query stringlengths 1 6.15k | document stringlengths 1 333k | dataset stringclasses 28 values |
|---|---|---|
ACCESSIBILITY AND USE OF THE INTERNET BY ACADEMICS OF TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN NIGER STATE | Internet and its utilization among the staff and student of Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Library, Zaria, Kaduna - Nigeria | s2orc_citation_titles |
How do you replace the alternator belt on 1990 volvo? | How do you change the alternator belt on a 1990 Volvo 240? | wikianswers |
Adult T-cell leukemia in two siblings. Acute crisis of smoldering disease in one patient. | Spontaneous remission from acute exacerbation of chronic adult T-cell leukemia | s2orc_citation_titles |
are solu medrol and prednisone the same? | Oral prednisone is also available as a liquid, so it is more likely to be prescribed to children than oral methylprednisolone. Other differences include: Brand names of methylprednisolone include Medrol, Depo-Medrol, and Solu-Medrol. Brand names of prednisone include Rayos. | gooaq |
High school graduation rate of AZ? | High school graduation rate for the state of AZ? | wikianswers |
why did the ayahs home close in 1891 | Others found alternative employment to pay for return journeys or stayed in Britain. The exact date and method of establishment of the Ayahs' Home is unclear. Evidence from the India Office gives a foundation date of 1825; however, it has also been said to have been founded in 1891 by Mr and Mrs Rogers at 6 Jewry Street, Aldgate. It appears to have been closed prior to 1891 due to administrative inadequacies, but, in response to the lobbying of a committee of white British women, the foreigners' branch committee of the London City Mission (LCM) took it over and prevented | paq |
Sameness: an experiment in code search | A Controlled Experiment on the Process Used by Developers During Internet-Scale Code Search | s2orc_citation_titles |
Convert human readable file size (e.g. "10K" or "3M") into bytes
@param string $input
@return int | public static function humanReadableToBytes($input)
{
$number = (int)$input;
$units = array(
'b' => 1,
'k' => 1024,
'm' => 1048576,
'g' => 1073741824
);
$unit = strtolower(substr($input, -1));
if (isset($units[$unit])) {
$number = $number * $units[$unit];
}
return $number;
} | codesearch |
Food which is rich of carbohydrates? | Example of food that are rich in carbohydrates? | wikianswers |
What year could slaves escape? | What year did slaves escape? | wikianswers |
Robert LeFevre on the nature of socialism and individualism, from "This Bread is Mine." | An excerpt from the preface to Robert LeFevre's great book: **"This Bread is Mine"**.
> A number of definitions of socialism are currently in
vogue. Since there are various ways of defining this most
important term, something other than a definition is in order.
>What is desirable is a framework of reference in which to
set the definition. Conflicting definitions cancel out each
others' usefulness. By examining the background, history and
connotations of socialism it may be possible to winnow out
the inconsistencies of divergent definitive terms and come
at last to view socialism not so much as a single point on the
landscape but as a panoramic whole. By such an approach
it is hoped that a desire to grapple with socialism intellectually,
rather than to react to it emotionally, will be encouraged.
> There are a hundred clues all beckoning us to begin.
>The word itself offers the best clue. **Social** is an adjective
derived from the Latin **socius**, which means an associate or
ally. The French have changed it to **socialis** and the English
language has borrowed from the French.
>The addition of the suffix, **ism**, has converted the adjective
into a noun which connotes a distinctive doctrine, ideal,
system or practice.
> In combination the word **social-ism** is used to express
belief in a societal system in which the essential means of
production and distribution shall be collectively or governmentally
owned and managed. The word conveys both an
economic and a political syllogism. Socialism tends to create
an ethic framework in which it is presumed that all values,
rights and duties abide in the masses and that the masses
must be served.
>The proper antonym of socialism is individualism. Individualism
presumes that individual initiative, action and interests
should be independent of governmental or social control. In
ethics, the conception of individualism is that all values, rights
and duties originate in individuals, and not in the social whole.
>Socialism and individualism are, therefore, permanently
opposed doctrines.
Perhaps the term 'anarcho-individualist' is more appropriate for us than anarcho-capitalist? What are your thoughts. | reddit_title_body |
What effect did the attack on Pearl Harbor have on the Unites States and World War 2? | What effects did pearl harbor have on World War 2? | wikianswers |
Who is the antagonist in the story the most dangerous game? | Who is the antagonist in the dangerous game? | wikianswers |
In mammals the sequence of pituitary growth hormone (GH) is generally strongly conserved, indicating a slow basal rate of molecular evolution. However, on two occasions, during the evolution of primates and that of cetartiodactyls, the rate of evolution has increased dramatically (25 to 50-fold) so that the sequences of human and ruminant GHs differ markedly from those of other mammalian GHs. To define further the burst of GH evolution that occurred in cetartiodactyls, the GH gene of the chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus) has been cloned and characterized by use of genomic DNA and a polymerase chain reaction technique. Two very similar gene sequences, which probably reflect allelic variation, were isolated. The deduced sequence for the mature chevrotain GH differs from that of the bovine or red deer GH at only two to three residues, and phylogenetic analysis shows that the burst of rapid evolution of GH that occurred in the Cetartiodactyla must have been completed before the divergence of the Tragulidae and the advanced ruminants (Pecora). The rate of evolution during this burst must therefore have been greater than previously estimated. In other aspects (including signal sequence, 5' upstream sequence, and synonymous substitutions in the coding sequence), the chevrotain GH gene differs considerably from the GH genes of other ruminants and here there is no evidence for the period of accelerated evolution that is seen for GH itself. | The placentas of ruminants and muroid rodents express prolactin (PRL)-related genes whereas the placentas of anthropoid primates express growth hormone (GH)-related genes. The evolution of placental expression is associated with accelerated evolution of the corresponding pituitary hormone and destabilization of conserved endocrine systems. In particular, placental hormones often evolve novel interactions with new receptors. The adaptive functions of some placental hormones may be revealed only under conditions of physiological stress. | s2orc_abstract_citation |
is gentleman jack a true story? | Gentleman Jack is based on a true story borne from Anne Lister's secret diaries. Lister kept diaries regarding her relationships with her secret female lovers as well as her efforts in reinstating her family home, Shibden Hall, back to notoriety. ... Wainwright began: “Anne Lister is a gift to a dramatist.” | gooaq |
Young Adult, Instalove, Romance... | I received a copy of this book through the Quill and Ink Review Team on Facebook in exchange for a fair and honest review... This young adult, instalove romance with an original storyline follows the lives of Mason who has had to give up his dreams on the death of his father and Lennox who has unfulfilled dreams of her own.
There are elements of this story which are sweet; the relationship between Mason and Lennox is at times romantic and humorous for example Mason's views on how a gentleman behaves to his date is engaging. Although there are elements of this book I enjoyed on the whole I did not find the characters believable and several of them including the two main protagonists acted, at times, completely out of character. I do not want to say too much about this for fear of spoiling the story for those who read it but an example of this contradictory behavior is Lennox's father who is supportive and loving towards his daughter and her new boyfriend and then suddenly becomes heavy handed about it all.... Lennox and Mason also exhibit this type of personality changes and in the end I did not feel invested in their lives.
The story itself is interesting and I enjoyed it enough to read to the end but I was not captivated by it and although it finished in a cliffhanger I did not feel immediately compelled to buy the next in the series.. | amazon_reviews |
What happened on february 7th 1964 which was related to the beatles? | Waht happened with the beatles February 7 1964? | wikianswers |
A survivability admission control mechanism for ATM networks | An efficient spare capacity allocation strategy for ATM survivable networks | s2orc_citation_titles |
Where is the best place to buy marijuana? | What city is best for buying marijuana? | wikianswers |
New Paleogene Epallagidae (Insecta: Odonata) recorded in North America and Europe. Biogeographic implications | Three new fossil Epallagidae: Eodichrominae are described, viz. Labandeiraia n. gen. with the two species L. americaborealis n. sp. (Eocene of USA), and L. europae n. sp. (Paleocene/Eocene of Denmark), and Litheuphaea coloradensis n. sp. (Eocene of USA). The pattern of distribution of this damselfly group in the Paleogene of North America and Europe is the same as for the damselfly subfamily Thaumatoneuridae: Dysagrioninae and the neuropteran Polystoechotidae. This pattern could correspond to Paleocene/Eocene land bridges between these continents via Greenland or Bering or to ancient Late Cretaceous groups. | s2orc_title_abstract |
can 1 year old eat refried beans? | For younger babies, it is better to mash them before consumption. Pureed pinto beans mixed with some spices are called refried beans. Refried beans with rice can form a wholesome meal for a baby. | gooaq |
What is To complete its life cycle a biennial plant takes? | How ling is the life cycle of the biennial plant takes? | wikianswers |
Hello Baristas. Can anyone tell me what the nutritional difference is between steamed and cold milk? | I know that steaming milk causes a chemical change to occur within the lactose and proteins on a molecular level. You also cannot re-steam milk due to this irreversible reaction (It will taste bad, create more bacteria, and be unable to produce microfoam). The lactose is a disaccharide until heated, at which point it breaks down into a monosaccharide -- glucose.
So, I'm wondering how does this affect the nutrition that we get from milk?
~~**UPDATE** I got a scientific answer over on the chemistry subreddit you can view here.~~
**UPDATE 2** This is the best answer right here which I am linking so you do not have to sift through two threads. | reddit_title_body |
Demolition (Girlschool album) | Demolition is the first studio album by the British heavy metal band, Girlschool. It was released in Europe on Bronze Records in 1980.
It was produced by experienced sound engineer Vic Maile. Demolition reached No. 28 in the UK Albums Chart, following the rising of the new wave of British heavy metal phenomenon.
The tour supporting the album included high-profile support slots to Black Sabbath and Uriah Heep shows.
"Race with the Devil" is a cover of the song originally performed by the British rock band The Gun.
The 2004 CD edition issued by Castle, a subsidiary of Sanctuary Records, contains bonus tracks and extensive sleevenotes by Record Collector's Joe Geesin.
Track listings
Side one
"Demolition Boys" (Kim McAuliffe, Kelly Johnson) – 3:39
"Not for Sale" (Girlschool) – 3:31
"Race with the Devil" (Adrian Gurvitz) – 2:51
"Take It All Away" (McAuliffe) – 3:43
"Nothing to Lose" (McAuliffe, Johnson) – 4:30
Side two
"Breakdown" (McAuliffe, Johnson) – 3:05
"Midnight Ride" (McAuliffe, Johnson, Enid Williams) – 3:16
"Emergency" (Girlschool) – 2:50
"Baby Doll" (Girlschool) – 4:13
"Deadline" (McAuliffe, Johnson) – 2:54
2004 remastered CD edition bonus tracks
"Take It All Away" (single version) – 3:12
"It Could Be Better" (single version) – 2:55
"Nothing to Lose" (demo version) – 3:47
"Not for Sale" (demo version) – 3:30
"Furniture Fire" – 3:00 (B-side to "Emergency" single)
"Take It All Away" – 3:32
"Breakdown" – 3:24
"Demolition Boys" – 3:02
"Nothing to Lose" – 4:23
Tracks 16–19 are a BBC radio session, broadcast on The Friday Rock Show on 1 August 1980. These tracks had not been available commercially before.
The album as such did not get a US release, but in 1982 Stiff Records released an album titled Hit and Run that was actually a compilation of Demolition and the band's second album, Hit and Run. The track-listing for this US-only release was "Hit and Run"/ "Watch Your Step"/ "Race with the Devil"/ "Yeah Right"/ "Not for Sale"/ "Future Flash"/ "C'mon Let's Go"/ "The Hunter"/ "Kick It Down"/ "Take It All Away".
Personnel
Band members
Kim McAuliffe – rhythm guitar, vocals on tracks 1, 5, 10
Kelly Johnson – lead guitar, vocals on tracks 6, 15
Enid Williams – bass, vocals on tracks 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12
Denise Dufort – drums
Production
Vic Maile – producer, engineer, mixing
Release history
References
External links
Official Girlschool discography
Girlschool albums
1980 debut albums
Albums produced by Vic Maile
Bronze Records albums | wikipedia |
Which term includes all the activities required to keep a cell alive? | Term includes all the activities required to keep an organism alive? | wikianswers |
Good product with decent protection | Good product with decent protection. Will not last a year as it is separating on the fabric.
The magnets are really strong they often turn off the tablet whilst folded in the back...but it's affordable moderate protection. | amazon_reviews |
TiO2 nanoparticle coatings for self-cleaning and antimicrobial application | Investigating the role of surface treated titanium dioxide nanoparticles on self-cleaning behavior of an acrylic facade coating | s2orc_citation_titles |
SniggWaffe (Waffles) reset by PL, holding alliance closed | This in as of today.
Basically it was determined by the oldeguard that SniggWaffe produces poor 'graduates', does not follow through with orders, and causes diplomatic issues.
Often, Waffles get into dilemmas where we shoot PL blues, since we do not share the same blue list. This causes lots of problems.
We were ordered to help in VFK, but instead decided against that and instead harassed TESTies in Fountain because it was easier to do. As a result, FREE KARTTOON NOW was closed, non-PL leadership was assigned in SniggWaffe, and we were reset. Fintroll is very mad about our performance, especially given our past failures in assisting PL campaigns.
So, Waffles are currently dead in the water. We are going to hold it together for the gudfites. Looking for good alliance etc (hey TEST you seem pretty chill) | reddit_title_body |
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: is there a metabolic association? | Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an uncommon cause of chest pain and acute myocardial infarction, occurring most classically in young women without cardiovascular risk factors. We present a case of a man presenting with chest pain and arrhythmia found to have multivessel spontaneous coronary artery dissection and hyperhomocysteinemia and we raise the possibility of a potential link between the two conditions. | s2orc_title_abstract |
What will happen to your body if you eat once a day? | What happens to the body when you only eat once a day? | wikianswers |
Why was peter head apostle? | What did the apostle peter do? | wikianswers |
who made the first niti archwire in the world | Orthodontic archwire did not have shape-memory effect due to the cold-working of the wire. Thus these wires were passive and were considered as an Martensitic-Stabilized alloy. Pseudoelastic Niti archwires were commercially launched in 1986 and were known as "Japanese NiTi" and "Chinese NiTi". Japanese Niti archwire was first produced by Furukawa Electric Co in 1978. It was first reported for usage of orthodontics by Miura et al. The Japanese alloy was marketed as "Sentalloy". Heat-activated NiTi alloys became popular and commercially available in the 1990s. Chinese Niti wires were also developed in 1978 by Dr. Hua Cheng Tien at a research institute | paq |
Poster campaign: In troubled times, Brooklyn folks support Arabic neighbors | An attractive green poster showing the Brooklyn Bridge overprinted with the words "We Support Our Neighbors" in English and Arabic will soon be popping up in windows across Brownstone Brooklyn. Elected officials from neighborhoods like Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill and Boerum Hill, home to numerous Arabic restaurants and shops, are reporting that constituents have repeatedly expressed deep concerns about "anti-Muslim, anti-immigrant rhetoric" emanating from Washington.
Start the conversation, or Read more at The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. | ccnews |
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN RADIATIVE CASSON FLUID FLOW CAUSED BY A VERTICAL PLATE WITH VARIABLE MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT | The aim of the present study is to investigate influence of variable magnetic field, heat and mass transfer in radiative Casson fluid flow past an infinite vertical porous plate. The governing equations of the flow, heat and mass transfer are transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and solved analytically by the perturbation technique with matlab package. The results obtained show that the velocity, temperature and concentration fields are appreciably influenced by the chemical reaction, thermal stratification and magnetic field. It is observed that the thermal radiation and magnetic field decreases the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. There is also considerable effects of magnetic field and chemical reaction on skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number. | s2orc_title_abstract |
[False aneurysm of the superficial femoral artery complicating fracture of the femoral shaft]. | Femur lengthening in a patient with a pseudoaneurysm of the superficial femoral artery treated with covered stent | s2orc_citation_titles |
Area whose control is hotly disputed by india and pakistanis? | An areas whose control is still disputed by india and pakistan is? | wikianswers |
Impact pressure vacuum diffusion bonding of dissimilar metals between copper and aluminium alloy | Aluminium alloy(5083) and copper(T2) were bonded by impact pressure vacuum diffusion bonding.The joints were investigated using microstructure observation,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer(EDS).The experiment results show that when the welding temperature is 540 ℃,and kept for 60 min with the impact pressure 2 to 5 MPa,the tensile strength of joint can reach 197 MPa,and fracture surface shows a typical brittle fracture. | s2orc_title_abstract |
Radiation Induced Late Damage to the Barrier Function of Small Blood Vessels in Mouse Bladder | Modeling of chronic radiation-induced cystitis in mice | s2orc_citation_titles |
Police regularly told about wallaby sightings in Winmarleigh, Lancashire .
But they dismissed the reports - until they were handed this picture .
It is thought to have escaped from a nearby farm . | By . Rob Cooper . PUBLISHED: . 11:14 EST, 30 April 2013 . | . UPDATED: . 12:35 EST, 30 April 2013 . When police were told a kangaroo was on the loose in rural Lancashire, they probably thought the callers had been drinking. But as officers carried out an operation against rural drink drivers they were handed this remarkable picture of a wallaby hopping down the road. The image, taken in the village of Winmarleigh near Garstang, Lancashire, shows the wild animal caught in a vehicle's headlights. Wallaby in the wild: Police were handed this picture of a wallaby bounding down a country lane in the village of Winmarleigh near Garstang, Lancashire . The animal has now been nicknamed 'Skippy' by locals after the 1960s Australian TV series. Wallabies are native to Australia but have . been introduced in the UK in parks, zoos and farms. It is thought the . Lancashire wallaby had escaped from a nearby farm near the 19th century . Winmarleigh Hall adventure centre. It was spotted after a series of alleged sightings of the so-called 'Pilling Panther' - a wildcat on the loose on the outskirts of a nearby village. Sighting: Police have received regular reports of the wallaby on the loose - but had dismissed them . Police Constable Dave Kerfoot of Lancashire Police later posted the picture on his force's Facebook page. PC Kerfoot said: 'We have been receiving reports of a kangaroo being on the loose in Winmarleigh - at first, I suspected that it was just residents in Winmarleigh wanting a Winmarleigh Wallaby to rival the Pilling Panther. 'But when the photographic evidence came through we couldn't really dispute that there was a wallaby, or a kangaroo, in the road. In fact the photo would suggest I have been overly suspicious. 'As far as we know it's still out and about, it's certainly an interesting one. Whatever next I wonder.' Kangaroos and wallabies are marsupials and are closely related, though adult kangaroos are larger than wallabies. They can be identified via their teeth, which are different as kangaroos mainly eat grass while wallabies mostly eat leaves. One local Jozanda Parkinson posted a message saying: 'It's been living in the woods at the hall for a few weeks now and we've seen it numerous times. So it is definitely real!' Another local said: 'Remember back in the day when I came to the pub one night and told you I had seen a Kangaroo or Wallaby jump across the road in front of my van one night and you all told me I was crazy and took the mick for months?' Nadia Akula wrote: 'It's Skippy. He's trying to lead you to someone that needs your help.' The image of the wallaby was taken in the village of Winmarleigh near Garstang, Lancashire . In their native environment: A black-tailed swamp wallaby feeding in Australia. Kangaroos and wallabies are marsupials and are closely related, though adult kangaroos are larger than wallabies . | cnn |
Thus stuff did a good job with the aphids and I think the tree ... | My holly tree turned nasty with black fungus. Thus stuff did a good job with the aphids and I think the tree will be fine. | amazon_reviews |
namedtuple representing the author to whom correspondence should
be addressed, in the form
(surname, initials, organization, country, city_group). | def correspondence(self):
fields = 'surname initials organization country city_group'
auth = namedtuple('Correspondence', fields)
corr = self._head.get('correspondence')
if corr is None:
return None
aff = corr.get('affiliation', {})
try:
org = aff['organization']
if isinstance(org, dict):
try:
org = org['$']
except TypeError: # Multiple names given
org = [d['$'] for d in org]
except KeyError:
org = None
return auth(surname=corr.get('person', {}).get('ce:surname'),
initials=corr.get('person', {}).get('ce:initials'),
organization=org, country=aff.get('country'),
city_group=aff.get('city-group')) | codesearch |
Average snow fal in texas? | The average snow fall in texas? | wikianswers |
miss spelling review. | Lol...The review about the miss spelling. .is funny...cause it is supposed to be that way. .lol | amazon_reviews |
Can Teacher Preparation Programs Have an Impact on Combating Islamophobia in Public Schools? | As a Muslim educator and a mother of three children, I was always fearful of the day when my kids would come home hurt from Islamophobic bigotry at school. | s2orc_title_abstract |
Changes in Cytokine Expression after Electroacupuncture in Neuropathic Rats | Spatiotemporal changes of optical signals in the somatosensory cortex of neuropathic rats after electroacupuncture stimulation | s2orc_citation_titles |
Amadeo García | Amadeo García de Salazar (31 March 1887 – 18 July 1947), was a Spanish football manager. He was the manager of the Spain national football team from 1934 to 1936, and coached the team during the 1934 FIFA World Cup.
External links
Fútbol en la Red at Futbol.sportec.es
Garcia Salazar at Weltfussball.de
1887 births
1934 FIFA World Cup managers
1947 deaths
Basque Nationalist Action politicians
Basque nationalists
Deportivo Alavés managers
La Liga managers
People from Vitoria-Gasteiz
Spain national football team managers
Spanish dermatologists
Spanish football managers | wikipedia |
Thorough but clear, well-researched but enjoyable. Duarte and ... | Thorough but clear, well-researched but enjoyable.
Duarte and Sanchez chronicle and analyze the tools used by some of the worlds most highly regarded companies in a way that empowers readers to not just learn but take action.
Symbols, ceremonies, symbols, and speeches are (as expected) covered in depth, but Duarte and Sanchez also adorn the pattern-finding glasses that built Resonate to shine light on the life cycles of the modern, evolving company.
Leaders are empowered with tools to guide their organizations through the major milestones they uncovered. What Robert Clintons "The Making of a Leader" did for leaders, "Illuminate" does for companies, spurring readers to identify where we they are in their lifecycle and what they need to do next.
Based not on human theory, but rather tireless research and consistent patterns, Illuminate is yet another must-read book for leaders (and aspiring leaders) from the communications masterminds at Duarte. | amazon_reviews |
This outfit was good for a Halloween outfit | This outfit was good for a Halloween outfit. I had previously read the reviews and lot of people said the hat was not as pictured so I bought a separate hat and I'm glad I did bc the hat included is very flimsy and comes folded. Other than that this worked perfect for my sons halloween costume. | amazon_reviews |
What season is it in the uk is tilted towards the sun? | What season is it in the Northern part of the world when the north is tilted towards the sun? | wikianswers |
Aung San Suu Kyi visited a community home for people living with HIV today to offer them encouragement and promised them a better supply of the medicine they are lacking, a party spokesman said. | Suu Kyi visits nld home for people living with HIV | sentence_compression |
The controller design of three-phase controlled rectifier using an adaptive tabu search algorithm | This paper presents a controller design for a three-phase controlled rectifier using an adaptive tabu search. The averaging model of the power electronic system is used as an objective function instead of the model from software packages. The results show that the proposed method can efficiently obtain the best performance of the output waveform compared with the classical method. Moreover, this approach is convenient and flexible for electrical engineering to design the controller of power electronic systems with good performances. | s2orc_title_abstract |
Functional MR study of a motor task and the Tower of London task at 1.0 T | Functional magnetic resonance imaging at 1 T: motor cortex, supplementary motor area and visual cortex activation | s2orc_citation_titles |
While daily hydration is best assessed in 24-h urine sample, spot sample is often used by health care professionals and researchers due to its practicality. However, urine output is subject to circadian variation, with urine being more concentrated in the morning. It has been demonstrated that afternoon spot urine samples are most likely to provide equivalent urine concentration to 24-h urine samples in adults. The aim of the present study was to examine whether urine osmolality (UOsm) assessed from a spot urine sample in specific time-windows was equivalent to 24-h UOsm in free-living healthy children. Among 541 healthy children (age: 3–13 years, female: 45%, 77% non-Hispanic white, BMI:17.7 ± 4.0 kg m−2), UOsm at specific time-windows [morning (0600–1159), early afternoon (1200–1559), late afternoon (1600–1959), evening (2000–2359), overnight (2400–0559), and first morning] was compared with UOsm from the corresponding pooled 24-h urine sample using an equivalence test. Late afternoon (1600–1959) spot urine sample UOsm value was equivalent to the 24-h UOsm value in children (P < 0.05; mean difference: 62 mmol kg−1; 95% CI: 45–78 mmol kg−1). The overall diagnostic ability of urine osmolality assessed at late afternoon (1600–1959) to diagnose elevated urine osmolality on the 24-h sample was good for both cutoffs of 800 mmol kg−1 [area under the curve (AUC): 87.4%; sensitivity: 72.6%; specificity: 90.5%; threshold: 814 mmol kg−1] and 500 mmol kg−1 (AUC: 83.5%; sensitivity: 75.0%; specificity: 80.0%; threshold: 633 mmol kg−1). These data suggest that in free-living healthy children, 24-h urine concentration may be approximated from a late afternoon spot urine sample. This data will have practical implication for health care professionals and researchers. | Biomarkers of hydration change in response to acute dehydration; however, their responsiveness to changes in fluid intake volume, without exercise or heat exposure, has not been adequately described. Moreover, patterns of circadian variation in hydration biomarkers have not been established. The study aims were to (1) assess the response of hydration biomarkers to changes in daily water intake; and (2) evaluate circadian variation in urinary and salivary biomarkers. Fifty-two adults (24.8 ± 3.1 years; 22.3 ± 1.6 kg/m2; 79 % female), grouped based on habitual fluid intake (low drinkers, n = 30, <1.2 L/day; high drinkers, n = 22, >2.0 L/day), completed a 5-day inpatient crossover trial. On days 1 and 2, low drinkers received 1.0 L/day of water while high drinkers received 2.5 L/day. On days 3 through 5, intake was reversed between groups. Plasma and saliva osmolality were assessed daily at predetermined times, and all urine produced over 24 h was collected in timed intervals. ANOVA with intake (1.0 vs. 2.5 L/day), day, and time revealed that (1) urine concentration (osmolality, specific gravity, color) and volume, but not plasma nor saliva osmolality, responded to changes in water intake; (2) urinary hydration biomarkers and saliva osmolality vary as a function of the time of day; and (3) urine osmolality measured in samples collected during the afternoon most closely reflects the corresponding 24 h value. Overall, urinary hydration biomarkers are responsive to changes in water intake, and stabilize within 24 h of modifying intake volume. Moreover, short afternoon urine collections may be able to replace 24 h collections for more convenience in hydration assessment. | s2orc_abstract_citation |
In Situ SEM Observations of Electromigration Voids in Al Lines under Passivation | Nondestructive void size determination in copper metallization under passivation | s2orc_citation_titles |
Experimental performance of new evaporative cooling pad materials | Indirect evaporative cooling: Past, present and future potentials | s2orc_citation_titles |
Union Stability and Stepfamily Fertility in Austria, Finland, France & West Germany | Stepfamilies in Denmark and France. Does the number of previous children from both partners and whether the previous children live with the couple influence fertility | s2orc_citation_titles |
How long does it take to fly from hollywood to mauritius? | How long is the flight from UK to Mauritius? | wikianswers |
Husband and Wife Purchase Decision-Making Roles: Agreed, Presumed, Conceded, and Disputed | Factors Influencing Spousal Role Reform and Purchase Decision in Nigeria: A Study of Consumable and Durable Goods | s2orc_citation_titles |
Can Jagex make it easier to find the 16 digit code? | Sometimes when I need the 16 digit code, its unfindable. Its not even under authenticator menu when you're logged in!
I can be blind for sure, but I find this very hard to find!
It wouldn't be much code so maybe it could be a ninja website fix. | reddit_title_body |
Where is the starter in a honda element? | How do you replace starter on a 2003 honda element? | wikianswers |
why fadnavis resigned as cm? | Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis on Tuesday resigned from the post as his government lost majority following Dy CM Ajit Pawar quitting his post. ... Fadnavis denied allegations of horse trading and said that the opposition instead indulged in horse trading. | gooaq |
Schuette Releases "After the Disaster" Consumer Alert to Recognize Severe Wea... | LANSING Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette today recognized the start of Severe Weather Awareness Week by releasing a new After the Disaster consumer alert providing Michigan residents with tips to avoid be scammed after a severe weather event. "While most business and charities act with the utmost professionalism and ethics, there are some bad apples who chose to take advantage of another's misfortune," said Schuette.
Start the conversation, or Read more at State of Michigan. | ccnews |
how to change profile picture in zoom mobile? | To access your Zoom profile, sign in to the Zoom web portal and click Profile. You can view and edit the following settings: Profile Picture: To add or change your profile picture, click Change, then adjust the crop area on your current picture or upload a new one. | gooaq |
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A multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for VNF chains placement | We propose a meta-heuristic based on the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to address the NP-Hard service function chain placement problem. This work considers the minimization of the mapping cost and of the physical links utilization for virtualized network functions (VNF) chaining. The proposed NSGA-II based algorithm finds a Pareto front to select solutions that meet the multiple objectives and performance tradeoffs of providers. Simulation results and comparison with a multi-stage algorithm and a matrix based heuristic from the literature, highlight the efficiency and usefulness of the proposed NSGA-II-based approach. | s2orc_title_abstract |
P554 Incidence and impact of immunogenicity in a randomised, double-blind phase III study comparing a proposed infliximab biosimilar (PF-06438179/GP1111) with reference infliximab | PF-06438179/GP1111: An Infliximab Biosimilar | s2orc_citation_titles |
who was edgar allan poe's drinking companion | Death of Edgar Allan Poe as an uncontrollable alcoholic is disputed. His drinking companion for a time, Thomas Mayne Reid, admitted that the two engaged in wild "frolics" but that Poe "never went beyond the innocent mirth in which we all indulge... While acknowledging this as one of Poe's failings, I can speak truly of its not being habitual". Some believe Poe had a severe susceptibility to alcohol and became drunk after one glass of wine. He only drank during difficult periods of his life and sometimes went several months at a time without alcohol. Adding further confusion about the frequency of Poe's use of | paq |
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What wax is the best on old car? | What is best car wax or sealant? | wikianswers |
How do you write Happy Holiday in other languages? | How do you translate Happy Holidays in multiple languages? | wikianswers |
Race condition | A race condition or race hazard is the condition of an electronics, software, or other system where the system's substantive behavior is dependent on the sequence or timing of other uncontrollable events. It becomes a bug when one or more of the possible behaviors is undesirable.
The term race condition was already in use by 1954, for example in David A. Huffman's doctoral thesis "The synthesis of sequential switching circuits".
Race conditions can occur especially in logic circuits, multithreaded, or distributed software programs.
In electronics
A typical example of a race condition may occur when a logic gate combines signals that have traveled along different paths from the same source. The inputs to the gate can change at slightly different times in response to a change in the source signal. The output may, for a brief period, change to an unwanted state before settling back to the designed state. Certain systems can tolerate such glitches but if this output functions as a clock signal for further systems that contain memory, for example, the system can rapidly depart from its designed behaviour (in effect, the temporary glitch becomes a permanent glitch).
Consider, for example, a two-input AND gate fed with the following logic: A logic signal on one input and its negation, ( the ¬ is a boolean negation), on another input in theory never output a true value: If, however, changes in the value of take longer to propagate to the second input than the first when changes from false to true then a brief period will ensue during which both inputs are true, and so the gate's output will also be true.
Critical and non-critical forms
A critical race condition occurs when the order in which internal variables are changed determines the eventual state that the state machine will end up in.
A non-critical race condition occurs when the order in which internal variables are changed does not determine the eventual state that the state machine will end up in.
Static, dynamic, and essential forms
A static race condition occurs when a signal and its complement are combined.
A dynamic race condition occurs when it results in multiple transitions when only one is intended. They are due to interaction between gates. It can be eliminated by using no more than two levels of gating.
An essential race condition occurs when an input has two transitions in less than the total feedback propagation time. Sometimes they are cured using inductive delay line elements to effectively increase the time duration of an input signal.
Workarounds
Design techniques such as Karnaugh maps encourage designers to recognize and eliminate race conditions before they cause problems. Often logic redundancy can be added to eliminate some kinds of races.
As well as these problems, some logic elements can enter metastable states, which create further problems for circuit designers.
In software
A race condition arises in software when a computer program, to operate properly, depends on the sequence or timing of the program's processes or threads. Critical race conditions cause invalid execution and software bugs. Critical race conditions often happen when the processes or threads depend on some shared state. Operations upon shared states are done in critical sections that must be mutually exclusive. Failure to obey this rule can corrupt the shared state.
A data race is a type of race condition. Data races are important parts of various formal memory models. The memory model defined in the C11 and C++11 standards specify that a C or C++ program containing a data race has undefined behavior.
A race condition can be difficult to reproduce and debug because the end result is nondeterministic and depends on the relative timing between interfering threads. Problems of this nature can therefore disappear when running in debug mode, adding extra logging, or attaching a debugger. A bug that disappears like this during debugging attempts is often referred to as a "Heisenbug". It is therefore better to avoid race conditions by careful software design.
Example
Assume that two threads each increment the value of a global integer variable by 1. Ideally, the following sequence of operations would take place:
In the case shown above, the final value is 2, as expected. However, if the two threads run simultaneously without locking or synchronization, the outcome of the operation could be wrong. The alternative sequence of operations below demonstrates this scenario:
In this case, the final value is 1 instead of the expected result of 2. This occurs because here the increment operations are not mutually exclusive. Mutually exclusive operations are those that cannot be interrupted while accessing some resource such as a memory location.
Data race
Not all regard data races as a subset of race conditions. The precise definition of data race is specific to the formal concurrency model being used, but typically it refers to a situation where a memory operation in one thread could potentially attempt to access a memory location at the same time that a memory operation in another thread is writing to that memory location, in a context where this is dangerous. This implies that a data race is different from a race condition as it is possible to have nondeterminism due to timing even in a program without data races, for example, in a program in which all memory accesses use only atomic operations.
This can be dangerous because on many platforms, if two threads write to a memory location at the same time, it may be possible for the memory location to end up holding a value that is some arbitrary and meaningless combination of the bits representing the values that each thread was attempting to write; this could result in memory corruption if the resulting value is one that neither thread attempted to write (sometimes this is called a 'torn write'). Similarly, if one thread reads from a location while another thread is writing to it, it may be possible for the read to return a value that is some arbitrary and meaningless combination of the bits representing the value that the memory location held before the write, and of the bits representing the value being written.
On many platforms, special memory operations are provided for simultaneous access; in such cases, typically simultaneous access using these special operations is safe, but simultaneous access using other memory operations is dangerous. Sometimes such special operations (which are safe for simultaneous access) are called atomic or synchronization operations, whereas the ordinary operations (which are unsafe for simultaneous access) are called data operations. This is probably why the term is data race; on many platforms, where there is a race condition involving only synchronization operations, such a race may be nondeterministic but otherwise safe; but a data race could lead to memory corruption or undefined behavior.
Example definitions of data races in particular concurrency models
The precise definition of data race differs across formal concurrency models. This matters because concurrent behavior is often non-intuitive and so formal reasoning is sometimes applied.
The C++ standard, in draft N4296 (2014-11-19), defines data race as follows in section 1.10.23 (page 14)
Two actions are potentially concurrent if
they are performed by different threads, or
they are unsequenced, and at least one is performed by a signal handler.
The execution of a program contains a data race if it contains two potentially concurrent conflicting actions, at least one of which is not atomic, and neither happens before the other, except for the special case for signal handlers described below [omitted]. Any such data race results in undefined behavior.
The parts of this definition relating to signal handlers are idiosyncratic to C++ and are not typical of definitions of data race.
The paper Detecting Data Races on Weak Memory Systems provides a different definition:
"two memory operations conflict if they access the same location and at least one of them is a write operation...
"Two memory operations, x and y, in a sequentially consistent execution form a race 〈x,y〉, iff x and y conflict, and they are not ordered by the hb1 relation of the execution. The race 〈x,y〉, is a data race iff at least one of x or y is a data operation.
Here we have two memory operations accessing the same location, one of which is a write.
The hb1 relation is defined elsewhere in the paper, and is an example of a typical "happens-before" relation; intuitively, if we can prove that we are in a situation where one memory operation X is guaranteed to be executed to completion before another memory operation Y begins, then we say that "X happens-before Y". If neither "X happens-before Y" nor "Y happens-before X", then we say that X and Y are "not ordered by the hb1 relation". So, the clause "...and they are not ordered by the hb1 relation of the execution" can be intuitively translated as "...and X and Y are potentially concurrent".
The paper considers dangerous only those situations in which at least one of the memory operations is a "data operation"; in other parts of this paper, the paper also defines a class of "synchronization operations" which are safe for potentially simultaneous use, in contrast to "data operations".
The Java Language Specification provides a different definition:
Two accesses to (reads of or writes to) the same variable are said to be conflicting if at least one of the accesses is a write...When a program contains two conflicting accesses (§17.4.1) that are not ordered by a happens-before relationship, it is said to contain a data race...a data race cannot cause incorrect behavior such as returning the wrong length for an array.
A critical difference between the C++ approach and the Java approach is that in C++, a data race is undefined behavior, whereas in Java, a data race merely affects "inter-thread actions". This means that in C++, an attempt to execute a program containing a data race could (while still adhering to the spec) crash or could exhibit insecure or bizarre behavior, whereas in Java, an attempt to execute a program containing a data race may produce undesired concurrency behavior but is otherwise (assuming that the implementation adheres to the spec) safe.
SC for DRF
An important facet of data races is that in some contexts, a program that is free of data races is guaranteed to execute in a sequentially consistent manner, greatly easing reasoning about the concurrent behavior of the program. Formal memory models that provide such a guarantee are said to exhibit an "SC for DRF" (Sequential Consistency for Data Race Freedom) property. This approach has been said to have achieved recent consensus (presumably compared to approaches which guarantee sequential consistency in all cases, or approaches which do not guarantee it at all).
For example, in Java, this guarantee is directly specified:
A program is correctly synchronized if and only if all sequentially consistent executions are free of data races.
If a program is correctly synchronized, then all executions of the program will appear to be sequentially consistent (§17.4.3).
This is an extremely strong guarantee for programmers. Programmers do not need to reason about reorderings to determine that their code contains data races. Therefore they do not need to reason about reorderings when determining whether their code is correctly synchronized. Once the determination that the code is correctly synchronized is made, the programmer does not need to worry that reorderings will affect his or her code.
A program must be correctly synchronized to avoid the kinds of counterintuitive behaviors that can be observed when code is reordered. The use of correct synchronization does not ensure that the overall behavior of a program is correct. However, its use does allow a programmer to reason about the possible behaviors of a program in a simple way; the behavior of a correctly synchronized program is much less dependent on possible reorderings. Without correct synchronization, very strange, confusing and counterintuitive behaviors are possible.
By contrast, a draft C++ specification does not directly require an SC for DRF property, but merely observes that there exists a theorem providing it:
[Note:It can be shown that programs that correctly use mutexes and memory_order_seq_cst operations to prevent all data races and use no other synchronization operations behave as if the operations executed by their constituent threads were simply interleaved, with each value computation of an object being taken from the last side effect on that object in that interleaving. This is normally referred to as “sequential consistency”. However, this applies only to data-race-free programs, and data-race-free programs cannot observe most program transformations that do not change single-threaded program semantics. In fact, most single-threaded program transformations continue to be allowed, since any program that behaves differently as a result must perform an undefined operation.— end note
Note that the C++ draft specification admits the possibility of programs that are valid but use synchronization operations with a memory_order other than memory_order_seq_cst, in which case the result may be a program which is correct but for which no guarantee of sequentially consistency is provided. In other words, in C++, some correct programs are not sequentially consistent. This approach is thought to give C++ programmers the freedom to choose faster program execution at the cost of giving up ease of reasoning about their program.
There are various theorems, often provided in the form of memory models, that provide SC for DRF guarantees given various contexts. The premises of these theorems typically place constraints upon both the memory model (and therefore upon the implementation), and also upon the programmer; that is to say, typically it is the case that there are programs which do not meet the premises of the theorem and which could not be guaranteed to execute in a sequentially consistent manner.
The DRF1 memory model provides SC for DRF and allows the optimizations of the WO (weak ordering), RCsc (Release Consistency with sequentially consistent special operations), VAX memory model, and data-race-free-0 memory models. The PLpc memory model provides SC for DRF and allows the optimizations of the TSO (Total Store Order), PSO, PC (Processor Consistency), and RCpc (Release Consistency with processor consistency special operations) models. DRFrlx provides a sketch of an SC for DRF theorem in the presence of relaxed atomics.
Computer security
Many software race conditions have associated computer security implications. A race condition allows an attacker with access to a shared resource to cause other actors that utilize that resource to malfunction, resulting in effects including denial of service and privilege escalation.
A specific kind of race condition involves checking for a predicate (e.g. for authentication), then acting on the predicate, while the state can change between the time of check and the time of use. When this kind of bug exists in security-sensitive code, a security vulnerability called a time-of-check-to-time-of-use (TOCTTOU) bug is created.
Race conditions are also intentionally used to create hardware random number generators and physically unclonable functions. PUFs can be created by designing circuit topologies with identical paths to a node and relying on manufacturing variations to randomly determine which paths will complete first. By measuring each manufactured circuit's specific set of race condition outcomes, a profile can be collected for each circuit and kept secret in order to later verify a circuit's identity.
File systems
Two or more programs may collide in their attempts to modify or access a file system, which can result in data corruption or privilege escalation. File locking provides a commonly used solution. A more cumbersome remedy involves organizing the system in such a way that one unique process (running a daemon or the like) has exclusive access to the file, and all other processes that need to access the data in that file do so only via interprocess communication with that one process. This requires synchronization at the process level.
A different form of race condition exists in file systems where unrelated programs may affect each other by suddenly using up available resources such as disk space, memory space, or processor cycles. Software not carefully designed to anticipate and handle this race situation may then become unpredictable. Such a risk may be overlooked for a long time in a system that seems very reliable. But eventually enough data may accumulate or enough other software may be added to critically destabilize many parts of a system. An example of this occurred with the near loss of the Mars Rover "Spirit" not long after landing. A solution is for software to request and reserve all the resources it will need before beginning a task; if this request fails then the task is postponed, avoiding the many points where failure could have occurred. Alternatively, each of those points can be equipped with error handling, or the success of the entire task can be verified afterwards, before continuing. A more common approach is to simply verify that enough system resources are available before starting a task; however, this may not be adequate because in complex systems the actions of other running programs can be unpredictable.
Networking
In networking, consider a distributed chat network like IRC, where a user who starts a channel automatically acquires channel-operator privileges. If two users on different servers, on different ends of the same network, try to start the same-named channel at the same time, each user's respective server will grant channel-operator privileges to each user, since neither server will yet have received the other server's signal that it has allocated that channel. (This problem has been largely solved by various IRC server implementations.)
In this case of a race condition, the concept of the "shared resource" covers the state of the network (what channels exist, as well as what users started them and therefore have what privileges), which each server can freely change as long as it signals the other servers on the network about the changes so that they can update their conception of the state of the network. However, the latency across the network makes possible the kind of race condition described. In this case, heading off race conditions by imposing a form of control over access to the shared resource—say, appointing one server to control who holds what privileges—would mean turning the distributed network into a centralized one (at least for that one part of the network operation).
Race conditions can also exist when a computer program is written with non-blocking sockets, in which case the performance of the program can be dependent on the speed of the network link.
Life-critical systems
Software flaws in life-critical systems can be disastrous. Race conditions were among the flaws in the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine, which led to the death of at least three patients and injuries to several more.
Another example is the energy management system provided by GE Energy and used by Ohio-based FirstEnergy Corp (among other power facilities). A race condition existed in the alarm subsystem; when three sagging power lines were tripped simultaneously, the condition prevented alerts from being raised to the monitoring technicians, delaying their awareness of the problem. This software flaw eventually led to the North American Blackout of 2003. GE Energy later developed a software patch to correct the previously undiscovered error.
Tools
Many software tools exist to help detect race conditions in software. They can be largely categorized into two groups: static analysis tools and dynamic analysis tools.
Thread Safety Analysis is a static analysis tool for annotation-based intra-procedural static analysis, originally implemented as a branch of gcc, and now reimplemented in Clang, supporting PThreads.
Dynamic analysis tools include:
Intel Inspector, a memory and thread checking and debugging tool to increase the reliability, security, and accuracy of C/C++ and Fortran applications; Intel Advisor, a sampling based, SIMD vectorization optimization and shared memory threading assistance tool for C, C++, C#, and Fortran software developers and architects;
ThreadSanitizer, which uses binary (Valgrind-based) or source, LLVM-based instrumentation, and supports PThreads); and Helgrind, a Valgrind tool for detecting synchronisation errors in C, C++ and Fortran programs that use the POSIX pthreads threading primitives.
Data Race Detector is designed to find data races in the Go Programming language.
There are several benchmarks designed to evaluate the effectiveness of data race detection tools
DataRaceBench is a benchmark suite designed to systematically and quantitatively evaluate data race detection tools which analyze multi-threaded applications written in OpenMP.
In other areas
Neuroscience is demonstrating that race conditions can occur in mammal (rat) brains as well.
In UK railway signalling, a race condition would arise in the carrying out of Rule 55. According to this rule, if a train was stopped on a running line by a signal, the locomotive fireman would walk to the signal box in order to remind the signalman that the train was present. In at least one case, at Winwick in 1934, an accident occurred because the signalman accepted another train before the fireman arrived. Modern signalling practice removes the race condition by making it possible for the driver to instantaneously contact the signal box by radio.
See also
Call collision
Concurrency control
Deadlock
Hazard (logic)
Linearizability
Racetrack problem
Synchronization (computer science)
Time of check to time of use
Test-and-set
References
External links
as PDF
Paper "A Novel Framework for Solving the State Assignment Problem for Event-Based Specifications" by Luciano Lavagno, Cho W. Moon, Robert K. Brayton, and Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli
Alt URL
Chapter "Avoid Race Conditions " (Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO)
Race conditions, security, and immutability in Java, with sample source code and comparison to C code, by Chiral Software
Microsoft Support description
Race Condition vs. Data Race
Anti-patterns
Computer security exploits
Concurrency (computer science)
Distributed computing problems
Logic gates
Logic in computer science
Software bugs
Timing in electronic circuits | wikipedia |
Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower | Emerson Tower (often called the Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower or the Bromo Tower) is a 15-story, clock tower erected in 1907–1911 at 21 South Eutaw Street, at the northeast corner of Eutaw and West Lombard Streets in downtown Baltimore, Maryland. It was the tallest building in the city from 1911 to 1923, until supplanted by the Citizens National Bank building (later First National Bank of Maryland, then occupied by MECU - Municipal Employees Credit Union) at the southeast corner of Light and Redwood (German) Streets. It was designed by local architect Joseph Evans Sperry (1854-1930) for Isaac Edward Emerson (1859-1931), who invented the Bromo-Seltzer headache remedy.
For years, the landmark tower was surrounded by and part of the Emerson Drug Company with its office headquarters and manufacturing plant for the carbonated headache pain relief tablets or powder Bromo-Seltzer. Later, the Emerson building around it was razed and replaced by the Baltimore City Fire Department's John Steadman Fire Station, which serves the west side of downtown Baltimore. The Steadman Station combined several earlier engine and truck companies in firehouses on the west side. Built in the Brutalist architecture style of poured concrete, the station has lines echoing the surviving tower to its south and west.
History
It was the tallest building in Baltimore from 1911 until 1923. The design of the tower along with the original factory building at its base was inspired by the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, Italy, which was seen by Emerson during a tour of Europe in 1900. Systems engineering for the building's original design was completed by Henry Adams. The factory was demolished in 1969 and replaced with a firehouse.
The building features four clock faces adorning the tower's 15th floor on the North, South, East and West sides. Installed by the Seth Thomas Clock Company at an original cost of US$3,965, they are made of translucent white glass and feature the letters B-R-O-M-O S-E-L-T-Z-E-R, with the Roman numerals being less prominent. The dials, which are illuminated at night with LED lights are 24 feet (7.3 meters) in diameter, and the minute and hour hands about 12 and 10 feet (3.7 and 3.0 meters) in length respectively. Upon its completion, the Bromo Seltzer Tower had the world's largest four-dial gravity-driven clock. The clock was converted to electric power in 1975 and restored to the original weight drive in 2017. The word BROMO reads clockwise, and SELTZER counterclockwise; the letters are located in the following positions:
The tower originally had a Bromo-Seltzer bottle, glowing blue and rotating. Weighing 20 tons (18.1 tonnes), it was lined with 314 illuminated w/ lights and topped with a crown on a clear night it could be seen from 20 miles away. The bottle was removed in 1936 because of structural concerns.
The tower was virtually abandoned in 2002, but in early 2007 the Baltimore Office of Promotion and the Arts and philanthropists Eddie and Sylvia Brown worked to transform the structure into artist studios. The Bromo Seltzer Arts Tower is now home to a variety of creative artists, writers, videographers, photographers, poets, and more. Throughout the day, artists welcome guests into their studios to view and purchase original art. The Baltimore Fire Department's John F. Steadman Fire Station, which opened in 1973 and is situated at the tower's base, houses BCFD Hazmat 1, Airflex 1, Medic1, Medic 23, MAC23, Engine 23, Rescue 1, and formerly Truck 2.
The Bromo Seltzer History Museum opened in 2015 featuring a collection of Bromo Seltzer bottles and Emerson Drug Company marketing ephemera. The Maryland Glass Room was added in 2017 to showcase the collection of cobalt blue glass bottles made by The Maryland Glass Corporation owned by Isaac Emerson.
The Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is included within the Baltimore National Heritage Area.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Baltimore
List of towers
References
External links
, including undated photo, at Maryland Historical Trust
Baltimore, Maryland, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Bromo Seltzer Tower on Google Street View
Explore Baltimore Heritage - Bromo Seltzer Tower
Commercial buildings completed in 1911
Culture of Baltimore
Skyscrapers in Baltimore
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Baltimore
Clock towers in the United States
Downtown Baltimore
Tourist attractions in Baltimore
Joseph Evans Sperry buildings
Baltimore National Heritage Area
1911 establishments in Maryland
Skyscrapers in Maryland | wikipedia |
What do interval workout usually involve? | What do interval workouts usauly involve? | wikianswers |
Plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic hormone in patients with diabetes mellitus | Immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor (IR-ANF) in human plasma | s2orc_citation_titles |
What did regiald fessenden do? | In what country did Reginald Aubrey Fessenden invent radios? | wikianswers |
DAE turn around when they wake up from a bad dream as if changing channel, but stay in place after a good one to try and get it again? | When I wake up from a nightmare, I often just can't get back to sleep in the same position, as if that position was the location of the nightmare.
As such, I turn to the other side, knowing that I won't get the nightmare again.
But if I woke up from a good dream, I make sure I am in the same position to try and get it again.
Am I the only one that weird? | reddit_title_body |
World Business Briefing: Mexico: Wal-mart Moves Ahead With Bank | Wal-Mart Stores said it expected to offer banking services in Mexico by the second half of 2007. Eduardo Solorzano, the president of Wal-Mart de Mexico, or Walmex, said the company would initially finance its banking business with its own capital. Last week, Mexico approved the opening of five new banks, including one by Walmex. Mr. Solorzano said he hoped the companyÂs banking division would bring it closer to its customers. The bank is expected to offer basic deposits and loans, including savings accounts linked to debit cards and checkbooks. | agnews |
Eosinophilic globules in the Spitz nevus. | Spitz Nevus: A Clinicopathological Study of 349 Cases | s2orc_citation_titles |
NEW: President Bashar al-Assad has passed the "point of no return," says an Israeli minister .
24 people are killed during clashes in Syria, a rights groups says .
The violence coincides with an Arab League deadline .
International pressure has been mounting against al-Assad . | (CNN) -- At least 24 people were killed in cities across Syria during a government crackdown Saturday against those in opposition to President Bashar al-Assad, according to a U.K.-based human rights group. Gunfire and explosions could be heard in the western Syrian city of Homs, as residents contended with fuel shortages and power outages throughout the day, said the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. CNN cannot independently confirm accounts from the ground in Syria because the government has not provided access to Western media. Also Saturday, Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak said that al-Assad had passed the "point of no return -- no way that he will resume his authority or legitimacy over his people." "I think that the world response ... these are real signals that there is acceleration toward the end of this regime," he said, citing the responses of the Arab League and Jordan. The clashes come the same day as a deadline set by the 22-member Arab League to put forth a peace plan meant to stem violence against protesters which has resulted in months of bloodshed. Earlier this week, Syria accepted "in principle" the alliance's plan to permit observers into the country to verify whether the regime has taken measures to protect civilians, a senior Arab diplomat said Friday. Originally, 500 observers were believed to be destined for Syria. But on Friday, Arab Doctors Association Head Ibrahim Zafarani said he received an email from Arab League officials that indicated only 40 names would be submitted. U.S. State Department spokesman Mark Toner said Friday afternoon that the proposed number had been reduced to 40. Last week, the league's 22 nations voted to suspend Syria's membership, but later gave Damascus three days to implement a protocol to allow observers to enter the nation. International pressure has since been mounting against al-Assad over his regime's bloody crackdown on pro-democracy demonstrators, amid concerns that violence in Syria is escalating. CNN's Yasmin Amer contributed to this report. | cnn |
What is the mission statement of redbox? | Is there a vision or mission statement for Redbox? | wikianswers |
Hospital Bag: What I used and did not use during our 4 day stay | Due to some complications we had a four day stay. Here are the items that we packed that we used and did not use.
**DID USE**
one towels for trip to hospital after water broke
one always infinity pad for ride over to hospital
diaper bag (as a way to carry part of this stuff over there, I could have used any type of bag)
hair ties, toothbrush, toothpaste, soap, nursing bra, nursing pads
NB go home outfit: shorts and side snap t-shirt, one pair of socks
one muslin blanket (for on top of baby in car ride home)
pump (used it once)
one tp (tp dispenser at hospital didn't work well so this came in handy,
otherwise hospital tp quality was fine)
snacks/foods (due to complicated allergies)
outfit for me to go home
computer, phone, and chargers, CHAPSTICK (lips got so dry), flip flops, wallet
**DID NOT USE**
stool softener and tylenol (hospital had it)
nipple cream (hospital had it)
NB pant, extra pair of socks
0-3: striped onesie, whale pants, 2 pair socks (baby was not bigger
than NB size)
boppy pillow (used hospital pillows)
extra towels and garbage bags for drive over in case water broke (only
needed a towel and one always infinity pad)
extra always infinity pads
one regular baby blanket (only needed light muslin one) | reddit_title_body |
Pd-Catalyzed carboannulation of γ,δ-alkenyl oximes: efficient access to 5-membered cyclic nitrones and dihydroazines | We report that the Pd0-catalyzed carboannulation of γ,δ-alkenyl oximes with aryl and vinyl halides offers a straightforward entry path to 5-membered cyclic nitrones or 6-membered cyclic oxime ethers, wherein substrate conformation can result in divergent reactivity, a phenomenon that likely arises from a shift in the mechanistic paradigm. The title transformation features a catalyst-controlled bond formation event that holds promise for the enantioselective synthesis of these important heterocycles. | s2orc_title_abstract |
how many tags are allowed on youtube? | YouTube allows you to use as many tags as you would like as long as the total character limit across all tags is less than 400 characters (approximately). Generally, most videos should have 5-8 tags. | gooaq |
why are gpus faster than cpu? | CPU cores,though fewer are more powerful than thousands of GPU cores. ... The power cost of GPU is higher than CPU. Concluding, The High bandwidth, hiding the latency under thread parallelism and easily programmable registers makes GPU a lot faster than a CPU. | gooaq |
how much higher is the river in bangui compared to the rest of the country | river is three times higher than during the rest of the year. The city was also known as "La Coquette" (the beautiful city) in the 1970s. Close to the river, the city centre features a large arch dedicated to Bokassa as well as the presidential palace and the central market. Lying further north, the heart of the residential area has the largest market and most of the nightlife. Many of those in the suburbs live in houses known as Kodros, built of mud bricks with a thatched roof. The Bangui Magnetic Anomaly, one of the earth’s largest crustal anomalies and | paq |
Seems like less than a day | I have used this product on multiple materials. It doesn't last very long at all. Seems like less than a day. Also, the product doesn't seem to work on materials with holes like mesh. | amazon_reviews |
Accessibility algorithm based on site availability to enhance replica selection in a data grid environment | An on-line replication strategy to increase availability in Data Grids | s2orc_citation_titles |
Ted Key ( born Theodore Keyser ; August 25 , 1912 -- May 3 , 2008 ) , was an American cartoonist and writer . | Ted Key ( born Theodore Keyser , August 25 , 1912 -- May 3 , 2008 ) was an American cartoonist and writer . | altlex |
How much does it cost to get a supercharger? | How much does a supercharger or turbocharger cost? | wikianswers |
If a gas has a gage pressure of 206 kpa its absolute pressure is approximatately? | If a gas has a gage of pressure of 206 kPa its absolute pressure is approximatley? | wikianswers |
Study combined data on carbon cycle with data on the climate system .
The upper layers of the ocean take longer to heat than the atmosphere .
This accounts for the ten year time lag, say Washington-based scientists .
The results also suggest that warming can persist for more than a century .
People alive today are likely to benefit from strategies to cut emissions .
Carbon dioxide emissions are now up 60 per cent since leaders got together to try to solve global warming in 1992 . | Many scientists believe it takes several decades for the effects of global warming to be felt on Earth. But in fact, it takes just 10 years for a single emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) to have its maximum warming effects on the planet. This is according to Washington-based researchers who claim to have dispelled a common misconception that the damaging effects from a CO2 emission will only be felt by future generations. Scroll down for video . It takes just 10 years for a single emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) to have its maximum warming effects on the Earth, according to a new study by the Carnegie Institute for Science in Washington. Pictured is the average global surface temperatures in 2013. Red and dark orange show warmer-than-average temperatures . The results suggest that warming can persist for more than a century and that the benefits from emission reductions will be felt by those who have worked to curb the emissions. Some of these benefits would be the avoidance of extreme weather events, such as droughts, heatwaves and flooding, according to scientists at the Carnegie Institute for Science. However, some of the bigger climate impacts from warming, such as sea-level rise, melting ice sheets and long-lasting damage to ecosystems, may not occur for hundreds or thousands of years later, they claim. 'Amazingly, despite many decades of climate science, there has never been a study focused on how long it takes to feel the warming from a particular emission of carbon dioxide, taking carbon-climate uncertainties into consideration,' said lead author of the study Dr Katharine Ricke. The study suggests that warming from CO2 emissions can persist for more than a century and that the benefits from emission reductions will be felt by those who have worked to curb the emissions . 'A lot of climate scientists may have an intuition about how long it takes to feel the warming from a particular emission of CO2, but that intuition might be a little bit out of sync with our best estimates from today's climate and carbon cycle models.' To calculate this timeframe, researchers combined information about the Earth's carbon cycle with information about the Earth's climate system taken from a group of climate models used in the latest IPCC report. The results showed that the average time between a single CO2 emission and maximum warming was 10.1 years, and reaffirmed that most of the warming persists for more than a century. The reason for this time lag is because the upper layers of the oceans take longer to heat up than the atmosphere, the scientists say. As the oceans take up more and more heat which causes the overall climate to warm up, the warming effects of CO2 emissions actually begin to diminish as CO2 is eventually removed from the atmosphere. Dr Matthew Watson, a climate scientists, said he was 'terrified' of the some geoengineering solutions . A climate scientist has said he is 'terrified' of the futuristic technologies he is helping to develop in a bid to slow global warming. British academics have spent £5.4 million ($8.5 million) in the last five years on taxpayer-funded 'geoengineering' projects to stop the effects of climate change. Dr Matthew Watson, lead investigator of a £1.8million ($2.8 million) project to pump chemicals into the atmosphere to reflect the sun's rays, said using such technologies will become inevitable if humanity fails to stop global warming. The Bristol University academic has already suffered a major setback, when much-trumpeted plans to send a huge balloon into the air to test his scheme was scrapped over a patenting dispute. Last week, he admitted that despite the millions already spent on research, scientists are still decades from seeing their dreams turn into reality. And he said they could indeed be dangerous. The schemes could see rainfall patterns change, droughts spread across the world and the ozone layer damaged beyond repair. 'Personally, this stuff terrifies me,' he said. 'Whilst it is clear that temperatures could be reduced during deployment, the potential for misstep is considerable. 'By identifying risks, we hope to contribute to the evidence base around geoengineering that will determine whether deployment, in the face of the threat of climate change, has the capacity to do more good than harm.' But he added that it would be 'unethical' not to try the technology. It takes around 10 years for these two competing factors to cancel each other out and for warming to be at a maximum. 'Our results show that people alive today are very likely to benefit from emissions avoided today and that these will not accrue solely to impact future generations,' Dr Ricke said. 'Our findings should dislodge previous misconceptions about this timeframe that have played a key part in the failure to reach policy consensus.' In the two decades since world leaders first got together to try to solve global warming, the world has become more polluted with heat-trapping gases, more crowded and just downright wilder. According to a separate study by the Associated Press, carbon dioxide emissions are up 60 per cent, global temperature are up six-tenths of a degree and sea levels have increased by three inches. 'Simply put, we are rapidly remaking the planet and beginning to suffer the consequences,' says Michael Oppenheimer, professor of geosciences and international affairs at Princeton University. Diplomats from more than 190 nations opened talks Monday at a United Nations global warming conference in Lima, Peru, to pave the way for an international treaty they hope to forge next year. Overall, what really strikes me is the missed opportunity,' Andrew Dessler, a climate scientist at Texas A&M University. 'We knew by the early 1990s that global warming was coming, yet we have done essentially nothing to head off the risk. I think that future generations may be justifiably angry about this.' Global carbon dioxide emission is up 60 per cent since leaders got together to try to solve global warming in 1992. Pictured are various country contributions to carbon dioxide emissions from 1960-2012 . | cnn |
What high school shaquille oneal went to to? | What high school did shaquille o'neal went to? | wikianswers |
Where is the crankshaft sensor located on a chevrolet lumina 98? | 98 lumina crankshaft sensor? | wikianswers |
Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress by intermedin1-53 protects against myocardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury through CRLR/RAMPs-Akt signalling pathway | Intermedin 1-53 Inhibits Myocardial Fibrosis in Rats by Down-Regulating Transforming Growth Factor-β | s2orc_citation_titles |
@param string $key
@param mixed $value
@return Log
@throws \InvalidArgumentException | public function with( $key, $value ) {
if ( ! is_string( $key ) || ! array_key_exists( $key, self::$filters ) ) {
throw new \InvalidArgumentException( 'Invalid Log key.' );
}
return $this->merge_array( [ $key => $value ] );
} | codesearch |
what type of church is in hacksack new jersey | First Baptist Church of Hackensack First Baptist Church is a Baptist church located in Hackensack, New Jersey. It is a former mega-church located only seven miles from New York City. The campus covers a full city block of land and includes a 500-seat worship center, a school offering pre-kindergarten through grade 12, a day camp, and a library. The church formerly had a bookstore and various other ministry as well. At one point the church had nearly 1,500 members. The mission of First Baptist Church is to glorify God by Worshipping with others as a cooperate body of believers, Growing | paq |
Great resource for my witnessing | Great easy resource for witnessing to people. I heard that a newer version will be available late January 2011. This version will be easier to carry. Can be purchased in January on [...] | amazon_reviews |
Who recited the poem at the inauguration of John F Kennedy? | Who recited a poem at john f kennedys inaugural in 1961? | wikianswers |
What are the unique aspects of the sports products? | Describe the unique aspects of sport product? | wikianswers |