ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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ethisterone | 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects. |
ethoglucid | Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature. |
ethopabate | An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry. |
ethosuximide | An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures. |
ethoxyquin | Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears. |
ethoxzolamide | A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia. |
ethylamines | Derivatives of ethylamine (the structural formula CH3CH2NH2). |
ethyl biscoumacetate | A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226) |
ethyl chloride | A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine. |
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide | Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent. |
ethylenebis(dithiocarbamates) | A class of thiocarbamate derivatives whose salts possess fungicidal activity. |
ethylene chlorohydrin | Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration. |
ethylenediamines | Derivatives of ethylenediamine (the structural formula NH2CH2CH2NH2). |
ethylene dibromide | An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth ... |
ethylene dichlorides | Toxic, chlorinated, saturated hydrocarbons. Include both the 1,1- and 1,2-dichloro isomers. The latter is considerably more toxic. It has a sweet taste, ethereal odor and has been used as a fumigant and intoxicant among sniffers. Has many household and industrial uses. |
ethylene glycol | A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low... |
ethylene glycols | An ethylene compound with two hydroxy groups (-OH) located on adjacent carbons. They are viscous and colorless liquids. Some are used as anesthetics or hypnotics. However, the class is best known for their use as a coolant or antifreeze. |
ethylene oxide | A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile ph... |
ethylenes | Derivatives of ethylene, a simple organic gas of biological origin with many industrial and biological use. |
ethylenethiourea | A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia. |
ethylestrenol | An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect. |
ethyl ethers | Organic compounds having ethyl groups bound to an oxygen atom. |
ethylketocyclazocine | A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming. |
ethylmaleimide | A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies. |
ethylmercuric chloride | A highly toxic compound used as a fungicide for treating seeds. |
ethylmercury compounds | Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to an ethyl group. |
ethyl methanesulfonate | An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect. |
ethylmorphine | A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function. |
ethylnitrosourea | A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. |
ethynodiol diacetate | A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL). |
etidocaine | A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE. |
etidronic acid | A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover. |
etilefrine | A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent. |
etimizol | A xanthine-related, putative nootropic drug. |
etiocholanolone | The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE. |
etioporphyrins | Porphyrins with four methyl and four ethyl side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. |
etodolac | A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE). |
etomidate | Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic. |
etoposide | A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitoti... |
etoricoxib | A sulfone and pyridine derivative that acts as a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. It is used as a NSAID for the treatment of pain associated with RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS. It is also used for the short-term treatment of moderate postoperative dental pain. |
etorphine | A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice. |
etretinate | An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic. |
eucalyptol | A monoterpene and cyclohexanol derivative that is the major component of EUCALYPTUS OIL. It is used in mouthwash, insect repellent, and as a cough suppressant, and also is widely used as a flavoring agent and solvent. It has antimicrobial properties. |
eucalyptus oil | An oily liquid that is extracted from the leaves of EUCALYPTUS trees. |
eugenol | A cinnamate derivative of the shikimate pathway found in CLOVE OIL and other PLANTS. |
europium | An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy. |
evans blue | An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly. |
everolimus | A derivative of sirolimus and an inhibitor of TOR SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. It is used to prevent GRAFT REJECTION in heart and kidney transplant patients by blocking cell proliferation signals. It is also an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT. |
excipients | Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form. These include binders, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. |
excitatory amino acid agents | Drugs used for their actions on any aspect of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter systems. Included are drugs that act on excitatory amino acid receptors, affect the life cycle of excitatory amino acid transmitters, or affect the survival of neurons using excitatory amino acids. |
excitatory amino acid agonists | Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors. |
excitatory amino acid antagonists | Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists. |
excitatory amino acids | Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear. |
exenatide | A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the GILA MONSTER lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response t... |
exfoliatins | Protein exotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus, phage type II, which cause epidermal necrolysis. They are proteins with a molecular weight of 26,000 to 32,000. They cause a condition variously called scaled skin, Lyell or Ritter syndrome, epidermal exfoliative disease, toxic epidermal necrolysis, etc. |
exotoxins | Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment. |
expectorants | Agents that increase mucous excretion. Mucolytic agents, that is drugs that liquefy mucous secretions, are also included here. |
explosive agents | Substances that are energetically unstable and can produce a sudden expansion of the material, called an explosion, which is accompanied by heat, pressure and noise. Other things which have been described as explosive that are not included here are explosive action of laser heating, human performance, sudden epidemiolo... |
ezetimibe | An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. |
ezetimibe, simvastatin drug combination | A pharmaceutical preparation of ezetimibe and simvastatin that is used in the treatment of HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. |
f2-isoprostanes | Isoprostanes derived from the free radical oxidation of ARACHIDONIC ACID. Although similar in structure to enzymatically synthesized prostaglandin F2alpha (DINOPROST), they occur through non-enzymatic oxidation of cell membrane lipids. |
factor ix | Storage-stable blood coagulation factor acting in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Its activated form, IXa, forms a complex with factor VIII and calcium on platelet factor 3 to activate factor X to Xa. Deficiency of factor IX results in HEMOPHILIA B (Christmas Disease). |
factor ixa | Activated form of factor IX. This activation can take place via the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation by the action of factor XIa and calcium, or via the extrinsic pathway by the action of factor VIIa, thromboplastin, and calcium. Factor IXa serves to activate factor X to Xa by cleaving the arginyl-leucine peptide... |
factor v | Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease. |
factor va | Activated form of factor V. It is an essential cofactor for the activation of prothrombin catalyzed by factor Xa. |
factor vii | Heat- and storage-stable plasma protein that is activated by tissue thromboplastin to form factor VIIa in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. The activated form then catalyzes the activation of factor X to factor Xa. |
factor viia | Activated form of factor VII. Factor VIIa activates factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. |
factor viii | Factor VIII of blood coagulation. Antihemophilic factor that is part of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor complex. Factor VIII is produced in the liver and acts in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. It serves as a cofactor in factor X activation and this action is markedly enhanced by small amounts of thro... |
factor viiia | Activated form of factor VIII. The B-domain of factor VIII is proteolytically cleaved by thrombin to form factor VIIIa. Factor VIIIa exists as a non-covalent dimer in a metal-linked (probably calcium) complex and functions as a cofactor in the enzymatic activation of factor X by factor IXa. Factor VIIIa is similar in s... |
factor x | Storage-stable glycoprotein blood coagulation factor that can be activated to factor Xa by both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. A deficiency of factor X, sometimes called Stuart-Prower factor deficiency, may lead to a systemic coagulation disorder. |
factor xa | Activated form of factor X that participates in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. It catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in conjunction with other cofactors. |
factor xa inhibitors | Endogenous factors and drugs that inhibit or block the activity of FACTOR XA. |
factor xi | Stable blood coagulation factor involved in the intrinsic pathway. The activated form XIa activates factor IX to IXa. Deficiency of factor XI is often called hemophilia C. |
factor xia | Activated form of factor XI. In the intrinsic pathway, Factor XI is activated to XIa by factor XIIa in the presence of cofactor HMWK; (HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT KININOGEN). Factor XIa then activates factor IX to factor IXa in the presence of calcium. |
factor xii | Stable blood coagulation factor activated by contact with the subendothelial surface of an injured vessel. Along with prekallikrein, it serves as the contact factor that initiates the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Kallikrein activates factor XII to XIIa. Deficiency of factor XII, also called the Hageman trait... |
factor xiia | Activated form of factor XII. In the initial event in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, kallikrein (with cofactor HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT KININOGEN) cleaves factor XII to XIIa. Factor XIIa is then further cleaved by kallikrein, plasmin, and trypsin to yield smaller factor XII fragments (Hageman-Factor fragments... |
factor xiii | A fibrin-stabilizing plasma enzyme (TRANSGLUTAMINASES) that is activated by THROMBIN and CALCIUM to form FACTOR XIIIA. It is important for stabilizing the formation of the fibrin polymer (clot) which culminates the coagulation cascade. |
factor xiiia | Activated form of FACTOR XIII, a transglutaminase, which stabilizes the formation of the fibrin polymer (clot) culminating the blood coagulation cascade. |
fadrozole | A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer. |
famciclovir | An aminopurine derivative and prodrug of penciclovir which is a competitive inhibitor of herpes simplex 2 DNA polymerase. It is used to treat HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION. |
famotidine | A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. |
fanft | A potent nitrofuran derivative tumor initiator. It causes bladder tumors in all animals studied and is mutagenic to many bacteria. |
farnesol | A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, ... |
fas ligand protein | A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that was originally discovered on cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage, including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It plays an important role in immune homeostasis and cell-mediated toxicity by binding to the FAS RECEPTOR and t... |
fat emulsions, intravenous | Emulsions of fats or lipids used primarily in parenteral feeding. |
fats | The glyceryl esters of a fatty acid, or of a mixture of fatty acids. They are generally odorless, colorless, and tasteless if pure, but they may be flavored according to origin. Fats are insoluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents. They occur in animal and vegetable tissue and are generally obtained by boiling... |
fat substitutes | Compounds used in food or in food preparation to replace dietary fats. They may be carbohydrate-, protein-, or fat-based. Fat substitutes are usually lower in calories but provide the same texture as fats. |
fats, unsaturated | Fats containing one or more double bonds, as from oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid. |
fatty acids | Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
fatty acids, essential | Long chain organic acid molecules that must be obtained from the diet. Examples are LINOLEIC ACIDS and LINOLENIC ACIDS. |
fatty acids, monounsaturated | Fatty acids which are unsaturated in only one position. |
fatty acids, nonesterified | FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form. |
fatty acids, omega-3 | A group of unsaturated fatty acids occurring mainly in fish oils, with three double bonds at particular positions in the hydrocarbon chain. |
fatty acids, omega-6 | FATTY ACIDS which have the first unsaturated bond in the sixth position from the omega carbon. A typical American diet tends to contain substantially more omega-6 than OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS. |
fatty acids, unsaturated | FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. |
fatty acids, volatile | Short-chain fatty acids of up to six carbon atoms in length. They are the major end products of microbial fermentation in the ruminant digestive tract and have also been implicated in the causation of neurological diseases in humans. |
fatty acid synthesis inhibitors | Compounds that interfere with FATTY ACID SYNTHASE resulting in a reduction of FATTY ACIDS. This is a target mechanism in humans of some ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS and ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS and of some ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS which interfere with CELL WALL and CELL MEMBRANE formation. |
fatty alcohols | Usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4 carbons, derived from natural fats and oils, including lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, and linoleyl alcohols. They are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, plastics, and lube oils and in textile manufacture. (From McG... |
febuxostat | A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT. |
felbamate | A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY. |
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