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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20fifth%20problem | Hilbert's fifth problem is the fifth mathematical problem from the problem list publicized in 1900 by mathematician David Hilbert, and concerns the characterization of Lie groups.
The theory of Lie groups describes continuous symmetry in mathematics; its importance there and in theoretical physics (for example quark t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ%20%28biology%29 | In a multicellular organism, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. In the hierarchy of life, an organ lies between tissue and an organ system. Tissues are formed from same type cells to act together in a function. Tissues of different types combine to form an organ ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclass | Subclass may refer to:
Subclass (taxonomy), a taxonomic rank below "class"
Subclass (computer science)
Subclass (set theory)
See also
Superclass |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finitism | Finitism is a philosophy of mathematics that accepts the existence only of finite mathematical objects. It is best understood in comparison to the mainstream philosophy of mathematics where infinite mathematical objects (e.g., infinite sets) are accepted as legitimate.
Main idea
The main idea of finitistic mathematic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Simson | Robert Simson (14 October 1687 – 1 October 1768) was a Scottish mathematician and professor of mathematics at the University of Glasgow. The Simson line is named after him.
Biography
Robert Simson was born on 14 October 1687, probably the eldest of the seventeen children, all male, of John Simson, a Glasgow merchant,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation | Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:
in biology, gene regulation and metabolic regulation allow livi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Lindquist | Susan Lee Lindquist, ForMemRS (June 5, 1949 – October 27, 2016) was an American professor of biology at MIT specializing in molecular biology, particularly the protein folding problem within a family of molecules known as heat-shock proteins, and prions. Lindquist was a member and former director of the Whitehead Inst... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Roebling | John Augustus Roebling (born Johann August Röbling; June 12, 1806 – July 22, 1869) was a German-born American civil engineer. He designed and built wire rope suspension bridges, in particular the Brooklyn Bridge, which has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Whytlaw-Gray | Robert H. Whytlaw-Gray, OBE, FRS (14 June 1877 – 29 January 1958) was an English chemist, born in London. He studied at the University of Glasgow and University College London and was Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Leeds. He and William Ramsay isolated radon and studied its physical properties (... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tense | Tense may refer to:
Biology
Tense, a state of muscle contraction
Linguistics
Grammatical tense, a property of verbs indicating chronology
Tense–aspect–mood, a wider set of verb features (colloquially "tense")
Tenseness, a constrained pronunciation, especially of vowels
Media
Tense (album), a 2014 album by TVXQ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-finding%20algorithms | In mathematics and computing, a root-finding algorithm is an algorithm for finding zeros, also called "roots", of continuous functions. A zero of a function , from the real numbers to real numbers or from the complex numbers to the complex numbers, is a number such that . As, generally, the zeros of a function cannot ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic%20function | In mathematics, the term "characteristic function" can refer to any of several distinct concepts:
The indicator function of a subset, that is the function
which for a given subset A of X, has value 1 at points of A and 0 at points of X − A.
The characteristic function in convex analysis, closely related to the indi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20ring | In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, local rings are certain rings that are comparatively simple, and serve to describe what is called "local behaviour", in the sense of functions defined on varieties or manifolds, or of algebraic number fields examined at a particular place, or prime. Local algebra is the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilab | Scilab is a free and open-source, cross-platform numerical computational package and a high-level, numerically oriented programming language. It can be used for signal processing, statistical analysis, image enhancement, fluid dynamics simulations, numerical optimization, and modeling, simulation of explicit and impli... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisibility | Invisibility is the state of an object that cannot be seen. An object in this state is said to be invisible (literally, "not visible"). The phenomenon is studied by physics and perceptual psychology.
Since objects can be seen by light in the visible spectrum from a source reflecting off their surfaces and hitting the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier | Fourier may refer to:
People named Fourier
Joseph Fourier (1768–1830), French mathematician and physicist
Charles Fourier (1772–1837), French utopian socialist thinker
Peter Fourier (1565–1640), French saint in the Roman Catholic Church and priest of Mattaincourt
Mathematics
Fourier series, a weighted sum of sinusoid... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20signal%20processor | A digital signal processor (DSP) is a specialized microprocessor chip, with its architecture optimized for the operational needs of digital signal processing. DSPs are fabricated on metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit chips. They are widely used in audio signal processing, telecommunications, digital ima... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20problems | Hilbert's problems are 23 problems in mathematics published by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900. They were all unsolved at the time, and several proved to be very influential for 20th-century mathematics. Hilbert presented ten of the problems (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 19, 21, and 22) at the Paris conference of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20number | In mathematics, a negative number represents an opposite. In the real number system, a negative number is a number that is less than zero. Negative numbers are often used to represent the magnitude of a loss or deficiency. A debt that is owed may be thought of as a negative asset. If a quantity, such as the charge on a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence | In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to a laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between those layers.
Turbulence is commonly observed in everyday phenomena such a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex | In fluid dynamics, a vortex (: vortices or vortexes) is a region in a fluid in which the flow revolves around an axis line, which may be straight or curved. Vortices form in stirred fluids, and may be observed in smoke rings, whirlpools in the wake of a boat, and the winds surrounding a tropical cyclone, tornado or dus... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera%20%28genetics%29 | A genetic chimerism or chimera ( or ) is a single organism composed of cells with more than one distinct genotype. In animals and human chimeras, this means an individual derived from two or more zygotes, which can include possessing blood cells of different blood types, and subtle variations in form (phenotype). Ani... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleene%27s%20recursion%20theorem | In computability theory, Kleene's recursion theorems are a pair of fundamental results about the application of computable functions to their own descriptions. The theorems were first proved by Stephen Kleene in 1938 and appear in his 1952 book Introduction to Metamathematics. A related theorem, which constructs fi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability%20theory | Computability theory, also known as recursion theory, is a branch of mathematical logic, computer science, and the theory of computation that originated in the 1930s with the study of computable functions and Turing degrees. The field has since expanded to include the study of generalized computability and definability... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleene%20algebra | In mathematics, a Kleene algebra ( ; named after Stephen Cole Kleene) is an idempotent (and thus partially ordered) semiring endowed with a closure operator. It generalizes the operations known from regular expressions.
Definition
Various inequivalent definitions of Kleene algebras and related structures have been g... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museon | Museon is a museum for science and culture in The Hague, Netherlands, with a strong focus on education. It regularly presents exhibitions on a range of topics related to the environment, geography or cultural identity. It has an extensive collections in the domains of geology, biology, archaeology, history, science and... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode%20plot | In electrical engineering and control theory, a Bode plot is a graph of the frequency response of a system. It is usually a combination of a Bode magnitude plot, expressing the magnitude (usually in decibels) of the frequency response, and a Bode phase plot, expressing the phase shift.
As originally conceived by Hen... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritability | Heritability is a statistic used in the fields of breeding and genetics that estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population. The concept of heritability can be expressed in the form of the following question: "What is the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetrance | Penetrance in genetics is the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant (or allele) of a gene (the genotype) that also expresses an associated trait (the phenotype). In medical genetics, the penetrance of a disease-causing mutation is the proportion of individuals with the mutation that exhibit clinical s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Reines | Frederick Reines ( ; March 16, 1918 – August 26, 1998) was an American physicist. He was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics for his co-detection of the neutrino with Clyde Cowan in the neutrino experiment. He may be the only scientist in history "so intimately associated with the discovery of an elementary particl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse%20%28logic%29 | In logic and mathematics, the converse of a categorical or implicational statement is the result of reversing its two constituent statements. For the implication P → Q, the converse is Q → P. For the categorical proposition All S are P, the converse is All P are S. Either way, the truth of the converse is generally ind... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Prokhorov | Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov (born Alexander Michael Prochoroff, ; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002) was an Australian-born Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers in the former Soviet Union for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Bas... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20J.%20Plunkett | Roy J. Plunkett (June 26, 1910 – May 12, 1994) was an American chemist. He discovered polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), better known as Teflon, in 1938.
Personal life and education
Plunkett was born in New Carlisle, Ohio and attended Newton High School in Pleasant Hill, Ohio.
He graduated from Manchester University wi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois%20connection | In mathematics, especially in order theory, a Galois connection is a particular correspondence (typically) between two partially ordered sets (posets). Galois connections find applications in various mathematical theories. They generalize the fundamental theorem of Galois theory about the correspondence between subgro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossophobia | Glossophobia or speech anxiety is the fear of public speaking. The word glossophobia derives from the Greek γλῶσσα glossa (tongue) and φόβος phobos (fear or dread.) The causes of glossophobia are uncertain but explanations include communibiology and the illusion of transparency. Further explanations range from nervousn... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20mass%20%28solid-state%20physics%29 | In solid state physics, a particle's effective mass (often denoted ) is the mass that it seems to have when responding to forces, or the mass that it seems to have when interacting with other identical particles in a thermal distribution. One of the results from the band theory of solids is that the movement of particl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Barlow%20%28mathematician%29 | Peter Barlow (13 October 1776 – 1 March 1862) was an English mathematician and physicist.
Work in mathematics
In 1801, Barlow was appointed assistant mathematics master at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and retained this post until 1847. He contributed articles on mathematics to The Ladies' Diary as well as p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20product | In mathematics, the cross product or vector product (occasionally directed area product, to emphasize its geometric significance) is a binary operation on two vectors in a three-dimensional oriented Euclidean vector space (named here ), and is denoted by the symbol . Given two linearly independent vectors and , the c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot%20product | In mathematics, the dot product or scalar product is an algebraic operation that takes two equal-length sequences of numbers (usually coordinate vectors), and returns a single number. In Euclidean geometry, the dot product of the Cartesian coordinates of two vectors is widely used. It is often called the inner product... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Waerden%27s%20theorem | Van der Waerden's theorem is a theorem in the branch of mathematics called Ramsey theory. Van der Waerden's theorem states that for any given positive integers r and k, there is some number N such that if the integers {1, 2, ..., N} are colored, each with one of r different colors, then there are at least k integers i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20McMillan | Edwin Mattison McMillan (September 18, 1907 – September 7, 1991) was an American physicist credited with being the first to produce a transuranium element, neptunium. For this, he shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Glenn Seaborg.
A graduate of California Institute of Technology, he earned his doctorate from... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer%20Rees | Elmer Gethin Rees, (19 November 1941 – 4 October 2019) was a Welsh mathematician with publications in areas ranging from topology, differential geometry, algebraic geometry, linear algebra and Morse theory to robotics. He held the post of Director of the Heilbronn Institute for Mathematical Research, a partnership bet... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Sleator | Daniel Dominic Kaplan Sleator (born 10 December 1953) is a Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States. In 1999, he won the ACM Paris Kanellakis Award (jointly with Robert Tarjan) for the splay tree data structure.
He was one of the pioneers in amortized analysis of algorithm... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical%20potential | In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential (ECP), , is a thermodynamic measure of chemical potential that does not omit the energy contribution of electrostatics. Electrochemical potential is expressed in the unit of J/mol.
Introduction
Each chemical species (for example, "water molecules", "sodium ions", "ele... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula%20recta | In cryptography, the tabula recta (from Latin tabula rēcta) is a square table of alphabets, each row of which is made by shifting the previous one to the left. The term was invented by the German author and monk Johannes Trithemius in 1508, and used in his Trithemius cipher.
Trithemius cipher
The Trithemius cipher wa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20coincidence | In cryptography, coincidence counting is the technique (invented by William F. Friedman) of putting two texts side-by-side and counting the number of times that identical letters appear in the same position in both texts. This count, either as a ratio of the total or normalized by dividing by the expected count for a r... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintext | In cryptography, plaintext usually means unencrypted information pending input into cryptographic algorithms, usually encryption algorithms. This usually refers to data that is transmitted or stored unencrypted.
Overview
With the advent of computing, the term plaintext expanded beyond human-readable documents to mean ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability%20engineering | Usability engineering is a professional discipline that focuses on improving the usability of interactive systems. It draws on theories from computer science and psychology to define problems that occur during the use of such a system. Usability Engineering involves the testing of designs at various stages of the devel... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl%20group | In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula , composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom. It is common to several classes of organic compounds (such as aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids), as part of many larger functional groups. A... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline | Choline ( ) is a cation with the chemical formula . Choline forms various salts, for example choline chloride and choline bitartrate.
Chemistry
Choline is a quaternary ammonium cation. The cholines are a family of water-soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Choline is the parent compound of the cholines class, consis... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Polish%20people | This is a partial list of notable Polish or Polish-speaking or -writing people. People of partial Polish heritage have their respective ancestries credited.
Science
Physics
Czesław Białobrzeski
Andrzej Buras
Georges Charpak, 1995 Nobel Prize
Jan Kazimierz Danysz
Marian Danysz
Tomasz Dietl
Maria Dworzecka
Ar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS | PLOS (for Public Library of Science; PLoS until 2012 ) is a nonprofit publisher of open-access journals in science, technology, and medicine and other scientific literature, under an open-content license. It was founded in 2000 and launched its first journal, PLOS Biology, in October 2003.
PLOS publishes 12 academic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20%28mechanics%29 | In mechanics and physics, shock is a sudden acceleration caused, for example, by impact, drop, kick, earthquake, or explosion. Shock is a transient physical excitation.
Shock describes matter subject to extreme rates of force with respect to time. Shock is a vector that has units of an acceleration (rate of change of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac%20statistics | Fermi–Dirac statistics is a type of quantum statistics that applies to the physics of a system consisting of many non-interacting, identical particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle. A result is the Fermi–Dirac distribution of particles over energy states. It is named after Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac, each of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Fausto-Sterling | Anne Fausto-Sterling ( Sterling; born July 30, 1944) is an American sexologist who has written extensively on the social construction of gender, sexual identity, gender identity, gender roles, and intersexuality. She is the Nancy Duke Lewis Professor Emerita of Biology and Gender Studies at Brown University.
Life and ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeology | In mathematics, a diffeology on a set generalizes the concept of smooth charts in a differentiable manifold, declaring what the "smooth parametrizations" in the set are.
The concept was first introduced by Jean-Marie Souriau in the 1980s under the name Espace différentiel and later developed by his students Paul Donat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-empiricism%20in%20mathematics | Quasi-empiricism in mathematics is the attempt in the philosophy of mathematics to direct philosophers' attention to mathematical practice, in particular, relations with physics, social sciences, and computational mathematics, rather than solely to issues in the foundations of mathematics. Of concern to this discussion... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-empirical%20method | Quasi-empirical methods are methods applied in science and mathematics to achieve epistemology similar to that of empiricism (thus quasi- + empirical) when experience cannot falsify the ideas involved. Empirical research relies on empirical evidence, and its empirical methods involve experimentation and disclosure of a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20interpolation | In mathematics, linear interpolation is a method of curve fitting using linear polynomials to construct new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points.
Linear interpolation between two known points
If the two known points are given by the coordinates and , the linear interpolant is the strai... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial%20species | In combinatorial mathematics, the theory of combinatorial species is an abstract, systematic method for deriving the generating functions of discrete structures, which allows one to not merely count these structures but give bijective proofs involving them. Examples of combinatorial species are (finite) graphs, permut... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20cipher%20mode%20of%20operation | In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or authenticity. A block cipher by itself is only suitable for the secure cryptographic transformation (encryption or decryption) of one fixed-length group of bits called a ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC6 | In cryptography, RC6 (Rivest cipher 6) is a symmetric key block cipher derived from RC5. It was designed by Ron Rivest, Matt Robshaw, Ray Sidney, and Yiqun Lisa Yin to meet the requirements of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) competition. The algorithm was one of the five finalists, and also was submitted to the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatology | Primatology is the scientific study of primates. It is a diverse discipline at the boundary between mammalogy and anthropology, and researchers can be found in academic departments of anatomy, anthropology, biology, medicine, psychology, veterinary sciences and zoology, as well as in animal sanctuaries, biomedical rese... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net | A net is a mesh of strings or ropes or a device made from one, such as those used for fishing.
Net or net may also refer to:
Mathematics and physics
Net (mathematics), a filter-like topological generalization of a sequence
Net, a linear system of divisors of dimension 2
Net (polyhedron), an arrangement of polygon... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor | Factor, a Latin word meaning "who/which acts", may refer to:
Commerce
Factor (agent), a person who acts for, notably a mercantile and colonial agent
Factor (Scotland), a person or firm managing a Scottish estate
Factors of production, such a factor is a resource used in the production of goods and services
Scienc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a ball is the solid figure bounded by a sphere; it is also called a solid sphere. It may be a closed ball (including the boundary points that constitute the sphere) or an open ball (excluding them).
These concepts are defined not only in three-dimensional Euclidean space but also for lower and higher d... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality | Quality may refer to:
Concepts
Quality (business), the non-inferiority or superiority of something
Quality (philosophy), an attribute or a property
Quality (physics), in response theory
Energy quality, used in various science disciplines
Logical quality, philosophical categorization of statements
Service quality, comp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal | In mathematics, an infinitesimal number is a quantity that is closer to 0 than any standard real number, but that is not 0. The word infinitesimal comes from a 17th-century Modern Latin coinage infinitesimus, which originally referred to the "infinity-th" item in a sequence.
Infinitesimals do not exist in the standard... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating%20function | In mathematics, a generating function is a way of encoding an infinite sequence of numbers () by treating them as the coefficients of a formal power series. This series is called the generating function of the sequence. Unlike an ordinary series, the formal power series is not required to converge: in fact, the generat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary%20operation | In mathematics, a unary operation is an operation with only one operand, i.e. a single input. This is in contrast to binary operations, which use two operands. An example is any function , where is a set. The function is a unary operation on .
Common notations are prefix notation (e.g. ¬, −), postfix notation (e.g. ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Wilhelm%20Feuerbach | Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach (30 May 1800 – 12 March 1834) was a German geometer and the son of legal scholar Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach, and the brother of philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach. After receiving his doctorate at age 22, he became a professor of mathematics at the Gymnasium at Erlangen. In 1822 he wrote a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20fluctuation | In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (also known as a vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary random change in the amount of energy in a point in space, as prescribed by Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. They are minute random fluctuations in the values of the fields which represe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoterism | In chemistry, an amphoteric compound () is a molecule or ion that can react both as an acid and as a base. What exactly this can mean depends on which definitions of acids and bases are being used.
One type of amphoteric species are amphiprotic molecules, which can either donate or accept a proton (). This is what "am... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony%20%28biology%29 | In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another. This association is usually for mutual benefit such as stronger defense or the ability to attack bigger prey.
Colonies can form in various shapes and ways depending on the organism in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olry%20Terquem | Olry Terquem (16 June 1782 – 6 May 1862) was a French mathematician. He is known for his works in geometry and for founding two scientific journals, one of which was the first journal about the history of mathematics. He was also the pseudonymous author (as Tsarphati) of a sequence of letters advocating radical reform ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlanetMath | PlanetMath is a free, collaborative, mathematics online encyclopedia. The emphasis is on rigour, openness, pedagogy, real-time content, interlinked content, and also community of about 24,000 people with various maths interests. Intended to be comprehensive, the project is currently hosted by the University of Waterlo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth%20value | In logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth, which in classical logic has only two possible values (true or false).
Computing
In some programming languages, any expression can be evaluated in a context that expects a Boolean ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%20Scott | Dana Stewart Scott (born October 11, 1932) is an American logician who is the emeritus Hillman University Professor of Computer Science, Philosophy, and Mathematical Logic at Carnegie Mellon University; he is now retired and lives in Berkeley, California. His work on automata theory earned him the Turing Award in 1976,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%20field | In mathematics and physics, a scalar field is a function associating a single number to every point in a space – possibly physical space. The scalar may either be a pure mathematical number (dimensionless) or a scalar physical quantity (with units).
In a physical context, scalar fields are required to be independent o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20methods | In computer science, formal methods are mathematically rigorous techniques for the specification, development, analysis, and verification of software and hardware systems. The use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing app... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%20analysis | In computer science, program analysis is the process of automatically analyzing the behavior of computer programs regarding a property such as correctness, robustness, safety and liveness.
Program analysis focuses on two major areas: program optimization and program correctness. The first focuses on improving the prog... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20cognitive%20science%20articles | Cognitive science is the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994).
Practically every formal introduction to cognitive science stresses that it is a highly interdisciplinary research area in which psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy, computer science (in particular artificial in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum%20sensing | In biology, quorum sensing or quorum signaling (QS) is the ability to detect and respond to cell population density by gene regulation. Quorum sensing is a type of cellular signaling, and more specifically can be considered a type of paracrine signaling. However, it also contains traits of both autocrine signaling: a c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derangement | In combinatorial mathematics, a derangement is a permutation of the elements of a set in which no element appears in its original position. In other words, a derangement is a permutation that has no fixed points.
The number of derangements of a set of size n is known as the subfactorial of n or the n-th derangement nu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiling%27s%20axiom%20of%20symmetry | Freiling's axiom of symmetry () is a set-theoretic axiom proposed by Chris Freiling. It is based on intuition of Stuart Davidson
but the mathematics behind it goes back to Wacław Sierpiński.
Let denote the set of all functions from to countable subsets of . The axiom states:
For every , there exist such that an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydomonas | Chlamydomonas ( ) is a genus of green algae consisting of about 150 species of unicellular flagellates, found in stagnant water and on damp soil, in freshwater, seawater, and even in snow as "snow algae". Chlamydomonas is used as a model organism for molecular biology, especially studies of flagellar motility and chlor... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%20wave | In physics, a mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium. While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of transmission—the material—is limited. Therefore, the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium posi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryology | Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that occur before... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogamy | Heterogamy is a term applied to a variety of distinct phenomena in different scientific domains. Usually having to do with some kind of difference, "hetero", in reproduction, "gamy". See below for more specific senses.
Science
Reproductive biology
In reproductive biology, heterogamy is the alternation of differently ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20economics | Evolutionary economics is a school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology. Although not defined by a strict set of principles and uniting various approaches, it treats economic development as a process rather than an equilibrium and emphasizes change (qualitative, organisational, and structural), ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Daumal | René Daumal (; 16 March 1908 – 21 May 1944) was a French spiritual para-surrealist writer, critic and poet, best known for his posthumously published novel Mount Analogue (1952) as well as for being an early, outspoken practitioner of pataphysics.
Biography
Daumal was born in Boulzicourt, Ardennes, France. In his la... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future | The future is the time after the past and present. Its arrival is considered inevitable due to the existence of time and the laws of physics. Due to the apparent nature of reality and the unavoidability of the future, everything that currently exists and will exist can be categorized as either permanent, meaning that i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr%20%28disambiguation%29 | Bohr most often refers to:
Niels Bohr (1885–1962), Danish atomic physicist, Nobel Prize in physics 1922
Bohr may also refer to:
People
Aage Bohr (1922–2009), Danish nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize in physics 1975, son of Niels Bohr
Christian Bohr (1855–1911), Danish physician and physiologist, father of Harald and ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color%20%28disambiguation%29 | Color or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, yellow, blue, green, etc.
Color or colour may also refer to:
Science
Color charge, in particle physics, a property of quarks and gluons
Color index, in astronomy, a simple numerical expression that determines the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave%20Le%20Bon | Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon (; 7 May 1841 – 13 December 1931) was a leading French polymath whose areas of interest included anthropology, psychology, sociology, medicine, invention, and physics. He is best known for his 1895 work The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, which is considered one of the seminal works of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Stas | Jean Servais Stas (21 August 1813 – 13 December 1891) was a Belgian analytical chemist who co-discovered the atomic weight of carbon.
Life and work
Stas was born in Leuven and trained initially as a physician. He later switched to chemistry and worked at the École Polytechnique in Paris under the direction of Jean-B... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Rathenau | Walther Rathenau (29 September 1867 – 24 June 1922) was a German industrialist, writer and politician who served as foreign minister of Germany from February to June 1922.
Rathenau was the son of Emil Rathenau, a prominent Jewish businessman and founder of the electrical engineering company Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Ge... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity%20wave | In fluid dynamics, gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two media when the force of gravity or buoyancy tries to restore equilibrium. An example of such an interface is that between the atmosphere and the ocean, which gives rise to wind waves.
A gravity wave results when flui... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20circulation | In fluid dynamics, a secondary circulation or secondary flow is a weak circulation that plays a key maintenance role in sustaining a stronger primary circulation that contains most of the kinetic energy and momentum of a flow. For example, a tropical cyclone's primary winds are tangential (horizontally swirling), but ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering | Scattering is a term used in physics to describe a wide range of physical processes where moving particles or radiation of some form, such as light or sound, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by localized non-uniformities (including particles and radiation) in the medium through which they pass. In conve... |
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