ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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simvastatin | A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL. |
sincalide | An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas. |
singlet oxygen | An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages. |
sirolimus | A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties. |
sisomicin | Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS). |
sitagliptin phosphate | A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES. |
sitagliptin phosphate, metformin hydrochloride drug combination | A pharmaceutical preparation of sitagliptin phosphate and metformin hydrochloride that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES. |
sitosterols | A family of sterols commonly found in plants and plant oils. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers have been characterized. |
sizofiran | A beta-D-glucan obtained from the Aphyllophoral fungus Schizophyllum commune. It is used as an immunoadjuvant in the treatment of neoplasms, especially tumors found in the stomach. |
skeletal muscle myosins | Myosin type II isoforms found in skeletal muscle. |
skin lightening preparations | Substances used to obtain a lighter skin complexion or to treat HYPERPIGMENTATION disorders. |
sleep aids, pharmaceutical | Drugs used to induce SLEEP, prevent SLEEPLESSNESS, or treat SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS. |
slit homolog 2 protein | A secreted protein containing four LEUCINE-rich repeats, followed by six EGF repeats, an ALPS domain, three additional EGF repeats, and a CYSTEINE-rich carboxy-terminal region. It functions in CELL MIGRATION and neuron guidance during brain and nervous system development. |
small leucine-rich proteoglycans | A proteoglycan family (SLRPs) that is defined by a central domain which consists of a variable number of repeats of the motif LXXLxLXXNxL, where L may be LEUCINE; ISOLEUCINE; VALINE; or other hydrophobic amino acids. The N-terminal contains four conserved CYSTEINE residues and may be modified depending on function. SLRPs provide structural support to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and are critical for regulating its assembly and dynamics at CELL-MATRIX JUNCTIONS. |
small molecule libraries | Large collections of small molecules (molecular weight about 600 or less), of similar or diverse nature which are used for high-throughput screening analysis of the gene function, protein interaction, cellular processing, biochemical pathways, or other chemical interactions. It includes virtual libraries. |
smallpox vaccine | A VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine used for immunization against SMALLPOX. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to SMALLPOX VIRUS. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Rare complications most often associated with older generation smallpox vaccines include VACCINIA, secondary bacterial infections, and ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. Because MONKEYPOX VIRUS and SMALLPOX VIRUS are both ORTHOPOXVIRUS and are closely related smallpox vaccines provide effective CROSS-PROTECTION against MPOX, MONKEYPOX (https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/smallpox-vaccine.html). |
smart materials | Materials designed to change properties in response to changes in their environment adopting various predetermined shapes and/or functionalities. |
smog | A mixture of smoke and fog polluting the atmosphere. (Dorland, 27th ed) |
smoke | Visible gaseous suspension of carbon and other particulate matter emitted from burning substances. |
smoking cessation agents | Substances that facilitate the cessation of tobacco smoking. |
smooth muscle myosins | Myosin type II isoforms found in smooth muscle. |
snake venoms | Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands (Duvernoy's gland) for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors. |
s-nitrosoglutathione | A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS. |
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine | A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS. |
s-nitrosothiols | A group of organic sulfur-containing nitrites, alkyl thionitrites. S-Nitrosothiols include compounds such as S-NITROSO-N-ACETYLPENICILLAMINE and S-NITROSOGLUTATHIONE. |
snrnp core proteins | The protein components that constitute the common core of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. These proteins are commonly referred as Sm nuclear antigens due to their antigenic nature. |
soaps | Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. |
sodium | A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. |
sodium acetate | The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant. |
sodium azide | A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) |
sodium benzoate | The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function. |
sodium bicarbonate | A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. |
sodium channel agonists | A class of drugs that stimulate sodium influx through cell membrane channels. |
sodium channel blockers | A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity. |
sodium chloride | A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food. |
sodium chloride, dietary | Sodium chloride used in foods. |
sodium chloride symporter inhibitors | Agents that inhibit SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA. |
sodium cholate | A trihydroxy bile salt that is used as a digestive aid in dietary supplements. It is used in culture media and in conjunction with PAPAIN and PANCREATIN. |
sodium citrate | Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES. |
sodium compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain sodium as an integral part of the molecule. |
sodium cyanide | A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes. |
sodium, dietary | Sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. The most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate. |
sodium dodecyl sulfate | An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry. |
sodium fluoride | A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries. |
sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors | Compounds that inhibit SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2. They lower blood sugar by preventing the reabsorption of glucose by the kidney and are used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. |
sodium glutamate | One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor. |
sodium hydroxide | A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
sodium hypochlorite | It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
sodium iodide | A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests. |
sodium ionophores | Chemical agents that increase the permeability of CELL MEMBRANES to SODIUM ions. |
sodium isotopes | Stable sodium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sodium, but differ in atomic weight. Na-23 is a stable sodium isotope. |
sodium lactate | The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer. |
sodium morrhuate | The sodium salts of the fatty acids in cod liver oil; an irritant and sclerosing agent used to treat varicose veins and arthritic joints. |
sodium nitrite | Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines. |
sodium oxybate | The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA. |
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m | A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints. |
sodium potassium chloride symporter inhibitors | Agents that inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS which are concentrated in the thick ascending limb at the junction of the LOOP OF HENLE and KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA and HYPERGLYCEMIA. |
sodium radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes of sodium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Na atoms with atomic weights 20-22 and 24-26 are radioactive sodium isotopes. |
sodium salicylate | A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is less effective than equal doses of ASPIRIN in relieving pain and reducing fever. However, individuals who are hypersensitive to ASPIRIN may tolerate sodium salicylate. In general, this salicylate produces the same adverse reactions as ASPIRIN, but there is less occult gastrointestinal bleeding. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p120) |
sodium selenite | The disodium salt of selenious acid. It is used therapeutically to supply the trace element selenium and is prepared by the reaction of SELENIUM DIOXIDE with SODIUM HYDROXIDE. |
sodium tetradecyl sulfate | An anionic surface-active agent used for its wetting properties in industry and used in medicine as an irritant and sclerosing agent for hemorrhoids and varicose veins. |
sofosbuvir | A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C. |
soil | The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants. |
soil pollutants | Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. |
soil pollutants, radioactive | Pollutants, present in soil, which exhibit radioactivity. |
solanaceous alkaloids | Alkaloids, mainly tropanes, elaborated by plants of the family Solanaceae, including Atropa, Hyoscyamus, Mandragora, Nicotiana, Solanum, etc. Some act as cholinergic antagonists; most are very toxic; many are used medicinally. |
solanine | A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants. |
solid waste | Garbage, refuse, or sludge, or other discarded materials from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, and air pollution control facility that include solid, semi-solid, or contained material. It does not include materials dissolved in domestic sewage, irrigation return flows, or industrial discharges. |
solifenacin succinate | A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE. |
solvents | Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
soman | An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent. |
somatomedins | Insulin-like polypeptides made by the liver and some fibroblasts and released into the blood when stimulated by SOMATOTROPIN. They cause sulfate incorporation into collagen, RNA, and DNA synthesis, which are prerequisites to cell division and growth of the organism. |
somatostatin | A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal. |
somatostatin-28 | A 28-amino acid peptide with the same biological activities of somatostatin-14 but with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal. SRIF-28 is the major form of somatostatin in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. |
soot | A dark powdery deposit of unburned fuel residues, composed mainly of amorphous CARBON and some HYDROCARBONS, that accumulates in chimneys, automobile mufflers and other surfaces exposed to smoke. It is the product of incomplete combustion of carbon-rich organic fuels in low oxygen conditions. It is sometimes called lampblack or carbon black and is used in INK, in rubber tires, and to prepare CARBON NANOTUBES. |
sorafenib | A niacinamide and phenylurea derivative that inhibits multiple intracellular and cell surface kinases thought to be involved in ANGIOGENESIS, including RAF KINASES and VEGF RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of advanced RENAL CELL CARCINOMA and HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, and for treatment of THYROID CARCINOMA refractory to radioactive iodine therapy. |
sorbic acid | Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses. |
sorbitol | A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. |
sorbose | A ketose sugar that is commonly used in the commercial synthesis of ASCORBIC ACID. |
sotalol | An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias. |
soybean oil | Oil from soybean or soybean plant. |
sparsomycin | An antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sparsogenes. It inhibits protein synthesis in 70S and 80S ribosomal systems. |
sparteine | A quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from several FABACEAE including LUPINUS; SPARTIUM; and CYTISUS. It has been used as an oxytocic and an anti-arrhythmia agent. It has also been of interest as an indicator of CYP2D6 genotype. |
specialized pro-resolving mediators | Lipid mediators derived from derivatives of POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS which tends to limit inflammation. They include resolvins, PROTECTIN, maresins, and LIPOXINS. |
specialty uses of chemicals | Uses of chemicals in a research, industrial, or household setting. This does not include PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS. |
spectinomycin | An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA. |
spermatocidal agents | Chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives. |
spermatogenesis-blocking agents | Chemical substances which inhibit the process of spermatozoa formation at either the first stage, in which spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids, or the second stage, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa. |
spermidine | A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. |
sperm immobilizing agents | Chemical substances with sperm immobilizing activity used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives. |
spermine | A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure. |
sphingolipid activator proteins | A family of glycoprotein cofactors that are required for the efficient catabolization of SPHINGOLIPIDS by specific acid hydrolases such as GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE; GALACTOCEREBROSIDASE; BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASE; and CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE. |
sphingolipids | A class of membrane lipids that have a polar head and two nonpolar tails. They are composed of one molecule of the long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine (4-sphingenine) or one of its derivatives, one molecule of a long-chain acid, a polar head alcohol and sometimes phosphoric acid in diester linkage at the polar head group. (Lehninger et al, Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd ed) |
sphingomyelins | A class of sphingolipids found largely in the brain and other nervous tissue. They contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group so therefore are the only sphingolipids classified as PHOSPHOLIPIDS. |
sphingosine | An amino alcohol with a long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. Sphingosine and its derivative sphinganine are the major bases of the sphingolipids in mammals. (Dorland, 28th ed) |
sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor modulators | Agents that affect the function of G-protein coupled SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. Their binding to the receptors blocks lymphocyte migration and are often used as IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS. |
spider venoms | Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the ARACHNIDA. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including ENZYMES, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL. |
spin labels | Molecules which contain an atom or a group of atoms exhibiting an unpaired electron spin that can be detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and can be bonded to another molecule. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical and Technical Terms, 4th ed) |
spiperone | A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA. |
spiramycin | A macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. The drug is effective against gram-positive aerobic pathogens, N. gonorrhoeae, and staphylococci. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria and Toxoplasma gondii. |
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