ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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polyenes | Hydrocarbons with more than one double bond. They are a reduced form of POLYYNES. |
polyesters | Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours. |
polyether compounds | Organic polymers that consist of molecules that are joined together by single bonded oxygen atoms. |
polyether polyketides | Polycyclic polyketides with distinctive ladder shaped multiple polyether motifs. In STREPTOMYCES polycyclic polyketide backbones are assembled by type I modular polyketide synthases which then are modified by epoxidase and epoxide hydrolase to achieve their stereochemistry. Polyether ionophore antibiotics coordinate alkali metal cations with their multiple oxygen atoms which disturbs sodium/potassium concentration gradient. They are widely used to treat and control COCCIDIOSIS. Structurally related MARINE LADDER POLYETHERS are neurotoxins. |
polyether toxins | Polycyclic polyether polyketides most often produced by marine organisms, e.g., DINOFLAGELLATES. Many polyether marine toxins are ionophores and neurotoxins and responsible for seafood poisoning. |
polyethylene | A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. |
polyethylene glycols | Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS. |
polyethyleneimine | Strongly cationic polymer that binds to certain proteins; used as a marker in immunology, to precipitate and purify enzymes and lipids. Synonyms: aziridine polymer; Epamine; Epomine; ethylenimine polymer; Montrek; PEI; Polymin(e). |
polyethylenes | Synthetic thermoplastics that are tough, flexible, inert, and resistant to chemicals and electrical current. They are often used as biocompatible materials for prostheses and implants. |
polyethylene terephthalates | Polyester polymers formed from terephthalic acid or its esters and ethylene glycol. They can be formed into tapes, films or pulled into fibers that are pressed into meshes or woven into fabrics. |
poly g | A group of guanine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each guanine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties. |
polygeline | A 3.5 per cent colloidal solution containing urea-cross-linked polymerized peptides. It has a molecular weight of approximately 35,000 and is prepared from gelatin and electrolytes. The polymeric solution is used as a plasma expander. |
polyglactin 910 | A polyester used for absorbable sutures & surgical mesh, especially in ophthalmic surgery. 2-Hydroxy-propanoic acid polymer with polymerized hydroxyacetic acid, which forms 3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-dione polymer with 1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione copolymer of molecular weight about 80,000 daltons. |
polyglutamic acid | A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid. |
polyglycolic acid | A biocompatible polymer used as a surgical suture material. |
polyhydroxyalkanoates | Biodegradable microbial polyesters which contain hydroxyacyl monomers. Polyhydroxyalkanoates are carbon and energy reserve materials produced and sequestered in cytoplasmic granules called polyhydroxyalkanoate or PHA granules by various archaea and bacteria and may additionally provide protective mechanism to the microbes. They are biosynthesized by microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase enzymes using fatty acids or citramalate synthase enzymes using glucose. |
polyhydroxybutyrates | A thermostable biopolymer with repeating hydroxybutyryl units. It is typically the most abundant polyhydroxyalkanoate in microbes with PHA granules. |
polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate | A biocompatible, hydrophilic, inert gel that is permeable to tissue fluids. It is used as an embedding medium for microscopy, as a coating for implants and prostheses, for contact lenses, as microspheres in adsorption research, etc. |
poly i | A group of inosine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each inosine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties. |
poly i-c | Interferon inducer consisting of a synthetic, mismatched double-stranded RNA. The polymer is made of one strand each of polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid. |
polyisoprenyl phosphate monosaccharides | These compounds function as activated monosaccharide carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and oligosaccharide phospholipids. Obtained from a nucleoside diphosphate sugar and a polyisoprenyl phosphate. |
polyisoprenyl phosphate oligosaccharides | These compounds function as activated glycosyl carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycophospholipids. Include the pyrophosphates. |
polyisoprenyl phosphates | Phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid esters of polyisoprenoids. |
polyisoprenyl phosphate sugars | Compounds functioning as activated glycosyl carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycophospholipids. They include the polyisoprenyl pyrophosphates. |
polyketides | Natural compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups (beta-polyketones), bioenergenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A via malonyl coenzyme A, in a process similar to fatty acid synthesis. |
polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer | A co-polymer that consists of varying ratios of polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid. It is used as a matrix for drug delivery and for BONE REGENERATION. |
polylysine | A peptide which is a homopolymer of lysine. |
polymers | Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS). |
polymethacrylic acids | Poly-2-methylpropenoic acids. Used in the manufacture of methacrylate resins and plastics in the form of pellets and granules, as absorbent for biological materials and as filters; also as biological membranes and as hydrogens. Synonyms: methylacrylate polymer; poly(methylacrylate); acrylic acid methyl ester polymer. |
polymethyl methacrylate | Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses. |
polymyxin b | A mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from BACILLUS POLYMYXA strains. They are basic polypeptides of about eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on cell membranes. Polymyxin B is used for treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria, but may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic. |
polymyxins | Basic lipopeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter. |
polynucleotides | BIOPOLYMERS composed of NUCLEOTIDES covalently bonded in a chain. The most common examples are DNA and RNA chains. |
polyphenols | A large class of organic compounds having more than one PHENOL group. |
polyphloretin phosphate | A polymeric mixture of polyesters of phosphoric acid and phloretin. It blocks some cellular responses to prostaglandins. |
polyphosphates | Linear polymers in which orthophosphate residues are linked with energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds. They are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. |
polyprenols | Long chain isoprene compounds that include a hydroxyl group at the terminal carbon atom. |
polypropylenes | Propylene or propene polymers. Thermoplastics that can be extruded into fibers, films or solid forms. They are used as a copolymer in plastics, especially polyethylene. The fibers are used for fabrics, filters and surgical sutures. |
polyribonucleotides | A group of 13 or more ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties. |
polysaccharides | Long chain polymeric CARBOHYDRATES composed of MONOSACCHARIDES linked by glycosidic bonds. |
polysaccharides, bacterial | Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof. |
polysorbates | Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals. |
polystyrenes | Polymerized forms of styrene used as a biocompatible material, especially in dentistry. They are thermoplastic and are used as insulators, for injection molding and casting, as sheets, plates, rods, rigid forms and beads. |
poly t | A group of thymine nucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each thymine nucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties. |
polytetrafluoroethylene | Homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. Synonyms: Fluoroflex; Fluoroplast; Ftoroplast; Halon; Polyfene; PTFE; Tetron. |
polythiazide | A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p826) |
poly u | A group of uridine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each uridine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties. |
polyunsaturated alkamides | Amides composed of unsaturated aliphatic FATTY ACIDS linked with AMINES by an amide bond. They are most prominent in ASTERACEAE; PIPERACEAE; and RUTACEAE; and also found in ARISTOLOCHIACEAE; BRASSICACEAE; CONVOLVULACEAE; EUPHORBIACEAE; MENISPERMACEAE; POACEAE; and SOLANACEAE. They are recognized by their pungent taste and for causing numbing and salivation. |
polyurethanes | A group of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers containing polyisocyanate. They are used as ELASTOMERS, as coatings, as fibers and as foams. |
polyvinyl alcohol | A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. |
polyvinyl chloride | A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute. |
polyvinylpyridine n-oxide | Inhibits the cytotoxic action of quartz and is reported to have delayed the development of experimental silicosis in rats. |
polyvinyls | POLYMERS derived from the monomer VINYL COMPOUNDS. |
polyynes | Hydrocarbons that contain multiple ACETYLENE groups, i.e., more than one triple bond; or an oxidized form of POLYENES. |
porfiromycin | Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties. |
porphyrinogens | Colorless reduced precursors of porphyrins in which the pyrrole rings are linked by methylene (-CH2-) bridges. |
porphyrins | A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. |
potassium | An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. |
potassium acetate | A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS. |
potassium channel blockers | A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS. |
potassium chloride | A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA. |
potassium citrate | A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher. |
potassium compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule. |
potassium cyanide | A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes. |
potassium dichromate | Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison. |
potassium, dietary | Potassium or potassium compounds used in foods or as foods. |
potassium iodide | An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed) |
potassium ionophores | Chemical agents that increase the permeability of CELL MEMBRANES to POTASSIUM ions. |
potassium isotopes | Stable potassium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element potassium, but differ in atomic weight. K-41 is a stable potassium isotope. |
potassium magnesium aspartate | An intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects. |
potassium permanganate | Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed) |
potassium radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. K atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes. |
povidone | A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander. |
povidone-iodine | An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes. |
ppar-gamma agonists | Hypoglycemic agents that specifically target PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA. They increase tissue sensitivity to the insulin action and are used to treat TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. |
pqq cofactor | A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES. |
practolol | A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS. |
pradimicins and benanomicins | Polycyclic aromatic polyketides with pentacyclic angular dihydrobenzo(a)naphthacenequinone skeletons. Pradimicin- and related benanomicin-type polyphenols are produced by Actinobacteria, e.g., ACTINOMADURA, using type II polyketide synthase involving condensation of one acetyl-CoA and nine malonyl-CoA. Pradimicins and benanomicins have an amino acid (e.g., D-ALANINE) and often a 5-O-sugar and bind to terminal D-mannosides of the cell wall of various fungi, e.g., CANDIDA. In addition to antifungal activity many pradimicins and benanomicins have anti-HIV activities. |
prajmaline | A derivative of the rauwolfia alkaloid AJMALINE. It is an anti-arrhythmia agent but may cause liver damage. |
pralidoxime compounds | Various salts of a quaternary ammonium oxime that reconstitute inactivated acetylcholinesterase, especially at the neuromuscular junction, and may cause neuromuscular blockade. They are used as antidotes to organophosphorus poisoning as chlorides, iodides, methanesulfonates (mesylates), or other salts. |
pramipexole | A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME. |
praseodymium | An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91. |
prasugrel hydrochloride | A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS. |
pravastatin | An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES). |
prazepam | A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS. |
praziquantel | An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations. |
prazosin | A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION. |
prebiotics | Non-digestible food ingredients mostly of a carbohydrate base that improve human health by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of existing BACTERIA in the COLON. |
prednimustine | Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity. |
prednisolone | A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. |
prednisone | A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver. |
pregabalin | A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA. |
pregnadienediols | Doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives with two hydroxy groups substituted anywhere on the rings or side chains. |
pregnadienes | Pregnane derivatives containing two double bonds anywhere within the ring structures. |
pregnadienetriols | Doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives substituted with three hydroxy groups anywhere within the ring structure or side chains. |
pregnanediol | An inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine. |
pregnanediones | Pregnane derivatives in which two side-chain methyl groups or two methylene groups in the ring skeleton (or a combination thereof) have been oxidized to keto groups. |
pregnanes | Saturated derivatives of the steroid pregnane. The 5-beta series includes PROGESTERONE and related hormones; the 5-alpha series includes forms generally excreted in the urine. |
pregnanetriol | A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE. |
pregnanolone | A pregnane found in the urine of PREGNANT PEOPLE and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties. |
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