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33427 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland%20Guardians | Cleveland Guardians | The Cleveland Guardians are a Major League Baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. They are part of the American League Central Division. Under the team's former name of Cleveland Indians, the Guardians won two World Series championships in 1920 and 1948. Currently, they hold the longest championship drought in MLB.
The team was founded in 1894 in Grand Rapids, Michigan as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, playing in the late-1890s Western League, which became the American League in 1900. In that same year, the team moved to Cleveland, taking the name of Lake Shores. The next year, the team became the Cleveland Bluebirds, also known as Blues. Players didn't like that name, and failed in a try to change the name to "Broncos" in 1902. In that same year, the team traded for star player Nap Lajoie, who later became player-manager, and it soon became known as the "Naps" in his honor. The team was called the Cleveland Naps until Lajoie left at the end of the 1914 season.
After Lajoie left, the team looked for a new nickname and settled on "Indians" for the 1915 season, partly in honor of the Boston Braves who had won the 1914 World Series. In more modern times, their nickname was often thought to be a poor choice. It is considered offensive to name a team for a race or ethnic group. However, there was no serious effort to change the name until the 21st century. After growing criticism, the team started to move away from the nickname in 2018, retiring its controversial "Chief Wahoo" logo of a caricatured Native American. In 2020, team owner Paul Dolan announced that the "Indians" name would be retired after the 2021 season. The new nickname of Guardians was announced on July 23, 2021. The name refers to the Guardians of Traffic, statues sculpted into pylons of the Hope Memorial Bridge that crosses the Cuyahoga River near downtown Cleveland. The Cleveland Guardians name took effect on November 19, 2021.
In the 1990s, the then-Indians were in the postseason several times. They made it to the World Series in 1995 and 1997 but lost to the Atlanta Braves and the Florida Marlins respectively. They returned to the World Series in 2016, and again they lost, this time to the Chicago Cubs in seven games. In 2017, they set an American League record of winning 22 straight games. They won 102 games during the season. However, they lost to the New York Yankees in the Division Series.
References |
33446 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli-Venezia%20Giulia | Friuli-Venezia Giulia | Friuli-Venezia Giulia () is a region in the north-east of Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Trieste. The population is 1,191,588. FVG has a border with the Italian region of Veneto to the west, Austria to the north and Slovenia on the east.
People in this region speak the Italian, Friulian, Slovene and German languages.
Provinces
Trieste (capital)
Udine
Gorizia
Pordenone
Geography
Friuli - Venezia Giulia has an area of 7,858 km² and is Italy's most north-eastern region. It is the 5th smallest region in Italy. The Alps lie to the north of the region, and the beaches and cliffs of the Adriatic Sea are on the south edges.
Cuisine
Friulani, Giuliani, Austrian, Slovene and Hungarian influences over the centuries have created a wide range of food and drink typical of the region. Some examples include:
Jota (Istrian stew)
Radicchio
Goulash
Gnocchi alla spinache
Other websites
Official Site (IT) |
33448 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udine | Udine | Udine is a city in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. The population is 96,678.
Capital cities in Italy |
33449 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter%20Grass | Günter Grass | Günter Wilhelm Grass (16 October 1927 in Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) – 13 April 2015 in Lübeck) was a German writer and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was known for writing the controversial, but yet classic novel The Tin Drum.
Life
Grass was born in Danzig in 1927 and went to school there. In the World War II he had to serve in the military, afterwards he was a prisoner of war of the U.S. army. In 1945 and 1946 he worked as a stonemason. During the rise of Nazi Germany, Grass drafted into the Waffen-SS, the elite armed wing of the Nazi Party. He revealed this in 2006. He said if he had joined the armed wing when he was older, he would have faced war crimes.
From 1946 he studied arts at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf and the Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der Künste) in West Berlin. He was a member of the German group of writers known as group 47.
He has lived in North Rhine-Westphalia, Berlin and Schleswig-Holstein. He lived in Lübeck. In 1959 he published The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel), his most famous work. Grass was always interested in politics and helped in the election campaigns of the SPD. He was a friend of Willy Brandt. Grass was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1999.
Grass died from a lung infection at his home in Lübeck, aged 87.
Bibliography
Danziger Trilogie
Die Blechtrommel (Tin Drum) (1959)
Katz und Maus (Cat and Mouse)(1961)
Hundejahre (Dog Years)(1963)
Örtlich betäubt (Local Anaesthetic) (1969)
Aus dem Tagebuch einer Schnecke (From the Diary of a Snail) (1972)
Der Butt (1979)
Das Treffen in Telgte (1979)
Kopfgeburten oder Die Deutschen sterben aus (1980)
Die Rättin (1986)
Zunge zeigen. Ein Tagebuch in Zeichnungen (1988)
Unkenrufe (1992)
Ein weites Feld (1995)
Mein Jahrhundert (1999)
Im Krebsgang (2002)
Letzte Tänze (2003)
English Translations
The Danzig Trilogy
The Tin Drum (1959)
Cat and Mouse (1963)
Dog Years (1965)
Four Plays (1967)
Speak out! Speeches, Open Letters, Commentaries (1969)
Local Anaesthetic (1970)
From the Diary of a Snail (1973)
In the Egg and Other Poems (1977)
The Meeting at Telgte (1981)
The Flounder (1978)
Headbirths, or, the Germans are Dying Out (1982)
The Rat (1987)
Show Your Tongue (1987)
Two States One Nation? (1990)
The Call of the Toad (1992)
The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising (1996)
My Century (1999)
Too Far Afield (2000)
Crabwalk (2002)
References
Other websites
Nobel prize biographical notes (in English, also available in French, German, and Swedish)
Nobel Laureate Flays Bush, June 1, 2006
1927 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
German essayists
German Nobel Prize winners
German novelists
German writers
People from former German territories
People from Gdańsk
Playwrights
Waffen-SS people |
33454 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan%20language | Occitan language | Occitan (; ), known also as lenga d'òc by its native speakers (), is a Romance language spoken in the south of France, the Occitan Valleys of Italy, the Val d'Aran of Catalonia and Monaco. The regions together are sometimes known unofficially as Occitania.
Occitan took a different path from Latin to the main official languages. It is sometimes called lenga d'òc ("language of oc", French: langue d'oc) because its word for yes is òc, as opposed to oil (oui) or sì in other languages. That is one way to classify Romance languages.
Occitan is an official language of Catalonia. Since September 2010, the Parliament of Catalonia has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred language for use in the Val d'Aran.
Dialects
Alpine (also named Vivaro-Alpine or Provençal Alpine)
Auvergnat
Gascon (including Aranese spoken in Val d'Aran, Catalonia, Spain)
Languedocien
Limousin
Provençal
Some of the names (Provençal, Limousin, Gascon) were once used to name the whole language.
Sources
Other websites
Dictionary (written in Occitan)
Ethnologue report page for language with code OCI (Occitan)
English-Occitan lexicon
Orbilat.com , Overview and grammar of Occitan
Occitanet.free.fr, a guide to the language
Ostaldoccitania.net The house of occitan associations of Toulouse
Eonet.ne , "LexRomEdic", Electronic version of Lexique Roman of Rainouard (A provisional version is available).
Romance languages
Languages of Europe |
33462 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass%20%28singer%29 | Bass (singer) | A singer who is a bass is a man with a low singing voice. Some basses may be able to sing down to C two octaves below middle C. Even low A is sometimes needed in Russian church music.
In opera, basses often have the part of the villain, or the king, or a priest. A buffo-bass is a character role in which the bass singer needs a wide range for the comedy of the part. The part of Leporello in Mozart's Don Giovanni needs a buffo bass. The lowest kind of bass is called a basso-profondo. An example is the priest Sarastro in Mozart's Magic Flute.
Feodor Chaliapin (1873-1938) was a famous Russian bass.
Southern gospel singer J.D. Sumner held the world record for lowest bass singer for a number of years, from 1988 until he was beaten by Tim Storms in 2016
A baritone is a voice between tenor and bass in range, but some low baritones describe themselves as bass-baritones. Wotan in Der Ring des Nibelungen is a bass-baritone part. Bryn Terfel is a famous Welsh bass-baritone.
Johnny Cash is well-known for his bass-baritone voice
Vocal ranges |
33466 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton | Plankton | Plankton are drifting organisms that live in the surface layers of the ocean. They live in the top layer of the ocean, called the epipelagic zone. They are not strong enough to swim against ocean currents. The term is in contrast to nekton, who can control their movements. There are three groups:
Phytoplankton: which live at the surface of the ocean and photosynthesise (use light to make sugars and other molecules).
Eukaryote algae: diatoms, coccolithophores, some dinoflagellates.
Bacteria: cyanobacteria.
Zooplankton: small protozoans or metazoans: Ctenophores; jellyfish; rotifers; foraminifera; tiny crustacea and other animals. Some eggs and larvae of larger animals such as fish, crustaceans, and annelids. Apart from the eggs, they all feed on other plankton.
Some groups fall into both categories. Dinoflagellates can be either photosynthetic producers or heterotroph consumers; many species are mixotrophic depending upon their circumstances. It is also hard to fit viruses into this scheme; yet they are present in great numbers.
Plankton are important in the ocean's food chain. They are the main source of food for almost all fish larvae as they switch from their yolk sacs to catching prey. Basking sharks and blue whales feed on them directly; other large fish feed on them indirectly, by eating fish of smaller size, such as herrings.
The distribution of plankton is governed more by nutrients than by temperature. Large tracts of ocean are blue and sterile. The reason is that these areas lack one or more crucial nutrients for the photosynthetic plankton, upon whom all the others depend. Broadly speaking, areas near land masses get nutrients by rivers and wind. The key nutrient lacking in the Pacific ocean is iron, essential in molecules such as ferredoxins, iron-sulfur proteins which do electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions.
References
Biological oceanography
Ecology |
33469 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake%20Forest%20University | Wake Forest University | Wake Forest University is a university found in Winston-Salem, North Carolina . It was started in 1834 in the eastern North Carolina town of Wake Forest. The university was moved to Winston-Salem in 1956. A private school for both men and women, it has been a university since 1967.
The components of Wake Forest University are the Undergraduate College and the Wayne Calloway School of Business and Accountancy, the School of Law, Wake Forest School of Medicine, the Babcock Graduate School of Management, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the Divinity School.
Sports
Wake Forest's athletics teams are called the Deamon Deacons and they have sixteen varsity teams.
Other websites
Atlantic Coast Conference
Colleges and universities in North Carolina
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
1834 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in North Carolina |
33476 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza%20Ghulam%20Ahmad | Mirza Ghulam Ahmad | Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (February 13, 1835 – May 26, 1908), was a 19th century religious leader. He founded the Ahmadiyya movement within Islam. According to Ahmadi doctrine, he was the last prophet, as well as the Mahdi and the Messiah. He is believed by Ahmadis to be the Mujaddid of the 14th Islamic century.
Biography
Early life
Ghulam was born in Qadian, Punjab in India in 1835 the surviving child of twins born to a rich family. He is reported to have spent a lot of time in the mosque and with the study of the Qur'an and his religion, Islam. This did not lead him to fulfill his father's wishes of his son becoming a lawyer or civil servant. He did attempt to become a lawyer but failed the test. In his course of studying religious topics, he would often interact with many Muslims, non-Muslims, and with Christian missionaries whom he would engage in debates.
Prior to his claim
When Ghulam was thirty-five years old his father died. At this time Ghulam claimed that God had begun communicating with him, often through direct revelation. Initially, Ghulam's writings from this time were intended to counter what he perceived to be anti-Islamic writings originating from various Christian missionary groups. He also focused on countering the effects of various groups such as the Brahmo Samaj. During this period of his life he was well received by the Islamic clerics of the time.
Post claim
As time progressed, his writings began to exhibit his claims of being the mujaddid or reformer of his era. These writings were compiled in one of his most well-known works: Barahin Ahmadiyya, a work consisting of 5 volumes while originally planned 50 volumes. He explained that since there is only a dot difference between 50 & 5, therefore his promise was fulfilled. In later volumes, he would essentially claim to be the messiah of Islam. This proved and continues to be very controversial, as traditional Islamic thought holds that Jesus is the Messiah, who himself will return in the flesh at the end of times. Ghulam countered this by claiming that Jesus was dead, and had in fact escaped crucifixion and died in India. According to Ghulam, the promised Mahdi was a spiritual, not military leader as is believed by most Muslims. With this proclamation, he also began to step away from the traditional idea of militant Jihad, and redefined it as a “spiritual” battle rather than a physical one. In addition to these controversial claims, he would later claim that Guru Nanak, the first Sikh Guru, was in fact a Muslim.
These writings began to turn the general Muslims ulema (religious clerics) against him, and he was often branded as a heretic. Some accused Ghulam of working for the British who were trying to use him to remove the concept of Jihad from Indian Muslims.
Ghulam founded the Ahmadiyya movement in 1889. He claimed that the Ahmadiyya Movement stood in the same relation to Islam, as Christianity stood to Judaism at the time of Jesus. The mission of the movement according to Ghulam was the prorogation of what he considered to be Islam in its pristine form. Mirza Ghulam's teachings which differed from other Muslims of the time can be summarized as follows:
That Muhammad is the last prophet to bring a new law/religion but not the last prophet altogether... and Prophethood within the Islamic dispensation is continued after him, and that he himself was a Prophet besides claimant of Imam mehdi and massiah.
The Qur'an has no contradictions (or abrogations), and has precedence over the Hadith or traditions; i.e., that one verse of the Qur'an does not cancel another and that no Hadith can contradict a verse of the Qur'an. Hadith that appear to contradict the Qu'ran are not accepted by Ahmadi Muslims.
Jesus (called Yuz Asaf) was crucified and survived the 4 hours on the cross, then was revived from a swoon in the tomb. He died in Kashmir of old age whilst seeking the "Lost Tribes of Israel".
That Jihad can only be used to protect against extreme religious persecution, not as a political weapon or an excuse for rulers to invade neighbouring territories.
That the "Messiah" and "Imam Mahdi" are the same person, and that Islam will defeat the Anti-Christ or Dajjal in a period similar to the period of time it took for nascent Christianity to rise (300 years). Mainstream Muslims believe that Jesus was not crucified, but made to look as though he had been, and that he ascended to heaven from where he will return personally in the flesh to revive Islam.
Mirza Ghulam is widely acknowledged to have devoted his life to furthering the cause of his movement and countering allegations of heresy against his person till his death at Lahore in 1908.
Origin of name
The Ahmadiyya movement in Islam was founded in 1889, but the name Ahmadiyya was not adopted until about a decade later. In a manifesto dated November 4, 1900, the founder explained that the name referred to Ahmad, the alternative name of the prophet Mohammed. According to him, ‘Mohammed’, which means ‘the praised one’, refers to the glorious destiny of the prophet who adopted the name from about the time of the Hegira; but ‘Ahmad’ stands for the beauty of his sermons, and for the peace that he was destined to establish in the world through his teachings. According to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, these names thus refer to two aspects of Islam, and in later times it was the latter aspect that commanded greater attention. In keeping with this, he believed, his object was to establish peace in the world through the spiritual teachings of Islam. He believed that his message had special relevance for the Western world which according to him had descended into materialism.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's legacy
One of the main sources of dispute during his lifetime and continuing since then is Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's use of the terms “Nabi” (prophet) and “Rasool” (messenger) when referring to himself. Muslims consider the prophet Muhammad to be the last of the prophets and believe that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's use of these terms is a violation of the concept of “finality of prophet hood”. His followers fall into two camps in this regard: the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, who believe in a literal interpretation of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's prophethood (with some qualifications), and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, who believe in a symbolic interpretation of these two terms. This among other reasons caused a split in the movement soon after Ahmad's death.
Followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad have faced relentless persecution of various types over the years. In 1974, the Pakistani parliament amended the Pakistani constitution to declare Ahmadi Muslims as non-Muslims for purposes of the constitution of the Islamic Republic. In 1984, a series of changes in the Pakistan Penal Code sections relating to blasphemy that, in essence, made it illegal for Ahmadis to preach their religion openly as Islam, leading to 1000s of arrests and prosecutions.
Related pages
Ahmadi
Islam
Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
Sources and references
Other websites
Official Website of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
Official Website of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
Complete List of the Works of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
1835 births
1908 deaths
Religious leaders
New religious movements |
33478 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology | Pharmacology | Pharmacology is the study of how medicine and other things have an effect on living organisms and change how they function. Pharmacology could also be defined as the study of how medicine actually works.
Pharmacology is not exactly the same as pharmacy, and a pharmacologist is not exactly the same as a pharmacist. A pharmacologist is a scientist who studies how medicine actually works, and usually works in a science lab. A pharmacist is a health care provider who usually works at a pharmacy. However, there is quite a bit of overlap between these two fields. A pharmacist could be considered a type of pharmacologist. While in school, pharmacists do take many classes in pharmacology.
Origin of the word
If something can be used as a medicine, it is called a pharmaceutical. Pharmacology includes how drugs are made, how they interact with living organisms, what harmful effects they could have, how they can be used as medicines, and if they can be used to prevent illness. A person who works in the study of pharmacology is called a pharmacologist. Pharmacologists work in a team with biochemists, geneticists, microbiologists, toxicologists and pharmacists to run clinical tests on how drugs work.
Uses of pharmacology
The development of drugs is very important to medicine, but it also has strong economical and political uses. To protect people and prevent abuse, some countries try to control the way in which drugs are made, sold, and administered.
Scientific background
To study chemicals, a person needs to know a lot about what will be affected if it is ingested (taken into the body). As more people know about cell biology and biochemistry, the field of pharmacology has changed as well. It is now possible to design chemicals that do specific things.
A chemical can have different properties. Pharmacokinetics describes the what effect the body will have on the chemical, and pharmacodynamics describes the chemical's effect on the body (desired or toxic).
When a pharmacologist is talking about pharmacokinetic properties of a chemical, they are interested in four things: ADME.
Absorption - How is the medication absorbed (through the skin, the intestine, the mouth)?
Distribution - How does it spread through the organism?
Metabolism - Is the medication converted chemically inside the body, and into what. Are these new substances active? Could they be toxic?
Excretion - How does the organism get rid of the chemical (through the bile, urine, breath, skin)?
Medication is said to have a narrow or wide therapeutic index. This describes the ratio of desired effect to toxic effect. A medicine with a narrow therapeutic index (close to one) only does what people want it to do when the amount given is enough to put the organism in danger. A medicine with a wide therapeutic index (greater than five) does what people want it to do and does not necessarily put the organism in danger. Medication with a narrow margin are more difficult to dose and give to a person, and may require therapeutic drug monitoring (examples are warfarin, some antiepileptics, aminoglycoside antibiotics). Most anti-cancer drugs have a narrow therapeutic margin; toxic side-effects are almost always encountered at doses needed to kill tumours.
Drugs as medicine
Drugs that are given to people to help cure them of a medical condition or help reduce the symptoms are often licensed. They can be divided into three groups: over-the-counter, where anybody can buy the drug from a shop; prescription-only medicine, where a doctor has to say that a person is allowed to take a drug; and in some countries, pharmacy medicines, where only a registered pharmacy can sell a drug. Most over-the-counter medication will not hurt a person if they take a bit more than they are meant to. Medications are often produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented. Drugs that are not patented are called generic drugs.
Related pages
Pharmacoepidemiology
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacotheraphy
Drugs |
33485 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European%20languages | Indo-European languages | The Indo-European languages are the world's most spoken language family.
Linguists believe they all come from a single language, Proto-Indo-European, which was originally spoken somewhere in Eurasia. They are now spoken all over the world.
The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages in Europe, the Iranian plateau, and South Asia.
Historically, the language family was also important in Anatolia and Central Asia.
The earliest Indo-European writing is from the Bronze Age in Anatolian and Mycenaean Greek. The origin of Proto-Indo-European is after the invention of farming since some of its words have to do with farming.
Although it may have fewer languages than some other language families, it has the most native speakers, about 2.7 billion.
Of the 20 languages with the most speakers, 12 are Indo-European: English, Spanish, Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, German, Sindhi, Punjabi, Marathi, French, and Urdu.
Four of the six official languages of the United Nations are Indo-European: English, Spanish, French, and Russian.
Main language groups
These are the main Indo-European language groups:
Albanian
Anatolian: Luwian; Hittite
Armenian
Balto-Slavic
Baltic (Latvian and Lithuanian)
Slavic (such as Polish, Russian, and Serbian)
Celtic (such as Irish and Welsh)
Germanic (such as English, German, and Swedish)
Greek (and modern Greek)
Indo-Iranian
Indo-Aryan languages (Indic)
Iranian
Latin and the Romance languages (such as French, Italian, and Romanian)
Most Indo-European languages use the Latin script, but others use the Devanagari, Cyrillic, or Arabic scripts.
Summary
The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:
History of Indo-European linguistics
Suggestions of similarities between Indian and European languages began to be made by European visitors to India in the 16th century. In 1583, Thomas Stephens, an English Jesuit missionary in Goa, India, noticed similarities between the Indian languages and Greek and Latin and included them included in a letter to his brother, but it was not published until the 20th century.
The first account to mention Sanskrit is from Filippo Sassetti. Born in Florence, Italy, in 1540, he was a merchant who was among the first Europeans to study Sanskrit. Writing in 1585, he noted some word similarities between Sanskrit and Italian such as devaḥ/dio "God", sarpaḥ/serpe "serpent", sapta/sette "seven", aṣṭa/otto "eight", nava/nove "nine"). However, neither observation led to further scholarly inquiry.
In 1647, the Dutch linguist and scholar Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn noted the similarity among Indo-European languages and supposed that they had derived from a primitive common language. He included in his hypothesis Dutch, Greek, Latin, Persian, and German, and he later added Slavic, Celtic, and Baltic languages. However, his suggestions did not become widely known and did not stimulate further research.
Gaston Coeurdoux and others had made similar observations. Coeurdoux made a thorough comparison of Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek conjugations in the late 1760s to suggest a relationship between the languages. Similarly, Mikhail Lomonosov compared different languages groups of the world, including Slavic, Baltic, Iranian, Finnish, Chinese, Hottentot and others.
The hypothesis reappeared in 1786, 20 years after Coeurdoux, when Sir William Jones lectured on the striking similarities between three of the oldest languages known in his time: Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit. He later tentatively added Gothic, Celtic, and Old Persian but made some errors and omissions in his classification.
In 1813, Thomas Young was first to use the term Indo-European.<ref>In London Quarterly Review X/2 1813.; cf. Szemerényi 1999:12, footnote 6</ref> It became the standard scientific term except in Germany through Franz Bopp's Comparative Grammar''. Appearing between 1833 and 1852, it was the starting point of Indo-European studies as an academic discipline.
Some 20th-century scholars thought Indo-European languages started in Armenia or India, but most now think that it started in Eastern Europe or Anatolia.
References
Other websites
Indo-European languages -Citizendium |
33486 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf%20of%20Mexico | Gulf of Mexico | The Gulf of Mexico is a round sea, called a gulf. Land in North America is around much of it. The United States of America, Mexico, and Cuba are the countries around it. The Straits of Florida connect to the Atlantic Ocean, and the Yucatán Channel connects to the Caribbean Sea.
Petroleum is found near the north and west coast of this gulf. Many hurricanes hit this area, for example, Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita hurt many of the oil wells in 2005 in the United States. There is also a big fishing industry in the gulf.
Mexico
Atlantic Ocean
Bodies of water of the United States
Geography of Cuba
Geography of Mexico |
33492 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire | Zaire | Zaire, officially the Republic of Zaire () was the name of a country that is now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It used this name from 27 November 1971 to 17 May 1997. The name "Zaire" comes from a Portuguese corruption of the Kongo word nzare, meaning "river".
References
1971 establishments in Africa
1997 disestablishments
1990s disestablishments in Africa
Former countries in Africa
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
States and territories established in the 20th century
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
ja:コンゴ民主共和国#ザイール共和国（モブツ政権）時代 |
33498 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia | Pneumonia | Pneumonia is a disease of the lungs and the respiratory system. The lung contains many small bulbs, or sacs, called alveoli. These help to take out oxygen from the air. In the case of pneumonia, these bulbs become inflamed. They fill up with a fluid which is called pus, and can no longer absorb as much oxygen as before. This makes it hard for the person with pneumonia to breathe. They may feel out of breath, or like they are drowning. They may also feel pain when they breathe. Sometimes people die of pneumonia, even when they go to a hospital and take medicine.
Background
Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. It can also be caused by chemical or physical damage done to the lungs. Other illnesses, like alcohol abuse or lung cancer, can also result in pneumonia.
People with pneumonia usually have difficulty breathing. They may also cough, or have pains in the chest area. The treatment of pneumonia depends on how the illness was caused. If it was caused by bacteria, antibiotics can be used to treat it.
People of all ages can have pneumonia. The disease is dangerous. Many people die from pneumonia, especially old people, or people with a weak immune system.
According to some research in 2010, in some parts of the world where people are very poor like India, Nigeria, and Pakistan, pneumonia was the cause of death for more children under the age of five than any other disease. Statistically, however, for every 2,000 children in the developing world who die of pneumonia, only one child in the developed world dies from the disease. This is because of differences in health care and because of differences in rates of breastfeeding, not because of differences in children. Breastfeeding newborn babies greatly increases their ability to survive pneumonia, but some cultures think of breastfeeding as taboo.
Other types of pneumonia
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
SARS is a highly contagious and deadly type of pneumonia which first occurred in 2002 after initial outbreaks in China. SARS is caused by the SARS coronavirus, a pathogen (disease-causing organism) that was not known until then. New cases of SARS have not been seen since June 2003.
Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
BOOP is caused by inflammation (swelling or irritation) of the small airways of the lungs. It is also known as cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis (COP).
Eosinophilic pneumonia
Eosinophilic pneumonia is invasion of the lung by eosinophils. Eosinophils are a particular kind of white blood cells. Eosinophilic pneumonia often occurs in response to infection with a parasite or after exposure to certain types of environmental factors.
Chemical pneumonia
Chemical pneumonia (usually called chemical pneumonitis) is caused by chemical toxins such as pesticides, which may enter the body by inhalation (breathing in) or by skin contact. When the toxic (poisonous or harmful) substance is an oil, the pneumonia may be called lipoid pneumonia.
Aspiration pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia (or aspiration pneumonitis) is caused by accidentally inhaling oral (mouth) or gastric (stomach) contents into the lungs, either while eating, or after reflux or vomiting, and causing damage to the lungs. The lung inflammation from these materials is not an infection but it can eventually cause one, since the material taken into the lungs may contain bacteria. Aspiration is a common cause of death among hospital and nursing home patients, since they sometimes cannot cough hard enough to protect their airways.
References
Other websites
Merck Manual: Pneumonia
Merck Manual of Geriatrics: Pneumonia in the elderly
British Lung Foundation
Infectious diseases
Pulmonology |
33507 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino%2C%20Los%20Angeles | Encino, Los Angeles | Encino, California is a district of Los Angeles.
Other websites
Maps and aerial photos of Encino
Neighborhoods of Los Angeles |
33515 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter%20Olympic%20Games | Winter Olympic Games | Winter Olympic Games were originally considered to be linked with the nation hosting the Summer Olympic Games. The country holding the summer games was preferred as the host for the winter games. Since 1948, the locations of summer and winter games have developed independent of each other.
1924 - I Olympic Winter Games - Chamonix, France
1928 - II Olympic Winter Games - St. Moritz, Switzerland
1932 - III Olympic Winter Games - Lake Placid, New York, United States
1948 - V Olympic Winter Games - St. Moritz, Switzerland
1952 - VI Olympic Winter Games - Oslo, Norway
1956 - VII Olympic Winter Games - Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
1960 - VIII Olympic Winter Games - Squaw Valley, California, United States
1964 - IX Olympic Winter Games - Innsbruck, Austria
1968 - X Olympic Winter Games - Grenoble, France
1972 - XI Olympic Winter Games - Sapporo, Japan
1976 - XII Olympic Winter Games - Innsbruck, Austria
1980 - XIII Olympic Winter Games - Lake Placid, New York, United States
1984 - XIV Olympic Winter Games - Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
1988 - XV Olympic Winter Games - Calgary, Alberta, Canada
1992 - XVI Olympic Winter Games - Albertville, France
1994 - XVII Olympic Winter Games - Lillehammer, Norway
1998 - XVIII Olympic Winter Games - Nagano, Japan
2002 - XIX Olympic Winter Games - Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
2006 - XX Olympic Winter Games - Torino, Italy
2010 - XXI Olympic Winter Games - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
2014 - XXII Olympic Winter Games - Sochi, Russia
2018 - XXIII Olympic Winter Games - Pyeongchang, South Korea
2022 - XXIV Olympic Winter Games - Beijing, China
2026 - XXV Olympics Winter Games - Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
References
Olympics-related lists |
33533 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside%2C%20California | Woodside, California | Woodside is a town in California with a population of about 5,000 people and over 5,000 horses. It is in the northern region of Silicon Valley and has the highest percapita population of billionaires, as well as being the home of celebrities including Shirley Temple, Neil Diamond, Joan Baez, Michelle Pfeiffer and a gorilla named Koko that knows more than a thousand words of American Sign Language.
Other websites
Town of Woodside home page
Woodside Public Library - a branch of the San Mateo County Library
Woodside Fire District
Cities in California
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Settlements in San Mateo County, California |
33534 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen | Pathogen | A pathogen is an infectious thing, such as a virus, bacteria, fungi or parasite, which causes a disease. This ability is called pathogenicity.
The body has many ways to defend against some of the common pathogens (such as Pneumocystis) in the form of the human immune system and by some "helpful" bacteria present in the human body's normal human flora. However, if the immune system or "good" bacteria is damaged in any way (for example, chemotherapy, HIV, or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens), pathogenic bacteria that were being held back can grow and cause harm to the host. Such cases are opportunistic infections.
Some pathogens cause epidemics. These include the bacterium Yersinia pestis which may have caused the Black Death, the Variola virus, and the malarial protozoa. They hurt or even kill large numbers of people.
The most famous and lethal outbreak was the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 subtype), which lasted from 1918 to 1919. It is not known exactly how many it killed, but estimates range from 20 to 100 million people. This pandemic has been described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and may have killed as many people as the Black Death.
The huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding from the ears and skin also occurred". The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive bleeding and oedema in the lungs.
In plants, fungi are the main cause of infectious disease.
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Plant_disease_epidemiology&action=edit§ion=2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_pathology |
33539 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide | Pesticide | A pesticide is a chemical that is used to kill or prevent small animals (or organisms) which are considered to be unwanted. These organisms are called pests. Some of these pests that people do not want are insects, microbes that destroy plants, and other things that affect humans in a bad way and it may kill humans too. Many pesticides are poisonous, and are bad for not only the organisms they kill, but for humans too. A pesticide also affects the environment
and the atmosphere.
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants lists chemicals that are very hard to destroy, or very toxic. In total, twelve chemicals are listed. Nine of them can be used as pesticides.
Types of Pesticides
There are different types of pesticides for getting rid of different pests.
Herbicides kill weeds
Insecticides kill insects that eat plants and crops
Fungicides kill any bad fungi
Effects of Pesticides
Pesticides are used to kill pests, but many are bad for human health. They may pollute water, and go into rivers, lakes, and ponds. This will cause acid rain, and organisms living in the water can get sick and die, because the water where they live has more acid.
Pesticide is very bad for animals, especially amphibians.
Alternatives
In many cases, there are alternatives to the use of (chemical) pesticides. These include:
Use of genetic engineering
Release of other organisms to control the pests, such as predators or parasites. That way, ducks can be used in rice fields to act against snails, for example
Some foods can be processed and used to control certain pest
Use of polycultures, that is growing many different crops together, rather than just one crop.
References
Poisons
Gardening |
33540 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalation | Inhalation | Inhalation is half of what occurs when people or animals breathe. Air is moved from the outside through the respiratory system into the lungs. The lungs take out some oxygen and put it into the blood. Drugs can also be inhaled with an inhaler to put them into the blood. The air is then moved out of the lungs again. This is the other half of breathing, called exhalation.
Respiratory system |
33546 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe%20acute%20respiratory%20syndrome | Severe acute respiratory syndrome | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was an atypical pneumonia. It started in November 2002 in Guangdong Province, in the city of Foshan, of the People's Republic of China. The disease was caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV), a new coronavirus. It was also a part-time STD, it can be spread through both sexual and casual contact.
SARS is a zoonosis: it is a disease which comes from animals: it came from Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats. Exactly how the virus got to humans is not known.
SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003. Over the next few months, the illness spread to more than 24 countries in Asia, North America, South America, and Europe before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 8098 people worldwide became sick with SARS during the 2003 outbreak; 774 of these died.
After the Chinese government suppressed news of the SARS outbreak, the disease spread rapidly, reaching Hong Kong and Vietnam in late February 2003, and then to other countries via international travellers. The last case in this outbreak occurred in June 2003. There were a total of 8437 known cases of the disease, with 813 deaths (a mortality rate of 9.636%).
In May 2005 the disease itself was declared 'eradicated' by the WHO and it became the second disease in mankind to receive this label (the other was smallpox). The New York Times reported that "not a single case of severe acute respiratory syndrome has been reported this year or in late 2004. It is the first winter without a case since the initial outbreak in late 2002. Also, the epidemic strain of SARS that caused at least 813 deaths worldwide by June of 2003 has not been seen outside a laboratory since then."
References
Diseases caused by viruses
Pulmonology
Coronaviruses
Zoonoses |
33552 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet | Ballet | Ballet is a type of dance. It is only done by dancers who have had special training. The dancers are employed by a dance company, and they perform in theatres. The first reference to ballet is found in a work of Domenico da Piacenza, who lived in the early 14th century.
Ballet involves the creation of the dance itself, often a type of imaginary story. The story is told with the help of dance and mime. Ballet is a form of expression. It presents a story in a new form to the audience. The creation of a dance is called choreography. The choreography is learnt by the dancers under the supervision of a trainer, called a ballet master or mistress. Ballet is always performed to music, and in many cases the music was specially composed for a particular ballet. Ballet is a major part of theatre, and a popular example is The Nutcracker.
History
Early stages
Ballet grew out of Renaissance spectacles which, rather like big pop music events today, used every type of performance art. These Italian ballets were further developed in France. Le Ballet Comique de la Reine (The Queen's Ballet Comedy) was performed in Paris in 1581. It was staged by Balthazar de Beaujoyeux, a violinist and dancing master at the court of Catherine de Medici. It was danced by amateurs in a hall. The royal family were watching at one end and the others in galleries on three sides. Poetry and songs came with the dances.
The basis of classical ballet was formed in the Court of Louis XIV in France, in the 17th century.p40 Even his title (the 'Sun King') came from a role he danced in a ballet. Louis founded the first ballet company, the Ballet de l'Opera de Paris. Many of the ballets presented at his court were created by the composer Jean-Baptiste Lully and the choreographer Pierre Beauchamp. Also during this time, the playwright Molière invented the comedie-ballet.
Modern technique begins
In the early 19th century ballet technique was codified (sorted out and written down) by Carlo Blasis (1797–1878) of Naples. His dance classes, four hours long, were famous for being the toughest training there was at that time. 'Romantic ballet' flourished in France in the first half of the 19th century.
Ballet with a more athletic style was developed in Imperial Russia of the late 19th century. This company performed in the Mariinsky Theatre at St. Petersburg. The three famous Tchaikovsky ballets, Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker, date from that time.
The next stage was the Diaghilev ballet. Diagelev was a great impresario (showman). In 1909 he founded Les Ballets Russes de Sergei Diaghilev, considered by many to be the greatest ballet company of all time.
"Its success was so extraordinary, its ballets so revolutionary, and its artists so electrifying that its appearance in Paris before the First World War sparked an international ballet boom".p47
His dancers included the legendary Nijinsky and the Imperial primaballerina Karsavina; also Pavlova, Danilova and Spessivtseva. His choreographers included Fokine, Massine and Balanchine; his composers included Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Ravel and Debussy; his set designers included Picasso, Cezanne, Matisse, Utrillo, Bakst and Braque; and the ballets created changed the course of ballet history.
Later in the 20th century, permanent ballet companies were set up in English-speaking countries. The Royal Ballet in London was started, and in New York a company called the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo was founded (1938–1962).
Technique
Technique is the physical ability to perform whatever steps a dance may need. Specific methods for refining technique are named after the ballet master or mistress who started them, such as the Vaganova method after Agrippina Vaganova, the Balanchine method after George Balanchine, and the Cecchetti method after Enrico Cecchetti.
Other websites
Beginner's Guide to Ballet
Ballet Videos
Andros on Ballet
References |
33554 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazio | Lazio | Lazio (Latin: Latium) is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in central Italy. The capital is Rome.
Geography
The region is in Central Italy with an area of . It is bordered to the northwest by the Tuscany region, to the north by the Umbria region, to the northeast with the Marche region, to the east with the Abruzzo and Molise regions, to the southeast is the Campania region and to the west is the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Vatican City is within the region.
The main river in the region is the Tiber. The highest mountain in the region is Monte Gorzano, on the border with the Abruzzo region, with an altitude of .
The Pontine Islands () are an archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the west coast of Italy. They are part of Lazio.
Provinces
Lazio has four provinces and one Metropolitan city (Rome).
Largest municipalities
The 10 communi with more people living in it are:
References
Other websites
Lazio Region Official site |
33555 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Diesel | Rudolf Diesel | Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (March 18, 1858 – September 30, 1913) was a German engineer and inventor. His best known invention is Diesel engine. He was born in Paris and died on the English Channel.
He had the idea to develop an engine which relied on a high compression of the fuel to ignite it. With this he could do without a spark. The technique with a spark was developed by Niklaus Otto. The engine based on this is called internal combustion engine.
In 1892 he got a patent for the engine.
He got a lot of money from licensing his invention.
1858 births
1913 deaths
German inventors |
33558 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklaus%20Otto | Niklaus Otto | Nikolaus August Otto (June 14, 1832 - January 28, 1891) was a German engineer. He is the inventor of the internal-combustion engine. This engine was the first to burn fuel directly in a piston chamber. Up until his invention, all engines were external-combustion engines steam engines and burnt their fuel in a separate compartment.
1832 births
1891 deaths
German engineers
German inventors |
33562 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito | Quito | Quito is the capital city of Ecuador. As of 2019, about 1,978,376 people lived there. Quito is the second largest city in Ecuador after Guayaquil. The Historic Center of Quito, Ecuador is one of the largest, least-changed and best-preserved historic centers in the Americas. Quito was designated a World Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1978. It is the first city to be honored in such a way.
The Historic Centre of Quito is located in the center south of the capital on an area of 320 hectares (790 acres), and is thought of as one of the most important historic areas in Latin America. There are about 130 monumental buildings (which have a variety of pictorial art and sculpture, mostly of religious inspired in a range of schools and styles) and 5,000 properties registered in the municipal inventory of heritage properties.
Presidential Palace
Carondelet Palace (Spanish: Palacio de Carondelet) is the seat of government of the Republic of Ecuador, located in the historical center of Quito. Axis is the nerve of the public space known as Independence Square or Plaza Grande (colonial name), around which were built in addition the Archbishop's Palace, the Municipal Palace, the Hotel Plaza Grande and the Metropolitan Cathedral. The history of this symbolic building dates back to colonial times, around 1570, with the acquisition of the former royal houses located in the city of Quito.
During the Republican era, almost all of the presidents (constitutional, internees and dictators) have dispatched from this building, which is the seat of Government of the Republic of Ecuador. In addition to the administrative units in the third level of the Palace is the presidential residence, a luxurious colonial-style apartment in which they live the President and his family. Rafael Correa, president since 2007, thinking that Carondelet Palace and its offices are Ecuadoran heritages, converted the presidential compound into a museum accessible to all who wish to visit it. To this end, areas were organized to place objects within their cultural contexts, to make them accessible to the world, which used several rooms and spaces within the palace.
Church of La Compañía de Jesús
Construction began in 1605, with Mastrilli laying the first stone. The building was not completed until 1765. La Compañía is among the best-known churches in Quito because of its large central nave, which is decorated with gold leaf, gilded plaster and wood carvings. Inspired by two Roman Jesuit churches — the Chiesa del Gesù and the Chiesa di Sant'Ignazio di Loyola — La Compañía is one of the most significant works of Spanish Baroque architecture in South America.
Independence Square
Also known as Big Square (Spanish: Plaza de la Independencia, Plaza Grande). Historic public square of Quito (Ecuador), located in the heart of the old city. This is the central square of the city and one of the symbols of the executive power of the nation. Its main feature is the monument to the independence heroes of August 10, 1809, date remembered as the First Cry of Independence of the Royal Audience of Quito from Spanish monarchy. The environment of the square is flanked by the Carondelet Palace, the Metropolitan Cathedral, the Archbishop's Palace, the Municipal Palace and the Plaza Grande Hotel.
Church of San Fransisco
Church and Monastery of St. Francis, colloquially known as El San Francisco, is a colonial-styled church and monastery located in Quito, Ecuador. Construction of the building began a few weeks after the founding of the city in 1534 and ended in 1604. The founder of the church was Franciscan missionary Jodoco Ricke.
The building's construction began around 1550, sixteen years after Quito was founded by Spanish conquistadors, and was finished in approximately 1680. The building was officially inaugurated in 1605. It is not known who designed the original plans for the complex, though the most-accepted theory is that they were sent from Spain, based on the topographical study of Ricke and Gosseal. It is also possible that architects came from Spain for the construction of the monastery, or that Ricke and Gosseal managed the entire construction.
Church of El Sagrario
In colonial times, the Church of El Sagrario was one of the largest architectural marvels of Quito. The construction is of the Italian Renaissance style and was built in the late 17th century. It has a screen that supports its sculptures and decorations. This structure was built by Bernardo de Legarda. Its central arch leads to a dome decorated with frescoes of biblical scenes featuring archangels, work by Francisco Albán. The altarpiece was gilded by Legarda. It is located on Calle García Moreno, near the Cathedral.
Church of Santo Domingo
Although they arrived in Quito in 1541, in 1580 the Dominicans started to build their temple, using the plans and direction of Francisco Becerra. The work was completed in the first half of the 17th century. Inside the church are valuable structures, such as the neo-Gothic main altar. This was placed in the late 19th century by Italian Dominicans. The roof of the Mudéjar style church features paintings of martyrs of the Order of Saint Dominic. The roof of the nave is composed of a pair and knuckle frame, coated inside by pieces of tracery. In the museum located on the north side of the lower cloister are wonderful pieces of great Quito sculptors such as the Saint Dominic de Guzmán by Father Carlos, the Saint John of God by Caspicara, and the Saint Thomas Aquinas by Legarda. Another Baroque piece that stands is the Chapel of Nuestra Señora del Rosario, which is a recognizable feature of the architecture of Quito. This chapel was built beside the church, in the gospel side. In this was founded the largest fraternity in the city of Quito.
El Panecillo
El Panecillo is a hill located in the middle west of the city at an altitude of about 3,016 metres (9,895 ft) above sea level. A monument to the Virgin Mary is located on top of El Panecillo and is visible from most of the city of Quito. In 1976, the Spanish artist Agustín de la Herrán Matorras was commissioned by the religious order of the Oblates to build a 41 metres (135 ft)–tall aluminum monument of a madonna, which was assembled on a high pedestal on the top of Panecillo.
The Quito School
The Quito School originated in the school of Artes y Oficios, founded in 1552 by the Franciscan priest Jodoco Ricke, who together with Friar Pedro Gocial transformed the San Andrés seminary, where the first indigenous artists were trained. As a cultural expression, it is the result of a long process of acculturation between indigenous peoples and Europeans, and it is one of the richest expressions of miscegenation (mestizaje) and of syncretism, in which the participation of the vanquished Indian is seemingly of minor importance as compared to the dominant European contribution.
The Quito School (Escuela Quiteña) is an artistic tradition that developed in the territory of the Royal Audience of Quito, from Pasto and Popayán in the north to Piura and Cajamarca in the south, during the colonial period (1542-1824). This artistic production was one of the most important activities in the economy of the Royal Audience of Quito.
The major artists of the Quito School are the sculptors Bernardo de Legarda , Manuel Chili (Caspicara) and Miguel Angel Tejada Zambrado and the painters Fray Pedro Gosseal, Fray Pedro Bedón, Nicolás Javier Goríbar, Hernando de la Cruz, Miguel de Santiago, Manuel de Samaniego
Basilica del Voto Nacional
The Basilica of the National Vow is a Roman Catholic church in the historic center of Quito. It is sometimes also called the Catedral Consagración de Jesús or the Basílica de San Juan. It is the largest neo-Gothic basilica in the Americas.
The basilica arose from the idea, proposed by father Julio Matovelle in 1883, of building a monument as a perpetual reminder of the consecration of Ecuador to the Sacred Heart, President Luis Cordero issued the decree on July 23, 1883, and it was carried out by president José María Plácido Caamaño on March 5, 1884. The congress, in accordance with the year's budget, designated 12,000 pesos for the construction - 1,000 pesos per month, beginning in 1884. By the decree of July 3, 1885, the fourth Quitense Provincial Council turned the construction of the basilica into a religious commitment in the name of the country. The basilica remains technically "unfinished." & local legend says that when the Basílica is completed, the end of the world will come.
Metropolitan Cathedral
Construction began in 1562, seventeen years after the diocese of Quito was created (1545) and located in the heart of the historic city and its status as the main church of the city, is one of the largest religious symbols of spiritual value for the Catholic community in the city.
Church of San Agustín
It is one of the seven monumental churches of the 16th and 17th centuries whose main portico was built on stone in the Spanish Baroque-architecture style.
The church includes a small atrium (decorated by a large stone cross), an inside yard with a large garden and a large session hall where the frayers held dissertations or "capitulations" of faith.
The cloister and convent have a separate entrance which leads to the garden. The bell tower reaches a high of twenty-two meters (seventy feet) and houses two bronze bells of the period.
Guápulo, Quito
Guápulo is a district of Quito, Ecuador, also called an electoral parish (parroquia electoral urbana). The parish was established as a result of the October 2004 political elections when the city was divided into 19 urban electoral parishes. Set behind Hotel Quito, the neighborhood of Guápulo runs down the winding Camino de Orellana, from González Suárez to Calle de los Conquistadores, the main road out of Quito and to the neighboring suburbs.
Often considered an artsy, bohemian neighborhood of Quito, Guápulo is home to many local artists and a couple of hippy cafés/bars. Every year on September 7 the guapuleños honor their neighborhood with the Fiestas de Guápulo, a fantastic celebration complete with costumes, parade, food, drink, song, dance, and fireworks.
Guápulo Park is a 19.5 hectares, 48 acre public park. The park is administered by the Public Sector under the Parks and Public Spaces Urban Spaces that is under the National Plan for Good Living as to the creation of green spaces for cultural practices, recreational and sports activities.
References
World Heritage Sites in South America
1534 establishments
1530s establishments in South America |
33576 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic%20languages | Uralic languages | The Uralic languages are a language family. They were originally spoken in Eastern Europe and Asia but originated somewhere in eastern Siberia near Lake Baikal.
There are two modern main kinds: the Samoyedic languages and the Finno-Ugric languages.
Origin
The proto-Uralic languages and the early Uralic people originated somewhere in eastern Siberia or possibly Northeast Asia. They were closely related to other Siberian and East Asian but also Inuit people. They migrated into central Siberia and then about 3,000 years ago started to migrate to the Baltic region in northeastern Europe. They assimilated many Paleo-European tribes. Genetic and anthropologic studies show that the early Uralic people were similar to various Siberian and East Asian people (Mongoloids).
External relations
Several linguists and geneticists suggest that the Uralic languages are related to various Siberian languages and possibly also some languages of northern Native Americans. A proposed family is named Uralo-Siberian. It includes Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut (Inuit), possibly Nivkh and Chukotko-Kamchatkan.
List of Uralic languages
Finno-Ugric languages
Hungarian
Khanty
Mansi
Estonian
Finnish
Karelian
Livonian
Votic
Ingrian
Saami
Erzya
Moksha
Mari
Udmurt
Komi
Samoyedic languages
Nenets
References
Other weblinks |
33578 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian%20languages | Iranian languages | Iranian language may refer to:
Languages of Iran
Iranic languages
Languages of Iran |
33579 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan%20languages | Indo-Aryan languages | The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of Indo-Iranian languages. They are mostly spoken in Southern Asia, including India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Bangladesh. However, some are also spoken in other places, such as Europe. The Indo-Aryan languages come from a common ancient ancestor, Proto-Indo-Aryan, and today include many modern languages like Marathi, Odia, Hindustani (including modern Hindi and Urdu), Romani, and Sanskrit, which is the sacred language of Hindus.
Related pages
Languages of South Asia
Further reading
Morgenstierne, Georg. "Early Iranic Influence upon Indo-Aryan." Acta Iranica, I. série, Commemoration Cyrus. Vol. I. Hommage universel (1974): 271-279.
Other websites
The Indo Aryan languages
The Indic languages |
33581 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian%20language | Iranian language | Iranian language may refer to:
Languages of Iran
Iranic languages |
33582 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian%20languages | Indo-Iranian languages | The Indo-Iranian languages or Indo-Iranic languages are the largest group of the Indo-European language family. They include the Indo-Aryan (Indic) and Iranic (Iranian) languages. They are mostly spoken in the Indian subcontinent and the Iranian plateau. Originally, they were spoken in Central Asia, to the east and the north of the Caspian Sea.
Indo-Aryan languages
There are about 221 Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages, with more than 800 million speakers.
Below are the most widely spoken Indo-Aryan languages.
Punjabi (regional official language in India; regional de-facto co-official provincial language in Pakistan)
Bengali (official language in Bangladesh; regional official language in India)
Marathi (regional official language in India)
Hindustani (in the form of Urdu; official language in Pakistan; regional official language in India alongside Hindi, another form of Hindustani)
Sanskrit, the sacred language of the Hindus, is also an Indo-Aryan language. Today it is spoken by around 14,000 people, is an official language in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and is one of the 22 official languages of India.
Iranian languages
There are about 86 Iranian languages, or Iranic languages as argued by some scholars, with between 150 and 200 million speakers.
Below are the most widely spoken Iranian languages.
Persian (official language in Iran; also official as Dari in Afghanistan and as Tajik in Tajikistan)
Pashto (official language in Afghanistan)
Kurdish (official language in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq)
The Iranian languages also contain the extinct language Avestan, which is used in the Zoroastrian scriptures of Zoroastrianism. It is similar to Sanskrit but is not widely spoken today.
Nuristani, Bangani, and Badeshi
Some scholars consider the Nuristani and Bangani languages as part of the Indo-Aryan subgroup, but some other scholars consider them as two separate subgroups of Indo-Iranian. The Badeshi language is also an unclassified Indo-Iranian language.
References |
33583 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic%20languages | Slavic languages | The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the largest language family of the Indo-European group. Slavic languages and dialects are spoken in Central, Eastern Europe, the Balkans and northern Asia.
List of Slavic languages
East Slavic languages
These languages are usually written with the Cyrillic alphabet.
Ukrainian
Belarusian
Russian
Rusyn
West Slavic languages
These languages are usually written with the Roman alphabet.
Czech-Slovak languages
Czech
Knaanic
Slovak
Pannonian Rusyn
Lechitic languages
Polish
Silesian
Pomeranian
Kashubian
Slovincian
Polabian
Sorbian
Upper Sorbian
Lower Sorbian
South Slavic languages
These languages may be written with the Cyrillic or Latin script, depending on the language.
Eastern
Bulgarian
Macedonian
Western
Serbian
Montenegrin
Bosnian
Croatian
Burgenland Croatian
Molise Croatian
Bunjevac Croatian
Slovenian
Pan-Slavic languages
Interslavic
Other websites
Slavic Grammar Matrix
Languages of Europe
Language-related lists |
33590 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienna | Sienna | Sienna is a city in the Italian region of Tuscany. Its name is spelt Siena in Italian. The city has a population of about 54,000.
The historic centre of Siena has been declared by UNESCO a World Heritage Site. It is one of the nation's most visited tourist attractions, with over 163,000 international arrivals in 2008. Siena is famous for its cuisine, art, museums, medieval cityscape and the Palio, a horse race held twice yearly.
Siena began as Etruscan, before it was conquered by Ancient Rome. Sienna prospered under the Lombards, who became the first Kings of Italy. Lombard nobles governed it until the 8th century, when they were conquered by Charlemagne and his Franks. Feudal rule eded with the death of the Countess Matilda in 1115, and Sienna became an independent city with its own government. There were struggles between Siena and Florence during the Middle Ages and the renaissance. The city did well in wool and money lending or usury, the charging of interest on loans.
History
- 900 to 400 BC: Sienna, like other Tuscan hill towns were occuped by Etruscans that changed the territories with their technology of irrigation.
- 390 Battle of the Allia
- At the time of the Emperor Augustus, a Roman town called Saena Julia in the territories previously occupied by Etruscans.
- Siena did not prosper under Roman rule. It was not sited near any major roads and therefore missed out on the resulting opportunities for trade.
- 774 BC: the oldest aristocratic families in Sienna date their line to the Lombards' surrender to Charlemagne.
- 1115: the death of Countess Matilda, an important point for the history of Sienna, because after this the Mark of Tuscia which had been under the control of her family – the Canossa – broke up into several autonomous regions.
- Sienna became a major center of money lending and an important for trade. It was governed at first directly by its Bishop.
- During the 1100s: power of Bishop lost energy and at the same thime the biggest build of Sienna, the Duomo, was completed.
- 1167: Sienna, after a trouble about territories with Arezzo, became independence from the Bishop.
- 1179: Sienna had a written constitution.
- Early 12th century a self-governing commune replaced the earlier aristocratic government. The consuls who governed the republic slowly became more inclusive of the poblani, or common people, and the Commune increased its territory as the surrounding feudal nobles in their fortified castles submitted to the urban power. Sienna's republic, struggling internally between nobles and the popular party, usually worked in political opposition to its great rival, Florence.
- 1203: Siena's university was founded.
- 4 September 1260: the Senese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeated the Florentine Guelphs in the Battle of Montaperti.
-1348: Sienna was devastated by the Black Death.
- 1355: with Charles IV of Luxembourg in the city, the population rose and suppressed the government of the Nove (Nine), establishing that Dodici (Twelve) nobles assisted by a group with a popular majority.
- Years later gave the power Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan in order to defend it from the Florentine attacks.
- 1404: the Visconti were expelled and a government of Ten Priors established, in alliance with Florence against King Ladislas of Naples. With the election of the Sienese Pius II as Pope, the Piccolomini and other noble families were helped to return to the government, but after his death the control returned into popular hands.
- 1472: the Republic founded the Monte dei Paschi, a bank that is still active today and is the oldest surviving bank in the world.
- 1487: The noble legacy returned in the city under Pandolfo Petrucci with the support of Florence and of Alfonso of Calabria;
- Pandolfo was succeeded by his son Borghese, who was ousted by his cousin Raffaello, helped by the Medici Pope Leo X. The last Petrucci was Fabio, exiled in 1523 by the Sienese people.
- Emperor Charles V took advantage of the chaotic situation to put a Spanish garrison in Sienna. The citizens expelled the garrison in 1552, and made allies with France. This was unacceptable for Charles, who sent his general Gian Giacomo Medici to lay siege to it with a Florentine-Imperial army.
- August 1554: Sienna lost against Florence at the Battle of Marciano. After 18 months of resistance, it surrendered to Florence on 17 April 1555, marking the end of the Republic of Siena. The new Spanish King Philip, owing huge sums to the Medici, gave it (apart from some coastal fortresses) to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany,
- Until the unification of Italy Sienna was controlled by Florence.
The city is an important centre for art and culture.
Important places in Siena
Siena's cathedral
baptistery
Piazza del Campo
Palazzo Pubblico
Torre del Mangia
Basilica dell'Osservanza
Santa Maria dei Servi
San Domenico
San Francesco
Santo Spirito
San Martino
Palazzo Chigi
Villa Chigi
Castle of Belcaro
Villa Celsa
Villa Cetinale
Villa Volte Alte
Palazzo Salimbeni, (On the "Piazza Salimbeni") a notable building and also the medieval headquarter of Monte dei Paschi di Siena, one of the oldest banks of the World.
Sanctuary of Santa Caterina, incorporating the old house of St. Catherine of Siena. It houses the miraculous Crucifix (late 12th century) from which the saint received her stigmata, and a 15th-century statue of St. Catherine.
The Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Museum of Opera in the Duomo) where we can see the Duccio's famous Maestà (1308–1311) and various other works by Senese masters.
Sports
Siena has enjoyed a long tradition in sports. Basketball and football are popular in Siena. However, other sports such as rugby union and track-and-field are also practiced.
The Palio
July 2 and August 16 are the dates when the Palio di Siena is held. The Palio is a traditional medieval horse race is run around the Piazza del Campo each year. This event is attended by large crowds, and is shown on TV. televised. Seventeen Contrade run for the prize,a painted flag, or Palio bearing an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Sister cities
Weimar, Germany, since April 15 1994
Wetzlar, Germany
Avignon, France
Related pages
Province of Siena
References
Other websites
Official site
Siena information for the independent traveler
360° Photo Tour & Information on Siena
Images from Siena
Siena tourist guide
Siena historical picture gallery
Siena photos
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Capital cities in Italy |
33593 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua | Padua | Padua () is an Italian city near Venice. It has about 210,000 people.
An old myth says that Padua was founded by the Trojan Antenore. There was a settlement since the 4th century before Christ. It got under Roman power in 215 B.C. In 426 A.D. Padua became destroyed by Attila. Narses reconstructed the city, but the Langobardes destroyed it a second time. Charles, the Great got Padua in 774 under power of the Francs, later the city joined the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation.
After struggles with Frederic Barbarossa it declared peace in 1177. In 1222 the second university of Italy was founded in Padua. The Gulfs got Padua in 1256, later the Republic of Venice got control about the city until Napoleon Bonaparte got it.
Other websites
The official site in Italian language
Capital cities in Italy |
33595 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20McAleese | Mary McAleese | Mary Patricia McAleese (born 27 June 1951) was the eighth President of the Republic of Ireland from 1997 to 2011. She was first elected president in 1997 and was re-elected to another seven years in 2004 through 2011. She was ranked the 55th most powerful woman in the world on a list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women by Forbes, despite the ceremonial nature of the presidency.
She is the first President of Ireland to be born in Northern Ireland. She is also Ireland's second woman president, and the first in the world to succeed another woman.
Related pages
President of Ireland
1951 births
Living people
Fianna Fáil politicians
Northern Ireland politicians
Politicians from Belfast |
33600 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce | Divorce | Divorce is a process in which marriage is ended in the eyes of the law; after a couple divorces, they are no longer married.
Systems of law may have two sorts of divorce
The laws are different in every country, but usually there are two ways reasons for a divorce in law, because of a bad act by one person and divorce with no bad act. In some countries it is important who did the bad act. This may have an effect on decisions about the money and property of the two people. Normally a divorce comes in force some time after the decision of approval.
Divorce with no bad doing
Under this system, divorce is possible with no argument about a bad act by one of the married people. In some countries it is enough to make a statement that the relation is broken and it is not possible for it to be fixed. This is true in the United States for example. It is not necessary to say that one of the married people was responsible. The system lets two married people make a request together or only one.
Divorce with facts in support of a bad deed by one person
In most systems of law it is necessary to give facts about a bad act by one married person to get a divorce. The person may give arguments against the decision. Examples of this sort of reason for a divorce are:
One person did violent or unsafe acts against the other person or their sons or daughters
addiction (where the person is dependent on a substance)
crimes or support for crimes by other people
the other person was untrue
the other person got married a second time
the other person went far from the family with no reason
Different ways of getting a divorce
Quick divorce
In some systems it is possible to get a quick divorce with simple rules. The important questions then are:
Were they married for a short time? (normally less than 5 years)
Do they have sons or daughters? If yes, is there an agreement about who is responsible for them?
Do the people have a house or land?
Does their common property have a low value in money?
Does the separate property of the two persons have a low value?
Divorce with no argument
About 95% of divorces in the United States are without argument because the two people are able to come to an agreement about the property, their sons and daughters, and other questions. The agreement may be made with the help of lawyers (experts on laws).
In some countries, there are special systems which give help to people. For example, they are able to go a hearing with a judge but no lawyers. Lawyers may have discussions with the people to make an agreement. In some systems, an expert with experience of divorces makes decisions in place of a judge.
In Russia two people are able to get a divorce in the office where the government keeps records of births marriages and deaths. One person or the two married persons make the request and it will be given if:
they are in agreement about the divorce; and
they do not have sons or daughters less than 18 years old.
Then, the office will give knowledge of the request to the other person. After this time, the other person has one month to make an argument in writing against the request. Then the office will put a stop to the request.
Impacts
A divorce can be very stressful; some people become depressed or sad after a divorce. If there are children, the children may also feel sad when the parents are divorced. However, there are many resources that can help people who are divorcing, such as therapists, counsellors, books, and DVDs.
The biggest impact is always felt the children who are often force to grow up with only one parent. This reaches its climax when the one parent taking care of the child is forced to work all day and doesn't have time for the child. Children who have broken homes are twice as likely to drop out of high school dropout
If the parents remarry, the children of their new husband or wife are their stepchildren. "Step-" can be put before any relation to show it is from another marriage. If there are children in the new marriage, children from a former marriage are called half-brothers or half-sisters, since they are "half" related.
People who are trapped in abusive relationships might divorce as a way of help.
Divorce in different cultures
The law of divorce is different in every country. Only two countries do not allow divorce, the Philippines and the Vatican. In the Philippines, only Muslims, are allowed to divorce, and the Vatican is the only country with no law of divorce. In the Philippines and the Vatican, married people are not able to end their relation, but it is possible for them to say they were never married for example, because of an error. Most religions do not agree with the couples divorcing. Divorce in Australia follows the no-fault principle, which was established by the Family Law Act 1975. This means that the court does not need to know the reason for the divorce, just that the marriage has broken down irretrievably.
Related pages
Child custody
References
Other websites
Armchair Advice - Divorce Information UK specific information & advice on divorce.
Social sciences
Family
Relationships |
33601 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing%20system | Writing system | A writing system (also called a script) is a system of symbols used to represent language. There are different kinds of writing systems, with symbols that represent different things. For example, English uses an alphabet (the Latin alphabet).
Types of writing systems
There are many different types of writing systems. Each grapheme, or symbol, can mean different things in different writing systems. Depending on what an individual symbol means, such as a whole word or a sound, each writing system is categorized as a different type.
Logography
A logography is a writing system with symbols that mean whole words or symbols that represent ideas. These symbols are called "logograms" or "logographs". Examples of logographies are Chinese characters (used in Chinese) and hieroglyphs.
Syllabary
A syllabary is a writing system with symbols that each mean a syllable. Examples of syllabaries are hiragana and katakana (used in Japanese) and the Cherokee syllabary (used in Cherokee).
Alphabet
An alphabet is a writing system with symbols that mean individual sounds (or phonemes). There are different types of alphabets.
True alphabets
A true alphabet is a writing system with symbols that mean both consonants and vowels. Examples of alphabetic writing systems are the Latin alphabet, (used in large parts of the world), the Greek alphabet (used in Greek), and the Cyrillic alphabet (used in many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where Russia had a major influence during the days of the Soviet Union).
Abjad
Alphabets that only write consonants (and do not write vowels) are called abjads. Examples of abjads are the Arabic alphabet, which is used in much of the Muslim world, and the Hebrew alphabet used for Jewish languages like Hebrew and Yiddish. Both of these abjads are written in lines that run from right to left. The logic is that people in those areas know what vowels are used when the words are spoken.
Abugida
Abugidas are alphabets where consonants are written as a symbol, and vowels are written as diacritics. Examples of abugidas are many writing systems of India and Southeast Asia, such as Devanagari (used in Hindi and Sanskrit).
Direction of writing
Each writing system can be written in different directions. English (which uses the Latin alphabet) is written from left to right. Some languages, like Arabic, are written from right to left.
Some languages, like Chinese and Japanese, can be written vertically (from top to bottom).
Related pages
Writing tool
Constructed script - a writing system made by someone for a specific purpose
References
Writing systems |
33602 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudberry | Cloudberry | A cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) is a herbaceous plant in alpine, tundra and boreal forest. The fruit is an amber-colored edible fruit similar to the raspberry or blackberry.
Despite great demand as a delicacy (particularly in Russia, Norway, Sweden and Finland) the cloudberry is not widely cultivated. It is mainly a wild plant. Wholesale prices vary widely by the size of the yearly harvest, but cloudberries have gone for as much as €10/kg (in 2004).
The ripe fruits are golden-yellow, soft and juicy, and are rich in vitamin C. When eaten fresh, cloudberries have a distinctive tart taste. When over-ripe, they have a creamy texture somewhat like yogurt, and a sweetened flavour. They are often made into jams, juices, tarts, and liqueurs. They are very popular in Scandinavia.
The plant spreads by two means. Its seeds are spread by birds and mammals. Locally, its rhizomes develop into wide berry patches.
References
Rubus |
33614 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration | Migration | For people see Human migration; for data see Data migration.
Migration is when animals move on a regular cycle. For example, caribou in the Arctic go south in winter and return in summer when it is warmer. Many birds migrate, such as geese and storks.
Migration is the travelling of long distances in search of a new habitat. The trigger for the migration may be local climate, local availability of food, or the season of the year. To be counted as a true migration, and not just a local dispersal, the movement should be an annual or seasonal event.
Many birds fly to warmer places for the winter, as do some insects such as the migratory locust. Young Atlantic salmon leave the river of their birth when they have reached a few inches (cm) in size.
Many species in the sea have a daily migration. Plankton go up for the day where there is light, and down at night, where they are less easy to find. The many species which feed on them follow them up and down.
Migration is an evolutionary force. This is because it is a major source of natural selection. The success of migratory animals to make the journey is usually needed for them to reproduce.
Many parts of the world have a strongly seasonal climate. In order to survive, many species need to breed in one place and, later, eat in another place. The simplest example is the African herbivores, who follow the growth of grass in East Africa. This region has seasonal rainfall, and so it has seasonal growth of grass. Their predators follow them.
Bird migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, usually north and south along a 'flyway', between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Many birds die when they are migrating, and is mainly to get food. It occurs mostly in the northern hemisphere, where birds are funnelled on to specific routes by natural barriers such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Caribbean Sea.
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds. It flies between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans. The Manx shearwater migrates between its northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean. Shorter migrations are common, including altitudinal migrations up and down mountains like the Andes and Himalayas.
Huge distances
Since the distance that some birds travel on migration can be enormous, why such huge distances? Migration is useful for the birds, because the seasonal differences are to the birds' advantage. So far as is known, migration instincts are inherited: the birds cannot make a personal choice in the matter. All the same, in some species not all migrate. There is a cost to migration in the number of birds which die en route. There is an advantage only if the birds which migrate have a better chance of leaving descendants. Studies of migration have been done since the 18th century. There is still much we do not know about it.
Historically, bird migration would have started when the continents were close together. It might have started in the Upper Cretaceous or the Palaeocene. Then. as the continents drifted apart, the bird migrations got longer and longer. That makes sense, and probably is what happened. There is no direct evidence.
Related pages
Shoaling and schooling
Human migration
References
Baker R.R. 1978. The evolutionary ecology of animal migration. New York: Holmes & Meyer.
Ecology
Zoology
Ethology |
33616 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent%20marks | Scent marks | Scent marks are what animals leave when they are marking their territory. The leader of the pack rubs his/her scent on his/her pack. This helps establish which animal belongs to which pack, and also which animal is the leader.
Other websites
Animals
en:Territory (animal)#Spraying |
33622 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo | Maputo | Maputo is the capital of Mozambique. It is on the coast of the Indian Ocean. As of 2004, about 1,114,000 people live in the city. Maputo was founded in the 18th century. The original name was Lourenço Marques, but it was changed after independence. Lisbon in Portugal is a twin town of Maputo. Eduardo Mondlane University is in Maputo.
Baixa de Maputo is a historic district.
Capital cities in Africa
Provinces of Mozambique
Geography of Mozambique |
33624 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original%20sin | Original sin | The concept of original sin refers generally to the Christian belief in the universal nature of sin. Original sin is considered to be the result of the story of Adam and Eve in The Bible. In that story (Genesis 3), God only made one rule for them: They must not eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. But the snake told Eve, that eating the fruit would make Eve like God. Eve then persuaded Adam to eat the fruit. After they had broken God's only rule, they were removed from the Garden of Eden.
Then Genesis tells the story of how their oldest son Cain killed his brother Abel. Based mostly on this and many other stories and passages in the Bible and Saint Paul's statement in Romans 5:12 (Sin entered the world because one man, Adam, sinned, and death came because of sin. Everyone sinned, so death came to all people.--NIV), Christians traditionally believe that no human is without sin.
More specifically the term "original sin" refers to the state of being part of the human race. This was first explained fully by Saint Augustine in his writings against the Pelagians. The Eastern Orthodox Churches do not believe in this specific doctrine of Original Sin.
Christian theology |
33634 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Airlines | American Airlines | American Airlines, Inc. (AA) is the largest airline of the United States. It is based in Fort Worth It was founded in 1930 with the name American Airways. 82 small airlines were combined in 1930 to form American. In 1934, the name was officially changed to American Airlines. American was the first airline to have computerized reservations, a frequent-flyer program and an airline lounge. In 1999, American helped start Oneworld. In 2001, American bought TWA. In 2011, American filed for bankruptcy. American was combined with US Airways in 2013. In 2016, American will introduce a new no-frills fare. This is to compete with many low-cost carriers.
Accidents and incidents (only 5 listed)
American Airlines Flight 191 (1979)
American Airlines Flight 70 (1988)
American Airlines Flight 11 (2001)
American Airlines Flight 77 (2001)
American Airlines Flight 587 (2001)
Gallery
References
Other websites
American Airlines official website
American Airlines Video and Audio on MarketWatch
1926 establishments in the United States
Airlines of the United States
Companies based in Texas
Fort Worth, Texas |
33638 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Airlines | United Airlines | United Airlines, commonly referred to as United, is a major American airline. It was founded in Boise, Idaho in 1926 and it is currently the second largest airline in the United States to date. It is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. On May 3, 2010, it was announced that Continental Airlines would merge with United to become one company. The new airlines will take the United name but use Continental's globe identity and livery. There was a lot of negative reaction to the new livery. Most people were in favor of the iconic "Tulip" logo, designed by Saul Bass in 1973.
Accidents and incidents
The following is a handful of memorable incidents involving United Airlines flights;
United Airlines Flight 826 on December 16, 1960.
United Airlines Flight 553 on December 8, 1972.
United Airlines Flight 811 on February 24, 1989.
United Airlines Flight 232
September 11 attacks
United Airlines Flight 175 at 9:03 a.m.
United Airlines Flight 93 at 10:03 a.m.
United Airlines Flight 328 on February 20, 2021.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Airlines of the United States
History of Chicago
Star Alliance
1926 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Idaho
IATA members
Companies based in Chicago, Illinois |
33650 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization%20of%20Ukrainian | Romanization of Ukrainian | Romanization or Latinization of Ukrainian is how to write the Ukrainian language in Latin letters. Latin letters are the type that are currently used for this article.
This makes the language easier for non-Ukrainian people to read and pronounce.
There are two different kinds of Romanization. These methods are transliteration, representing written text, and transcription, representing the spoken words.
Transliteration
Transliteration is the letter-for-letter representation of text using a Latin writing system.
The International scholarly system, also called scientific transliteration, is most often seen in linguistic publications about Slavic languages. Each character represents one meaningful unit of sound. This is based on the Croatian Latin alphabet.
Transcription
Transcription is the representation of the spoken word. Phonetic transcription represents every single sound, or phone, and can be used to compare different dialects of a language. It is more specifed as the Transliteration.
Table of latinization Ukrainian letters
a Notes for the Ukrainian National system
Transliteration can be rendered in a simplified form:
Doubled consonants ж, х, ц, ч, ш are simplified, for example Запоріжжя→Zaporizhia.
Apostrophe and soft sign are omitted, except for ьо and ьї which are always rendered as ’o and ’i.
b. gh is used in the romanization of зг (zgh), avoiding confusion with ж (zh).
c. The second variant is used at the beginning of a word.
Romanization |
33659 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical%20DoReMi | Magical DoReMi | Magical DoReMi is a shojo anime that follows the adventures of three elementary school girls as they help Majo Rika turn back into a human being. The anime is geared at girls aged 7-14.
The series aired in Japan on TV Asahi between February 1999 and January 2003. It has four seasons and 201 episodes. There are also 2 spin-off seasons and 3 fillms, the newest being "Looking For Witch Apprentices".
Characters
Doremi Harukaze - A kind-hearted, but clumsy girl with red hair. Her sister Poppu often annoys her. Her theme color is pink with her fairy named Dodo. Her name in the English dub is Dorie Goodwyn.
Poppu Harukaze - Doremi's little sister with pink hair and the 4th witch. She has good behaviour, but she is annoying to Doremi. Her theme color is red with her fairy named Fafa. Her name in the English dub is Caitlyn Goodwyn.
Hazuki Fujiwara - Doremi's friend; a smart, polite and shy girl with brown hair. Her theme color is orange with her fairy named Rere. Her name in the English dub is Reanne Griffith.
Aiko Senoo - A friend of Doremi; a sporty country girl with blue hair. Her theme color is sky blue with her fairy named Mimi. Her name in the English dub is Mirabelle Haywood.
Majo Rika - a witch accidentally turned into a witch frog (a green blob) by Doremi. Her name in the English dub is Patina.
Lala - Majo Rika's fairy with blonde hair, who is warm hearted to the Witch Apprentices. Her name in the English dub is Lorelei.
Onpu Segawa - The 5th witch with violet hair of the show. Her theme color is purple with her fairy named Roro. Her name in the English dub is Ellie Craft.
Momoko Asuka - The 6th witch with fluorescent yellow hair of the show. Her theme color is yellow with her fairy named Nini.
Hana Makihatayama - The 7th witch with lemon yellow hair of the show. Her theme colors are white and lemon yellow with her fairy named Toto.
Story
The story begins in a town named Misora. Doremi Harukaze is a third-grader who is interested in magic. After a bad day at school, Doremi wanders into a part of town that is unfamiliar. She then sees Maho-Do, an old magic shop, and decides to look inside. There she finds Majo Rika. As Doremi looks around she finds out that it is a real magic shop and that Majo Rika is a witch. When Doremi says this to Majo Rika, she turns into a Witch Frog. After this, Majo Rika and her fairy, Lala, decide to teach Doremi how to become a witch, so she can change Majo Rika back from a witch frog. Doremi happily agrees, wanting to learn magic.
Doremi becomes a witch in training, called a "Witch Apprentice". Doremi practices using magic. She learns what it is like to be a witch from her experiences. After something very strange happens, Doremi's friends begin to ask questions. Doremi decides to take Hazuki and Aiko to Maho-Do. At Maho-Do, they learn what happened with Doremi and also become witch apprentices so they keep it a secret.
The series follows the lives of Doremi, Hazuki and Aiko as they learn, train, and pass tests to become witches.
In the next season, "Ojamajo Doremi Sharp", they discover a magical rose garden, which they witnessed the birth of a magical baby, called Hana-chan.
Other websites
English
4Kids TV Magical DoReMi website - The official website for the English dub.
Japanese
Toei Animation Homepage - Magical DoReMi Japanese Market management and headquarter
Toei Animation Ojamajo Doremi website - The official website to the first season of the series.
1999 anime television series
2000 anime television series
2000 manga
2001 anime television series
2001 manga
2002 anime television series
Children's television series |
33676 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Nietzsche | Friedrich Nietzsche | Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher and writer. At first, he was a professor at the University of Basel. He worked in a part of classical studies called classical philology. He later wrote several books of philosophy. And is now known as one of the most important thinkers of modern times.
Beliefs
Nietzsche wrote a lot about how people make decisions and about how they live their lives. He attacked most of the moral ideas that were popular at the time because he did not believe that there are any real facts about what is right or wrong. He thought people should create their own facts about morality.
He also often attacked the ideas of the Christian religion - he believed that the Christian idea that one should feel pity when one sees weakness was unhelpful. According to him, weak people rely on other people's love as a way of protecting themselves. Nietzsche believed that people should be stronger than that.
He thought that people should be very aware of their body and of the real world in which they actually live. He told his readers not to live in a daydream or make decisions based on unrealistic thoughts. He believed that ideas of heaven came from an inability to cope with life in the world.
Nietzsche considered the world to be one connected thing, including mankind and nature. He invented the idea of the "will to power". This idea is that everyone and everything is trying to overcome itself, or defeat or take control from itself. Therefore, if the world is just one thing, this is the force that makes the world.
Nietzsche thought that human beings would be successful at overcoming themselves, and he thought that when they did, they would be different and better. He named the person who would do this someday a "superman" (or "Übermensch" in German). He thought that the supermen would be stronger than normal humans, and not restricted by other people's ideas of right and wrong.
Influence
Adolf Hitler, the German Chancellor and leader of the Nazis in World War II, read Nietzsche's work. Some people say that Hitler did not understand Nietzsche's ideas, but he used them to try to show that his actions were right. Hitler and Benito Mussolini used the term "Übermensch" to refer to the Aryan race. However he was not popular among all fascists.
Nietzsche wrote in a very fiery and exciting way. However, what he wrote later in his life became more and more odd. When he was forty years old, Nietzsche went insane. Supposedly, one day in the city of Turin, Italy, he saw a horse being whipped by its owner and ran to save it, hugging it around the throat. After this, Nietzsche never wrote again and could not look after himself. This illness may have been caused by the disease syphillis, or a brain tumour.
His writing and ideas are still popular and of interest to academics and intellectuals.
In the late 1880s Georg Brandes developed a philosophy called "aristocratic radicalism" inspired by Nietzsche's idea of the "overman."
Nietzsche is associated with anarchism, but his writing seems to have a negative opinion of anarchists. Anarcha-feminist Emma Goldman was deeply influenced by his work.
Ideas
The Death of God
The Übermensch (Overman)
The Will to Power
Apollo & Dionysus
Master & Slave Morality
Amor Fati (Love of Fate)
Eternal Recurrence
References
Other websites
Nietzsche and Lou Andreas-Salomé
1844 births
1900 deaths
19th-century German philosophers
Continental philosophers
German atheists
German writers
People from Saxony-Anhalt |
33679 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie%20screen | Movie screen | A movie screen is a surface on which a movie projector plays a movie. They are sometimes a wall, sometimes a cloth, and sometimes paper. Theaters have movie screens, and some people have them at home. Movable movie screens are made to be used where there is not a movie screen already. Screens are white or grey so that the movie shows up nicely on the screen. This lets the people watching the movie see it easily.
Modern day movie screens are made from PVC sheets that are joined together by welding in such a way that the screen appears to be in a single piece.
Movie industry |
33681 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica | Metallica | Metallica is an American thrash metal/heavy metal band. The band came together in Los Angeles in 1981 and helped to invent the thrash sub-genre of heavy metal. They are well known for many of their songs, including "Master of Puppets", "The Unforgiven", "One", "Enter Sandman", and "Nothing Else Matters." Since then, they have become one of metal's most popular and successful bands, and have sold over 100 million albums worldwide. The band's fifth album, Metallica, has sold over 125 million copies, making it the twenty-fifth biggest selling album of all time in America.
Band history
The band formed after drummer Lars Ulrich placed an advertisement in a newspaper saying that he was looking for musicians to play material consisting of Tygers of Pang Tang, Diamond Head, and Led Zeppelin with. James Hetfield, a guitar player who would become the lead singer of Metallica, answered the advertisement. Later, Lars and James would have contact from another young aspiring guitar player seeking a band, Dave Mustaine. Ulrich, Hetfield, Mustaine, and bass player Ron McGovney began playing in the band. Ulrich and Hetfield saw another bass player, Cliff Burton, playing at a concert, and asked him to join the band to replace McGovney, who was having trouble getting along with other band members. Burton later joined the band after Ulrich and Hetfield agreed to move from Los Angeles to San Francisco. In 1983, Mustaine was kicked out of the band for his drug and alcohol problems and violent behavior, and was replaced with guitar player Kirk Hammett who left his previous band, Exodus. Mustaine went on to form his own band Megadeth, who became extremely popular on the metal scene, and have become one of Metallica's metal contemporaries, along with Slayer and Anthrax. All four bands are collectively known as the Big 4 of thrash metal.
In 1983, Metallica released their first studio album Kill 'Em All, on which few of the songs were still credited to Mustaine. One year later, Metallica released their second studio album Ride the Lightning. "Ride the Lightning" and "The Call of Ktulu," the album's final track, were the band's last songs to give Dave Mustaine writing credits. Metallica was one of few bands at the time to deviate from the then popular hair/glam metal trend that was taking place during the 1980s, led by bands like Poison and Mötley Crüe.
In 1986, Metallica released their third studio album, Master of Puppets, which is widely considered to be one of the greatest heavy metal albums of all time. On September 27, 1986, Cliff Burton was killed when the band's tour bus crashed in Sweden. Burton was subsequently replaced by Jason Newsted after auditioning.
With Newsted as bassist, Metallica released their fourth studio album ...And Justice for All, reaching #6 on the Billboard 200. The album features the song "One," which won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1990. The album is criticized for its production and inaudible bass guitar, which is commonly believed to be a result of Jason Newsted's hazing, during which the other members turned down the bass guitar volume on the album. The album is also known for having much more complex song structures than previous albums.
Metallica reached even greater success with their self-titled fifth studio album, which debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200 and has sold over 15 million copies in the United States. The album won a Grammy for Best Metal Performance in 1992, being Metallica's third consecutive Grammy (the second being their cover of Queen's "Stone Cold Crazy").
Pyrotechnic accident
On August 8, 1992 when the band were playing in Montreal, James Hetfield accidentally walked directly into a 12ft high pyrotechnic blast, sustaining second and third degree burns. Fortunately, he recovered and was performing with the band again seventeen days after the accident.
Metallica's music shifted towards a more mainstream hard rock style, and continued their success with Load and ReLoad, released in 1996 and 1997, which both debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200. Despite the albums' success, many fans were unhappy with the large change of style from Metallica's previous albums.
In 1998, Metallica released Garage, Inc., which was an album of cover songs by many of the artists that influenced Metallica, such as Motörhead, Mercyful Fate, Thin Lizzy, and Blue Öyster Cult.
In 2001, Newsted left Metallica to start his own project, Echobrain, much against the band's wishes, particularly James Hetfield. Their eighth studio album, St. Anger, was released in 2003, with producer Bob Rock playing bass after Newsted's departure. St. Anger also debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200, but was even further disliked by fans than Load and Reload. Shortly after the release of St. Anger, bassist Robert Trujillo joined the band after a long auditioning process with many bassists. At Trujillo's request, his audition song was Battery, a very fast-paced song from Master of Puppets.
Death Magnetic, the band's ninth studio album, was released in September 2008, and debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200, making Metallica the first band to achieve five consecutive #1 albums in United States. Death Magnetic showed a return to the band's thrash metal roots. From 2008 to 2010, Metallica performed their World Magnetic Tour supporting the album's release. The tour concluded in Melbourne, Australia November 21, 2010.
In June 2010, Metallica attended the Sonisphere Festival in Sofia, Bulgaria with the rest of the Big 4, alongside Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer. Between Metallica's encores, all four bands took the stage to perform "Am I Evil?" by Diamond Head.
In 2011, Lulu, a collaboration album between Metallica and Lou Reed, was released. Many Metallica fans were dissatisfied due to stylistic differences between Reed and Metallica, but the album has managed to garner success.
In October 2013, Hetfield stated in an interview that the band would start working on their next album in early 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/metallica-106-1243995|title=Metallica's James Hetfield says band are 'itchin to start work on new album|first=|last=NME|date=9 October 2013|website=NME}}</ref>
Band members
Current lineup
James Hetfield – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1981–present)
Lars Ulrich – drums (1981–present)
Kirk Hammett – lead guitar, backing vocals (1983–present)
Robert Trujillo – bass, backing vocals (2003–present)
Former
Dave Mustaine – lead guitar, backing vocals (1982–1983)
Ron McGovney – bass (1982)
Cliff Burton – bass, backing vocals (1982–1986; died 1986)
Jason Newsted – bass, backing vocals (1986–2001)
Timeline
Discography
Kill 'Em All (1983)
Ride the Lightning (1984)
Master of Puppets (1986)
Garage Days Re-Revisited (1987)
...And Justice for All (1988)
Metallica (The Black Album) (1991)
Load (1996)
ReLoad (1997)
Garage, Inc. (1998)
S&M (1999)
St. Anger (2003)
Death Magnetic (2008)
Lulu (2011)
Hardwired...To Self Destruct (2016)
S&M2'' (2020)
References
American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Thrash metal bands
Speed metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 1981 |
33704 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20bomb | Time bomb | A time bomb is bomb with a timer on it. When the timer reaches zero, the bomb will explode.
Explosives |
33705 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1655 | 1655 |
Events
March 25 – Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens.
April 7 – Fabio Chigi becomes Pope Alexander VII
April – Admiral Robert Blake severely damages the arsenal of the Bey of Tunis.
May 7 Pope Alexander VII is chosen to be pope.
May 10 – English troops land on Jamaica
August 9 – Oliver Cromwell divides England into districts under major-generals
New Sweden (Delaware) attacked and captured by Dutch forces.
The Bibliotheca Thysiana is erected, the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands of a building that was designed as a library.
Emperor Go-Sai ascends to the throne of Japan |
33706 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1400s | 1400s | These are some important events that happened in the years from 1400 to 1410.
1400
Henry IV stops the Epiphany Rising. He kills the people who try to have Richard II of England restored as King.
The princes of the German states remove Wenceslaus as Holy Roman Emperor.
Rupert is elected as Holy Roman Emperor.
Owain Glyndŵr is called Prince of Wales by his followers. He begins attacking Englishplaces in north-east Wales.
Manuel II Palaiologos becomes the first (and last) Byzantine Emperor to visit England.
The Medici family becomes powerful in Florence.
Births
Luca della Robbia, Florentine sculptor
Owen Tudor, Welsh courtier (d. 1461)
Deaths
January 5 – John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English politician (executed)
January 5 – Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, English politician (executed)
January 13 – Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester, English politician (executed)
January 16 – John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, English politician (executed)
February 14 – King Richard II of England (probably murdered)
April 28 – Baldus de Ubaldis, Italian jurist
June 5 – Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, rival Holy Roman Emperor
October 25 – Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet
December 24 – Archibald the Grim, Scottish magnate
Narayana Pandit, Indian mathematician
1401
Timur raids the city of Baghdad in the Jalayirid Empire.
A civil war starts in the Majapahit Empire in present-day Indonesia.
Births
May 12 – Emperor Shoko of Japan
October 27 – Catherine of Valois, queen of Henry VI of England
December 21 – Tommaso Masaccio, Italian painter
Deaths
October 20 – Klaus Störtebeker, German pirate
Anabella Drummond, queen of Scotland
1402
King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania union marries Anna of Celje. She is a granddaughter of Casimir III of Poland.
May 21 – Following the death of Queen Maria of Sicily, her husband Martin I of Sicily marries Blanche of Navarre.
The University of Würzburg, Germany, is founded.
The Great Comet of 1402 is sighted.
Births
September 29 – Fernando, the Saint Prince of Portugal
Leonor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal
Deaths
March 26 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland
May 3 – João Anes, Archbishop of Lisbon
July 13 – Jianwen Emperor of China
1403
February 7 – King Henry IV of England marries Joanna of Navarre.
Henry 'Hotspur' Percy forms an alliance with Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr.
July 21 – Battle of Shrewsbury: King Henry IV of England defeats a rebel army led by "Hotspur" Percy. Percy is killed in the battle by an arrow in his face.
In China, the Ming Emperor Yongle moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing.
The world's first quarantine station is built in Venice. It is to protect against the Black Death.
Stefan Lazarević makes Belgrade the capital of the Serbian Despotate.
Births
January 17 – George Kastrioti of Albania
February 22 – King Charles VII of France
June 11 – John IV, Duke of Brabant
Robert Wingfield, English politician
Louis III of Naples
Deaths
May 10 – Katherine Swynford, widow of John of Gaunt
May 12 – William de Lode, English prior
July 23 – Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, English rebel (executed)
Beyazid, Ottoman Sultan
Hajji Zayn al-Attar, Persian physician
Đurađ II Stracimirović, Serbian nobleman
1404
June 14 – Rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr allies with the French against the English.
October 17 – Pope Innocent VII succeeds Pope Boniface IX as the 204th pope.
November 19 – St. Elizabeth's flood ruins parts of Flanders, Zeeland and Holland.
Jean de Béthencourt becomes the first ruler of the Kingdom of the Canary Islands.
Stephan Tvrtko II succeeds Stefan Ostoja as King of Bosnia.
The University of Turin is founded.
Births
February 9 – Constantine XI, last Byzantine Emperor
February 18 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian painter, poet, and philosopher
March 25 – (baptism) – John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, English military leader
June – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan
July 25 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant
September 10 – Gilles de Rais, French aristocrat
October 14 – Marie of Anjou, queen of Charles VII of France
Yamana Sōzen, Japanese warlord and monk
Deaths
April 27 – Philip II, Duke of Burgundy
September 14 – Duke Albert IV of Austria
September 23 – Eleanor of Arborea, ruler of Sardinia
September 27 – William of Wykeham, English bishop and statesman
October 1 – Pope Boniface IX
October 15 – Marie Valois, French princess
December 13 – Albert, Count of Holland
1405
June 8 – Archbishop Richard le Scrope of York and Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk, were executed in York on Henry IV's orders.
Bath Abbey is built in England.
First written record of whiskey being drank is recorded in Ireland. It was distilled by Catholic monks.
Early feminist Christine de Pizan writes The Book of the City of Ladies.
Births
March 6 – King John II of Castile
May 6 – George Kastrioti, Albanian national hero
October 18 – Pope Pius II
Deaths
February 14 – Timur, Turco-Mongol monarch and conqueror
May 29 – Philippe de Mézières, advisor to Charles V of France
1406
April 4 – James I becomes King of Scotland.
October 26 – Eric of Pomerania marries Philippa, daughter of Henry IV of England.
November 30 – Pope Gregory XII succeeds Pope Innocent VII as the 205th pope.
December 25 – John II becomes King of Castile.
Construction of the Forbidden City begins in Beijing.
Births
September 26 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician
Ulrich II of Celje
Lorenzo Valla, humanist
Deaths
January 6 – Roger Walden, English bishop
March 19 – Ibn Khaldun, Arab historian
April 4 – King Robert III of Scotland
May 4 – Coluccio Salutati, Chancellor of Florence
July 15 – Duke William of Austria
August 28 – John de Sutton V
November 1 – Joanna, Duchess of Brabant
November 6 – Pope Innocent VII
December 25 – King Henry III of Castile
1407
April 10 – The fifth Karmapa finally visits the Ming Dynasty capital, then at Nanjing.
November 23 – The Duke of Orleans is killed; war starts again between the Burgundians and his followers.
Rudolfo Belenzani leads a revolt against Bishop Georg von Liechtenstein in Trento, Italy.
Births
March 15 – Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden
August 27 – Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shogun
Thomas de Littleton, English judge
Deaths
March 7 – Francesco I Gonzaga, ruler of Mantua
April 23 – Olivier de Clisson, French soldier
November 23 – Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, brother of Charles VI of France
Pero López de Ayala, Spanish soldier
Tokugawa Chikauji, Japanese nobleman
1408
December 13 – The Order of the Dragon is founded under King Sigismund of Hungary.
Henry, Prince of Wales retakes Aberystwyth from Owain Glyndŵr.
Births
April 8 – Jadwiga of Lithuania, Polish princess
Deaths
May 31 – Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shogun
Pope Matthew of Alexandria
Elizabeth le Despenser, English noblewoman
John VII Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor
Miran Shah, son of Timur
1409
January 1 – The Welsh surrender Harlech Castle to the English.
December 2 – The University of Leipzig opens.
Martin I of Aragon becomes King of Sicily.
Ulugh Beg becomes governor of Samarkand.
Venice buys the port of Zadar from Hungary.
Births
January 16 – René of Anjou
October 1 – Karl Knutsson, King of Sweden
Bernardo Rossellino, Florentine sculptor and architect
Deaths
May 13 – Jan z Tarnowa, Polish nobleman
May 22 – Blanche of England, sister of King Henry V
July 25 – King Martin I of Sicily
Thomas Merke, English bishop |
33707 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1412 | 1412 | Year 1412 (MCDXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January 16 – The Medici family are made official bankers of the Papacy.
End of the reign of Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan.
Emperor Shoko ascends to the throne of Japan.
John II of Castile, declared Valladolid laws that restricted the social rights of Jews. Among many other resrictions the laws forced Jews to wear distinctive clothes and denied from them any administrative positions.
Births
January 6 – Joan of Arc |
33708 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1634 | 1634 |
Events
February 24-25 – Rebellious soldiers kill Albrecht von Wallenstein
March 1 – Battle at Smolensk, King Ladislaus IV of Poland defeats Russian army.
March 25 – The first settlers arrive in St. Mary's City, Maryland (led by Lord Baltimore), the fourth permanent settlement in British North America.
August 18 – Urbain Grandier, a priest accused of sorcery, burned alive in Loudun, France.
September 5 and September 6 – Battle of Nördlingen (1634) results in Catholic victory
Moses Amyraut's Traite de la predestination is published
Curaçao captured by the Dutch
Treaty of Polianovska
First meeting of the Académie française
Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin
Opening of Covent Garden Market in London
English establish a settlement at Cochin, now Kochi on Malabar coast
First decennial performance of the Oberammergau Passion Plays
Oxford University Press receives its charter and becomes the second of the privileged presses
Deaths
April 28– Urbain Grandier |
33716 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinedine%20Zidane | Zinedine Zidane | Zinedine Yazid Zidane (born 23 June 1972, nicknamed Zizou, Yaz and ZZ) is a French former football player that played as a Midfielder. He played for four European clubs and the French national team. He was the current manager of Real Madrid since 2016 to 2021.
Early life
Zidane was born in Marseille, France and is of Kabyle Berber descent.
Career
Zidane played for several famous football clubs, like Juventus of Italy and Real Madrid of Spain. He led France to win the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2000 European Football Championship. In 2002 he also won the UEFA Champions League for Real Madrid, which was the ninth championship for Real Madrid. Zidane was picked as the FIFA World Player of the Year three times. He led France to the 2006 World Cup final and was arguably the best player in the tournament. He was said to be one of the greatest players of his generation and of all time.
Retirement
In 2006, Zidane announced that he would retire after the World Cup. Zidane was famous for headbutting Marco Materazzi in the chest during the 2006 FIFA World Cup final at the 110th minute of extra time and was sent off with a red card. France eventually lost 5-3 in penalties to Italy and got second place. This incident was widely known as the Zidane headbutt. There is even a sculpture of it in Doha, Qatar.
Club career statistics
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|Cannes||rowspan="4"|Division 1||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1989/90||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1990/91||28||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||28||1
|-
|1991/92||31||5||0||0||4||0||35||5
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="4"|Division 1||35||10||0||0||colspan="2"|-||35||10
|-
|1993/94||34||6||0||0||6||2||40||8
|-
|1994/95||37||6||3||2||4||1||44||9
|-
|1995/96||33||6||14||3||8||1||55||10
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="5"|Juventus||rowspan="5"|Serie A||29||5||9||1||10||2||48||8
|-
|1997/98||32||7||13||5||11||3||56||15
|-
|1998/99||25||2||6||0||10||0||41||2
|-
|1999/00||32||4||14||5||4||0||50||9
|-
|2000/01||33||6||7||2||4||0||44||8
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Real Madrid||rowspan="5"|La Liga||31||7||9||1||9||3||49||11
|-
|2002/03||33||9||7||3||14||3||54||15
|-
|20018/04||33||6||11||4||10||3||54||13
|-
|2004/05||29||6||0||0||10||0||39||6
|-
|2005/06||29||9||15||5||4||0||48||14
200||34||17||5||22||4||239||43
151||24||49||13||49||5||249||42
155||37||42||13||47||9||244||59
506||95||108||31||118||18||732||144
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1994||2||2
|-
|1995||6||2
|-
|1996||12||1
|-
|1997||8||1
|-
|1998||15||5
|-
|1999||6||1
|-
|2000||13||4
|-
|2001||8||2
|-
|2002||9||1
|-
|2003||7||3
|-
|2004||7||4
|-
|2005||5||2
|-
|2006||10||3
|-
!Total||108||31
|}
References
1972 births
Living people
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
French footballers
Sportspeople from Marseille |
33724 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon | Babylon | Babylon was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, in present-day Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 mi) south of Baghdad. All that remains of the original ancient city of Babylon today is a mound of broken mud-brick buildings and debris in the fertile Mesopotamian plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Babylon was at first a small town which sprung up at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE. The town flourished and became well-known and important. Babylon eclipsed Nippur as the 'holy city' of Mesopotamia. This was about from 612 to 539 BCE. It was the time Hammurabi first unified the Babylonian Empire. Babylon became the capital city of the Neo-Babylonian Empire .
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Assyrian period
During the reign of Sennacherib of Assyria, Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt, It was only pacified by the complete destruction of the city of Babylon. In 689 BCE, its walls, temples and palaces were razed, and the rubble was thrown into the Arakhtu, the river on the south side of the city. This act shocked the religious conscience of Mesopotamia. After the murder of Sennacherib by two of his sons, his successor Esarhaddon hurried to rebuild the old city. He was crowned there, and it was where he lived for part of the year.
In the later overthrow of the Assyrian Empire, the Babylonians saw another example of divine vengeance.
Neo-Babylonian Chaldean Empire
Babylon threw off the Assyrian rule in 612 BCE and became the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Chaldean Empire.
With the recovery of Babylonian independence, a new era of building followed, and Nebuchadnezzar II (604–561 BCE) made Babylon into one of the wonders of the ancient world. Nebuchadnezzar ordered the complete reconstruction of the imperial grounds, including rebuilding the Etemenanki ziggurat and the construction of the Ishtar Gate — the most spectacular of eight gates that ringed the perimeter of Babylon. All that was ever found of the Original Ishtar gate was the foundation and scattered bricks.
Nebuchadnezzar is also credited with the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the seven wonders of the ancient world), said to have been built for his homesick wife Amyitis. Whether the gardens did exist is a matter of dispute. Historians disagree about the location, and some believe it may have been confused with gardens in Nineveh.
Persia captures Babylon
In 539 BCE, the Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great, the king of Persia, in the Battle of Opis. The walls of Babylon were very high and very thick. The only way into the city was through one of its many gates. The Euphrates flowed next to the walls and Cyrus decided to use the river to get into the city. Cyrus' troops diverted the Euphrates river. This caused the level of the river to drop allowing soldiers to enter the city.
The Babylonians had held a celebration that evening. The Persian Army took over most of the city before the Babylonians had become aware that the Persians had gotten into the city. The account was reported by Herodotus, and is also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. Cyrus claimed the city by walking through the gates of Babylon with little or no resistance from the drunken Babylonians.
Cyrus later issued a decree allowing people, including the Jews, to return to their own land. This is mentioned in the Old Testament. It allowed Jews' temple to be rebuilt in Jerusalem.
Under Cyrus and the subsequent Persian king Darius the Great, Babylon became the capital city of the 9th Satrapy (Babylonia in the south and Athura in the north). It was a centre of learning and scientific advancement. In Achaemenid Persia, the Babylonian arts of astronomy and mathematics were revitalised. Babylonian scholars made maps of constellations. The city was the administrative capital of the Persian Empire. This empire was the most powerful of the then known world. Many important archaeological discoveries have been made that improve our understanding of that era.
The early Persian kings had tried to keep the religious ceremonies of Marduk. By the reign of Darius III, over-taxation and numerous wars had led to a deterioration of Babylon's main shrines and canals, and the disintegration of the region. Despite three rebellions in 522 BCE, 521 BCE and 482 BCE, the land and city of Babylon remained under Persian rule for two centuries. In 331 BCE, Alexander the Great took over. Under the Parthian Empire, Babylon continued to shrink and lose importance.
References
Mesopotamia |
33725 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1572 | 1572 |
Events
January 16 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England.
April 1 – The Sea Beggars, Netherlandish Calvinist rebels, capture the port city of Brielle. This leads to a wave of uprisings in Holland and Zealand, leaving most of those provinces (with the exception of Amsterdam), under rebel control.
June 25 – The Sea Beggars capture the city Gorkum. Several Roman Catholic priests are put into a prison.
July 9 – The Sea Beggars hang 19 previously imprisoned Roman Catholic priests at Brielle.
August 18 – Wedding in Paris of the Huguenot King Henry III of Navarre with Marguerite de France, sister of King Charles, in a supposed attempt to reconcile Protestants and Catholics.
August 24 – St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris. Catholics in Paris murder thousands of Protestants, including Gaspard de Coligny, at the order of King Charles IX. Henry of Navarre and the Prince of Condé barely escape the same fate. This brings about the Fourth War of Religion in France.
November 9 – Siege of Sancerre Catholic forces of the king lay siege to Sancerre, a Huguenot stronghold in central France. The fortified city held out for nearly eight months without bombard artillery. It was one of the last time slings were used in European history.
December – The Duke of Alva, Spanish commander in the Netherlands, lays siege to Haarlem.
Ending of the Muromachi period in Japan
Tycho Brahe observes the supernova SN 1572 in Cassiopeia
Vilcabamba, last independent part of the Inca Empire, conquered by Spanish |
33726 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1359 | 1359 |
Events
Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I (1359-1389)
Berlin joins the Hanseatic League.
Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, and her husband Louis of Bavaria are absolved from excommunication.
Second Treaty of London signed between England and France, but rejected by the French States-General on May 25. |
33727 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1389 | 1389 |
Events
February 24 – Margaret I defeats Albert in battle, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
June 28 – Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. Both leaders, the Serbian Prince Lazar and Murad I were killed in battle.
Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Murad I (1359-1389) to Beyazid I (1389-1402) |
33730 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20engineering | Genetic engineering | Genetic engineering (GE), also called genetic modification, is a branch of applied biology. It is the changing of an organism's genome using biotechnology. These methods are recent discoveries. The techniques are advanced, and full details are not given here.
This is an overview of what can be done:
new DNA may be inserted in the host genome by getting a DNA sequence, and then putting this into the host organism by using a molecular biology vector.
genes may be removed, or "knocked out", using an enzyme called a zinc finger nuclease.
gene targeting is a different technique which uses recombination to change a gene. It can be used to delete a gene, remove exons, add a gene, or introduce mutations.
An organism that is altered by genetic engineering is a genetically modified organism (GMO). The first GMOs were bacteria in 1973; GM mice were made in 1974. Insulin-producing bacteria were commercialized in 1982. Genetically modified food has been sold since 1994, including crops.
Genetic engineering techniques have been used in research, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. Enzymes used in laundry detergent, and medicines such as insulin and human growth hormone are now manufactured in GM cells. GM animals such as mice or zebrafish are being used for research purposes.
Critics have objected to use of genetic engineering on several grounds, including ethical concerns, ecological concerns. Economic concerns are raised by the fact GM techniques and GM organisms are subject to intellectual property law. Ecological concerns are more subtle. There is a risk that some genetically modified (GM) organisms may be better adapted to some niche in nature, and will take away some the habitat of the regular species.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was won in 2012 by John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for "the discovery that "mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent". The Nobel Prize for
2020 was won by Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna for "the development of a method for genome editing". Together, these awards show how close we are to the practical use of genetic changes which could fix many medical problems.
Synthetic genomics
The ability to construct long base pair chains cheaply and accurately on a large scale allows researchers to do experiments on genomes that do not exist in nature. The field of 'synthetic genomics' is beginning to enter a productive stage.
GM food
GMOs (genetically modified organisms) are involved in controversies over GM food. Is the food produced from GM crops is safe? Should it be labeled, and are GM crops needed to address the world's food needs? These controversies have led to litigation, international trade disputes, and protests, and to restrictive regulation of commercial products in most countries.
We can now produce and use GM and GE seeds. Some large countries like India and China have already decided that GM farming is what they need to feed their populations. Other countries are still debating the issue. This debate involves scientists, farmers, politicians, companies and UN agencies. Even those involved in the production of GM seedlings are not in total agreement.
Related pages
Genome editing
Zinc finger
Gene knockout
Gene targeting
Genetically modified food
References |
33737 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Il-Sung | Kim Il-Sung | Kim Il Sung (, ; April 15, 1912 - July 8, 1994) was the first leader of North Korea from 1948 until his death in 1994. He died of a heart attack on July 8, 1994. The North Korean government gave him the title of "Eternal President" after his death.
Kim Il Sung created the Juche political idea. He ran North Korea differently than the Soviet Union and China.
When he died, his son Kim Jong Il (1941-2011) became the leader of North Korea. He had that job until he died on December 17, 2011. His grandson, Kim Jong Un (born 1983) is the leader of North Korea. His brother, Kim Yong Ju (1920-2021), was also a government official.
Kim Il Sung's name means "one who becomes the sun".
There are more than 300 statues of Kim Il Sung in North Korea.
Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
In 1945, after the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, the United States bombed Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, severely weakening the Japanese Empire. The Soviet Red Army entered Japanese-Korea and captured Pyongyang with little difficulty. They made Kim Il Sung the leader of the North Korean branch of the Korean Communist Party and supplied him with modern Soviet tanks, trucks, arms and artillery for the Korean People's Army (KPA). The Democratic People's Republic of Korea was declared on September 8, 1948 despite UN resistance. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin installed Kim as leader of the new state. The southern portion of the Korean Peninsula declared itself the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in retaliation. Statues of Kim appeared in North Korea as early as 1949.
Korean War
The Soviet Union recognized Kim's regime as having sovereignty over the whole Korea, including the south. It is generally accepted that Kim invaded the south by his own decision and that the Soviets did not influence him. The south was caught completely by surprise when Kim's army invade in the early morning of June 25, 1950. The KPA captured Seoul and most of the south apart from Pusan in the south-east. UN forces backed mostly by the United States landed in Korea and began to push the KPA back north. Firstly, the UN forces managed to push the KPA back behind the 38th parallel (the imaginary line that divided the Koreas during the war). The newly formed People's Republic of China was at first reluctant to the idea that the Koreas would be reunited under Kim's regime but accepted when Kim told them that Stalin approved the invasion.
It was put to a UN vote on whether UN forces should attempt to gain control of Korea under democratic rule. The motion was passed since the Soviet Union was not present during the vote. Had the Soviets vetoed the proposal, the UN forces would not have been able to press further into Korea. Eventually UN forces captured Pyongyang and Kim's government was forced to flee north over the Yalu River into China. The Chinese army mobilized and eventually crossed the Yalu River and fought alongside the KPA and Red Army against US, British and UN forces. Eventually they reached a stalemate since neither force could gain full sovereignty of the peninsula. An armistice was signed on July 27, 1953 ending three years of fighting and established the two sovereign nations of North Korea and South Korea. Since no peace treaty was signed, the two Koreas are technically still in a state of war with each other.
Leader of North Korea
During the early years, North Korea was ahead of its southern neighbor economically; most likely due to Soviet and Chinese aid. Kim installed a centrally-planned Soviet-style command economy. The means of production was controlled by the government and food prices were fixed instead of being allowed to rise and fall like in a market system. Kim Il Sung formally became leader of North Korea with the establishment of the constitution of the DPRK in 1972 which identified him as President of the republic.
Cult of personality
To coincide with Kim Il Sung's seventieth birthday in 1982, a 170m tall tower called the Juche Tower was built. It was made up from 25,550 stone blocks; one for each day of Kim's life.
It is a legal requirement to have a portrait of him, alongside his son Kim Jong Il, hanging in one's home. Everyone is issued a special cloth to dust and clean the portraits.
In the 1980s a calcium deposit developed on the back of Kim Il Sung's neck. It swelled up to the size of an orange at its greatest extent. It was quickly determined that an operation to remove it was not possible due to its close proximity to his spine. North Korean reporters were thereafter forbidden to photograph Kim Il Sung from the right.
In 1997 with Kim Jong Il fully consolidating his power after the death of his father, North Korea abandoned the Gregorian calendar that is used in the rest of the world. Instead they use the Juche calendar which starts from the year of Kim Il Sung's birth (1912) as being year 1. For example, 2015 would be written as Juche 104. To calculate the date in Juche years, simply subtract 1911 from the current year. Dates are often written in North Korea with Juche first; for example: April 12, Juche 104 (2015).
Later rule
In the early 1990s, North Korea began to experience a famine, labelled as the 'Great Famine'''. At the same time the Soviet Union was going through serious economic and social changes as well as suffering a stagnating economy. The Soviets, who had supplied the DPRK with food amongst other things since the late 1940s, began to demand the North Koreans to pay them back; money that the DPRK did not posses. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and food aid stopped almost immediately. Kim Il Sung's centrally planned economic system, where the government plans the economic output in advance, proved to be too inflexible to avoid the economic disaster. On the 8th of July 1994, Kim Il Sung had a heart attack and died shortly afterwards, leaving his country severely bankrupt, malnourished and isolated.A mourning period was declared after he died and did not officially end until 1997; three years after death. His son, the long-groomed successor, Kim Jong Il succeeded him as supreme leader of North Korea. Kim Jong Il did not become President since Il-Sung was given the honorary title of 'Eternal President'. Instead he was named General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (leader of the ruling party). North Korea is therefore the world's only country that is technically led by a dead man.''
State propaganda portrayed Kim Il Sung as a god to the people and when he died many people felt lost, distressed and confused as many believed that he could not die.
Resistance to Japan
During the Japanese occupation of Korea, Kim Il Sung was involved with numerous opposition guerrilla groups.
References
1912 births
1994 deaths
Atheists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Former Christians
Former dictators
North Korean military people
North Korean politicians
Presidents (government)
Prime ministers |
33741 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic%20substitution | Nucleophilic substitution | A nucleophilic substitution is a chemical reaction. It is a type of substitution, or replacing, reaction. It happens when one nucleophile replaces another one on an atom. The other group leaves the atom and is called a leaving group.
There are different types of nucleophilic substitution. Which type happens depends on the type of the atoms and molecules involved. The two main categories of nucleophilic substitution are the SN1 reaction and the SN2 reaction.
References
Chemical reactions |
33745 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption | Eruption | Eruption means "breaking out" (from Latin), for example:
Volcanic eruption, the flow of lava and ash from a volcano
Plinian eruption, a type of volcanic eruption
the emerging of a tooth
Eruption can also mean:
Eruption (band)
"Eruption" (song), from Van Halen's first album. |
33747 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasschaat | Brasschaat | Brasschaat is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007, 37133 people lived there.
It is at 51° 17 North, 04° 29 East.
There has always a big military force in Brasschaat. After World War II there were more military-related things. Including the defence buildings made to stop the Nazi's from reaching The port of Antwerp. Now most of them are closed or are used to train the soldiers.
Brasschaat is called green because of the many parks and woods, such as the Peerdsbos, the parc of Brasschaat, De uitlegger, and De instlag.
References
Municipalities of Antwerp |
33749 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloon | Walloon | Walloon might mean:
Anything related to Wallonia in Belgium
Walloon language
Walloon people, an ethnic group in Europe, from Wallonia |
33750 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi | Okapi | The okapi (Okapia johnstoni) is an even-toed ungulate mammal from central Africa. With the giraffe they form the family Giraffidae.
Appearance
The okapi has a reddish brown body, a whitish gray face, and white and black stripes on its legs. The okapi has a few features that show its link to giraffes. Its height is not as large as giraffes.
Life
Okapis live in the rainforests of central Africa, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
They are mostly active during the day. Okapis eat mostly leaves and buds from trees, but also grass, ferns, fruit, and fungi.
Okapis usually live alone. After 420 to 450 days of pregnancy the mother gives birth to one baby okapi, which drinks milk for up to 6 months. Okapis become mature when they are 4-5 years old. In captivity, okapis can live for 30 years or so.
Other information
The okapi was unknown and a mystery to western researchers for a long time. In the past, scientists thought that the okapi was a mix between the giraffe and the zebra.
The International Society for Cryptozoology uses the okapi as its symbol, because the okapi was unknown for a long time.
Other websites
Okapi fact sheet at BBC.com
Even-toed ungulates
Mammals of Africa |
33755 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidae | Giraffidae | Giraffids are mammals, in the order of the even-toed ungulates. The family has two living species, the giraffe and the okapi.
Taxonomy
Family Giraffidae
Giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis
Okapi, Okapia johnstoni
Habitat
The giraffe and the okapi both live in Africa, south of the Sahara Desert. The giraffe lives in open savannas, while the okapi lives in the rainforests of the Congo.
Appearance
Both animals have long necks and legs and long blue tongues. Male and female giraffes and male okapis have small horn-like stumps on their heads which are covered with skin.
Giraffes are the tallest animal living on land, with a height of over 5 m. Okapis are smaller, only up to 2 m tall.
Even-toed ungulates |
33762 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman | Amman | Amman (), is the capital of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the capital of the Amman Governorate. It is the largest city in the Kingdom and one of the largest Arab cities in terms of population, with a population in 2014 of about 4 million, which also makes it one of the fastest growing cities in the world. The city is located in the center of the Kingdom at latitude 31 north and longitude 35 east in an area covering 20 mountains.
Amman is the commercial and administrative center of Jordan and its economic and educational heart. Amman has become a magnet for many Arab communities due to its distinguished location and contemporary architecture. Amman attracts many tourists annually from Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia, and from the neighboring and nearby Arab countries. Many families of the Arab Gulf countries in particular visit the city, as there are many tourist attractions in general and medical treatment in particular. As a result of Amman’s location in such a strategic location in the Levant and the Middle East, its location controls the national economy and drives 90% of investment at the national level.
The history of Amman dates back to the seventh millennium BC, and thus it is considered one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world. Amman is an ancient city built on the ruins of a city known as “Rabbath Ammon,” later “Philadelphia,” and finally “Amman,” a modification from “Rabbath Ammon,” and the Ammonites took it as their capital. The city was established on seven hills, and it seems that it was the center of the region at that time. It is one of the four capitals of the Levant. It is also one of the ancient Levantine cities that became the capital of the Emirate of Transjordan and then the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan after its independence in 1946 from Britain.
Modern Amman is inhabited by a diverse group of residents of different origins who came from different regions. Some of them came from nearby Jordanian cities, some came from Palestine, and some came from the Caucasus, Syria and Iraq.
The Greater Amman Municipality has recently witnessed a huge development, as Amman has expanded in a way that the city has never seen before. Amman's comprehensive plan has won international awards, including the Global Leadership Award in Urban Planning and the City Award for the Asian Continent for 2007. The number of administrative regions in the Greater Amman Municipality is 22 geographically distributed regions, each region contains its staff. As for the administrative aspect, there is the Greater Amman Municipality Council, which includes 68 members headed by the Mayor of the Capital, and the Council is in turn divided into 14 different committees.
It is noteworthy that March 2 was adopted as city of Amman day the after the Jordanian Cabinet approved a decision in the beginning of 2021, as part of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Jordanian state.
References
Other websites
Amman Street Food documentary on Youtube
Amman Digital Community Facebook page
Greater Amman Municipality Facebook page
Amman public transportation map
Capital cities in Asia
Cities in Jordan |
33763 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh | Riyadh | Riyadh (/rɨˈjɑːd/; ar-Riyāḍ Najdi pronunciation: ) is the capital and most populous city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province, and belongs to the historical regions of Nejd and Al-Yamama. It is in the center of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau, and is home to 6.5 million people.
The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, managed by Riyadh Municipality headed by the mayor of Riyadh, and the Riyadh Development Authority, chaired by the governor of Riyadh Province, Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud. The current mayor of Riyadh is Ibrahim Mohammed Al Sultan. He was appointed mayor in 2015. It has been designated a global city.
History
Early history
During the Pre-Islamic era the city at the site was called Hajr (), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of Banu Hanifa. Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al Yamamah, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites, who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby Al Kharj. The city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century, North African traveller Ibn Battuta wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of Al-Yamamah, and its name is Hajr". Ibn Battuta goes on to describe it as a city of canals and trees with most of its inhabitants belonging to Bani Hanifa, and reports that he continued on with their leader to Mecca to perform the Hajj.
Geography and climate
City districts
Riyadh is divided into fifteen branch municipalities, in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter. Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts, amounting to over 130 in total, though some districts are divided between more than one branch municipality. The branch municipalities are Al-Shemaysi, Irqah, Al-Ma'athar, Al-Olayya, Al-Aziziyya, Al-Malaz, Al-Selayy, Nemar, Al-Neseem, Al-Shifa, Al-'Urayja, Al-Bat'ha, Al-Ha'ir, Al-Rawdha, and Al-Shimal ("the North"). Olaya District is the commercial heart of the city, with accommodation, entertainment, dining and shopping options. The Kingdom Center, Al Faisalyah and Al-Tahlya Street are the area's most prominent landmarks. The centre of the city, Al-Bathaa and Al-Dir'iyyah, is also its oldest part.
Climate
Classified as having a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), temperatures during the summer months are extremely hot. The average high temperature in August is 43.6 °C. Winters are warm with cool, windy nights. The overall climate is arid, and the city experiences very little rainfall, especially in summer, but receives a fair amount of rain in March and April. It is also known to have dust storms during which the dust can be so thick that visibility is under . On 1 and 2 April 2015, a massive dust storm hit Riyadh, causing suspension of classes in many schools in the area and cancellation of hundreds of flights, both domestic and international.
References |
33767 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20culture | Popular culture | Popular culture is culture which interests the general masses of people. It is influenced and spread by mass media. People experience or learn popular culture by hearing popular music on the radio, watching television, playing video games, or reading popular books and magazines. Popular culture may affect all kinds of knowledge or thought, including art, religion, or language.
Popular culture as a problem in society
Popular culture does not follow any one system of ideas, customs, philosophy, religion, or morality. Some of its forms include grammar, language, or pictures that are not accepted under a society's customs. For this reason a society or government may not approve of popular culture. If a government thinks that any form of it may harm people or cause society to change in a bad way, the government may ban it. This practice is known as censorship. In some countries popular culture is protected under freedom of speech or other rights.
American popular culture
The United States is an industrialized country (see industrialization) in which citizens use mass media. Its government protects language and cultures under freedom of speech. The U.S. has had periods of popular culture since the 20th century. For instance, after World War II a group of children known as Baby boomers experienced a sudden expansion of popular culture. |
33774 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric%20hospital | Psychiatric hospital | A psychiatric hospital is a place where mentally ill people are kept so they can be treated.
Doctors who work at psychiatric hospitals are called psychiatrists. Usually people choose to be in a psychiatric hospital. Sometimes psychiatrists can put people in hospitals who do not want to be there, because they think the people are dangerous to themselves or other people. A halfway house or group home is a place for patients who have left the psychiatric hospital and are slowly being released into society.
History
Psychiatric hospitals used to be called lunatic asylums. Earlier asylums like the old Bethlem Royal Hospital in London (nicknamed "Bedlam") were like prisons. Patients received no treatment and were often imprisoned and chained. In the 19th century, new asylums were built. These were designed to be pleasant places with gardens and airy rooms, and later became known as psychiatric hospitals. Although they no longer looked like prisons, patients still had little freedom or hope of leaving. The term institutionalisation means when someone has lived in a hospital (or some other place like a prison) for so long that they cannot cope with living outside of it.
In the middle of the 20th century, new drugs were invented that made it easier to treat mental illness. Governments began to look for ways to care for patients outside of hospitals. They believed it would lead to better care for patients and save money. This is known as deinstitutionalisation. Since the 1970s, many countries have closed large numbers of psychiatric hospitals. Mentally ill patients are now also cared for in local hospitals, small clinics and in their own homes.
Psychiatry
Hospitals |
33775 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20camp | Military camp | A military camp or bivouac is a semi-permanent facility for where an army stays when it is not at its military base. Camps are erected when a military force travels away from a major installation or fort during training. It is also used for operations, and often form large campsites.
In the Roman era the military camp served an entire legion. Archaeological investigations have revealed many details of these Roman camps in places such as England and Scotland.
References
Army |
33776 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20%28rank%29 | Private (rank) | A private is the lowest rank of the Army or Marines. The rank is earned after joining the service or graduating from a military camp.
Army
Marines |
33777 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinster | Spinster | A spinster is an older word for an unmarried woman. A word used more often today is "single woman" or bachelorette.
Other meanings
A spinster is also someone who spins yarn from wool using a spinning wheel. Spinsters use the yarn to make clothes like a tailor, seamster, seamstress. One famous spinster is the girl in the story of Rumpelstiltskin.
Family
Pejoratives |
33779 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Clark | Dick Clark | Dick Clark (November 30, 1929 — April 18, 2012) was an American television entertainer. He was nicknamed "the world's oldest teenager". From the 1950s to the 2000s, he entertained people from around the United States, as well as the rest of the world. He also hosted game shows, including The $100,000 Pyramid. His other shows included Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest. Clark died on the morning of April 18, 2012 in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack.
References
Other websites
Emmy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American television personalities
American television presenters
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American game show hosts
Businesspeople from New York
Actors from New York
1929 births
2012 deaths
National Radio Hall of Fame inductees
People from Mount Vernon, New York |
33786 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl | Perl | Perl is a programming language that was first made to change text files. The programming language has been changed many times to do things in addition to changing text files. Some of these things are tasks like making web pages show information in a better way than before, or take information and show it in a way that makes more sense to people. Sometimes Perl code is written using many symbols besides letters and numbers, which can make those programs hard to read.
Usage
A lot of web pages are written using Perl, but it can be used to do all kinds of things on computers. It is very good at searching through text looking for patterns, which lets people find words that they may be looking for, or also let people find words they are looking for, and change them with different words much more quickly than they would if they had to do it one word at a time.
Perl is also a high-level programming language. A high-level language has advanced features which let the programmer tell the computer what to do without having to worry about how the computer is going to do it as compared to low-level programming languages which often require more programmer effort.
Perl was invented by Larry Wall, and he is working on a new version of it.
Example
An example Hello World program in Perl:
say 'Hello World!'
You can use variables in Perl.
A variable is a box where you can put items. In Perl, every variable starts with its own sigil. A sigil is the way to tell the Perl interpreter about what type of variable you are using. Variables can be scalar, array, hash, regular expression, typeglob or subroutine.
For example:
my $a_scalar = 2;
my $b = 5.29 ;
my $c = "a string";
my $d = 'another';
my @e = ($b,3,4,$c,$d);
my %f = ('a'=>$b,'cad'=>'pqr',$c=>$d);
Perl Packages
The Perl Archive Network aka CPAN hosts a large number of extensions to Perl which may be downloaded for free.
References
Other websites
Perl.org
CPAN
The Perl Foundation
Programming languages |
33790 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Kepler | Johannes Kepler | Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German mathematics teacher, astronomer, optician, natural philosopher, astrologer and Lutheran theologian.
He was Tycho Brahe's apprentice. Tycho Brahe looked at the way the planets moved in the sky. Johannes Kepler found a simple way to say how the planets move. Kepler also studied other things like Kepler's supernova.
How the planets move
A planet moves along a path called an orbit. Kepler used three laws to say what form the path has and how fast the planet moves
Kepler's first law says that the form of the path is an ellipse, an oval or flattened circle that has two centres. The Sun is in one of the centers of the ellipse. Before Kepler, astronomers thought that planets moved in circles within circles (epicycles) according to the system of Claudius Ptolemy with Earth at the middle of the biggest circle.
Kepler's second law says how fast the planet moves around the ellipse. When the planet is closer to the Sun, it moves faster. When it is farther from the Sun, it moves slower. If there is a line between the planet and the Sun, the line sweeps out an area as it follows the planet. The area it sweeps out in one day is always the same. Before Kepler, astronomers thought that planets always moved at the same speed along the circles.
Kepler's third law says how fast different planets move. A planet that is farther from the Sun moves slower than a planet that is closer to the Sun. If a person multiplies the time (T) it takes for a planet to go around the Sun by itself (T2), that number is proportional to the distance (d) of a planet to the Sun multiplied by itself twice (d3).
Kepler published the first two laws in 1609, and the third in 1619.
Writings by Kepler
Mysterium cosmographicum (The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos) (1596)
Astronomia nova (New Astronomy) (1609)
Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (Epitome of Copernican Astronomy) (published in three parts from 1618–1621)
Harmonice Mundi (Harmony of the Worlds) (1619)
Mysterium cosmographicum (The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos) 2nd Edition (1621)
Tabulae Rudolphinae (Rudolphine Tables) (1627)
Somnium (The Dream) (1634)
Related pages
Galileo Galilei
Nicolaus Copernicus
Tycho Brahe
Sources
Caspar, Max. 1993. Kepler. transl. and ed. by C. Doris Hellman; with a new introduction and references by Owen Gingerich; bibliographic citations by Owen Gingerich and Alain Segonds. New York: Dover.
Gingerich, Owen. 1993. The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler. American Institute of Physics.
Gingerich, Owen 1973. "Kepler, Johannes". In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Volume VII. Charles Coulston Gillispie, editor. New York: Scribner's.
Other websites
Kepler and the "Music of the Spheres"
Gale E. Christianson- Kepler's Somnium: Science Fiction and the Renaissance Scientist
Kepler's Belief in Astrology by Nick Kollerstrom
References for Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler Citizendium
1571 births
1630 deaths
16th-century philosophers
17th-century German philosophers
Astrologers
German astronomers
German esotericists
German Lutherans
German mathematicians
German theologians
People from Baden-Württemberg
Teachers |
33791 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal | Pascal | Pascal is a programming language.
It was created in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth, to help people learn how to make computer programs.
Development
Now, there are many different dialects of the language, some of which support object-oriented programming.
In 1990 the “Pascal” and “Extended Pascal” standards were registered with the International Organization for Standardization.
Description
Every variable has to be declared before it is used.
Pascal is a strongly typed programming language:
Every variable has a data type.
You are only allowed to assign values to the variable that are valid for the data type.
This ensures that the programmer does not make unintentional mistakes.
Pascal is a imperative language.
The language distinguishes between procedures and functions.
A function returns a value, a procedure does not.
As such, a function call appears in an expression, whereas a procedure invocation is a statement.
Code samples
This code prints Hello world! at console window:
program helloWorld(output);
begin
writeLn('Hello world!');
{ which is short for: writeLn(output, 'Hello world!); }
end.
This code calculate factorial of a positive integer, using recursion.
program factorialDemo(input, output);
function factorial(n: integer): integer;
begin
if n < 2 then
begin
{ the result of a function is stored in a variable }
{ that has the same name as the function: }
factorial := 1;
end
else
begin
factorial := n * factorial(n - 1);
end
end;
var
n: integer;
begin
write('Enter number: ');
readLn(n);
writeLn(factorial(n));
end.
Pascal variants
GNU Pascal
Free Pascal
Delphi – Modern IDE for creating GUI programs for Microsoft Windows. There is an open source clone of it for Windows, Mac OS X and FreeBSD, named Lazarus.
Turbo Pascal
Programming languages |
33792 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymen | Hymen | The hymen (also called maidenhead) is tissue that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. The hymen has no known use. People used to believe that the hymen always tears after having sexual intercourse for the first time, and that you could if a woman was virgin by looking at her hymen and seeing if it was torn. However, it turns out that it is impossible to tell if someone is a virgin by looking at their hymen. Studies have confirmed that all girls are born with hymens.
Types
There are several different types of hymen. In about 1 in 2,000 females, the hymen does not develop at all. The hymen may also not have a hole in it; this is called an "imperforate hymen". In this case a hole will need to be surgically cut into it to allow menstrual fluid (period blood) out.
Other types are:
crescent-shaped
forming a ring around the vagina
folding in on itself
has one or more bands going across the opening
has several holes
What might damage the hymen
When a girl reaches puberty, the hymen becomes stretchy. The hymen may be damaged by girls fall directly onto sharp objects . Sexual intercourse is another easy way to damage the hymen along with horseback riding and biking. A woman's hymen can also break while playing some sports
.
Hymens in other animals
These animals all have a hymen:
There are many more animals which have hymens, but not all are listed here.
The stages of growth
When a fetus is developing, there is no vaginal opening. The hymen comes from the skin covering the vagina at that time.
In young babies, the hymen is thick and pink. This is because the mother is giving the baby hormones through breast feeding which keeps it thick. In adolescent girls, the hymen becomes thin, smooth and delicate because she has stopped taking in hormones. The hymen becomes very sensitive and can easily cause pain if touched. From puberty, the hymen gets thicker again and becomes pale pink. This is because of the hormone estrogen.
References
Other websites
The Female Hymen and its Significance
Hymen gallery - Pictures of hymens
The Hymen Revealed - by The-Clitoris.com
Anatomy of the female reproductive system |
33793 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidenhead | Maidenhead | Maidenhead is a town in England in Berkshire. About 60,000 people live in the town. The town is about 25 miles (41 kilometres) from London. It is named after a wharf that was built there in 1297. It lies on the River Thames.
Towns in Berkshire |
33796 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-spot | G-spot | The Gräfenberg spot (usually called G-spot) is defined as a highly sensitive area near the entrance inside of the human vagina. It is believed to be a part of the urethral sponge. Some people believe it is a bundle of nerves in the female human reproductive system. If the area is stimulated, this can cause pleasurable sensations, female ejaculation and a strong orgasm in some women. Some doctors and researchers who specialize in the anatomy of women say that there is no anatomical evidence for the spot.
Origin
The "G-spot" concept was named by Addiego and others in 1981 or by Beverly Whipple and others in 1982. It is named after the German gynaecologist, Ernst Gräfenberg. Gräfenberg wrote first about The Role of Urethra in Female Orgasm in 1950. A book was first published about the G-spot in 1982, called The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality, by three authors from the United States: Alice Kahn Ladas, a psychologist; Beverly Whipple, a registered nurse and sex counselor; and John D. Perry, a psychologist.
Location
Although typically described as near the entrance inside of the vagina, reports of the G-spot's location vary and therefore it has no specific place to be found. However, there are two methods which are used to find it:
self-reported levels of sexual arousal/pleasure
stimulating an area in the vagina leads to female ejaculation
Some women say that they have "deeper" orgasms when the G-spot is stimulated. One research team experimented with the vagina by trying to touch the G-spot in certain places under experimental conditions; they found that in most cases, women had a sensitive area near the front of the vagina.
Public views
Some people, including doctors, do not believe that the G-spot exists. When the book The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality was published in 1982, there was significant criticism. Some people who are not doctors simply say that it is a "highly sensitive area" in the vagina.
Scientific views
Scientists have carried out tests trying to find the G-spot and have not found any consistent or definitive evidence of it, and most of them believe that, if it does exist, it is an extension of the clitoris.
References
Other websites
The G-Spot from UCSB's SexInfo
Anatomy of the female reproductive system |
33802 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skene%27s%20gland | Skene's gland | Skene's glands (also called lesser vestibular glands or paraurethral glands) are glands in the upper wall of the vagina. They empty into the urethra. Their location is known as the Gräfenberg spot. In males, their homologue is the prostate gland.
The glands are named after the person who described them first, Alexander Skene. He was a physician.
Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Glands |
33807 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholin%27s%20gland | Bartholin's gland | The Bartholin's glands are two glands found slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women.
History
They were first found in the 17th century, by the Danish anatomist, Caspar Bartholin the Younger (1655-1738).
Anatomy
The glands secrete mucus to make sexual intercourse easier. Bartholin's glands secrete relatively minute amounts (one or two drops) of fluid when a woman is sexually aroused.
Sometimes, the Bartholin's glands become infected and can be swollen or painful. This can be treated by a doctor with antibiotics.
Related pages
Skene's glands
References
Other websites
- "The Female Perineum: Muscles of the Superficial Perineal Pouch"
Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Glands
Sexuality |
33809 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland | Gland | A gland is a group of cells in the body which make substances such as hormones. They are in humans and other animals, and in plants.
If the substance is put directly into the bloodstream, the gland is called endocrine gland.
If the substance is carried by a duct, the gland is called an exocrine gland. Exocrine ducts empty outside the body, or into cavities inside the body.
Examples of glands in humans are:
Sweat glands that produce sweat for perspiration.
The pineal gland in the brain, which produces the hormone melatonin at night. |
33810 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol | Sevastopol | Sevastopol (, formerly called Sebastopol) is a large seaport and city. It is on the Crimean Peninsula, on the north side of the Black Sea. 380,000 people live in the city. It was started in 1783. The port was shared by naval forces of Ukraine and Russia until 2014 when Russia took control.
Cities in Ukraine
Capital cities in Russia
Federal cities of Russia |
33818 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegukka | Aegukka | "Aegukka", Korean for "Patriotic Song", is North Korea's national anthem. To celebrate the country's independence from imperial Japan, it was written by Pak Se-yong and composed by Kim Won-gyun, then it was adopted in 1947 shortly after.
It should not be confused with South Korea's anthem, which has the same name but uses a different romanisation scheme. It is sometimes also known by the first bit of the song, Achhimŭn pinnara (아침은 빛나라), meaning Let Morning Shine.
Lyrics
Poetic English translation
Shine bright, thou dawn, on this land so fair;
Thy land in silver and gold aboundeth.
The country of three thousand ri;
Thy history five millennia stretcheth.
𝄆 Rich in cultural heritage,
Our Folk were ever renown'd and sage
And as with heart and soul we strive –
Korea shall forever thrive! 𝄇
The spirit of Paektu we embrace,
’Tis where our love of toil dwelleth,
United with truth, our strong will shall face
The whole world and set forth.
𝄆 O nation, thy will our People built
Braceth fierce waves mightily
Our united Korea the Great
Fourisheth eternally! 𝄇
References
National anthems
North Korea |
33819 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegukga | Aegukga | Aegukga (Aeguk-kka; 애국가 ; 愛國歌), meaning The Patriotic Song is the national anthem of the Republic of Korea (South Korea). It should not be confused with North Korea's anthem, which has the same name.
Lyrics
The song is sang in the order of 1, refrain, 2, refrain, 3, refrain, 4, refrain.
History
The song was first sang against the colonial Japanese.
The song used to be a different tune than the current tune.
National anthems
South Korean music |
33826 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest | Conquest | The word conquest can refer to different things:
A military invasion
Action of a Conquistador
Impressing someone, possibly through courageous actions
A town in the state of New York, see Conquest, New York
A British historian, named Robert Conquest |
33829 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni%20Islam | Sunni Islam | Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam. They are the branch of Islam that came through the Rashidun Empire, which started with Abu Bakr and ended by Ali ibn Abi Talib. Sunni beliefs are based on the Qu'ran and the Kutub al-Sittah. Sunnis make up around 90% of all Muslims. With approximately 1.8 billion followers, it is the largest religious denomination of any religion in the world. Catholicism is the second-largest. There are four sub-groups within Sunni Islam; Malikis, Hanafis, Hanbalis and Shafi'is.
Adherents of Sunni Islam are Sunnis or Sunnites. The word Sunni comes from the word sunna (), which means the tradition of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad. Sunnis are also called ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah (), which means people of tradition and congregation; this means that the Sunnis are united.
Related pages
Shia Islam
Sunnah
References
1
Other websites
Islamic denominations
Muslims |
33836 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting | Hunting | Hunting is going out to find and kill animals. Animals and some humans, hunt for food. People have hunted at least since the stone age. They used spears, and now people mostly use guns and bows. Some people kill the animals for fur, to make clothes and shelter, or to decorate their homes, or to sell. Fox hunting is sometimes a sport.
Many places have rules that limit hunting. Hunting can be good by keeping animal populations from getting too high. Hunting too much, though, can kill off species of animals, making them extinct. Hunting once made the dodo, a bird, become extinct.
Before they invented herding people got meat by hunting. Boar hunting and fox hunting became became popular in early modern times. Another form of hunting is not to use guns, bows and arrows or spears, but by animal trapping.
Animal rights activists oppose to hunting. Anti-hunting laws (English Hunting Act 2004) strive to reduce hunting.
Gallery
Related pages
Animal trapping
Farming
Fox hunting
Fishing
Sports involving animals
Animal rights |
33838 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho%20Brahe | Tycho Brahe | Tycho Brahe (14 December 1546 — 24 October 1601) was an astronomer from Denmark. He observed the night sky before the invention of the telescope. He built a large observatory called Uraniborg on the island of Hven in Denmark.
He discovered that the universe outside the Solar System could change when he studied a supernova and a comet. Johannes Kepler was his assistant. Tycho made very careful observations of the planets. When Tycho died in 1601, Kepler continued Tycho's work.
Tycho was not a modern scientist. He believed in astrology, and his astronomy was a strange mixture of scientific observation and religious belief. Although he rejected the Ptolemaic system, he also rejected the Copernican system. He developed a geocentric theory that imagined the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth, but the other planets orbited the Sun.
Unlike most astronomers of his time, he did not believe in the unchanging celestial realm or spheres. Tycho's Nova, now called SN 1572,proved that changes did take place. Also, he worked out that comets were real celestial objects, and that their orbits were different to those of the planets.
Related pages
Johannes Kepler
List of Danish writers
References
Other websites
Tycho Brahe – Accomplishments, Biography, & Facts. Encyclopædia Britannica
1546 births
1601 deaths
Astrologers
Astronomers
Danish scientists |
33840 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipse | Ellipse | An ellipse is a shape that looks like an oval or a flattened circle.
In geometry, an ellipse is a plane curve which results from the intersection of a cone by a plane in a way that produces a closed curve.
Circles are special cases of ellipses, obtained when the cutting plane is perpendicular to the cone's axis. An ellipse is also the locus of all points of the plane whose distances to two fixed points add to the same constant.
A circle has one center, called a focus, but an ellipse has two foci.
An ellipse is simply all points on a graph that the sum of the distances from 2 points are the same. For example, an ellipse can be made by putting two pins into cardboard and a circle of string around those two, then putting a pencil in the loop and pulling as far as possible without breaking the string in all directions. The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus and nothing at the other.
The equation of an ellipse is :
where the center of the ellipse is (h,k). 2A is the length from each end of the longer skinnier side. 2b is the length of the 2 ends of the short side. A²-B²=C² for c is the length between the foci and the center.
Other websites
Ellipse & Hyperbola Construction - An interactive sketch showing how to trace the curves of the ellipse and hyperbola. (Requires Java.)
Ellipse Construction - Another interactive sketch, this time showing a different method of tracing the ellipse. (Requires Java.)
Ellipse on MathWorld - More on Ellipse
The Shape and History of The Ellipse in Washington, D.C. by Clark Kimberling
Collection of animated ellipse demonstrations. Ellipse, axes, semi-axes, area, perimeter, tangent, foci.
Woodworking videos showing how to work with ellipses in wood.
References
shapes
Conic sections |
33842 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur | Babur | Babur, full name Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur (14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530) was founder of Mughal Empire in Indian subcontinent. He was eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza., governor of Farghana.
Plans of the conquest of India
In 1525 Babur set out to attack and conquer India. He had only about twelve thousand men with him but he had been promised help by Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of Punjab. They planned to march together against the ruling Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, who was the King of Delhi at that time. When Babur reached India, the government was afraid to help him, and eventually backed out, and so Babur started off to Delhi by himself with his small army of men.
Ibrahim Lodi was reported to have one hundred thousand men and one hundred elephants. But Babur had something which Ibrahim did not have – heavy guns and cannons, the first proper Turkic style artillery seen in medieval India. There were hardly any guns at that time in India and Babur had managed to get hold of some in Kabul. He had cannons and some firearms as well.
The two armies met at the famous First battle of Panipat, at a small village near Delhi. Both armies remained in position opposite each other for a week before the battle began. Babur was an excellent general and he planned the battle very carefully as conquering Delhi was indeed very important to him. After the battle about fifteen thousand men of the enemy were killed including their commander Ibrahim Lodi.
Before the enemy could recover from their defeat, Delhi was captured.
Consolidating victory
Babur had to fight more major battles, the battles of Khanua and Gogra. In 1527 A.D. he had to face a fierce enemy of his at Khanua, the Rajput hero, Rana Sangram (or Sanga)of Mewar. A ferocious battle was fought between the two in the field of Khanua and Babur won the battle.
In 1529 A.D., Babur got into a battle with the Afghans. Babur won, but the Afghans were not totally weakened. They joined hands with Mahmud Lodi, the brother of Ibrahim Lodi, to fight Babur again. But Babur approached forward and was a successful winner of this Battle in Gogra.
Related pages
Mughal Empire
Mughal emperors
1483 births
1530 deaths |
33852 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra | Mantra | In Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Mantra means a group of words. There are many such groups of words. Some mantras have meanings. However, there are many mantras which are just syllables, with or without any words. Such mantras do not carry meanings. From the ancient times, Hindus, as well as in many cases, texts of Buddhism and Jainism contain many mantras.
Traditionally, people associate the mantras with various powers. However, it is more a matter of individual faith and experience than a fact of science.
The earliest examples of mantras are many hymns and verses of Vedas. People read them aloud. They thought that by doing so they would get the blessings of the gods and other beings. The system continued in Hindu practices of worship and meditation. Even now, many Hindus believe in the power of mantras to gain health and wealth. Mantras may form part of worship or people may simply recite them loudly or slowly. Some time no recitation may take place, and the person would just think of the mantra silently for long time.
References
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola
Hinduism
Hindu mythology |
33855 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit%20tree | Fruit tree | A fruit tree is a tree that produces edible fruits to hold its seeds. However, although every tree produces fruit, not all fruit is edible for humans. Nut trees bear such fruits as almonds, walnuts, brazil nuts.
Examples of tree fruit
Apricot
Apple
Cherry
Citrus (Orange, Lemon, etc.)
Coconut
Damson
Durian
Fig
Mango
Medlar
Nectarine
Peach
Pear
Plum
Quince
Trees
Fruits |
33871 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20of%20Control | Line of Control | The Line of Control (LOC) is the line that marks where the region of Kashmir is divided. The land on one side of the line is controlled by India, and the land on the other side is controlled by Pakistan. It is not a legal international border, but is the effective boundary between the two countries. India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir between 1947 and 1948. The line originally marked the military front when the two countries declared a ceasefire on 1/2 January 1949. The fronts gradually became a solid boundary. It was formally named the Line of Control after the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972.
All of Kashmir was previously the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. The part of the region that is now under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The two parts that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The Line of Control is long.
Another cease-fire line separates the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area of Aksai Chin. This is further to the east and is called the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Although the other side is controlled by India, China regards this line as part of its border with Pakistan. China and Pakistan have agreed on a border, but India has not.
Fencing
India has built a fence along its side of the Line of Control. It is currently long. It only runs part of the length of the line, the rest of the Line of Control is too inaccessible for construction of a barrier. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. Pakistan has objected to the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions on the region.
Related pages
Wagah
Indo-Bangladeshi barrier
Line of Actual Control
Kashmir conflict
Wakhan
Border dispute
References
Kashmir
Territorial disputes of India
Territorial disputes of Pakistan
Walls |
33879 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detmold | Detmold | Detmold (; West Low German: Deppelt) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 74,000 inhabitants. Detmold is the cultural capital of the District of Lippe.
Other websites
Google Maps
References
Other websites
Lippe Rural District |
33880 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnsberg | Arnsberg | Arnsberg (; Westphalian: Arensperg) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 74,000 inhabitants, who are mostly Catholic.
References
Other websites
Hochsauerland Rural District |
33882 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegen | Siegen | Siegen is a city in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 110,000 inhabitants and a university.
Twin Towns
It has been twinned with the borough of Spandau in Berlin since 1952. Other twin cities are:
, Rijnsburg, since 1963, continuation of partnership with amalgamated town of Katwijk as of 2006
United Kingdom Morley, since 1966 continuation of partnership with amalgamated City of Leeds as of 1974
, Leeds, since 1974
, Ypres, since 1967
, Zakopane, since 1989
, , Plauen, since 1990
References
Other websites
Siegen-Wittgenstein Rural District |
33883 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz | Graz | Graz is a city in Austria and capital of Styria.
After Vienna, Graz has the second highest number of people living in the city. In 2014 the city and surrounding areas had 605,143 people. The city has six universities.
History
The oldest reference to Graz in historical documents is from 1128. In 1379 Graz became the capital of Inner Austria. (Inner Austria included Styria, Carinthia, Krain, Inner Istria and Trieste.) The Roman Empire used Graz as a stronghold to defend against enemies on the southeast. Two of the buildings created at that period (Glockenturm which is a clock tower, and Uhrturm which is a bell tower) have become landmarks of Graz.
The Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg is named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
References
Other websites
Official Webpage of Graz
Districts of Styria
World Heritage Sites in Austria |
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