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32525 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergent | Detergent | A detergent is a chemical that people use in washing things. Many people use washing powder, which is a type of detergent, when they need to clean their clothes. It is also used to clean glasses and other items. Detergent is mostly used in washing machines, to clean dirty clothes. People usually use liquid detergent to wash clothes, but powdered detergent is usable too.
Method
Detergents clean clothes using a similar method to soap. For liquid detergents, the molecules in detergent are inserted in water beforehand (that's why its liquid) so it doesn't clog the washer like powdered detergent. The molecules in both powdered and liquid detergent have one side that attracts to dirt, grime, oil, and other undesirable things on clothes. The other side attracts to water. When detergent is thoroughly mixed in with clothes, it detaches the dirt and grime and makes it soluble in water. The used detergent is then rinsed out, normally piped into a sewer or septic tank. The washer then usually spins, to increase the g-force inside and effectively squeeze out the water. Afterwards, the wet (but clean) clothes are loaded into a dryer or hung out to air dry. When powdered detergent is used, the detergent is placed in water and mixed in with clothes very quickly, so there may be powder still on clothes because the detergent didn't have time to mix in with the water.
Related pages
Soap
Home |
32537 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1329 | 1329 |
Events
February 18 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1332).
Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated (suspended from the Catholic Church) by Pope John XXII.
Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy.
The cathedral in Frombork, Poland begins construction.
Amberg, Germany passes to the Wittelsbach family.
Michael of Cesena is deposed as General of the Franciscans.
Stefan Dusan defeats the Bosnian ban Stephen II Kotromanić.
Wiesbaden is granted the right to be depicted on coins by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
David II becomes King of Scotland.
Births
Prince Lazar of Serbia (estimated date) (died 1008)
Philip II of Taranto (died 1374)
Deaths
April 21 – Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (born 1282)
June 7 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (born 1274)
Michael I of Imereti
Qutugtu Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire (born 1300)
Oshin of Korikos, Armenian head of state (assassinated)
Emperor Mingzong of Yuan China, and Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1320)
Edward of Savoy |
32540 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Voormann | Klaus Voormann | Klaus Voormann (born April 29, 1942) is a German artist and musician. He was born and raised in Berlin. He was a friend of The Beatles. He met them when they played in Hamburg, where he was going to art school.
Voormann designed the cover of their Revolver album, and later did cover art for The Beatles Anthology and some of George Harrison's solo records. He also played bass guitar with Manfred Mann, and on records by John Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, and their friend Harry Nilsson.
He also became a record producer, and produced the band Trio, whose biggest hit was "Da Da Da", which was used later in a Volkswagen television commercial.
References
1942 births
Living people
German artists
German rock musicians
Musicians from Berlin |
32542 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20White | Alan White | Alan White has been the name of several people, including:
Alan White (Yes drummer), drummer with the band Yes.
Alan White (Oasis drummer), ex-drummer with the band Oasis. |
32543 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20White%20%28Yes%20drummer%29 | Alan White (Yes drummer) | Alan White (born 14 June 1949) is an English musician, best known as the drummer from the band Yes. He also played on records by former Beatles John Lennon and George Harrison.
Discography
Solo:
Ramshackled (1976)
With White:
White (2006)
With Yes: See infobox below
With The Alan Price Set:
A Price on His Head (1967)
The Amazing Alan Price (EP), (1967)
This Price is Right, (1968)
With John Lennon and The Plastic Ono Band:
John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band, 1970
Live Peace in Toronto, September 13th 1969
Imagine, (John Lennon, 1971)
Fly, (Yoko Ono, 1971)
Guest appearances/sessions:
The Downbeats: "My Bonnie" (single)
The Blue Chips: "I'm on the Right Side" (single)
The Blue Chips: "Some Kind of Loving" (single)
The Blue Chips: "Good Loving Never Hurts" (single)
The Gamblers: "Dr Goldfoot (and His Bikini Machine)" (single)
Happy Magazine: "Satisfied Street" (single)
Happy Magazine: "Who Belongs to You" (single)
Johnny Almond Music Machine: Patent Pending (1969)
Johnny Almond: "Solar Machine" (single) (1969)
Doris Troy: You Tore Me Up Inside
Billy Preston: Encouraging Words (1969)
George Harrison: All Things Must Pass (2001)
Gary Wright: Extraction (1970)
Denny Laine and Balls: "Fight for My Country" (single) (1971)
Jesse Davis: Jesse Davis
Sky: Don't Hold Back (1971)
Brian Short: Anything for a Laugh (1971)
Donovan: "The Music Makers" (1973)
Chris Squire: Chris Squire's Swiss Choir (2007; re-release of "Run with the Fox")
and work with Rick Wakeman, Steve Howe, Billy Sherwood, Esquire and The Syn
1949 births
Living people
English drummers
English pop musicians |
32544 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock%20market | Stock market | A stock market is an institution where humans and computers buy and sell shares of companies.
Shares
Shares are small pieces of a company. Shares can be bought by humans, companies, and mutual funds. When buying shares in a company, the buyer owns a small part of that company. The price of a share can be based on many different things. The main thing that affects the price is the balance between supply and demand. If many buyers want to buy a stock the price goes up. If there are more sellers than buyers, the price goes down.
Stock brokers
Some buyers trade shares in stocks through a stockbroker. A stockbroker is a person who buys or sell stocks for their customers. A stockbroker can also help customers make choices in stocks. Their advice is based on public information about the companies.
Stock markets in the world
NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) - USA
NASDAQ (stock market for mainly technology shares) - USA
London Stock Exchange - UK
TSX (Toronto Stock Exchange)
Cultural changes in the stock market
Trading stocks online has become more popular. Stocks can be traded online. There is a fee or commission each time a position is opened.
References
Other websites
Live Stock Market |
32546 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%20Ginsberg | Allen Ginsberg | Irwin Allen Ginsberg (June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) was an American poet and author. He was part of the Beat Generation movement of poets in the 1950s. He was a friend of writers Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs, and later made friends with musicians Bob Dylan, Donovan, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, and many other celebrities.
Ginsberg's most famous work was called Howl. It was a long poem about the social conditions of the United States in the 1950s. It began with the words "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness." It went on to describe the frustration felt by many Americans, young people and minorities in particular. There were problems in the country, such as prejudice and intolerance, that needed to be spoken about. Ginsberg published the poem, and also performed it at public poetry readings.
A few people did not like Howl, or the graphic language Ginsberg used. They tried to have Howl banned, and they wanted Ginsberg to be prosecuted (given a court trial, then either fined or put in jail). Ginsberg went to trial, and the judge decided Howl was an important work, and told the truth about America at the time. The judge rejected the ban and cleared Ginsberg, who could then continue to publish and perform the poem.
Ginsberg became involved in social causes through his work, and through the famous people he met. He grew up in the Jewish faith, but later became a Buddhist. He was a homosexual, and his longtime partner was another poet, Peter Orlovsky. He also had a long relationship with Neal Cassady, who appeared as "N.C., secret hero of these poems" in Howl.
Death
Ginsberg died in 1997 of liver cancer.
References
1926 births
1997 deaths
American activists
American Buddhists
LGBT people from New Jersey
American poets
Beat Generation
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from liver cancer
Gay men
Industrial Workers of the World
Jewish American writers
LGBT writers
Writers from Newark, New Jersey |
32556 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern%20University | Northwestern University | Northwestern University is a university in Evanston, Illinois, and Chicago, Illinois. It is very prestigious and selective. It has many people who learn and also people who teach.
The university is known most for providing a strong education in economics (the study of the economy), linguistics (the study of language), political science (the study of politics), and mathematics (the study of numbers). There is also a Medical school named Feinberg School of Medicine.
There is another university in Chicago, the University of Chicago.
References
Other websites
American Lacrosse Conference
Association of American Universities
Big Ten Conference
Colleges and universities in Chicago
1851 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Illinois |
32558 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door%20god | Door god | A door god is a painting pasted on a door. These were used by the Chinese as good luck. Door gods can be seen on temples - places of religion - and other buildings. There is a belief that door gods stop evil spirits from going into the building.
Door gods are often in pairs, one for each side of the door. The first door gods may have been made for a Chinese Emperor, more than 1300 years ago. They showed his two best soldiers.
Art
Luck
Chinese gods and goddesses
Taoism |
32559 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Kerouac | Jack Kerouac | Jean-Louis Lebris de Kerouac (March 12, 1922 – October 21, 1969), better known as Jack Kerouac, was an American author and poet. He was part of the Beat Generation movement of writers and artists of the 1950s and 1960s, and gave the movement its name. His most famous work was a long novel titled On the Road, which was published in 1957.
Kerouac was a friend of writers Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, and Gregory Corso, among many others. Nearly all of Kerouac's writings were directly based on his own life, but he mostly changed names and details, to protect everyone's privacy. The man he wrote about most was his friend Neal Cassady, who was called "Dean Moriarty" in On the Road. Kerouac influenced many other writers and poets who came along later, and also many musicians of the 1960s, through his works. He also changed the way Americans saw themselves, and their country.
Early life
Kerouac was born in Lowell, Massachusetts to French Canadian parents (named Leo and Gabrielle), and was the youngest of three children. He spoke only French until he started school. His family was Roman Catholic. His father was a printer, and Kerouac became interested in printed works. He liked to make his own handwritten newspapers and books. He enjoyed reading, and imitated the styles of writers he liked, such as Thomas Wolfe. He became an expert typist, and could type faster than 100 words per minute.
Kerouac was a good athlete, and earned a football scholarship to Columbia University. An injury during a practice game ended his football career. He dropped out of Columbia, and devoted himself to writing stories and plays. He met Allen Ginsberg at college. Their circle of friends included many future writers and artists, like William S. Burroughs, and Herbert Huncke.
During World War II, Kerouac served in the Merchant Marine, which made him a veteran of the American military. He kept journals of his experiences, and he used them later to write other works. He was honorably discharged from military service in 1943 when he was diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder. He was able to get veteran's benefits later, such as medical help when he was sick with , and grant money to pay his bills while he wrote. Kerouac was proud to be an American, and always said good things about his country.
Kerouac's father died of stomach cancer in 1946. He made Kerouac promise to always work to support his mother. He tried to talk Kerouac out of becoming a writer, because he knew it was hard to succeed in such a career. Kerouac had a hard time staying with any other kind of work, though. He would become impatient or restless, or a disagreement with someone at work would turn into trouble. Kerouac did his best to earn enough money to pay for both his and his mother's living, but his mother also had to work. She was a nurse. She worked in a factory when there were no nursing jobs.
Early career
Kerouac published a few and reviews in New York magazines and newspapers in the 1940s. He worked briefly for his hometown newspaper, The Lowell Sun. His first novel, The Town and the City, was published in 1950. For his second novel, Kerouac wanted to write a book about road trips and hitchhiking. Hitchhiking was safer to do in the 1940s, in America, than it is today. Kerouac stopped and restarted writing this book several times. Kerouac did not want to just tell an ordinary story. He wanted to give an idea of how the people he met thought things through, and expressed this to each other, along with telling what they did and said. He also knew he needed more experiences, to tell a better story.
Many experiences came through Kerouac's friendship with Neal Cassady. Cassady was a handsome, bright young with a teenaged wife, named Luanne Henderson. Cassady and Luanne had a hard relationship, and broke up and got back together many times. He later married another woman named Carolyn Robinson, who was older than Luanne and understood him better, but Carolyn and Cassady also had troubles. Kerouac was briefly married, to girlfriend Edie Parker. They did not stay together long, and were soon divorced. Cassady taught Kerouac, who never had a , how to drive, while Kerouac taught Cassady about writing.
Neal Cassady traveled back and forth across the country, usually driving cars like Hudsons at high speed. he looked for jobs, fresh experiences, and new friends. Kerouac began to travel with him. They lived in and visited cities such as Denver, San Francisco, Monterey, and even Mexico City. They also looked sometimes for Cassady's father, who disappeared years earlier. Kerouac got sick in Mexico City, and Cassady left him behind at the hospital. Kerouac had to make his own way home. He took this very hard, and was angry with Cassady. He forgave him later, when they met again, and he made Cassady the central character of his new book. One job Kerouac could fall back on, thanks to Cassady, was as a railroad brakeman.
Many people in the 1940s and 1950s used drugs such as benzedrine, to help them stay alert. Jazz music was also popular, and some jazz musicians and listeners smoked marijuana. Kerouac was influenced by both drugs, and they changed the way he wrote. He began to write what he called " prose", jotting down words in much the same way a musician a solo in a song. (Kerouac played no musical instruments, but could well, and had many of the same instincts as a musician.) His new writing style was strange to many people, and even seen as bad by some older authors and critics. It was six years before Kerouac published his second novel.
The version of On the Road that finally satisfied Kerouac was written over three weeks in 1951. It was typed on a single roll of teletype paper. Kerouac liked to type on rolls of paper, because he did not have to stop to change pages. He had just gotten married for the second time, to Joan Haverty. The manuscript was Kerouac's way to explain his friendship with Neal Cassady to his new wife. The explanation made a fine rough draft for a novel, but it did not help his marriage. Joan felt that Kerouac's nonstop work on the manuscript was an , and she did not want to stay married to him after it was finished. They were soon divorced, as he was with his first wife.
The editor who worked on The Town and the City found the long, scroll-like manuscript hard to understand, and even harder to work with. Kerouac's publisher rejected the novel, as did every other publisher he went to. Nor was anyone interested in The Subterraneans, a shorter novel he wrote in three nights, about his romance with an African-American woman. Such a relationship was taboo in America during the 1950s. Kerouac continued to write, from short stories and essays to long novels, and even poetry. He tried many different subjects, but had almost nothing published. He also worked different jobs, including brakeman and .
It turned out that Joan Haverty was pregnant by Kerouac, and she gave birth to a daughter, Jan-Michelle. Kerouac denied he was the father at first, but a blood test later proved it was likely. She also grew to look like him, and he accepted her as his child. Joan sued Kerouac for child support, but he was ill and could not work at the time, and she collected almost no money. Kerouac only saw Jan a few times, but talked to her more often by telephone. Joan mostly kept them apart.
Fame
Allen Ginsberg became well-known during the 1950s for his writings, in particular a poem called "Howl", whose title came from Kerouac's of it. Ginsberg mentioned his friends in some of his works, including Kerouac, and wanted the people who liked him to give them and their writings a chance. Finally Viking Press agreed to publish On the Road, after many changes to the manuscript. The novel became a bestseller, and Kerouac was a celebrity after years of little success. Magazines began to request articles and essays from him. He appeared on many television programs, including The Steve Allen Show. Steve Allen liked him, and they recorded an album together, with Kerouac reading aloud and Allen playing piano. He recorded another album later, with jazz musicians Al Cohn and Zoot Sims.
Kerouac wrote and published more novels, including The Dharma Bums, Doctor Sax, Maggie Cassidy, Visions of Gerard (a of his older brother, who died in childhood), Big Sur (about the stresses brought on by fame, and how the people he knew saw him differently), Desolation Angels, and Book of Dreams (a ). He studied Buddhism, and this also influenced his writing. He wrote Some of the Dharma as an introduction to Buddhism, though he remained a Catholic.
As Kerouac, Ginsberg, and their friends became famous, a trend among the group of writers and artists was noticed, and was written about in the mainstream media. Kerouac was asked to describe his generation. He explained that the pressures of 20th century living had 'beaten' normal ways of thinking and working out of them, and they preferred the beat of bebop and jazz to most other music, "so I guess you could say we're a beat generation."
"Beat Generation" became the name for the new sense of style coming from artists and writers in New York and San Francisco. Kerouac's circle of friends and acquaintances (and their imitators) were called the Beats, with Kerouac himself called "King of the Beats" by the media. (The term was later parodied as "", implying such people were Communists, and would hurt the country.) Kerouac narrated a movie, called Pull My Daisy, about the Beat phenomenon.
An ongoing problem Kerouac had with fame was that people thought he did all the things he wrote about. Much of what he described (like Neal Cassady's lawless nature, , and drug use) was only what he saw in other people. Not everyone who read Kerouac's stories understood this. Some people wanted to blame him for doing bad things, or getting others to do them. Other people wanted to do those kinds of things with Kerouac. Shy by nature, Kerouac pulled away. He became almost a in the house he bought for his mother. He also began to abuse alcohol.
Later life and career
During the 1960s, American society went through many changes, in part because of the influence of the Beats. Many young people read On the Road, and saw things they related to, and it made them want to experience more in their own lives. Other writers liked the looseness of Kerouac's style, and it made them think more about their own writing, how to study life, and how to better express themselves. Many musicians were affected by Kerouac's books, including Bob Dylan, Donovan, and The Doors.
Kerouac was more disappointed than happy to be famous. Even though he liked some of what he inspired, he felt that the public largely got the wrong message from his books. He saw many people take what the Beats wrote as a kind of permission to get into trouble, or abandon (give up) people and things they cared about. He felt for the , but disagreed with them on the Vietnam War, the role of government, and . He also lost some of his old friends, when their views differed.
Kerouac still abused alcohol and other drugs, and it harmed his health. He became bloated and irritable, and looked drunk on his last television appearance, on William F. Buckley's Firing Line in 1968. He married for the third time, to Stella Sampas, the sister of a boyhood friend. Stella looked after Kerouac and his mother, kept the public and others away, and tried to get him to stop drinking alcohol.
His daughter Jan-Michelle also began to write during her teen years. He gave her his , and told her "You can use my (last) name." She wrote under the name Jan Kerouac, and published novels and stories herself, from the 1970s to the 1990s. Kerouac's mother became sick, and he sometimes worked at her bedside on stories. She helped him work out the ending of Pic, his novel about a young African-American.
Kerouac wrote and reworked new material until the last day of his life. He died in St. Petersburg, Florida during emergency surgery, to try to repair a caused by cirrhosis, due to his alcohol abuse. He was buried in his hometown, and was hardly remembered there at first. Even though he was world famous, Kerouac earned very little money as a writer. He died with only a few hundred dollars in the bank. It was years before his grave received a headstone.
Neal Cassady died more than a year before, of exposure, alongside a railroad track in Mexico. He set out to become a writer or musician, but he never got far with either. He only published one book, The First Third, which was about his youth. Cassady earned most of his money from labor, and was often out of work and owed money. He spent a long time in jail after he was arrested for selling marijuana. Sometimes the fact that Cassady was well-known through Kerouac kept him from having the life he wanted. Cassady had a family with Carolyn, but she had to both work, and raise the children when her husband was away. Carolyn later wrote a memoir.
Legacy
Kerouac's works, especially On the Road, are now more popular than ever. Generations have discovered his works, as a means of learning about life and attitudes in America during his lifetime, as a way to measure their own sense of experience, or as examples of and in .
Less than half of Kerouac's writings were published during his lifetime, but nearly all are now available. The ones published later drew hundreds of times more money than his most famous works, when they first appeared. His hometown Lowell remembers Kerouac today with a , and cultural events every year. His grave now has a headstone, which reads "He honored life". A street in Lowell was renamed "Jack Kerouac Alley" in his memory.
In other media
The Subterraneans was made into a movie by MGM in 1960, but the was almost completely different from the book. On the Road was considered many times to be made into a movie, once with actor Marlon Brando as Dean Moriarty and another time with Sean Penn, but this never got farther than . The movie rights were resold in the 1990s, for more than ten times Kerouac's lifetime earnings, and a movie of On the Road appeared in 2012, starring Sam Riley and Garrett Hedlund as Kerouac and Cassidy, with Kristen Stewart and Kirsten Dunst as LuAnne Henderson and Carolyn Cassady.
A movie, Heart Beat, was made in 1980, about the relationship between Carolyn Robinson, Neal Cassady and Jack Kerouac. It starred Sissy Spacek, Nick Nolte, and John Heard.
Kerouac appears as "Hank" in William S. Burroughs's novel Naked Lunch, and was played by Nicholas Campbell in the 1991 movie version.
He was also the subject of a song by 10,000 Maniacs, "Hey Jack Kerouac".
He and Neal Cassady are the subject of a song by Tom Waits, "Jack & Neal/California Here I Come". Waits also covered a song written by Kerouac, titled "On the Road", on his' album "Orphans".
Sources
Kerouac: A Biography, by Ann Charters (St. Martin's Press)
Jack Kerouac, by Tom Clark (Marlowe & Company)
1922 births
1969 deaths
Deaths from hemorrhage
Deaths from cirrhosis
American poets
Beat Generation
Columbia University alumni
Disease-related deaths in the United States
People with personality disorders
Writers from Massachusetts
People from Lowell, Massachusetts |
32561 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himno%20Istme%C3%B1o | Himno Istmeño | Himno Istmeño is the anthem of Panama. It was written by Santos Jorge. It is known as the Isthmus Anthem.
Spanish lyrics
Alcanzamos por fin la victoria,
En el campo feliz de la unión;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación.
Es preciso cubrir con un velo,
Del pasado el calvario y la cruz;
Y que adorne el azul de tu cielo,
De concordia la espléndida luz.
El progreso acaricia tus lares,
Al compás de sublime canción;
Ves rugir a tus pies ambos mares,
Que dan rumbo a tu noble misión.
Alcanzamos por fin la victoria,
En el campo feliz de la unión;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación.
En tu suelo cubierto de flores,
A los besos del tibio terral;
Terminaron guerreros fragores,
Sólo reina el amor fraternal.
Adelante la pica y la pala,
Al trabajo sin más dilación;
Y seremos así prez y gala,
De este mundo feraz de Colón.
Alcanzamos por fin la victoria,
En el campo feliz de la unión;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación.
English translation
We finally achieved for the victory,
In the happy field of the union;
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.
It is necessary to cover with a veil,
From the past of the calvary and the cross;
And that adorns the blue of thy sky,
Of the concord in the splendid light.
Progress caresses your lares,
To the beat of a sublime song;
Thou see, both seas roar at your feet,
That leads to your noble mission.
We finally achieved for the victory,
In the happy field of the union;
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.
On thy flower-covered floor,
To the kisses of the warm earth;
The fearful warriors had ceased,
Only brotherly love reigns.
Forward ahead the pike and shovel,
To work without further delay;
And we will be like such work and gale,
Of this fertile world of Columbus.
We finally achieved for the victory,
In the happy field of the union;
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.
National anthems
Panama |
32563 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Neo | Jack Neo | Jack Neo (born Neo Chee Keong on 24 January 1956) is a Singaporean movie director at MediaCorp, a Singapore media company. He directed I Not Stupid, Money No Enough, Ah Boys to Men and Ah Boys to Men 2, all of which were very popular. Neo was once a comedian.
Neo received the Best Director Award at the Silver Screen Awards in 1998. He was also awarded with the Lifetime Achievement Award in the following year for his contributions to Singapore's media industry. In 2004, Neo became the first moviemaker in Singapore to be honoured with the Public Service Award. He also received the Cultural Medallion on 21 October 2005 together with musician Dick Lee.
In 2008, Neo and Mark Lee bought the Singapore master franchise rights for Old Town White Coffee. It is a coffee retail store from Ipoh, Malaysia. Their first store at Big Splash opened on 30 March in 2008.
Neo married Irene Kng in 1988 and they have four children. It is his second marriage. He is a Christian and worships at City Harvest Church.
In March 2010, it was revealed Neo had an affair with model Wendy Chong. Later it was reported that Neo tried to have relations with up to 11 women.
Filmography
References
1956 births
Living people
Movie directors
Singaporean people |
32566 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor%20Dostoyevsky | Fyodor Dostoyevsky | Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky (11 November 1821 – 9 February 1881) was a Russian novelist. The most popular novels are Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov.
In his 20s he joined a group of radicals in St Petersburg They were into French socialist ideas. A police agent reported the group to the authorities. On 22 April 1849, Dostoyevsky was arrested and imprisoned with the other members. After months of questioning and investigation they were tried. They were found guilty of planning to distribute subversive propaganda and condemned to death by firing squad.
The punishment was changed to a sentence of exile and hard labour, but not before they were forced to go through a mock execution. In 1859 a new tsar allowed Dostoyevsky to end his Siberian exile. A year later he was back in St Petersburg. The experience had cost him ten years of his life. It is the root of all his writing.
"Dostoyevsky's experience had altered him profoundly... He was particularly scornful of the ideas he found in St Petersburg when he returned from his decade of Siberian exile. The new generation of Russian intellectuals was gripped by European theories and philosophies [which] were melded together into a peculiarly Russian combination that came to be called 'nihilism' ".
Religion
Raised in an educated and religious family, Dostoyevsky's beliefs changed through his life. In prison, he focused intensely on the figure of Christ and on the New Testament, the only book allowed in prison. In a letter to the woman who had sent him the New Testament, Dostoyevsky wrote that he was a "child of unbelief and doubt up to this moment, and I am certain that I shall remain so to the grave". He also wrote that "even if someone were to prove to me that the truth lay outside Christ, I should choose to remain with Christ rather than with the truth".
From an analysis of religious ideas in Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, The Demons (The Possessed), and The Brothers Karamazov, James Townsend thinks Dostoyevsky held orthodox Christian beliefs except for his view of salvation from sin. According to Townsend, "Dostoevsky almost seemed to embrace an in-this-life purgatory", in which people suffer to pay for their sins, rather than the Christian doctrine of salvation through Christ. Malcolm Jones sees elements of Islam and Buddhism in Dostoyevsky's religious convictions. Colin Wilson in The Outsider describes him as a "tormented half-atheist-half-Christian".
His work
Many scholars see Dostoyevsky as one of the greatest psychologists in literature. His works have had a big effect on twentieth-century fiction. Very often, he wrote about characters who live in poor conditions. Those characters are sometimes in extreme states of mind. They might show both a strange grasp of human psychology as well as good analyses of the political, social and spiritual states of Russia of Dostoevsky's time. Many of his best-known works are prophetic. He is sometimes considered to be a founder of existentialism, most frequently for Notes from Underground, which has been described as "the best overture for existentialism ever written". He is also famous for writing The Brothers Karamazov, which many critics, such as Sigmund Freud, have said was one of the best novels ever written.
Demons
His attack on nihilism is in his great novel Demons, or The Possessed. Published in 1872, it is a "dark comedy, cruelly funny in its depiction of high-minded intellectuals toying with revolutionary notions without understanding anything of what revolution means in practice".
The plot is a version of actual events at the time. A former teacher of divinity turned terrorist, Sergei Nechaev, had written a pamphlet, The Catechism of a Revolutionary, which argued that any means (including blackmail and murder) could be used to advance the cause of revolution. Nechaev planned to kill a student who questioned his ideas.
One of the characters in Demons confesses: "I got entangled in my own data, and my conclusion contradicts the original idea from which I start. From unlimited freedom, I conclude with unlimited despotism". This suggests that the result of abandoning morality for the sake of an idea will be tyranny more extreme than any in the past.
List of works
English versions of titles come after the Russian title.
Novels
1846 - Bednye lyudi (Бедные люди); Poor Folk
1846 - Dvojnik (Двойник. Петербургская поэма); The Double: A Petersburg Poem
1849 - Netochka Nezvanova (Неточка Незванова); Netochka Nezvanova (this is a feminine name)(Unfinished)
1859 - Dyadushkin son (Дядюшкин сон); The Uncle's Dream
1859 - Selo Steanchikovo i ego obitateli (Село Степанчиково и его обитатели); The Village of Stepanchikovo
1861 - Unizhennye i oskorblennye (Униженные и оскорбленные); The Insulted and Humiliated
1862 - Zapiski iz mertvogo doma (Записки из мертвого дома); The House of the Dead
1864 - Zapiski iz podpolya (Записки из подполья); Notes from Underground
1866 - Prestuplenie i nakazanie (Преступление и наказание); Crime and Punishment
1867 - Igrok (Игрок); The Gambler
1869 - Idiot (Идиот); The Idiot
1870 - Vechnyj muzh (Вечный муж); The Eternal Husband
1872 - Besy (Бесы); various English titles: The Possessed; The Devils; Demons
1875 - Podrostok (Подросток); The Raw Youth
1881 - Brat'ya Karamazovy (Братья Карамазовы); The Brothers Karamazov
Novellas and short stories
1846 - Gospodin Prokharchin (Господин Прохарчин); Mr. Prokharchin
1847 - Roman v devyati pis'mah (Роман в девяти письмах); Novel in Nine Letters
1847 - Hozyajka (Хозяйка); The Landlady
1848 - Polzunkov (Ползунков); Polzunkov
1848 - Slaboe serdze (Слабое сердце); A Weak Heart
1848 - Chestnyj vor (Честный вор); An Honest Thief
1848 - Elka i svad'ba (Елка и свадьба); A Christmas Tree and a Wedding
1848 - Chuzhaya zhena i muzh pod krovat'yu (Чужая жена и муж под кроватью); The Jealous Husband
1848 - Belye nochi (Белые ночи); White nights
1849 - Malen'kij geroj (Маленький герой); A Little Hero
1862 - Skvernyj anekdot (Скверный анекдот); A Nasty Story
1865 - Krokodil (Крокодил); The Crocodile
1873 - Bobok (Бобок); Bobok
1876 - Krotkaja (Кроткая); A Gentle Creature
1876 - Muzhik Marej (Мужик Марей); The Peasant Marey
1876 - Mal'chik u Hrista na elke (Мальчик у Христа на ёлке); The Heavenly Christmas Tree
1877 - Son smeshnogo cheloveka (Сон смешного человека); The Dream of a Ridiculous Man
The last five stories (1873-1877) are included in A Writer's Diary.
Non-fiction
Winter Notes on Summer Impressions (1863)
A Writer's Diary (Дневник писателя) (1873–1881)
Letters
Related pages
List of Russian-language novelists
List of Russian novelists
References
Other websites
1821 births
1881 deaths
Christian writers
Deaths from emphysema
Disease-related deaths in Russia
Russian novelists
Russian Orthodox Christians
Writers from Moscow |
32575 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Grant | Julia Grant | Julia Boggs Dent Grant (January 26, 1826 – December 14, 1902), was the wife of the 18th President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant, and was First Lady of the United States from 1869 to 1877.
Early life
She was born at White Haven plantation west of St. Louis, Missouri. She was the daughter of Colonel Frederick Dent, a slaveholding planter and merchant, and Ellen Wrenshall-Dent.
Engagement to Grant
After her schooling, she and Ulysses S. Grant got engaged in 1844. At that time, Ulysses S. Grant was a Lieutenant in the US Army. In the meanwhile, Mexican War began. Ulysses went to war. He returned from the war after many years. They married in 1848.
Children
The Grants had three sons and a daughter:
Frederick Dent Grant (1850–1912)
Ulysses Simpson Grant, Jr. known as "Buck" (1852–1929)
Ellen Wrenshall Grant known as "Nellie" (1855–1922)
Jesse Root Grant (1858–1934)
First Lady
She entered the White House in 1869 to begin, in her words, "the happiest period" of her life. With Cabinet wives as her allies, she entertained extensively and lavishly. The social highlight of the Grant years was the White House wedding of their daughter in 1874. Contemporaries noted her finery, jewels, and silks and laces. After four years of war, an assassination, and an impeachment trial, Washington was ready for a little levity, and Julia obliged. She offered a full array of events and became a popular hostess. She planned lavish state dinners, where guests enjoyed expensive wines and liquors.
As First Lady it was suggested to her that she have an operation to correct her crossed eyes, but President Grant said that he liked her that way.
After the Presidency
Upon leaving the White House in 1877, the Grants made a trip around the world. Julia proudly recalled details of hospitality and magnificent gifts they received. A highlight of the trip was an overnight stay and dinner hosted for them by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle in England. They also enjoyed a swing through the Far East, being cordially received at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo by the Emperor and Empress of Japan.
In 1884 Grant suffered yet another business failure and they lost all they had.
She became the first First Lady to write a memoir, though she was unable to find a publisher, and had been dead almost 75 years before "The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant (Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant)" was finally published in 1975.
She had attended in 1897 the dedication of Grant's monumental tomb overlooking the Hudson River in New York City. She was laid to rest in a sarcophagus beside her husband. She had ended her own chronicle of their years together with a firm declaration: "the light of his glorious fame still reaches out to me, falls upon me, and warms me."
Other websites
White House biography
White Haven - Ulysses S Grant National Historic Site
1826 births
1902 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Ulysses S. Grant |
32576 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Pierce | Jane Pierce | Jane Means Appleton Pierce (March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863), wife of U.S. President Franklin Pierce, was First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857.
Early life
Her father’s name was Jesse Appleton. When her father died, her mother moved with her to Amherst, New Hampshire.
Marriage
How she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierce's instructors at Bowdoin. Franklin, almost 30, married Jane, 28, on November 19, 1834, at the bride's maternal grandparents' home in Amherst, New Hampshire. The Reverend Silas Aiken, Jane's brother-in-law, conducted the small ceremony. The couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D.C..
Franklin Pierce was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives by the time they married and became a U.S. Senator in 1837. Jane hated life in Washington, D.C., and encouraged her husband to resign his Senate seat and return to New Hampshire, which he did in 1842. Service in the Mexican-American War brought him the rank of Brigadier General and local fame as a hero. He returned home safely, and for four more years the Pierces lived quietly at Concord, New Hampshire, in the happiest period of their lives, where they watched their son Benjamin "Benny" grow up.
References
1806 births
1863 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Franklin Pierce
People from Concord, New Hampshire |
32577 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy%20Webb%20Hayes | Lucy Webb Hayes | Lucy Ware Webb Hayes (August 28, 1831 – June 25, 1889) was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Lucy was nicknamed "Lemonade Lucy." She did not serve alcohol in the White House.
Early life
She was born in Chillicothe, Ohio. She was the daughter of James Webb, a doctor, and Maria Cook-Webb. Lucy was descended from seven veterans of the American Revolution. Her father died when she was a child. With her mother, she moved to Delaware, Ohio where in 1847 she met Rutherford B. Hayes.
Lucy Hayes studied at Ohio Wesleyan University. She was the first First Lady to graduate from college.
The First Lady
As First Lady, Hayes supported her husband's ban of alcoholic beverages at state functions, excepting only the reception for Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia in 1877, at which wine was served. She also instituted the custom of conducting an Easter egg roll on the White House lawn. A devout Methodist, she joined the president in saying prayers after breakfast and conducting group hymn sings with the cabinet and congressmen on Sunday evenings.
Children
The Hayes had four sons and a daughter to live to their adulthood:
Sardis “Birchard Austin” Birchard Hayes (1853–1926)
James Webb Cook Hayes (1856–1934)
Rutherford Platt Hayes (1858–1931)
Joseph Thompson Hayes (1861–1863)
George Crook Hayes (1864–1866)
Frances “Fanny” Hayes-Smith (1867–1950)
Scott Russell Hayes (1871–1923)
Manning Force Hayes (1873–1874)
In popular culture
In the musical comedy 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, the First Lady sings the “Duet for One,” in which she transforms from Mrs. Grant into Lucy Webb Hayes.
In the Lucky Luke comic book Sarah Bernhardt, which is set in the late 19th-century Wild West, President Rutherford B. Hayes's wife is portrayed as being one of many who strongly disapproves of the titular actress's tour of the United States, given her reputation for loose morality. Disguised as a man called “George,” the First Lady infiltrates Sarah’s entourage and sabotages their tour throughout the U.S., though she does come to accept Sarah when the French actress's charms and singing talent moves a tribe of hostile Indians. "The president’s wife" is not mentioned by name in the book, and thus might be regarded as fictional, although she and her husband do resemble Rutherford and Lucy Hayes in many ways. Hayes himself is portrayed as a man who is very taken aback by his wife's hostility towards Sarah, and keeps making the same speech over and over again, even when there is no one there to listen to him.
Death
She died of a stroke on June 25, 1889. When she died, people in the United States lowered the flag to half-mast.
Other websites
Lucy Ware Webb Hayes - Official White House biography
Lucy Hayes’ Civil War Letters
Lucy Hayes at Findagrave
1831 births
1889 deaths
Deaths from stroke
First Ladies of the United States
Rutherford B. Hayes |
32578 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Harrison | Caroline Harrison | Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison (October 1, 1832 - October 25, 1892) was the wife of Benjamin Harrison. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1889 until her death in 1892.
Her birthplace was Oxford, Ohio. Her parents were Mary Potts Neal and Dr. John W. Scott. She met the young Ben when he was a student at Miami University. They married on October 20, 1853. They had three children. Their first child was Russell Benjamin (1854-1936). Their second child was Mary Scott (1856-1930). Their third child was a daughter, born in 1861. In the same year, their third child died.
When her husband became the President of the United States in 1889, they both moved to the White House. Caroline gave stylish parties. She became sick with tuberculosis. She could not participate in social functions after that. She died of tuberculosis on October 25, 1892.
First Ladies of the United States
Benjamin Harrison
1832 births
1892 deaths |
32579 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Herron%20Taft | Helen Herron Taft | Helen Louise Herron "Nellie" Taft (June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913.
Early life
Her parents were Harriet Collins and John W. Herron. She was their fourth child. She spent her childhood in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Marriage
When Helen Herron was 18 years old, she met Will Taft. They married in 1886. William Howard Taft and Helen Herron Taft had three children:
Robert A. Taft (1889-1953), United States Senator from Ohio
Helen Taft Manning (1891-1987), Professor at Bryn Mawr College
Charles Phelps Taft II (1897-1983), mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio.
First Lady
She was a part of her husband’s rise in administration and politics. When her husband became the president, she gave special attention to the social life at the White House. When she suffered from stroke, her daughter Helen Taft Manning left college for a year to look after the social life at the White House.
During their stay at the White House, the couple celebrated their silver wedding anniversary in 1911. People celebrate a silver anniversary after 25 years of any occasion. She had also written a book named Recollections of Full Years. The book tells about her work and life. Her husband died in 1930. She continued to live in Washington D.C. after the death of her husband. She died on May 22, 1943.
Other websites
Helen Herron Taft White House biography
Helen Taft at Find-A-Grave
William Howard Taft
First Ladies of the United States
People from Cincinnati, Ohio
1861 births
1943 deaths |
32580 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20McElroy | Mary McElroy | Mary Arthur McElroy (July 5, 1841 – January 8, 1917) was the sister of the 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, and served as a hostess for his administration (1881–1885). She assumed the role because Arthur's wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, had died only a year and a half earlier.
Early life
She was born in Greenwich, New York. Her parents were William and Malvina S. Arthur. Her parents had nine children, Mary being the last. In 1880, her brother Chester Arthur, became the Vice President of the United States. In July 1881, after the assassination of the President, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur became the president of the United States and he requested his sister to become "First Lady" during his term in office.
First Lady
In November 1880, McElroy's brother Chester Arthur was elected vice president. In July 1881, President James Garfield was fatally wounded and died on September 19, 1881. Arthur succeeded him, and asked McElroy to care for his young daughter Ellen and act as "Mistress of the White House." Because she had her own family in Albany, McElroy lived in Washington, D.C. only during the busy winter social season. Although Arthur never officially granted her the protocol of a formal position, she proved to be a popular and competent hostess. The procedures she and her brother developed for the social functions were used by future First Ladies for decades.
McElroy presided over a number of events and honored former First Ladies Julia Gardiner Tyler and Harriet Lane, James Buchanan's niece and social hostess, by asking them to help her receive guests at the White House. McElroy's oldest daughter May and Arthur's daughter Nell often assisted. Her final reception took place on February 28, 1885, one week before the end of the Arthur administration: 3,000 people attended (including Adolphus Greely) and 48 daughters of officials and of the social elite assisted her.
Personal life
When her brother retired as the President, Mary went to live in Albany, New York.
Death
She died on January 8, 1917 at the age of 75 in Albany, New York.
References
Other websites
Mary McElroy
Chester A. Arthur
First Ladies of the United States
1841 births
1917 deaths |
32581 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20Folsom%20Cleveland | Frances Folsom Cleveland | Frances Clara Folsom Cleveland Preston (July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947) was the wife of the President of the United States Grover Cleveland and the 27th First Lady of the United States from 1886 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897.
Early life
She was born in Buffalo, New York. Her birth name was Frances Clara Folsom. Her parents were Emma C. Harmon and Oscar Folsom. Her father later became a law partner of Grover Cleveland. All of her ancestors were from England. Cleveland was a family friend to Oscar's family. After Oscar’s death, Cleveland looked after the family. He arranged for education of Frances Folsom. She studied at Wells College. Cleveland and Frances Folsom sent letters to each other.
Marriage and family
In 1885, Frances Folsom and her mother came to White House to meet Cleveland. Cleveland and Frances Folsom became close to each other, despite being around 27 years younger than Cleveland. On 2 June 1886, they married. This was the first and only couple to wed in the White House. When Frances Folsom became Mrs. Cleveland, she took the role of the First Lady. She gave two receptions every week. She became very popular.
Personal life
In 1888, Cleveland lost the election. The couple lived in New York City. There their first child Ruth was born. In 1893 Cleveland again became the president. Frances Folsom again became active as the First Lady. In 1893, she gave birth to a second child, Esther. In 1895, she bore a third child, named Marion. By the time Cleveland had retired, Frances Folsom had become a very popular First Lady.
The couple retired to live in Princeton, New Jersey. During this time, they had two sons. She was by her husband’s side when he died in 1908. In 1913, Frances remarried. Her second husband was Thomas J. Preston, Jr., a professor of archeology.
Death
Frances Folsom lived until the age of 83, and had become well known in the Princeton University community.
First Ladies of the United States
People from Buffalo, New York
Grover Cleveland
1864 births
1947 deaths |
32582 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Ford | Betty Ford | Elizabeth Anne Ford (née Bloomer; April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011) was an American spokesperson and women's rights activist who had served as First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977 as the wife of the 38th President of the United States, Gerald Ford. She had also served as Second Lady of the United States from 1973 to 1974 when her husband was 40th Vice President under Richard Nixon.
Early life
She was born in Chicago, Illinois. Her birth name was Betty Bloomer. Her parents were Hortense Neahr and William Stephenson Bloomer. She was the third child of her parents. She had two older brothers named Robert and William, Jr. She spent her childhood in Grand Rapids, Michigan and graduated from school there. In 1935, she graduated in dance from the Calla Travis Dance Studio. She gave dance lessons to earn money during the Great Depression.
Marriages
Betty Bloomer married William G. (Bill) Warren, a furniture salesman. But the marriage did not last long. They divorced in 1947.
After that she started dating Gerald Ford. Ford was a good football player at his college, and a graduate of the University of Michigan and Yale Law School. They married on October 15, 1948. The Fords have three sons and one daughter:
Michael Gerald Ford (born 1950) - a minister
John Gardner "Jack" Ford (born 1952) - a journalist and public relations consultant
Steven Meigs Ford (born 1956) - an actor and rodeo rider
Susan Elizabeth (Ford) Vance Bales (born 1957) - a photographer
Personal family
As of 2005, the Fords have seven grandchildren.
First Lady tenure
In 1974, President Richard Nixon resigned. Nixon had named Gerald Ford as the Vice President of the United States. After Nixon's resignation, Ford became the 38th President of the United States. Betty Ford became the First Lady.
As the First Lady, Betty Ford played an active role. She spoke on many issues. She spoke on political and many other things. She had an open mind, and spoke honestly about benefit of mild psychiatric treatment. She also talked about marijuana use and premarital sex. She always supported women's rights. Her surgery for breast cancer made the public more aware of this disease.
After being First Lady
In 1987, Betty Ford found a place into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame. In 1978, she published her autobiography The Times of My Life. In 1999, President Gerald Ford and Betty Ford jointly got the Congressional Gold Medal, "in recognition of their dedicated public service and outstanding humanitarian contributions to the people of the United States of America."
Personal life
In 2003, Betty Ford published Healing and Hope: Six Women from the Betty Ford Center Share Their Powerful Journeys of Addiction and Recovery.
She was the active Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Betty Ford Center, until 2005, when she gave that position to her daughter, Susan.
Death
Betty Ford died on July 8, 2011 with her family by her bed.
References
American autobiographers
First Ladies of the United States
Gerald Ford
People from Chicago
Second Ladies of the United States
Time People of the Year
1918 births
2011 deaths |
32583 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Roosevelt | Edith Roosevelt | Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt (August 6, 1861 – September 30, 1948) was the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, the President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1901 to 1909.
She was born in Norwich, Connecticut. Her parents were Charles (1825-1883) and Gertrude Tyler Carow (1836-1895). She spent her childhood in old New York City. As small children, Edith Kermit Carow and Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (younger sister of Theodore Roosevelt) played together. During childhood, she and "Teedie" (nickname of Theodore Roosevelt) were in and out of each other's houses.
Edith went to Roosevelt's wedding with Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt in 1880. Soon Alice Hathaway died. In 1885, Rooservelt married Edith.
Theodore Roosevelt and Edith were married in London in December 1886. They settled down in a house on Sagamore Hill, at Oyster Bay, headquarters for a family that added five children in ten years: Theodore Jr., Kermit, Ethel Carow, Archibald Bulloch, and Quentin. Throughout Roosevelt's intensely active career, family life remained close and entirely delightful.
After assassination of President William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt became the President. Mrs. Roosevelt became the First Lady. She guarded the privacy of her family. Still she was an active First Lady. The White House became a social center of that time.
After her husband’s death in 1919, she spent more or less a retired life. She also traveled outside the USA. But, she always came back to Sagamore Hill as her home. In 1932, she briefly came out of her retirement. She gave a speech in support of Herbert Hoover’s re-election for the presidency of the United States. At that time, her nephew-in-law Franklin Delano Roosevelt was also a candidate for the post of the president of the United States. She died at her Oyster Bay home in New York on September 30, 1948, at the age of 87.
1861 births
1948 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
People from Norwich, Connecticut
Theodore Roosevelt |
32584 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretia%20Garfield | Lucretia Garfield | Lucretia Rudolph-Garfield (April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918), wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881.
Early life
She was born in Garrettsville, Ohio. Her father was Zeb Rudolph, a farmer and co-founder of the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, and her mother was Arabella Mason-Rudolph. Lucretia "Crete" Rudolph was a devout member of the Churches of Christ. She was of German, Welsh, English and Irish ancestry. Lucretia Garfield's paternal great-grandfather immigrated to Pennsylvania (in a part that is now Delaware) from Württemberg, Germany.
Marriage and family
She first met James A. Garfield while both were attending a school. They renewed their friendship in 1851 as students of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute. They got married on November 11, 1858.
The First Lady
In 1881, Garfield became the President of the United States. The family moved into the White House. Even at the age of 49, she was slim and looked lovely. She was not very much interested in her role as the First Lady. But, she was a charming lady and hosted parties at the White House. In May 1881, she fell ill and was suffering from malaria. She was resting at Long Branch, New Jersey, and was yet to become fit. At that time, she heard the news that someone had shot President Garfield, her husband. She rushed to Washington by train. On its way, the train met with an accident. She did not suffer any injury. When she reached Washington, she remained by the side of her husband. He could not remain alive and died after about three months.
Personal life
After his death, she left for Ohio. There she lived for 36 years, and spent her time arranging and caring for the records of her husband’s career. A part of her home became a presidential library of her husband’s papers.
Death
She died at her home in South Pasadena, California on March 4, 1918. Her casket was placed above ground beside the coffin of her husband in the lower level crypt of the presidential tomb at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.
Other websites
Find a Grave
Lucretia Garfield White House biography
First Ladies of the United States
1832 births
1918 deaths
James A. Garfield |
32585 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology | Biotechnology | Biotechnology is a technology that involves the use of living organisms. Biotechnology is mainly used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. In biotechnology, living organisms are used to make useful chemicals and products or to perform an industrial task.
Examples
An example of biotechnology is the use of the fermentation reaction in yeast to make beer and other alcoholic drinks. Another example is the use of carbon dioxide produced by yeast to make bread rise.
Usage
Biotechnology is often used to refer to genetic engineering technology of the 21st century. However, the term is used for many ways of modifying biological organisms for the needs of humanity. It started with modifications of native plants into improved food crops through artificial selection and hybridization. Bioengineering is the science upon which all biotechnological applications are based. With the development of new approaches and modern techniques, traditional biotechnology industries are also acquiring new horizons enabling them to improve the quality of their products and increase the productivity of their systems.
Biotechnology has also made cloning (the process duplicating organisms) possible. A lot of people think that this is morally wrong while others think it could solve many diseases.
Biotechnology can be used to solve a great number of problems, ranging from product efficiency to reducing global warming.
Related pages
Genetic engineering
Genetically modified food
References
Interdisciplinary fields |
32589 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida%20Saxton%20McKinley | Ida Saxton McKinley | Ida Saxton McKinley (June 8, 1847 – May 26, 1907), wife of William McKinley, was First Lady of the United States from 1897 to 1901.
Early life
She was born in Canton, Ohio. Her father was James A. Saxton, who was a famous banker. He educated Ida and their sister well. After their schooling, they went to Europe on a tour.
Marriage & family
She started to work as a cashier in a bank. In 1867, Major William McKinley came to Canton to start his work as a lawyer. Ida and William McKinley came to know each other, and they fell in love. They married each other. While her husband devoted time to his work and career, Ida devoted time to her home and husband.
She had a daughter on the Christmas Day of 1871. They named their daughter Katherine. She bore a second daughter in April 1873. At that time Ida was very weak and ill. The second daughter dies in August. Their first daughter also died in 1876. By this time, Ida had become very weak and an invalid.
In the meanwhile, her husband has become a Congressman. He them became a governor of Ohio. He always paid his attention to his wife and cared for her. She spent most of her time in a small Victorian rocking chair. This chair was with her since her childhood.
The First Lady
When they entered the White House, Ida’s health was very weak. She took the role of the First Lady, but while seated in a blue velvet chair. She sat by the side of her husband during official dinners. The President kept a careful watch on her condition. At that time, very few people know of her bad physical condition. Only in recent years, people came to know of her bad physical condition.
Just after his second term as the President of the United States, an assassin shot William McKinley. McKinley at that time also remembered his wife’s weak condition. He told his secretary: “My wife…be careful, how you tell her; oh, be careful.”
After her husband’s death, Ida Saxton McKinley returned to Canton. Her younger sister cared for her. She visited her husband’s grave almost daily. She died in 1907. She lies buried by the side of her husband and their two daughters in Canton’s McKinley Memorial Mausoleum.
Reference
Original text based on White House biography
Other websites
Ida Mckinley - National First Ladies' Library
1847 births
1907 deaths
William McKinley
First Ladies of the United States
People from Canton, Ohio |
32591 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Bolling%20Wilson | Edith Bolling Wilson | Edith White Bolling Galt Wilson (October 15, 1872 — December 28, 1961), second wife of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921. She met the President in March 1915 and they married nine months later.
Her husband had suffered a long illness. There were many things which the President was needed to do which he could not do. She helped him. Because of this, some people had called her "the Secret President" and "the first woman to run the government".
Early life
Wilson was born in Wytheville, Virginia. Her parents were Sallie White and Judge William Holcombe Bolling. She was their seventh child, out of the total eleven children. Through her grandmother, she was a direct descendant of Pocahontas.
When she was 15 years old, she attended Martha Washington College to study music. She attended the second year at a smaller school in Richmond, Virginia.
Once when she was visiting her married sister in Washington, DC, Edith met Norman Galt. Norman Galt was a rich jeweler. She married him in 1896. For 12 years, she lived a good life in Washington D. C. But, she also faced some tragedies. In 1903, she gave birth to a son. The child only lived for a few days. The problem birth made her unable to have any more children. In 1908, her husband died. Edith Galt picked a manager to run the family’s jewelry business. The business continued to earn money.
Marriage and family
In 1915, President Wilson and Edith Galt met each other. President Wilson liked her and asked her to marry him. They married on 18th December 1915. While asking her to marry him, President Wilson had said like a poet: "in this place time is not measured by weeks, or months, or years, but by deep human experiences..."
Their love and romance also created a lot of talks in the social circle. Once an article in a Washington newspaper was about the Wilson couple. It talked of the couple while they were seeing a play in a theater before their marriage. The article stated: "The President gave himself up for the time being to entertaining his fiancee" But a printing error made it read like this: "The President gave himself up for the time being to entering his fiancee." The publishers called back the newspapers with the printing error. Still a few copies could not be called back. These copies are now very wanted items.
The First Lady
Mrs. Wilson had all the qualifications to act as the First Lady. She began her role as the First lady. During this time, World War I started. This limited the social activities at the White House. In 1917, the United States also joined the war. Mrs. Wilson started helping her husband who was under a lot of pressure because of the war. She also went with him to Europe during the process of peace.
President Wilson returned from Europe. He spent much of his time trying to get the Senate’s approval for the peace treaty. He was also trying to get approval for an agreement to create the League of Nations. In the meantime, his health was getting bad.
In September 1919, he suffered a stroke. He became partially paralyzed. Edith Wilson always stayed with him. She took over many common duties of the government and helped her husband in many official matters. At the same time, she sent many other official matters to the heads of departments or allowed them to remain undone.
She also wrote a book. The name of the book is My Memoir. Its year of publication is 1939. In this book, she said that her husband’s doctors had asked her to take up many responsibilities of her husband. Many historians do not agree with her views.
Phyllis Levin, a historian had described her as "a woman of narrow views and formidable determination". He blamed her for many failures of the policies of the United States after the First World War.
Later life
In 1921, the Wilson couple retired to live in Washington. After three years her husband, Woodrow Wilson, died. She continued to live in Washington. People liked her, and she became a respected figure in the high society of the capital. Some people say that she liked and admired younger men. She lived a long life and lived to see President John F. Kennedy's inaugural parade. She died on December 28, 1961, the 105th anniversary of her second husband's birth. At the time of her death, she was 89 years. This made her the seventh longest-lived First Lady after Bess Truman, Nancy Reagan, Lady Bird Johnson, Betty Ford, Barbara Bush and Rosalynn Carter, respectively.
References
Original text based on White House biography
1872 births
1961 deaths
Woodrow Wilson
First Ladies of the United States
People from Virginia |
32592 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20Harding | Florence Harding | Florence "Flossie" Mabel Kling Harding, previously DeWolfe (August 15, 1860 – November 21, 1924), wife of President Warren G. Harding, was the First Lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923.
Early life
Her birthplace is Marion, Ohio. Her birth name was Florence (Flossie) Mabel Kling. Her father’s name was Amos Kling. He was a rich and successful businessman. She was of German descent and French Huguenot ancestry. She did a course in music.
When she was 19 years old, she ran away from her home along with her childhood friend named Henry De Wolfe. No document is available to prove their legal marriage. But, the “common law” of Ohio covered such marriages. De Wolfe turned out to be a heavy drinker and he spent a lot of money. Florence bore a son to him. The son’s name was Marshall Eugene De Wolfe, also known as Marshall Eugene Kling. Soon after the birth of her son, she divorced De Wolfe in 1886. She returned to Marion, and started living there. She also started using her maiden name, that is, the name before her marriage. De Wolfe died when he was 35 years old.
She started to give piano lessons and started earning. However, her father did not like her daughter working and earning in this way. It was difficult for her to watch her son, and to give piano lessons. So she agreed to a proposal of his father. He gave her son to her parents to raise him. But, she continued to give piano lessons.
Charity (Chat) Harding was one of her students. She was the eldest sister of Warren G. Harding. Harding was the young publisher of the town’s only newspaper named Marion Daily Star. Now, this paper’s name is the Marion Star. Florence became closer to Warren G. Harding. The two married in 1891. The couple did not get any children of their own. But, Florence’s son Marshall Eugene De Wolfe sometimes lived with them.
Florence started to help her husband and his newspaper. Once she told: "I have only one real hobby - my husband." The newspaper’s circulation grew. Harding was also rising in politics of Ohio. He became a senator of the United States. In 1920, he won the US presidential elections.
The First Lady
When the Harding couple moved into the White House, she opened the grounds to the public. Earlier, due to the illness of President Woodrow Wilson the grounds and the mansion had been closed. In 1920, she suffered kidney problems. But, still she continued as an active First lady.
In the summer of 1923, the Harding couple started on their nationwide "Voyage of Understanding". During this journey, the President died in San Francisco, California in August 1923.
The later years
After the death of her husband, she tried to make a new life for her. She wanted to live in Washington for some time. However, her kidney problems increased. She returned to Marion for treatment and recovery. The treatment continued for months but could not save her life. She died on 21st November 1924.
She lies buried alongside her husband in the Harding Memorial in Marion, Ohio. Many historians think this be the most beautiful of Presidential Tombs in the United States.
References
Original text based on White House biography
Other websites
Florence Harding - National First Ladies' Library
Warren G. Harding
First Ladies of the United States
1860 births
1924 deaths |
32593 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Henry%20Hoover | Lou Henry Hoover | Louise "Lou" Henry Hoover (March 29, 1874 - January 7, 1944) was the wife of Herbert Hoover, the President of the United States. As the wife of the president, she acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1929 to 1933.
Early years
Her birthplace is Waterloo, Iowa. Her parents were Charles D. Henry and Florence. She spent her first ten years of her life at Iowa. Then, her father thought that the climate of southern California would be good for the health of Florence, his wife. The family came to live in Whittier, California. The place was later the childhood home of President Richard Nixon.
Her father, Charles Henry took her on camping trips. She became a very good horsewoman. She also hunted. She also developed interest for rocks, mineral, and mining.
She studied in two schools and got a certificate in teaching. Then she came to study at the Stanford University in 1894. She completed her course and became the first woman in Stanford's geology department. There she had met in a laboratory Herbert Hoover, her senior at the University.
Marriage & family
Lou and Herbert Hoover married in 1899. Once Herbert Hoover said that her blue eyes and broad grins had attracted him.
The newlywed couple went to China where her husband became famous as a mining engineer. He also worked in many other countries and places of the world: for examples, in places in Ceylon, Burma, Siberia, Australia, Egypt, Japan, and Europe.
She had two sons: Herbert Charles Hoover (August 4, 1903 - July 9, 1969) and Allan Hoover (July 17, 1907 - November 4, 1993).
Her husband, Herbert Hoover earned a lot of fame after the First World War. He became famous for his good work in managing emergency relief programs. She lived with him, but sometimes spent time with her two sons in California. In 1919, the couple started constructing a house at Palo Alto, California. By this time, her husband became United States Secretary of Commerce. The couple lived in Washington for eight years. She did well socially as a wife of the Cabinet Secretary. She also took an active role in the Girl Scouts of the USA. She also served as the president of the Girl Scouts of the USA.
The First Lady
In 1929, the Hoover couple came to live into the White House. Lou Henry Hoover had a long experience as wife of a famous man who had worked in the United States and in many foreign countries. She started her role as the First Lady. She was charming and dressed handsomely. She did it very well all through the term of her husband as the President. However, during this period, the Hoovers broke a tradition. On the New Year’s Day of 1933, they were away from the White House. Thus, they were not present to greet the public personally. Their absence ended the tradition of the President and the First Lady greeting the public on the New Year’s Day.
Retired life
In 1933, the Hoovers couple retired to Palo Alto. But, they also kept an apartment in New York. Mrs. Hoover died on 7th January 1944 at the age of 69. She died of a heart attack. After her death, Mr. Hoover came to know of many gifts given by his wife. She had helped many boys and girls to get education. Mr. Hoover described her as: "a symbol of everything wholesome in American life."
Now, their house in Palo Alto is the official residence of the President of Stanford University. The house is one of the National Historic Landmarks. Lou Henry Hoover Elementary School in Whittier (built in 1938) bears her name in her honor. Her statue stands at the place where her childhood home was at Waterloo, Iowa.
References
Anne Beiser Allen and Jon L. Wakelyn; An Independent Woman: The Life of Lou Henry Hoover Greenwood Press, 2000
Other websites
The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library-Museum
1874 births
1944 deaths
Herbert Hoover
First Ladies of the United States
People from Waterloo, Iowa |
32594 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor%20Roosevelt | Eleanor Roosevelt | Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (October 11, 1884 − November 7, 1962) was the longest-serving First Lady of the United States, holding the post from 1933 to 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt's four terms in office.
She was also a political leader in her own right. She supported the civil rights movement. After the death of her husband in 1945, she started her career, as an author, speaker and spokesperson for human rights. She became a new role model for First Lady. President Harry S. Truman called her the First Lady of the World, in honor of her many travels to help promote human rights.
Roosevelt received 35 honorary degrees during her life.
Early life
Background
Her birthplace is 56 West 37th Street, New York City, New York. Her parents were Elliott Roosevelt I and Anna Hall Roosevelt. Two brothers followed young Anna Roosevelt. The Roosevelt family was completed with the addition of Elliott Jr. (1889-1893) and Hall Roosevelt (1891-1941). She is a fifth-cousin, once removed of Franklin Roosevelt, who later became her husband.
She was a favorite niece of Theodore Roosevelt, one of the Presidents of the United States.
Her family was a descendant of Claes Martenszen van Rosenvelt. He had come to New Amsterdam, Manhattan from the Netherlands in the 1640s. His grandsons, Johannes and Jacobus, began two branches of the Roosevelt family. Descendants of Johannes were Roosevelt family of the Oyster Bay, New York. Descendants of Jacobus were Roosevelt family of Hyde Park, New York. Eleanor was a descendant of the Johannes branch. Her future husband, Franklin was descended from the Jacobus branch.
Theodore Roosevelt, one of the Presidents of the United States, was her uncle. He was like a father to Eleanor, the future First Lady. Anna Eleanor liked to use the name Eleanor, using her name as Anna Eleanor only in official papers and for signing bank checks. From her mother side, she was a descendent of William Livingston, a signer of the U.S. Constitution.
Childhood
Her parents died early. After this, her maternal grandmother, Marry Ludlow Hall (1843-1919) raised her. She spent her childhood in Tivoli, New York. Most of her mother’s family members tended to look down at her, perhaps because of her plain looks and six-foot tall frame. Even her Hyde Park Roosevelts, including her future mother-in-law, Sara Delano Roosevelt, would remark to her about the Manhattan Roosevelts: "we got all the looks and the money."
In recent times, allegations have surfaced that in her maternal grandmother’s home, she felt insecure. Many male members used to consume a lot of drinks. Once when she was visiting her aunt Bamie Roosevelt (sister of Theodore Roosevelt), she broke down and in tears exclaimed, "I have no real home."
Aunt Bamie was very helpful. She tried to find better educational opportunities for her. She arranged that Eleanor go to England for education, and Eleanor readily agreed.
Education
Eleanor received encouragement from Bamie Roosevelt, sister of Theodore Roosevelt, to get a good education. She went to London, and started her studies in a girls’ boarding school at Allenswood, outside London. She studied there from 1899 to 1902. Mademoiselle Marie Souvestre was her headmistress. Later Eleanor would recall that Souvestre was one of the three main persons to influence her life.
During summers, Eleanor visited Europe along with her headmistress, Souvestre. She also studied history, language and literature. She became interested in social justice, and her studies gave her knowledge and confidence to present her views on many issues. One of her great moments at her school at Allenswood was when she made the field hockey team. She was one of the favorite students of the school, and when she returned to the USA, the school missed her.
Eleanor and FDR
In 1902 Eleanor and Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) met when he was a student at Harvard. They dated and got engaged in November 1903. However, FDR’s mother was against their marriage. She even sent FDR on a long tour to delay the marriage, and change FDR’s mind. However, on St. Patrick’s Day (March 17, 1905) FDR and Eleanor married. President Theodore Roosevelt took the ceremonial role of giving the bride away. After the marriage, Eleanor’s mother-in-law, continued to advise (and perhaps interfere) in the young couple’s life.
After her husband’s death in 1945, Eleanor Roosevelt continued to live on the Hyde Park Estate in a stone cottage near the main house. The structure originated as a small furniture factory Val-Kill Industries, and was converted to a cottage used by Eleanor and her close friends. The cottage afforded Eleanor a level of privacy that she had wanted for many years, and she considered it her first true home. The cottage is now called the Eleanor Roosevelt Center and hosts many programs that continue her legacy.
First Lady
She started her role as the First Lady from 1933 with the beginning of her husband’s first term as the President of the United States. Eleanor was an active First Lady with her own ideology on many issues.
She supported the Civil Rights Movement and rights of the African-American. However, her husband needed the support of Democrats of southern states of the USA. Therefore, he was not vocal about the American Civil Rights Movement. Eleanor became his connection to the African-American population instead, helping Franklin Roosevelt to win a lot of votes.
In 1939, the African-American opera singer Marian Anderson was denied permission by the Daughters of the American Revolution to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington because of her race. Eleanor arranged for Anderson to perform on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, on Easter Sunday, to a live audience of 70,000. Millions of people also listened to the performance on the radio.
World War II
During the Second World War, Eleanor Roosevelt remained very active. Once she also co-chaired a committee on civil defense. She visited many places, both civilian and military, to boost war morale. She especially supported African Americans and women.
During the Second War, her husband, as the President of the United States, signed an order named Executive Order 9066. This order confined in special camps about 110,000 American citizens of Japanese descent. Eleanor opposed her husband's decision to sign this order.
For some period, she was earning $1,000 a week for advertising for the Pan-American Coffee Bureau. Eight foreign governments used to support and fund the Bureau. The US State Department tried to cancel the deal, but could not do so.
Postwar Politics
After the Second World War, she along with René Cassin, John Peters Humphrey and others, drafted a declaration for the United Nations: UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. She also served as the first chairman of the U.N. Human Rights Commission. On 10th December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the declaration. This made her very famous, and was a great achievement for her.
For about four decades, beginning from 1920s until her death in 1962, Eleanor continued her association with political matters. She opposed the Equal Rights Amendment. She thought that this amendment would prevent the US Congress from passing other rules for protection of women workers.
Roosevelt was an accomplished archer, and one of the first modern women to participate in the sport of bow hunting. She even wrote using a male name “Chuck Painton” about her hunting experiences in a popular hunting magazine of that time, Ye Sylvan Archer. One of Roosevelt's prized hunting trophies had adorned her husband library. It is now a part of the Community Forum Collection of the Smithsonian Institution.
The Catholic issue
In July 1949, her unsure attitude toward American Catholics caused a public debate with Francis Cardinal Spellman, the Catholic Archbishop of New York. Eleanor had written against certain proposals like funding of certain (nonreligious) activities, such as bus transportation for students, of Catholic schools. Spellman pointed out that the Supreme Court had recently upheld such provisions. He also accused her of anti-Catholicism. Most Democrats rallied behind Eleanor Roosevelt and supported her. Spellman came to Eleanor's Hyde Park home to bridge their differences.
In any case, Eleanor was never as popular among Catholics as her husband. They were also not happy at Eleanor’s support birth control movement. They had also resented her prewar (before the Second World War) sponsorship of the American Youth Congress, in which the Communists had been heavily represented, but Catholic youth groups were not represented.
New York and National politics
In 1954, Carmine DeSapio campaigned against Eleanor's son, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., during the New York Attorney General elections. Franklin (Jr.) lost. Eleanor held DeSapio responsible for her son's defeat. She became disgusted with the political conduct of DeSapio through the rest of 1950s. She, joined with her old friends like Herbert Lehman and Thomas Finletter, succeeded in removing DeSapio from power in 1961.
Eleanor Roosevelt was a close friend of Adlai Stevenson. She supported his candidacies in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections. She backed Stevenson once again in 1960 but John F. Kennedy received the presidential nomination.
In 1964, Eleanor Roosevelt helped in founding of the 2,800 acre Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island, New Brunswick. This followed a gift of the Roosevelt summer estate to the Canadian and American governments.
Family matters
Mother-in-law
Sara Delano Roosevelt was her mother-in-law. Even before Eleanor married FDR, she did not have a good relationship with Sara Delano. Biographers and historians still continue to discuss the issue and the reasons for their difficult relationship. However, in early years of her marriage, Eleanor valued suggestions from her mother-in-law until she herself could develop confidence in domestic matters.
Perhaps Sara wanted great success for her son, FDR, in all matters of life, including marriage. She had always given her affection to FDR to the extent of spoiling him. She even gave costly gifts to FDR and Eleanor’s children. Sometimes, Eleanor had problems, which came with such costly gifts of her mother-in-law.
Oyster Bay Roosevelts
Eleanor always enjoyed the good graces of her uncle Theodore Roosevelt, the main figure of the Oyster Bay Roosevelts. However, she found herself at odds with her cousin Alice Roosevelt. Alice was a daughter of Theodore Roosevelt. Uncle Theodore felt Eleanor's conduct more responsible, socially acceptable and cooperative than his own daughter Alice. Alice was beautiful and highly photogenic, but a rebellious person. Sometimes Theodore Roosevelt would tell her, "Why cannot you be more like 'cousin Eleanor'?" These experiences laid a lifelong unhappy relationship between two high profile cousins.
With the rise in the political career of FDR, relationships between Eleanor and Oyster Bay Roosevelts became worse. There were comments by "cousin Alice," such as her description of FDR as "two-thirds mush and one-third Eleanor". However, at FDR’s presidential inauguration in 1933, invitations went to Alice to attend along with her brothers Kermit Roosevelt and Archibald Roosevelt, with whom Eleanor was close.
Death
In 1961, all volumes of her autobiography were compiled into The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt. However, it will be printed some 45 years later.
Eleanor Roosevelt survived her husband by nearly 20 years. From 1919, she had suffered from bone marrow tuberculosis. It had recurred from time to time.
She died on the evening of November 7, 1962 at her apartment in Manhattan, New York City from tuberculosis. At the time of her death, she was 78 years old. She lies buried next to her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt in Hyde Park, New York. People liked her so much that a commemorative cartoon published at the time simply showed two angels looking down towards an opening in the clouds with the caption "She's here", since no introduction was needed and people could understand that “she” meant Eleanor Roosevelt.
Eleanor Roosevelt kept a lifelong strong loyalty with Theodore Roosevelt ("Uncle Ted"). Her belongings included her membership card for the Theodore Roosevelt Association.
In 1968 she received the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights. After her death, there was an unsuccessful move to award her Nobel Peace Prize.
Related pages
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
References
Further reading
Beasley, Maurine H., Holly C. Shulman, and Henry R. Beasley. The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia (2001)
Eleanor Roosevelt, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt, Da Capo Press ed., 1992, paperback, 439 pages, , dacapopress.com
Other websites
Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site
National First Ladies' Library
The Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute
Eleanor Roosevelt Biography from Biography.com
Ervk
1884 births
1962 deaths
American activists
American autobiographers
Deaths from tuberculosis
First Ladies of the United States
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Infectious disease deaths in New York
People from New York City
Roosevelt family |
32595 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamie%20Eisenhower | Mamie Eisenhower | Mary Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979) was the First Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961 as the wife of the 34th President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Early life
She was born in Boone, Iowa. Her father was John Sheldon Doud. He became very rich after earning much money in meatpacking industry. For sometime, Doud family lived in Pueblo, Colorado. Then the family settled Denver, Colorado. There Mamie and her three sisters grew in a big house. The family had many servants. Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants.
Marriage and family
In 1915, Mamie met Dwight D. Eisenhower. At that time, he was a young second lieutenant. On Valentine's Day in 1916 he gave her a ring as token of their engagement. On July 1, 1916, they married.
Their first son, Doud Dwight, was born in 1917. He died in 1921 of scarlet fever. A second son, John Eisenhower was born in 1922. He became an author, and also served as a U.S. ambassador to Belgium.
Their life was like any other family of army officers – moving from one place to another. Mamie once estimated that in 37 years, they shifted to at least 27 places. They lived in many places in the United States. They also lived near Panama Canal; in France; and in Philippines.
During the Second World War, “Ike” continued to rise in the army. She lived in Washington DC. After the Second World War, her husband became president of the Colombia University. They bought a farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the first home they had ever bought. Before becoming President of the United States, her husband also served as the commander of the of North Atlantic Treaty Organization
The First Lady
Mamie Eisenhower was the First Lady for eight years, from 1953 to 1961. She was a popular First Lady. She was a charming lady. She wore pretty dresses and jewelry. Many leaders from different countries came to the White House. They received a very good welcome.
Her recipe for "Mamie's million dollar fudge" was cooked by homemakers all over the country after it was printed in the news.
Later life
After retirement of her husband as the President of the United States, Mamie and her husband returned to Gettysburg. They lived there eight years retirement together. In 1969, her husband died. Mamie continued to live on the farm. She died on 1st November 1979. At the time of her death she was 82 years old. Her grave lies by the side of her husband’s grave in a small chapel. The chapel is a part of the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas.
Popular culture
A park in southeast Denver, Colorado bears her name.
References
1896 births
1979 deaths
Dwight D. Eisenhower
First Ladies of the United States
People from Pueblo, Colorado
People from Iowa |
32596 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Bird%20Johnson | Lady Bird Johnson | Claudia Alta Taylor Johnson (December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007) was an American socialite who had served as First Lady of the United States from 1963 to 1969 as the wife of the 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson. She had also served as Second Lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963 when her husband was and served as the 37th Vice President under John F. Kennedy.
Early life
Johnson was born Claudia Alta Taylor in Karnack, Texas. Her parents were Minnie Patillo-Taylor (1868-1918) and T.J. Taylor. There is a story about her nickname, Lady Bird. Once a nursemaid said about her, "She's as purty as a ladybird.” This nickname continued, and people called her "Lady Bird." Some speculate that the nursemaid was referring to a "ladybug," which is also known as a "ladybird," when she gave Johnson this nickname. Johnson was of Danish, English, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry.
She completed her schooling from Marshall Senior High School in Marshall, Texas. After schooling, she studied journalism and art at the University of Texas at Austin.
The marriage
On November 17, 1934, she married Lyndon Baines Johnson in San Antonio, Texas. They had two daughters. The names of her daughters are Lynda Bird Johnson and Luci Baines Johnson.
When she was a child, she developed love for the nature. Because of her efforts, the government of Texas agreed to plant wildflowers on the sides of the roads in Texas.
The First Lady
In 1963, a person shot John F. Kennedy, the President of the United States. Kennedy died after he was shot. At that time, Lady Bird Johnson’s husband, Lyndon B. Johnson, was the Vice President of the United States. Johnson became the President of the United States. Along with this, Lady Bird Johnson became the First Lady. She continued as the First Lady until 1969 till her husband retired as the President.
She was an active First Lady. She was the first First Lady to have a press secretary. Liz Carpenter, her fellow from the University of Texas, served as Lady Bird’s press secretary from 1963 until 1969. Carpenter also served as Lady Bird’s staff director.
As the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson used her influence to achieve some new things for the society. Two important things were:
She started a beautification program for Washington D.C., the capital city. The program aimed to improve the condition in the capital for the people who lived there, as also for the people who visited the capital. Based on this, many other states of the United States started similar programs for their capital cities.
The US Congress passed the Highway Beautification Act in 1965. This Act (that is a law) restricted roadside advertisements. It also gave rules for planting flowers and plants on sides of the roads. All these made the highways more beautiful.
Later life
Even after retiring as the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson continued to live an active life. She gave her time to programs that were for nature. She founded a non-profit organization. The name of the organization is Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. The Center develops native plants of Americas and uses the same for cleaning up areas.
During 1970s, 1980s, and the early 1990s, Lady Bird Johnson was the most active presidential widow. During these years, Jacqueline Kennedy did not attend many functions, as she wanted to protect her privacy. However, with growing age, Lady Bird Johnson’s health became weak. She suffered two strokes: first one in August 1993, and the second one in May 2002. Her eyesight failed, and she could not speak. In February 2006, her daughter Lynda Johnson Robb informed people that her mother is now totally blind and that she "is not in very good health". Mrs. Robb said that she and her sister Luci Johnson Nugent still read to their mother and talk to her.
She was the only living Presidential widow from May 19, 1994 to June 5, 2004. This was the period between the death of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and the day when Nancy Reagan was widowed. Lady Bird Johnson died on July 11, 2007. Lady Bird Johnson was 94 years old. She was the oldest First Lady alive until her death. She had even outlived Pat Nixon, who was First Lady after Johnson. Only one First Lady had lived longer: Bess Truman. Bess Truman had lived up to 97 years of age. Lady Bird Johnson, Bess Truman, Nancy Reagan, Rosalynn Carter (still living), and Betty Ford are the only five First Ladies to have lived over 90 years or more. The United States Secret Service continued to protect her until she died.
In culture
Many places and characters are named after Lady Bird Johnson:
There is a park in Washington, D.C. named Lady Bird Johnson Park.
There is a center in Austin, Texas named the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
There is a lake in Austin, Texas named Lady Bird Lake.
Hank Hill from King of the Hill once said that he named his dog, Lady Bird, after Lady Bird Johnson.
References
Other websites
Lady Bird Johnson: PBS Documentary
1912 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
Lyndon B. Johnson |
32597 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Nixon | Pat Nixon | Patricia Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was an American teacher who had served as First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974 as the wife of the 37th President of the United States, Richard Nixon. She had also served as Second Lady of the United States 1953 to 1961 when her husband was 36th Vice President under Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Early life
Her birthplace was Ely, Nevada. Her birth name was Thelma Catherine Ryan. Her father’s name was William M. Ryan. Her mother’s name was Katherine "Kate" Halberstadt Ryan. Her ancestors from her father’s side were from Ireland. Her ancestors from her mother’s side were from Germany. Her mother was born in 1879 near Frankfurt, Germany.
Their family was not Catholic. But her father had got baptized as a Catholic, and perhaps returned to it shortly before her death. After her birth, her family moved near Los Angeles, California. They settled on a small truck farm in the city of Dairy Valley. Presently, the name of this place is Cerritos, California.
When Thelma grew and entered college, she legally changed her name to Patricia.
Pat's mother died in 1925. At that time, Pat was only 13 years old. She took over all the household duties for her father and two older brothers. In 1930, after months of illness, her father also died. At that time, Pat was only 18 years old.
During all these years, she worked on the family farm. She also worked in a local bank as a cleaner and bookkeeper.
Early career
In 1929, she graduated from Excelsior High School. For some time, she attended Fullerton Junior College. She worked in many jobs. Some of the jobs were the job of a driver, a X-ray technician, a pharmacy manager and a typist.
She had a will to continue her education. She studied at the University of Southern California. During her studies in the University, she did part-time jobs on campus. She also worked as a sales clerk in a fashionable department store and as an extra in the film industry. She can be seen in a brief walk-on in the 1935 movie Becky Sharp. Pat's efforts became successful. She graduated from the University of Southern California cum laude in 1937.
Patricia worked as a high school teacher in Whittier, California. Later, during World War II, she worked as a government economist.
Many persons have said about her: "Few, if any First Ladies worked as consistently before their marriage as did Pat Nixon." Once she had herself said: "I do or I die, but I never cancel out".
Marriage and family
In Whittier, Pat Ryan met a young lawyer named Richard Nixon. He had just graduated from Duke University. The two became known to each other at an acting group. They also acted together in a play. They became closer and married on 21st June 1940 at in Riverside, California.
Richard Nixon served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. After the war, in 1946 Richard Nixon entered politics. He successfully ran for the Congress of the United States.
In 1946, she gave birth to a daughter Tricia Nixon Cox, called Tricia. In 1948, she gave birth to her second baby, Julie Nixon Eisenhower. The Nixon couple gave a lot of time and all the affection to their daughters despite official and other engagements.
Her husband, Richard Nixon rose very fast during next six years. He became a member of the United States House of Representatives, then a member of the United States Senate. Thereafter, he became the Vice President of the United States while Dwight D. Eisenhower became the President of the United States.
Pat went abroad along with her husband when he was the Vice President. On a trip to Venezuela, some people threw stones at their car and spat on the car.
First Lady
The Nixon couple came to the White House in 1969. They started a tradition of inviting families to Sunday church services in the East Room of the White House. The President later discontinued these services due to concerns over the separation of Church and State. In short, separation of Church and the State says that religion and the government should remain separate from each other.
As the First Lady, she herself answered all her letters. Like Jacqueline Kennedy, she had an interest in adding artifacts to the White House. Her efforts brought about 600 paintings and furnishings into the White House Collection. Mrs. Nixon also arranged for a series of performances by artists at the White House. Among the guests were The Carpenters in 1972.
Pat Nixon went along with her husband to several other countries. Most important of such visits were to the People's Republic of China in 1972 and the summit meetings in the Soviet Union.
She went to Peru with materials to help the victims of an earthquake. She also went to Africa and South America as the Personal Representative of the president of the United States.
Pat Nixon had several other personal interests. She was an avid fan of soap operas, and 'Search for Tomorrow' was her favorite.
In August 1974, her husband resigned as the President of the United States. People say that while her husband was making his resignation speech, Mrs. Nixon was packing their things for moving out of the White House. They left the White House on 9th August 1974. They shifted to San Clemente, California to live.
Later life
Her husband resigned as the President of the United States. With this, her public and social life ended. She did not appear in public often. She was a lifelong heavy smoker in private. Her heath became very weak. In 1976, and again in 1982, she suffered a stroke. Richard Nixon said that she read a book about Watergate and became so upset that she had a stroke the next day. She also got mouth cancer and problems in her spinal cord. In December 1992, when she was in a hospital with emphysema, physicians found that she also had lung cancer.
She died of lung cancer at 5:45 am on June 22, 1993 at age 81. Her husband and daughters were by her side. Her husband died about ten months later. She and President Nixon lie buried at the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California. Her epitaph reads: "Even when people cannot speak your language, they can tell if you have love in your heart".
References
White House biography
First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon
Other websites
Richard Nixon's Tribute to His Beloved Pat
Pat Nixon's Gravesite
1912 births
1993 deaths
Cancer deaths in New Jersey
Deaths from emphysema
Deaths from lung cancer
Extras
First Ladies of the United States
Writers from Nevada
Writers from New Jersey
Writers from California
People from Park Ridge, New Jersey
Richard Nixon
Second Ladies of the United States |
32598 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Reagan | Nancy Reagan | Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921 – March 6, 2016) was an American actress who had served as First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989 as the wife of the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan. She had also served as First Lady of California from 1967 to 1975 when her husband was Governor of California.
Reagan was born in Manhattan, New York City. Her parents divorced soon after her birth. She grew up in Maryland. In Maryland, she lived with an aunt and uncle while her mother looked for acting jobs. She was an actress in Hollywood during the 1940s and 1950s. She starred in movies such as, Donovan's Brain, Night Into Morning and Hellcats of the Navy.
In 1952, she married Ronald Reagan who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild. They had two children, Ron and Patti. Reagan was the First Lady of California when her husband was Governor from 1967 to 1975. She became part of the Foster Grandparents Program.
Nancy Reagan became First Lady of the United States in January 1981 after her husband's election. She was criticized in his first term due to her decision to replace the White House china. Her interest in high-end fashion had much attention and criticism. She created the anti-drug campaign, "Just Say No" during her husband's presidency.
She always protected her husband and controversy occurred when it was revealed in 1988 that she had hired an astrologer to assist in planning the president's schedule after the 1981 assassination attempt on her husband. She had a strong influence on her husband. She played a role in a few of his personnel and diplomatic decisions.
The Reagans left the White House in 1989. Nancy devoted most of her time to caring for her ill husband who was diagnosed in 1994 with Alzheimer's disease until his death in 2004. Nancy Reagan remained active within the Reagan Library and in politics. Until her death, Reagan supported and advocated stem cell research.
Early life
She was born at Sloane Hospital for Women in Manhattan, New York City. Her birthname was Anne Frances Robbins. The names of her parents were Kenneth Seymour Robbins and Edith Luckett. Edith Luckett was an actress. When Nancy was six years old, her mother married Dr. Loyal Davis. Dr. Loyal Davis was a neurosurgeon. Dr. Davis adopted Nancy as his daughter when she was 16 years old. She changed her name to Nancy Davis because of this. She spent her childhood in Chicago, Illinois. She was also goddaughter of Russian-born silent movie star Alla Nazimova. Nancy studied at Girls' Latin School and at Smith College in Massachusetts. From Smith College, she was good in theater.
Actress
After her graduation, she became an actress. She acted in many plays and movies. One of them was the hit musical Lute Song. She became famous as Nancy Davis. She had roles in eleven movies from 1949 to 1956. In a movie named Hellcats of the Navy (1957), she played a role. In the movie she co-starred along with her husband Ronald Reagan. Her last movie was 1958's Crash Landing. After this, she appeared in television dramas until 1962. After 1962, she retired as an actress.
Marriage and family
She met Ronald Reagan in 1951. At that time Reagan was the president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG). Another actress with the same name (of Nancy) had appeared in a Hollywood blacklist. This name confusion had created problems for Nancy. Anyone with his or her name in the Hollywood blacklist was unable to get any work in any movie. As she would not get any roles due to the name in the Hollywood blacklist, she met Reagan to clear this issue. Over a period of time, they came closer to each other. They married on March 4, 1952 in Los Angeles, California. Nancy once remembered: "My life really began when I married my husband."
The Reagans had two children. She gave birth to a daughter Patti Davis on October 21, 1952, seven months after the couple's wedding. She gave birth to a son named Ron Reagan on May 20, 1958. Nancy Reagan is also stepmother to Michael Reagan and the late Maureen Reagan. Michael and Maureen were the children of Ronald Reagan's first marriage to actress Jane Wyman.
California First Lady
Ronald Reagan was governor of California for two terms, from 1967 to 1975. During this period, Nancy Reagan was the First Lady of California.
The officials of the fire department had described official residence of the Governor in Sacramento, California as a “firetrap”. She then made Reagan and the whole family move to a wealthy suburb. Some people thought moving the governor's mansion was a bad idea.
She was very active as the First lady of California. She visited war veterans, the elderly people, and the handicapped people. She also worked with many groups working for charity. One such program was the Foster Grandparent Program. She continued her part with the Foster grandparent program when she came to Washington, D.C. as the First Lady of the United States.
The First Lady
When Ronald Reagan became President of the United States in 1981, Nancy Reagan began her role actively as the First Lady.
In her early years as the First Lady, a private foundation purchased new dishware for the White House. The cost was $200,000. This attracted bad publicity, as the US economy was facing recession at that time. She also used expensive fashion. This also attracted bad publicity sometimes. However, once in 1982 at Gridiron Club, she dressed in ragged clothes and sang "Second-Hand Rose". This made Nancy more popular.
Nancy Reagan took close interest in the affairs of the White House. Some people believe that she helped her husband make major decisions at the White House. People also remember her for conservative fashions. Her fashion was copied by many women of her time. She was also against use of drugs by young persons.
She also became interested in astrology as the First Lady. She used the services of Joan Quigley who was an astrologer. In 1981, her husband faced an assassination attempt. This made Nancy rely on astrology. She tried to influence appointments and movements of her husband based on astrology. At that time the White House Chief of Staff was Donald Regan. He did not find this very useful. There was a struggle between Donald Regan and the First Lady. Donald Regan resigned in 1987 because of this.
In October 1987, physicians found that Nancy Reagan had breast cancer. She underwent an operation, mastectomy.
Television appearances
In 1983 Reagan, Henry Kissinger (former Secretary of State) and philanthropists Barbara and Marvin Davis, appeared in an episode of the very popular soap opera Dynasty (TV series). In addition, Reagan appeared as herself in an episode of the popular sitcom Diff'rent Strokes. She appeared on Diff'rent Strokes for her support for her "Just Say No" anti-drug campaign which she created.
Later life
Nancy Reagan lived in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California.
In 1991, Kitty Kelley wrote a book about her. The book’s name is Nancy Reagan: The Unauthorized Biography. The book became very famous and sold many copies. The book gives certain details like the former First Lady's association with astrology. It also talked about her White House meetings with Frank Sinatra.
She spent much of her time caring for her husband who was suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Ronald Reagan died in their Bel Air home on June 5, 2004. She asked President George W. Bush to support research in the hopes that such research would lead to a cure for Alzheimer's disease.
In 2004, Bob Colacello wrote a book "Ronnie and Nancy: Their Path to the White House, 1911-1980", published by Warner Books.
In 2005 she had gone to London to visit Margaret Thatcher and Charles, Prince of Wales. There she slipped in her hotel room and had to undergo treatment in a hospital.
Following her husband's diagnosis and death, Nancy became a stem-cell research advocate. She urged Congress and President George W. Bush to support federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. President Bush opposed the idea. In 2009, she praised President Barack Obama for lifting restrictions on such research. Mrs. Reagan has said that she believes that it could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's.
Death
Reagan died on March 6, 2016 in her home in Bel Air, Los Angeles. She died of congestive heart failure. Reagan was aged 94. She was buried next to her husband at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library on March 11.
In popular culture
She is played by Jane Fonda in the 2013 movie The Butler. Alan Rickman plays her husband Ronald.
Mission of Burma's 2006 album, The Obliterati, has a song named "Nancy Reagan's Head". The song has this line: "I'm haunted by the freakish size of Nancy Reagan's head / no way that thing came with that body."
Sun City Girls is a group of singers. In 1987 they released an album, Horse Cock Phepner. The album had a song named "Nancy Reagan".
References
Other websites
White House profile
1921 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Chicago
Actors from New York City
American activists
American movie actors
American philanthropists
Breast cancer survivors
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Deaths from congestive heart failure
First Ladies of the United States
Reagan family |
32599 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture | Furniture | Furniture is the word that means all the things like chairs, tables, cupboards, beds and bookcases, etc.
In other words, furniture are all the things that are in the house and that people can use to sit, to lie on or that are supposed to contain smaller things like cloths or cups. Furniture is made of wood, particle boards, leather, screws etc.
Different rooms have different furniture for different purposes. Offices have office furniture such as desks and office chairs. Dining rooms have a table and dining chairs. Theaters and classrooms have rows of seats facing forward.
Bedroom furniture includes a bed covered by sheets, a bedspread and maybe a blanket and pillow . Next to the bed is the nightstand or night table. A lamp may be on the nightstand. The dresser has drawers for clothes. On top of a dresser may be a mirror.
Etymology
The word furniture comes from the French fourniture, which means equipment. In most other European languages, however, the corresponding word (German Möbel, French meuble, Spanish mueble, Italian mobile) is derived from the Latin adjective mobilis, meaning movable.
History
The concept of furniture first developed as early as 3100-2500 B.C. The first items created for household use were made of stone, as wood was not readily available during the Neolithic time period. Dressers, cupboards and beds were amongst the first forms of furniture. The dresser was said to be the most important piece of furniture in the beginning, as they faced the entrance of each house in Neolithic society and often displayed carved artwork of symbolic objects. Over the years, especially in modern years, the concept of functional furniture in households exploded while keeping the artwork aspect that was displayed in the Neolithic period. This has made way for pieces in our culture that are both functional to our everyday lives but also a form of artwork that are pleasant to look at. The basic design of most furniture has remained the same for the most part though material and stability has become stronger and longer lasting with more of a focus on comfort and luxury in our modern lives.
Related pages
Cabinet making
References
Furniture |
32601 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm | Rhythm | Rhythm refers to the length of time between each major "beat", or accent, such as in a piece of music. It is the sequence of sounds and silences which make up the rhythm. The first beat of a group of regular, evenly spaced beats usually feels stronger than the others. When we write music down, we put each group in bars (or “measures”).
Rhythms can have different patterns which can be clapped or tapped. In Western music, these patterns are common:
1 2, 1 2
1 2 3, 1 2 3
1 2 3 4, 1 2 3 4.
A conductor will beat time. The rhythm will fit in to this regular beat.
All musicians have to have a good sense of rhythm. To play or sing rhythmically they must keep a steady beat in their head (if playing alone), listen to the others players (if playing in groups) or watch the conductor (if there is one).
People who are playing on their own can practise with a metronome to help them to play to a steady beat. However, musicians also use rubato (rhythmic freedom), especially when playing music of a romantic nature. One has to learn to let the music “breathe” in the right way. This is not the same as playing unrhythmically (badly). It is something one learns with experience.
Feeling the rhythm in music is basically human. A person who has a stroke may lose language, but not the sense of rhythm. Neurologist Oliver Sacks says that chimpanzees and other animals do not have a sense of rhythm.
Other uses
The word rhythm is used in other topics than music. The heart usually beats rhythmically, and when it does not, that is a sign of a health problem. Rhythms may be about much longer time periods than a bar of music. Everything living is rhythmic relating to the 24-hour light-dark cycle on earth. The moon has its rhythms and the tides have theirs.
Sometimes the word rhythm is used in a more general sense to mean the general flow of music or of life in general ("the rhythm of life").
Notes
Basic English 850 words
Music theory |
32617 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary | Necessary | If something is necessary, it is very important, otherwise something will be impossible, or it will not work as it should do. The opposite is unnecessary.
To travel from Europe to America it is necessary to cross the ocean.
A car is necessary for my work. I can not do my work without a car.
There is no need to do that. It is quite unnecessary.
Something that is necessary is a necessity.
The "bare necessities of life" are things like food, clothes and shelter (things you need to keep alive).
Basic English 850 words |
32618 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance | Inheritance | Inheritance is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, and duties when someone dies. Those things usually go to family members. People have had laws about inheritance for thousands of years. Often the question is settled in a will.
If only sons and other male family members get the inheritance, it is called patrilineal succession. If only daughters and other female family members get the inheritance, it is called matrilineal succession.
Cultural inheritance is called legacy. Genetic inheritance is called heredity.
The person who gets the property and other things when someone dies is called the heir (male) or heiress (female).
Death customs
Property |
32619 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant | Consonant | All the letters in the alphabet are either consonants or vowels. A consonant is a speech sound in which the air is at least partly blocked, and any letter which represents this. Consonants may come singily (by themselves) or in clusters (two or more together), but must be connected to a vowel to form a syllable.
Notice that the consonant (C) and vowel (V) notation does not match the letters of English spelling in a one-to-one relationship (e.g. 'th' is one sound), but rather individual sounds.
Words with single consonants include:
Go (CV), which has one consonant and one vowel in that order
On (VC), which has one vowel and one consonant in that order
Ton (CVC), which has a consonant, a vowel, and another consonant in that order
Words with consonant clusters include:
Pro (CCV), which has two consonants in-a-row and one vowel afterwards
Old (VCC), which has one vowel and two consonants in-a-row afterwards
Spree (CCCV), which has three consonants in-a-row and one vowel afterwards
Arcs (VCCC), which has one vowel and three consonants in-a-row afterwards
Strengths (CCCVCCCCC), which has three consonants in-a-row, one vowel afterwards, and finally five consonants in a row
Consonants have friction when they are spoken, mostly using the position of the tongue against the lips, teeth and roof of the mouth. b and p are plosives, using the lips to produce a tiny sharp sound. Phonetics texts give more details, with diagrams. Consonants may be voiced or unvoiced. The th in the is voiced, but in breath is not.
There are 21 consonant letters in English, for 24 consonant sounds in most English accents.p242 Because of the history of the English language, there is no neat one-to-one relationship between letter and sound. th and ch each stand for a single sound, and x in fox stands for two sounds (ks). All these letters are consonants:
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, (sometimes Y), and Z. "Y" is often used as a consonant, but it is sometimes used as a vowel. For example, in the word yellow, y is a consonant. But in the word happy, y is a vowel.
The rest of the letters of the alphabet are called vowels. Vowels are underdone, for there are about 20 vowel sounds in most English accents.p237 The vowels are:
A, E, I, O, U (and sometimes Y)
References
Consonants |
32620 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel | Vowel | A vowel is a particular kind of speech sound made by changing the shape of the upper vocal tract, or the area in the mouth above the tongue. In English it is important to know that there is a difference between a vowel sound and a [letter] in the [alphabet]. In English there are five vowel letters in the alphabet.
The sounds of American English are written with letters in the English alphabet, as either vowels or consonants. All English words are written with vowel letters in them.
These letters are vowels in English:
A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes Y.
It is said that Y is "sometimes" a vowel, because the letter Y represents both vowel and consonant sounds. In the words cry, sky, fly, my and why, letter Y represents the vowel sound /aɪ/. In words like myth and synchronize, Y represents the vowel sound /ɪ/. In words like only, quickly, and folly, Y represents the vowel sound /i/.
It can also be a consonant sound called a glide as in the beginning of these words: yellow, yacht, yam, yesterday. Y is a consonant about 2.5% of the time, and a vowel about 97.5% of the time.
The letter W can sometimes be the second part of a vowel sound as in words like such as cow, bow, or how. In these words the vowel has the sound of /aʊ/. The letter W can be used as a consonant sound at the beginning of in the words when, where, wet. In some languages, like Welsh, the letter W represents the vowel sound /ʊ/, like cwm (a kind of valley).
In written English the six vowel letters are used to represent the 13-15 vowel sounds (depending on the variety) in English. This means there are many more vowel sounds than letters in the English alphabet, and the English spelling systems doesn't always help us figure out what the English sounds are. This can be confusing.
The rest of the letters of the alphabet are consonants:
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, and Z.
Monophthongs and diphthongs
Simple vowels are called monophthongs. The letters, like /ɪ/, are the IPA letters for each vowel sound in English. (The IPA is the International Phonetic Alphabet). In the IPA, each symbol represents a different sound, so using the IPA is helpful in pronouncing words.
Common monophthongs in English (these are for General American English) include:
/i/ as in police, feet, eat, and silly
/ɪ/ as in it, sit, kick, myth and bitter
/ɛ/ as in end, bet, less, and letter
/æ/ as in at, apple, fat, and matter
/u/ as in cool, tune, soup, and kung fu,
/ʊ/ as in cook, should, pudding, foot, and rook
/ʌ/ as in bus, blood, come, and up
/ə/ as in kingdom, photography, philosophy, ketchup, and hundred
/ɚ/ as in butter, collar, flavor, firm, and burst
/ɔ/ as in all, fought, hot, and bot
/ɑ/ as in father, walk, arm, heart, wasp, lager, envelope and aardvark
Diphthongs are a combination of two different vowel sounds, one vowel sounds turns into another sound as you say them. If you pronounce the words below slowly, you can hear the two vowel sounds of the diphthongs.
Common diphthongs in English include:
/eɪ/ as in ate, reign, vain, flavor, slay, and convey
/oʊ/ as in toe, row, go, boat, mode, and chateau
/aɪ/ as in eye, I, pie, cry, cypher, climb, lime, light, kayak, Thai, and height
/aʊ/ as in loud, house, cow, about, Daoism, and Macau
/oɪ/ as in boy, moist, and Freud
Like other languages, there are many dialects of English, and different dialects often use different vowel sounds. But the IPA symbols can tell us which vowel sound a dialects uses. For example, some American English speakers differentiate between the vowels in the words cot and caught, while in other dialects these words are homophones. People who study the differences between the dialects of English often study the different way vowel sounds are pronounced.
The difference between the way English is spelled and the way the words are pronounced came about because all languages change, so spoken English changes, but the spelling system does not.
The study of speech sounds is called phonetics.
Related pages
Orthography
Dialect
Diphthong
References
Linguistics |
32627 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C.%20United%20of%20Manchester | F.C. United of Manchester | FC United are an English football team. They are from Manchester and were formed in 2005 by fans when Malcolm Glazer bought Manchester United.
FC United of Manchester play their home matches at Broadhurst Park, Moston, Manchester. They play in the National League North. They have a First team, Reserve team, Under-18s team, and Women's team.
Other websites
FC United of Manchester official website
FC United
2005 establishments in England |
32628 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronome | Metronome | A metronome is a small device that can be used by people who are practising instruments to help them to play in time. It is also something a composer can use to show the performer what speed to play.
A traditional metronome works by clockwork. It has a pendulum which makes a loud tick as it goes to and fro, like the pendulum of a grandfather clock. It has to be wound up after a few minutes of ticking. There is a weight on the pendulum which can be slid up or down and set to a particular speed. There are numbers on the metronome to which you can set it. These numbers mean the number of ticks per minutes. A speed of 60 will make it tick 60 times a minute (i.e. every second). The numbers usually go from 40 (slow) to 208 (very fast). Nowadays many people use electronic metronomes. These are very accurate, do not need to be wound and often have other helpful things like an A to tune to (see musical tuning). Some of them are hardly bigger than a credit card.
The metronome was invented by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel in Amsterdam in 1812. A man called Johann Maelzel copied Winkel’s ideas and improved them. He made a small, portable metronome which was patented in 1816.
The metronome made it possible for a composer to show the performer what speed he wanted. If the composer writes at the top of his music: Crotchet (quarter note) = 76, for example, then the metronome can be set at 76 and it will tick at the right speed for that piece of music. Sometimes they write "MM76". The "MM" stands for "Maelzel's Metronome". Beethoven was the first composer to use metronome markings, but he often gave very fast speed indications, and some people wonder whether he made mistakes or whether his metronome worked properly.
Related pages
Beat (music)
Rhythm
References
Other websites
Metronome on-line that simulates real device
Music |
32635 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck | Lübeck | Lübeck (Low German: Lübęk, Lübeek; adjective: lübsch, lübisch, at the latest since the 19th century also Lübeck, Latin: Lubeca) is a city in the North of Germany, in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.
It has about 210,000 inhabitants and a university.
The city's full name is Hansestadt Lübeck (Hanseatic city of Lubeck) in memory of its history. It was an important part in the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period. As the Free City of Lübeck, the city was a state of the Weimar Republic. Other Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.
The most famous citizen is the author Günter Grass. He won the Nobel Prize for literature.
Luebeck has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
References
Former states in Germany
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
Imperial free cities |
32636 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar | Weimar | Weimar is a city in the middle of Germany, in the state of Thuringia.
It has about 60,000 inhabitants and a university.
Most famous citizens in the past were the German poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller.
The city is well known for the Weimar Republic, too. It was founded in Weimar in 1919.
References
Cities in Thuringia
Urban Districts of Thuringia
Weimar Republic |
32637 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg | Augsburg | Augsburg ( , , ; ) is a city in the South of Germany, in the state of Bavaria. It has about 272,000 inhabitants and a university. It was founded in the Roman age. In the time of Renaissance (after the Middle Ages) a family of bankers, the Fuggers, became very rich and powerful in Augsburg.
The Protestant Augsburg Confession was made in 1530.
In 1555, a peace agreement called The Peace of Augsburg between Catholics and Protestants was signed in Augsburg.
Augsburg has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).
References
Other websites |
32638 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster | Münster | Münster (Münster dialect: Mönster, Dutch: Munster, Frisian: Múnster, Old Saxon: Mimigernaford, Latin: Monasterium) is the historical capital of Westphalia and belongs now to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It has about 270,000 inhabitants, an airport and a university.
Münster was very powerful in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
The Westphalian Peace was signed in Münster.
References |
32640 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg | Nuremberg | Nuremberg (/ˈnjʊərəmbɜːrɡ/ NEWR-əm-burg; [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk]; East Franconian: Närmberch [ˈnɛrmbɛrç]) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in Middle Franconia. It is on the river Pegnitz and the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal and is Franconia's largest city. It is about north of Munich, at 49.27° N 11.5° E. As of June 2017, there were 530,771 people.
History
Middle Ages
From 1050 to 1571, the city became very important because it was on key trade routes. Many of the parliaments of the Holy Roman Empire (called the Reichstage) met at Nuremberg Castle. The Diets of Nuremberg were an important part of the administrative structure of the empire. In 1219, Nuremberg became an Imperial Free City under Emperor Frederick II. This meant it was ruled by the Emperor, not one of the local lords or princes. It also meant that Nuremberg had a seat in the Imperial Parliament.
In 1298 there was a big . Nearly 700 Jews were killed. The Jews lived near the river, and by getting rid of the Jews the northern and southern parts of the city could be linked together. This area is now the place of the City Market, Frauenkirche and Rathaus (City Hall).
Early modern age
In 1532, the Peace of Nuremberg, gave Lutherans important concessions. In 1632 during the Thirty Years' War, the Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein besieged King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in the Siege of Nuremberg. The city became less important after this war, and only recovered in the nineteenth century, when it grew as an industrial centre.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century Nuremberg was practically bankrupt. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, and Nuremberg became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, and Bavaria took over the city's debts. The first German railway, from Nuremberg to nearby Fürth, was opened in 1835.
Nazi period
Nuremberg was very important during the Nazi Germany period. The Nazi Party held huge Nazi Party conventions – the Nuremberg rallies in the city.
The rallies were held every year from 1927 to 1938 in Nuremberg. After Hitler's rise to power in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge state propaganda events, and a centre of anti-Semitism and other Nazi ideas. At one rally, Hitler passed the anti-Semitic (anti Jewish) Nuremberg Laws which took German citizenship away from all Jews. A number of buildings were built for the rallies, some of which were not finished.
Today many examples of Nazi architecture can still be seen in the city. The city was also the home of the Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher, the publisher of Der Stürmer.
During World War II, Nuremberg was the headquarters of Wehrkreis (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including airplanes, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp was here. A lot of the factories used slave labour.
The city was badly damaged in bombing World War II, especially between 1943 and 1945. On January 2, 1945, the medieval city centre was bombed by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Air Force and about ninety percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 left homeless. In February 1945, more attacks followed. In total, about 6000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids. Despite this, the city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent, restored to its pre-war appearance including the reconstruction of some of its medieval buildings.
Between 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in the Holocaust and other war crimes were taken in front of the International Military Tribunal in the Nuremberg Trials. The Soviet Union had wanted the trials to take place in Berlin, but Nuremberg was chosen as the site for the trials for specific reasons:
It was in the American occupation zone
The Nuremberg Palace of Justice was big and only damaged a little by the Allied bombing of Germany). A large prison was also part of the complex.
The city had been the location of the Nazi party's Nuremberg rallies, so there was symbolic value in having the trials to prosecute Nazism there.
As a compromise, Berlin was the permanent seat of the International Military Tribunal and that the first trial (several were planned) would take place in Nuremberg. Because of the Cold War, there were no subsequent trials.
The same courtroom in Nuremberg was the venue of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, organised by the United States as occupying power in the area.
Economy
Nuremberg city has 501,000 people. As of 2005, the urban area had 763,000 people (about 822,000 people as of 2008). Nuremberg metropolitan area has 1,205,000 people. Nuremberg is still associated with gingerbread (Lebkuchen) products, sausages, and handmade toys. The first pocket watches, called Nuremberg eggs, were made there in the sixteenth century. In the nineteenth century Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of Bavaria with companies such as Siemens and MAN.
Things made in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, and printed materials.
Siemens is still the largest industrial employer in the Nuremberg region but a third of German market research agencies is also in the city.
The Nuremberg International Toy Fair is the largest of its kind in the world. The city also hosts several specialist hi-tech fairs every year, attracting experts from every corner of the glob
Culture
Nuremberg was an early center of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention.
The city contributed much to the science of astronomy. In 1471 Johannes Mueller of Königsberg (Bavaria), later called Regiomontanus, built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts. In 1515, Albrecht Dürer, a native of Nuremberg, mapped the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been ordered by Johann Stabius. Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective drawing of the terrestrial globe. Perhaps most famously, the main part of Nicolaus Copernicus' work was published in Nuremberg in 1543.
Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of the day to produce books that could also be considered works of art. In 1470 Anton Koberger opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published the Nuremberg Chronicles, also known as the World Chronicles (Schedelsche Weltchronik), an illustrated history of the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local Franconian dialect by Hartmann Schedel and had illustrations by Michael Wohlgemuth, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff, and Albrecht Dürer. Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by map making. Notable among these was navigator and geographer Martin Behaim, who made the first world globe.
Sculptors such as Veit Stoss and Peter Vischer are also associated with Nuremberg.
Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the Meistersingers flourished here. Richard Wagner made their most famous member, Hans Sachs, the hero of his opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel was born here and was organist of Saint Sebald church.
Nuremberg is also famous for its Christmas market, which draws well over a million shoppers each year.
Main sights
The southern part of the old town, known as Lorenzer Seite, is separated from the north by the river Pegnitz and surrounded by the city walls on the south.
Nuremberg Castle: the three castles that tower over the city including central burgraves' castle, with Free Reich's buildings to the east, the Imperial castle to the west.
Heilig-Geist-Spital. The Hospital of the Holy Spirit in the centre of the city was founded in 1332. It was one of the largest hospitals of the Middle Ages. Now it houses an old-folks' home and restaurant.
Hauptmarkt, which provides a picturesque setting and famous market for gingerbread. Nuremberg's star attraction is the Gothic Schöner Brunnen (Beautiful Fountain) which was built around 1385. Now it is a copy, the original fountain is kept in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, the German National Museum.
The Johannisfriedhof is a medieval cemetery, containing many old graves (Albrecht Dürer, Willibald Pirckheimer, and others). The Rochusfriedhof or the Wöhrder Kirchhof are near the Old Town.
There is also a medieval market just inside the city walls, selling handcrafted goods.
The German National Railways Museum is also in Nuremberg.
The Nuremberg Ring (now welded within an iron fence) is said to bring good luck to those that touch it.
Transportation
Railways
Nuremberg was the first city in Germany to have a railway, and today Nuremberg Central Station is a stop for IC and ICE trains on the German long-distance railway network. Trains on the Nuremberg – Ingolstadt – Munich High-Speed line travel at up to 300-km/h. The line opened on May 28, 2006. It meant travel times to Munich were reduced to as little as one hour.
Public Transportation
In Nuremberg there are subways, suburban trains, trams and buses.
Sports clubs
1. F.C. Nuremberg
SpVgg Greuther Fürth (not really a club from Nuremberg as Fürth is a rural town of its own)
Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers - Local professional hockey club.
Sister cities
Worldwide, Nuremberg is twinned with the following cities:
Nice, since 1954
Kraków, since 1979
Skopje, since 1982
Glasgow, since 1985
San Carlos, since 1985
Gera, since 1988, renewed 1997
Prague, since 1990
Kharkiv, since 1990
Hadera, since 1995
Shenzhen, since 1997 (This is why Shenzhen set up its European Contact Agency in Nuremberg)
Antalya, since 1997
Kavala, since 1998
Atlanta, since 1998
Venice, since 1999
Rotterdam
Famous citizens
Alexander Schreiner organist, Mormon Tabernacle.
Chaya Arbel (Israeli composer)
Kaspar Hauser
Hans Behaim the Elder
Peter Bucher
Albrecht Dürer
Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach
Hermann Kesten (writer)
Adam Kraft (sculptor and architect)
Anton Koberger
Max Morlock
Conrad Paumann
Hans Sachs
Hartmann Schedel
Veít Stoß
Peter Vischer the Elder
Johann Philipp von Wurzelbauer
Johann Pachelbel
Kunz Lochner
Related pages
Nuremberg Trials
Nuremberg Rally
Nürnberger Bratwürste
Lebkuchen (gingerbread, specialty of Nuremberg)
Leni Riefenstahl
List of mayors of Nuremberg
Nuremberg Underground
References
Other websites
English website of the city
Nuremberg City Panoramas - Panoramic Views and virtual Tours
Carnival's Schembart run turns Nuremberg into a medieval city again
Nuremberg by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
more Nuremberg Panoramas
Architecture of Nuremberg
Nuremberg
Tramway in Nuremberg
Article at jewishencyclopedia.com
"nuremberg") 49 digitized objects on Nuremberg in The European Library
Imperial free cities |
32643 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial%20complex | Military–industrial complex | The military–industrial complex refers to the relationship between the government, the military, and the businesses that make things for the military. For example, the businesses can give money to politicians in elections. Then, politicians give more money to the military. Then, the military buys things from the businesses. Each group gains something, so they try to keep doing the same thing.
The term was invented in the United States. However, most countries have politicians and soldiers and people who make weapons and other military supplies; thus they have a military-industrial complex.
When there is a military-industrial complex, problems can happen. The government can become corrupt. A business might want the country to be at war because they make more money during war than during times of peace.
Where the term came from
President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower used the term in his farewell speech—the last speech he gave while he was the President. He said, "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex." This was a warning. It means that people should be careful or the military-industrial complex will get too much power.
Today, the term is used a lot by people writing and talking about politics. Especially when the subject is militarism in the United States. It also appears in discussions about private military companies—businesses that commonly employ soldiers who have left the military.
Related pages
Constitutionalism
Constitutional economics
Rule according to higher law
Roerich Pact
Lockheed Martin |
32644 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization | Organization | Organization (British English: Organisation) is the idea of putting things together in a logical order. The verb is "to organize".
An organization is a group of people who work together. Organizations exist because people working together can achieve more than a person working alone.
To make sure people work together, organizations usually have leaders.
Related pages
Business
Charitable organization
International organization
NGO
Quango
References
Basic English 850 words |
32660 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg | Heidelberg | Heidelberg (Alemannic German: Heidelbärg) is a city by the Neckar river in the south-west of Germany in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
It has about 150,000 inhabitants and a well-known university. The old town and the castle of Heidelberg are well-known tourist attractions of Germany.
Heidelberg has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).
References
Other websites
Site of Heidelberg
Heidelberg image gallery |
32671 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen | Göttingen | Göttingen is a city in the centre of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony. It has a population of about 129,000 people and one of the first universities in Germany.
It was first mentioned in 992 AD.
References
Hanseatic League |
32672 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Hemmings | Trevor Hemmings | Trevor James Hemmings CVO (11 June 1935 – 11 October 2021) was a British billionaire businessman. He lived in the Isle of Man.
He owned several race horses and the holiday company Pontins. He also owned Littlewoods, Blackpool Tower and had a £150 million stake in Scottish and Newcastle.
One of his horses, "Hedgehunter", won the 2005 Grand National at Aintree. He died on 11 October 2021, at the age of 86.
References
Businesspeople from London
2021 deaths
1935 births |
32673 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe | Karlsruhe | Karlsruhe (South Franconian: Kallsruh, Alemannic German: Karlsrueh or Chaarlsruei) is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
As of 2016, Karlsruhe has about 308,000 people.
The city lies on the eastern shore of the Rhine River and has a technical university.
France is close by, on the other side of the Rhine River, a few kilometers to the south.
Karlsruhe is the seat of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court of Germany).
The city was the capital of the former Grand Duchy of Baden.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Karlsruhe.de
Stadtwiki Karlsruhe |
32674 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertal | Wuppertal | Wuppertal is a city in the west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It neighbours Düsseldorf.
Wuppertal has about 360,000 inhabitants and a university.
A well-known tourist attraction is the Wuppertal Schwebebahn, a tram hanging at a steel way 10 m over the river-ground.
References |
32675 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielefeld | Bielefeld | Bielefeld (; Low German: Builefeld) is a city in northwest Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Bielefeld has about 327,000 people living there and a university.
References
Other websites |
32677 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht | Maastricht | Maastricht (Limburgish: Mestreech) is a city in the south of the Netherlands. It is the capital city of the province of Limburg.
About 120,000 people live there.
Maastricht has an airport and a university (Maastricht University).
The first settlement in that region was founded in the Stone age about 25000 years ago, the first permanent settlement was founded by the Celts about 500 B.C. Maastricht got City Rights in 1204. Since 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, Maastricht belongs to the Netherlands. The European Contract of 1992 was signed in Maastricht, the so-called Treaty of Maastricht.
History
The first settlement was about 25000 years ago. Real permanent settlements (and not just hunter gatherers) were founded at least as early as 5000 B.C. 4000 years after that, the Celts built a settlement in Maastricht. They presumably worshipped a River God. A Roman city was built around 0 AD, making Maastricht the oldest city of the Netherlands (together with Nijmegen). In this time, Maastricht was called Trajectum ad Mosam. This means Road across the Maas. A Roman bridge in Maastricht connected the west with the east, making Maastricht a very strategic point. This bridge - located at Eksterstraat - collapsed in the 13th century, and was replaced by the famous St. Servaas bridge.
In the early middle-ages Maastricht was very important in the spreading of Christianity in the Netherlands. In the 4th century, the bishop St. Servaas was the first bishop in the Netherlands, and the Onze Lieve Vrouwekerk (which also is the oldest still standing building in the Netherlands) could be described as the root of Christianity in the Netherlands. Servaas' remains are still kept in Maastricht in a tomb.
Maastricht received its City Rights fairly early, in 1204. It was of strategic importance during the Eighty Years War and the Napoleonic Wars. Therefore, Maastricht has two forts; Fort St. Pieter and Fort St. Jan. Maastricht also had city walls. Remains of those walls can still be seen today (notably the Helpoort is one the few still standing City Ports).
In the beginning of the 20th century, Maastricht was an industrial city, with many factory's. Jan Pieter Minckeleers - a scientist from Maastricht - was the first to discover Coal Gas, making the first city lights available. In 1940, Maastricht was conquered by the German forces. However, many paintings were hidden in the caves at Sint Pietersberg - a steep hill in the south-west of Maastricht. Even De Nachtwacht was hidden there. Maastricht was liberated on 14 September 1944. In 1992 Maastricht was the host-city for the 1992 European Treaty, where the EU was officially formed and a decision was made about the Euro.
Topography
Maastricht is located on both sites of the river Maas in the south-east of The Netherlands and the south-west of the province of Limburg. Maastricht lies in a valley, the Maasvalley, so hills surround the city. On the south-west of the city, the famous St. Pietersberg is located. On the western edge of the city, there is no space between the city and the Belgian border. On the east, is the Savelsbos (a forest). Neighbouring municipality's are Eijsden and Visé (B) in the south, Lanaken (B) and Riemst (B) in the west, Meerssen and Valkenburg in the north, and Margraten in the east.
Traffic and public transport
The city can easily be reached. There is a highway (A2; E25) running from the south to the north (within the Netherlands, this highway runs from Eijsden to Amsterdam). Another highway also begins in Maastricht, the A79 (going to the east). Maastricht has two train stations (Maastricht and Maastricht Randwyck). Trains are going to Amsterdam, Heerlen, Roermond, and Brussels (B). Plans are made to re-establish the old train route to Lanaken (B). If this connections is to be made again, Maastricht will be accessible from all directions by train.
A few kilometres north of Maastricht, is the Maastricht Aachen Airport. That's the second airport of The Netherlands.
Areas
Maastricht is divided into many areas. The areas Heer, Amby, St. Pieter, and Wolder used to be individual villages, but are now (for a few decades) part of Maastricht. According to the Dutch central bureaus of statistics (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek; CBS), Maastricht can be divided into seven larger districts. These are:
Centre. (areas: Binnenstad, Jekerkwartier, Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier, Boschstraatkwartier, Sint Maartenspoort, Wyck)
South-West. (Villapark, Jekerdal, Biesland, Campagne, Wolder, Sint Pieter)
West. (Brusselsepoort, Mariaberg, Belfort, Pottenberg, Malpertuis, Caberg, Oud-Caberg, Malberg, Dousberg-Hazendans, Daalhof)
North-West. (Boschpoort, Bosscherveld, Frontenkwartier, Belvédère, Lanakerveld)
East. (Wyckerpoort, Heugemerveld, Wittevrouwenveld, Nazareth, Limmel, Scharn, Amby)
North-East. (Beatrixhaven, Borgharen, Itteren, Meerssenhoven)
South-East). (Randwyck, Heugem, Heer, De Heeg, Vroendaal)
References
Other websites
City of Maastricht, official site (Dutch)
City of Maastricht, official site (English)
Map of Maastricht
Tourism
Tourist Board, Dutch, English, French or German
Hotels in Maastricht
Sights in Maastricht
Restaurants in Maastricht
MaastrichtNet, Agenda for Maastricht with English Section Highlights of the Week
Maastricht360.nl, 360° view of Maastricht
Bonnefanten Museum
History
Maastricht in Roman times
Churches of Maastricht
News Reports of Musketeer Skeletons found
Webpage about the fortifications
Higher education and research
Maastricht University
Academie van Bouwkunst Maastricht (Academy of Architecture)
Maastricht Economic and social Research and training centre on Innovation and Technology - United Nation University
Maastricht School of Management
Center for European Studies (CES)
Conservatorium Maastricht (Academy of Music)
Toneelacademie Maastricht (Academy of Dramatic Arts)
Academie Beeldende Kunsten Maastricht (Academy of Fine Arts)
Jan van Eyck Academie
Other
Vastelaoftrap Kickoff of the carnival days
Crossroads English-language website for expatriates in Maastricht, published by the European Journalism Centre
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands |
32679 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht%20%28city%29 | Utrecht (city) | Utrecht is a city in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the Province of Utrecht and lies in the midst of both the country and the province. About 358,000 were living there in 2020, which makes Utrecht the fourth-largest city in the Netherlands.
Utrecht is an important public transport junction, especially concerning the railways. It contains the largest university of the Netherlands called Utrecht University.
One of the main sights is the Domkerk, a cathedral that was built between 1321 and 1382. In of a storm in 1674, part of the cathedral was destroyed. This part was never rebuilt, so now the tower is separate from the rest of the church.
Utrecht is the main seat of the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands, the archbishop resides here.
References
Other websites
Municipality of Utrecht
Tourist information
FC Utrecht
Cathedral
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Utrecht (province)
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands |
32680 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen%20%28city%29 | Groningen (city) | Groningen is a city in the north of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Groningen. It has about 233,000 inhabitants (2021) and a university, called the University of Groningen.
Since 2019, Haren and Ten Boer have been part of the municipality of Groningen.
Well-known people
Pete Hoekstra (born 1953), former U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands
Other websites
Official website
Map and photos of Groningen
Groningen Museum
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Groningen (province)
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands |
32682 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eindhoven | Eindhoven | Eindhoven is a city in the south of the Netherlands. It is in the Noord-Brabant province. It has about 236,000 inhabitants (2021) and a well-known football team called P.S.V. Eindhoven.
Other websites
The official international site of the city of Eindhoven
The city of Eindhoven on the Internet
InternetGemeentegids Eindhoven over 1450 links
Photo history: Eindhoven in the 20th century
Eindhoven-in-Beeld
Regional Historical Centre RHC-eindhoven
The Van Abbe Museum of Modern Art
Eindhoven University of Technology
Eindhoven-eertijds.tk
The City Stage
The Concert Hall
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Brabant |
32683 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijmegen | Nijmegen | Nijmegen is a city in Gelderland in the east of the Netherlands. It has about 177,000 inhabitants (2021) and a university, called Radboud University Nijmegen.
References
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Gelderland |
32685 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden | Leiden | Leiden is a city in South Holland in the Netherlands. It has about 120,000 inhabitants and a very old university (Leiden University).
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in South Holland |
32686 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeldoorn | Apeldoorn | Apeldoorn is a city in Gelderland in the Netherlands. It has about 160,000 inhabitants. The Het Loo Palace is in Apeldoorn. This was summer home of the Dutch Royal family.
References
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Gelderland |
32687 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilburg | Tilburg | Tilburg is a city in the south of the Netherlands. About 222,000 people live there (2021).
Tilburg is famous for its Schrobbeler, an alcoholic drink.
Tilburg University is in Tilburg.
Other websites
Gemeente Tilburg
Historie Tilburg
Tilburgnet
Kaart van Tilburg
Carnaval Tilburg
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Brabant |
32688 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwolle%2C%20Netherlands | Zwolle, Netherlands | Zwolle is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 130,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies where the Vecht river flows into the IJssel river, on the eastern side of last one.
It lies also in the regions of Salland and IJsselvallei, and is the capital of Overijssel province.
Zwolle got city rights in 1230 and joined the Hanseatic League in 1294.
References
Plaatsengids.nl
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Overijssel
Municipalities of Overijssel
IJsselvallei (Overijssel)
Salland |
32689 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiphong | Haiphong | Haiphong is a city in the north of Vietnam.
It has about 400,000 inhabitants and a marine harbor.
About 1,700,000 people live in the district of Haiphong.
Haiphong is 120 km away from Hanoi.
Cities in Vietnam |
32690 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg%20%28city%29 | Oldenburg (city) | Oldenburg (Low Saxon: Ollnborg, Low Saxon spelling: Ollenborg) is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony. It was formerly the capital of the old Grand Duchy of Oldenburg.
It has about 160,000 inhabitants and a university.
References
Lower Saxony |
32691 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig | Braunschweig | Braunschweig (English: Brunswick) is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony.
It was probably founded in the 9th century. It has about 245,000 inhabitants and a technical university.
References |
32698 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kos | Kos | Kos is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group in the Aegean Sea.
About 30,000 people live on Kos, 16,000 of them in the island capital Kos City in the west of the island.
There is an international airport near Antimachia in the middle of the island and a sea harbour in Kos City.
Kos Island's main industry is tourism. About 300,000 tourists take rooms on Kos every year and a lot of tourists take a one-day trip to Kos from neighboring islands or the Turkish coast. 17 km overseas lies Bodrum, Turkey.
People have lived on Kos since the 15th century BC, maybe longer.
Until the 4th century BC the capital of the island was in the west of it, near Kefalos. After an earthquake it moved to Kos City.
Later the Hellenics, then the Romans and the Byzantines got the island.
The Knights of St. John built great forts on Kos, in Kos City and near Antimachia.
The Turkish took over Kos in 1523.
From 1912 to 1943 the Dodecanese islands belonged to Italy, from 1943 to 1945 to the Germans, and from 1945 to 1946 the British ruled them. Since 1946 they belong to Greece.
The most important tourist attraction is the Askelepsion, an old temple for the Greek god Askelapsios. It was built between the 5th and the 1st century BC.
The physician Hippocrates was from Kos.
Other websites
Kos Island Official Travel Guide
photographs castle on Kos.
Islands of Greece |
32701 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete | Crete | Crete is the largest of the Greek islands. It separates the Aegean Sea from the rest of the Mediterranean Sea.
Like the Fertile Crescent, Crete had rich soil, a warm climate, and plenty of water. With less time spent fighting to live, the Cretans began to make complicated things. From the wild crocus flowers which covered their island, the Cretans collected saffron used in yellow dye, in food, and in medicine. From the Egyptians, they received rich cloth and jewels. From the Hittites, they learned how to use iron. From the wealthy Lydians, they learned to use money. From Phoneicia, the Cretans received the alphabet which is used today.
In various later centuries the island was ruled in turn by ancient Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Venetians, Turks, and modern Greeks.
Cretan capital
Cretans chose kings to rule over them for seven years each. The king was known as Minos, and the people Minoans. The capital of Crete was Knossos (nos' us). Beautiful friezes (decorating bands) were on the walls. The symbol of the double-ax was used, and is thought to represent the power of a king. The throne was only a seat with a high back, and the nobles had only benches to sit on. However, the benches were covered with red and white plaster. On the walls were painted fish, dolphins, and seaweed. The queen had her own private staircase so she could go upstairs without bothering the men. Several rooms in the palace had jars which were six feet tall, and were used to keep wheat, oil, dye and other things.
Cretan life
Religion
On Crete the Minoan Culture started 4700 years ago. The palace of Knossos is well-known and is a labyrinth. Visitors were lost in the labyrinth unless they used a string behind them to find their way back. In this place, it was said that a Minotaur, half bull and half man, lived. Every year seven young men and seven girls were sacrificed to the Minotaur. Many scholars think sacrifices to a bull were made because the Cretans thought the sound of an earthquake was an angry bull.
The Cretans also worshiped the Great Mother Cybele, or Snake Goddess. Often, her picture was carved in statues with gold decorations and with snakes curled around the arms. Snakes were thought to protect houses, so each home had a special room for snakes. Sometimes a little table with grooves cut into it was put in a comfortable place so snakes could sip some milk from a cup.
Games and art
The Cretans loved games, food, athletics, music, and beautiful clothes. They were the first people to build stone theaters where many people were amused by parades and music. Girls could even help bullfighters. In bullfighting, the Minoans did not kill the bull, but the male fighter had to grab the horns of an attacking bull, throw himself on the back of the animal, and then land on the ground; the girl helped the bullfighter keep his balance.
Clothes
Women wore long, full skirts with very tiny waists, complicated hairstyles, and lots of jewelry. The men wore small belts around their waists. They shaved with stones, rubbed their teeth with pumice stone, and had their body hair burnt by a barber.
Food
The Cretans ate fish, birds, and beef. They had barley cooked in many ways and ate lots of cheese, nuts, and honey. They thought only uncivilized people drank cow's milk, so they drank goat's milk instead. The Cretans sang, played games, and guessed riddles. Even though they ate with their fingers, they had the food cut into tiny pieces before it was served.
Cretan conquest
The Cretans were peaceful people without fortifications to protect them from an attack. In about 1450 B.C., the Greek Mycenaeans captured Crete, after Knossos, Crete's capital, had been shaken by an earthquake.
References
Other websites
Peripheries of Greece |
32703 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes | Rhodes | Rhodes is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group. In Greek it is called Rhodos.
The largest cities are Rhodes City in the north and Lindos in the south-east.
About 120,000 people live on Rhodes. It has an international airport in Paradisi in the north, near to Rhodes (city).
First settlement were on Rhodes at the 16th century before Christ.
Rhodes was an important Fort for the Knights of St. John in their war against the Turkish invasion. In 1644 the Turkish occupied Rhodes.
1912 Italy won the Dodecanese from Turkey, 1943 the German took them over, 1945 the British. Since 1946 the Islands belong to Greece.
Rhodes lives mostly on tourism industry now.
History
During antiquity, Rhodes was an ancient Greek state. Rhodes' people belonged to the Greek race of Dorians. In those days there were three important towns in the island - Lindos, Kameiros and Ialysos. Later, during the fourth century B.C., Rhodes city was founded. Between the third and first century B.C. Rhodes was a powerful state.
In the first century, Rhodes was conquered by the Romans. Later it came under Byzantine rule. In the Middle Ages, it was conquered by the Knights of St. John, who were crusaders. They built the big castles in the city of Rhodes. Later, it came under Turkish rule, Italian rule and in the year 1946 was united with Greece.
Islands of Greece |
32704 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife | Tenerife | Tenerife is one of the seven Canary Islands. It is part of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital of the province being on the island. The other province in the Canary Islands is Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. With 899.833 inhabitants, Tenerife is the most populated island of the Canary Islands and the second most populated island of Spain (after Mallorca).
The flag adopted by the island is that of a white St Andrew's cross on a navy blue background this is due to St Andrew being the patron saint of the island.
Geologically it grew up from a volcano, the Teide. This volcano has had many violent eruptions over its very long history, the most recent of those eruptions took place in 1909.
Island capital is Santa Cruz de Tenerife, other important cities are Puerto de la Cruz, La Orotava, Arona, Adeje and San Cristóbal de La Laguna, all in the north of the island. Also important town of Candelaria, where they worship the patron saint of the Canary Islands, the Virgin of Candelaria.
The island is currently dependent on the tourism industry for much of its income.
Tenerife has two international airports, one in the south near the centres of tourism in Playa de Las Americas, Costa Adeje and Los Cristianos, and one in the north near Santa Cruz, which is where the world's worst plane disaster happened on March 27, 1977. Two Boeing 747 planes collided on the runway and killed 583 people.
The biggest tourist attractions are the volcano Teide (top is more than 3,000 m above sea level) and the Loro Parque in Puerto de la Cruz.
References
Islands of the Canary Islands |
32705 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorca | Mallorca | Majorca (or Mallorca) is a Spanish island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is the largest of the Balearic Islands. About 869,067 people (as of January 1, 2010) live on Mallorca, making it the most populated island of Spain. Palma de Mallorca is the capital of Mallorca. Palma has a population of 375,000. Mallorca has one international airport, one university and its own subway. The economy of the island depends on the tourism industry.
Other important cities in Mallorca are Calvià (43.499), Manacor (35.908), Llucmajor (29.891), Marratxí (28.237), Inca (26.504), Felanitx (16.566), Pollença (15.987), Alcúdia (15.897) and Sóller (12.521). |
32707 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF | Huế | Huế is a city and a district in Central Vietnam. About 200,000 people live in the city of Huế. From 1802 to 1945 Huế was the capital city of Vietnam under the Nguyen Dynasty. Today people can visit the Imperial City, where the Nguyen emperors lived and ruled, and the tombs of the Nguyen emperors. Huế has an Medicinical University and is the seat of an archebishop.
The city is famous for food that is unique to the city, especially the dish Bún bò Huế.
It was also the place where the Battle of Huế was fought, which was one of the longest and deadliest battles in the Vietnam War.
Cities in Vietnam |
32708 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nha%20Trang | Nha Trang | Nha Trang (no diacritics) is a city with about 350,000 inhabitants in the middle south of Vietnam. Its name is spelled with no diacritics in the Vietnamese language. It lives on tourism and fishing industry.
Other websites
Cities in Vietnam |
32710 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%20Nang | Da Nang | Da Nang is the biggest city in central Vietnam and the fourth largest city in Vietnam. It has about 870,000 people (2010). It is a popular city for tourism because of its beaches. Nearby is Hoi An, a popular tourist town, and Hue, Vietnam's former capital. Its airport, Da Nang International Airport, used to also be used as as airbase to fight against North Vietnam and the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.
Cities in Vietnam |
32711 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock | Rostock | Rostock (German pronunciation: [ˈʁɔstɔk]) is a city in the northeast of Germany. It is in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.
It has over 200,000 people (204,260 in December 2011) and an old university (founded in 1419). The town is on the river Warnow. The mayor is Roland Methling. The city today carries the name Hansestadt (Hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been an important part of the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region is influenced by this historic period.
Rostock is on the Baltic Sea. It has an important harbor. A district of the city, Warnemünde, is famous for its long beaches. It has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
The most important football club of Rostock is F.C. Hansa Rostock. It is in the German Bundesliga.
Other major Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Lübeck, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.
References
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
Urban districts of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
1218 establishments
13th-century establishments in Germany
1210s establishments in Europe |
32713 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingolstadt | Ingolstadt | Ingolstadt ( , ; Bavarian: Inglstod [ˈʔɪŋl̩ʃtɔːd] or Ingoistod, Latin: Auripolis) is a city in the German state of Bavaria near Munich. It is on the Danube river and has about 127,000 inhabitants.
History
In 1472, Bavaria's first university was founded in Ingolstadt. The Bavarian Reinheitsgebot, a regulation about the purity of beer, was started there in 1516. The car manufacturer Audi has its main base in Ingolstadt.
Ingolstadt is also the setting of Mary Shelley's famous novel Frankenstein.
References
Other websites |
32714 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena | Jena | Jena is a city in the middle of Germany, in the state of Thuringia.
About 103,000 people live there. Jena has a university called Friedrich Schiller University.
Geography
Jena partly lies in the middle hall valley between from mixed woodlands covered shelly limestone and sandstone slopes (geological phenomena are among other things the devil holes and the student chute). On them numerous partially rare Orchideenarten occurs. From north to south Jena is wide, and from east to west . The following larger cities are close to Jena: Gera, approx. east, Erfurt, approx. west, Weimar, approx. west, Naumburg (Saale), approx. northeast, is (Saale), to approx. northeast, Leipzig, approx. northeast and Chemnitz, approx. east, Rudolstadt, approx. south.
References
Other websites
A traveller's review of Jena
The University's website
University of Applied Science Jena website
Urban Districts of Thuringia |
32715 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderborn | Paderborn | Paderborn (Low German: Patterbuorn, Paterboärn) is a city in the middle west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The name of the city derives from the river Pader and "born", an old German term for the source of a river. The river Pader originates in more than 200 springs near Paderborn Cathedral.
It has about 150,338 inhabitants and a university.
Paderborn has got a football club in the first mens league in Germany (SC Paderborn 07) and a basketball team in the 2nd German league (Paderborn Baskets).
Pope John Paul II visited Paderborn in 1996 and Pope Leo III visited Paderborn in 799.
Paderborn has got a very big cathedral. It was built by Charlemagne ("Karl der Große").
References
Paderborn Rural District |
32716 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt | Darmstadt | Darmstadt is a city in Germany, in the state of Hesse. It has about 140,000 inhabitants and a university. The chemical element named darmstadtium is named after the city.
References
Other websites
Official site of the city of Darmstadt (German, English)
Darmstadt on Wikivoyage
Mathildenhoehe
Details of Trams and Buses used in Darmstadt
Public Transport in Darmstadt - Maps, Timetables, Fares
War memorials in Darmstadt |
32717 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel | Kassel | Kassel is a city in Germany, in the state of Hessen.
It has about 195,000 inhabitants and a university.
Every 5 years there is an international arts exhibition documenta in Kassel. The best football team KSV Hessen Kassel plays in the Regionalliga, the fourth Division in Germany.
References |
32735 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/His%20Holiness | His Holiness | His Holiness (short form "HH") is the official title to address (name) a leader of a religion. Catholics refer to the Pope using this style, while Buddhists use this when talking about the Tibetan Lamaist leader, the Dalai Lama.
Religious leaders |
32737 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottbus | Cottbus | Cottbus (Low Sorbian: Chóśebuz, Upper Sorbian: Choćebuz) is a city in the east of Germany, in the state of Brandenburg.
Cottbus has about 105,000 inhabitants and is the second largest city after Potsdam in Brandenburg. It lies southeast of Berlin on the River Spree. There are two universities, the Brandenburgische Technische Universität (BTU) and the Hochschule Lausitz.
Boroughs of Cottbus
(1) Mitte (Srjejź)
(2) Neu und Alt Schmellwitz
(3) Sandow (Žandow)
(4) Spremberger Vorstadt
(5) Ströbitz (Strobice)
(6) Sielow (Žylow)
(7) Saspow (Zaspy)
(8) Merzdorf (Žylowk)
(9) Dissenchen (Dešank)
(10) Branitz (Rogeńc)
(11) Madlow (Modłej)
(12) Sachsendorf (Knorawa)
(13) Döbbrick (Depsk)
(14) Skadow (Škodow)
(15) Willmersdorf (Rogozno)
(16) Kahren (Korjeń)
(17) Kiekebusch (Kibuš)
(18) Gallinchen (Gołynk)
(19) Groß Gaglow (Gogolow)
References
Other websites
Urban districts of Brandenburg |
32738 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach | Mönchengladbach | Mönchengladbach (Low Franconian: Jlabbach, Jelabbach) is a city in the very west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It is 35 km from Düsseldorf and 15 km from the Netherlands away.
It has about 260,000 inhabitants and a well-known soccer team, Borussia Mönchengladbach.
References
Urban districts in Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf |
32743 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg | Regensburg | Regensburg (German pronunciation: [ʁɛ:gənsbʊɐ̯k]; Czech: Řezno, Austro-Bavarian: [ʁɛŋsbʊɐ̯k]; Rengschburg or Rengschbuach [ʁɛŋsbʊax]) is a city in the south of Germany, in the east of the state of Bavaria.
It has about 138,000 inhabitants and a university.
Important people from Regensburg
Konrad of Megenberg died in the city in 1374.
References |
32744 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim | Mannheim | Mannheim (; Palatine German: or ) is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the north-west of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
The city was built in the Rhine River valley where the Rhine and the Neckar Rivers meet. The city of Ludwigshafen is on the opposite bank of the Rhine. Mannheim and Ludwigshafen together with Heidelberg and other cities make a big area called "Rhine-Neckar-Area" or "Rhein-Neckar Triangle". Nearly 2.4 million people live in this area.
As of 2020, 309,720 people live in the city. Mannheim is the biggest city in "Rhine-Neckar-Area". It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
Mannheim has universities. The city has a history of important transport inventions. The first automobile, tractor and bicycle (draisine or velocipede, as the earliest recognisable bicycles were called) were all made or presented for the first time in Mannheim. This is why the city is also called the "city of inventions". The Forbes magazine ranked Mannheim 11th of the most inventive cities worldwide.
During World War II almost all of the old city was destroyed. The houses were built again after the war. Year 2007 was the city's 400th birthday.
Mannheim is now an important city because of its business power and culture. The New Economy Magazine praised Mannheim's positive economic and innovative environment.
It has very good transport connections, by road, rail and water.
Demographics
The following list shows significant groups of foreigners by nationalities. 44,7% of all Mannheim inhabitants are from foreign descent. The population of Neckarstadt-West district is the most foreign (68.9%). The population of the Wallstadt district is the least foreign (23,1%).
Inventions made in Mannheim
Economy
Mannheim had a gross domestic product (GDP) of €20.921 billion in 2018. This makes it 17th on the list of German cities by GDP.
It is the economic centre of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region. This is one of Germany's most important business locations.
Sister cities
Mannheim is twinned with:
Bydgoszcz, Poland
Chişinău, Moldova
Haifa, Israel
Klaipėda, Lithuania
Swansea, Wales
Toulon, France
Ulan Ude, Russia
Windsor, Canada
Zhenjiang, China
References
Other websites
Official website
Official tourism website
Literature from and about Mannheim in the German National Library
Parks in Mannheim
Mannheim in Britannica.com
U.S. Army Garrison Mannheim homepage
The Mannheim Heritage of World Cultures |
32745 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserslautern | Kaiserslautern | Kaiserslautern (; Palatine German: Lautre) is a city in the southwest of Germany, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
It has about 100,000 inhabitants, a university and a well-known soccer team.
References
Other websites
Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate |
32750 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordrecht | Dordrecht | Dordrecht is a city in the Netherlands, in the province South Holland.
Dordrecht was founded in 1047 and got its City Rights in 1220. It was the first city in the west of the Netherlands to get City Rights.
In 1572 the Dutch Dukes under Willem van Oranien declared their independence from Spain in Dordrecht.
Dordrecht has about 120,000 inhabitants. It has a marine harbor, metal and food industry.
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in South Holland
11th-century establishments in Europe |
32751 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch | 's-Hertogenbosch () is a municipality in the Netherlands, and also the capital of the province of North Brabant. It is in the southern Netherlands, south of Amsterdam.
In 2015, Maasdonk became a part to 's-Hertogenbosch.
References
Notes
Other websites
The official site of 's-Hertogenbosch
Municipality of 's-Hertogenbosch
Map of 's-Hertogenbosch
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Brabant
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands |
32752 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razorlight | Razorlight | Razorlight are an Anglo-Swedish indie rock band. They formed in 2002.
Razorlight are best known for the songs Golden Touch, Somewhere Else and In the Morning.
Band Members
Johnny Borrell
Björn Ågren
Carl Dalemo
Andy Burrows
English rock bands
English punk bands
indie rock bands |
32753 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran%20Canaria | Gran Canaria | Gran Canaria is one of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.
The capital and biggest city is Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in the north of the island. Economical centre (tourism) of the island is in the south. Gran Canaria is the second most populous island of the Canary Islands, after Tenerife.
Gran Canaria lives - like most of the Canary Islands - mainly on tourism, although Las Palmas does have one of the most important ports in the Atlantic.
The touristic centres Maspalomas and Playa del Ingles in the south are especially popular.
The climate varies very little through the year. Gran Canaria is very popular for its party tourism.
The international airport is farther north.
The administration of the Canary Islands is shared between Tenerife and Gran Canaria.
Biosphere reserves
Islands of the Canary Islands |
32754 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerhaven | Bremerhaven | Bremerhaven (Low German: Bremerhoben) is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Bremen. It is where the rivers Weser and Geeste meet.
Bremerhaven has more than 115,000 people. It lives mostly on its marine industry. The city was founded in 1827.
A city called Geestemünde was founded in 1847 as a "rival" of Bremerhaven. Some villages around Bremerhaven are older.
Geestemünde and Lehe were joined together in 1927 to Wesermünde. Wesermünde and Bremerhaven were unified in 1939 to Wesermünde. After the Second World War the city was called Bremerhaven.
Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe. In 2005 a museum of emigration opened in Bremerhaven (the "Deutsches Auswanderhaus").
Bremerhaven has a railway station Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof that opened in 1914. It was in Geestemünde in 1862. It was the first railway station in the area.
Bremerhaven has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).
References
Other websites
English website for tourists
Port cities and towns of the North Sea |
32755 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie%20Oliver | Jamie Oliver | Jamie Oliver MBE (James Trevor Oliver, born 27 May 1975) is a British celebrity chef, restaurateur, and media personality. He is known for his television shows, cookbooks and restaurants. He has highlighted the need for improved cooking in schools and hospitals.
Early life
Oliver was born in the village of Clavering in Essex, where he still lives. His parents run a bar/restaurant where he practised cooking as a youngster.
He was educated in Newport Free Grammar School. He graduated at the age of sixteen with two GCSE qualifications in geology and art. He went on to attend the Westminster Catering College, which is now known as the Westminster Kingsway College. From there he earned what is known as a City & Guilds NVQ (National Vocational Qualification) in home economics.
Career
Oliver’s first job was a pastry chef at Antonio Carluccio’s Neal’s Yard Restaurant, where he prepared his first Italian cuisine therefore gaining good, helpful experience. He also developed a great relationship with his mentor Gennaro Contaldo. Later on in his career, he offered Contaldo an employment where he could help run Oliver’s thriving selection of High Street restaurants, Jamie’s Italian. Then Oliver became a sous chef of The River Café in Fulham.
School 'dinners'
In 2005, Oliver started his 'school dinners' campaign to improve the quality of food fed to pupils in schools. At the time it was a controversial shake-up for students and parents, Many of whom preferred food from fast food outlets ("junk food"). Some thought the students should have a healthy option available, but still be allowed to choose what they wanted to eat.
In a four-part documentary TV series Oliver ran the kitchen meals in Kidbrooke School, Greenwich, for a year. He was disgusted by the unhealthy food being served to schoolchildren, and the lack of healthy alternatives on offer. His campaign to improve the standard of Britain’s school meals eventually persuaded the British Government to spend £280m on school dinners.
References
Other websites
Jamie Oliver Website in Spanish
1975 births
Living people
British chefs
English television presenters
Television personalities from Essex |
32756 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuss | Neuss | Neuss (Low Franconian and Ripuarian: Nüüs, Latin: Novaesium; officially written in Neuß until 1968) is a city in the west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. In the local dialect it is called Nüss or Neuß. Neuss has about 150,000 inhabitants. It is on the Rhine, opposite the big city of Düsseldorf.
Neuss was founded by the Romans about 2,000 years ago. The Romans called the town Castra Novesia.
References
Other websites
Rhein-Kreis Neuss Rural District |
32757 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberhausen | Oberhausen | Oberhausen (Ripuarian: Ovverhouse, Low German: Owerhuusen, Overhus) is a city in Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr Area. Oberhausen has about 220,000 inhabitants. It was dominated by industry like most towns in the Ruhr Area. The city hosts the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen.
References
Urban districts in Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf |
32758 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giessen | Giessen | Giessen is also a village in the Netherlands
Gießen or Giessen is a city in the German state of Hesse.
It is north of Frankfurt. Giessen has about
73,000 inhabitants. The university of Giessen has about 20,000 students.
The German word "Giessen" means "to pour" in English, as "to pour a glass of water." The city is on the banks of the Lahn River, and it is surrounded by many lakes and streams.
People from Giessen
Justus von Liebig (1803-1873), Chemist, Professor. The official name of the University of Giessen is named Justus Liebig University.
Fritz Heichelheim
Demis Nikolaidis
Martin Gindler, an important piano player. Has lived in North Carolina but currently resides in the Netherlands.
Samuel Adler, a well known rabbi in the United States, attended the University of Giessen[1]
Wilhelm Liebknecht, founder of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, was born on 29 March 1826 in Giessen.
Friedrich Kellner (1885-1970) was Chief Justice Inspector of Laubach, where he wrote the Friedrich Kellner Diary. He was also Chief Regional Auditor in Giessen. The University of Giessen has established the Kellner Project.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was professor of physics from 1879 until 1888 at the university of Giessen. After his death in 1923 his body was buried at the "Alte Friedhof".
Education
Universities in Gießen are the University of Gießen and the University of Applied Sciences Gießen-Friedberg
References
Other websites
Giessen (district) |
32759 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigshafen | Ludwigshafen | Ludwigshafen am Rhein (literally: Ludwigshafen on the Rhine), commonly referred to as Ludwigshafen, is a City in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. and to Mannheim the second largest city of the Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar.
Ludwigshafen is independent of the local district government, but is administrative seat of the surrounding district.
Geography
Ludwigshafen lies on the westbank of the Rhine River.
As one of the five upper centers of the country Rhineland-Palatinate Ludwigshafen forms the core of the European Metropolregion Rhine Neckar triangle together with its neighbour city of Baden-Wuerttemberg Mannheim. Further nearer-lying large cities are Heidelberg (about 25 km southeast), Karlsruhe (about 50 km south) and Mainz (about 60 km north).
Population
The number of people of the city of Ludwigshafen on the Rhine exceeded the 100,000 by the year 1925. Nowadays it has about 160,000 people, who lives mostly on the chemical industry.
Sister cities
Pasadena (United States), since 1948
Lorient (France), since 1963
Havering (England), since 1971
Sumqayıt (Azerbaijan), since 1987
Dessau (Germany), 1988
Antwerpen (Belgium), since 1999
References
Other websites
Official City Website
Ludwigshafener Kongress- und Marketing-Gesellschaft mbH
BASF Website |
32761 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krefeld | Krefeld | Krefeld (until November 25, 1925 - Crefeld) is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, near Düsseldorf.
Krefeld has about 235,000 inhabitants.
References
Urban districts in Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf |
32762 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwickau | Zwickau | Zwickau (Thurginian-Upper Saxon dialect: Zwigge) is a city in the German state of Saxony. It has under 100,000 inhabitants.
References
Zwickau Rural District |
32763 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Praetorius | Anton Praetorius | Anton Praetorius (1560 in Lippstadt – 6 December 1613 near Heidelberg) was a German Calvinist pastor, theologian and writer.
Life and writings
Anton Praetorius was the son of Matthes Schulze. He later changed his name to Praetorius.
Praetorius wrote a poem about the Heidelberg Wine Barrel in the Heidelberg Castle in city of Heidelberg in October 1595.
In 1596 he worked as a pastor in the church in Birstein near Frankfurt am Main in Hesse. There Praetorius worked for a prince and wrote church songs and books of religion in the year 1597.
Fight against the chase of witches
Praetorius fought against torture and against the hunting of witches. Some women were accused of being witches. People thought that witches can do harm to others. So these women were arrested and put in prison.
In 1597 Anton Praetorius protested against the torture of women accused of witchcraft.
Praetorius was so shocked about the torture of the accused woman that he demanded a stop. His protest was successful.
In 1598 he wrote a book to protest against torture and the prosecution of witches. The book was published again in 1602, 1613 and in 1629. Praetorius described the terrible situation of the prisoners and protested against torture.
Theological argument against witchcraft
Praetorius was a Protestant minister. He believed that man can do either good or bad things. However, God chooses certain people to do certain things. Those things can be good or bad. According to Praetorius, witchcraft can only be a fall from the favour of God, and a pact with the devil. But, neither the devil nor sorcerers can do more than is in their nature (and predestination). God will punish those who are witches or sorcerers. This however, does not give human courts a right to put those to death, they believe are guilty of the crime of witchcraft. For Praetorius, witchcraft cannot exist, because it is beyond the faculties of either man or the devil. It is also against Nature.
Bibliography (in German)
Hartmut Hegeler: Anton Praetorius, Kämpfer gegen Hexenprozesse und Folter, (fighter against the persecution of witches and against torture) Unna, 2002
Hartmut Hegeler und Stefan Wiltschko: Anton Praetorius und das 1. Große Fass von Heidelberg, (the 1. Great Wine Barrel in the Castle of Heidelberg) Unna, 2003
Anton Praetorius, De Sacrosanctis Sacramentis novi foederis Jesu Christi, Eine reformatorische Sakramentenlehre von 1602 über die hochheiligen Sakramente des Neuen Bundes Jesu Christi (teachings about the sacraments) Lateinische Originalschrift (the original writing in Latin with a translation into German, translated by Burghard Schmanck), herausgegeben und übersetzt von Burghard Schmanck, Bautz Verlag, Nordhausen 2010,
Other websites
http://www.bautz.de (Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, Verlag Traugott Bautz)
http://www.anton-praetorius.de biography and literature about Anton Praetorius
http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/%7Ecd2/drw/F3/praetor/o02wid.htm reprinted text of the "Bericht" of Praetorius 1613
http://www.theology.de/praetorius.htm Biography including coulored pictures
http://news.genealog.de/rheinhessen/dittelsheim-hessloch/anton-praetorius-teil1.shtml Praetorius as pastor in Dittelsheim (with pictures)
http://www.sfn.uni-muenchen.de/hexenverfolgung/art784.htm biography
http://141.48.65.178/hd/content/titleinfo/281386 (Latin text of De Sacrosanctis Sacramentis, 1602, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt)
1560 births
1613 deaths
Calvinists
Christian ministers
Christian theologians
Christian writers
German Protestants
German theologians
Writers from North Rhine-Westphalia |
32766 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen | Hagen | Hagen is a city in the Arnsberg Government Region in the Ruhr area in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.
Population
It has about 196,000 inhabitants.
Boroughs
Some localities of Hagen:
Hagen-Dahl
Hagen-Emst
Hagen-Priorei
Hagen-Rummenohl
Hagen-Halden
References
Other websites
Urban districts in Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg |
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