ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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oxidants | Electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (OXIDATION-REDUCTION). |
oxidants, photochemical | Compounds that accept electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. The reaction is induced by or accelerated by exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum of visible or ultraviolet light. |
oxides | Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. |
oxidopamine | A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals. |
oximes | Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS. |
oxindoles | Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl and a carbonyl at the pyrrole ring typically at the 2-position. |
oxocins | Compounds based on an 8-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered medium ring ethers. |
oxolinic acid | Synthetic antimicrobial related to NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS. |
oxonic acid | Antagonist of urate oxidase. |
oxotremorine | A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool. |
oxprenolol | A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety. |
oxyclozanide | Anthelmintic used in grazing animals for fasciola and cestode infestations. |
oxycodone | A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE. |
oxyfedrine | A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent. |
oxygen | An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration. |
oxygen compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain oxygen as an integral part of the molecule. |
oxygen isotopes | Stable oxygen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element oxygen, but differ in atomic weight. O-17 and 18 are stable oxygen isotopes. |
oxygen radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes of oxygen that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. O atoms with atomic weights 13, 14, 15, 19, and 20 are radioactive oxygen isotopes. |
oxylipins | Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals. |
oxymetazoline | A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251) |
oxymetholone | A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
oxymorphone | An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092) |
oxyntomodulin | A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of GLICENTIN. It is mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. Oxyntomodulin can reduce digestive secretions, delay gastric emptying, and reduced food intake. |
oxyphenbutazone | A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, ost... |
oxyphenisatin acetate | A laxative that undergoes enterohepatic circulation. It may cause jaundice. |
oxyphenonium | A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect. |
oxypurinol | A xanthine oxidase inhibitor. |
oxyquinoline | An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics. |
oxysterols | Oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol or its sterol precursors. They are generated from sterol metabolism and the interaction of cholesterol with REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. |
oxytetracycline | A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. |
oxythiamine | Thiamine antagonist, antimetabolite. |
oxytocics | Drugs that stimulate contraction of the myometrium. They are used to induce LABOR, OBSTETRIC at term, to prevent or control postpartum or postabortion hemorrhage, and to assess fetal status in high risk pregnancies. They may also be used alone or with other drugs to induce abortions (ABORTIFACIENTS). Oxytocics used cli... |
oxytocin | A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION. |
ozone | The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the oz... |
paclitaxel | A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. It stabilizes MICROTUBULES in their polymerized form leading to cell death. |
pactamycin | Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis. |
paliperidone palmitate | A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA. |
palladium | A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. |
palmitates | Salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid. |
palmitic acid | A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. |
palmitic acids | A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds. |
palmitoylcarnitine | A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids. |
palmitoyl coenzyme a | A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis. |
palm oil | Nutritive oil extracted from the fleshy mesocarp of the fruit of the African palm tree, Elaeis guineensis. |
palonosetron | Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting. |
pamidronate | An aminobisphosphonate that inhibits BONE RESORPTION and is used for the treatment of osteolytic lesions, bone pain, and severe HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancies. |
p-aminoazobenzene | Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines. |
p-aminohippuric acid | The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity. |
pancreatic hormones | Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. |
pancreatic polypeptide | A 36-amino acid pancreatic hormone that is secreted mainly by endocrine cells found at the periphery of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS and adjacent to cells containing SOMATOSTATIN and GLUCAGON. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), when administered peripherally, can suppress gastric secretion, gastric emptying, pancreatic enzyme se... |
pancreatitis-associated proteins | C-type lectins that restrict growth of bacteria in the intestinal epithelia and have bactericidal activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They also regulate proliferation and differentiation of KERATINOCYTES following injury. Human pancreatitis-associated protein-1 (Reg3a) is overexpressed by pancrea... |
pancuronium | A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release. |
panobinostat | An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA. |
pantetheine | An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms. |
pantoprazole | 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER. |
pantothenic acid | A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE. |
papaverine | An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not cle... |
papillomavirus vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS, so they are sometimes considered a type of CANCER VACCINES. They are often composed of CAPSID PROTEINS, especially L1 protein, from various types of ALPHAPAPILLOMA... |
para-aminobenzoates | Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure. |
parabens | Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872) |
paraffin | A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. |
parainfluenza vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with parainfluenza viruses in humans and animals. |
paraldehyde | A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resist... |
paramethasone | A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUD... |
paraoxon | An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide. |
paraquat | A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds. |
parasympatholytics | Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS. |
parasympathomimetics | Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympa... |
parathion | A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide. |
parathyroid hormone | A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, ... |
parathyroid hormone-related protein | A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to PARATHYROID HORMONE. It does not circulate in appreciable amounts in normal subjects, but rather exerts its biological actions locally. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein by t... |
parenteral nutrition solutions | Specialized solutions for PARENTERAL NUTRITION. They may contain a variety of MICRONUTRIENTS; VITAMINS; AMINO ACIDS; CARBOHYDRATES; LIPIDS; and SALTS. |
pargyline | A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties. |
paromomycin | An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES. |
paroxetine | A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. |
particulate matter | Particles of any solid substance, generally under 30 microns in size, often noted as PM30. There is special concern with PM1 which can get down to PULMONARY ALVEOLI and induce MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION and PHAGOCYTOSIS leading to FOREIGN BODY REACTION and LUNG DISEASES. |
pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules | Pathogens' molecules with specific sequence patterns that are recognized by PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS. They include microbial DNA, double-stranded RNA, surface glycoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, and lipoteichoic acid. |
patulin | 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems. |
p-azobenzenearsonate | A hapten capable of eliciting both antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity when bound to aromatic amino acids, polypeptides or proteins. It is used as an immunologic research tool. |
p blood-group system | A blood group related to the ABO, Lewis and I systems. At least five different erythrocyte antigens are possible, some very rare, others almost universal. Multiple alleles are involved in this blood group. |
p-chloroamphetamine | Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool. |
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid | An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent. |
pcsk9 inhibitors | Agents that inhibit Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (see PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE 9 (PCSK9)), an enzyme that plays an important role in the degradation of the LDL receptors. It favors LDL catabolism and reduces plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL_C) level. |
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene | A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed) |
peanut oil | Oil derived from PEANUTS. |
pectins | High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, a... |
pefloxacin | A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. |
pemetrexed | A guanine-derived ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that functions as a NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR through its binding to, and inhibition of, THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE. |
pemoline | A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children. |
pempidine | A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs. |
penbutolol | A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent. |
penfluridol | One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS. |
penicillamine | 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. |
penicillanic acid | A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
penicillic acid | A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of PENICILLIUM and ASPERGILLUS. It has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn. |
penicillin g | A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID media... |
penicillin g benzathine | Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining the sodium salt of penicillin G with N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine. |
penicillin g procaine | Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining penicillin G with PROCAINE. |
penicillins | A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The P... |
penicillin v | A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms. |
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