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FORM ONE AGRICULTURE NOTESINTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTUREThe word Agriculture is derived from two Latin words Ager which means field and cultura that means cultivation. Therefore agriculture can be defined as field cultivation. Livestock are all the domesticated animals. Definition of agriculture:Agriculture is defined as ... |
French beans, cabbages, tomatoes.etc.. Pomology: Growing of fruits e.g. avocado, mangoes and citrus. Livestock farming: Include:Pastoralism mammalian livestock farming . Is the rearing of farm animals on pastures. E.g. cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, camels and rabbits. Fish farming Aquaculture ; Is the rearing of fish in ... |
Plantation farming. CharacteristicsLarge tracts of land. Production of only one crop.e.g. Tea plantations in Kiambu and Kericho, Coffee in Kiambu, Sugarcane in Muhoroni, Sisal in Mombasa, Pineapple in Thika. Ranching : Is the keeping of livestock beef animals in marginal range areas. It is an improved pastoral-nomadism... |
Shifting CultivationFarming on a piece of land continuously until it is exhausted after which the farmer moves to a new more fertile land. It is applicable where;Land is abundantPopulation is sparseNumber of livestock per unit area is low. Land is communally owned. Advantages of shifting cultivationIt has low capital r... |
They are factors in human beings or the way human beings do things. The following is a list of human factors that influence agricultural production. Levels of education and technologyThis is translated as the ability of a producer who is a farmer to apply appropriate methods and techniques in production using available... |
Livestock parasites: suck blood and transmit diseases to animalsPollinators: Bee pollinating maize flower. Pollination in crop production increases yields and viability of seeds. Predators: Eagles can eat chicken, rabbits among other livestock. Eagle can also eat insects and pests for example rats, moles and birds whic... |
TemperatureTemperature is the coldness or hotness of a place. Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius using a thermometer. Temperature is influenced by altitude and topography. Temperature decreases with increase in altitude, such that for every 300 meters rise in altitude above sea level temperature decreases by1.7... |
This is the strength with which light hits the surface of the earth. Ii Light durationThis is the period of time the plants are exposed to light recorded using a Campbell sunshine recorderPhotoperiodismThis is the response of plants toward light duration. Long day plantsThese are plants which require more than 12 hours... |
Moving ice causes rocks to disintegrate. High temperatures in the arid areas cause the rocks to at different rates. During the night, temperatures drop making the rock to contract. The rock surface contracts faster than the inside. This unequal contraction causes the rocks to disintegrate. In places with very low tempe... |
Limestone is easily weathered in warm humid regions and the carbonates are easily soluble. Since the parent material influences the physical and chemical properties of the soil, it therefore controls the type of vegetation in an area. ClimateHigh temperature speed up the rate of chemical reactions. Wind acts as a trans... |
Sub soil Horizon B . Found beneath the top soil. More compacted and less aerated than top soil. May contain an impermeable layer called the hard pan which may prevent drainage and root penetration. Minerals leached from top soil accumulate here hence this layer is referred to as the layer of accumulation. It has clay d... |
Excess Co2 in the soil is poisonous to plants and microorganisms. For best crop performance, a balance of soil water and soil air has to be maintained. Water. Soil contains water. Soil water exists in three forms;Superfluous water. This is water occupying large air spaces macro pores . This water is loosely held by the... |
There is no aggregation at all. Particles are not cemented together. The particles are non-porous and spherical. Mostly found in the top soil of sandy soils, arid climates and alkaline soils. Crumby soil structure. The aggregates are small, soft and porous irregular in shape. Aggregates are not closely fitted together.... |
Crush the soil lumps without breaking the particles. Pass the soil through the sieve with the largest mesh diameter 2.00 mm and shake vigorously. Weigh the soil that remains on the sieve and record. Repeat the process using other sieves with mesh diameters of 0.2mm, 0.02mm and 0.002mm always using the soil that passes ... |
40 clay content Made up of largely clay particles. Have small pore spaces hence good in moisture retention. Difficult to till heavy soils Poorly drained. Expand when wet, crack when dry. High capillarity. Rich in plant nutrients. Are suitable for flood irrigation. They can be improved by drainage. Loamy soils. 30-50 sa... |
Very acidic or very alkaline conditions affect activities of soil microorganisms. Modifying Soil pHThe following are applied to the soil in order to lower its pH Increase soil acidity Application of sulphur. Application of acidic fertilizers such as sulphate of ammonia. In raising its pH increase alkalinity the followi... |
Against fire and theft. Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees. Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms. Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation. Records help to show whether the farm business i... |
This record shows the name of the worker, payroll number, days worked for, rate of payment, the amount of salary and signature. Muster Roll-Labour Utilisation Analysis. They show how labour is utilized on the farm and helps to determine labour allocation; labour requirement for the purpose of budgeting when labour is i... |
This is done to cut small bushes and grasses using slashers, pangas or tractor drawn mowers. Use of chemicals. Chemicals used to kill weeds are called herbicides. Primary CultivationThis follows land clearing,Small scale farmers use jembes or fork jembes during hand digging. In Large scale framing ploughing is done usi... |
Heavy soils are hard when dry making jembes and fork-jembes to dig shallowly. The implements available. Tractor drawn implements give deeper depth than hand operated tools. Choice of the Correct ImplementsThis is determined by:Condition of the land. If the land has a lot of stones and stumps, a disc plough is preferred... |
If after primary cultivation, a lot of trash is left, more harrowing operations should be carried out so as to incorporate the trash into the soil. Tertiary OperationsThey are carried out to meet the needs of certain crops. They are conducted after land clearing, primary and secondary cultivations. They include;Ridging... |
To prevent exposure of humus to adverse conditions such as sun s heat that cause volatilization of nitrogenSoil Fertility I: Organic Manures Soil Fertility: This is the ability of the soil to provide the crops with the required nutrients in proper proportions for high production. Characteristics of Fertile SoilsGood De... |
CAN, DAP, Urea etc.. Use of organic manure helps to supply organic matter to the soil. Minimum tillage which helps to maintain soil structure and prevent soil erosion. Intercropping Mixed cropping of leguminous and non- leguminous crops fix nutrients and improve fertility. Proper drainage by breaking hard pans or creat... |
Must be capable of rotting quickly. Should be hardy i.e. Capable of growing in poor conditions. Reasons Why Green Manure is not Commonly UsedMost crops used for green manure are food cropsTakes time for the manure to decompose delaying plantingMost of the nutrients are used up by micro-organisms in the process of decom... |
Direction the prevailing wind this aims at preventing bad smells from being blown to the homestead. Size of the Farm the site should be centrally placed on the farm. Accessibility this makes transportation of the manure possible. Preparation of Compost ManureThere are two methods of preparing compost manure;Indore Meth... |
Materials are placed in the heaps labeled X and after 3-4 weeks they are transferred to pit Y. After another 3-4 weeks, the compost materials are transferred to pit Z where they stay for some 3-4 weeks before they become ready to be taken to the field. The manure should be turned occasionally to facilitate air circulat... |
Hydram. Conveyance of WaterThis is the process of moving water from one point source or storage point to where it will be used or stored. This can be done through;PipingIn this case water moves through pipes. Types and choices of pipesMetal pipesThese are expensive but durable. They also can withstand high pressure. Pl... |
Water stays for 36 hours thus solid particles settle and bilharzias causing organisms killed. Alum is added to coagulate solid particles which settle at the bottom. Stage IV:FiltrationWater is passed through filtration tank with layers of sand and gravel to filter it. Water leaving the filtration tank is clean. Stage V... |
The following factors are considered when choosing the method to use in surface irrigation. Topography- Surface irrigation requires flat areasWater availability- Surface irrigation requires a lot of water. The type of soil- Surface irrigation is best suited for clay soils because they retain water for a long time. Floo... |
When there is water-logging, salts accumulate to toxic levels in the soil. Drainage removes such salts from the soil. Methods of drainageUse of open ditches channels furrows. Ditches are dug for water to flow by gravity lowering the water table. Use of underground pipesPerforated pipes are laid underground and water se... |
FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT REVISION QUESTIONS1 The diagrams below are of farm tools and equipment. Study them and answer the questions that followi Identify the tools 1 mkii Give one functional difference between the tools above.1 mk2.The diagram below show farm equipment. Use them to answer the questions that follow. A ... |
Equipment identityUse a K........................................................................................................... L............................................................................................................ b Give the care and maintenance of L 1mk8.Observe the tools X and Y illustrat... |
1 mkd -Need two people to operate. 1-Not easy to carry about during operation. 11 x 2 2mk9. I Auger bit 1 x 1 1mk ii S shankT-Twist threadsU-Spur 3 x 1 3mks iii Making holes boring holes on the wood 1mk 12 i Conditions under which tool labeled A is usedHard ground soilsA stony fieldField with rhizomes stolons rootsA fi... |
B . State the roles played by agriculture in national developmentd . I Briefly outline the problems that have hindered agricultural developmentin Kenya. Ii Suggest ways in which these problems can be alleviateda i What are the characteristics of shifting cultivation? Ii State the problems associated with shifting culti... |
I What is secondary cultivation? Ii Give reasons for secondary cultivation? I Define minimum tillageiii State reasons for practising minimum tillage. Name the factors that determine the number of tillage operations during seedbed preparation. A List the sources of water on the farm. How is water conveyed from one point... |
State the characteristics of a fertile soil. How can a fertile soil loss its fertilityiv . State the ways of maintaining or improving soil fertilityi What are plant nutrients? Ii Name the major plant nutrients macro-nutrients State the roles and deficiency of the following nutrients in plants. I Nitrogen usesDeficiency... |
List the methods of fertilizer application:What is top dressing? I Calculate the amount of K2O potassium chloride contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5 5kg of K2O is contained in 100kg of 25:10:5A farmer is to apply a compound fertilizer 20:30:10 on a vegetable plot measuring 5 metres long by 4 metres wi... |
-Tsetse flies give birth to larvae after the eggs hutch inside the body of the mother. -Larva forms the pupa, which later changes into an adult. -Tsetse flies bites mainly during the day. Harmful effects-They transmit Trypanosomiasis caused by a protozoan called trypanosome-Sucks out blood from the animal causing anaem... |
Sucking lice-Have mouthparts reduced into styles for sucking blood. -They are found only on mammals. Harmful effects-Cause irritation to the animal hence, the animal is seen to rub itself against fixed objects. -Heavy infestations cause loss of health in animals. -Since animals under attack do not feed very well, there... |
-Larvae climb onto the host, suck blood, become engorged and moult into nymphs. -Nymphs feed on the same host, become engorged and moult into adults. -Adults feed on the same host, mate and the females drop off to the ground to lay eggs. Examples of one-host ticks:-Blue tick Boophilus decoloratus -The Texas Fever tick ... |
-Adults seek for the third host, climb, feed become engorged and mate. -Females drop off to the ground to lay eggs. Lifecycle of a three host tick. Examples:--Brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculants -East African Bont tick Amblyomma variegatum -Bont tick Amblyomma herbraem -Gulf Coast tick Amblyomma maculatum -Yell... |
-Dipping animals in plugs dips containing the acaricide. -Hand dressing using pyegrease. ENDOPARASITES INTERNAL PARASITES These are parasites which live within the body of the host animal e.g. tapeworms, Round worms, Fluke etcCategories of Endoparasites-Endoparasites are generally called helminthes-They fall under 2 ph... |
-They first move to the liver and then to all body muscles of the animal where they become cysts. -Under cooked beef or pork from infected animals if eaten by man causes an infection. -In the human intestine cysts wall dissolve and the parasites attack themselves to the wall of the intestine. -Here they develop into ad... |
-A fluke produces about 300-3500 eggs per day. -I the eggs falls into stagnant water that is warm, they hatch into a ciliated embryos called miracidia miracidium -On coming into contact with the intermediate host snail Limnea spp . It penetrates the snail tissue. -Once inside the snail tissues, miracidium process masse... |
-Anaemia. -Potbellies especially in young animals. LIFECYCLE OF A ROUNDWORM-The common roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides does not have intermediate hosts. -Eggs are laid in the alimentary canal of the host animal. -Eggs are passed out of the host with faeces. -Under favorable environmental conditions, eggs hatch into larv... |
Avoid siting it on an area where the same crop species had been planted to avoid build up of pests and diseases. Well sheltered. Windbreaks are necessary to prevent strong winds, which can uproot the seedlings and cause excessive evaporation. Categories of NurseriesVegetable crop nurseryTree nurseryVegetative propagati... |
Each unit holds about 1200 sleeves. Preparing tea cuttingsStem cutting are obtained from;High yielding mother plants. High leaf quality plantA plant with the ability to adapt to a wide range of ecological conditions. The selected mother plants are pruned and left to grow for six months unchecked. The shoots that grow w... |
Reduction of watering. Partial lifting of the seedlings in some cases. GraftingThis is the practice of uniting two separate woody stems. The part bearing the roots is called the rootstock while the part, which is grafted onto the rootstock, is known as the scion. Scion has buds, which develop into the future plant. The... |
The stock is then cut a few centimeters above the union. The green bud develops to produce a shoot. When the shoot reaches about 25cm it is tied to a stake to prevent it from being blown by wind and get broken. The piece of rootstock above the union is now cut 1-2cm above the union. Top budding. This involves budding o... |
After roots develop the shoot is cut off from the mother plant and transplanted. Trench layering. The branch of a stem is bent, laid in trench and is then held in position by pegs. The trench is then covered with moist soil. The buds develop shoots that grow upwards. Roots develop at the base of each shoot. The shoots ... |
Converting the plantlets from heterotropic mode of nutrition to autotropic mode. Importance of Tissue Culture in Crop ProductionIt is used in the mass production of propagules. Helps to establish pathogen free plants especially in the control of viral diseases. It is fast and requires less space than the cultural metho... |
This can be done for individual trees or for an entire field. CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD PRACTICES Field practices are operations carried out in the field to facilitate proper growth and optimum yield of the various crops grown. These operations should be timely for best crop performance. Crop RotationThis is the growing... |
Crops that are associated with certain weeds should be alternated with those that are not. Crops that are not easily weeded should be alternated with those that are easy to weed. Crop nutrient requirement. Heavy or gross feeders crops requiring high amounts of nutrients should come first in a newly opened land, which i... |
Organic materials decompose to release nutrients thus improving soil fertility. Organic materials decompose to form humus, which improves soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Disadvantages of MulchingIt is a fire risk. Provides a breeding ground for pests that are harmful to crops. Traps light showers... |
In passion fruits. Earthing up. This is the placement of soil in form of a heap around the base of the plant. Reasons for earthing upIn Irish and sweet potatoes to promote tuber formation. In tobacco it improves drainage around the crop. In maize it provides support hence preventing lodging. In groundnuts it promotes p... |
Pruning knife. For cutting or pruning tea by use of strokes. Pruning shears. For trimming hedges. Secateurs. Used for cutting or pruning soft branches in coffee and citrus. TEAPlucking Table Formation in TeaYoung tea is encouraged to produce a lot of lateral branches which in turn form the frame to establish a wide plu... |
The initial height should be 50cm above the ground level. Two Y-shaped sticks 50cm in height and a long straight stick about 2 m long are used. The straight stick is placed on the Y-shaped sticks. Tipping is done at 2-3 weeks intervals five times before the plucking table is properly formed. This process encourages for... |
To make harvesting easy by regulating the height of trees. To open up the bush to allow better air circulation. This removes the microclimate suitable for pest and disease organisms thus controlling them. Facilitate spray penetration. There is economic use of chemicals. Systems of Pruning in CoffeeSingle stem system. M... |
Difficulty in gathering the berries from the top points. Difficulty in spraying the tall bushes. Rotting of stumps with age. CappingThis is cutting the main stem at height of 53cm when the young coffee plant is 69cm tall. One lateral is selected and later capped at 114cm when it grows to 130cm. The third capping is don... |
Bacteria. Tomato wilt, cabbage black rot, black arm of cotton etc. Virus. Ratoon stunting disease of sugarcane, rosette disease in groundnuts, cassava mosaic. Nutritional cause. Blossom end rot in tomatoes due to calcium deficiency. Physiological disorders. Frost injury in tea, coffee etc. Harvesting. This is the final... |
It varies from species to species and is also influenced by factors such as;Degree of excitement. Age of the animal. Sex of the animal. Physiological status of the animal e.g. in pregnancy. Production level of the animals. Loss of weight, emaciation and sudden drop in production may signify ill health. Morphological co... |
CAUSES OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES a Nutritional cause b Physical causes c Chemical caused Living organismsNUTRITIONAL CAUSES:This may be due to:-Mineral imbalances- Mineral deficiency problems are more common in rapidly growing animalsThe deficiency of certain minerals in the diet of livestock can cause the following nutrit... |
E Use of antiseptics and disinfectants-Antiseptics are preparations containing germ killing agents and antibacterial drugs. They are used on the skin or in wounds. -Disinfectants are very concentrated germinal chemicals used to kill bacteria in buildings and in animal structures. APPROPRIATE METHODS OF HANDLING LIVESTO... |
-Larva forms the pupa, which later changes into an adult. -Tsetse flies bites mainly during the day. Harmful effects-They transmit Trypanosomiasis caused by a protozoan called trypanosome-Sucks out blood from the animal causing anaemia. -Cause damage on the skins and hides of animals making wounds, which provide routes... |
-They are found only on mammals. Harmful effects-Cause irritation to the animal hence, the animal is seen to rub itself against fixed objects. -Heavy infestations cause loss of health in animals. -Since animals under attack do not feed very well, there is emaciation. -Loss of production in birds. -Anaemia and restless ... |
-Larvae climb onto the host, suck blood, become engorged and moult into nymphs. -Nymphs feed on the same host, become engorged and moult into adults. -Adults feed on the same host, mate and the females drop off to the ground to lay eggs. Examples of one-host ticks-Blue tick Boophilus decoloratus -The Texas Fever tick B... |
-The nymphs look for a second host, feed on blood, become engorged and drop off to the ground and moult into adults. -Adults seek for the third host, climb, feed become engorged and mate. -Females drop off to the ground to lay eggs. Lifecycle of a three-host tickExamples:--Brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus -E... |
-Dipping animals in plugs dips containing the acaricide. -Hand dressing using pyegrease. ENDOPARASITES INTERNAL PARASITES These are parasites which live within the body of the host animal e.g. tapeworms, Round worms, Fluke etcCategories of Endoparasites-Endoparasites are generally called helminthes-They fall under 2 ph... |
-Embryos penetrate the intestinal wall and enter the blood system. -They first move to the liver and then to all body muscles of the animal where they become cysts. -Under cooked beef or pork from infected animals if eaten by man causes an infection. -In the human intestine cysts wall dissolve and the parasites attack ... |
-A fluke produces about 300-3500 eggs per day. -I the eggs falls into stagnant water that is warm, they hatch into a ciliated embryos called miracidia miracidium -On coming into contact with the intermediate host snail Limnea spp . It penetrates the snail tissue. -Once inside the snail tissues, miracidium process masse... |
-Anaemia. -Potbellies especially in young animals. LIFECYCLE OF A ROUNDWORM-The common roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides does not have intermediate hosts. -Eggs are laid in the alimentary canal of the host animal. -Eggs are passed out of the host with faeces. -Under favorable environmental conditions, eggs hatch into larv... |
All animals are treated to reduce pasture contamination. Tactical Treatment. When rainfall is irregular, rapid multiplication of worms may occur calling for an additional tactical treatment. This is done when climatic and nutritional conditions are abnormal. SOIL FERTILITY II INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ESSENTIAL ELEMENTSPla... |
Phosphorous. H2PO4, P2O5 It occurs in the soil either in organic or in inorganic forms. It is converted into phosphates by microorganisms, which can be absorbed by plants. Since phosphates are relatively soluble in water they are not easily leached. SourceOrganic manuresCommercial fertilizersPhosphate rocksRole of Phos... |
Helps in grain and seed formation. Improves the soil structure. Promotes bacteria activity in the soil. Deficiency symptomsBlossom end rot in tomatoesStunted growthDying back of plant tips. Young leaves remain closed. Loss of calciumCrop removalLeachingSoil erosion. 5. Magnesium Mg 2 . SourcesCrop residues and organic ... |
Role of micronutrients and their deficiency symptomsCopper, iron and molybdenum help enzymes that are involved in oxidation and reduction processes in plants. Copper is involved in the utilization of iron and in respiration. Iron is needed in the synthesis of proteins in the chloroplasts. Molybdenum is necessary for ni... |
Examples DAP 18:46:0 20-20-0 etc. If it contains the three N P K it is referred to as a complete compound fertilizer. Examples are 20-10-10, 25-5-5 5s, 17-17-17 and 15-15-15. B. Properties and Identification of Fertilizersi Nitrogenous FertilizersThey have the following properties. Highly soluble in water. Most are hig... |
Ii Phosphatic FertilizersThey have the following properties. Has low solubility and immobile. However they may combine with ions of aluminium fixing phosphorous into unavailable forms to the plants. They should therefore be place next to the roots so that plants can utilize them before phosphorous becomes fixed. Have a... |
This indicates the guarantee of minimum content as a of N:P2O5:K2O in the fertilizer for example 10-20-0, 17-17-17 etc. Fertilizer ratio. This is the relative expressed as a ratio of the NPK present. For example, 10-20-0 will be 1:2:1 and 17:17:17 will be 1:1:1. Properties of Individual Compound FertilizersDiammonium P... |
Carbon occurs in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and constitutes 0.03 of air by volume. Ways in which carbon is removed from the atmospherePhotosynthesis. Green plants use CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. Carbon Dioxide water-----------Glucose OxygenThe glucose formed is used by plants to provide energy ... |
N2 O2 -------- 2NONitrogen Oxygen Nitric Oxide2NO O2----------2NO2Nitric oxide OxygenNitrogen DioxideThe nitrogen dioxide formed dissolves in water to form two acids, nitrous acid and nitric acid. 2NO2 H2O ------------ HNO2 HNO3Nitrogen water Nitrous acidNitric acidDioxideNitrous acid is a weak acid and is quickly oxid... |
Combustion. Burning vegetation causes the conversion of nitrogenous compounds into nitrogen dioxide and ammonia, which escapes into the atmosphere. Volatilisation. Sometimes ammonium compounds in the soil sublime to form ammonia gas, which escapes to the atmosphere. Importance of the Nitrogen cycleEnsures the availabil... |
It is also referred to as the soil reaction. Soil pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution. Soil acidity is caused by the H ions while soil alkalinity is caused by the hydroxyl ions OH- . The pH scale ranges from 1-14 with 7 being neutral; pH below 7 is acidic and pH above 7 is termed as basic or alka... |
Therefore bacterial diseases such as potato scab caused by Aceptomyces scabies are common in high pH soils while fungal diseases such as club root caused by Plasmodiaphora brassicae are common in low pH soils. Influences the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. REVISION QUESTIONS1.a Describe the productio... |
4 mks 8.State 3 causes of blossom end rot in tomatoes. 3 mks 9.Give 4 reasons for staking in tomatoes. 4 mks 10Name 3 fresh market and 3 processing tomato varieties. 3 mks 11Name the early maturing cabbage varieties. 3mks 12.Why is it not advisable to apply manure in carrot production? 1 mk 13.Name the two main categor... |
-A light mulch cover is placed on the bed and watering done. 1mk each for any 4 points iii Planting-Planted at well prepared seedbed with deep soils free from weeds-Spacing 60cm x 60cm single row or 60cm x 60cm x 90 cm double row planting -200kg of DAP per hectare is used for planting-10 tons of farm yard compost manur... |
Karate, AmbushNematodes 1mk -Can be controlled by crop rotation-Fumigation of the soil using furadanv Disease controli Bacterial wilt 1mk for mention Control- Crop rotation-Uprooting and burning the affected plants 1mk each for any 2 correct points -Blossom end rot . 1mk for mention of any one disease Cause-Too much Ni... |
1x4 4mks iv - Thinning- Weeding- Top dressing- Pest and disease control 1x4 4mks v Harvesting- ready for harvesting after 5 months from planting. -. Tops broken or bent at the neck when leaves start drying. This hastens withering of the stem- bulbs are dug and left to dry in a shade of a few days. Turning should be don... |
This hastens withering of the stem- bulbs are dug and left to dry in a shade of a few days. Turning should be done daily during drying- dry onions should be stored in slatted wooden crates- regular inspection to discard spoilt ones should be done 1x4 4mks b - Damping off- black rot- downy mildew 1x3 3mks 4Thinning, wee... |
Turning should be done daily during drying- dry onions should be stored in slatted wooden crates- regular inspection to discard spoilt ones should be done 1x4 4mks b - Damping off- black rot- downy mildew 1x3 3mks 4Thinning, weeding, topdressing and pest control. 5. A Choose a suitable nursery site, considering accessi... |
5. A Choose a suitable nursery site, considering accessibility and source of waterDig and prepare the chosen site to a desirable tilthRemove roots of previous plants and stones from the siteMake raised or sunken nursery beds depending on soil moisture0 measuring 1m wide and any convenient lengthPlant seeds by drilling ... |
Prevent attack by soil borne pestsFacilitate spraying and harvestingControl soil borne diseasesFor the production of clean fruits 1x4 4mks 7.Prolonged maturity; cracking of fruits b4 maturity; blossom end rot; excess vegetative growth. 8.Too much nitrogen in early stage; irregular watering; calcium deficiency in young ... |
There is free inter pollination. The hybrids and composites are produced for specific altitudes in the country. E.g. Kitale Hybrids-614, 622, 625, 626, 627 and 628 are grown in medium to high altitude zones. Embu Hybrids-511 513 are best for medium altitude zones. Katumani Composites- for lower altitude zonesCoast Hybr... |
-Proper drying of the grains reduces chances of the grains rotting and minimizes the extent of insect damage. Marketing-Farmers sell their maize grains through the National Cereals and Produce Board. -Local trading in green and dry maize is also common. II FINGER MILLET Eleusine coranaca Finger millet has small seeds w... |
-125kg of Sulphate of Ammonia is applied when the crop is 15cm high. D Pest and Disease Controli Pests-Finger millet is rarely destroyed by pests in the store because of the small size of the grains. -Major pests in the field are the birds and are controlled by scaring them. Ii Diseases-Most serious disease is the head... |
-Use of insecticides. -Proper disposal of crop residue remains after harvesting. B DiseasesSorghum is attacked by both leaf and inflorescence diseases. Examples of leaf diseases-Leaf blight Helminthosporium turcicum. -Anthracnose Colletotricum graminicola -Sooty stripe Ramulispora sorghi General control-Growing resista... |
Beans for green pods are produced under irrigation. Varieties-Varieties for production of dry bean seedsRose coco, GLP 2 Mwezi moja GLP 1004 Canadian wonder GLP 24 K 74WairimuMexican 142 developed in Tanzania. It is suitable for canning, drought resistant, rust resistant, early maturing and high yielding. -Varieties fo... |
Each brown spot is surrounded by a yellow band or halo . The disease is seed borne and can be spread by rain, which could splash the bacteria on to the healthy plant parts. Control-Planting healthy seeds. -Rogueing-Crop rotation-Spraying with copper oxychloride. Anthracnose. Disease is caused by a fungus called Colleto... |
-Tractor drawn rotavators are used to work the flooded fields before transplanting. Field OperationsWater control. The level of water is increased from the very low level of about 5cm at planting time gradually to a height of 15cm by the time the seedlings are fully grown. Water should be allowed to flow slowly through... |
Green leaf desmodiumDesmodium intortum. SiratroMacroptilium atropurpureumStyloStylosanthes guiyanensisLow Altitude PasturesThese are pastures found in marginal areas of Kenya below 1500m above sea level which receive little rainfall. In such areas, indigenous livestock such as camels, donkeys, cattle, sheep and goats a... |
Land preparation should be done during the dry season before the onset of the rains. Iii Seed RatesRecommended seed rate for pasture grasses is 1.5-2.0kg ha of pure germinating seeds. The seeds are produced by Kenya Seed Company. And are sold in two lotsHigh quality seeds with 13-25 pure germinating seeds. PGS Standard... |
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