ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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guanosine diphosphate mannose | A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis. |
guanosine diphosphate sugars | Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of guanosine diphosphate. |
guanosine monophosphate | A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature. |
guanosine pentaphosphate | Guanosine 5'-triphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing five phosphate groups. Three phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids ... |
guanosine tetraphosphate | Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are... |
guanosine triphosphate | Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. |
guanylthiourea | May protect against hypoxic damage; proposed for treatment of shock due to trauma or blood loss; also stimulates paretic gastrointestinal system. |
guanylyl cyclase c agonists | Compunds that bind to and activate GUANYLYL CYCLASE-C RECEPTORS. |
guanylyl imidodiphosphate | A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES. |
gum arabic | Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. |
gutta-percha | Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute. |
h-2 antigens | The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse. |
haemophilus vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis... |
hafnium | A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf. |
hair bleaching agents | Chemicals that are used to oxidize pigments in HAIR. |
hair dyes | Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily. |
hair preparations | Hair grooming, cleansing and modifying products meant for topical application to hair, usually human. They include sprays, bleaches, dyes, conditioners, rinses, shampoos, nutrient lotions, etc. |
halcinonide | A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of DERMATITIS; ECZEMA; or PSORIASIS. It may cause skin irritation. |
hallucinogens | Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experience... |
halofenate | An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent. |
halogenated diphenyl ethers | Compounds that contain two halogenated benzene rings linked via an OXYGEN atom. Many polybrominated diphenyl ethers are used as FLAME RETARDANTS. |
halogens | A family of nonmetallic, generally electronegative, elements that form group 17 (formerly group VIIa) of the periodic table. |
haloperidol | A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEAS... |
halothane | A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required... |
hand sanitizers | Preparations used as alternatives or supplements to hand washing with soap and water to destroy microorganisms and prevent transmission of pathogens. The active ingredient may be ETHANOL; 1-PROPANOL; or POVIDONE-IODINE in a gel, foam, or liquid solution. |
haptens | Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. |
harmala alkaloids | Structurally related ALKALOIDS derived from the seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA and other plant sources. They are associated with various pharmacologic and therapeutic effects. |
harmaline | A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM. |
harmine | Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure... |
harringtonines | Tetracyclic spiro-BENZAZEPINES isolated from the seeds of CEPHALOTAXUS. They are esters of the alkaloid cephalotaxine and may be effective as antineoplastic agents. |
hazardous substances | Elements, compounds, mixtures, or solutions that are considered severely harmful to human health and the environment. They include substances that are toxic, corrosive, flammable, or explosive. |
hazardous waste | Waste products which threaten life, health, or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed. |
hcv ns3-4a protease inhibitors | A direct acting antiviral compound that inhibits hcv ns3-4a protease. It is used to treat chronic HEPATITIS C. |
hedgehog proteins | A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play an important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action. |
helium | A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially ... |
hemagglutinins | Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc. |
hemagglutinins, viral | Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES. |
hematinics | Agents which improve the quality of the blood, increasing the hemoglobin level and the number of erythrocytes. They are used in the treatment of anemias. |
hematologic agents | Drugs that act on blood and blood-forming organs and those that affect the hemostatic system. |
hematopoietic cell growth factors | These growth factors comprise a family of hematopoietic regulators with biological specificities defined by their ability to support proliferation and differentiation of blood cells of different lineages. ERYTHROPOIETIN and the COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS belong to this family. Some of these factors have been studied an... |
hematoporphyrin derivative | A complex mixture of monomeric and aggregated porphyrins used in the photodynamic therapy of tumors (HEMATOPORPHYRIN PHOTORADIATION). A purified component of this mixture is known as DIHEMATOPORPHYRIN ETHER. |
hematoporphyrins | Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS. |
hematoxylin | A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink. |
heme | The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. |
hemicholinium 3 | A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in anim... |
hemin | Chloro(7,12-diethenyl-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-21H,23H-porphine-2,18-dipropanoato(4-)-N(21),N(22),N(23),N(24)) ferrate(2-) dihydrogen. |
hemiterpenes | Compounds that include a single 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (also known as isoprene) within their structure. |
hemochromatosis protein | A membrane protein and MHC class I antigen. It contains an IMMUNOGLOBULIN C1-SET DOMAIN and interacts with BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN. It may also regulate the interaction of TRANSFERRIN with the TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR. Mutations in the HFE gene are associated with cases of FAMILIAL HEMOCHROMATOSIS. |
hemocyanins | Metalloproteins that function as oxygen transport proteins in the HEMOLYMPH of MOLLUSKS and ARTHROPODS. They are characterized by two copper atoms, coordinated with HISTIDINE residues, that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule; they do not contain HEME groups. |
hemodialysis solutions | Solutions prepared for hemodialysis. The composition of the pre-dialysis solution may be varied in order to determine the effect of solvated metabolites on anoxia, malnutrition, acid-base balance, etc. Of principal interest are the effect of the choice of buffers (e.g., acetate or carbonate), the addition of cations (N... |
hemolytic agents | Substances that are toxic to blood in general, including the clotting mechanism; hematotoxins may refer to the hematopoietic system. |
hemostatics | Agents acting to arrest the flow of blood. Absorbable hemostatics arrest bleeding either by the formation of an artificial clot or by providing a mechanical matrix that facilitates clotting when applied directly to the bleeding surface. These agents function more at the capillary level and are not effective at stemming... |
hempa | A chemosterilant agent that is anticipated to be a carcinogen. |
heparan sulfate proteoglycans | Ubiquitous macromolecules associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix of a wide range of cells of vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. They are essential cofactors in cell-matrix adhesion processes, in cell-cell recognition systems, and in receptor-growth factor interactions. (From Cancer Metastasis Rev 1... |
heparin | A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prev... |
heparin antagonists | Coagulant substances inhibiting the anticoagulant action of heparin. |
heparin-binding egf-like growth factor | An EGF family member that is expressed in a variety of hematopoietic, endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, and epithelial cells. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which is cleaved by proteases to produce the secreted form of the protein which has specificity for the EGF RECEPTOR and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. The ... |
heparin cofactor ii | A sulfated plasma protein with a MW of approximately 66kDa that resembles ANTITHROMBIN III. The protein is an inhibitor of thrombin in plasma and is activated by dermatan sulfate or heparin. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. |
heparin, low-molecular-weight | Heparin fractions with a molecular weight usually between 4000 and 6000 kD. These low-molecular-weight fractions are effective antithrombotic agents. Their administration reduces the risk of hemorrhage, they have a longer half-life, and their platelet interactions are reduced in comparison to unfractionated heparin. Th... |
heparinoids | Heparin derivatives. The term has also been used more loosely to include naturally occurring and synthetic highly-sulphated polysaccharides of similar structure. Heparinoid preparations have been used for a wide range of applications including as anticoagulants and anti-inflammatories and they have been claimed to have... |
heparitin sulfate | A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS. |
hepatitis a antigens | Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS A VIRUS such as the human hepatitis A virus (HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN). |
hepatitis antigens | Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens. |
hepatitis a vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS). |
hepatitis b antigens | Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS. |
hepatitis b core antigens | The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion. |
hepatitis b e antigens | A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G. |
hepatitis b surface antigens | Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen. |
hepatitis b vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced. |
hepatitis c antigens | Antigens of the virions of HEPACIVIRUS, their surface, core, or other associated antigens. |
hepatitis delta antigens | Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS D VIRUS. |
hepatocyte growth factor | Multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. Its receptor is PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MET. |
hepes | A dipolar ionic buffer. |
heptachlor | A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (... |
heptachlor epoxide | An oxidation product of HEPTACHLOR formed by many plants and animals, including humans, after exposure to HEPTACHLOR. It has been shown to remain in soil treated with HEPTACHLOR for over fifteen years and is toxic to animals and humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989) |
heptaminol | An amino alcohol that has been used as a myocardial stimulant and vasodilator and to relieve bronchospasm. Its most common therapeutic use is in orthostatic hypotension. The mechanism of heptaminol's therapeutic actions is not well understood although it has been suggested to affect catecholamine release or calcium met... |
heptanes | Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16. |
heptanoates | Salts and esters of the 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid heptanoic acid. |
heptanoic acids | 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids. |
heptanol | A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics. |
heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine | A pneumococcal vaccine which contains 7 pneumococcal serotypes (6B, 14, 19F, 23F, 18C, 4, 9V), each conjugated individually to the outer membrane protein complex of NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS. |
herbicides | Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE. |
heroin | A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed) |
herpes simplex virus vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with viruses from the genus SIMPLEXVIRUS. This includes vaccines for HSV-1 and HSV-2. |
herpesvirus vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection by any virus from the family HERPESVIRIDAE. |
herpes zoster vaccine | An attenuated vaccine used to prevent and/or treat HERPES ZOSTER, a disease caused by HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 3. |
hesperidin | A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels. |
heterocyclic compounds | Cyclic compounds that include atoms other than carbon in their ring structure. |
heterocyclic compounds, 1-ring | Organic compounds that contain a ring structure made up of carbon and one or more additional elements such as nitrogen and oxygen. |
heterocyclic compounds, 2-ring | A class of heterocyclic compounds that include a two-ring fused structure. Both aromatic and non-aromatic ring structures are included in this category. |
heterocyclic compounds, 3-ring | A class of heterocyclic compounds that include a three-ring fused structure. Both aromatic or non-aromatic ring structures are included in this category. |
heterocyclic compounds, 4 or more rings | A class of heterocyclic compounds that include four or more fused rings. Both aromatic or non-aromatic ring structures are included in this category. |
heterocyclic compounds, bridged-ring | A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms. |
heterocyclic compounds, fused-ring | Multiple ring heterocyclic compounds containing two or more rings that share two atoms and one bond in common. |
heterocyclic oxides | Oxides of a ring compound having atoms other than carbon in its ring. |
hexachlorobenzene | An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent. |
hexachlorocyclohexane | Any of several polyhalogenated organic compounds consisting of a six-carbon ring with one chlorine and one hydrogen attached to each carbon. |
hexachlorophene | A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797) |
hexadimethrine bromide | A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist. |
hexamethonium | A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has bee... |
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