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Over Sowing This is the establishment of a pasture legume in an existing grass pasture. The grass pasture is kept short until the pasture legume is well established. SSP fertilizer is applied at the rate of 200kg-400kg ha. The mixed stand pasture should be ready for light grazing 4-5 months after planting. MANAGEMENT O... |
Some pastures are seriously affected by heavy grazing such that herbage production is low. Grazing has therefore to be controlled through tethering, strip grazing or paddocking. Vi Pest ControlJust like any other crop in the farm, pasture crops are also attacked by pests. The most common pest is the mole which makes un... |
To ensure better forage utilization and less wastage by trampling, fouling and selective grazing. To facilitate conservation of excess pasture in form of hay or standing forage. To maintain a favourable grass-legume balance where applicable. Carrying Capacity and Stocking RateCarrying capacity is the ability of the for... |
About 5cm is left. GRAZING SYSTEMSThere are three main grazing systemsRotational grazingContinuous grazingZero grazing1 Rotational GrazingThis refers to practice of allowing livestock to feed on a part of pasture for a period down to certain level before they are moved to the next. This gives time for pasture to proper... |
2 Continuous Grazing Herding In this type of grazing, the pasture is not allowed any resting period. This method can easily result in overgrazing if the stocking rate is not controlled. It s common in the semi-arid areas. 3 Zero Grazing Stall Feeding -This is the practice of rearing animals in a permanent feeding enclo... |
Furrows are made at a spacing of 90-100cm. Alternatively; holes can be dug at a spacing of 90cm x 50cm. 7-10 tons of well decomposed organic manure is applied. Ii Planting. Planting materials should be selected from desirable varieties of napier grass. Materials should come from healthy and mature plants. Stem cuttings... |
NPK 20:20:20 is applied at the rate of 200kg ha during planting for proper root growth and development. Iii Fertilizer Application. CAN or ASN is top dressed at the rate of 125kg haiv Weed ControlField should be kept weed free. This is done by hand cultivation, slashing or use of selective herbicides. V Utilisation. Gr... |
A Ecological RequirementRainfall-should be adequateAltitude-1500-200m above sea levelSoils-should be fertileb Establishment and Management. Land is cleared, ploughed and the harrowed. Holes are dug at a spacing of 1m x 1m. Farmyard manure is mixed thoroughly in holes before planting. Rhizomes are planted at the onset o... |
Leaves and branches are cut and given to the animals directly. Cutting should not be done until the shrubs are 3-4m in height. Shrubs are cut back to a height of 0.5m above the ground once per year and at the beginning of the rains. Green seeds pods produced are removed and fed to animals, as they are very rich in prot... |
It should be dried under controlled conditions in order to retain its nutritive value and the original crop colour. Iii The hay is windrowed and the gathered or baled. Iv The bales of hay are then stored in a shed out of reach of rainwater and sunshine. NB Rapid drying is recommended to ensure high quality hay. Slow dr... |
A clamp may also be made of two stone walls and a cemented floor. Iii Bunker Tower siloA bunker silo is made of concrete under the ground and has vertical walls suitable for mechanical ensiling. A tower is a tall round metallic structure for mechanical ensiling. Steps followed in silage makingSilo is prepared before ha... |
USES OF ADDITIVESMaize and other cereal crops do not need additives if they are harvested at the right stage. Soft dough stage . Other plants e.g. Napier grass and other grasses have low amounts of carbohydrates and often give poor quality silage. They therefore need additives of,Crushed grains at a rate of 100kg per t... |
It should therefore get only 15kg of silage per day. If the silage is meant for the dry season, the farmer should estimate the length of the dry period. E.g. from January to March there are 90 days. Therefore, silage required for one cow for 90 days will be;90days x 15kg day 1350kg of silage 1.35 tons One hectare of Na... |
The visible signs of a disease are called symptoms. There are specific conditions that help in observing the disease symptoms. They include:Pulse rate and respiration rateTemperatureBody conditionVisible mucous membranesSkin of the animalDefecationUrinationFeeding habit. AppetiteLevel of productionMicro-organisms such ... |
A Natural ImmunityIt s the ability of an animal to maintain itself free from infection. It s the inborn immunity. It can further be divided into two. Actively acquired immunity. This immunity is acquired when an animal suffers from a disease. Such an animal is able to defend itself from the same disease in future. Pass... |
Separate udder clothes should be used for each animal. Sharp objects should be removed from grazing and milking areas to prevent teat injuries. Open wounds on the teats should be treated immediately. Ii Fowl typhoidAnimals affected- poultryCausal organism- Bacterium called Salmonella gallinarumSymptomsBirds are depress... |
NB This is a contagious and infectious disease. Causal organismCattle-Brucella abortus. Pigs- Brucella suis. Goats and sheep- Brucella malitensisMilk from an infected animal should not be drunk. SymptomsAbortion or a pre-mature birth of the youngDuring later stages of pregnancy if abortion occurs, placenta is retained.... |
Animals affected- all ruminantsCausal organismBacteria called Clostridium chauvei, which enters the body through contaminated water and wounds. SymptomsLameness in animalsAffected parts of the body become swollen immediatelyHigh temperature-feverThe animal breathes heavily and fastThe animal is dull and losses appetite... |
Animals affected- calves, kid, lambs, piglets and poultry. Causal organismBacterium called Mycoplasma mycoides. Dust or worms in the lungs could cause the disease. Predisposing causesPoor ventilationLack of enough oxygenOvercrowdingAge- young animals are more prone to the diseaseEffects of diarrhoea and other illnesses... |
Causal organismVirus types A, C, and DThe virus can be transmitted by contaminated litter, feet, garbage and infected saliva. SymptomsSharp rise in temperature lasting only for a few hoursBlisters or wounds appear on the mouth and feet. The tongue, lips and gums are inflamed. This makes eating difficultLameness due to ... |
Animals affected-cows, goats, and pigs that have recently given birth. CauseThis is due to loss of calcium and phosphorous through milk secretion. There is also an increase in the level of magnesium and sugar in the blood. SymptomsDullnessMuscular twitching causing the animal to trembleStaggering as the animal movesAni... |
Beans, cabbage leaves, lush grass Lucerne etcSymptomsThe left side of the abdomen is excessively distended. Death may occur within hours due to too much pressure exerted on blood vessels, lungs and heart. ControlFeed ruminants with dry roughage during the wet season. TreatmentThis involves the release of accumulated ga... |
More active in search of food and water and hive protection. Fairly resistant to diseases e.g. Acarive and American foul brood disease.. Vicious if manhandled. 2. European BeeCharacteristicsMore gentle and larger than African bee. Less active and vicious. Susceptible to bee diseases. The Bee ColonyA bee is a social ins... |
Away from homesteads, pastures and busy roads. Bees sting. Away from human beings and livestock: i.e. Away from homesteads, pastures and busy roads. Bees sting. Types of bee hivesLog Hive; Made of log. Log is split into 2-the larger part is made into a trough- shaped structure. The smaller part floor board is removed a... |
Embryo formed develops inside the body of the mother where its fed and protected until the end of the gestation period. In poultry, however eggs are fertilized internally but the development of the chicks takes place outside during incubation. Reproduction in cattleMale reproductive system produces the male gametes cal... |
They also produce the female hormones. A hormone oestrogen is produced under the influence of another hormone called Follicle stimulating hormone FSH . Oestrogen is produced by the Graafian follicle located in the ovary. Oestrogen induces Oestrus which is the heat period so that the cow shows signs of heat. After every... |
Reproduction in PoultryThe cock has no penis but a small opening near the vent through which sperms are emitted. It has testis within its body. Hens have an elongated oviduct necessary for the formation of the egg. Fertilization takes place internally. During mating the hens cloaca vent protrudes so that the vent of th... |
The process of egg formation in a hen takes about 24-26 hours. Therefore, a hen is able to lay only one egg in a day. The components of an egg are obtained from the body reserves of a hen. SELECTIONSelection is a process of allowing certain animals to be the parents of the future generations while culling others. The a... |
Body conformation - Animals for breeding should be selected according to their proper body conformation. E.g. Dairy cows should be wedge shaped with a large udderAnimal behaviour Temperament Animals with undesirable behaviours e.g. cannibalism in poultry and aggressiveness in dairy cattle should be culled. Quality of P... |
BREEDINGSelection increases the gene frequency and ensures that the desirable genes are concentrated in the offspring thus performing better than the parents. Selection therefore doesn t introduce or create new genes in an animal but uses the existing ones. Breeding is the process of mating selected females and males t... |
Sex cells- gametes divide and reproduce through a process called meiosis. The process results in four daughter cells having half the number of chromosomes as was in the parent cells. During fertilization when the sperm joins with the ovum each having half the number of chromosomes , the full chromosome number is restor... |
To get proven sires i.e. males which have been confirmed and proven to have high qualities through backcrossing. Disadvantagesloss of hybrid vigorhigh rate of pre-natal mortalitymay lead to decline in fertility hence species extinctionSystems of InbreedingClose Breeding: this is the breeding of very closely related ani... |
The duration between one hate period and the next is called oestrus cycle. Heat period in a cow lasts for 18-30 hours. The cow should betaken for service 12-18 hors after showing the first heat signs for successful mating. Signs of HeatRestlessnessMounting others and stands still when mounted onRise in body temperature... |
There is a high chance of inbreedingMales will need extra pasture to eat that would have been used by the females. Large males can injure small femalesA lot of semen is wasted since a single ejaculation produces semen that can serve several females. It s cumbersome and expensive to transport a bull from to serve cows. ... |
DisadvantagesHarmful characteristics can be spread quickly by one bull to all the offsprings the bull sires. Skilled labour is requiredRequires more human labour than the natural methodLow chances of conception because semen can die due to storage problems and also due to wrong timing of the heat period. 3. Embryo Tran... |
Can be practiced on limited land. Make fish available nearby when reared in ponds. Source of income to fish farmers. Species of fish farmed in KenyaFresh warm water fish 180c of water e.g. tilapia, carps, black bass, striped bass, cat fish, blue gill, Nile perch etc. Fresh cold water fish 10-150c water such as trout. R... |
It prevents water from overflowing on the dykes. NB Grass is planted on the dyke and land around it to stabilize the ground. This prevents dyke erosion. The pond is fenced to keep off predators and unauthorized persons. Stocking the PondIntroduce fingerlings young-fish from hatcheries e.g. Sagana, Kiganjo, Kisumu fishe... |
Keep fish in open containers. Preservation methodsFreezing using deep freezers. Salting; use of salt solution or salt is rubbed. Sun drying: fish are spread on a mat and exposed to strong sunlight. Smoking: they are subjected to a temperature of 700C in a smoking pit house where wood is used as fuel. NB Fish are transp... |
Biennial weeds: Complete their life cycle in two years. Achieve vegetative growth in the first year and produce seeds in the second year e.g. American wild carrot, spear thistle, ragwort etc. Perennial weeds: Take more than two years or seasons to complete their life cycle. Include: Sedges, Lantana, kikuyu grass, Wande... |
Block irrigation channels i.e. make it difficult for water to flow freely in irrigated land. Affect fishing e.g. Salvinia and water hyacinth by blocking navigation and depriving fish and aquatic animals of oxygen dissolved in water. Lower quality of pastures e.g. tick berry suppress pasture undergrowth. Nut grass and M... |
Iii Uprooting: Done where weeds are scattered or where crops are too close to allow mechanical cultivation. Cultural weed controlAre crop husbandry practices carried out on the farm without use of chemicals. Include:i Mulching: smothers weeds thus preventing weed growth. Ii Cover cropping; Smother the weeds. Iii Crop r... |
Diquate, dinosel and oils. These are contact herbicides. Causing abnormal tissue development: Include twisting, gall formation. Some herbicides interfere with plant growth e.g. phenoxy acetic acids, benzoic acids, 2, 4-D and M.C.P.A. Inhibiting photosynthesis: Some herbicides interfere with chlorophyll formation e.g. A... |
Include:Wind: blow away splash wash to unintended places while decreasing chemical concentration to the intended places. Rain: Dilute or wash away the chemical to non-toxic levels. Leaches and reach herbicides to roots of deep rooted plants thus killing them. Soil: some absorb and retain more herbicides than others and... |
Differential heights of the plants: Shorter weeds than crops or shorter crops than weeds, selectivity are attained e.g. spraying weeds under coffee bushes. Location of growing points: Dicots are more susceptible to herbicides because their growing points and terminal buds are more exposed than in grasses. Difference in... |
State 4 problems encountered when using herbicides in the farm. How does crop rotation control weeds? State three beneficial effects of weeds. Classify herbicides. State 5 ways in which herbicides work to kill weeds. State 3 factors that determine the rate of herbicide application. A What name is given to the chemicals... |
There should be a watering point at each paddock. A water trough is placed between two paddocks so that animals can drink water from either paddock. Paddocking saves herding labour. However, it is very expensive to construct. B Strip GrazingDone by allowing livestock to graze on restricted portion of the pasture at a t... |
Grains should be dried up to a moisture content of 12 Physical destruction of pests. Hand picking and trapping can be used to control pests. Use of scarecrows. They scare large animals and birds out of the farm. Use of physical barriers. They include use of fences to control large animals and rat proofing in stores. Us... |
4. Chemical Control. This involves the use of pesticides to control pests. Pesticides influence the pets in three ways. By direct poisoning. By inhaling. By ingesting. The pesticide used should beEfficientSelectiveCheapPersistentSafe to the user and the environment. Classification of PesticidesFormulation. E.g. soluble... |
E.g. DDT. 5. Biological Pest ControlThis involves the use of a living organism, which is a natural enemy of the pest. The method is environmental friendly but it can be very slow. Crop Diseases And Their ControlDiseaseIt is a condition that interferes, impairs or disturbs the normal performance of an organism. A diseas... |
The fungi are parasitic and feeds by sending short hyphae called haustoria into the cells of the host. Haustoria absorb plant nutrients manufactured food from the plant cells resulting in the death of the cell. The fungi reproduce by spore formation, which are dispersed by wind and raindrops. It spreads very quickly du... |
Anthracnose Colletotricum lindemuthianum2. Viral DiseasesAll viruses are parasitic and very small. They are only able to reproduce and multiply in living tissues. When outside living tissues, they form spores in cysts, which remain inactive until they get into a living tissue. They are therefore obligate parasites. Vir... |
Shoot die back. Cankers on mature bark and wood killing the whole plant. ControlSpraying chemical eg. Supanil, before, during and after the flowering periods especially during the wet weather. Bacterial wilt Pseudomonas solanacearum Attack potatoes, tomatoes and other solanaceae plantsAffected plants wilt even when the... |
This discourages attack by moulds fungi Heat treatments of some planting materials eg treating sugar cane cutting with water at 500c for 30 minutes control ratoon stunting disease effectively. Proper pruning of crop destroys the micro- climate that may have encouraged build up of diseases causing organisms. Chemical co... |
1mk iii State four methods which are used to control the pest. 2mks 2. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. A Identify the fungal disease indicated above b State the causal organism of the disease identified above 1mk c State two symptoms of the disease above lmk d State one control measure for... |
1mk b State two effects of the above pest. 1mk c State three methods of controlling the pests. 3mks 10 Describe the methods of disease control in crops under the following headings. Cultural methods 14 Marks Chemical methods 6 Marks 11 The diagram below represents crop pests a Identify the pest ... mk b Name Two crops ... |
I Identify-A-Weaver bird 1x mkii 2 ways bird causes damagei Eats grass2 Causes the grains to fall off3 Exposes maize cobs to rain leading to rotting4 Strips the leaves 2x 1mk 2. A Blight 1x mk b phytophthora infestans 1x1 1 mk - fruits rot and fall prematurely-Brown lesions on stems, leaves and fruits 2x 1 mk d Sprayin... |
Radiation may be used to deactivate enzymes in some insects and pestsUse of lethal temperature-this involves the use of extreme temperatures either too cold or too hot conditions to control pests by inhibiting their survival i.e. use of hot water to control pink ball wormUse of physical barriers-this include use of mat... |
Groundnuts and potatoes that control nematodes. This starves the pest to death. Destruction of alternative hosts-some weeds act as alternative host to crop pests. The removal of such weeds reduces pest infestationCrop nutrition- application of fertilizers and manure makes the crops to grow strong and be able to resist ... |
Practicing field hygiene such as a burning crop residue using clean implements, clean weeding to destroy micro-habitat for diseases. Proper seedbed preparation e.g. Control of root rot disease. Proper spacing to control dumping off diseases especially in nursery bed. Heat treatment to control ratoon stunting disease in... |
NB . After the selection of the breeding stock, cocks are allowed to run with hens daily to ensure that all the eggs are fertilisedComposition of an EggThe parts of an egg include the following. The shellThe shell membraneAir spaceEgg white albumen ChalazaeYolk. The shellIt forms about 10-12 of the total egg content an... |
The YolkIt is divided into three major parts and forms about 33 of the total egg content. It is yellow in colour and spherical. Its main function is to supply for all the embryo requirements since it contains food reserves for the developing chick. The yolk is rich in vitamins, fats, minerals and proteins. The three pa... |
Egg CandlingThis is the method used to check the freshness of an egg for physical abnormalities or likelihood of being hatched. It is done by passing a strong light through the egg in a dark room. The source of light may either be a torch, candle or electric bulb. Procedure of candlingThe egg is pace over a hole made o... |
Prepare the nest in a secluded place of the poultry house. The nest can be a wooden box, karai, a woven basket or a carton box. The nesting box should be spacious to allowmovement of the hen. The nest should be lined with some nesting materials such as dry grass, sawdust or wood shavings to maintain warmth in the nest.... |
Ventilation facilitates gaseous exchange and helps to control humidity. Relative Humidity: It should be about 60 . If it is too low, the embryos may lose moisture and die. Water is placed in a tray within the incubator to maintain the humidity. The damp cloth also assists in maintaining the relative humidity. High humi... |
Reputation of the supplierThe type of chicks required in relation to size, breed, sex etcTime factor i.e. how long the chicks will take in transit from the hatchery to the farm. Very long hours of transportation cause stress to the chicks. Arrangement should be made to feed the chicks on transit if the source is very f... |
Correct temperature should be maintained at 32-35oC in the first week, 29-33oC in the second week and 26-300C in the third week. The heat sources include electric bulbs, charcoal burners, lantern, kerosene and gas burners. The heat source should be withdrawn gradually to avoid stress. If it were withdrawn at once, the ... |
Newspapers help to prevent the chicks from eating the litter. Place water and feed equipment in the brooder house. Ensure they are clean. Place food in the feeders and water in the waterers. Provide heat source in the brooder. Check to ensure the heat source is functional. Turn on the heat source on the day of chicks a... |
E Other management practices. Debeaking should be done 8-10 days towards the end of the brooding period. Keep proper records of the feeding programme, treatment and the number of deaths of the chicks. Management of Growers 9th week-20th week i.e. point of lay From the 9th week the birds are referred to as growers or pu... |
Provide clean water alwaysVaccinate every 6 months against Newcastle and fowl typhoidKeep the litter as dry as possible. Provide enough laying nests in the poultry house. Collect eggs twice, noon and eveningHang green leaves to keep the birds busy preventing cannibalismIncorporate grains at the rate of 65 grams per bir... |
The choice of the system to use depends on the following factors. Land availabilityLabour availabilityCapitalSecurityMarketAvailability of appropriate equipmentTopography of the land to facilitate easy drainageKnowledge of the farmer. There are four main rearing systems i.e. Free rangeFold systemDeep litterBattery cage... |
The unroofed part allows sunlight and is used for exercise and feeding on the grass. The folds should be moved to a new ground daily. This reduces pest and disease build up, provides fresh grass to the birds and avoids accumulation of droppings. AdvantagesManure is uniformly spread in the fieldLess feeding costs since ... |
Requirements for laying nestsShould be dimly lit to discourage egg eatingLarge enough to accommodate the bird comfortably. Nests are of two types, individual type and communal type. Individual type should measure 25-30cm wide, 30-35cm high and 30-36cm long. Communal nests can accommodate 50-60 birds and they measure 1.... |
Completeness of milking; the last milk to be drawn has the highest butter fat content. Also the milk drawn form animal in the evening has higher butterfat content as compared to that obtained in the morning. Stage of lactation and pregnancy; butterfat content, proteins and minerals in milk are usually higher at the mid... |
These nutrients are carried by blood into the alveoli where they are manufactured into lactose, casein and butter. Other milk components such as vitamins and minerals are also added to milk through filtration by the alveoli cells. Milk synthesis or lactogenesis is controlled by the hormone prolactin. Low levels of oest... |
Adrenaline inhibits the supply of blood to the alveolar region causing relaxation of the muscles fibres thus there is no milk let down. Other factors that may contribute to inhibition of milk let down include;Excitement or frightening of the cow. HungerChange of milkmanChange of the milking scheduleEffects of the oestr... |
The milking utensils and equipment should be seamless and smooth to facilitate thorough cleaning. They should be washed with hot water and detergent. Keeping them in the sun during the day sterilises them. Milk filtration cooling and storage. Milk should be filtered and cooled to 50C after milking. Cooling slows down b... |
The base of the teat is held firmly to prevent the backflow of milk into the gland cistern. Teats should not be stripped or pulled with fingers. The following rules should be observed. Milk quickly and evenly. The effect of oxytocin lasts for 5-8 minutes hence milking should be quick and efficient. Milk at regular time... |
The machine separator spins the milk rapidly so that the centrifugal force that is created separates the fat globules from the rest of the milk. Skim milk. This is milk without cream. It is used in the manufacture of fat free milk powder. Butter. Butter is milk fat lacking non-fat solids and is obtained by churning cre... |
A Kenya Meat Commission KMC This is a statutory body mandated by the parliament to buy animals from the farmers, process and sell the meat products. The slaughter houses for KMC are located in Athi River, Ngong and Mombasa. B Livestock Marketing Division. LMD This is a division in the Ministry of Livestock Development ... |
It is obtained by dividing the gross national income of a country by the country s total population. Per Capita Income GNITotal populationPer capita income is not a good measure of the economic well being of the people in a country due to the uneven distribution of the income. Contribution of Agriculture to National De... |
Labour supervision. This improves efficiency and productivity of labour. Assigning tasks based on abilities and promoting specialization. This helps workers to know clearly their duties and responsibilities making them more efficient and accountable. CapitalThese are the assets that are essential in the production proc... |
Qualities of a Good Farm ManagerFlexible in his decisions to adjust to the dynamic economic trends. Hardworking and time consciousKnowledgeable about agricultural principles such as practical farming skills, marketing and accounting. Responsible, dynamic, competent, ambitious and focused. Ways of Promoting Farm Managem... |
When 100kg of CAN fertiliser are used, the marginal product is 6 bags. I.e. 42-36 6Marginal inputs are additional inputs above the previous input. Types of production functionsIncreasing returns production functionConstant returns production functionDecreasing returns production functionIncreasing Returns Production Fu... |
At this point the law of diminishing returns starts to operate. Any further application of the NPK fertilizer results in a decline in output. Economic Laws and PrinciplesThey include:The law of diminishing returnsThe principle of substitutionThe principal of equi-marginal returnsThe principle of profit maximization1. T... |
AFC FC YAverage total cost ATC . This is the sum of average variable cost and average fixed costs. ATC AFC AVCMarginal cost MC . This is the extra cost incurred in the production of an additional unit of output. MC VC YWhere changeVC variable costY outputNB All the costs are defined in terms of units of output and not ... |
Farm planningThis involves setting objectives or goals and clearly stating and defining how to achieve them on the farm. The farm manager has to device a working programme that uses the limited resources in the most prudent way in order to maximize profit. Factors to consider in Drawing a Farm PlanSize of the farm. A l... |
Determining the budget by translating the physical plan into monetary value. Developing a financial flow in order to ensure that it is consistent, workable and desirable. Implementing it. Observe and evaluate the plan in the course of implementation. NB . After planning is completed, all the factors of production are o... |
What costs are to be saved if the change is effected? After getting the answers to these questions, the farmer is able to establish whether the proposed change will result in a gain or a loss. If the farmer is to gain the change is worthwhile but if he is to lose, the proposed change is discarded and other options are ... |
Farm buildings, breeding stock, human labour, sources of power machinery and farm equipment are some of the things to include in the inventory i.e. all the assets in the farm. Planning for resources. This shows how the resources such as the land, labour and capital are utilized. Estimating production. From such enterpr... |
Money in such an account does not earn interest. A Savings AccountThis account earns interest but cheques cannot be drawn on it. Advantages of using banking servicesThe farmer s money is safer in the bank. Cheques can be used as evidence of payment in case of a dispute. Writing a cheque is easier than counting huge sum... |
Agricultural Research. The main objectives of agricultural research are;Improve crop and livestock production techniques. Develop improved varieties of crops and livestock. Improve pastures and fodder quality. Develop techniques of controlling diseases and parasites. Determine suitable ecological zones for various crop... |
Government Tractor Hire Service. This is under the Ministry of Agriculture. Farmers hire implements and tractor if they do not have them. These services are available in almost all districts. The service is relatively cheap but farmers rarely get the services when they need them because of high demand. Private Contract... |
Obsolescence. A farmer may invest in machinery, which may become outdated obsolete within a short time. Natural catastrophies. Things like earthquakes, floods, drought, storms and strong winds may destroy crops and kill animals. Ways of Adjusting To Uncertainty. Diversification. This involves having several and differe... |
Standardization: Establishing uniformity in quality and quantity of products. Purpose: increase buyers satisfaction, establish criteria for inspection, ensure safety and avoid exploitation of consumers. Packaging: comes after processing. Purposes:Enables handling of produce. Makes marketing more efficient. Prevent phys... |
K.c.c. Reduce market costs for small scale farmers. Marketing Boards: Assists in the production of agricultural commodities. Also store, sell, buy, and collect agricultural commodities. Auctioneers: Concentrate buyers and sellers at a particular place and time where they negotiate on purchases and sales. Take a commiss... |
Timeliness of the product assembly and delivery. Maintenance of the product quality. Price theoryPrice: Is the amount of money paid in exchange of good or service. -Is affected by demand, supply and the quality of good or service. The law of demand and supply:Demand: Quantity of goods or services consumers are willing ... |
The number of uses a product can be put to: Commodities with several uses have elastic demand. Time lag: If the use of a commodity can be postponed to another day the it has elastic demand e.g. cement for construction. Time span: There is greater Ed in the long run because adjustments can be made while a smaller Ed in ... |
10 to ksh. 12 per kg. Resulting to a change of supply from 400kg to 600 kg, calculate the elasticity of supply. Change in supply 600-400 x100 400 200x100 400 50 change in price 12-10x100 10 2x100 10 20 E.S change in quantity supplied change in price 50 20 2.5Types of E.SElastic if more than 1Inelastic if less than 1Uni... |
Members draw up a constitution. They work with the local co-operative officer. Seek for registration with the commissioner for co-operatives. Principles of co-operatives:Open membership: Joining is voluntary after paying membership fee regardless of race, religion, sex, education and political inclination so long as ar... |
Negotiate for fair prices and quotas. Market parchment coffee. Pyrethrum Board of KenyaFunctionsAdvice farmers. Manage pyrethrum nurseries. Process pyrethrum in factories. Market processed products. Buy pyrethrum from farmers. Research to obtain best cultivars through selection and breeding. Cotton Board of Kenya. Func... |
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