ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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secobarbital | A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity. |
secologanin tryptamine alkaloids | Compounds formed by condensation of secologanin with tryptamine resulting in a tetrahydro-beta-carboline which is processed further to a number of bioactive compounds. These are especially found in plants of the APOCYNACEAE; LOGANIACEAE; and RUBIACEAE families. |
second generation cephalosporins | Agents with less activity against gram-positive cocci than FIRST GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS but have increased activity against gram-negative bacilli. |
secosteroids | Steroids in which fission of one or more ring structures and concomitant addition of a hydrogen atom at each terminal group has occurred. |
secretagogues | Substances that stimulate the secretion of another substance. |
secretin | A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597) |
secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor | A proteinase inhibitor found in various BODILY SECRETIONS that coat mucosal surfaces such as SEMINAL PLASMA; CERVICAL MUCUS; and bronchial secretions. It plays a role in protecting epithelial tissues from LEUKOCYTE-derived serine proteases such as NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE. |
selectins | Transmembrane proteins consisting of a lectin-like domain, an epidermal growth factor-like domain, and a variable number of domains that are homologous to complement regulatory proteins. They are important cell adhesion molecules which help LEUKOCYTES attach to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. |
selective estrogen receptor modulators | A structurally diverse group of compounds distinguished from ESTROGENS by their ability to bind and activate ESTROGEN RECEPTORS but act as either an agonist or antagonist depending on the tissue type and hormonal milieu. They are classified as either first generation because they demonstrate estrogen agonist properties in the ENDOMETRIUM or second generation based on their patterns of tissue specificity. (Horm Res 1997;48:155-63) |
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. |
selegiline | A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. |
selenic acid | A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide. |
selenious acid | A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION. |
selenium | An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE. |
selenium compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain selenium as an integral part of the molecule. |
selenium oxides | Inorganic compounds formed through the oxidation of selenium. |
selenocysteine | A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid. |
selenomethionine | Diagnostic aid in pancreas function determination. |
semaphorin-3a | The prototypical and most well-studied member of the semaphorin family. Semaphorin-3A is an axon-repulsive guidance cue for migrating neurons in the developing nervous system. It has so far been found only in vertebrates, and binds to NEUROPILIN-1/plexin complex receptors on growth cones. Like other class 3 semaphorins, it is a secreted protein. |
semaphorins | A family of proteins that mediate AXONAL GUIDANCE. Semaphorins act as repulsive cues for neuronal GROWTH CONES and bind to receptors on their filopodia. At least 20 different molecules have been described and divided into eight classes based on domain organization and species of origin. Classes 1 and 2 are invertebrate, classes 3-7 are vertebrate, and class V are viral. Semaphorins may be secreted (classes 2, 3, and V), transmembrane (classes 1, 4, 5, and 6), or membrane-anchored (class 7). All semaphorins possess a common 500-amino acid extracellular domain which is critical for receptor binding and specificity, and is also found in plexins and scatter factor receptors. Their C termini are class-specific and may contain additional sequence motifs. |
semicarbazides | Derivatives of UREA where one of the amino groups is replaced with hydrazine. |
semicarbazones | A class of organic compounds that are derivatives of imines formed by condensation reactions between KETONES or ALDEHYDES and SEMICARBAZIDES. |
semustine | 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent. |
senna extract | Preparations of SENNA PLANT. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type CATHARTICS and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. |
sennosides | Medications derived from SENNA EXTRACT that are used to treat CONSTIPATION. |
senotherapeutics | Chemical agents which induce the removal (by apoptotic or non-apoptotic cell death) or immune-mediated clearance of senescent cells, or the neutralization of the detrimental effects of the SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE. |
sensory system agents | Drugs that act on neuronal sensory receptors resulting in an increase, decrease, or modification of afferent nerve activity. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p367) |
sequestering agents | Compounds that bind to and reduce the biological availability of a chemical or pharmaceutical agent. |
sericins | A serine-rich sticky protein secreted by MOTHS. Generally, the term refers to silkworm silk gum protein secreted in the middle section of silk gland cells of SILKWORMS, Bombyx mori. Sericin acts as a cement and coating for the two fibroin filaments in a silk strand and is readily soluble in mild alkaline solution. |
serine | A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids. |
serine peptidase inhibitor kazal-type 5 | A secreted serine peptidase inhibitor that consists of 15 KAZAL MOTIFS and inhibits KALLIKREINS KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14 as well as TRYPSIN. It plays important roles in protecting MUCOSA against infection and inflammation, and in maintaining the integrity of the skin. Mutations in the SPINK5 gene are associated with NETHERTON SYNDROME. |
serine peptidase inhibitors, kazal type | A family of serine peptidase inhibitors that occur in animals, some single-cell eukaryotes, and higher plants. They contain variable numbers of KAZAL MOTIFS and inhibit SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES such as ACROSIN and TRYPSIN. |
serine proteinase inhibitors | Exogenous or endogenous compounds which inhibit SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. |
sermorelin | The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency. |
serotonin | A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. |
serotonin 5-ht1 receptor agonists | Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT1 receptor subtypes. |
serotonin 5-ht1 receptor antagonists | Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT1 receptor subtypes. |
serotonin 5-ht2 receptor agonists | Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. |
serotonin 5-ht2 receptor antagonists | Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. |
serotonin 5-ht3 receptor agonists | Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTORS. |
serotonin 5-ht3 receptor antagonists | Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. |
serotonin 5-ht4 receptor agonists | Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS. |
serotonin 5-ht4 receptor antagonists | Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS. |
serotonin agents | Drugs used for their effects on serotonergic systems. Among these are drugs that affect serotonin receptors, the life cycle of serotonin, and the survival of serotonergic neurons. |
serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors | Drugs that selectively block or suppress the plasma membrane transport of SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE into axon terminals and are used as ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS. |
serotonin antagonists | Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS. |
serotonin receptor agonists | Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate SEROTONIN RECEPTORS. Many serotonin receptor agonists are used as ANTIDEPRESSANTS; ANXIOLYTICS; and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS. |
serpin e2 | A protease nexin and serpin subtype that is specific for several SERINE PROTEASES including UROKINASE; THROMBIN; TRYPSIN; and PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS. |
serpins | A family of serine proteinase inhibitors which are similar in amino acid sequence and mechanism of inhibition but differ in their specificity toward proteolytic enzymes. Some members of the serpin family may be substrates rather than inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. |
serrate-jagged proteins | Cell surface proteins that consist of multiple extracellular EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR - like repeat sequences (EGF repeats), including calcium-binding EGF repeats. They function as transmembrane ligands for NOTCH RECEPTORS to control CELL DIFFERENTIATION during development. |
sertraline | A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. |
sesame oil | The refined fixed oil obtained from the seed of one or more cultivated varieties of Sesamum indicum. It is used as a solvent and oleaginous vehicle for drugs and has been used internally as a laxative and externally as a skin softener. It is used also in the manufacture of margarine, soap, and cosmetics. (Dorland, 28th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed) |
sesquiterpenes | Fifteen-carbon compounds formed from three isoprenoid units with general formula C15H24. |
sesquiterpenes, eudesmane | SESQUITERPENES cyclized into two adjoining cyclohexane rings but with a different configuration from the ARTEMISININS. |
sesquiterpenes, germacrane | SESQUITERPENES cyclized to one 10-carbon ring. |
sesquiterpenes, guaiane | SESQUITERPENES cyclized into two adjoining rings, one being 7-carbons and the other is 5-carbons. |
sesterterpenes | Terpenes of five units of HEMITERPENES, formed from geranylfarnesyl pyrophosphate. |
sevelamer | A polymeric amine that binds phosphate and is used to treat HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA in patients with kidney disease. |
sevoflurane | A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION. |
sewage | Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers. |
sex attractants | Pheromones that elicit sexual attraction or mating behavior usually in members of the opposite sex in the same species. |
shape memory alloys | ALLOYS designed to recover their original shape upon heating. |
shiga toxin | A toxin produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE. It is the prototype of class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS. |
shiga toxin 1 | A toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157. It is closely related to SHIGA TOXIN produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE. |
shiga toxin 2 | A toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157. It shares 50-60% homology with SHIGA TOXIN and SHIGA TOXIN 1. |
shiga toxins | A class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS. They include SHIGA TOXIN which is produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE and a variety of shiga-like toxins that are produced by pathologic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157. |
shigella vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) caused by species of SHIGELLA. |
shikimic acid | A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid metabolite of the shikimate pathway. It is important in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, flavonoids and alkaloids in plants and microorganisms. |
showdomycin | 3-beta-D-Ribofuranosylmaleimide. Antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces showdoensis. It is possibly active also as a sulfhydryl reagent. |
sialic acid binding ig-like lectin 2 | A lectin and cell adhesion molecule found in B-LYMPHOCYTES. It interacts with SIALIC ACIDS and mediates signaling from B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. |
sialic acid binding ig-like lectin 3 | A 67-kDa sialic acid binding lectin that is specific for MYELOID CELLS and MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGE PRECURSOR CELLS. This protein is the smallest siglec subtype and contains a single immunoglobulin C2-set domain. It may play a role in intracellular signaling via its interaction with SHP-1 PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE and SHP-2 PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE. |
sialic acids | A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues. |
sialoglycoproteins | Glycoproteins which contain sialic acid as one of their carbohydrates. They are often found on or in the cell or tissue membranes and participate in a variety of biological activities. |
sialyl lewis x antigen | A sialylated version of Lewis X antigen expressed on cell surfaces. It is a ligand for SELECTINS. |
siderophores | Low-molecular-weight compounds produced by microorganisms that aid in the transport and sequestration of ferric iron. (The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994) |
silanes | Compounds similar to hydrocarbons in which a tetravalent silicon atom replaces the carbon atom. They are very reactive, ignite in air, and form useful derivatives. |
sildenafil citrate | A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. |
silica gel | A non-crystalline form of silicon oxide that has absorptive properties. It is commonly used as a desiccating agent and as a stationary phase for CHROMATOGRAPHY. The fully hydrated form of silica gel has distinct properties and is referred to as SILICIC ACID. |
silicates | The generic term for salts derived from silica or the silicic acids. They contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals, and may contain hydrogen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th Ed) |
silicic acid | A hydrated form of silicon dioxide. It is commonly used in the manufacture of TOOTHPASTES and as a stationary phase for CHROMATOGRAPHY. |
silicon | A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086]. |
silicon compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain silicon as an integral part of the molecule. |
silicon dioxide | Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, QUARTZ, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. |
silicone elastomers | Polymers of silicone that are formed by crosslinking and treatment with amorphous silica to increase strength. They have properties similar to vulcanized natural rubber, in that they stretch under tension, retract rapidly, and fully recover to their original dimensions upon release. They are used in the encapsulation of surgical membranes and implants. |
silicone gels | Synthetic organosiloxane gels that are formed from synthetic polymers of silicone oxide with organic sidechains (polydimethylsiloxane) by lengthening the polymer chains. Unlike silicone elastomers, they are not treated with amorphous silica. They are used as fillers in breast implants. |
silicone oils | Organic siloxanes which are polymerized to the oily stage. The oils have low surface tension and density less than 1. They are used in industrial applications and in the treatment of retinal detachment, complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy. |
silicones | A broad family of synthetic organosiloxane polymers containing a repeating silicon-oxygen backbone with organic side groups attached via carbon-silicon bonds. Depending on their structure, they are classified as liquids, gels, and elastomers. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) |
silk | A continuous protein fiber consisting primarily of FIBROINS. It is synthesized by a variety of INSECTS and ARACHNIDS. |
silorane resins | Polymeric resins containing a combination of SILOXANES and OXIRANES. |
siloxanes | Silicon polymers that contain alternate silicon and oxygen atoms in linear or cyclic molecular structures. |
silver | An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA. |
silver compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain silver as an integral part of the molecule. |
silver nitrate | A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM. |
silver sulfadiazine | Antibacterial used topically in burn therapy. |
silybin | The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers. |
silymarin | A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of silybin and its isomers, silicristin and silidianin. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. |
simazine | A triazine herbicide. |
simendan | A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE. |
simeprevir | Oral HCV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR effective against hepatitis C virus (HCV) serine protease NS3/4A. It is used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (Antivirals) genotype 1 infection in adults with compensated liver disease, including CIRRHOSIS. |
simethicone | A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base. |
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