ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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glutathione | A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides. |
glutathione disulfide | A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. |
glutethimide | A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs. |
glyburide | An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide |
glycated hemoglobin | Products of non-enzymatic reactions between GLUCOSE and HEMOGLOBIN (occurring as a minor fraction of the hemoglobin of ERYTHROCYTES.) It generally refers to glycated HEMOGLOBIN A. Hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) is hemoglobin A with GLYCATION on a terminal VALINE of the beta chain. Glycated hemoglobin A is used as an index of ... |
glycated proteins | Advanced glycation end products formed from the spontaneous, non-enzymatic reaction of sugars with free amino groups in proteins. In the past, a glycosylated protein sometimes referred to a glycated protein. GLYCOSYLATED PROTEINS is now restricted to proteins glycosylated by GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES or via specialized org... |
glycated serum albumin | Serum albumin that has undergone, in vivo, spontaneous, non-enzymatic modification with reducing sugars via the MAILLARD REACTION. They are analyzed to measure control of HYPERGLYCEMIA. |
glycated serum proteins | Proteins in serum that have undergone, in vivo, non-enzymatic modification with reducing sugars via the MAILLARD REACTION. They are analyzed to measure control of HYPERGLYCEMIA. |
glycation end products, advanced | A heterogeneous group of compounds derived from rearrangements, oxidation, and cross-linking reactions that follow from non-enzymatic glycation of amino groups in PROTEINS; LIPIDS; or NUCLEIC ACIDS. Their accumulation in vivo accelerates under hyperglycemic, oxidative, or inflammatory conditions. Heat also accelerates ... |
glyceraldehyde | An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS. |
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate | An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis. |
glyceric acids | Three-carbon SUGAR ACIDS with the formula HOCH2(CHOH)COOH. |
glycerides | GLYCEROL esterified with FATTY ACIDS. |
glycerol | A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, or sweetening agent. |
glycerophosphates | Any salt or ester of glycerophosphoric acid. |
glycerophospholipids | Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. |
glyceryl ethers | Compounds in which one or more of the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol; one or two of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol may be esterified. These compounds have been found in various animal tissue. |
glycerylphosphorylcholine | A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed) |
glycine | A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
glycine agents | Substances used for their pharmacological actions on glycinergic systems. Glycinergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function. |
glycochenodeoxycholic acid | A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic. |
glycocholic acid | The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. |
glycoconjugates | Carbohydrates covalently linked to a nonsugar moiety (lipids or proteins). The major glycoconjugates are glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids, and lipopolysaccharides. (From Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2d ed; From Principles of Biochemistry, 2d ed) |
glycodeoxycholic acid | A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic. |
glycolates | Derivatives of ACETIC ACID which contain an hydroxy group attached to the methyl carbon. |
glycolipids | Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage) |
glycols | A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. |
glycopeptides | Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight. |
glycophorins | The major sialoglycoprotein of human erythrocyte membranes. It consists of at least two sialoglycopeptides and is composed of 60% carbohydrate including sialic acid and 40% protein. It is involved in a number of different biological activities including the binding of MN blood groups, influenza viruses, kidney bean phy... |
glycoprotein hormones, alpha subunit | The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined b... |
glycopyrrolate | A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics. |
glycosaminoglycans | Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine (see ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE) or N-acetylgalactosamine (see ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE). |
glycoside hydrolase inhibitors | Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES such as ALPHA-AMYLASES and ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES. |
glycosides | Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar a... |
glycosphingolipids | Lipids containing at least one monosaccharide residue and either a sphingoid or a ceramide (CERAMIDES). They are subdivided into NEUTRAL GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS comprising monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides; and ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS which comprises sialosylglycosylsph... |
glycosylphosphatidylinositols | Compounds containing carbohydrate or glycosyl groups linked to phosphatidylinositols. They anchor GPI-LINKED PROTEINS or polysaccharides to cell membranes. |
glycylglycine | The simplest of all peptides. It functions as a gamma-glutamyl acceptor. |
glycyrrhetinic acid | An oleanolic acid from GLYCYRRHIZA that has some antiallergic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It is used topically for allergic or infectious skin inflammation and orally for its aldosterone effects in electrolyte regulation. |
glycyrrhizic acid | A widely used anti-inflammatory agent isolated from the licorice root. It is metabolized to GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID, which inhibits 11-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES and other enzymes involved in the metabolism of CORTICOSTEROIDS. Therefore, glycyrrhizic acid, which is the main and sweet component of licorice, has been... |
glyoxal | A 2-carbon aldehyde with carbonyl groups on both carbons. |
glyoxylates | Derivatives of glyoxylic acid (the structural formula C2H2O3), including its salts and esters. |
glyphosate | Active compound in herbicidal formulations that inhibits 3-PHOSPHOSHIKIMATE 1-CARBOXYVINYLTRANSFERASE. |
g(m1) ganglioside | A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis. |
g(m2) activator protein | An essential cofactor for the degradation of G(M2)GANGLIOSIDE by lysosomal BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES. Genetic mutations resulting in loss of G(M2) activator protein are one of the causes of TAY-SACHS DISEASE, AB VARIANT. |
g(m2) ganglioside | A glycosphingolipid that accumulates due to a deficiency of hexosaminidase A or B (BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES), or GM2 activator protein, resulting in GANGLIOSIDOSES, heredity metabolic disorders that include TAY-SACHS DISEASE and SANDHOFF DISEASE. |
g(m3) ganglioside | A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis. |
gold | A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts. |
gold alloys | Alloys that contain a high percentage of gold. They are used in restorative or prosthetic dentistry. |
gold colloid | A suspension of metallic gold particles. |
gold colloid, radioactive | A suspension of radioactive gold particles emitting negative beta particles and gamma irradiation. It was formerly used for liver scans and irradiation treatment of some metastatic malignancies. |
gold compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain gold as an integral part of the molecule. |
gold isotopes | Stable gold atoms that have the same atomic number as the element gold, but differ in atomic weight. Au-197 is a stable isotope. |
gold radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes of gold that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Au 185-196, 198-201, and 203 are radioactive gold isotopes. |
gold sodium thiomalate | A variable mixture of the mono- and disodium salts of gold thiomalic acid used mainly for its anti-inflammatory action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is most effective in active progressive rheumatoid arthritis and of little or no value in the presence of extensive deformities or in the treatment of other... |
gold sodium thiosulfate | A sodium salt of gold thiosulfate. It has uses like the ORGANOGOLD COMPOUNDS. |
gonadal hormones | Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS. |
gonadal steroid hormones | Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE. |
gonadotropin-releasing hormone | A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIO... |
gonadotropins | Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and P... |
gonadotropins, equine | Gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary or the placenta in horses. This term generally refers to the gonadotropins found in the pregnant mare serum, a rich source of equine CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. Unlike that in humans, the equine LUTEINIZING HORMONE, BETA SUBUNIT ... |
gonadotropins, pituitary | Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS;... |
gonanes | Steroids containing the fundamental tetracyclic unit with no methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and with no side chain at C-17. The concept includes both saturated and unsaturated derivatives. |
goserelin | A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer. |
gossypol | A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer. |
gout suppressants | Agents that increase uric acid excretion by the kidney (URICOSURIC AGENTS), decrease uric acid production (antihyperuricemics), or alleviate the pain and inflammation of acute attacks of gout. |
gp100 melanoma antigen | A melanosome-associated protein that plays a role in the maturation of the MELANOSOME. |
gramicidin | A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN. |
granisetron | A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients. |
granulins | Small, cysteine-rich peptides generated by the proteolytic cleavage of progranulin. Granulin peptides are each composed of a granulin-motif, while paragranulin is composed of a half-granulin motif. The mammalian granulins are named granulin 1-7 for their sequence order in the progranulin propeptide, and are alternately... |
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor | A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal diffe... |
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macro... |
grape seed extract | Exudate from seeds of the grape plant Vitis vinifera, composed of oils and secondary plant metabolites (BIOFLAVONOIDS and polyphenols) credited with important medicinal properties. |
graphite | An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. |
greenhouse gases | Gaseous elements, chemicals that are in the atmosphere that may contribute to GREENHOUSE EFFECT. |
griseofulvin | An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections. |
growth differentiation factor 1 | A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development. Evidence for this role is seen in MICE where loss of growth differentiation factor 1 function results in right-left isomerism of visceral organs. In HUMANS heterozygous loss of growth differentiation ... |
growth differentiation factor 10 | A growth differentiation factor that is closely-related in structure to BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 3. Growth differentiation factor 10 is found at high levels in BONE, however it plays an additional roles in regulating EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. |
growth differentiation factor 15 | A growth differentiation factor that is secreted in response to cell stress and in response to MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION. In addition growth differentiation factor 15 demonstrates a diverse array of biological properties including the induction of cartilage formation, the inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor proliferatio... |
growth differentiation factor 2 | A growth differentiation factor that plays a regulatory role as a paracrine factor for a diverse array of cell types during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and in the adult tissues. Growth differentiation factor 2 is also a potent regulator of CHONDROGENESIS and was previously referred to as bone morphogenetic protein 9. |
growth differentiation factor 3 | A growth differentiation factor that may play a role in maintaining the undifferentiated state of PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS by inhibiting the actions of BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. Differentiation factor 3 is also considered a nodal signaling ligand that influences the genesis of left-right asymmetry. |
growth differentiation factor 5 | A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in early CHONDROGENESIS and joint formation. |
growth differentiation factor 6 | A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in the neural differentiation, specifically in the retinal development of the EYE. |
growth differentiation factor 9 | A bone morphogenetic protein that plays an essential role in the regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis. |
growth differentiation factors | A family of BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-related proteins that are primarily involved in regulation of CELL DIFFERENTIATION. |
growth hormone | A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized. |
growth hormone-releasing hormone | A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND. |
gtp phosphohydrolase activators | Agents and factors that activate GTP phosphohydrolase activity. |
guaiac | Resin from wood of certain species of GUAIACUM. It is used as clinical reagent for occult blood. |
guaiacol | An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747) |
guaifenesin | An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations. |
guanabenz | An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent. |
guanazole | A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine. |
guanethidine | An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues. |
guanfacine | A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. |
guanidine | A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatmen... |
guanidines | A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties. |
guanosine | A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed) |
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) | Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes. |
guanosine diphosphate | A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. |
guanosine diphosphate fucose | A nucleoside diphosphate sugar formed from GDPmannose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls, and for blood group substances and other glycoproteins. |
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