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ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104	Definition stringlengths 12 791
proteasome inhibitors	Compounds that inhibit the function or proteolytic action of the PROTEASOME.
protective agents	Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.
protein aggregates	Any mixture of secondary, tertiary, or quaternary protein molecules which appear as clumps in or outside the cell.
proteinase inhibitory proteins, secretory	Peptides and proteins found in BODILY SECRETIONS and BODY FLUIDS that are PROTEASE INHIBITORS. They play a role in INFLAMMATION, tissue repair and innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) by inhibiting endogenous proteinases such as those produced by LEUKOCYTES and exogenous proteases such as those produced by invading microorganisms.
protein c	A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation.
protein c inhibitor	A member of the serpin family of proteins that is found in plasma and urine. It is dependent on heparin and is able to inhibit activated PROTEIN C; THROMBIN; KALLIKREIN; and other SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES.
protein kinase inhibitors	Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.
protein s	The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated PROTEIN C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S; (PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY); can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis.
protein subunit vaccines	Vaccines that contain polypeptide chains, which are derived from specific pathogen's protein subunits.
protein synthesis inhibitors	Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.
proteoglycans	Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content of which one or more are GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS.
proteolipids	Protein-lipid combinations abundant in brain tissue, but also present in a wide variety of animal and plant tissues. In contrast to lipoproteins, they are insoluble in water, but soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture. The protein moiety has a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. The associated lipids consist of a mixture of GLYCEROPHOSPHATES; CEREBROSIDES; and SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS; while lipoproteins contain PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and TRIGLYCERIDES.
prothionamide	Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.
prothrombin	A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia.
protides	A class of prodrugs consisting of a 5'-nucleoside monophosphate in which the two hydroxyl groups are masked with an amino acid ester and an aryloxy component which once in the cell is enzymatically metabolized to deliver free 5'-monophosphate, and further transformed to the active 5'-triphosphate form of the nucleoside analogue.
protocadherins	Members of cadherin superfamily involved in cell adhesion and cell-cell interactions in neural development. They are subdivided into clustered (cPcdhs) and non-clustered protocadherin (ncPcdhs) depending whether their genes are tandemly arranged in vertebrates.
protochlorophyllide	A photo-active pigment localized in prolamellar bodies occurring within the proplastids of dark-grown bean leaves. In the process of photoconversion, the highly fluorescent protochlorophyllide is converted to chlorophyll.
proton ionophores	Chemical agents that increase the permeability of CELL MEMBRANES to PROTONS.
proton pump inhibitors	Compounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. They are used as ANTI-ULCER AGENTS and sometimes in place of HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.
protons	Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.
proto-oncogene proteins c-sis	Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the sis gene (GENES, SIS). c-sis proteins make up the B chain of PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR. Overexpression of c-sis causes tumorigenesis.
protoporphyrins	Porphyrins with four methyl, two vinyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Protoporphyrin IX occurs in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and most of the cytochromes.
protoveratrines	Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.
protozoan vaccines	Suspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious protozoan disease.
protriptyline	Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.
provitamins	Precursor forms of vitamins.
p-selectin	Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates the adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes to activated platelets and endothelial cells.
pseudoephedrine	A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.
pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin a	An NAD-dependent ADP-ribosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of the ADP ribosyl moiety of oxidized NAD onto elongation factor 2 (EF-2) thus arresting protein synthesis. Commonly used as the toxin in immunotoxins.
pseudomonas vaccines	Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS.
pseudorabies vaccines	Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PSEUDORABIES (Aujeszky's disease), a herpesvirus of swine and other animals.
pseudouridine	A naturally-occurring isomer of URIDINE found in RNA, in which ribosyl is attached to a carbon instead of a nitrogen atom.
psilocybin	The major of two hallucinogenic components of the sacred Teonanacatl mushrooms (see PSILOCYBE), the other component being PSILOCIN.
psychosine	An intermediate in the biosynthesis of cerebrosides. It is formed by reaction of sphingosine with UDP-galactose and then itself reacts with fatty acid-Coenzyme A to form the cerebroside.
psychotropic drugs	A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).
psyllium	Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.
pteridines	Compounds based on pyrazino[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is a pyrimidine fused to a pyrazine, containing four NITROGEN atoms.
pterins	Compounds based on 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine.
pterocarpans	A group of compounds which can be described as benzo-pyrano-furano-benzenes which can be formed from ISOFLAVONES by internal coupling of the B ring to the 4-ketone position. Members include medicarpin, phaseolin, and pisatin which are found in FABACEAE.
pteroylpolyglutamic acids	Derivatives of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid). In gamma-glutamyl linkage they are found in many tissues. They are converted to folic acid by the action of pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase or synthesized from folic acid by the action of folate polyglutamate synthetase. Synthetic pteroylpolyglutamic acids, which are in alpha-glutamyl linkage, are active in bacterial growth assays.
puberty inhibitors	Agents that are used to temporarily suppress puberty in adolescents.
pulmonary surfactants	Substances and drugs that lower the SURFACE TENSION of the mucoid layer lining the PULMONARY ALVEOLI.
purine nucleosides	Purines with a RIBOSE attached that can be phosphorylated to PURINE NUCLEOTIDES.
purine nucleotides	Purines attached to a RIBOSE and a phosphate that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.
purinergic agents	Compounds that act on PURINERGIC RECEPTORS or influence the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of purinergic transmitters.
purinergic agonists	Compounds that bind to and activate PURINERGIC RECEPTORS.
purinergic antagonists	Drugs that bind to and block the activation of PURINERGIC RECEPTORS.
purinergic p1 receptor agonists	Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.
purinergic p1 receptor antagonists	Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.
purinergic p2 receptor agonists	Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P2 RECEPTORS.
purinergic p2 receptor antagonists	Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P2 RECEPTORS.
purinergic p2x receptor agonists	Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P2X RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for specific P2X receptor subtypes.
purinergic p2x receptor antagonists	Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P2X RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are antagonists for specific P2X receptor subtypes.
purinergic p2y receptor agonists	Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P2Y RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for specific P2Y receptor subtypes.
purinergic p2y receptor antagonists	Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P2Y RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are antagonists for specific P2Y receptor subtypes.
purines	A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.
puromycin	A cinnamamido ADENOSINE found in STREPTOMYCES alboniger. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.
puromycin aminonucleoside	PUROMYCIN derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring. It is an antibiotic with antineoplastic properties and can cause nephrosis.
putrescine	A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine.
pyocyanine	Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
pyran copolymer	Copolymer of divinyl ether and maleic anhydride that acts as an immunostimulant with antineoplastic and anti-infective properties. It is used in combination with other antineoplastic agents.
pyranocoumarins	A type of COUMARINS with added pyran ring(s).
pyrantel	A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920)
pyrantel pamoate	Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.
pyrantel tartrate	Broad spectrum anthelmintic for livestock.
pyrazinamide	A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.
pyrazines	A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.
pyrazoles	Azoles of two nitrogens at the 1,2 positions, next to each other, in contrast with IMIDAZOLES in which they are at the 1,3 positions.
pyrazolones	Compounds with a five-membered heterocyclic ring with two nitrogens and a keto OXYGEN. Some are inhibitors of TNF-ALPHA production.
pyrenes	A group of condensed ring hydrocarbons.
pyrethrins	The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.
pyridazines	Six-membered rings with two adjacent nitrogen atoms also called 1,2-diazine.
pyridines	Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.
pyridinium compounds	Derivatives of PYRIDINE containing a cation C5H5NH or radical C5H6N.
pyridinolcarbamate	A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)
pyridones	Pyridine derivatives with one or more keto groups on the ring.
pyridostigmine bromide	A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.
pyridoxal	The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid.
pyridoxal phosphate	This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).
pyridoxamine	The 4-aminomethyl form of VITAMIN B 6. During transamination of amino acids, PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate.
pyridoxic acid	The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6; (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.
pyridoxine	The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).
pyrilamine	A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.
pyrimethamine	One of the FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS that is used as an antimalarial or with a sulfonamide to treat toxoplasmosis.
pyrimidine dimers	Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.
pyrimidine nucleosides	Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE attached that can be phosphorylated to PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES.
pyrimidine nucleotides	Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE and phosphate attached that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.
pyrimidines	A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.
pyrimidinones	Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.
pyrithiamine	A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency.
pyrithioxin	A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.
pyrogallol	A trihydroxybenzene or dihydroxy phenol that can be prepared by heating GALLIC ACID.
pyrogens	Substances capable of increasing BODY TEMPERATURE and cause FEVER and may be used for FEVER THERAPY. They may be of microbial origin, often POLYSACCHARIDES, and may contaminate distilled water.
pyrones	Keto-pyrans.
pyronine	Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.
pyrroles	Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties.
pyrrolidines	Compounds also known as tetrahydropyridines with general molecular formula (CH2)4NH.
pyrrolidinones	A group of compounds that are derivatives of oxo-pyrrolidines. A member of this group is 2-oxo pyrrolidine, which is an intermediate in the manufacture of polyvinylpyrrolidone. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid	A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.
pyrrolizidine alkaloids	A group of ALKALOIDS, characterized by a nitrogen-containing necine, occurring mainly in plants of the BORAGINACEAE; COMPOSITAE; and LEGUMINOSAE plant families. They can be activated in the liver by hydrolysis of the ester and desaturation of the necine base to reactive electrophilic pyrrolic CYTOTOXINS.

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