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What is the definition of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine? | Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group. |
What is the definition of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin? | A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin. |
What is the definition of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene? | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen. |
What is the definition of abietanes? | A subclass of cyclical DITERPENES that contain the abietane ring structure. |
What is the definition of abiraterone acetate? | An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER. |
What is the definition of abo blood-group system? | The major human blood type system which depends on the presence or absence of two antigens A and B. Type O occurs when neither A nor B is present and AB when both are present. A and B are genetic factors that determine the presence of enzymes for the synthesis of certain glycoproteins mainly in the red cell membrane. |
What is the definition of abortifacient agents? | Chemical substances that interrupt pregnancy after implantation. |
What is the definition of abortifacient agents, nonsteroidal? | Non-steroidal chemical compounds with abortifacient activity. |
What is the definition of abortifacient agents, steroidal? | Steroidal compounds with abortifacient activity. |
What is the definition of abscisic acid? | Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits. |
What is the definition of abuse-deterrent formulations? | Drug formulations or delivery systems intended to discourage the abuse of CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES. These may include physical barriers to prevent chewing or crushing the drug; chemical barriers that prevent extraction of psychoactive ingredients; agonist-antagonist combinations to reduce euphoria associated with abuse; a... |
What is the definition of acamprosate? | Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM. |
What is the definition of acarbose? | An inhibitor of ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES that retards the digestion and absorption of DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES in the SMALL INTESTINE. |
What is the definition of acaricides? | A pesticide or chemical agent that kills mites and ticks. This is a large class that includes carbamates, formamides, organochlorines, organophosphates, etc, that act as antibiotics or growth regulators. |
What is the definition of acebutolol? | A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action. |
What is the definition of acecainide? | A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure. |
What is the definition of acedapsone? | Acetylated sulfone that is slowly metabolized to give long-term, low blood levels of DAPSONE. It has antimicrobial and antimalarial action, but is mainly used as a depot leprostatic agent. |
What is the definition of acenaphthenes? | Tricyclic ethylene-bridged naphthalene derivatives. They are found in petroleum residues and coal tar and used as dye intermediates, in the manufacture of plastics, and in insecticides and fungicides. |
What is the definition of acenocoumarol? | A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233) |
What is the definition of acepromazine? | A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES. |
What is the definition of acetaldehyde? | A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. |
What is the definition of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors? | Compounds that bind to and inhibit the enzymatic activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenases. |
What is the definition of acetals? | Diethers with the structure -C(OR'')(OR'''), where R'' and R''' are not hydrogen. Mixed acetals have R'' and R''' groups which differ. |
What is the definition of acetamides? | Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis. |
What is the definition of acetaminophen? | Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. |
What is the definition of acetanilides? | Compounds based on N-phenylacetamide, that are similar in structure to 2-PHENYLACETAMIDES. They are precursors of many other compounds. They were formerly used as ANALGESICS and ANTIPYRETICS, but often caused lethal METHEMOGLOBINEMIA. |
What is the definition of acetates? | Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure. |
What is the definition of acetazolamide? | One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its ... |
What is the definition of acetic acid? | Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed) |
What is the definition of acetic anhydrides? | Compounds used extensively as acetylation, oxidation and dehydrating agents and in the modification of proteins and enzymes. |
What is the definition of acetoacetates? | Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid. |
What is the definition of acetogenins? | Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES. |
What is the definition of acetohexamide? | A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide. |
What is the definition of acetoin? | A product of fermentation. It is a component of the butanediol cycle in microorganisms. In mammals it is oxidized to carbon dioxide. |
What is the definition of acetone? | A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. |
What is the definition of acetonitriles? | Compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety. |
What is the definition of acetophenones? | Derivatives of the simplest aromatic ketone acetophenone (of general formula C6H5C(O)CH3). |
What is the definition of acetoxyacetylaminofluorene? | An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action. |
What is the definition of acetrizoic acid? | An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY. |
What is the definition of acetylcarnitine? | An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS. |
What is the definition of acetylcholine? | A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. |
What is the definition of acetylcholine release inhibitors? | Compounds that block release of the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE. |
What is the definition of acetyl coenzyme a? | Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent. |
What is the definition of acetylcysteine? | The N-acetyl derivative of CYSTEINE. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. |
What is the definition of acetyldigitoxins? | Cardioactive derivatives of lanatoside A or of DIGITOXIN. They are used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure. |
What is the definition of acetyldigoxins? | Alpha- or beta-acetyl derivatives of DIGOXIN or lanatoside C from Digitalis lanata. They are better absorbed and longer acting than digoxin and are used in congestive heart failure. |
What is the definition of acetylene? | The simplest two carbon alkyne with the formula HCCH. |
What is the definition of acetylgalactosamine? | The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. |
What is the definition of acetylglucosamine? | The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. |
What is the definition of acetylmuramyl-alanyl-isoglutamine? | Peptidoglycan immunoadjuvant originally isolated from bacterial cell wall fragments; also acts as pyrogen and may cause arthritis; stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity. |
What is the definition of acetylthiocholine? | An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types. |
What is the definition of acidic glycosphingolipids? | A subclass of GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS containing large polar heads made up of several sugar units. One or more of their terminal sugar units are bound to a negatively charged molecule at pH 7. Members of this class include: GANGLIOSIDES, uronoglycosphingolipids, SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS, phosphoglycosphingolipids, and phosph... |
What is the definition of acid rain? | Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water. |
What is the definition of acids? | Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dic... |
What is the definition of acids, acyclic? | Carboxylic acids that have open-chain molecular structures as opposed to ring-shaped structures. |
What is the definition of acids, aldehydic? | Dicarboxylic acids in which one of the carboxyl groups (-COOH) has been replaced by an aldehyde group (-CHO). |
What is the definition of acids, carbocyclic? | Carboxylic acids that have a homocyclic ring structure in which all the ring atoms are carbon. |
What is the definition of acid sensing ion channel blockers? | A subclass of sodium channel blockers that are specific for ACID-SENSING SODIUM CHANNELS. |
What is the definition of acids, heterocyclic? | A class of acids containing a ring structure in which at least one atom other than CARBON is incorporated. |
What is the definition of acids, noncarboxylic? | Inorganic acids with a non metal, other than carbon, attached to hydrogen, or an acid radical containing no carbon. |
What is the definition of acidulated phosphate fluoride? | A sodium fluoride solution, paste or powder, which has been acidulated to pH 3 to 4 and buffered with a phosphate. It is used in the prevention of dental caries. |
What is the definition of acitretin? | An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate. |
What is the definition of aclarubicin? | An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity. |
What is the definition of aconitic acid? | A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH. |
What is the definition of aconitine? | A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties. |
What is the definition of acridine orange? | A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms. |
What is the definition of acridines? | Compounds that include the structure of acridine. |
What is the definition of acridones? | Compounds based on acridone, which have three linear rings, with the center ring containing a ring nitrogen and a keto oxygen opposite to each other. Many of them are naturally occurring alkaloids. |
What is the definition of acriflavine? | 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication. |
What is the definition of acrolein? | Unsaturated three-carbon aldehyde. |
What is the definition of acronine? | A pyrano-acridone alkaloid found in RUTACEAE plants. |
What is the definition of acrylamide? | A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries. |
What is the definition of acrylamides? | Colorless, odorless crystals that are used extensively in research laboratories for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis and in organic synthesis, and polymerization. Some of its polymers are used in sewage and wastewater treatment, permanent press fabrics, and as soil conditioning agents. |
What is the definition of acrylates? | Derivatives of acrylic acid (the structural formula CH2=CHCO2H), including its salts and esters. |
What is the definition of acrylic resins? | Polymers of high molecular weight which are derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or other related compounds and are capable of being molded and then hardened to form useful components. |
What is the definition of acrylonitrile? | A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. |
What is the definition of actin capping proteins? | Actin capping proteins are cytoskeletal proteins that bind to the ends of ACTIN FILAMENTS to regulate actin polymerization. |
What is the definition of actin depolymerizing factors? | A family of low MOLECULAR WEIGHT actin-binding proteins found throughout eukaryotes. They remodel the actin CYTOSKELETON by severing ACTIN FILAMENTS and increasing the rate of monomer dissociation. |
What is the definition of actinin? | A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin. |
What is the definition of actinium? | A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission. |
What is the definition of actinoid series elements? | A series of radioactive elements from ACTINIUM, atomic number 89, to and including LAWRENCIUM, atomic number 103. |
What is the definition of actin-related protein 2? | A PROFILIN binding domain protein that is part of the Arp2-3 complex. It is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and binds ATP. |
What is the definition of actin-related protein 2-3 complex? | A complex of seven proteins including ARP2 PROTEIN and ARP3 PROTEIN that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the CYTOSKELETON. Arp2-3 complex binds WASP PROTEIN and existing ACTIN FILAMENTS, and it nucleates the formation of new branch point filaments. |
What is the definition of actin-related protein 3? | A component of the Arp2-3 complex that is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and that binds ATP. It is expressed at higher levels than ARP2 PROTEIN and does not contain a PROFILIN binding domain. |
What is the definition of actins? | Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction wit... |
What is the definition of activated-leukocyte cell adhesion molecule? | Cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated leukocytes, fibroblasts, and neurons. It is a ligand for CD6. ALCAM-CD6 interactions may play a role in the binding of T and B cells to activated leukocytes. |
What is the definition of acyclic monoterpenes? | Linear compounds that contain a single monoterpene unit. |
What is the definition of acyclovir? | A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes. |
What is the definition of acyl-butyrolactones? | Cyclic esters of acylated BUTYRIC ACID containing four carbons in the ring. |
What is the definition of acyl coenzyme a? | S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation. |
What is the definition of ad26covs1? | A viral vector vaccine designed against SARS-CoV-2 developed by Johnson & Johnson. Its vector encodes the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. |
What is the definition of adamantane? | A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon. |
What is the definition of adapalene? | A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE. |
What is the definition of adapalene, benzoyl peroxide drug combination? | A pharmaceutical preparation of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide that is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the topical treatment of ACNE. |
What is the definition of adenine? | A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES. |
What is the definition of adenosine? | A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. |
What is the definition of adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)? | A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity. |
What is the definition of adenosine a1 receptor agonists? | Compounds that bind to and stimulate ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS. |
What is the definition of adenosine a1 receptor antagonists? | Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS. |
What is the definition of adenosine a2 receptor agonists? | Compounds that selectively bind to and activate ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS. |
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