ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine | Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group. |
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin | A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin. |
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen. |
abietanes | A subclass of cyclical DITERPENES that contain the abietane ring structure. |
abiraterone acetate | An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER. |
abo blood-group system | The major human blood type system which depends on the presence or absence of two antigens A and B. Type O occurs when neither A nor B is present and AB when both are present. A and B are genetic factors that determine the presence of enzymes for the synthesis of certain glycoproteins mainly in the red cell membrane. |
abortifacient agents | Chemical substances that interrupt pregnancy after implantation. |
abortifacient agents, nonsteroidal | Non-steroidal chemical compounds with abortifacient activity. |
abortifacient agents, steroidal | Steroidal compounds with abortifacient activity. |
abscisic acid | Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits. |
abuse-deterrent formulations | Drug formulations or delivery systems intended to discourage the abuse of CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES. These may include physical barriers to prevent chewing or crushing the drug; chemical barriers that prevent extraction of psychoactive ingredients; agonist-antagonist combinations to reduce euphoria associated with abuse; aversion, where controlled substances are combined with others that will produce an unpleasant effect if the patient manipulates the dosage form or exceeds the recommended dose; delivery systems that are resistant to abuse such as implants; or combinations of these methods. |
acamprosate | Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM. |
acarbose | An inhibitor of ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES that retards the digestion and absorption of DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES in the SMALL INTESTINE. |
acaricides | A pesticide or chemical agent that kills mites and ticks. This is a large class that includes carbamates, formamides, organochlorines, organophosphates, etc, that act as antibiotics or growth regulators. |
acebutolol | A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action. |
acecainide | A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure. |
acedapsone | Acetylated sulfone that is slowly metabolized to give long-term, low blood levels of DAPSONE. It has antimicrobial and antimalarial action, but is mainly used as a depot leprostatic agent. |
acenaphthenes | Tricyclic ethylene-bridged naphthalene derivatives. They are found in petroleum residues and coal tar and used as dye intermediates, in the manufacture of plastics, and in insecticides and fungicides. |
acenocoumarol | A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233) |
acepromazine | A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES. |
acetaldehyde | A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. |
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors | Compounds that bind to and inhibit the enzymatic activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenases. |
acetals | Diethers with the structure -C(OR'')(OR'''), where R'' and R''' are not hydrogen. Mixed acetals have R'' and R''' groups which differ. |
acetamides | Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis. |
acetaminophen | Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. |
acetanilides | Compounds based on N-phenylacetamide, that are similar in structure to 2-PHENYLACETAMIDES. They are precursors of many other compounds. They were formerly used as ANALGESICS and ANTIPYRETICS, but often caused lethal METHEMOGLOBINEMIA. |
acetates | Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure. |
acetazolamide | One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) |
acetic acid | Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed) |
acetic anhydrides | Compounds used extensively as acetylation, oxidation and dehydrating agents and in the modification of proteins and enzymes. |
acetoacetates | Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid. |
acetogenins | Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES. |
acetohexamide | A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide. |
acetoin | A product of fermentation. It is a component of the butanediol cycle in microorganisms. In mammals it is oxidized to carbon dioxide. |
acetone | A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. |
acetonitriles | Compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety. |
acetophenones | Derivatives of the simplest aromatic ketone acetophenone (of general formula C6H5C(O)CH3). |
acetoxyacetylaminofluorene | An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action. |
acetrizoic acid | An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY. |
acetylcarnitine | An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS. |
acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. |
acetylcholine release inhibitors | Compounds that block release of the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE. |
acetyl coenzyme a | Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent. |
acetylcysteine | The N-acetyl derivative of CYSTEINE. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. |
acetyldigitoxins | Cardioactive derivatives of lanatoside A or of DIGITOXIN. They are used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure. |
acetyldigoxins | Alpha- or beta-acetyl derivatives of DIGOXIN or lanatoside C from Digitalis lanata. They are better absorbed and longer acting than digoxin and are used in congestive heart failure. |
acetylene | The simplest two carbon alkyne with the formula HCCH. |
acetylgalactosamine | The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. |
acetylglucosamine | The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. |
acetylmuramyl-alanyl-isoglutamine | Peptidoglycan immunoadjuvant originally isolated from bacterial cell wall fragments; also acts as pyrogen and may cause arthritis; stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity. |
acetylthiocholine | An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types. |
acidic glycosphingolipids | A subclass of GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS containing large polar heads made up of several sugar units. One or more of their terminal sugar units are bound to a negatively charged molecule at pH 7. Members of this class include: GANGLIOSIDES, uronoglycosphingolipids, SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS, phosphoglycosphingolipids, and phosphonoglycosphingolipids. |
acid rain | Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water. |
acids | Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
acids, acyclic | Carboxylic acids that have open-chain molecular structures as opposed to ring-shaped structures. |
acids, aldehydic | Dicarboxylic acids in which one of the carboxyl groups (-COOH) has been replaced by an aldehyde group (-CHO). |
acids, carbocyclic | Carboxylic acids that have a homocyclic ring structure in which all the ring atoms are carbon. |
acid sensing ion channel blockers | A subclass of sodium channel blockers that are specific for ACID-SENSING SODIUM CHANNELS. |
acids, heterocyclic | A class of acids containing a ring structure in which at least one atom other than CARBON is incorporated. |
acids, noncarboxylic | Inorganic acids with a non metal, other than carbon, attached to hydrogen, or an acid radical containing no carbon. |
acidulated phosphate fluoride | A sodium fluoride solution, paste or powder, which has been acidulated to pH 3 to 4 and buffered with a phosphate. It is used in the prevention of dental caries. |
acitretin | An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate. |
aclarubicin | An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity. |
aconitic acid | A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH. |
aconitine | A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties. |
acridine orange | A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms. |
acridines | Compounds that include the structure of acridine. |
acridones | Compounds based on acridone, which have three linear rings, with the center ring containing a ring nitrogen and a keto oxygen opposite to each other. Many of them are naturally occurring alkaloids. |
acriflavine | 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication. |
acrolein | Unsaturated three-carbon aldehyde. |
acronine | A pyrano-acridone alkaloid found in RUTACEAE plants. |
acrylamide | A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries. |
acrylamides | Colorless, odorless crystals that are used extensively in research laboratories for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis and in organic synthesis, and polymerization. Some of its polymers are used in sewage and wastewater treatment, permanent press fabrics, and as soil conditioning agents. |
acrylates | Derivatives of acrylic acid (the structural formula CH2=CHCO2H), including its salts and esters. |
acrylic resins | Polymers of high molecular weight which are derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or other related compounds and are capable of being molded and then hardened to form useful components. |
acrylonitrile | A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. |
actin capping proteins | Actin capping proteins are cytoskeletal proteins that bind to the ends of ACTIN FILAMENTS to regulate actin polymerization. |
actin depolymerizing factors | A family of low MOLECULAR WEIGHT actin-binding proteins found throughout eukaryotes. They remodel the actin CYTOSKELETON by severing ACTIN FILAMENTS and increasing the rate of monomer dissociation. |
actinin | A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin. |
actinium | A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission. |
actinoid series elements | A series of radioactive elements from ACTINIUM, atomic number 89, to and including LAWRENCIUM, atomic number 103. |
actin-related protein 2 | A PROFILIN binding domain protein that is part of the Arp2-3 complex. It is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and binds ATP. |
actin-related protein 2-3 complex | A complex of seven proteins including ARP2 PROTEIN and ARP3 PROTEIN that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the CYTOSKELETON. Arp2-3 complex binds WASP PROTEIN and existing ACTIN FILAMENTS, and it nucleates the formation of new branch point filaments. |
actin-related protein 3 | A component of the Arp2-3 complex that is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and that binds ATP. It is expressed at higher levels than ARP2 PROTEIN and does not contain a PROFILIN binding domain. |
actins | Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle. |
activated-leukocyte cell adhesion molecule | Cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated leukocytes, fibroblasts, and neurons. It is a ligand for CD6. ALCAM-CD6 interactions may play a role in the binding of T and B cells to activated leukocytes. |
acyclic monoterpenes | Linear compounds that contain a single monoterpene unit. |
acyclovir | A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes. |
acyl-butyrolactones | Cyclic esters of acylated BUTYRIC ACID containing four carbons in the ring. |
acyl coenzyme a | S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation. |
ad26covs1 | A viral vector vaccine designed against SARS-CoV-2 developed by Johnson & Johnson. Its vector encodes the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. |
adamantane | A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon. |
adapalene | A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE. |
adapalene, benzoyl peroxide drug combination | A pharmaceutical preparation of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide that is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the topical treatment of ACNE. |
adenine | A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES. |
adenosine | A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. |
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) | A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity. |
adenosine a1 receptor agonists | Compounds that bind to and stimulate ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS. |
adenosine a1 receptor antagonists | Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS. |
adenosine a2 receptor agonists | Compounds that selectively bind to and activate ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS. |
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