ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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alkalies | Usually a hydroxide of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium, but also the carbonates of these metals, ammonia, and the amines. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
alkaloids | Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
alkanes | The generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons Cn-H2n+2. They are denoted by the suffix -ane. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
alkanesulfonates | Organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical. |
alkanesulfonic acids | Sulfonic acid derivatives that are substituted with an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. |
alkenes | Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408) |
alkylating agents | Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. |
alkylmercury compounds | Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to an alkyl group. |
alkynes | Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond in the linear portion, of the general formula Cn-H2n-2. |
allantoin | A urea hydantoin that is found in URINE and PLANTS and is used in dermatological preparations. |
allergens | Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE). |
allergoids | Extracts of allergens, or purified allergens that have been chemically modified to reduce their ability to induce IGE-MEDIATED HYPERSENSITIVITY (allergenicity) while increasing their ability to induce IMMUNE TOLERANCE. |
allethrins | Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
allopurinol | A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms. |
alloxan | Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate. |
alloys | A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. |
allylamine | Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. |
allylbenzene derivatives | Compounds that include a single 1-phenyl-2-propene moiety in their structure. |
allyl compounds | Alkenes with the general formula H2C=CH-CH2-R. |
allylestrenol | A synthetic steroid with progestational activity. |
allylglycine | An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. |
allylisopropylacetamide | An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein. |
almitrine | A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep. |
alpha 1-antichymotrypsin | Glycoprotein found in alpha(1)-globulin region in human serum. It inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteinases in vivo and has cytotoxic killer-cell activity in vitro. The protein also has a role as an acute-phase protein and is active in the control of immunologic and inflammatory processes, and as a tumor marker. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. |
alpha 1-antitrypsin | Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits TRYPSIN; NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE; and other PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES. |
alpha-2-antiplasmin | A member of the serpin superfamily found in plasma that inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots which are induced by plasminogen activator. It is a glycoprotein, molecular weight approximately 70,000 that migrates in the alpha 2 region in immunoelectrophoresis. It is the principal plasmin inactivator in blood, rapidly forming a very stable complex with plasmin. |
alpha-amanitin | A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION. |
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid | An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies. |
alpha-chlorohydrin | A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents. |
alpha-cyclodextrins | Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of six (6) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds. |
alpha-defensins | DEFENSINS found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal PANETH CELLS. |
alpha-endorphin | An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. It is the 16-amino acid sequence of the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN and differs from GAMMA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid (beta-endorphin 1-17). |
alpha-fetoproteins | The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during FETAL DEVELOPMENT and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life. |
alpha-linolenic acid | A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins. |
alpha-methyltyrosine | An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed) |
alpha-msh | A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. |
alphaprodine | An opioid analgesic chemically related to and with an action resembling that of MEPERIDINE, but more rapid in onset and of shorter duration. It has been used in obstetrics, as pre-operative medication, for minor surgical procedures, and for dental procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1067) |
alpha-tocopherol | A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. It has four methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus. The natural d form of alpha-tocopherol is more active than its synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol racemic mixture. |
alprazolam | A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238) |
alprenolol | One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent. |
alprostadil | A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow. |
altretamine | A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine. |
alum compounds | Aluminum metal sulfate compounds used medically as astringents and for many industrial purposes. They are used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, metritis, and minor wounds. |
aluminum | A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. |
aluminum chloride | A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS. |
aluminum compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain aluminum as an integral part of the molecule. |
aluminum hydroxide | A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. |
aluminum oxide | An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories. |
aluminum silicates | Any of the numerous types of clay which contain varying proportions of Al2O3 and SiO2. They are made synthetically by heating aluminum fluoride at 1000-2000 degrees C with silica and water vapor. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed) |
alzheimer vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat ALZHEIMER DISEASE. |
amanitins | Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals. |
amantadine | An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. |
amaranth dye | A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
amaryllidaceae alkaloids | Alkaloids derived from TYRAMINE combined with 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde via a norbelladine pathway, including GALANTAMINE, lycorine and crinine. They are found in the AMARYLLIDACEAE plant family. |
ambenonium chloride | A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112) |
amber | A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. |
ambergris | A gray substance found in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT of the SPERM WHALE. |
ambroxol | A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride. |
amdinocillin | An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action. |
amdinocillin pivoxil | Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin. |
amebicides | Agents which are destructive to amebae, especially the parasitic species causing AMEBIASIS in man and animal. |
americium | A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy. |
amides | Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
amidines | Derivatives of oxoacids RnE(=O)OH in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR. Amidines include carboxamidines, sulfinamidines and phosphinamidines. |
amido black | A dye used to stain proteins in electrophoretic techniques. It is used interchangeably with its acid form. |
amifampridine | 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES. |
amifostine | A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia. |
amikacin | A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. |
amiloride | A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705) |
aminacrine | A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator. |
amines | A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
aminoacetonitrile | Cyanomethylamine. |
amino acid chloromethyl ketones | Inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES and sulfhydryl group-containing enzymes. They act as alkylating agents and are known to interfere in the translation process. |
amino acids | Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. |
amino acids, acidic | Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH. |
amino acids, aromatic | Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain. |
amino acids, basic | Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH. |
amino acids, branched-chain | Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain. |
amino acids, cyclic | A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure. |
amino acids, essential | Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs. |
amino acids, neutral | Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains. |
amino acids, peptides, and proteins | Amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages. |
aminoacridines | Acridines which are substituted in any position by one or more amino groups or substituted amino groups. |
amino alcohols | Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2). |
aminobenzoates | Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the benzene ring structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobenzoate structure. |
aminobiphenyl compounds | Biphenyl compounds substituted in any position by one or more amino groups. Permitted are any substituents except fused rings. |
aminobutyrates | Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure. |
aminocaproates | Amino derivatives of caproic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the amino caproic acid structure. |
aminocaproic acid | An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties. |
aminocoumarins | COUMARINS with an amino group, exemplified by NOVOBIOCIN. |
aminoethylphosphonic acid | An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues. |
aminoglutethimide | An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER. |
aminoglycosides | Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS. |
aminohippuric acids | A group of glycine amides of aminobenzoic acids. |
aminoimidazole carboxamide | An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases. |
aminoisobutyric acids | A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid. |
aminolevulinic acid | A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS. |
aminooxyacetic acid | A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues. |
aminophenols | Phenols substituted in any position by an amino group. |
aminophylline | A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. |
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