ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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phenylethyl alcohol | An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery. |
phenylethylmalonamide | A metabolite of primidone. |
phenylglyoxal | A reagent that is highly selective for the modification of arginyl residues. It is used to selectively inhibit various enzymes and acts as an energy transfer inhibitor in photophosphorylation. |
phenylhydrazines | Diazo derivatives of aniline, used as a reagent for sugars, ketones, and aldehydes. (Dorland, 28th ed) |
phenylisopropyladenosine | N-Isopropyl-N-phenyl-adenosine. Antilipemic agent. Synonym: TH 162. |
phenylmercuric acetate | A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide. |
phenylmercury compounds | Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to a phenyl group. Often used as fungicides and seed treatment agents. |
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride | An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex. |
phenylphosphonothioic acid, 2-ethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ester | An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as a acaricide. |
phenylpropanolamine | A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. |
phenylpropionates | Derivatives of 3-phenylpropionic acid, including its salts and esters. |
phenylpyruvic acids | A group of compounds that are derivatives of phenylpyruvic acid which has the general formula C6H5CH2COCOOH, and is a metabolite of phenylalanine. (From Dorland, 28th ed) |
phenylthiazolylthiourea | A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. |
phenylthiohydantoin | Thiohydantoin benzene derivative. |
phenylthiourea | Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless. |
phenylurea compounds | Compounds that include the amino-N-phenylamide structure. |
phenytoin | An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The me... |
pheophytins | Chlorophylls from which the magnesium has been removed by treatment with weak acid. |
pheromones | Chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact. |
pheromones, human | Chemical substances excreted by humans that elicit behavior or physiological responses from other humans. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact. |
phleomycins | Water-soluble, copper-containing low molecular weight polypeptides obtained from the culture medium of Streptomyces verticillus. They are specific inhibitors of DNA synthesis in bacteria and have been found to act as antitumor agents. They have also been used against rust fungi of plants. |
phloretin | A natural dihydrochalcone found in apples and many other fruits. |
phloroglucinol | A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent. |
phorate | A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. |
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate | A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems... |
phorbol esters | Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C. |
phorbols | The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium). |
phosgene | A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304) |
phosmet | An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange. |
phosphamidon | An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. |
phosphates | Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. |
phosphatidic acids | Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups. |
phosphatidylcholines | Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety. |
phosphatidylethanolamines | Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids. |
phosphatidylglycerols | A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis. |
phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate | A phosphoinositide present in all eukaryotic cells, particularly in the plasma membrane. It is the major substrate for receptor-stimulated phosphoinositidase C, with the consequent formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol, and probably also for receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid 3-kinase. (Ken... |
phosphatidylinositol phosphates | Phosphatidylinositols in which one or more alcohol group of the inositol has been substituted with a phosphate group. |
phosphatidylinositols | Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids. |
phosphatidylserines | Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a SERINE moiety. |
phosphines | Inorganic or organic compounds derived from phosphine (PH3) by the replacement of H atoms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
phosphinic acids | Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphinic acid, H2PO(OH). They include phosphinates and phosphinic acid esters. |
phosphites | Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate | 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the pro... |
phosphoamino acids | Amino acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. |
phosphocreatine | An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996) |
phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors | Compounds that specifically inhibit PHOSPHODIESTERASE 3. |
phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors | Compounds that specifically inhibit PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4. |
phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors | Compounds that specifically inhibit PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5. |
phosphodiesterase inhibitors | Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases. |
phosphoenolpyruvate | A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways. |
phosphoinositide-3 kinase inhibitors | Agents that inhibit PHOSPHOINOSITIDE-3 KINASE activity. |
phospholipase a2 inhibitors | Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of a PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 enzyme. |
phospholipid ethers | Phospholipids which have an alcohol moiety in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol. They are usually derivatives of phosphoglycerols or phosphatidates. The other two alcohol groups of the glycerol backbone are usually in ester linkage. These compounds are widely distributed in animal tissu... |
phospholipids | Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, a... |
phosphonoacetic acid | A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent. |
phosphopeptides | PEPTIDES that incorporate a phosphate group via PHOSPHORYLATION. |
phosphoramide mustards | A group of nitrogen mustard compounds which are substituted with a phosphoramide group or its derivatives. They are usually cytotoxic and used as antineoplastic agents. |
phosphoramides | Amide derivatives of phosphoric acid such as compounds that include the phosphoric triamide (P(=O)(N)(N)(N)) structure. |
phosphoranes | Inorganic or organic compounds that contain pentavalent phosphorus and the general formula R5P. |
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate | The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. |
phosphoric acids | Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Note that organic derivatives of phosphoric acids are listed under ORGANOPHOSPHATES. |
phosphorothioate oligonucleotides | Modified oligonucleotides in which one of the oxygens of the phosphate group is replaced with a sulfur atom. |
phosphorous acids | Inorganic derivatives of phosphorus trihydroxide (P(OH)3) and its tautomeric form dihydroxyphosphine oxide (HP=O(OH)2). Note that organic derivatives of phosphonic acids are listed under are ORGANOPHOSPHONATES. |
phosphorus | A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions. |
phosphorus acids | Inorganic acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. |
phosphorus compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. |
phosphorus, dietary | Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. L... |
phosphorus isotopes | Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope. |
phosphorus radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes. |
phosphorylcholine | Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction. |
phosphoserine | The phosphoric acid ester of serine. |
phosphothreonine | The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes. |
phosphotungstic acid | Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
phosphotyrosine | An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. |
photosensitizing agents | Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and... |
phthalazines | Bicyclic heterocyclic compounds containing a BENZENE ring fused to PYRIDAZINE. |
phthalic acids | A group of compounds that include the structure or are derivatives of 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid. They are commonly used in the production of PLASTICS.. |
phthalic anhydrides | Phthalic acid anhydrides. Can be substituted on any carbon atom. Used extensively in industry and as a reagent in the acylation of amino- and hydroxyl groups. |
phthalimides | The imide of phthalic acids. |
phycobilins | Open chain tetrapyrroles that function as light harvesting chromophores in PHYCOBILIPROTEINS. |
phycocyanin | The metal-free blue phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of blue-green algae. It functions as light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls. |
phycoerythrin | The metal-free red phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of red algae. It functions as a light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls. |
p-hydroxyamphetamine | Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects. It is sometimes called alpha-methyltyramine, which may also refer to the meta isomer, gepefrine. |
p-hydroxynorephedrine | Parahydroxy analog of phenylpropanolamine with properties as a sympathomimetic. |
physalaemin | An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator. |
physiological effects of drugs | Activities which affect organs and systemic functions without regard to a particular disease. |
physostigmine | A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. |
phytanic acid | A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. |
phytic acid | Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. |
phytoalexins | Secondary metabolites produced and accumulated by plants infected with microbial pathogen or otherwise under abiotic stress. Phytoalexins are structurally diverse but in common play a role in triggering PLANT SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE. |
phytochelatins | Poly-glutathione peptides composed of (Glu-Cys)n-Gly where n is two to seven. They are biosynthesized by glutathione gamma-glutamylcysteinyltransferase and are found in many PLANTS; YEASTS; and algae. They sequester HEAVY METALS. |
phytochemicals | A broad range of biologically active compounds which occur naturally in plants having important medicinal and nutritional properties. |
phytochrome | A blue-green biliprotein widely distributed in the plant kingdom. |
phytochrome a | The primary plant photoreceptor responsible for perceiving and mediating responses to far-red light. It is a PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASE that is translocated to the CELL NUCLEUS in response to light signals. |
phytochrome b | A plant photo regulatory protein that exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by LIGHT. In response to light it moves to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates transcription of target genes. Phytochrome B plays an important role in shade avoidance and mediates plant de-etiolation in red light. |
phytoestrogens | Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS. |
phytol | Acyclic diterpene used in making synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. |
phytosterols | A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants. |
picibanil | A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity. |
picloram | A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide. |
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