ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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felodipine | A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. |
felypressin | A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity. |
fenamates | Derivatives of orthoaminobenzoic acid that have a phenyl group bound to the orthoamino nitrogen. Members modulate ION CHANNELS and are used as ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS. |
fenbendazole | Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine. |
fenclonine | A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin. |
fendiline | Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents. |
fenfluramine | A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. |
fenitrothion | An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. |
fenofibrate | An antilipemic agent which reduces both CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood. |
fenoldopam | A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation. |
fenoprofen | A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. |
fenoterol | A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. |
fenretinide | A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent. |
fentanyl | A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078) |
fenthion | Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide. |
feprazone | A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15) |
fermium | A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Fm, and atomic number 100. Its known isotopes range from 244-254 and 256-258. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Like einsteinium, it was discovered in 1952 in the debris from a thermonuclear explosion. |
ferric compounds | Inorganic or organic compounds containing trivalent iron. |
ferrichrome | A cyclic peptide consisting of three residues of delta-N-hydroxy-delta-N-acetylornithine. It acts as an iron transport agent in Ustilago sphaerogena. |
ferric oxide, saccharated | A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical. |
ferricyanides | Inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid, H3Fe(CN)6. |
ferrocyanides | Inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid ferrocyanic acid (H4Fe(CN)6). |
ferrosoferric oxide | Iron (II,III) oxide (Fe3O4). It is a black ore of IRON that forms opaque crystals and exerts strong magnetism. |
ferrous compounds | Inorganic or organic compounds that contain divalent iron. |
ferrozine | A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron. |
fertility agents | Drugs used to increase fertility or to treat infertility. |
fertility agents, female | Compounds which increase the capacity to conceive in females. |
fertility agents, male | Compounds which increase the capacity of the male to induce conception. |
fertilizers | Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. |
fibric acids | Compounds that either share the structure of fibric acid in their molecular arrangement or are considered variants of the fibric acid structure. |
fibrillar collagens | A family of structurally related collagens that form the characteristic collagen fibril bundles seen in CONNECTIVE TISSUE. |
fibrin modulating agents | Agents that affect the function of FIBRIN in BLOOD COAGULATION. They used as COAGULANTS for HEMORRHAGE or ANTICOAGULANTS for THROMBOSIS. |
fibrinogen | Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B,... |
fibrinogens, abnormal | Fibrinogens which have a functional defect as the result of one or more amino acid substitutions in the amino acid sequence of normal fibrinogen. Abnormalities of the fibrinogen molecule may impair any of the major steps involved in the conversion of fibrinogen into stabilized fibrin, such as cleavage of the fibrinopep... |
fibrinolytic agents | Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to FIBRINOLYSIN. |
fibrinopeptide a | Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by ... |
fibrinopeptide b | Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. Each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. The removal of fibrinopeptides B is not required for coagulation. |
fibroblast growth factor 1 | A 17-kDa single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a significant role in the process of WOUND HEALING and is a potent inducer of PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS. It binds to HEPARIN, which potentiates its biological activity and protects it from proteolysis. The growth factor is an extremely potent inducer of DNA synt... |
fibroblast growth factor 10 | A fibroblast growth factor that is a mitogen for KERATINOCYTES. It activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B and is involved in LUNG and limb development. |
fibroblast growth factor 2 | A single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a significant role in the process of WOUND HEALING and is a potent inducer of PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS. Several different forms of the human protein exist ranging from 18-24 kDa in size due to the use of alternative start sites within the fgf-2 gene. It has a 55 perce... |
fibroblast growth factor 3 | A fibroblast growth factor that is expressed primarily during development. |
fibroblast growth factor 4 | A HEPARIN binding fibroblast growth factor that may play a role in LIMB BUDS development. |
fibroblast growth factor 5 | A fibroblast growth factor that may play a role in regulation of HAIR FOLLICLE phenotype. Spontaneous mutation of the gene for this protein results in a strain of MICE with abnormally long hair, referred to as angora mice. |
fibroblast growth factor 6 | A fibroblast growth factor that was initially identified based on its sequence similarity to FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 4. It is found in MYOBLASTS and plays an important role in MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT. |
fibroblast growth factor 7 | A fibroblast growth factor that is a specific mitogen for EPITHELIAL CELLS. It binds a complex of HEPARAN SULFATE and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B. |
fibroblast growth factor 8 | A fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 4. It was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human BREAST NEOPLASMS and PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS. |
fibroblast growth factor 9 | A fibroblast growth factor that was originally identified as a mitogen for GLIAL CELLS. It is expressed primarily in NEURONS. |
fibroblast growth factors | A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this dist... |
fibroins | Fibrous proteins secreted by INSECTS and SPIDERS. Generally, the term refers to silkworm fibroin secreted by the silk gland cells of SILKWORMS, Bombyx mori. Spider fibroins are called spidroins or dragline silk fibroins. |
fibromodulin | A small leucine-rich proteoglycan that contains 4 KERATAN SULFATE chains within the leucine repeat region. It interacts with COLLAGEN TYPE I and COLLAGEN TYPE II fibrils and may function to control the rate of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX assembly. It also sequesters TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA in the extracellular matrix. |
ficoll | A sucrose polymer of high molecular weight. |
ficusin | A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking. |
fidaxomicin | A narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION. |
filamins | A family of crosslinking filament proteins encoded by distinct FLN genes. Filamins are involved in cell adhesion, spreading, and migration, acting as scaffolds for over 90 binding partners including channels, receptors, intracellular signaling molecules and transcription factors. Due to the range of molecular interacti... |
filaricides | Pharmacological agents destructive to nematodes in the superfamily Filarioidea. |
filgrastim | A recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) that is used in the treatment and prevention of NEUTROPENIA, preparation and collection of blood progenitor cells, and for use in PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION. |
filipin | A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important. |
finasteride | An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA. |
fingolimod hydrochloride | A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. |
firefly luciferin | A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE). |
first generation cephalosporins | CEPHALOSPORIN agents with excellent coverage against gram-positive cocci, such as STAPHYLOCOCCUS and STREPTOCOCCUS. They have some activity against the gram-negative bacteria, but in general, gram-negative activity is decreased compared to 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation cephalosporins. |
fish oils | Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the LIVER. Those from the liver are usually high in VITAMIN A. The oils are used as DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. They are also used in soaps and detergents and as protective coatings. |
fish venoms | Venoms produced by FISHES, including SHARKS and sting rays, usually delivered by spines. They contain various substances, including very labile toxins that affect the HEART specifically and all MUSCLES generally. |
fixatives | Agents employed in the preparation of histologic or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all of the constituent elements. Great numbers of different agents are used; some are also decalcifying and hardening agents. They must quickly kill and coagulate living tissue. |
flame retardants | Materials applied to fabrics, bedding, furniture, plastics, etc. to retard their burning; many may leach out and cause allergies or other harm. |
flavanones | A group of FLAVONOIDS characterized with a 4-ketone. |
flavin-adenine dinucleotide | A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972) |
flavin mononucleotide | A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues. |
flavins | Derivatives of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton. Flavin derivatives serve an electron transfer function as ENZYME COFACTORS in FLAVOPROTEINS. |
flavones | A group of 4-keto-FLAVONOIDS. |
flavonoids | A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES. |
flavonolignans | Heterodimers of FLAVONOIDS bound to LIGNANS. |
flavonols | A group of 3-hydroxy-4-keto-FLAVONOIDS. |
flavoring agents | Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the taste. |
flavoxate | A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist. |
flecainide | A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS. |
fleroxacin | A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE. |
flower essences | Aqueous extracts of flowers that are used in healing systems. |
floxacillin | Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN. |
floxuridine | An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in ... |
fluconazole | Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS. |
flucytosine | A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. |
fludrocortisone | A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity. |
flufenamic acid | An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16) |
flumazenil | A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses. |
flumethasone | An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice. |
flunarizine | Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy. |
flunitrazepam | A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug. |
fluocinolone acetonide | A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732) |
fluocinonide | A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA. |
fluocortolone | A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders. |
fluorenes | A family of diphenylenemethane derivatives. |
fluorescamine | A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent. |
fluorescein | A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor. |
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate | Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques. |
fluoresceins | A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays. |
fluorescent chemosensor compounds | Molecular probes that respond to specific chemical interactions by altering the degree or frequency of their fluorescence. They are used to provide direct visualization of chemical changes within cells. |
fluorescent dyes | Chemicals that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. |
fluorides | Inorganic salts of hydrofluoric acid, HF, in which the fluorine atom is in the -1 oxidation state. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Sodium and stannous salts are commonly used in dentifrices. |
fluorides, topical | Fluorides, usually in pastes or gels, used for topical application to reduce the incidence of DENTAL CARIES. |
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