ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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lipoglycopeptides | Glycopeptides that have an additional lipophilic side chains. Several semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide antibiotics are derived from naturally occurring lipoglycopeptide and glycopeptide antibiotics. |
lipopeptides | Compounds consisting of a short peptide chain conjugated with an acyl chain. |
lipopolysaccharide receptors | Glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; and some GRANULOCYTES. They function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein. |
lipopolysaccharides | Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS).... |
lipoprotein lipase activators | Compounds that increase the enzymatic activity of LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. Lipoprotein lipase activators have a potential role in the treatment of OBESITY by increasing LIPID METABOLISM. Note that substances that increase the synthesis of lipoprotein lipase are not included here. |
lipotropic agents | Endogenous factors or drugs that increase the transport and metabolism of LIPIDS including the synthesis of LIPOPROTEINS by the LIVER and their uptake by extrahepatic tissues. |
lipoxins | Trihydroxy derivatives of eicosanoic acids. They are primarily derived from arachidonic acid, however eicosapentaenoic acid derivatives also exist. Many of them are naturally occurring mediators of immune regulation. |
lipoxygenase inhibitors | Compounds that bind to and inhibit that enzymatic activity of LIPOXYGENASES. Included under this category are inhibitors that are specific for lipoxygenase subtypes and act to reduce the production of LEUKOTRIENES. |
liraglutide | An analog of GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1 and agonist of the GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR that is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT and supplemental therapy in the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS by patients who do not respond to METFORMIN. |
lisdexamfetamine dimesylate | A dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT and DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER. |
lisinopril | One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. |
lissamine green dyes | Green dyes containing ammonium and aryl sulfonate moieties that facilitate the visualization of tissues, if given intravenously. They have mostly been used in the study of kidney physiology. |
lisuride | An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS). |
lithium | An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER. |
lithium carbonate | A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. |
lithium chloride | A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator. |
lithium compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain lithium as an integral part of the molecule. |
lithocholic acid | A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic. |
liver glycogen | Glycogen stored in the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed) |
lobeline | An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation. |
lofepramine | A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE. |
lomustine | An alkylating agent of value against both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. |
loperamide | One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally. |
lopinavir | An HIV protease inhibitor used in a fixed-dose combination with RITONAVIR. It is also an inhibitor of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A. |
lorajmine | A monochloroacetyl derivative of ajmaline. It is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent that is rapidly hydrolyzed to ajmaline by plasma and tissue esterases. |
loratadine | A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness. |
lorazepam | A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. |
losartan | An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II. |
loteprednol etabonate | An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions. |
lovastatin | A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low... |
low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 | An LDL-RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN found in the neuroepithelium and in proximal tubular cells of the kidney. It is considered a multiligand receptor in that it binds to a variety of ligands with relatively high affinity and may function in mediating the uptake and lysosomal degradation of macromolecules such as: LIPOPROTE... |
loxapine | An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA. |
l-selectin | Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that serves as a homing receptor for lymphocytes to lymph node high endothelial venules. |
lubiprostone | Member of a bicyclic fatty acid class of compounds derived from PROSTAGLANDIN E1 involved in chloride channel gating. |
lubricant eye drops | Ophthalmic solutions that include LUBRICANTS and WETTING AGENTS such as POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL; HYPROMELLOSE; GLYCEROL; PROPYLENE GLYCOL. They are used to treat conditions caused by deficient tear production such as DRY EYE SYNDROME. |
lubricants | Compounds that provide LUBRICATION between surfaces in order to reduce FRICTION. |
lucanthone | One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46) |
lucensomycin | A macrolide antibiotic isolated from cultures of Streptomyces lucensis. |
luciferins | Organic substances found in organisms that generate BIOLUMINESCENCE such as FIREFLY LUCIFERIN that produces light when oxidized to the excited oxyluciferin by the action of the enzyme LUCIFERASE. |
lumefantrine | A fluorene derivative that is used in combination with ARTEMETHER for the treatment of MALARIA (see ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE DRUG COMBINATION). |
lumican | A small leucine-rich proteoglycan that contains 10 tandem leucine repeats and four N-linked sites within the leucine repeat region that may be substituted with KERATAN SULFATE. These properties and its horseshoe shape allow it to mediate interactions among COLLAGEN molecules within fibrils. It is expressed in most mese... |
lumicolchicines | Three, alpha, beta, and gamma isomers of ultraviolet degradation products of colchicine that lack many of the physiological actions of the parent; used as experimental control for colchicine actions. |
luminol | 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations. |
lupanes | Pentacyclic triterpenes with isopropyl and its derivatives at the C19 position. It is initially biosynthesized by cyclization of oxidosqualene to lupeol. |
lupus coagulation inhibitor | An antiphospholipid antibody found in association with a variety of diseases (e.g., SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS and ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME) as well as in healthy individuals. In vitro, the antibody interferes with the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and prolongs the partial thromboplastin time. In vivo, it ex... |
lurasidone hydrochloride | A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatmen... |
lutein | A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. |
luteinizing hormone | A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HOR... |
luteinizing hormone, beta subunit | The beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide with structure similar to the beta subunit of the placental chorionic gonadatropin (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN) except for the additional 31 amino acids at the C-terminal of CG-beta. Full biological activity of LH requires the non... |
luteolin | 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES. |
luteolytic agents | Chemical compounds that cause LUTEOLYSIS or degeneration of the CORPUS LUTEUM. |
lutetium | An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175. |
lutheran blood-group system | A complex blood group system having pairs of alternate antigens and amorphic genes, but also subject to a dominant independently segregating repressor. |
lycopene | A carotenoid and red pigment produced by tomatoes, other red fruits and vegetables, and photosynthetic algae. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of other carotenoids, and has antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, radioprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. |
lye | Generally speaking, it is the alkaline substance obtained from wood ashes by percolation. Preparations of lye can be solutions of either potassium or sodium hydroxide. The term lye, is also used to refer to the household product which is a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. |
lymecycline | A semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE. It is more readily absorbed than TETRACYCLINE and can be used in lower doses. |
lyme disease vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent LYME DISEASE. |
lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein | A CD4-related protein with high affinity cell surface binding to MHC class II. It functions in downregulation of T cell proliferation following binding to MHC class II molecules. |
lymphocyte antigen 96 | A secreted protein that associates with TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 and is essential for receptor recognition of LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. |
lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 | An integrin heterodimer widely expressed on cells of hematopoietic origin. CD11A ANTIGEN comprises the alpha chain and the CD18 antigen (CD18 ANTIGENS) the beta chain. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 is a major receptor of T-CELLS; B-CELLS; and GRANULOCYTES. It mediates the leukocyte adhesion reactions underly... |
lymphokines | Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. |
lymphotoxin-alpha | A tumor necrosis factor family member that is released by activated LYMPHOCYTES. Soluble lymphotoxin is specific for TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR TYPE I; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR TYPE II; and TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILY, MEMBER 14. Lymphotoxin-alpha can form a membrane-bound heterodimer with LYMP... |
lymphotoxin alpha1, beta2 heterotrimer | A heterotrimer complex consisting of one molecule of LYMPHOTOXIN-ALPHA and two molecules of the LYMPHOTOXIN-BETA. It is anchored to the cell surface via the transmembrane domains of the lymphotoxin-beta component and has specificity for the LYMPHOTOXIN BETA RECEPTOR. The lymphotoxin alpha1, beta2 heterotrimer plays a r... |
lymphotoxin-beta | A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member found primarily on LYMPHOCYTES. It can form a heterotrimer (LYMPHOTOXIN ALPHA1, BETA2 HETEROTRIMER) with the soluble ligand LYMPHOTOXIN-ALPHA and anchor it to the cell surface. The membrane-bound complex is specific for the LYMPHOTOXIN BETA receptor. |
lynestrenol | A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL). |
lyngbya toxins | Toxins isolated from any species of the genus LYNGBYA or similar chemicals from other sources, including mollusks and micro-organisms. These have been found to be potent tumor promoters. They are biosynthesized from TRYPTOPHAN; VALINE; and METHIONINE nonribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT). |
lypressin | The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE. |
lysergic acid diethylamide | Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, ... |
lysine | An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. |
lysinoalanine | N(6)-(2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine. An unusual amino acid, not a dipeptide, which has been found in proteins of cooked foods. It is formed in food that is heated or treated with alkali. Has been implicated in nephrocytomegalia in rats. |
lysophosphatidylcholines | Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES obtained by their partial hydrolysis which removes one of the fatty acid moieties. |
lysophospholipids | Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS that lack one of its fatty acyl chains due to its hydrolytic removal. |
macrocyclic compounds | Cyclic compounds with a ring size of approximately 1-4 dozen atoms. |
macrolides | A group of often glycosylated macrocyclic compounds formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES cyclized into a large (typically 12, 14, or 16)-membered lactone. Macrolides belong to the POLYKETIDES class of natural products, and many members exhibit ANTIBIOTIC properties. |
macromolecular substances | Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure. |
macrophage-activating factors | Factors secreted by stimulated lymphocytes that prime macrophages to become nonspecifically cytotoxic to tumors. They also modulate the expression of macrophage cell surface Ia antigens. One MAF is INTERFERON-GAMMA. Other factors antigenically distinct from IFN-gamma have also been identified. |
macrophage colony-stimulating factor | A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high a... |
macrophage inflammatory proteins | Heparin-binding proteins that exhibit a number of inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. Originally identified as secretory products of MACROPHAGES, these chemokines are produced by a variety of cell types including NEUTROPHILS; FIBROBLASTS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS. They likely play a significant role in respirator... |
macrophage migration-inhibitory factors | Proteins released by sensitized LYMPHOCYTES and possibly other cells that inhibit the migration of MACROPHAGES away from the release site. The structure and chemical properties may vary with the species and type of releasing cell. |
macular pigment | A yellow pigment that accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. It is composed of LUTEIN, meso-zeaxanthin, and ZEAXANTHIN. |
mafenide | A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy. |
magainins | A class of antimicrobial peptides discovered in the skin of XENOPUS LAEVIS. They kill bacteria by permeabilizing cell membranes without exhibiting significant toxicity against mammalian cells. |
magnesium | A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION. |
magnesium chloride | Magnesium chloride. An inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys. |
magnesium compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule. |
magnesium hydroxide | An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. |
magnesium oxide | Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. |
magnesium silicates | A generic term for a variety of compounds that contain silicon, oxygen, and magnesium, and may contain hydrogen. Examples include TALC and some kinds of ASBESTOS. |
magnesium sulfate | A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions... |
magnetite nanoparticles | Synthesized magnetic particles under 100 nanometers possessing many biomedical applications including DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS and CONTRAST AGENTS. The particles are usually coated with a variety of polymeric compounds. This is a CTD-exclusive term that describes a chemical often referenced in the toxicology literature. ... |
malaria vaccines | Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents. |
malates | Derivatives of malic acid (the structural formula: (COO-)2CH2CHOH), including its salts and esters. |
malathion | A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes. |
maleates | Derivatives of maleic acid (the structural formula (COO-)-C=C-(COO-)), including its salts and esters. |
maleic anhydrides | Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns. |
maleic hydrazide | 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage. |
maleimides | Derivatives of maleimide (the structural formula H2C2(CO)2NH) containing a pyrroledione ring where the hydrogen atom of the NH group is replaced with aliphatic or aromatic groups. |
malonates | Derivatives of malonic acid (the structural formula CH2(COOH)2), including its salts and esters. |
malondialdehyde | The dialdehyde of malonic acid. |
malonyl coenzyme a | A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems. |
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