the carpet. Caesar fell in love with her and they became lovers. At the time, Cleopatra was 21 years old and Caesar was 52 years old.
Caesar decided to make Cleopatra queen again. Ptolemy did not like that. There was a lot of fighting, but Caesar won. Ptolemy tried to leave, but he fell in the river Nile and drowned. Another younger brother became king, but Cleopatra was again the real leader of Egypt. Cleopatra did not marry Julius Caesar, but they did have a son. He was called Caesarion.
Soon after Caesarion was born, Caesar was murdered as he walked to the Senate in Rome. Cleopatra and her entourage were in Rome when Caesar was assassinated on 15 March 44 BC. Cleopatra fled back to Egypt.
Mark Antony and Octavian
Mark Antony, who was Caesar's military commander, and Octavian, Caesar's legal heir, defeated the group who had conspired against Caesar. This group was led by Brutus and Cassius, who took their army to the Eastern Mediterranean, and controlled much of that area. The issue was finally settled by the Battle of Philippi, fought in Macedonia.
Caesar's place was taken by three joint Consuls, the Second Triumvirate. Their names were Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus. Lepidus was a minor character, and the long-term fate of the Empire was decided by a conflict between Antony and Octavian. Mark Antony came to see Cleopatra, and they fell in love, though Antony already had a wife. Cleopatra had three more children. Two were twins, and the father of all three was Mark Antony.
The conflict between Octavian and Antony became serious, and soon there was war. Cleopatra was wealthy, and she used her money to help Antony. But Octavian won the war. He became the ruler of the Roman Empire and was known as Augustus or Caesar Augustus. He took control of Egypt from Cleopatra. After her kingdom was conquered, she allegedly committed suicide by letting an asp (a poisonous snake and small cobra) bite her. Antony also committed suicide.
Ceasarion was murdered by Octavian, and her other children were taken as prisoners to Rome. Two of them died of illness, but her daughter, Cleopatra Selene II, married an African King Juba II of Numidia. The couple were sent to Mauritania to rule by Octavian. They lived a full life there, and had children.
There are many stories told of how rich Cleopatra was, but we cannot be sure if these are true. For example, one story says that she took baths in milk, to make her skin softer. Another story says that she made a bet with Antony that she could make the most expensive meal ever. To win the bet, she took a pearl earring, dissolved it in vinegar, and drank it.
Related pages
Cleopatra (1963 movie)
Antony and Cleopatra
216 Kleopatra
References
69 BC births
30 BC deaths
Pharaohs
People from Alexandria |
29658 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS | CSS | CSS is an abbreviation. It can stand for the following:
Cascading Style Sheets, a technology to make HTML look better
The Chinese Space Station, a planned space station in low earth orbit
Content Scrambling System, a way to make it harder to copy DVDs
Counter-Strike Source, an online first person shooter game |
29659 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%20Clarkson | Kelly Clarkson | Kelly Brianne Clarkson (born April 24, 1982) is an American singer and actress. Clarkson won the first season of the television series American Idol and first season of the coach The Voice.
Clarkson has recorded eight albums. Clarkson has sold over 10.6 million albums in the United States, becoming the highest-selling American Idol winner. According to Nielsen SoundScan, Clarkson is also ranked on the top 200 album sellers of the Nielsen SoundScan era at number 187.
Early life
Kelly Clarkson was born in Fort Worth, Texas. She is the third and youngest child of Jeanne Rose Clarkson a first grade teacher, and Stephen Michael Clarkson.
Clarkson's parents divorced when she was six years old, after having been married for seventeen years. The family then moved to Burleson,Texas, where her mother remarried. She is of Greek (from a maternal great-grandfather), English, Irish, German, and Scottish ancestry. Her mother is a descendant of Republican state senator Isaiah Rose, whose life story was discussed on Clarkson's episode of Who Do You Think You Are?, in 2013.
Clarkson went to Pauline G Hughes Middle School and Burleson High School. She originally wanted to be a marine biologist, but changed her mind after she saw the movie Jaws. In seventh grade, one of her teachers overheard her singing in a hallway and asked her to audition for the school choir.
In high school, Clarkson performed in musicals such as Annie Get Your Gun, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers and Brigadoon. She sang at her high school talent show, after which an audience member shared some inspiring words with her: "God has given you this gift. You've got to sing. You're destined to sing." Clarkson continued singing and soon started classical training, hoping that music would be her ticket to a college scholarship.
After finishing high school, Clarkson was offered full scholarships to The University of Texas at Austin, the University of North Texas, and the Berklee College of Music. However, she decided against college to pursue a career in music saying, "you're never too old to go to college."
American Idol
On September 4, 2002, Clarkson won the first season of American Idol, beating Justin Guarini by a margin of 58% to 42%. After the results were announced, Clarkson performed the song "A Moment Like This", which was written for the winner of American Idol and would be released on her first CD Thankful. When it was released as a single in October 2002, it set a record on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart when it rose from number 52 to number one. Thankful sold 236,000 copies in its first week in the U.S.
Personal life
Clarkson married Brandon Blackstock in 2013. They have a daughter, River Rose, and a son, Remington. Blackstock also has two children from a previous relationship. In June 2020, it was announced that Clarkson had filed for divorce.
Discography
Albums
Thankful (released April 15, 2003)
Breakaway (released November 30, 2004)
My December (released June 26, 2007)
All I Ever Wanted (released March 3, 2009)
Stronger, (released October 21, 2011)
Greatest Hits – Chapter One, (released November 16, 2012)
Wrapped in Red, (released October 25, 2013)
Piece by piece (released on February 27, 2015)
Meaning of Life (released on October 27, 2017)
Singles
"A Moment like This/Before Your Love" (2002)
"Miss Independent" (2003)
"Low" (2003)
"The Trouble with Love Is" (2003)
"Breakaway" (2004)
"Since U Been Gone" (2004)
"Behind These Hazel Eyes" (2005)
"Because of You" (2005)
"Walk Away" (2006)
"Never Again" (2007)
"Sober" (2007) (Not released in Australia)
"One Minute" (2007)
"Don't Waste Your Time" (2007)
"My Life Would Suck Without You" (2009)
"I Do Not Hook Up" (2009)
"Already Gone" (2009)
"All I Ever Wanted" (2010)
"Mr. Know It All" (2011)
"Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)" (2011)
"Dark Side" (2012)
"Catch My Breath" (2012)
"Don't Rush" (2012)
"People Like Us" (2013)
"Tie It Up" (2013)
"Underneath the Tree" (2013)
References
Other websites
Official website
1982 births
Living people
American Idol winners
American pop singers
Extras
Grammy Award winners
Writers from Fort Worth, Texas
Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas
Actors from Fort Worth, Texas
Singer-songwriters from Texas |
29660 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Ravel | Maurice Ravel | Maurice Ravel (born Ciboure, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, 7 March 1875; died Paris, 28 December 1937) was a French composer. His name is often thought of together with that of Claude Debussy, but their music is really very different. Ravel liked children and animals and his music is often about them. He liked to write about fairy tales and stories from far away lands. He wrote some lovely piano music, most of which is difficult to play. Boléro is a 17-minute piece for orchestra. A short version was used by ice-skaters Torvill and Dean for the dance that made them Olympic champions in 1984.
His life
Early years
Maurice Ravel was born in Ciboure in France. His father was an engineer. Both parents were interested in culture. Soon after he was born the family moved to Paris and stayed there.
It soon became clear that Maurice was musically gifted, so his father arranged for him to have piano lessons with a well-known teacher. In 1889 he entered the Paris Conservatoire.
In 1889 there was a big international exhibition: the Paris World Exhibition. Ravel and Debussy both heard gamelan music from Java at this exhibition. They were both influenced by it, especially Debussy. Ravel also heard Russian music at concerts given by Rimsky-Korsakov. He also made friends with a very talented Spanish pianist Ricardo Viñes who was in the same class at the Conservatoire. He heard the music of Richard Wagner and got to know the composers Chabrier and Satie.
He left the Conservatoire in 1895, but went back in 1897 to study composition with Gabriel Fauré and counterpoint and orchestration with Andreé Gédalge. At this stage Ravel was not sure of himself as a composer. His first work that was to become very well-known was the short piece for orchestra called Pavane pour une infante défunte. Fauré had been a very good teacher for Ravel, who dedicated his virtuoso piano piece Jeux d’eau (meaning “Play of water” or “Fountains”) and his String Quartet to Fauré. However, Ravel never got a prize for composition, so he left Fauré’s class in 1903.
Early career
Ravel was starting to live the life of a dandy. He always dressed very smartly, and got to know people with similar tastes. He tried to win the Prix de Rome in 1904 and again in 1905. However, the judges liked traditional music and did not understand Ravel’s style. There was a big argument at the Conservatoire which led to the director, Dubois, resigning and Fauré taking his place. Meanwhile, Ravel left Paris for a time with some friends and started writing some of his best compositions. These included Introduction and Allegro for seven instruments including harp, the Rapsodie espagnole for orchestra, his first opera L’heure espagnole and Gaspard de la Nuit, a virtuoso piece for the piano. In Paris the music critics continued to argue about Ravel’s music.
Recognition at last
In 1909 the Ballets Russes visited Paris. They were the world’s most famous ballet group. Their director Diaghilev asked Ravel to write a ballet for them Ravel took about three years to compose the music for Daphnis et Chloé. Other works he completed before the war broke out include Shéhérazade for soprano and orchestra (not to be confused with the work by Rimsky-Korsakov with the same title), and the Piano Trio.
World War I
When World War I broke out Ravel felt very strongly that he wanted to do something for his country. However, he was not allowed to join the French army because he was 2 kg underweight. So he became a driver for the motor transport corps. In 1916 he became ill with dysentery. After a time in hospital he was taken back to Paris to get better, but then his mother died and this had a terrible effect on him. The war years had slowed him down as a composer. He had composed Le Tombeau de Couperin (well-known both as a piano solo piece and for orchestra) which looks back to the style of music in the Baroque period. It took him a long time to finish La Valse (The Waltz), one of his most popular pieces.
After the war
After the war had ended Debussy was dead and Ravel was seen to be the greatest living French composer. He was offered the award of Légion d’honneur but he would not accept it. He bought himself a house outside Paris. Here he could compose in peace and quiet. He wrote his opera L’enfant et les sortileges (The child and magic) and the famous virtuoso piece for solo violin called Tzigane. He toured in Europe and the United States and was welcomed everywhere as a great composer. He was given an honorary doctorate at Oxford University.
Ravel worked on several things: some ballet music which resulted in the orchestral piece Boléro, a Piano Concerto in G, and the Piano Concerto for the Left Hand that could be played just with the left hand (written for the pianist Paul Wittgenstein who had lost his right arm in the war), and several other projects which were not finished.
His final years
In 1932 he started to become ill. For several years he had already been finding it difficult to sleep, and this may have been the beginning of the brain disease which would finally kill him. A road accident in 1932 made it worse. Soon he could no longer sign his own name, he could hardly move and hardly speak. He had a brain operation in 1937, but he died.
His music
Ravel was a very private man. We know nothing about his sexual life. His music came to him during walks on his own, in the country or in Paris, often at night, and in any weather. Then he would come home and write them down. He worked at each composition until it was perfect and never showed it to anybody until it was ready. He liked to collect little things such as toys, and these objects often became part of the music. Baroque music forms, gamelan music, Spanish music, ancient modes and unusual harmonies were all important in his musical style. He only had a few pupils, including Vaughan Williams, but no one could imitate his music because it is always so personal, full of perfection and humour.
References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980;
1875 births
1937 deaths
20th-century French composers |
29661 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Philippe%20Rameau | Jean-Philippe Rameau | Jean-Philippe Rameau (born Dijon, September ? 1683; died Paris, 12 September 1764) was a French composer. He is famous for his music for harpsichord and for his operas. His most well-known operas are: Hippolyte et Aricie, Castor et Pollux, and Dardanus. He is also known for his one act opera "Pigmalion" which he is said to have composed in 8 days. He is also known as an important music theorist by writing many books on the matter.
Other websites
Jean-Philippe Rameau / Discography
1683 births
1764 deaths
French composers
Baroque composers
Music theorists |
29662 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich%20Smetana | Bedřich Smetana | Bedřich Smetana (b. Litomyšl, Bohemia, March 2, 1824; d. Prague May 12, 1884) was a Czech composer. He was a Romantic composer. Smetana, Dvořák and Leoš Janáček are the three most famous composers who wrote Czech nationalist music. His music is typical of the Czech people. His eight operas are about Nationalist stories. He wrote six tone poems for orchestra called Ma Vlast which means “My Home Country”.
Youth and early career
Bedřich was the 11th child in a German-speaking family, although he was only the first of the children not to die before they grew up. His father was a brewer and a keen amateur violinist. He learned the violin from his father and the piano from local teachers, but he soon played better than his teachers. Between the age of 12 and 20 he had no musical education. Then he went to Prague and heard Liszt playing. He wanted to leave school and study music but his father would not let him. He was sent to Plzeň where he finished his schooling. During this time he earned some money by playing the piano at the homes of rich people. He played for dancing, and he liked to dance himself. He often danced with a girl called Kateřina Kolářová and he also played piano duets with her. Later she married him.
He returned to Prague and arranged to have lessons in harmony, counterpoint and composition. He gave a piano recital, but nobody came to listen, so he decided to start a school of music, although he hardly had any money.
In 1848, revolutions were taking place in central Europe, including in Prague. A strong feeling of nationalism was growing. The Czechs (people who lived in Bohemia and Moravia) wanted to be able to express themselves in their own language instead of in German, which was still the official language in Bohemia. Smetana, who only spoke German, agreed with the nationalists’ ideas, but he still did not realize how important it would be for him in the future to be able to speak Czech.
Smetana married Kateřina and they had four daughters, but three of them died. He still had very little money, so he went to Sweden where he was very successful as a piano teacher and conductor. He composed the first of his symphonic poems: Richard III. After three years in Sweden he decided to return to his homeland because of his Kateřina’s health, but she died on the way. Smetana spent two more years in Sweden. He married again. After the Austrian defeat by Napoleon III in 1859, it became clear that there were going to be big changes in his native country. The Czechs were going to be allowed to have a national opera and put on plays in the Czech language instead of having to perform everything in German. Smetana realized that this was an exciting chance for him. After a big farewell concert in Stockholm to which the Swedish royal family came, Smetana returned to Prague.
The composer of National Czech music
Smetana now started to learn Czech, a language he did not speak. It was not easy for him in Prague because he was only known there as a pianist and teacher. He put on a concert of music by German composers but nobody came. He wanted to be director of the Provisional Theatre but the job was given to a man called Mayr who was not very good.
Gradually Smetana’s reputation grew and he started to write operas in Czech which became very popular. The first one was called The Brandenburgers in Bohemia. Mayr made things very difficult for Smetana but the audience loved the opera and it was performed ten more times. His next opera is the one which has become his best-known opera internationally: The Bartered Bride. Smetana got the job of director of the Provisional Theatre instead of Mayr. Smetana made lots of improvements, introducing well-known German, French and Italian operas to the audiences as well as new operas by young Czech composers. The operas Dalibor was first performed on the day that the first stone was laid for the building of the National Theatre. It was a great occasion, although the music critics were unkind and said that his music sounded too much like Wagner. His opera Libuše was written for the coronation of Franz Joseph in Prague, but that coronation never happened, so the opera was not performed for another ten years when the National Theatre was opened (1881). He spent several years composing a cycle of six symphonic poems called Ma Vlast (My Country). These are very popular today, especially the second one, Vltava, which describes the river Vltava flowing from its source all the way to the sea.
Deafness
In his last years Smetana became totally deaf. He was suffering from syphilis. He heard horrible high squeaks in his ears a lot of the time. He showed this when composing his String Quartet no 2: the first violin plays a very long high note for a long time in the last movement, showing the audience what he had to suffer. He became very depressed and his wife did not help by quarrelling a lot with him. It became painfully difficult for him to compose. In the end he was writing four bars a day. His mental state got worse. He was guarded all day in case he harmed himself. He did not recognize his own family. He was put in an asylum where he died shortly afterwards.
His music
As soon as the Czech people were allowed to produce plays and operas in their own language Smetana thought it was his duty to write a series of nationalist operas. His operas were based on the nation’s history and legends. His symphonic cycle Ma Vlast was programme music, full of heroism, often describing nature and the countryside. Smetana also wrote a lot for piano. He was the most important Czech composer there had been at that time. Smetana and Dvořák were the founders of modern Czech music.
Czech composers
Romantic composers
1824 births
1884 deaths |
29664 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting%20diode | Light-emitting diode | A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that produces light from electricity. LEDs last a long time and do not break easily (compared to incandescent lightbulbs). They can produce many different colors. They are efficient - most of the energy turns into light, not heat.
An LED is a type of diode that makes one color of light when electricity is sent through it in the expected direction (electrically biased in the forward direction). This effect is a kind of electroluminescence.
The color of the light depends on the chemical composition of the semiconducting material used, and can be near-ultraviolet, visible or infrared. The color affects how much electricity is used by the LED. A white LED has either two or three LEDs inside, of different colors. Some white LEDs have one single-color LED inside (usually blue), combined with a phosphor that converts that single color to white.
LEDs are used in many places. They are the colored indicator lights on many electronic devices, they can be used to make bright advertising signs, brake lights on some newer cars, in TVs, and more recently, light bulbs for the home. White LEDs bright enough to illuminate rooms are usually more expensive than regular lightbulbs but they last longer and burn less electricity.
LEDs, which make their own light, should not be confused with LCDs, which block light. Some displays, however, mix the two technologies, using LEDs to backlight the LCD.
Today, some LEDs are surface-mount devices (SMD), so they can be very small.
Types
Organic light-emitting diode
Crystal light-emitting diode
References
Nikolay Zheludev 2007. The life and times of the LED – a 100-year history. Nature Photonics. 1, 189–192. . is a full-text version.
Electronic components |
29665 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn%20Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k | Antonín Dvořák | Antonín Dvořák (b.Nelahozeves, nr Kralupy, September 8 1841; d. Prague May 1 1904) was a Czech composer. Along with Smetana and Janáček, Dvorak is one of three famous composers who wrote nationalist Czech music. He wrote chamber music including several string quartets, piano music, songs, operas, oratorios and nine symphonies. The last of his symphonies is known as the New World Symphony because he wrote it in the United States (the “New World”). The slow movement with its solo played on the cor anglais is especially famous.
Life
Youth
Dvořák was born in a village near Prague, Czechoslovakia. Today Prague is the capital city of the Czech Republic, but in those days it was part of the Austrian Empire. His father was a butcher and innkeeper. He also played the zither and composed a few simple dances.
The young Antonín started to have violin lessons from the village schoolmaster. Soon he was playing the violin in his father’s inn, in local churches and in the village band. Just before his 12th birthday he left school and started to learn how to be a butcher. A year later he left home to go to school in Zlonice. He learned a lot about music there, and he also learned German. His teacher persuaded Dvořák's parents that he should have a musical career, so they sent him to study music in Prague at the Organ School. He continued to learn German, and he became a good viola player and played in concerts and in the Estates Theatre when they needed a big orchestra for Wagner’s operas Lohengrin and Tannhäuser.
Early career
When Dvořák had finished his studies he got his first job playing in a band in restaurants and for balls. This was a time when there was suddenly a great interest in national culture in Bohemia. Plays and operas were allowed to be performed in the Czech language. The band he played with became part of the Bohemian Provisional Theater Orchestra, which from 1866 was conducted by Bedřich Smetana. Dvořák was principal viola player in the orchestra. He earned extra money by teaching, and he started to compose.
In 1871 he left the orchestra so that he could spend more time composing. For several years he still had to teach in order to earn enough money to live. He wrote a cantata The heirs of the White Mountain which was a great success. In 1874 he wrote an opera King and Charcoal Burner, but the opera house did not want it. This made Dvořák realize that he had to be more self-critical. He destroyed a lot of his compositions which he thought were not his best works. He decided he must not compose like Wagner, but that he needed to find his own style of composing.
In 1873 he married. He got a job as church organist. His Third Symphony was performed at a concert conducted by Smetana. Dvořák rewrote his opera King and Charcoal Burner, using completely different music. It was performed in 1874. He composed a lot more music.
Years of fame
In 1877 he had a letter from Hanslick to say that he had won a prize of 600 gulden and that the great composer Johannes Brahms was interested in his music. His music started to be published by Simrock, a well-known German music publisher, and his music was performed in many countries, even as far away as New York. His fame spread. Even his operas were performed abroad. Dimitrij was particularly successful. Brahms was a great friend and helped him a lot. Brahms and Hanslick tried to persuade him to move to Vienna because it was a great musical city, but Dvořák wanted to stay in his own country.
Dvořák's Slavonic Dances were published in 1878 and have always been very popular. The conductor Hans Richter conducted the Slavonic Rhapsody no 3 in Vienna. His Stabat Mater (1880) was performed abroad, and Dvořák was invited to visit England in 1884. He became very popular in England and went there many times. The English choirs liked to sing his choral works. His Requiem Mass was given its first performance in Birmingham at the Triennial Music Festival. He was given an honorary degree from Cambridge University. Tchaikovsky invited him to Russia in 1890.
America (1892–1895)
From 1892 to 1895, Dvořák was the director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York City. He earned a lot of money: $15,000 a year. Dvořák was interested in the music of black Americans. He met the student Harry T. Burleigh, one of the earliest African-American composers, who introduced him to traditional American Spirituals.
In the winter and spring of 1893, while in New York, Dvořák wrote his most popular work, the Symphony No.9, "From the New World". He spent the summer of 1893 with his family in the Czech-speaking community of Spillville, Iowa, where some of his cousins lived. He also composed chamber music there, including a String Quartet in F which is known as the “American”, and a Sonatina for Violin and Piano.
In 1895, Dvořák wrote his Cello Concerto in B minor, which was to become one of his most popular works. However, he wanted to go back to his own country. He was also not being paid all his salary. He heard that he had been made an honorary member of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna. He decided to return to Bohemia and continue his job as professor of composition at the Prague Conservatory.
Last years
During his last years, Dvořák spent most of his time writing operas. Rusalka is particularly popular, especially the famous aria for soprano To the Moon. The opera is about a fairy-tale and the story is based on Hans Anderson’s story of the Little Mermaid. In 1896 he visited London for the last time to hear the first performance of his Cello Concerto. In 1897 his daughter married his pupil, the composer Josef Suk.
He died in 1904 after a short illness.
His music
Dvořák wrote lots of kinds of music. Although he based his style on the classical forms such as those of Beethoven, they also show the influence of Czech folksong. He lived at a time when Nationalistic feelings were felt very strongly by the Czech people. Smetana wrote music which was very Czech in character. Dvořák learned from Smetana’s music, but never imitated his style. Only five of his nine symphonies were known in his lifetime. When the other four were discovered and published in the 1960s the symphonies were all renumbered. The last three symphonies, numbers 7, 8 and 9 (which used to be called numbers 2, 4 and 5) are the most often performed. The Ninth Symphony: From the New World is one of the most popular symphonies ever written. The two sets of Slavonic Dances are extremely well-known. They are often played as a piano duet. He wrote concertos for the violin, cello and piano. Dvořák wrote many operas (the best known of which is Rusalka); chamber music (including a number of string quartets, and quintets); songs; choral music; and piano music.
Books about Dvořák
Slavonic rhapsody: The life of Antonín Dvořák, by Barthold Fles
References
Czech composers
Romantic composers
1841 births
1904 deaths |
29668 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%C5%A1%20Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek | Leoš Janáček | Leoš Janáček (born Hukvaldy, Moravia, July 3 1854; died Moravská Ostrava, August 12 1928) was a Czech composer who lived at the end of the Romantic period and the beginning of the 20th century. He wanted his music to sound typical of his country. The rhythm of Janáček’s music sounds like the rhythm of the dialect he spoke. This was quite close to Polish. Janáček is famous for his operas which are all based on Czech stories. The Cunning Little Vixen is especially charming. It is about animals in a forest (a “vixen” is a female fox).
Most of his greatest works were written towards the end of his life. At this time he was in love with a young woman called Kamila. She was the inspiration for many of his last compositions.
His youth
Janáček’s family were poor people who lived in the countryside in Moravia. His grandfather and his father were both musicians and school teachers. Leoš was the fifth of nine children. As the tiny house was so crowded he was sent to Brno when he was eleven. There he went to a choir school, but soon the choir had to stop. He continued his music education there. After his final exams he had an unpaid job as teacher for two years. He became conductor of a monastery choir as well as a male-voice choir called Svatopluk. He made them a better choir and wrote music for them. He studied at the Prague Organ School for a year, but he was very poor and could not afford to go to concerts. He continued to conduct choirs and became friends with Dvořák. He spent a short time in Leipzig and Vienna.
Early career
When he returned to Brno he became engaged to his piano pupil Zdenka Schulzová who was only 14. She was still under 16 when they married. Janáček founded (started) an organ school in Brno. He was the director of this school. He also taught music at the Old Brno Gymnasium. His marriage was unhappy and, although they remained married all his life, they spent a lot of time separated. He went on a journey to northern Moravia to collect folk songs which he used in some of his dances for orchestra.
Janáček’s spent several years writing his opera Jenůfa. By the time he was finishing it his daughter had died. Some of his sadness can be felt in the opera. He also worked on a system of speech-melody (making his melodies sound like the rhythm of his language) which was to influence his operas for the rest of his life. Jenůfa was very successful when it was first performed in 1904. By this time Janáček was already 50.
Middle career
Janáček was now doing less teaching and concentrating on organizing the Brno Organ School which had moved into a new building because it now had 70 students. His next opera was called Osud (Fate), but it was not performed during his lifetime. The music is very good but the libretto (words) were poor. This is also true of his next opera: Mr Brouček’s excursion to the moon. He wrote chamber music during this period, as well as some very good choral music.
When World War I broke out Janáček was 60. He was well known in Moravia, but hardly known in other countries. His compositions from the war years include Taras Bulba which is a work for orchestra which describes a story by the Russian writer Gogol. He wrote a short, patriotic opera to follow Mr Brouček’s adventures. It was about a landlord from Prague who finds himself in the middle of the 15th century Hussite wars.
His final years (1916-1928)
In his final years Janáček wrote most of the great works for which he is world-famous. His opera Jenůfa was performed in Prague. This made him internationally famous. He was very proud when his country became independent after the war. He was also very happy because he was in love with Kamila Stösslová, who was 38 years younger than himself. He wrote three of his finest operas: Katya Kabanová, The Cunning Little Vixen and The Makropulos Affair. These operas were performed in Brno and then in Prague, and they were also published. He wrote two string quartets and a wind sextet: Mládi (Youth). By the time he was 70 he had retired from the Brno Organ School. In 1926 he wrote an orchestral work: Sinfonietta, followed by a piano concerto for the left hand (pianist just playing with the left hand) and chamber ensemble, and the Glagolitic Mass. All these works had enormous success in Czechoslovakia as well as abroad, even as far away as New York.
In 1921 he had bought a cottage in his birthplace, Hukvaldy. He spent a lot of time composing there, away from the busy life in Brno. In the summer of 1928 he went there and was joined, for the first time in Hukvaldy, by Kamila, her 11-year-old boy and her husband. He was working on the third act of his last opera From the House of the Dead. One day Kamila’s son got lost in the forest. They spent some time looking for him. Janáček got cold, he caught pneumonia and died. His funeral in Brno was a large public event, at which some music from his opera The Cunning Little Vixen was performed.
His musical style
Janáček grew up in the middle of the Romantic period, but most of his best music was written in 1920s, by which time musical styles had changed. Although he never wrote music which sounded as modern as that of Stravinsky or Schoenberg his music is Romantic, combined with Moravian folksong and sometimes with ideas from French impressionist composers such as Debussy. The music he wrote for choirs often continued in his operas. His music for instruments often started as programmatic, although a lot of it can be enjoyed without knowing the story it tells. He learned to write operas by learning from the operas of Smetana, but he made many changes such as shortening the duets and ensembles and using folksong in his melodies.
Janáček was not just important as a composer, but is remembered for his studies of folk music, and as a music theorist and teacher.
Other websites
Czech composers
Romantic composers
20th-century composers
1854 births
1928 deaths |
29669 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Sullivan | Arthur Sullivan | Sir Arthur Sullivan (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer. In his lifetime people thought he was the best British composer, but nowadays his serious works are rarely heard. He worked with an author and poet called W. S. Gilbert, and together they wrote fourteen comic operas. Their names are always mentioned together: "Gilbert and Sullivan". Their operas were very popular a hundred years ago, and most still are. The most popular are The Mikado, H.M.S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance. The two men were very different. They argued sometimes, but they worked together for 25 years, from 1871 to 1896.
Sullivan's serious works include one grand opera, two dozen orchestral and choral pieces, and many hymns and songs, including "Onward Christian Soldiers" and "The Lost Chord".
1842 births
1900 deaths
English composers
Romantic composers
Gilbert and Sullivan |
29670 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis | Psychosis | Psychosis is the name used in psychiatry for a number of conditions. People who suffer from psychosis are said to be psychotic. Usually, psychotic people lose touch with reality, they have trouble telling what is real and what is not. It is an extreme kind of altered state of consciousness.
The word psychosis has two parts. The first part comes from psyche, which means soul in Ancient Greek. The second part is the ending '-osis', which means illness or unnatural condition. So literally, psychosis means unnatural condition of the soul.
People with psychosis may have hallucinations, which means they can experience things that are not really there. They may also have delusions, which are fixed beliefs and ideas that are usually false. Sometimes their personality changes, and they cannot think straight. Some of these thoughts may be paranoid. Not every psychotic person has all of these problems.
Because of these, psychotics often act in strange ways, which also makes it difficult for them to live a normal life as part of society. They often have trouble with making friends, as most people do not understand them.
Psychosis can affect people to different levels. Some people can continue with mostly normal lives, while other people will need medical help.
About 1 percent of people suffer from psychosis during their lives.
There are many things that can make someone seem psychotic. These include poisons, drugs, diseases of the nervous system, and other illnesses. For this reason, some people use the image of a fever of the central nervous system to talk about psychosis - a serious illness that may not have a very detailed explanation.
Many people have gone through unusual experiences that they believe are real. Hallucinations connected to religion or paranormal experiences seem to be quite common. Very often, these experiences cannot be called psychosis in a medical sense of the word. For this reason, some people have said that psychosis may simply be an extreme case of something that is experienced by most. People who have suffered from what could be called psychosis may simply have had experiences that were very strong or distressing.
In movies and the media in general, certain people who are shown as violent and antisocial are sometimes labelled psychotic. This image of psychosis is wrong, the people shown are usually psychopaths or sociopaths, they usually do not have hallucinations or delusions.
Psychosis is most associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, drug addiction and brain damage but it can be caused by a wide range of conditions.
Causes
Psychosis is not a disease but rather a name for a number of symptoms, that can be caused by different diseases and conditions. Very broadly speaking there are two types of causes for psychosis:
In some cases, psychosis can be directly linked to a cause. Some of the causes are:
Damage to the brain, tumors.
Wrongly using (or abusing) certain drugs; for example amphetamines, cocaine or alcohol
severe psychosocial stress
Lack of sleep This is not a problem for most people, as they will only experience hallucinations shortly before going to sleep or shortly after waking up, which is considered normal.
certain forms of epilepsy
exposure to some traumatic event (violent death, terrorist activity, etc.)
Certain drugs that are taken cannot simply be stopped from one day to the next, stopping them needs to be done in a certain way, usually assisted by a doctor. If this is not done the right way, psychosis can result.
Various mental illnesses (Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, clinical depression are among them)
Different other diseases (syphilis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS, malaria, and leprosy are among them)
Syphilis Symptoms
There are certain cases of people who suffer from psychosis, where no cause for the psychosis is clear. In these cases, the causes are usually not known. Current research suggests that some of these psychoses may be linked to genetic factors, or due to certain events during the pregnancy of the mother, or the early childhood of the person suffering from psychosis. The first episode of psychosis may be triggered by stress.
Treatment
Most psychoses can be treated, so that those suffering from them can lead a normal life. The treatment depends on the cause of the psychosis. In general, there are two different forms of treatment available:
There is a class of drugs called antipsychotics. These usually work by changing the way the brain and nervous system react to neurotransmitters.
There is therapy for psychotic people. This works by teaching them to recognise when they have an episode of psychosis, and to react to it in certain ways.
References |
29673 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramen | Ramen | is a Japanese kind of noodle soup. The noodles are made of wheat. Ramen are typically Japanese, though they originally came from China. Ramen has become very popular in Japan and there are many shops that sell it. The Japanese also make "instant ramen" to eat ramen quickly and easily at home. Outside of Japan, people have also started to eat ramen.
There are various types of thickness, shapes and lengths. The noodle may be thin or thick, straight or wrinkled.
In Japan, there are unique local Ramen in various areas where local tastes are enjoyed. It is called "gotouchi ramen" in Japan. For example, Hakata ramen is known for its pork ramen soup. The noodles are very thin and do not need to be boiled for very long to become soft. Sapporo ramen is known for its miso ramen soup.
And Kitakata ramen is known for its Shoyu ramen soup. Shio (salty) ramen is also a popular flavor. These days, Gyokai-tonkotsu ramen is also popular.
Photo gallery
Other websites
Soups
Noodles
Japanese food |
29675 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Paul%20Rubens | Peter Paul Rubens | Pieter Pauwel (Peter Paul) Rubens (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a painter.
He was good at painting many subjects: portraits, stories from the bible or other books and landscapes. He painted in the Baroque style. Paintings in this style have a lot of action and color. Many of his paintings have a sensual touch. Some of them can be seen as erotic.
Other websites
Biography of Peter Paul Rubens
1577 births
1640 deaths
Flemish painters |
29685 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Frederick%20of%20Sweden | Adolf Frederick of Sweden | Adolf Frederick, (14 May 1710 - 12 February 1771), was the King of Sweden between 1751 and 1771.
References
1710 births
1771 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden |
29687 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg | Gothenburg | Gothenburg () is the second largest Swedish city, after Stockholm. Around 550 000 people live there. The city was founded in 1621 by king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
References
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
1621 establishments
1620s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Sweden |
29700 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC%20One | BBC One | BBC One is a television channel in the United Kingdom. It was launched on 2 November 1936, and was the first television channel in the United Kingdom. The channel was Published by BBC. The channel shows lots of different programmes including famous ones such as Only Fools and Horses and EastEnders. The Channel features a Wide Range Of Covers.
History
BBC Television Service was the world's first regular public television service with a high level of image resolution.
The channel was later renamed BBC TV until the launch of sister channel BBC Two in 1964. After that it was known as BBC1, but changed to the current spelling in 1997. The channel has an annual budget of £840 million, and makes an annual profit of £900 million. Along with the BBC's other UK television stations, it is funded completely by the television licence fee - this means it shows no adverts.
References
Other websites
1936 establishments in Europe
BBC television channels
1930s establishments in the United Kingdom |
29704 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%20Aibling | Bad Aibling | Bad Aibling (Central Bavarian: Bod Oabling or Oawin) is a town in Bavaria (Germany). It is a former district seat. It is on the river Mangfall about 35 miles southeast of Munich. Bad Aibling is a health resort (peat pulp bath and mineral water).
History
In 804, Bad Aibling was mentioned for the first time. After the second World War Bad Aibling has evolved to a major centre for intelligence organizations and secret services. In 2004 the US American Bad Aibling Echelon station closed after decades of operation. In 2016, ten people were killed in a train crash.
Number of people
In the town live about 18,000 people. It is 498 meters above sea level and covers an area of 41.55 km².
Images
References
Other websites
Official website
The health and cure administration
Towns in Bavaria
Spa towns in Germany
Rosenheim (district) |
29705 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya | Gaya | Gaya is a town in the Indian state of Bihar. Some parts of Gaya date back to the fifth and sixth centuries. It is one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus.
Cities in India
Settlements in Bihar |
29708 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna | Patna | Patna is the capital city of the Indian state of Bihar. About 1.7 million people live in Patna (census 2001). It is a very old city and has a history of at least 2,500 years. It was famous for its educational institutes, which during those days, attracted scholars from all over the world. Gautama Buddha who started Buddhism had also visited this city. Despite being a Hindu majority city Patna also has many Muslims and many Masjids. People in Patna speak Hindi, Bhojpuri, Maithli and Urdu. When founded Patna's old name was Pataligrama, and later into Pataliputra which was the capital of Magadha Empire, before changing in to the current Patna.
Capital cities in India
Settlements in Bihar |
29710 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Johnson | Samuel Johnson | Samuel Johnson (born Lichfield, Staffordshire, England 18 September 1709; died London 13 December 1784) was a famous writer. After publishing a famous dictionary, he was given a doctorate, which is why he is often called "Dr Johnson". He wrote some of his own stories, but more often he wrote criticisms about what other people had written. He said a lot of witty, amusing things, which are still remembered today. We know about some of the funny things he said because his friend James Boswell wrote a book about him.
Life
Samuel Johnson was born in Lichfield, Staffordshire. His father had a bookshop, but he was very poor. Samuel went to school in Lichfield. When he was nineteen he went to the University of Oxford, but he was so poor that he had to leave without taking a degree. A few years later he married a woman 21 years older than he was. They went to live in London, where he tried to make a living by writing but for many years he was very poor.
It was not until 1762 that he became famous and the government gave him a pension of three hundred pounds a year. He started a club (called "The Club") which included a lot of famous people like the painter Joshua Reynolds and the writer Oliver Goldsmith (see picture). Johnson was now so famous that he was given an honorary doctorate (the title of "Doctor") from Trinity College, Dublin in 1765, and an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1775.
Boswell and Johnson spent some time in Edinburgh and they travelled a lot to the Scottish islands. Johnson died in 1784 and is buried in Westminster Abbey.
Letter to Lord Chesterfield
Johnson spent several years writing his Dictionary of the English language. It was a big job. While he was writing it he could not be earning money, so he needed a patron (someone who would sponsor him by giving him money, and in return the dictionary would be dedicated to him). An important man called Lord Chesterfield said to Johnson that he would be his patron. But he never gave him any money, and Johnson never heard anything more from him, until the dictionary was ready. Then Lord Chesterfield wrote to Johnson saying that he hoped he would dedicate the dictionary to him. The letter that Johnson wrote back to Lord Chesterfield is very famous. It is very sarcastic (funny in an unkind way). Johnson said to him that it would have been nice to have had help when he was needing it. He said, sarcastically, that a patron was someone who stands on the river bank watching a man drowning and then, when then the drowning man is saved, asks him whether he can help. The letter made Lord Chesterfield look very silly.
Johnson's "Dictionary of the English Language"
There were very few dictionaries in Johnson's day, so it was a lot of work for him. Nowadays, a dictionary is made by a team of people. Dictionaries, like encyclopedias, should just give facts. But Johnson sometimes explained words in his dictionary in a way that showed his opinions (what he thought about things).
Examples:
In most dictionaries, "oats" is said to mean something like: "a kind of cereal used as food". But Johnson (who hated the Scots) wrote: "a food given in England to horses and in Scotland to men".
In most dictionaries, "opera" is said to mean something like: "a play which is sung to music". But Johnson (who did not like opera) wrote: "an exotic and irrational entertainment" (meaning something like: "entertainment from a foreign country that does not make sense").
Although it shows his personal likes and dislikes, the dictionary still deserves to be famous. Johnson defined 43,000 words. It was the first time a dictionary had been published that gave examples of how the words had been used by well-known writers.
References
1709 births
1784 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
English Anglicans
English writers
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from Staffordshire |
29713 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozomi%20%28Shinkansen%29 | Nozomi (Shinkansen) | Nozomi trains are the fastest Shinkansen "bullet" trains in Japan. They can reach Osaka from Tokyo in two and a half hours. The trains are called "bullet" trains because they travel so fast, like a bullet from a gun. These trains have speeds of up to .
The second fastest Shinkansen trains is the Hikari train. The third fastest Shinkansen train is the Kodama train. In the Japanese language, "Nozomi" means hope, "Hikari" means light and "Kodama" means "echo."
"Shinkansen" means "New Trunk Line" in Japanese because it was built with all new bridges, tunnels through mountains and under water, and special tracks for high speed trains so it could go directly (straight) from city to city. Before the Shinkansen, trains in Japan were slower because they were old and had to go around many mountains, or share the track with cars on road crossings.
Rapid transit systems
Shinkansen |
29715 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia | Moravia | Moravia (Czech and Slovak: Morava; German: Mähren) is a historical region in the eastern part of the Czech Republic. It takes its name from the Morava River which flows from the north to the south of the land.
Together with Bohemia in the West and Silesia in the North, Moravia made historical-political region called Czech Lands. Today, Moravia, Bohemia and small part of Silesia make up the current Czech Republic.
Important cities today are Brno, Olomouc, Ostrava and Zlín.
References
Geography of the Czech Republic |
29717 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Photo%20System | Advanced Photo System | The Advanced Photo System was a technology for photographic film and cameras. People started using it in the year 1996.
This is what it did:
It had a new way of changing film in cameras, so that the film could be "dropped in", just like people changed batteries.
It allowed for people to change a film, even if the entire film had not been used yet.
When the film was developed, it had an "index print" which showed small copies of every picture.
For each photo taken, special information was saved onto the film, called "metadata"
There were three different kinds of images, which were made by cropping (cutting) the negative. The camera always started with the largest kind, but the finished picture could change depending on what the owner wanted.
Panoramic
Classic
HDTV (16:9).
The system also had problems:
Film size is smaller (30x16 compared to 24x36 for older cameras).
The final print is not as good
Photography companies needed to buy new equipment, since their old equipment would not work with APS.
The system never became popular, and was stopped in 2004. Since then, most cameras have switched to digital (electronic) systems anyway.
One famous type of camera that used this system was the Canon IXUS, which then later changed and became a digital one.
Other websites
photo.net - Reviews and comments on APS
Photography |
29718 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral%20reef | Coral reef | A coral reef is a large underwater structure made of dead and living corals. In most healthy reefs, stony corals are predominant. They are built from colonial polyps from the phylum Cnidaria which secrete an exoskeleton of calcium carbonate. The reefs are formed in tropical marine areas (30 degrees north and south of the equator) and between the tropics. The reef acts as the home of many tropical fish and other animals. Coral reefs systems are a major tourism attraction because of their beauty and color of the corals and their many associated animals.
People look at them while snorkeling and diving. One example of a coral reef is in Malaysia at Pulau Tioman, off the State of Pahang. The most famous is the Great Barrier Reef off the East coast of Australia.
Formation
Most present-day coral reefs were formed after the last ice age when melting ice caused the sea level to rise and flood the continental shelves. This means they are less than 10,000 years old. As coral reef communities were established on the shelves, they built reefs that grew upwards, keeping pace with the rise in sea level. Reefs that did not keep pace became drowned reefs, covered by so much water that there was insufficient light for further survival.
Coral reefs are also found in the deep sea away from the continental shelves, around oceanic islands and as atolls. The vast majority of these ocean coral islands are volcanic in origin. The few exceptions have tectonic origins where plate movements have lifted the deep ocean floor on the surface.
Conservation
Coral reefs are fragile ecosystems. Because corals need warm, sunlit water to live, they often grow close to the top of the water. Being so close to land makes them often be damaged by poisons and dirt that can come from boats and the land nearby. Dirt makes the water more cloudy, which makes the sunlight less. Poisons can bleach and kill corals. Also, they are hard for ships to see, but easy to hit, which makes ships often run into the coral, damaging both the boats and coral. Because of this, many countries are trying to lessen the kinds of building that usually happen near beaches that have coral reefs nearby, and be more careful about the boats that go around reefs.
References
Further reading
Biomes |
29721 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel%20wreath | Laurel wreath | A laurel wreath is a circular wreath made of interlocking branches and leaves of the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). This is an evergreen whose leaves give off a pleasant scent.
The wreath is traditionally worn on the head. In Greek mythology, the god Apollo is shown wearing a laurel wreath because of the story of Apollo and Daphne. In Ancient Greece, it was given to special people, such as winners in competitions in poetry or sports, such as the Ancient Olympic Games.
It was also used in Ancient Rome, and Roman Emperors are often shown wearing laurel wreaths. In the Summer Olympics 2004 in Athens, Greece gave laurel wreaths to the winners. The saying "resting on one's laurels" comes from this and means that someone relaxes now because he or she did something good in the past.
In some countries the laurel wreath is used as a symbol of the master's degree. The wreath is given to young masters in the graduation ceremony of the university. The word "Laureate" in 'poet laureate' refers to the laurel wreath.
In modern times, wreaths are used for their decorative quality rather than ceremonial use. Wreaths may be made with flowers such as roses to make them more appealing.
Ancient Greece
Headgear |
29722 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchi | Ranchi | Ranchi is the capital city of Jharkhand state of India. About 11,26,720 people lived in Ranchi (census:2011). One of the oldest psychiatric hospitals of India was located there.
Capital cities in India
Jharkhand |
29723 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain | Ujjain | Ujjain is a city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Ujjain is a very old city, and one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus. It was an important city of Ancient India. An important Muslim pilgrimage destination, it is known for the Mahakaleshwar Temple, a towering structure with a distinctively ornate roof. Nearby, Bade Ganesh Temple houses a colorful statue of Ganesh, the elephant-headed Hindu deity. Harsiddhi Temple features a pair of tall dark pillars studded with lamps.
Settlements in Madhya Pradesh
Cities in India |
29727 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya | Ayodhya | Ayodhya (; IAST: ) is a city in Uttar Pradesh state of India. The Ramayana tells that Raam, a god of Hindus, was born in Ayodhya. Ayodhya is on the bank of the Sarayu River. The city is about five kilometers east of Faizabad, another important city of Uttar Pradesh.
The Ramayana tells that Ayodhya was the capital city of Raam’s kingdom. Raam was a form (an avatar) of Vishnu. Ayodhya is one of the seven most holy cities of Hindus.
References
Cities and towns in Uttar Pradesh |
29728 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsidas | Tulsidas | Tulsidas (1541-1623) was an Indian writer. He wrote many books which are manifestation of Sanatan dharma and Indian ideology. His most famous book is the Ramcharitmanas. This book was written in a language called Awadhi, a dialect of Hindi. The book tells the story of Lord Rama and his war and victory over Ravan, the king of Lanka. Rama fought for his wife Sita and brought her back from Lanka to Ayodhya.
Another book written by Tulsidas is Kavitavali.
Tulsidas was born in Rajapur, in what is now Uttar Pradesh, in Samvat 1589 or 1532 A.D. He was a Sarayuparina Brahmin by birth and is regarded as an incarnation of Valmiki, the author of the Ramayana. His father's name was Atmaram Dubey
and his mother's name Hulsi .Tulsidas conceived of god in the form of Rama . Tulsidas's composition 'Ramcharitmanas.' written in Awadhi is important both as an expression of his devotion and as a literary work .His devotion in the literary world is very important. We should remember him and his teachings and always follow his teachings in our life.He founded the Sankatmochan Temple dedicated to Lord Hanuman in Varanasi.
Tulsidas wrote a number of books which is the famous among Indians and through out the world.
1543 births
1623 deaths
Indian writers
People from Uttar Pradesh |
29732 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura | Mathura | Mathura is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Mathura is a very old city, and one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus. It was an important city of Ancient India.
Other websites
More Information about Mathura
Cities and towns in Uttar Pradesh |
29739 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer%20Prize | Pulitzer Prize | The Pulitzer Prize is an American prize given to journalism and literature. The prize is considered a very high prize. It is also given for musical composition of very high standard. Joseph Pulitzer started it. Columbia University in New York City awards the prize.
Prizes are given in twenty-one categories. The winner gets $10,000 cash award and a certificate. One of the twenty-one prizes is the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. |
29740 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan%20%28mythology%29 | Titan (mythology) | The Titans (, Titânes - "Straining ones") were members of the second generation of immortal beings in Greek mythology. Though many beings were referred to as Titans in the myths, the term is usually used in reference to the twelve children of Gaia and Ouranos.
They ruled the cosmos prior to the Olympians, with whom they fought for control of the universe in a series of battles known as the Titanomachy. The Olympians emerged victorious, as many of the Titans were cast into Tartarus.
The first generation (Ouranides)
The first generation of Titans were the children of Gaia and Ouranos; known as the Ouranides or the Elder Titans, they were twelve in total. They were:
Okeanos
Tethys
Koios (Coeus)
Phoebe
Hyperion
Theia
Kreios (Crius)
Iapetos
Themis
Mnemosyne
Kronos
Rhea
The second generation (Coenides, Creonides, Hyperionides, and Iapetionides)
The second generation of Titans were mostly children of the original Twelve. These include the children of Okeanos and Tethys: the Potamoi, gods of rivers, and the Okeanides, who were three thousand in number, as well as the Nephelai, cloud nymphs.
Then there was the offspring of Koios and Phoebe: sisters Asteria and Leto.
Next came the children sired by Hyperion and Theia: Helios (the Sun), Selene (the Moon), Eos (the Dawn).
Afterwards came the sons of Iapetos and the Okeanid Asia/Klymene. Known as the Iapetionides, there were four of them: Atlas (the eldest), Prometheus and Epimetheus (who were twins), and Menoitios.
Last but not least were the children of Krios and Eurybia (daughter of Gaia and Pontus): Pallas, Astraeus, and Perses, the latter of whom would go on to marry Asteria, with whom he sired Hecate, goddess of magic and witchcraft. |
29741 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20language | Turkish language | Turkish (Türkçe) is a language officially spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. The language is also spoken by several million ethnic Turkish immigrants in Europe.
Turkish is a Turkic language. Turkish is most closely related to other Turkic languages, including Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Kazakh. Another theory is that it is one of the many Altaic languages, which also include Japanese, Mongolian, and Korean.
Turkish used to be written with the Arabic alphabet from about 900 to 1928. However, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk changed it to the Latin alphabet. The Turkish government justified the move as making Turkish much easier to learn to increase literacy. The literacy rate indeed increased greatly after the reform, from around 10.5% (in 1927) to over 90% (today). However, some say that the move was also to distance the country from the Ottoman Empire, whose documents can no longer be read except by a few scholars.
The Latin alphabet was made to reflect the actual sounds of spoken Turkish, rather than simply transcribing the old Ottoman script into a new form. The Turkish alphabet has 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş, and Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. It represents modern Turkish pronunciation with a high degree of accuracy and specificity. It is the current official alphabet and the latest in a series of distinct alphabets used in different eras.
Simple phrases
Merhaba = Hello (formal)
Selam = Hello
Nasılsın? = How are you?
İyiyim = I'm fine
Teşekkür ederim = Thank you (formal)
Teşekkürler = Thanks
Sağ ol = Thank you
Benim adım ... = My name is ...
Türkçe bilmiyorum. = I don't speak Turkish.
İngilizce biliyor musunuz? = Do you speak English?
Tekrarlar mısınız? = Can you repeat?
Evet = Yes
Hayır = No
Belki = Maybe
Biraz = A little
Acıktım. = I'm hungry.
Dur! = Stop!
Yapma! = Don't do it!
İstemiyorum. = I don't want it.
Tabii = Sure
Bekledim. = I waited.
References
Turkic languages |
29742 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan | Titan | Titan can mean:
Titan (mythology), a kind of god in Greek mythology
Titan (moon), one of Saturn's moons
Titan (Six Flags Over Texas), a roller coaster at Six Flags Over Texas
Titan (Space World), a roller coaster at Space World |
29743 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe%20%28Titan%29 | Phoebe (Titan) | Phoebe is a Titan in Greek mythology. She was associated with the moon. She is the daughter of Uranos and Gaia. She was married to her brother Coeus, and had two daughters: Leto and Asteria. Leto bore Artemis and Apollo, Asteria is the mother of Hecate.
The Olympians beat the Titans in the ten-year war. She and the Titans were summoned by Zeus to Tarturus, in the Underworld.
Titans |
29744 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe | Phoebe | Phoebe can mean:
Phoebe, a Titan in Greek mythology
Phoebe (moon), one of Saturn's moons |
29745 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea%20%28mythology%29 | Rhea (mythology) | Rhea (Greek: Ῥέα) is one of the Titans in Greek mythology, daughter of Gaia and Ouranos. She was the sister and wife of Kronos, and the mother of the first generation of the Olympian gods (Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus). Known as the “Great Mother” (Magna Mater), Rhea had little influence in Greek cult, although she was identified with the Phrygian mother-goddess Cybele. Her Roman equivalent is Ops.
Etymology
Rhea’s name is believed to be derived from the word (rheo), meaning “flow” or “ease”.
References
Titans |
29748 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus%20II%20of%20Sweden | Magnus II of Sweden | Magnus II of Sweden, or Magnus Henriksson (died 1161) was a Danish lord. He was King of Sweden between 1160 and 1161.
His mother was Ingrid Ragvaldsdotter, a granddaughter of Inge I. His father was the Danish lord Henrik Skatelår.
Magnus killed Eric the Saint as he left the church in Uppsala on May 18, 1160. He ruled as king of almost all of Sweden. Then he was murdered by the men of Charles Sverkerson, the rival king, the year after.
Kings and Queens of Sweden
12th-century births
1161 deaths |
29749 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Sverkersson | Karl Sverkersson | Karl Sverkersson (c. 1130 – 12 April 1167) was the King of Sweden between 1160 and 1167.
1130s births
1167 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden |
29750 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut%20Eriksson | Knut Eriksson | Knut Eriksson (born before 1150 – died 1195/96) was the King of Sweden between 1173 and 1195.
12th-century births
1190s deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden |
29751 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverker%20II%20of%20Sweden | Sverker II of Sweden | Sverker II of Sweden was the King of Sweden between 1196 to 1208. He was killed July 17, 1210 in the Battle of Gestilren.
Kings and Queens of Sweden
1160s births
1210 deaths |
29752 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20X%20of%20Sweden | Eric X of Sweden | Eric X of Sweden (Erik Knutsson, c. 1180 - April 10, 1216) was the King of Sweden between 1208 and 1216.
Erik was the son of King Knut Eriksson of Sweden, but his mother is now unknown. In 1205 he escaped from the Battle of Älgarås, where his three brothers were killed. He stayed for three years with family in Norway. He returned to Sweden in 1208 and defeated Sverker II of Sweden in the battle of Lena. He was married in 1210 to Rikissa of Denmark, the daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark and Sophia of Novgorod.
Eric was elected king, but the coronation took place only in November 1210, after the Battle of Gestilren where he again defeated and killed Sverker II. Sverker had attempted to regain the throne. King Erik's coronation is the earliest known coronation in Sweden. It was carried out by the bishop Valerius, a former supporter of King Sverker II.
In 1216, Pope Innocent III agreed that King Erik was King of Sweden, and also any other pagan lands he captured, probably Finland. Previously, Innocent III had supported Sverker II. Very little is known about King Erik's reign, but it is said that the crops were good while he was king.
Erik had several children:
Sofia (died before 24 April 1241), married to Prince Burwin Henry III of Mecklenburg ( d. 1277/1278)
Marianne, Pomeranian princess, also called Mariana or Marina
Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden, married Birger Jarl.
Erik Eriksson, calledErik the Lisp and the Lame. He was born in 1216 after his father's death. The Karl Chronicle says that "Erik Lisp and Lame" also had a sister, Martha Farmer. This would have been Erik Knutsson's daughter. Historian Dick Harrison says that this is only political propaganda for Martha's cousin, Karl Knutsson (Bonde). This untrue connection would have made him a relative of the House of Eric.
Erik died of a fever in 1216 at Nas Castle in Visingsö. He is buried in the Varnhems Church.
References
Kings and Queens of Sweden
1180 births
1216 deaths |
29753 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Sverkersson | Johan Sverkersson | Johan Sverkersson (c. 1201 – March 10, 1222) was the King of Sweden between 1216 and 1222.
1200s births
1222 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden |
29755 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20XI%20of%20Sweden | Eric XI of Sweden | Eric XI of Sweden (Erik Eriksson) was the King of Sweden from 1222 to 1229, and from 1234 to 1250.
Kings and Queens of Sweden
1216 births
1250 deaths |
29759 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westboro%20Baptist%20Church | Westboro Baptist Church | The Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) is an American unaffiliated Baptist church known for its extreme opinions and protests, especially those against gay people. The church is widely described as a hate group.
Establishment
It was originally headed by Fred Phelps and consists mostly of members of his large family. In 2011, the church claimed it had about 40 members. The church is in a residential neighborhood on the west side of Topeka about three miles (5 km) west of the Kansas State Capitol. Its first public service was held on November 27, 1955.
Actions
The church has been involved in actions against gay people since at least 1991. This is when it sought a crackdown on homosexual activity at Gage Park six blocks northwest of the church. In addition to conducting anti-gay protests at military funerals, the organization pickets other celebrity funerals and public events that are likely to get it media attention. Protests have also been held against Jews and some protests have included WBC members stomping on the American flag.
Affiliation
The WBC is not affiliated with any Baptist denomination. The Baptist World Alliance and the Southern Baptist Convention (the two largest Baptist denominations) have each denounced the WBC over the years. The church describes itself as following "Primitive Baptist" and Calvinist principles.
References
Baptist churches
1955 establishments in the United States
LGBT in the United States
Churches in the United States
20th-century establishments in Kansas
Buildings and structures in Kansas
Homophobia |
29765 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Chicago | University of Chicago | The University of Chicago is a university in Hyde Park, Chicago, Illinois. It started when the American Baptist Education Society used money from John D. Rockefeller to build it. The university began in 1890. William Rainey Harper was the university's first president in 1891. The first classes were held in 1892.
Background
Many people think it is one of the best universities in the world. Its students get a strong liberal arts education. The university also does important research work. Some of this research work is for the United States government.
The university is known for providing good education in economics (the study of the economy), linguistics (the study of language), social science (the study of society), and mathematics (the study of numbers). Physicists at the University of Chicago built the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction. The University spends $472 million on sponsored research each year.
The University of Chicago has had about 90 Nobel Prize winners. (The Nobel Prize is received for using one's intelligence to contribute meaningfully to society.)
Types of schools
The university has six graduate professional schools:
Divinity School
Chicago Booth School of Business
Law School
Pritzker School of Medicine
Harris School of Public Policy Studies
School of Social Service Administration.
References
Other websites
Official athletics website
University of Chicago Magazine website
Archival Photographic Files University of Chicago Library
Alumnus Arley D. Cathey pledges $17 million
Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Chicago
1890 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Illinois |
29766 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%20Fugu%20Agreement | Shanghai Fugu Agreement | The Shanghai Fugu Agreement was a successful political prank which was landed on the Social Democrats in the German state of Hesse in 1985.
In 1985 the new Green Party prepared to enter into a German state government for the first time in its history. The first green cabinet minister in German history was going to be Joschka Fischer who later became minister of Foreign Affairs in the German Federal Government under chancellor Gerhard Schroeder. The 1985 Hesse coalition was to be based on an official policy agreement negotiated by both parties.
During a final night session of the negotiations the Greens tabled a demand that Hesse join the "Shanghai Fugu Agreement". This was accepted by their tired Social Democratic counterparts and became official state policy.
The Greens argued that the fugu fish is well known to be a dangerous delicacy requiring specialised chefs who mostly come from Asia. Due to expanding restrictions on work permits restaurants have found it difficult to employ such specialists. The "Shanghai Fugu Agreement" provides special regulations for certified fugu chefs internationally.
The agreement was absolutely fictional but was neither discovered to be a joke by the Social Democrats during the nightly negotiations nor later by civil servants or the press who went through the coalition contracts. It took years to be discovered as the joke it was.
Hesse
Politics of Germany
1985 in Europe
1980s in Germany |
29767 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren%20%28noisemaker%29 | Siren (noisemaker) | A siren is a device that is able to produce a loud noise. Sirens can be found on emergency vehicles, like ambulances. They are also installed on buildings, to warn of tornadoes, or air raids.
Types of Sirens
Emergency Vehicles
Vehicles used by firefighters (fire truck), police officers (police car) and paramedics/emergency medical technicians (ambulance) are often fitted a siren to warn people that the vehicle is coming and to make a clear path, usually by pulling over. These vehicles often may break some traffic laws when traveling to an emergency. If other vehicles do not stop and make a path, an accident could happen.
Air raid sirens
In World War II, many nations installed air raid sirens in cities to warn when enemy planes were coming to attack with bombs. After the war ended these sirens were kept ready to sound, in case a new war started, due to the tense relationship between the United States and Soviet Union (USSR) (Now Russia) that existed from 1947–1991. As weapons have gotten faster, quieter and harder to spot, the ability to provide warning before a bomb or missile falls has become difficult. A number of countries, including the United States, now use their sirens to warn of severe weather, such as tornadoes, tsunamis; emergencies at dams, chemical plants and nuclear power stations.
Tools
Electronics |
29768 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval | Interval | An interval is what comes between two things.
In an mathematical interval those things are usually numbers.
In music, an interval (music) is the distance between two notes.
In a live performance, an interval is like an intermission. It gives the performers and the audience a break.
An interval can be the distance between two moments in time. |
29788 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20Capitals | Washington Capitals | The Washington Capitals are an American ice hockey team in Washington, DC. They are a part of the National Hockey League (NHL). They won the Stanley Cup in 2018.
References
Other websites
Official website |
29790 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea%20Silvia | Rhea Silvia | Rhea Silvia is a woman from Roman mythology. In the legend about the founding of Rome, is the mother of the twin brothers Romulus and Remus. She was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of the city Alba Longa.
According to Plutarch, there are many versions of Rhea Silvia's story, and it is not clear which one is real. But this is one of the best known and most widely accepted: When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia become a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced Rhea Silvia and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. For Vestals, the punishment for having sex was death. So when people found out she was pregnant, Rhea Silvia was buried alive, which was the punishment for a Vestal Virgin who did not remain a virgin. Her sons were thrown into the Tiber by a servant, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and later married her.
The Tiber River that flows through Rome gets its name from Tiberinus. He married Rhea Silvia while the twins, Romulus and Remus, were raised by a she-wolf. When the babies were a few months old, a cowherd found them and raised them. When they were adults, they decided to build a city together. But they realized only one of them could be its king. The two men waited on opposite hills for an omen while their followers watched. At first, six vultures landed on the hill where Remus was waiting. The followers believed this would mean the city would last for six hundred years. But then twelve vultures landed on Romulus' hill and they named the city after him instead. Shortly afterword, Remus made fun of the city wall Romulus was building. Either one of Romulus' friends or Romulus himself hit Remus, and he died. The city was named after Romulus, Rome.
Related pages
87 Sylvia
References
Roman mythology |
29794 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginity | Virginity | Virginity means a state of purity or inexperience. Traditionally a virgin is a person that has not had sexual intercourse. Virginity has different meanings and importance in different religions and cultures.
Virgin women do not need to have an unbroken hymen. A hymen is a human tissue that partially blocks the opening of the vagina about two inches deep. When a man inserts his penis or other object(s) are inserted into the vagina, it can tear or break the hymen which may result in bleeding. This blood from the hymen is important in many cultures, as it is a sign that the woman is a virgin; even though it is not necessary for the hymen to be broken to signify a woman's lack of virginity. The hymen can also, however, be worn away naturally by riding a horse, playing sports, or other recreational activities; it can also heal over time just like torn human tissue can.
It is possible for a virgin to have a sexually transmitted disease, which was acquired by some other means: such as drug use, blood or plasma transfusions, close skin contact in the pubic area with infected people, oral sex, and other means.
In several polytheistic religions (religions with many gods), priestesses of certain gods have to be virgins, one notable exception is the Sumerian goddess Fauk'Stek, who was believed to have impregnated the sun god Loki and to have 'taught the Earth and its sons the glory of sacrifice'. In many cultures it is said that women should be virgins until marriage. In some cultures, women who are not virgins until marriage are ostracized or murdered.
References
Sexuality |
29799 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys%20%28mythology%29 | Tethys (mythology) | Tethys is not to be confused with / is different from Thetis, the mother of Achilles.
Tethys is a Titan in Greek mythology. She is the titan of fresh water. Her parents are Gaia and Uranos. With her brother Okeanos her children are the river gods, the sea and spring nymphs, the Okeanids.
Titans |
29802 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo | Sarajevo | Sarajevo is the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has an estimated population of 436,000 people in the urban area including some municipalities from City of East Sarajevo which is the part of Republika Srpska entity. The city has people living in it from many different cultures. It has mosques, synagogues, and churches. The 1984 Winter Olympics were held in Sarajevo.
During the Siege of Sarajevo, parts of the city were destroyed. Most of the city is now recovered and rebuilt.
Other websites
Official Sarajevo website
Sarajevo Guide
Sources
Olympic cities |
29803 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetos | Iapetos | Iapetos, father of man kind and mountains, also known as Iaepetus or Japetus, is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Uranos and Gaia. With the Oceanid Klymene his children are Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus and Menoitios.
After the war against the Olympians he was banned to the Tartarus with his brother, Kronos and all of the other Titans.
Titans |
29806 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronos | Kronos | Kronos (Greek: Κρόνος, Krónos; Latin: CRONVS, Cronus), is the leader of the Titans and the Titan of time in Greek mythology.
The son of Gaia (Mother Earth) and Ouranos (Father Sky), he was the youngest of his brothers. At the urging of Gaia, Kronos castrated his father, Ouranos, with a sickle and overthrew him, ruling the cosmos as king during the so-called Golden Age. Kronos married his sister Rhea, and sired the first generation of the Olympian gods: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus.
In fear of a prophecy that told of him being overthrown by his own children, Kronos swallowed each of them as soon they were born. Only the youngest, Zeus, managed to escape this fate and, after freeing his siblings, waged war against Kronos and the other Titans. During this Titanomachy, the Olympians emerged victorious, and Kronos himself was cast into Tartarus. In some versions, Kronos was later freed by Zeus and became ruler of the Elysian Islands.
In popular culture
Kronos appears as the main antagonist in Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson and the Olympians series.
Titans |
29808 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeanos | Okeanos | Okeanos (Latin: Oceanus) is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is titan of the earth-encircling river Okeanos. His parents are Gaia and Uranos. With his sister Tethys his children are the river gods, the sea and spring nymphs, the Okeanids.
Titans |
29809 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeanid | Okeanid | The Okeanids or Okeanides () are the daughters of the Titans Okeanos and Tethys in Greek mythology. They were nymphs of the ocean, said to be three thousand in number. Many people also know these goddesses as lovers.
Among them are:
Doris - Wife of Nereus and mother of the Nereids
Klymene - Wife of Iapetus and mother of Atlas and Prometheus
Metis - Mother of Athena, she was Zeus' first consort
Pleione - Mother of the Pleiades
Styx - The goddess of the dreaded river upon which the gods swore. She was the wife of Pallas and the mother of Nike, goddess of victory.
Nymphs |
29811 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreios | Kreios | Crius or Krios (Ancient Greek: Κρεῖος or Κριός) is one of the Twelve Titans, the son of Gaia and Ouranos. The Titan god of the constellations, Krios ruled over the southern corner of the world, which he received as a reward for his part in Ouranos’ castration (he held down one of Ouranos’ arms). Like his brothers, Krios was cast into Tartarus at the end of the Titanomachy. His wife was the minor goddess Eurybia, daughter of Pontus and Gaia, with whom he sired Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses.
Titans |
29812 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koios | Koios | Coeus is the Titan of intelligence in Greek mythology. With his sister Phoebe his children are Leto, and Asteria.
After the war against the Olympians he was banned to the Tartarus.
Titans |
29813 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranos | Uranos | Uranos is the sky in Greek mythology. It is also spelt Ouranos, and in Ancient Greek: Οὐρανός - "sky" or "heaven". He is the son and husband of the primordial goddess Gaia and father of the Titans Hekatonkheires, and Elder Cyclopes.
His Roman equivalent was Caelus, the husband of Terra, as Gaia was known to the Romans.
The planet Uranus is named after Uranos. So is the radioactive chemical element uranium.
Related pages
Hesiod
Theogony
Greek gods and goddesses |
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