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A zero-suppressed decision diagram (ZSDD or ZDD) is a particular kind of binary decision diagram (BDD) with fixed variable ordering. This data structure provides a canonically compact representation of sets, particularly suitable for certain combinatorial problems. Recall the Ordered Binary Decision Diagram (OBDD) reduction strategy, i.e. a node is replaced with one of its children if both out-edges point to the same node. In contrast, a node in a ZDD is replaced with its negative child if its positive edge points to the terminal node 0. This provides an alternative strong normal form, with improved compression of sparse sets. It is based on a reduction rule devised by Shin-ichi Minato in 1993.
Background
In a binary decision diagram, a Boolean function can be represented as a rooted, directed, acyclic graph, which consists of several decision nodes and terminal nodes. In 1993, Shin-ichi Minato from Japan modified Randal Bryant's BDDs for solving combinatorial problems. His "Zero-Suppressed" BDDs aim to represent and manipulate sparse sets of bit vectors. If the data for a problem are represented as bit vectors of length n, then any subset of the vectors can be represented by the Boolean function over n variables yielding 1 when the vector corresponding to the variable assignment is in the set.
According to Bryant, it is possible to use forms of logic functions to express problems involving sum-of-products. Such forms are often represented as sets of "cubes", each denoted by a string containing symbols 0, 1, and -. For instance, the function can be illustrated by the set . By using bits 10, 01, and 00 to denote symbols 1, 0, and – respectively, one can represent the above set with bit vectors in the form of . Notice that the set of bit vectors is sparse, in that the number of vectors is fewer than 2, which is the maximum number of bit vectors, and the set contains many elements equal to zero. In this case, a node can be omitted if setting the node variable to 1 causes the function to yield 0. This is seen in the condition that a 1 at some bit position implies that the vector is not in the set. For sparse sets, this condition is common, and hence many node eliminations are possible.
Minato has proved that ZDDs are especially suitable for combinatorial problems, such as the classical problems in two-level logic minimization, knight's tour problem, fault simulation, timing analysis, the N-queens problem, as well as weak division. By using ZDDs, one can reduce the size of the representation of a set of n-bit vectors in OBDDs by at most a factor of n. In practice, the optimization is statistically significant.
Definitions
We define a Zero-Suppressed Decision Diagram (ZDD) to be any directed acyclic graph such that:
1. A terminal node is either:
The special ⊤ node which represents the unit family (i.e., the empty set), or
The special ⊥ node which represents the empty family .
2. Each nonterminal node satisfies the following conditions:
a. The node is labelled with a positive integer v. This label does not have to be unique.
b. The node has an out-degree of 2. One of the outgoing edges is named "LO", and the other "HI". (In diagrams, one may draw dotted lines for LO edges and solid lines for HI edges)
c. A destination node is either terminal or labelled with an integer strictly larger than v. Thus one can omit arrowheads in diagrams because the edge directions can be inferred from the labels.
d. The HI edge never points to the ⊥ node.
3. There is exactly one node with zero in-degree—the root node. The root node is either terminal or labelled by the smallest integer in the diagram.
4. If two nodes have the same label, then their LO or HI edges point to different nodes. In other words, there are no redundant nodes.
We call Z an unreduced ZDD, if a HI edge points to a ⊥ node or condition 4 fails to hold.
In computer programs, Boolean functions can be expressed in bits, so the ⊤ node and ⊥ node can be represented by 1 and 0. From the definition above, we can represent combination sets efficiently by applying two rules to the BDDs:
1.Eliminate all the nodes whose 1-edge points to the 0-terminal node (Figure 1). Then connect the edge to the other subgraph directly.
2.Share all equivalent sub-graphs the same as for original BDDs.
If the number and the order of input variables are fixed, a zero-suppressed BDD represents a Boolean function uniquely (as proved in Figure 2, it is possible to use a BDD to represent a Boolean binary tree).
Representing a family of sets
Let F be a ZDD. Let v be its root node. Then:
1. If v = ⊥ , then there can be no other nodes, and F represents Ø, the empty family.
2. If v = ⊤, then there can be no other nodes, and F represents the family containing just the empty set { Ø }. We call this a unit family, and denote it by .
3. If v has two children. Let v0 be the LO node, and v1 be the HI node. Let Fi be the family represented by the ZDD rooted at vi, which can be shown by proof of induction. Then F represents the family
One may represent the LO branch as the sets in F that don't contain v:
And the HI branch as the sets in F that do contain v:
Example
Figure 3: The family . We may call this , an elementary family. Elementary families consist of the form , and are denoted by .
Figure 4: The family
Figure 5: The family
Figure 6: The family
Features
One feature of ZDDs is that the form does not depend on the number of input variables as long as the combination sets are the same. It is unnecessary to fix the number of input variables before generating graphs. ZDDs automatically suppress the variables for objects which never appear in combination, hence the efficiency for manipulating sparse combinations.
Another advantage of ZDDs is that the number of 1-paths in the graph is exactly equal to the number of elements in the combination set. In original BDDs, the node elimination breaks this property. Therefore, ZDDs are better than simple BDDs to represent combination sets. It is, however, better to use the original BDDs when representing ordinary Boolean functions, as shown in Figure 7.
Basic operations
Here we have the basic operations for ZDDs, as they are slightly different from those of the original BDDs. One may refer to Figure 8 for examples generated from the table below.
Empty() returns ø (empty set)
Base() returns{0}
Subset1(P, var) returns the subset of P such as var = 1
Subset0(P, var) returns the subset of P such as var = 0
Change(P, var) returns P when var is inverted
Union(P, Q) returns ()
Intsec(P, Q) returns ()
Diff(P, Q) returns ()
Count(P) returns . (number of elements)
In ZDDs, there is no NOT operation, which is an essential operation in original BDDs. The reason is that the complement set cannot be computed without defining the universal set . In ZDDs, can be computed as Diff(U, P).
Algorithms
Suppose , we can recursively compute the number of sets in a ZDD, enabling us to get the 34th set out a 54-member family. Random access is fast, and any operation possible for an array of sets can be done with efficiency on a ZDD.
According to Minato, the above operations for ZDDs can be executed recursively like original BDDs. To describe the algorithms simply, we define the procedure Getnode(top, P0, P1) that returns a node for a variable top and two subgraphs P0 and P1. We may use a hash table, called uniq-table, to keep each node unique. Node elimination and sharing are managed only by Getnode().
Getnode (top, P0, P1) {
if (P1 == ø) return P0; /* node elimination */
P = search a node with (top, P0, P1 ) in uniq-table; if (P exist) return P; /* node sharing */
P = generate a node with (top, P0, P1 );
append P to the uniq-table;
return P;
}
Using Getnode(), we can then represent other basic operations as follows:
Subset1 (P, var) {
if (P.top < var) return ø;
if (P.top == var) return P1;
if (P.top > var)
return Getnode (P.top, Subset1(P0, var), Subset1(P1, var));
}
Subset0 (P, var) {
if (P.top < var) return ø;
if (P.top == var) return P0;
if (P.top > var)
return Getnode (P.top, Subset0(P0, var), Subset0(P1, var));
}
Change (P, var) {
if (P.top < var) return Getnode (var, ø, P);
if (P.top == var) return Getnode (var, P1, P0);
if (P.top > var)
return Getnode (P.top, Change(P0, var), Change(P1, var));
}
Union (P, Q) {
if (P == ø) return Q;
if (Q == ø) return P;
if (P == Q) return P;
if (P.top > Q.top) return Getnode (P.top, Union(P0, Q), P1);
if (P.top < Q.top) return Getnode (Q.top, Union(P, Q0), Q1);
if (P.top == Q.top)
return Getnode (P.top, Union(P0, Q0), Union(P1, Q1));
}
Intsec (P, Q) {
if (P == ø) return ø;
if (Q == ø) return ø;
if (P == Q) return P;
if (P.top > Q.top) return Intsec(P0, Q);
if (P.top < Q.top) return Intsec (P, Q0);
if (P.top == Q.top)
return Getnode (P.top, Intsec(P0, Q0), Intsec(P1, Q1));
}
Diff (P, Q) {
if (P == ø) return ø;
if (Q == ø) return P;
if (P == Q) return ø;
if (P.top > Q.top) return Getnode(P.top, Diff(P0, Q), P1;)
if (P.top < Q.top) return Diff(P, Q0);
if (P.top == Q.top)
return Getnode (P.top, Diff(P0, Q0), Diff(P1, Q1));
}
Count (P) {
if (P == ø) return 0;
if (P == {ø}) return 1;
return Count(P0) + Count(P1);
}
These algorithms take an exponential time for the number of variables in the worst case; however, we can improve the performance by using a cache that memorizes results of recent operations in a similar fashion in BDDs. The cache prevents duplicate executions for equivalent sub-graphs. Without any duplicates, the algorithms can operate in a time that is proportional to the size of graphs, as shown in Figure 9 and 10.
Application
ZDDs as dictionaries
ZDDs can be used to represent the five-letter words of English, the set WORDS (of size 5757) from the Stanford GraphBase for instance.
One way to do this is to consider the function that is defined to be 1 if and only if the five numbers , , ..., encode the letters of an English word, where , ..., . For example,
. The function of 25 variables has Z(f) = 6233 nodes – which is not too bad for representing 5757 words.
Compared to binary trees, tries, or hash tables, a ZDD may not be the best to complete simple searches, yet it is efficient in retrieving data that is only partially specified, or data that is only supposed to match a key approximately. Complex queries can be handled with ease. Moreover, ZDDs do not involve as many variables. In fact, by using a ZDD, one can represent those five letter words as a sparse function that has 26×5 = 130 variables, where variable for example determines whether the second letter is "a". To represent the word "crazy", one can make F true when and all other variables are 0.
Thus, F can be considered as a family consisting of the 5757 subsets , etc. With these 130 variables the ZDD size Z(F) is in fact 5020 instead of 6233. According to Knuth, the equivalent size of B(F) using a BDD is 46,189—significantly larger than Z(F). In spite of having similar theories and algorithms, ZDDs outperform BDDs for this problem with quite a large margin.
Consequently, ZDDs allow us to perform certain queries that are too onerous for BDDs. Complex families of subset can readily be constructed from elementary families. To search words containing a certain pattern, one may use family algebra on ZDDs to compute where P is the pattern, e.g .
ZDDs to represent simple paths
One may use ZDDs to represent simple paths in an undirected graph. For example, there are 12 ways to go from the upper left corner of a three by three grid (shown in Figure 11) to the lower right corner, without visiting any point twice.
These paths can be represented by the ZDD shown in Figure 13, in which each node mn represents the question "does the path include the arc between m and n?" So, for example, the LO branch between 13 and 12 indicates that if the path does not include the arc from 1 to 3, the next thing to ask is if it includes the arc from 1 to 2. The absence of a LO branch leaving node 12 indicates that any path that does not go from 1 to 3 must therefore go from 1 to 2. (The next question to ask would be about the arc between 2 and 4.) In this ZDD, we get the first path in Figure 12 by taking the HI branches at nodes 13, 36, 68, and 89 of the ZDD (LO branches that simply go to ⊥ are omitted). Although the ZDD in Figure 13 may not seem significant by any means, the advantages of a ZDD become obvious as the grid gets larger. For example, for an eight by eight grid, the number of simple paths from corner to corner turns out to be
789,360,053,252 (Knuth). The paths can be illustrated with 33580 nodes using a ZDD.
A real world example for simple paths was proposed by Randal Bryant, "Suppose I wanted to take a driving tour of the Continental U.S., visiting all of the state capitols, and passing through each state only once. What route should I take to minimize the total distance?" Figure 14 shows an undirected graph for this roadmap, the numbers indicating the shortest distances between neighboring capital cities. The problem is to choose a subset of these edges that form a Hamiltonian path of smallest total length. Every Hamiltonian path in this graph must either start or end at Augusta, Maine(ME). Suppose one starts in CA. One can find a ZDD that characterizes all paths from CA to ME. According to Knuth, this ZDD turns out to have only 7850 nodes, and it effectively shows that exactly 437,525,772,584 simple paths from CA to ME are possible. By number of edges, the generating function is
;
so the longest such paths are Hamiltonian, with a size of 2,707,075. ZDDs in this case, are efficient for simple paths and Hamiltonian paths.
The eight-queens problem
Define 64 input variables to represent the squares on a chess board. Each variable denotes the presence or absence of a queen on that square. Consider that,
In a particular column, only one variable is "1".
In a particular row, only one variable is "1".
On a particular diagonal line, one or no variable is "1".
Although one can solve this problem by constructing OBDDs, it is more efficient to use ZDDs. Constructing a ZDD for the 8-Queens problem requires 8 steps from S1 to S8.
Each step can be defined as follows:
S1: Represents all choices of putting a queen at the first row.
S2: Represents all choices of putting a queen at the second row so as not to violate the first queen.
S3: Represents all choices of putting a queen at the third row so that it does not violate the previous queens.
…
S8: Represents all choices of putting a queen at the eighth row so that it does not violate the previous queens.
The ZDD for S8 consists of all potential solutions of the 8-Queens problem.
For this particular problem, caching can significantly improve the performance of the algorithm. Using cache to avoid duplicates can improve the N-Queens problems up to 4.5 times faster than using only the basic operations (as defined above), shown in Figure 10.
The knight's tour problem
The Knight's tour problem has a historical significance. The knight's graph contains n2 vertices to depict the squares of the chessboard. The edges illustrate the legal moves of a knight. The knight can visit each square of the board exactly once. Olaf Schröer, M. Löbbing, and Ingo Wegener approached this problem, namely on a board, by assigning Boolean variables for each edge on the graph, with a total of 156 variables to designate all the edges. A solution of the problem can be expressed by a 156-bit combination vector. According to Minato, the construction of a ZDD for all solutions is too large to solve directly. It is easier to divide and conquer. By dividing the problems into two parts of the board, and constructing ZDDs in subspaces, one can solve The Knight's tour problem with each solution containing 64 edges. However, since the graph is not very sparse, the advantage of using ZDDs is not so obvious.
Fault simulation
N. Takahashi et al suggested a fault simulation method given multiple faults by using OBDDs. This deductive method transmits the fault sets from primary inputs to primary outputs, and captures the faults at primary outputs. Since this method involves unate cube set expressions, ZDDs are more efficient. The optimizations from ZDDs in unate cube set calculations indicate that ZDDs could be useful in developing VLSI CAD systems and in a myriad of other applications.
Available packages
CUDD: A BDD package written in C that implements BDDs and ZBDDs, University of Colorado, Boulder
JDD, A java library that implements common BDD and ZBDD operations
Graphillion, A ZDD software implementation based on Python
, A CWEB ZDD implementation by Donald Knuth.
References
Further reading
Ch. Meinel, T. Theobald, "Algorithms and Data Structures in VLSI-Design: OBDD – Foundations and Applications", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1998.
Lynn, Ben. "ZDDs." ZDDs - Introduction, Stanford University, 2005, crypto.stanford.edu/pbc/notes/zdd/.
Knuth, Donald E. The Art of Computer Programming, Vol 4. 22 Dec. 2008.
External links
Lynn, Ben. "ZDDs." ZDDs - Introduction, Stanford University, 2005, crypto.stanford.edu/pbc/notes/zdd/
Donald Knuth, Fun With Zero-Suppressed Binary Decision Diagrams (ZDDs) (video lecture, 2008)
Minato Shin-ichi, Counting paths in graphs (fundamentals of ZDD) (video illustration produced on Miraikan)
Graph data structures
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Boyd Huppert (born January 22, 1962) is an American journalist and television personality. He is a news reporter for KARE 11 in Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota. He is the lead writer, producer and host of KARE 11's Land of 10,000 Stories news segment, which has received numerous awards for photojournalism. Huppert has been recognized for his emotional storytelling ability in television news; Neal Justin of the Star Tribune described Huppert as "one of the most admired and celebrated TV reporters in the country."
Early life and career
Huppert, a native of River Falls, Wisconsin, was born on January 22, 1962. He first began his career in journalism as an announcer for the radio station WEVR-FM at the age of 16. He graduated from University of Wisconsin–River Falls in 1984 with degrees in journalism and political science. He was named the university's 2013 Distinguished Alumnus for his contributions to broadcast journalism.
Television work
Huppert first worked in television at WSAW-TV in Wausau, Wisconsin, beginning in 1984. He then worked at KETV and WITI before joining KARE 11 in 1996. Regarding Huppert's work in television news, film critic Duane Dudek said that Huppert's "curiosity and craftsmanship are unique, which explains why we don't see more of it." Huppert's Land of 10,000 Stories segment has been noted for its showcase of local heroes and stories of compassion, as well as his use of natural sounds in story production. Huppert often collaborates with photojournalists, Chad Nelson & Devin Krinke for his Land of 10,000 Stories segment.
Huppert has also worked as a journalism educator, holding writing workshops for broadcast journalism worldwide. In 2007, Huppert received a national News & Documentary Emmy Award for "Portrait of Compassion", a six-minute feature on a Utah-based artist who created portraits of deceased soldiers. The story ran on NBC's Today Show and CNN, leading to its nomination for a national Emmy and eventual win. Huppert has won 20 RTDNA Edward R. Murrow Awards, multiple National Headliner Grant Awards and Scripps Howard Awards, and 128 regional Emmy Awards.
Personal life
Huppert is married to his wife Sheri Huppert (née Heltne), who works as a law librarian. The couple have two adult sons together, Sam and Matt Huppert.
In 2021, Huppert was diagnosed with multiple myeloma, an uncommon form of blood cancer. There is no cure for the cancer, though Huppert plans to undergo chemotherapy and a bone marrow transplant. His diagnosis was announced in an interview with KARE 11 anchor and long-time colleague Randy Shaver; the interview ran as a Land of 10,000 Stories segment on October 31, 2021.
References
External links
KARE 11 Biography
National Headliner Award
NPPA Best of Photojournalism
American male journalists
Living people
People with multiple myeloma
University of Wisconsin–River Falls alumni
20th-century American journalists
1962 births
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Les Sept péchés capitaux is a 1962 French film composed of seven different segments, one for each of the seven deadly sins, each being by different directors and featuring different casts. At the time it served as a showcase for rising directors and stars, many of whom achieved later fame.
Segments
Anger
Directed by Sylvain Dhomme and Max Douy from a script by Eugène Ionesco. Anger seizes a man who finds a fly in his Sunday soup. It spreads through his neighborhood, his city, his country and soon the whole world.
Envy
Directed by Édouard Molinaro. Starring Dany Saval (Rosette) and Claude Brasseur (Riri). Envious of a movie star who is staying at the hotel where she works, the waitress Rosette does everything she can to seduce the actress's lover. Some time later, after having realized her ambition, she returns to the hotel as a client.
Sloth
Written and directed by Jean-Luc Godard. Eddie Constantine, who plays himself, is approached by a starlet who he takes to his home with well-stated intentions. But the hero's laziness is so relentless that nothing untoward happens.
Lust
Directed by Jacques Demy from a script by himself and Roger Peyrefitte. Jacques (Laurent Terzieff) and Bernard (Jean-Louis Trintignant) search for the definition of lust in a reproduction of The Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymus Bosch. Bernard recalls his childhood with his parents (Jean Desailly and Micheline Presle), when he confused lust with luxury. Also features Nicole Berger.
Pride
Directed by Roger Vadim from a script by Félicien Marceau.
A woman (Marina Vlady) leaves her lover (Sami Frey) to return to her husband (Jean-Pierre Aumont) who cheats on her, something that his pride can not admit.
Gluttony
Directed by Philippe de Broca from a script by Daniel Boulanger. Valentin (Georges Wilson) travels to the burial of his father who died of indigestion, but stopping to eat on the way causes him to be late for the meal which follows the funeral.
Greed
Directed and scripted by Claude Chabrol. A group of university students in Paris dream of a night of love with Suzon, whose rates are staggering. To raise the money, they organize a lottery among themselves so that at least the winner will enact their fantasy. Actors include Claude Berri, Jean-Claude Brialy, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Claude Rich, Jacques Charrier and Claude Chabrol himself as a pharmacist (the career his father wanted for him).
References
External links
1962 films
Titanus films
French anthology films
Films scored by Michel Legrand
Films directed by Roger Vadim
Films directed by Philippe de Broca
Films directed by Claude Chabrol
Films directed by Jacques Demy
Films directed by Jean-Luc Godard
Seven deadly sins in popular culture
1960s French films
Eugène Ionesco
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Jill Neimark is an American writer. Her April 2007 cover story in Discover Magazine, "Understanding Autism" won the 2007 award from the Autism Society of America.
Career
Neimark has written one adult novel, a thriller titled Bloodsong, which was published in both hardcover and paperback, chosen by Book of The Month Club, and translated into German, Italian, and Hebrew. She has also published numerous children's books: I Want Your Moo (which was written with psychologist Marcella Bakur Weiner and translated and published in Spanish and Chinese), Toodles & Teeny, The Hugging Tree (which has been featured in dozens of read-a-louds around the world), The Secret Spiral and The Golden Rectangle, among others. She co-authored, with bioethicist Stephen Post, Why Good Things Happen to Good People, which was translated and published in Japan, Brazil, Russia, Portugal, India, Sweden, and Taiwan.
Neimark has also been published in The New York Times, Discover Magazine, Scientific American, Science, The Atlantic Monthly, Aeon, Undark Magazine, Sapiens, NPR, Nautilus and Psychology Today on topics ranging from biology and physics to the mind and the soul. She has written poetry and reviews for the Massachusetts Review, Borderlands, Cimarron Review, The Blue Nib, The Rumpus and The New York Quarterly. She was a contributing editor for Discover Magazine, and has published on subjects ranging from human evolution to curing HIV.
Awards and honors
Her April 2007 cover story in Discover Magazine, "Understanding Autism" won the 2007 award from the Autism Society of America.
Bibliography
Ice Cream!, 1986, 64 pages, Hastings House Publishers,
The Nose Knows, 1990, Hastings House Publishers,
Bloodsong, 1993, 275 pages, Random House,
I Want Your Moo!: A Story for Children About Self-Esteem (Paperback), 1994, 32 pages, Magination Press, (with Marcella Bakur Weiner, and Jairo Barragan)reissued 2010, (Hardcover and Paperback)
Why Good Things Happen to Good People: The Exciting New Research That Proves the Link Between Doing Good and Living a Longer, Healthier, Happier Life by Stephen Post, Ph.D. and Jill Neimark, 2007, 294 pages, Broadway Books,
The Secret Spiral by Gillian Neimark, 2011, 210 pages, Aladdin,
The Golden Rectangle by Gillian Neimark, 2013, Aladdin,
Toodles & Teeny (Hardcover and Paperback), 2013, 32 pages, Magination Press,
The Hugging Tree (Hardcover and Paperback), 2015, 32 pages, Magination Press,
References
External links
Personal website
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American children's writers
American women novelists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Jewish American writers
American women poets
American women children's writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
21st-century American Jews
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White Plume Mountain is an adventure module for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, written by Lawrence Schick and published by TSR in 1979. The 16-page adventure bears the code "S2" ("S" for "special"). The adventure is a dungeon crawl where the players' characters are hired to retrieve three "notorious" magical weapons, each possessing its own intelligence. The adventure contains art by Erol Otus, and a cover by Jeff Dee. A sequel, Return to White Plume Mountain, was published in 1999, and an updated version conforming to v3.5 rules was released online in 2005. The original was again updated for the 5th edition in 2017 as the fourth part of Tales from the Yawning Portal.
White Plume Mountain was well received by critics. It was ranked the 9th greatest Dungeons & Dragons adventure of all time by Dungeon magazine in 2004. One judge, commenting on the ingenuity required to complete the adventure, described it as "the puzzle dungeon to end all puzzle dungeons." A review for British magazine White Dwarf gave it an overall rating of 8/10, noting that the adventure focuses on problem solving. It is also the favorite adventure of Wired magazine's Ken Denmead, who described it as the "amusement park of dungeons". Other adventures in the S series include Tomb of Horrors, Expedition to the Barrier Peaks, and Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth.
Plot summary
White Plume Mountain is set in the World of Greyhawk, a campaign setting for Dungeons & Dragons. The module is a dungeon crawl, precipitated by the theft of three magical, sentient weapons: a trident named Wave, a war hammer named Whelm, and a sword named Blackrazor (all three were introduced in this adventure). The weapons' former owners each received a copy of a taunting poem, instructing them that the weapons are located in White Plume Mountain. The poem is signed by the wizard Keraptis, who thirteen hundred years ago descended into the volcanic mountain with a company of gnomes and disappeared. The player characters' goal is to follow the same path and retrieve the weapons from Keraptis' lair.
The adventure is divided into 27 encounters across a 16-page module. Encounters are varied and each presents its own challenges. Encounter seven necessitates characters jumping from platform to platform above a sea of hot mud whilst evading erupting geysers; this in turn leads to encounter eight and a room of permanent darkness where a vampire guards Whelm. Encounter 17 occurs in a giant but fragile bubble located above a boiling lake, with the players needing to defeat a giant crab and retrieve Wave without damaging the bubble. Encounter 26 involves negotiating a magical ziggurat populated by various monsters (including sea lions, giant crayfish, giant scorpions, and manticores) before encounter 28, a battle against an ogre mage who possesses Blackrazor. A final challenge on departing is an encounter with two to four efreet if the characters have succeeded in taking two or three of the magical weapons.
Publication history
The original White Plume Mountain adventure was written by Lawrence Schick, and was published by TSR in 1979. It features interior art by Erol Otus and David C. Sutherland III, calligraphy by Darlene Pekul, and a front cover by Sutherland. The module includes a 12-page booklet and an outer folder which featured a two-color cover in the original printing; the module was expanded to 16 pages and rereleased with a full-color cover by Jeff Dee in 1981. The adventure was included as part of the Realms of Horror abridged compilation produced in 1987. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Dungeons & Dragons game in 1999, a reprinting of the original adventure was made available in the Dungeons & Dragons Silver Anniversary Collector's Edition boxed set, with slight modifications to make it distinguishable from the original (for collecting purposes). Wizards of the Coast also released a sequel to the adventure in 1999, Return to White Plume Mountain, as part of the TSR 25th Anniversary series of publications. The events in the sequel are assumed to take place 20 years following those in the original. It was made into a novel of the same name by Paul Kidd for the Greyhawk Classics series.
Schick wrote the module while applying for a job with TSR. He took what he felt were the best parts from his previously created dungeons and put them together to create White Plume Mountain. After looking at it, TSR hired him and published the module without making any changes. Looking back in an interview, Schick said that he was "a little embarrassed to this day by Blackrazor, inasmuch as it's such a blatant rip-off of Elric's Stormbringer; I would not have put it into the scenario if I ever thought it might be published." Schick later admitted that it was gratifying to have his adventure published as-is, "but also a little embarrassing, since the adventure was really just a sampler of clever ideas that were never fully fleshed out. Its central conceit, a 'funhouse' dungeon full of tricky obstacles designed to challenge adventurers for the amusement of a mad wizard, was already a cliché even at that date."
In 2005, an online version of the adventure was released as a free download, updated to conform with v3.5 rules (Wizards of the Coast periodically alters the rules of Dungeons & Dragons and releases a new version). The revised module is designed for characters of the seventh level of experience. Return to White Plume Mountain has also received a v3.5 update and is likewise available for free download on their website. In both of the revised modules, the classic weapons associated with them (Blackrazor, Whelm and Wave for White Plume Mountain, Frostrazor for Return to White Plume Mountain) have been converted into Legacy Weapons.
All four modules of the S-series were included as part of the Dungeons of Dread hardcover collection, released on March 19, 2013. In the foreword, Schick wrote that "unlike Tomb of Horrors, the challenges in White Plume Mountain were designed to make players think, work together as a party, and ultimately win through and feel successful. Players liked that."
In 2017, Wizards re-released White Plume Mountain updated to 5th Edition rules as part of the Tales from the Yawning Portal collection.
Reception
White Plume Mountain was well received by critics. Dungeon Master for Dummies lists White Plume Mountain as one of the ten best classic adventures, referring to it as a "classic dungeon crawl." It was ranked the 9th greatest Dungeons & Dragons adventure of all time by Dungeon magazine in 2004, on the 30th anniversary of the Dungeons & Dragons game. Judge Mike Mearls commented on the ingenuity required to complete the adventure, describing it as "the puzzle dungeon to end all puzzle dungeons". Further, when speaking to why it is one of the top adventures ever, he said that while it lacked the "sheer brutality" of Tomb of Horrors, it made up for it with "crazy, over the top, pure fun". Another Judge, Clark Peterson, said that he liked the three magical weapons: Wave, Whelm, and Blackrazor. To Peterson, just the inclusion of Blackrazor makes White Plume Mountain a "classic". The editors of Dungeon felt that the adventure was defined by the ziggurat and its monsters.
Kirby T. Griffis reviewed the adventure in The Space Gamer #37. Griffis found the background interesting, namely Keraptis having stolen the magical weapons from prominent dealers, and the player having been hired to get them back, with only a cryptic poem to help. He found the module well organized and its content more believable than most, and despite its shortness he stated, "This on the whole is a very good module. There are no real flaws."
Jim Bambra reviewed White Plume Mountain for the British magazine White Dwarf, and rated it favorably at 8/10 overall. He gave playability, enjoyment, and skill ratings of 9/10, and a complexity rating of 7/10. He noted that the adventure focuses on problem solving, with "many interesting problems for players to overcome". Comparing it to the challenges in the previous S series adventure Tomb of Horrors, Bambra found White Plume Mountain "quite lenient." Where in Tomb of Horrors a wrong decision would leave the player's character dead, in White Plume Mountain it merely leaves the player frustrated. The adventure's tests are "designed to stretch a party to its limits, not deal death at every opportunity".
Ken Denmead of Wired says that White Plume Mountain is his favorite adventure, if not necessarily the best. For him, it was the "amusement park of dungeons". He describes the story arc, where the adventurers are hired to retrieve three magic items, as similar to the A-Team or The Equalizer: "You've been hired to help when no one else has been able." He felt that while the sword Blackrazor was a "blatant ripoff of Elric", it was "still way cool".
Denmead commented on several of the adventure's encounters. He felt the cavern with boiling mud, hanging disks, and geysers, was "just cruel". Concerning the permanently dark room that houses a vampire, he commented on the ease with which one player's character can easily hit that of another in the gloom. He describes the room where a giant crab guards the trident Wave as "basically a bubble inside a tank of boiling water", noting the crab knows not to pierce the walls and asks, "Are you that smart?" Also, if the players end the adventure with the magic weapons, they need to "bribe" their Dungeon Master to allow them to keep the items.
In video games
Dungeons & Dragons Online released an adaptation of the White Plume Mountain adventure in 2018. It includes many of the original encounters, challenges, and monsters from the original module. The rewards for defeating this dungeon include the three sentient weapons, Blackrazor, Whelm, and Wave, though the last is depicted as a quarterstaff, as the game doesn't include tridents..
References
External links
Publication history at Acaeum.com
Greyhawk modules
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1979
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Plume%20Mountain
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St. Johnsbury Academy (SJA) is an independent, private, coeducational, non-profit boarding and day school located in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, in the United States. The academy enrolls students in grades 9-12. It was founded by Thaddeus Fairbanks, and accepts the majority of its students through one of the nation's oldest voucher systems. It has a sister school, St. Johnsbury Academy Jeju in Jeju Island, South Korea.
History
St. Johnsbury Academy was founded in 1842 by Erastus, Thaddeus, and Joseph Fairbanks, to provide "intellectual, moral, and religious training for their own children and the children of the community." The school was reincorporated in 1873 in order to accomplish the founders' goal of providing educational opportunities to a wider range for students beyond those destined for the liberal arts colleges and universities.
The school has one of the nation's oldest voucher systems. The academy was established in 1842 at a time when public schooling had yet to become common. When many local governments began establishing public schools, towns and regions with established and quality private institutions in some cases relied on these schools rather than build public facilities.
One of the original buildings contributed by the Fairbanks in 1873, North Hall, burned on March 6, 1956. Work began promptly on its replacement, Ranger Hall. The South Hall was built in 1870 to house the students and teachers at a total cost of $36,000 and the total cost to build and equip the Academy was $103,000, which was subsidized by the Fairbanks.
John Negroponte delivered the commencement address in 2006. He was then the first Director of National Intelligence of the United States. In addition, the school has had a number of notable alumni and attendees.
Administration
Students from the town of St. Johnsbury and related towns without a high school apply for admission to the Academy. Their tuition has been funded by payments from their town of origin. Tuition from these towns and from St. Johnsbury provided 44% of the annual operating budget of $14 million in 2007. Vermont law requires towns not operating schools to pay tuition to other approved schools for students in the grades not provided up to the Average Announced Tuition for union schools.
The resident program encompasses almost 260 resident students from over 30 countries.
Accreditation
The Academy is fully accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges and approved by the Vermont State Department of Education. It is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools, the Independent School Association of Northern New England, and the Vermont Independent Schools Association. In addition, the Academy is a member of the College Board.
Athletics
Geographically, the academy competes in both the Northern Vermont Athletic Conference (NVAC) Mountain and the NVAC East Leagues depending on the sport. It usually competes in Division I by size.
The boys' track and field team has won 31 Division I state championships, most recently in 2012 and again in 2017.
The boys' indoor track and field team won Division I state championship for the first time in 2012, and won again in 2017.
The girl's indoor track and field team won Division 1 state championships in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019.
The girl's outdoor track and field team won Division 1 state championships in 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018.
The boys' baseball team won the Vermont state championship for Division I in 1993 and 2006.
The softball team won the Vermont state championship for Division 2 in 1984 and 1986.
The boys' basketball team won the Vermont State championship for Division I in 1981, 1982, 1997, and 2019.
The girls' basketball team won the Vermont State Championships for Division I in 2010.
The Gymnastics team won the Vermont State Championship in 2005.
The boys' ice hockey team won the Vermont State Championships for Division 3 in 1994, 1996, 2001 and 2003.
The football team won the Vermont state championship for Division I in 1966 and 1968. The football team won the Vermont state championship for Division II in 1961, 1982 and 1994.
The football team also competes in one of New England's oldest football rivalries. In 1894 the first game was played between St. Johnsbury Academy and Lyndon Institute. In 2015 more than 100 games have been played between the two schools, with the Academy winning 66, the Institute winning 44, with six ties.
Programs
The Colwell Center for Global Understanding is in the Mayo center. It was founded in 2003 as the gift of the family of Stephen B. Colwell. The center supports programs and activities intended to foster global education aimed not only at the school but at the surrounding community. Students involved with the center give presentations to teach other students about global issues. The center sponsors a number of international clubs such as Spanish, Japanese, German, Mandarin, French, International, and environmental Clubs, The Humans Rights Alliance, and Intaglio Society. It provides teachers with the opportunity to chaperone international student trips. Two of the Colwell Center's most popular programs are the Colwell Speakers Series and the International Programs.
The Colwell Speakers Series sponsors talks and presentations from international speakers that are open to both students and the public.
The Colwell Center supports language learning, cultural understanding, and travel opportunities for students and faculty. The Center has sponsored trips abroad and exchanges for students. One study abroad opportunity is the Intaglio Society's trip to Florence, Italy. This trip allows students to study the traditional Italian art of intaglio printmaking. Students visit a number of classics in the museum and churches around Italy.
Another program is the Kaijo Exchange. Every year since 1989, a group of Japanese boys from the Kaijo Junior & Senior High School in Tokyo, Japan have come to St. Johnsbury Academy for a 10-day stay with a student host family. The Japanese students go to class with their host students and spend time touring New England.
The center formerly offered an exchange for students go to Stuttgart, Germany for about 5 weeks over their summer break. This began in 2003. The students stay with host families and go to school at the Freie Waldorfschule am Kraeherwald with their host student. At school they take classes in both German language and German history and culture. In the fall the students from Stuttgart come to stay with the Americans who stayed with them earlier that year, going to school and traveling around New England for six weeks.
Notable alumni
John L. Bacon (1881), Chelsea and Hartford banker and Vermont State Treasurer
Albert W. Barney (1938), Chief Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
Helen E. Burbank (1917), Secretary of State of Vermont
Calvin Coolidge (1891), 30th president of the United States 1923-1929. A postgraduate student, he had previously failed the entrance exam for Amherst College. He was given a certificate after one term at St. Johnsbury and was accepted at Amherst.
Taylor Coppenrath (2000), professional basketball player
Bruce Dalrymple (1983), basketball player
Susan Dunklee (2004), U.S. team member for the 2014 Winter Olympics
Franklin Fairbanks, attendee; president of E & T Fairbanks and Company, donated Fairbanks Museum and Planetarium
Frederick G. Fleetwood, U.S. Congressman
Charles E. Gibson Jr., Vermont Attorney General
Josiah Grout, Governor of Vermont 1896-1898; was attending Academy when the Civil War broke out and he enlisted
Edwin Osgood Grover (1890), publisher and educator
Charles Hosmer Morse (1850), founder of Fairbanks-Morse
Graham S. Newell (1933), member of the Vermont State Senate and Vermont House of Representatives
Henry O'Malley (1895), United States Commissioner of Fisheries 1922–1933
Edwin Wallace Parker (c. 1851), bishop of the American Methodist Episcopal Mission
George H. Prouty (c. 1880), Governor of Vermont 1906-1908
Linda Richards (attended 1856-7), America's first trained nurse
Jonathan Ross, US Senator from Vermont
Charles Edward Russell (1881), muckraking journalist, NAACP co-founder, and 1927 Pulitzer Prize winner
Robert Holbrook Smith (1898), co-founder, Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935
Oliver M. W. Sprague, president of the American Economic Association
Hiram R. Steele, Attorney General of Louisiana and Brooklyn District Attorney
Charles W. Waterman, United States Senator from Colorado, 1927-1932
Sterry R. Waterman (1918), Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 1955–1970
Caroline S. Woodruff (1884), educator, president of Castleton University, president of National Education Association
Charles Woodruff (1860s), fought in American Civil War; Brigadier General, US Army
Mary Parker Woodworth (1849-1919), writer and speaker
References
External links
St. Johnsbury Academy Jeju
Boarding schools in Vermont
Private high schools in Vermont
Buildings and structures in St. Johnsbury, Vermont
Schools in Caledonia County, Vermont
Educational institutions established in 1842
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Johnsbury%20Academy
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Totana is a municipality in the Region of Murcia in Spain. It has a population of 32008. The local economy is largely dependent on agriculture and related industries. It has a railway station providing a service on the Cercanías Murcia/Alicante commuter line, providing connections to Alicante and Murcia.
History
Prehistory and Ancient history
This current municipality has been inhabited from the Prehistory, specifically from the Middle Palaeolithic, but during the Upper Palaeolithic Totana it was already occupied by humans.
During the Chalcolithic there was also human presence, for example a settlement named Poblado del Campico de Lébor. Archaeological remains in that area are mainly holes, which could have been silos, and stone implements such as arrow tips and sickles.
In the Bronze Age there are noteworthy archaeological remains about a settlement of the Argaric civilization which name is La Bastida. There were people in that town from 1,675 BC to 1100 BC. Its maximum population consisted of 600-800 inhabitants and it took place about 1550 BC.
During the late Bronze Age, people moved from the settlement because of a crisis that was caused by a lack of foodstuff for all the inhabitants of La Bastida. They started to populate a new settlement named Las Cabezuelas.
Remains about the Iberian era have been found in Las Cabezuelas. These consist mainly of ceramic objects and wall plinths belonging to little-sized rooms, with regular allocation and ordinary masonry.
This archaeological area has also remains from the Roman Hispania era. These are mainly ceramic objects and walls with opus africanum masonry.
Middle Ages and Early modern period
During Al Andalus (or Islamic Spain era) the archaeological area was inhabited. Remains of that fact such as ceramic materials, stone wall plinths, support this assumption.
Between 1238 and 1243, the Taifa of Murcia came under increasing pressure from the powerful kingdoms of Castile, Aragon and Granada. There was also considerable internal instability. King Ibn Hud decided to make Castile a vassal state.
In April 1243, the Treaty of Alcaraz, recognising the sovereignty of Castile, was signed. Alfonso X of Castile designated his brother Manuel governor of the town council of Aledo, and consequently ruled the town of Totana, which was a suburb of Aledo.
The lack of geographic roughness, which could give defence to Totana, and the lack of structures for defence purposes, caused the village to be a dangerous place for living due to Muslim raids. The locality was hardly populated during 14th and 15th centuries and people used it as a merchandising trade place.
Totana did not obtain the status of villa before the last years of the Reconquista. People started to exit the enclosed by a wall town of Aledo and move to plain lands, to the suburb of Totana from the year 1492.
During the last decades of the Low Middle Ages and the first decades of the Modern period, the number of inhabitants was growing and Totana was expanding. With the purpose of ceasing people to move to Totana, the major of Aledo forbade house building in Totana except for the buildings for labourers. People did not take the notice of the order and even the major, councilors, wealthy people and the parish moved there during the following years.
In the Early Modern Period there was a new urban structure that was created and two new neighbourhoods were settled: Sevilla and Triana. In Sevilla, there were quite religious buildings and the paths to Murcia, Cartagena, Lorca and Mazarrón. In Triana, there were the salaried workers dwellings.
Throughout the 16th century, several plague epidemics took place in the Region of Murcia and it also took presence in Totana. The people of the town suffered famine and some unfortunate weather events.
The 18th century was an apogee era for Totana, as well as for the Region of Murcia. Totana supported Philip II of Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession. As Philip II got the crown, the town was awarded with the 'Noble' status in 1709.
Two new hydraulic structures were constructed. There were several aesthetic architectonic works such as the facade of the Parish Church of Santiago and a fountain named Fuente Monumental.
Late modern period and Contemporary era
In the census of 1755, 2303 people were listed and 201 members among those people lived in Aledo.
In the year 1795 Totana and Aledo were separated and became two municipalities.
The first years of the 19th century consisted of misfortune for the inhabitants of Lorca. 1802, a reservoir in Lorca got broken. Six years later War was proclaimed. Totana was not invaded by the French and young male locals battled in the front against the invaders. In the year 1810 an epidemic of yellow fever spread and it caused to die half of the population of the town.
During the mid-19th century, the crisis began to be overcome in Totana. The agriculture of the municipality was expanded and neighbourhoods formed.
The last third of the century was not prosperous for the town and there was high emigration among its inhabitants.
In the first years of the 20th century, a politician named Ángel Aznar y Butigeig was responsible that Totana was awarded the status of town by Alfonso XIII of Spain with a legal provision.
A large decrease in the population of Totana happened during the 1930s as a result of the lack of water. As non-irrigated lands became irrigated and new products began to be grown, the prosperity returned.
After the postwar period, Totana experienced a high development during the 1960s. The town expanded to the south, two new neighbourhoods were set because peasants from villages of Lorca migrated to the town. In the 1980s other new neighbourhoods came to existence.
On 2022, the mayor Juan José Cánovas (IU) passed away due to COVID-19.
Geography
Physical geography
Totana is located in the Southeast quadrant of Region of Murcia. The municipality shares borders with Mula at its north, with Alhama at its east, with Mazarrón and Lorca at its south and with Lorca and Aledo at its west.
The Murcia pre-coastal depression or Guadalentín Valley stretches partly in the southern half of the territory. As this depression is traversed by Guadelentín River that water bed crosses the municipality.
A geographic roughness which extents Totana is a mountain range named Sierra Espuña. This is part of the Baetic System.
Human geography
The number of inhabitants of the municipality consisted of 31,630 in the year 2018, and they are distributed in the following localities: Totana with 27,202 inhabitants; Paretón, whose population consists of 1500; Lébor, where 603 people live, Ñorica, whose number of inhabitants is 467 and Raiguero, which has 261 residents.
Demographics
20.48% of the inhabitants are foreigners - 2.09% from other countries of Europe, 5.68% are Africans, 12.29% are Americans, and 129 Asian people reside there. The table below shows an evolution of the population during the 20st and 21st centuries decades.
Economy
Agriculture is an economy activity that is quite carried out in the municipality. 29.9% of the territory surface is used for landcrops purposes. The most widely grown products are cauliflower, broccoli and grapes. 50.91% of the agreements were about agricultural labouring. Almost 42.9% of agreements were related to the tertiary sector in 2019 and 20.75% about waiter jobs in the first half of 2016.
Healthcare
This municipality is part of the Healtharea III (Lorca) in Region of Murcia. Two of the eleven subareas stretch Totana - one is in the north and another is in the south. A consultorio (primary care centre with fewer functions than the centros de salud) and two centros de salud - one in the northern subarea and the other in the southern subarea.
Education
The main town hosts 6 early childhood and primary education (CEIP) centres and 2 secondary education centres (IES). There are also a CEIP in Lébor and another in El Paretón. 4 basic vocational education degrees (FPB), 3 medium education degrees and one higher education degree. They are taught in the two IES.
A centre of the national language teaching institution can also be found in the territory as well as an adult education centre. Another institution is about several courses, its name is Universidad Popular and it belongs to the towncouncil.
Main sights
These buildings have special history or artistic values:
La Bastida: This is an archaeological site that was formerly a settlement of people belonging to the Argaric culture during the Bronze Age.
Santiago Parish Church: Large of the current building emerged in the third quarter of the 16th century and its construction is due to the increase in the population. The façade has a baroque style. A nave and two aisles are part of the plant, as well as some chapels. There is a mudejar ceiling in the inner part.
San José Church: This building was constructed in the late 17th century. It is composed of only a rectangular-shaped nave and covered with semicircular vault.
San Roque Church: It was built in the 18th century. The plant of the building consists only in a rectangular-shaped nave. It has a gable roof.
Town Hall: It was constructed during the 16th century. The building was remodelled in the 19th century and restored in 1990.
Casa de Las Contribuciones: It was built in the early 20th century and has modernist features.
Arco de San Pedro / Arco de Las Ollerías / Arco de la Rambla: This is an aqueduct which dates back to 1753.
Santa Eulalia de Mérida Sanctuary
Festivities
These are the main festivities of the municipality:
Patron Saint Festivity: This festivity is consecrated to James the Great and it is held during July.
Saint Eulalia of Mérida Festivity: This festivity is due to the Saint Eulalia of Mérida, who a symbol of the comarca (Region) Bajo Guadalentín. This festive event starts on the last Friday of November and its ending day is different and dependent of the year - sometimes it is the second Sunday of December or the third . Activities and events that are currently taken out during these days are a race on 6 Demeber (when the Constitution of Spain is commemorated); contests, specially about pétanque, artistic roller skating; music performances, tours to the archaeological site La Bastida and chocolate tasting events.
Holy Week: The Holy Week in the town is held similarly to other places in Spain, but there are some special features. One of them is that people wear a black tunic when they appear in processions.
Festive religious pilgrim (on 7 January):On 7 January, the statue that represents the Virgin Mary is carried back to the sanctuary where it was before it was taken out on 8 December. The statue is moved on a float throne.
Mark the Evangelist festivity
Festivities in localities of the municipality
There are some festivities held in villages of the municipality below:
Lébor festivity:This festivity is consecrated to Saint Peter and is held at the weekend which includes 30 June. The festivity is opened with a rocket set off. Other activities are music group performances, a procession (festive religious parade) and the typical village fried egg contests. The finale action of the festive days is firework display with typical Spanish structure and procedure named 'castillo' (castle).
La Ñorica district festivity: Unlike most villages and localities in general in Spain, La Ñorica has not its own patron saint. Therefore, there is not any patron saint festivities in contrast with many places in Spain, whose main festivities are patron saint ones. As Ñorica have not had traditional and historic celebrations, their event has recently been introduced.
La Huerta district festivity: This festivity is consecrated to the 'Virgin of the vegetable-patches' (Virgen de las huertas), in other words, it is consecrated to the Virgin Mary in facet in which she is related to the vegetable patches. The festivity takes place in a weekend that includes the 8th of September, or in the closest to 8 September weekend. On the first day there is a procession (festive religious parade) devoted to the 'Virgin of the vegetable patches', next a mass is held. On the second day a verbena takes place and on the last day of the festive days there is a mass that includes a music performance of a local band and mass picnic event.
La Sierra district festivity: The reason for the festivity is the tribute to Leocadia. It is usually held on the third weekend of September. On the first festive day there is a contest of a Spanish and Portuguese typical dish named migas and next there is a music performance. On the second day there is a procession (festive religious parade) and next a verbena takes place while on the last day, a mass paella eating event occurs. In some years special activities are also carried out in Sierra Espuña (a mountain range).
Sports
Totana has one football team called Club Olímpico de Totana who play in the Tercera División, the fourth level of the Spanish football league system.
Another sport that takes place is rugby with the 'Club de Rugby de Totana' (CRT). This association often participates in festivities of Totana, specifically in Saint Eulalia and James the Great patron saint festivities.
There are 2 multisports outdoors areas, a pavilion, a sports complex, some paddle courts, a football pitch and a municipality gymnasium in the main town. In Lébor a soccer pitch can be found.
References
External links
Council of Totana
Municipalities in the Region of Murcia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totana
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Wat Florida Dhammaram () is a Buddhist monastery in Kissimmee, Florida, established by Lung-po Chaokhun Phra Tepvaraporn (Im Arindhamo) in the mid-1990s.
History
Lung-po visited lay-devotees in Florida and perceived the lack of a Buddhist monastery in the Central Florida area. After gaining approval from the late abbot of Wat Sommanat Vihara, Chaokhun Somdej Phra Wannarat Chop Thitadhammamahathera, he began fund raising in Thailand. In 1993, three monks were sent with Prakrupalad Sunnan (now Chaokhun Phra Vijitrdhammapani, the present abbot) to establish and further the development of Wat Florida Dhammaram.
External links
Wat Florida Dhammaram's Website
Asian-American culture in Florida
Buddhism in Florida
Buddhist monasteries in the United States
Thai-American culture
Thai Theravada Buddhist temples and monasteries
Buildings and structures in Kissimmee, Florida
Overseas Thai Buddhist temples
Buddhist temples in Florida
1990s establishments in Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat%20Florida%20Dhammaram
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The Massacre of the Innocents is the subject of two paintings by Peter Paul Rubens depicting the episode of the biblical Massacre of the Innocents of Bethlehem, as related in the Gospel of Matthew (2:13–18). The first, measuring 142 x 182 cm, was painted after his return to his native Antwerp in 1608, following eight years spent in Italy.
First painting
The first version painted by Rubens dates from around 1611–12. At the end of the seventeenth century, the painting became part of the Liechtenstein Collection in Vienna, Austria, along with another Rubens painting, Samson and Delilah. The Forchondt brothers sold both paintings to Hans-Adam I, Prince of Liechtenstein whom they knew through his father Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein around 1700. The paintings were given the Liechtenstein family seal and are recorded in the collection until the 19th century, where drawings in 1815 show they hung side by side in the Garden Palace in Vienna.
After being catalogued by Vincenzio Fanti as a Franciscus de Neve (II) in 1767, the Massacre was attributed in an anonymous inventory of the Liechtenstein Collection dated 1780 to one of Rubens' assistants, Jan van den Hoecke, after Rubens.
The composition was already known from what is now seen as a copy by Rubens' workshop. This was bought in 1902 by the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels as a work by Antoon Sallaert. Under that attribution it remained until it was sold to an Austrian family in 1920. It was subsequently loaned in 1923 to Stift Reichersberg, a monastery in northern Austria.
In 2001, the painting was seen by George Gordon, an expert in Flemish and Dutch paintings at Sotheby's in London. He was persuaded that it was indeed a Rubens by its similar characteristics and style to the Samson and Delilah painted around the same time. The work was sold at auction at Sotheby's, London on July 10, 2002, for £49.5 million (C$117 million) to Canadian businessman and art collector Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet.
Following the auction the painting was loaned to the National Gallery, London for a period before its transfer in 2008 to the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto, to whom Thomson had donated it, and which was undergoing a major rebuilding and expansion during those years.
Later versions
Towards the end of his life, between 1636 and 1638, Rubens painted a second version of the Massacre of the Innocents. This version was acquired by the Alte Pinakothek, Munich by 1706, where it remains.
A copy of this later version was made as an engraving in 1643 by Paulus Pontius.
Analysis
It is widely regarded as a demonstration of the artist's learnings from his time spent in Italy between 1600 and 1608, where he observed first-hand the works of Italian Baroque painters like Caravaggio. These influences are seen in this painting through the sheer drama and emotive dynamism of the scene, as well as the rich colour. There is also evidence of the use of chiaroscuro. He also used écorché figures – anatomical statues with the skin removed-to study how the body was made.
Context
At the time of Rubens' first painting on the subject Antwerp had been involved in warfare only a few years before – a conflict temporarily frozen by the truce of 1609. In one year alone over 8,000 citizens had been killed by Calvinists and Catholics alike as the Spanish forces ruling the Netherlands sought to repel Protestant armies. Massacres were a reality in Antwerp; north of the city the Protestant rebel leader Prince Mauritz commissioned Cornelis van Haarlem to paint the same scene for Haarlem's town hall,- propaganda intended to tell of Spanish atrocities against the Dutch people. Antwerp however remained a Catholic stronghold and became a leading centre of Counter Reformation thought.
In August 2022, three members of Letzte Generation set up an action at the Alte Pinakothek in Munich : two activists glued themselves to the frame of a Rubens painting and one filmed the action. The demonstration resulted in 11,000 euros worth of damage (while the canvas was unharmed, the frame had suffered). In May 2023, they were sentenced to a fine of 2,400 euros each.
See also
List of most expensive paintings
Notes
External links
BBC News article on the auction
ART "4" "2"-DAY article (see last quarter of page)
Paintings by Peter Paul Rubens
1612 paintings
1638 paintings
Collection of the Alte Pinakothek
Collections of the Art Gallery of Ontario
Rubens
Thomson family
Cultural depictions of Herod the Great
Christian art about death
Fiction set in the 1st century BC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre%20of%20the%20Innocents%20%28Rubens%29
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There are 3500 newspapers being published in Azerbaijan. The vast majority of them are published in Azerbaijani. The remaining 130 are published in Russian (70), English (50) and other languages (Turkish, French, German, Arabic, Persian, Armenian, etc.).
Azerbaijani newspapers can be split into more serious-minded newspapers, usually referred to as broadsheets due to their large size, and sometimes known collectively as "the quality press".
Below is a list of newspapers published in Azerbaijan.
Newspapers
Daily newspapers
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! width="10%" | Title
! width="6%" | Published
! width="15%" | Format
! width="2%" | Est.
! width="20%" | Owner
! width="5%" | Language
! width="23%" | Orientation
! width="23%" | Political party support in 2013 Presidential election
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| AzeriTimes.com || Daily || Broadsheet || 2008 || Ziya Ibrahim || English || Independent, Left-center ||
|-
| Crime and Criminal || Daily || Broadsheet || 2016 || Aqil Yusifov || Azerbaijani || New Azerbaijan Party ||
|-
| Adalat || Daily || Broadsheet || 1990 || Agil Abbas || Azerbaijani || Right-center || New Azerbaijan Party
|-
| Azadliq || Daily || Broadsheet || 1989 || Ganimat Zahid || Azerbaijani || Left-wing || National Council of Democratic Forces
|-
| Azerbaycan || Daily || Berliner || 1918 || Government of Azerbaijan || Azerbaijani || Right-wing || New Azerbaijan Party
|-
| Bakinskiy Rabochiy || Daily || Broadsheet || 1906 || Agabak Asgarov || Russian || Right-center || New Azerbaijan Party
|-
| Bizim Yol || Daily || Broadsheet || 2000 || Bahaddin Gaziyev || Azerbaijani || Left-center ||
|-
| Echo || Daily || Broadsheet || 2001 || Rauf Talishinsky || Russian || Liberal ||
|-
| Ekspress || Daily || Broadsheet || 1995 || Mushfig Safiyev || Azerbaijani || Left-center ||
|-
| Kaspi || Daily || Broadsheet || 1999 || Intellekt || Azerbaijani || Right-center ||
|-
| Khalg Gazeti || Daily || Broadsheet || 1919 || Mahal Ismayilogly || Azerbaijani || Right-wing|| New Azerbaijan Party
|-
| Khalg Cebhesi Gazeti || Daily || Broadsheet || 2001 || Elchin Mirzabeyli || Azerbaijani || Left-wing || National Council of Democratic Forces
|-
| Respublika || Daily || Broadsheet || 1990 || Government of Azerbaijan || Azerbaijani || Right-wing, populist || New Azerbaijan Party
|-
| Sherg || Daily || Broadsheet || 1996 || Akif Ashirli || Azerbaijani || Right-wing ||
|-
| Tezadlar || Daily || Broadsheet || 1993 || Asif Marzili || Azerbaijani || Right-wing ||
|-
| Üç nöqta || Daily || Broadsheet || 1998 || Khoshgadam Hidayatgizy || Azerbaijani || Right-wing ||
|-
| Yeni Musavat || Daily || Broadsheet || 1989 || Rauf Arifoglu || Azerbaijani || Left-wing, populist || National Council of Democratic Forces
|-
| Zaman || Daily || Broadsheet || 1991 || Fetullah Gulen || Azerbaijani || Left-center ||
|-
|}
Non-daily newspapers
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! width="10%" | Title
! width="6%" | Published
! width="15%" | Format
! width="2%" | Est.
! width="20%" | Owner
! width="5%" | Language
! width="23%" | Orientation
! width="23%" | Political party support in 2013 Presidential election
|-
|-
| Azernews || Sunday || Berliner || 1997 || Fazil Abbasov || English || Centre-right || New Azerbaijan Party
|-
| Nedelya Jivaya Gazeta || Sunday || Berliner || 1997 || Unknown || Russian || Centre-right || New Azerbaijan Party
|-
|}
Local newspapers in Azerbaijan
Lankaran
Lankaran
Nakhchivan
Sharg Gapisi
Shaki
Shaki
Shakinin Sasi
Sumgayit
365 Gün
Specialist newspapers
Sport
Futbol+ – daily newspaper summarising the day's football news
Miscellaneous special interest
Ədəbiyyat qəzeti – monthly literary newspaper
Qoroskop – monthly newspaper aimed at horoscope followers
Tumurcuq – monthly newspaper for children
Freesheet newspapers in urban centres
Birja – weekly free newspaper of classified advertising
Defunct newspapers
Akinchi (1875–1877) - weekly
Bauer und Arbeiter (1924) - weekly
Çeşmə (1991–1995)- daily.
Dövran (1997–2000) - weekly.
Gündəlik Azərbaycan (2005–2007) - daily.
Istiglal (1932–1934) - weekly
Komanda (2008–2014) - daily newspaper summarising football news
Lenins Weg (1932–1936) - weekly
Müxalifət (1991–2007) - daily
Zerkalo (1990–2014) - daily
See also
List of startups of Azerbaijan
References
Further reading
External links
Newspapers List of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Newspapers in Azerbaijan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Azerbaijan
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Daisy Louisa C. de Melker (née Hancorn-Smith; 1 June 1886 – 30 December 1932) simply known as Daisy de Melker, was a South African nurse who poisoned two husbands with strychnine for their life insurance money; she also poisoned her only son with arsenic for reasons which are still unclear. De Melker is the second woman to have been hanged in South African criminal history.
De Melker was accused of three murders but only convicted of one, the killing of her son. The charges of poisoning her husbands were never proven in a court of law. It was William Sproat, the younger brother of her second husband Robert, who accused De Melker because he wanted Robert's will in favour of De Melker declared invalid. De Melker refused to refund an alleged loan from her mother-in-law, Jane Sproat, to Robert; she regarded it as a gift and argued that it was not stipulated in the will as a loan. William won the civil case regarding the will, which ran concurrently with the murder trial, and was awarded costs. De Melker withdrew on the date Justice Greenberg sentenced her for murder. William's was a pyrrhic victory, however; to pay her exorbitant legal costs, De Melker had to sell off all her assets. She was declared insolvent and was eventually buried in a pauper's grave.
Early life
Daisy de Melker was born Daisy Hancorn-Smith in Seven Fountains in what was then the Cape Colony. She was one of eleven children. When she was twelve, Daisy went to Bulawayo, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) to live with her father and two of her brothers. Three years later, she became a boarder at the Good Hope Seminary School in Cape Town. She returned to Rhodesia in 1903, but soon moved to the Colony of Natal and enrolled at the Berea Nursing Home in Durban.
On one of her holidays in Rhodesia, Daisy fell in love with a young man named Bert Fuller, a civil servant in the Native Affairs Department at Broken Hill. They planned to marry in October 1907. However, Fuller contracted blackwater fever and died, with Daisy at his bedside, on the very day they had planned to marry. Fuller left a will bequeathing £100 to his fiancée.
In March 1909, about eighteen months after Fuller's death, Daisy married William Alfred Cowle, a plumber in Johannesburg. She was 22 and he was 36. The couple had five children, four of whom died. The first two were twins who died in infancy; their third child died of an abscess on the liver; and the fourth suffered convulsions and bowel trouble and died at fifteen months old. Their last, and only surviving child, Rhodes Cecil, was born in June 1911.
First murder: William Cowle (first husband)
Early on the morning of 11 January 1923, William Cowle became ill soon after taking epsom salts prepared by his wife. The first doctor who attended Cowle did not consider his condition serious and prescribed a bromide mixture. But Cowle's condition deteriorated rapidly; he took a turn for the worse soon after the doctor left. Daisy summoned the neighbours to help and called for another doctor. Cowle was in excruciating pain when the second doctor arrived. He foamed at the mouth, went blue in the face, and screamed in agony if anyone touched him until he died.
Faced with these symptoms, the second doctor suspected strychnine poisoning and refused to sign the death certificate. A postmortem was subsequently performed by the acting District Surgeon, Dr. Fergus. The cause of death was certified to be chronic nephritis and cerebral hemorrhage. Daisy, the sole beneficiary of her husband's will, inherited £1795.
Second murder: Robert Sproat (second husband)
On 11 January 1926, 36-year-old Daisy married another plumber, Robert Sproat, who was ten years her senior. In October 1927, Robert became violently ill, suffering excruciating pain and severe muscle spasms similar to those experienced by Cowle. Robert recovered, only to suffer a second attack a few weeks later after drinking beer in the company of his wife and stepson Rhodes. He died on 6 November 1927. Dr. Mallinick, the attending physician, certified that the cause of death was arteriosclerosis and cerebral hemorrhage. No autopsy was performed. Following Robert's death, his widow inherited over £4000, plus a further £560 paid by his pension fund.
Third murder: Rhodes Cecil Cowle (son)
On 21 January 1931, Daisy married for the third time. Her husband was a widower, Sydney Clarence de Melker; like her two previous husbands, he was a plumber.
Late in February 1932, Daisy had travelled from Germiston on the East Rand to Turffontein, to obtain arsenic from a chemist. She used her former name, Sproat, and claimed that she required the poison to destroy a sick cat. Less than a week later, on 2 March 1932, Rhodes, aged 20, fell ill at work after drinking coffee from a thermos flask his mother had prepared for him. A fellow worker, James Webster, also become violently sick. Webster, who had drunk very little of the coffee, recovered within a few days, but Rhodes died at home at midday on 5 March. A postmortem followed and the cause of death was given as cerebral malaria. Rhodes was buried at New Brixton cemetery the following day; on 1 April, de Melker received £100 from Rhodes' life insurance policy.
Daisy's motives for killing her son Rhodes remain unclear. In the case of her first two husbands, the motive seemed to be financial gain. Rhodes seems to have been under the impression that he would come into an inheritance at age 21. One theory is that he was demanding more than his mother could give him and was becoming a burden to her. The most obvious answer is that he had become a disappointment to Daisy; she had pampered him all his life, but he rarely showed her any consideration in return.
Arrest, trial and execution
By this time, Daisy's former brother-in-law, William Sproat, raised his suspicions concerning his brother Robert's death to the authorities. On 15 April 1932, the police obtained a court order permitting them to exhume the bodies of Robert, Cowle and Rhodes. Rhodes' remains were found to be in an unusually good state of preservation, which is characteristic of the presence of arsenic in large quantities. A state forensic pathologist was able to isolate traces of arsenic in the viscera, backbone and hair. Although the bodies of Cowle and Robert Sproat were largely decomposed, traces of strychnine were found in the vertebrae of each man. Their bones also had a pinkish discoloration, suggesting that the men had taken pink strychnine, which was common at the time. Traces of arsenic were also found in the hair and fingernails of James Webster, Rhodes' surviving colleague.
One week later, De Melker was arrested and charged with the murders of all three men. Public interest in the case grew, and newspapers gave the story a great deal of coverage. The Turffontein chemist, Mr. Abraham Spilkin, from whom she had bought the arsenic that killed her son, contacted police after he recognized de Melker from a newspaper photograph as being "Mrs D.L. Sproat", who had signed the poisons register.
The De Melker trial lasted thirty days. Sixty witnesses were called for the Crown and less than half this number for the defence. To present the forensic evidence, the Crown employed the services of Dr. J.M. Watt, an expert toxicologist and professor of pharmacology at Witwatersrand University. In summing up, before giving his verdict, the judge pointed out that the Crown had been unable to prove conclusively that Cowle and Sproat had died of strychnine poisoning. "It does not convince me, nor does it convict the accused," he said.
On the third count, however, he had come to the "inescapable conclusion" that De Melker had murdered her son. This was evident because:
Rhodes Cowle had died of arsenic poisoning
The coffee flask held traces of arsenic
The accused had put the arsenic into the flask
The defence of suicide was untenable
When the judge finally turned to pass sentence on De Melker, her face went pale but she still proclaimed her innocence. De Melker was condemned to death by hanging. The sentence was carried out on the morning of 30 December 1932 at Pretoria Central Prison.
Daisy de Melker in popular culture
In 1934, Sarah Gertrude Millin wrote the novel "Three Men Died," based on the de Melker case.
In 1993, a television mini-series was made about Daisy de Melker, with Susan Coetzer in the title role.
See also
List of serial killers in South Africa
References
1886 births
1932 deaths
1923 murders in South Africa
1926 murders in South Africa
1932 murders in South Africa
20th-century executions by South Africa
Cape Colony people
Executed South African female serial killers
Filicides
Mariticides
People convicted of murder by South Africa
South African people convicted of murder
People executed by South Africa by hanging
People from Makana Local Municipality
Poisoners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy%20de%20Melker
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Tshi, Tchwi, or Oji are a group of people living in Ghana. The chief of these are the Ashanti, Fanti, Akim and Aquapem. Their common language is Tshi, from which they gain their family name.
Notes
References
Ethnic groups in Ghana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshi
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Josef, Baron von Mering (28 February 1849, in Cologne – 5 January 1908, at Halle an der Saale, Germany) was a German physician.
Working at the University of Strasbourg, Mering was the first person to discover (in conjunction with Oskar Minkowski) that one of the pancreatic functions is the production of insulin, a hormone which controls blood sugar levels.
Mering was curious about the pancreas, a comma shaped organ, situated between the stomach and the small intestine. In an effort to discover its function, he removed the organ from a dog. The dog was then noticed frequently urinating on the floor, although it was house trained. Mering realised that this was a symptom of diabetes and tested the urine, which was found to be high in sugar, confirming his suspicion.
Josef von Mering helped to discover barbiturates, a class of sedative drugs used for insomnia, epilepsy, anxiety, and anesthesia. In 1903, he published observations that barbital (then known as diethyl-barbituric acid) has sedative properties in humans. In 1904, he helped to launch barbital under the brand name Veronal. Veronal was the first commercially available barbiturate sedative in any country. Von Mering collaborated with the chemist Emil Fischer, who was also involved in the discovery of barbital.
References
Joseph von Mering at Encyclopædia Britannica
1849 births
1908 deaths
19th-century German physicians
Physicians from Cologne
People from the Rhine Province
University of Bonn alumni
University of Greifswald alumni
University of Strasbourg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
Academic staff of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20von%20Mering
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Oji, Ōji or OJI may refer to:
People
Chibuzor Oji (born 1977), stage name Faze, Nigerian musician and actor
Geoffrey Oji, Nigerian singer and songwriter, winner of the seventh season of Project Fame West Africa
Megumi Ōji (born 1975), Japanese actress
Sam Oji (1985–2021), English footballer
Oji Umozurike, Nigerian law professor, activist and former chairman of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
Tshi, also called Oji, a group of tribes in Ghana
Places
Ōji, Nara, a town in Nara Prefecture, Japan
Ōji Station (Nara), a railway station
Ōji Station (Tokyo), a railway station
O-J-I, also called Oji, a mountain in Baxter State Park, Maine, United States
Other uses
Oji Paper Company, a Japanese paper manufacturer
Open Java Interface
Ọjị (Igbo for the kola nut), an important component of Igbo culture
Mochizō Ōji, a main character in Tamako Market, a Japanese anime television series
Gohei and Michiko Ōji, Mochizō's parents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oji
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Andrew College is a private liberal arts college in Cuthbert, Georgia. It is associated with The United Methodist Church and is the ninth-oldest college in Georgia. Andrew is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC). The college awards Associate of Arts (AA), Associate of Music (AM), Associate of Science (AS) degrees, an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN), as well as Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA), Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership, and a Bachelor of Science, Elementary Education (BSEE). Additionally, students can earn a Certificate of Cancer Registry Management, Certificate in Church Music, and an on-line degree in Agribusiness and Communications.
Andrew is home to four student residence halls, a full-service dining hall, an updated student center, and an on-campus library. The campus also houses an intramural field and off-campus baseball, softball, and soccer. In addition to the outdoor athletic facilities offered, students also enjoy access to the Jinks Physical Education Complex with racquetball courts and a weight room.
History
Andrew College was granted its charter as Andrew Female College by the Georgia General Assembly on January 15, 1854. At the time, it was the second oldest charter in the United States to give an educational institution the right to confer degrees upon women. It was named for Bishop James Osgood Andrew of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.
In 1864, Andrew College was requisitioned by the Confederate Army and served as Hood Hospital during the American Civil War. It was one of three hospitals in Cuthbert. Despite its buildings being used as a hospital, classes continued on a limited basis, and female students assisted the wounded with tasks like reading and writing letters.
In 1892, a fire consumed the campus. The people of Cuthbert raised money to begin rebuilding the same year. That fall, the college reopened in what is now known as Old Main, a five-story Victorian, designed by Atlanta architect William H. Parkins, that was constructed for $25,000. Parkins was the most significant architect practicing in Georgia in the immediate decades following the Civil War. He settled in Atlanta where he started the state's most successful architectural business, which lasted until his retirement in the late 1880s.
In 1917, Andrew became a junior college, and the institution became co-educational in 1956. In 2018, Andrew began offering a baccalaureate degree in Business and Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership (BS) and additional baccalaureate degrees are being developed.
The current president is William R. Kennedy, DBA, who has served since June 2023.
Accreditation
Andrew College is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award associate degrees and baccalaureate degrees.
Student body
Approximately 65% of students live on campus. The student profile is evenly divided between male and female, with 49% male students and 51% female students. There are students from ten states and several countries.
An overwhelming majority of the college's student body originates from Georgia, Florida and Alabama, followed by scholars from other U.S. states and international students. Half of the students from Georgia matriculate from one of the 28 counties that constitute the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area, and the remaining in-state students come to Andrew from larger South Georgia cities such as Columbus, Macon, and Albany.
The minimum SAT scores are 460 math and 460 verbal, or the ACT equivalent, and a high school GPA of 2.0 on a 4.0 scale. Andrew College is test optional.
Athletics
Andrew College, nicknamed the Fighting Tigers, is a Division I member of the Georgia Collegiate Athletic Association (GCAA) and Region XVII of the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, golf, and soccer. Women's sports include basketball, soccer, softball, and volleyball.
The Andrew College baseball team reached the NJCAA College World Series in Colorado for the first time in program history in the 2023 season after the team won conference and regional championships in the Fighting Tigers' 34-win 2023 season.
Financial
Total tuition and fees plus room and board for the 2019–2020 academic year was $29,428 per student. However, with an institutional financial aid budget exceeding $2.1 million, access to the Georgia Tuition Equalization Grant and private support, Andrew's true cost is greatly reduced.
, the college has an endowment of $10,000,000.
Notable alumni
Joe Nasco professional soccer player
Zula Brown Toole first woman to found and publish a newspaper in Georgia
Trai Byers, professional actor
References
External links
Official website
Official athletics website
Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1854
Junior colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Education in Randolph County, Georgia
Private universities and colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Buildings and structures in Randolph County, Georgia
1854 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20College
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In Belarus, there are both privately held and state-owned newspapers.
Below is a list of newspapers published in Belarus. These newspapers are published in Minsk, unless otherwise noted.
Belarusian language
Zviazda (Звязда, 40,000 copies) , the largest state-controlled Belarusian language newspaper.
Novy Chas (Новы Час, 7,000 copies)
Nasha Slova (Наша Слова, 7,000 copies), newspaper about culture and history, published by the Francishak Skaryna Belarusian Language Society
Naša Niva (Наша Ніва; 6,000 copies) , the oldest Belarusian weekly newspaper founded in 1906 and revived in 1991, pro-opposition
Holas Radzimy (Голас радзiмы, 2,000 copies) , government-controlled newspaper for the Belarusian diaspora
Narodnya Naviny Vitsebska (Народныя навіны Віцебска) - online newspaper from Vitsebsk
Pahonia (Пагоня) - pro-opposition newspaper formerly published in Hrodna. In 2001 closed down by the government, since then on-line
Russian language
Brestskaya Gazeta (Брестская газета)
Sovetskaya Belorussia (Советская Белоруссия; about 400,000 copies) , the largest national newspaper, official newspaper of the Administration of the President of Belarus
Vo Slavu Rodiny (Во славу Родины; 32,300 copies) , official newspaper of the Belarusian Ministry of Defense
Narodnaya Gazeta (Народная Газета, 25,042 copies) , official newspaper of the Parliament of Belarus
BelGazeta (БелГазета, 21,200 copies) , independent national newspaper on business and politics
Belorusy i rynok (Белорусы и Рынок, 12,000 copies) , weekly independent business newspaper
7 Dney (7 дней; Seven Days)
Belorusskaya Delovaya Gazeta (БДГ; BDG) , formerly the largest independent newspaper on politics and business in 1990s (with about 70,000 copies), closed down by officials in 2006
Belaruski Chas (Беларускi час)
Belorusskaya Lesnaya Gazeta (Белорусская лесная газета; 23,000 copies) , a specialized professional newspaper on forestry
Bobruyskiy Kurier (Бобруйский курьер) - published in Bobruysk
Brestskiy Kurier (Брестский курьер) - published in Brest
Gomelskaya Pravda (Гомельская правда) - published in Gomel
Infa-Kurjer (Iнфа-Кур'ер) - published in Slutsk
Dnyaprovets (Дняпровец) - published in Rechitsa
Meditsinskiy Vestnik (Медицинский вестник)
Minsk na Ladonyah (Минск на Ладонях; Minsk on the Palms)
Minskiy Kurier (Минский Курьер)
Muzykalnaya Gazeta (Музыкальная газета; Music Newspaper)
Nedvizhimost Belorussii (Недвижимость Белоруссии; Real Estate of Belarus)
Respublikanskaya Stroitel'naya Gazeta (Республиканская строительная газета; Republic Construction Newspaper)
Vecherniy Grodno (Вечерний Гродно) - published in Grodno
Vecherniy Minsk (Вечерний Минск; Evening Minsk)
Vitebskiy Kurier (Витебский Курьер) - published in Vitebsk
Zheleznodorozhnik Belorussii (Железнодорожник Белоруссии; Railroad Worker of Belarus)
Bilingual newspapers
Narodnaja Volia (Народная воля, 15,000 copies), the largest national pro-opposition newspaper on politics
Hazeta Slonimskaya (Газета Слонімская; Газета Слонимская; 7,000 to 8,000 copies) , an independent local newspaper published in Slonim
Intex-Press (Интекс-пресс, 17,300 copies) , an independent local newspaper published in Baranavichy
Zhodzinskiya Naviny (Жодзінскія Навіны; Zhodino News) - published in Zhodzina
Vecherniy Brest (Вечерний Брест; Evening Brest) - published in Brest
See also
Media of Belarus
List of newspapers
References
Newspapers published in Belarus
Belarus
Newspapers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Belarus
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Heidelberg University is a private university in Tiffin, Ohio. Founded in 1850, it was known as Heidelberg College until 1889 and from 1926 to 2009. It is affiliated with the United Church of Christ.
History
Heidelberg University was founded by the German Reformed Church as Heidelberg College in 1850 in Ohio. It is affiliated with the United Church of Christ, the successor to that denomination. In the mid-nineteenth century, there were a significant number of German immigrants in Ohio. The German Reformed Church had seventy-four churches in the state when members decided to establish the college. The college had five students enrolled in the first classes. By the end of the year, 149 students were enrolled.
Transition
On the morning of October 25, 2008, the Heidelberg College Board of Trustees unanimously agreed to transition to Heidelberg University. The name change went into effect at the beginning of the 2009–2010 academic year.
According to a statement issued by former interim President Dr. James Troha to all Heidelberg students: "In considering the transition from college to university, the board and senior administrators addressed such issues as competition and trends in higher education and the perception of "university" among prospective students in the U.S. and abroad. Thorough research of both internal and external audiences indicated strong support to become Heidelberg University."
Campus
Heidelberg is situated on enclosed in Tiffin, Ohio, the county seat of Seneca County, in northwestern Ohio. The campus is located on the east side of Tiffin on College Hill, within a half mile of downtown Tiffin.
Architecture
Heidelberg's campus includes 26 buildings, 10 of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The architecture ranges from pure Greek Revival and Victorian Gothic to English Gothic and the functional style. Many of the buildings are formed in gray Bloomville limestone with cut Bedford stone for trim, bringing a sense of overall unity to the various styles.
Academics
Heidelberg offers 36 undergraduate courses of study, four graduate programs, 16 minors, and 13 pre-professional programs. The university has an honors program, The Life of the Mind, that focuses on four thematic components: the artist, the citizen, the scholar, and the scientist.
Its American Junior Year program at Heidelberg University in Heidelberg, Germany, is the oldest exchange program between an American university and a German university. Heidelberg is also home to the renowned National Center for Water Quality Research and The Center for Historic and Military Archaeology.
Faculty
Eighty-five percent of the senior faculty members hold a doctorate or the highest degree in their core competency. The student-to-faculty ratio is 14:1 and the average class size is 20 to 25.
Student life
Students
Students are culturally and geographically diverse, originating from all parts of the country. Eight percent of the students come from other countries. Fifty-three percent are male and forty-seven percent are female.
Roughly eighty-five percent of students live in campus-owned housing, which includes seven traditional residence halls, senior apartments, and an average of ten Cooperative Learning Communities (CLCs). CLCs are themed houses that provide students with the opportunity to develop initiatives and programs that will benefit the Heidelberg and/or greater-Tiffin communities.
Greek life
Heidelberg University has ten different social Greek organizations: five fraternities, four sororities, and one co-ed society. Each of the Greek organizations are local and specific only to Heidelberg University. They are governed by the Greek Life Council. In addition to this, Greek Life is accompanied by a chapter of the Order of Omega, an honorary Greek life organization.
Sororities
The Philalethean Society
Kappa Psi Omega
Delta Sigma Chi
Zeta Theta Psi
Fraternities
Nu Sigma Alpha
Alpha Phi Tau
Sigma Tau Nu
Rho Eta Delta
The Excelsior Men's Society
Co-Ed Societies
The Euglossian Society
Athletics
Heidelberg is affiliated with NCAA Division III athletics and is a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference. Heidelberg is the oldest member of the Ohio Athletic Conference which is the third oldest conference in the Nation and was founded in 1902. Heidelberg has won 46 Ohio Athletic Conference championships in the history of the athletic program which dates back to 1892.
The school is known for its distinctive "Student Prince" mascot, originating from the Sigmund Romberg operetta of the same name. On September 5, 2008, a redesigned "Student Prince" mascot was unveiled.
Men's Sports
Baseball
Basketball
Cross country
Football
Golf
Lacrosse
Soccer
Tennis
Track (indoor and outdoor)
Wrestling
Women's Sports
Basketball
Cheerleading
Cross country
Golf
Lacrosse
Soccer
Softball
Tennis
Track (indoor and outdoor)
Volleyball
Heidelberg University's long and storied history of intercollegiate athletics dates back to 1892, when The Berg beat Findlay in football, 20–0. Since then, the athletic program has grown to 22 teams competing at the NCAA Division III level in the Ohio Athletic Conference.
Heidelberg adds varsity swimming and esports. Men's and Women's Swim returns to Heidelberg University starting for the 2023-2024 Season. The Swim Teams will be HU's first to compete at the varsity level since the early 1980s. Heidelberg will be the sixth Ohio Athletic Conference school to sponsor swimming.
Esports, short for electronic sports, is an organized competition between universities in a variety of video games.
Volleyball has qualified for the NCAA Tournament eight times (2007–2012, 2015–2016). They have won six OAC regular season titles (1986, 2009–2011, 2013, 2015) and two tournament titles (2010, 2015).
On the gridiron, the Student Princes won the 1972 Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl under the guidance of head coach Pete Riesen. Their longest stretch of success was under the tutelage of College Football Hall of Famer Paul "The Fox" Hoernemann. The Fox led The Berg to a record of 102-18-4 in 14 seasons. After falling on hard times in the 2000s, head coach Mike Hallett turned the program around. Hallett snapped a nation-worst 36-game losing streak in the first game of the 2007 season. By 2012, Hallett guided the Student Princes into the Division III Tournament.
Recently, the football program helped rewrite the NCAA record books. On November 16, 2013, tailback Cartel Brooks set an NCAA All-Divisions record with 465 yards of rushing in a win over Baldwin Wallace. On November 3, 2018, punter Austin Baker set a D-III record with a 95-yard punt in a loss at John Carroll.
Men's cross country has had four-straight seasons of qualifying for the NCAA Championship, (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009) and seventh overall in school history (1997, 1998, 1999). They also captured their fourth OAC Championships in 2009, which added to their titles in 1998, 1999 and 2000. The Berg men's cross country team also was honored by the USTFCCCA in 2009 by having the second highest GPA in NCAA DIII and the fourth highest in the nation among all cross country teams in any division.
Wrestling has had five straight successful seasons in the OAC, and placed as high as sixth in the nation in the past five years. They captured OAC Tournament Championships in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. The wrestlers were also OAC Regular Season Championships in 2006, 2008 and 2009.
Baseball has also had success over the past decade with two Regional titles, and seven OAC Championships. They were OAC Tournament Champions 2004, 2008, 2009 and 2010; and Regular Season 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2015 and 2019. Also in 2010, they captured their first NCAA Regional Championship and finished fourth in the nation at the NCAA DIII Baseball World Series. Heidelberg hosted, and won, the first-ever Mideast Super Regional in 2019—sweeping The College of Wooster.
The men's track and field team also had success when it placed 14th in the nation in 2007. The team also captured its third OAC Outdoor Track and Field Championship in 2010, adding it to championship years of 1999 and 2000.
The Heidelberg men's running program (Cross Country, Indoor Track & Field, Outdoor Track & Field) in the 2009–2010 school year finished as the 14th best program among NCAA DIII schools because of their high event finishes at the NCAA Division III National Championships.
Notable alumni
Franklin Gene Bissell, college football coach for the Kansas Wesleyan Coyotes
Jim Boeke - NFL player in the 1960s.
Bob Briggs - Former NFL player for the San Diego Chargers, Cleveland Browns, and Kansas City Chiefs.
John Buccigross – ESPN broadcaster
Donteea Dye- NFL wide receiver for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Bill Groman - NFL Player in the 1960s with the Houston Oilers, Denver Broncos, and Buffalo Bills.
Sue Myrick - former Mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina and member of the US House of Representatives
Michael Preston – Former NFL wide receiver for the Tennessee Titans
Brian Regan – Comedian
Frank Seiberling – Co-founder of Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
Gene Smith – Former General Manager for the Jacksonville Jaguars
Doug Stephan - American radio talk show personality.
References
External links
Official website
Official athletics website
1850 establishments in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Seneca County, Ohio
Education in Seneca County, Ohio
Universities and colleges established in 1850
German-American culture in Ohio
Liberal arts colleges in Ohio
Private universities and colleges in Ohio
United Church of Christ in Ohio
Universities and colleges affiliated with the United Church of Christ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg%20University%20%28Ohio%29
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Below is a list of newspapers published in Croatia.
List of publications
National dailies
24sata (est. 2005, based in Zagreb; number one tabloid in the country in terms of circulation) 24sata.hr
Jutarnji list (est. 1998, based in Zagreb) jutarnji.hr
Novi list (est. 1900, based in Rijeka; the oldest Croatian newspaper still in existence) novilist.hr
Slobodna Dalmacija (est. 1943, based in Split) slobodnadalmacija.hr
Večernji list (est. 1959, based in Zagreb) vecernji.hr
Specialized dailies
Poslovni dnevnik (est. 2004, business and financial daily) poslovni.hr
Sportske novosti (est. 1945, based in Zagreb; sports daily) sportske.jutarnji.hr
Regional dailies
Glas Istre (based in Pula; covers Istria region) glasistre.hr
Glas Slavonije (based in Osijek; covers Slavonia) glas-slavonije.hr
Dubrovački vjesnik (based in Dubrovnik, covers the city and south Dalmatia) dubrovacki.hr
Zadarski list (based in Zadar, covers Zadar County) zadarskilist.hr
Weekly
Narodni list (est. 1862, based in Zadar) narodni-list.hr
Official gazette
Narodne novine (est. 1835, based in Zagreb) nn.hr
Publications in other languages
Novosti portalnovosti.com
La Voce del Popolo editfiume.com/lavoce
Historical and defunct
18th century
Agramer Deutsche Zeitung - published in 1786 by J. T. Trattner; based in Zagreb and published in German; no surviving copies have been found
Ephemerides Zagrabienses - the first newspaper ever published in Croatia, in 1771; published as a weekly in Zagreb by Antun Jandera; there are no surviving copies in existence
Kroatischer Korrespondent - established in 1789 and printed in German; the third newspaper published in Croatia and the oldest newspaper with a surviving copy
19th century
Crvena Hrvatska - in existence from 1890 to 1899, published by the Croatian Party of Rights in Dalmatia
Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin - bilingual newspaper (in Italian and Croatian); first edition published in Zadar on 12 July 1806; the first newspaper printed in Croatian
Narodni list - established in 1862; the oldest living newspaper in Croatia; its first issue was published on March 1, 1862, as a Croatian-language part of the Italian-language newspaper Il Nazionale
Novine Horvatske - established in 1835 by Ljudevit Gaj and printed in Croatian; in 1836 the paper switched from Kajkavian to Shtokavian dialect and was renamed Ilirske narodne novine; played an important role in the Illyrian movement
20th century
Feral Tribune – began as a political satire supplement in Slobodna Dalmacija daily in 1984; later evolved into an independent political weekly from 1993 onwards; folded in 2008
Republika – daily newspaper launched in late 2000 by media entrepreneur Ivo Pukanić, intended to compete with Europapress Holding's flagship daily Jutarnji list; folded after six months in May 2001
Slobodni tjednik – published 1990–1993, the first Croatian tabloid daily launched during the political turmoil in the early 1990s
Sportplus – published from December 2009 to March 2011 as a sports daily spun off from Novi list to compete with Sportske novosti; after 2011 merged back into Novi list
Vjesnik – published 1940–2012, major government-owned daily
Business.hr – published 2005–2014, business and financial daily, which competed against Poslovni dnevnik
See also
Media in Croatia
List of magazines in Croatia
Croatia
Newspapers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Croatia
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Limnophila aromatica, the rice paddy herb, is a tropical flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is native to Southeast Asia, where it flourishes in hot temperatures and grows most often in watery environments, particularly in flooded rice fields. It is called or or in Vietnam and used as an herb and also cultivated for use as an aquarium plant. The plant was introduced to North America in the 1970s due to Vietnamese immigration following the Vietnam War. It is called "ma om" (ម្អម) in Khmer. It is used in traditional Cambodian soup dishes and Southern Vietnamese cuisine. It can grow in flooded rice paddies during wet season but it grows best on drained but still wet sandy soil of harvested rice paddies for a few months after the rainy season ended. It dies out soon after it flowers. Rural Cambodians often harvest them and put them on the roof of their houses to dry for later use.
Taxonomy
Limnophila aromatica was formerly classified as a member of the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, but is now classified in the plantain family, Plantaginaceae.
Culinary use
Limnophila aromatica has a flavor and aroma reminiscent of both lemon and cumin. It is used most often in Vietnamese cuisine, where it is called ngò om. It is an ingredient in canh chua, a sweet and sour seafood soup which also includes tamarind, not to be confused with ngò gai which is also added as an accompaniment to the noodle soup called phở.
In Thai cuisine it is known as phak khaeyng (ผักแขยง) and is also used to make om.
Ornamental use
Limnophila aromatica is able to live completely submerged, and as such it is a popular aquarium plant. The submerged leaf form is less rigid and bigger than the emergent leaf form, it is green with a purple underside, turning completely red under high light conditions.
See also
Cuisine of Vietnam
Cuisine of Cambodia
List of Thai ingredients
References
External links
Rice Paddy Herb (Limnophila aromatica [Lomk.] Merril) page from Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages
Herbs
Plantaginaceae
Asian vegetables
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnophila%20aromatica
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Babinda is a rural town and locality in the Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Babinda had a population of 1,253 people.
Geography
Babinda is located south of Cairns.
The town is noted for its proximity to Queensland's two highest mountains Mount Bartle Frere (Queensland's highest peak) and Mount Bellenden Ker.
Babinda and Tully annually compete for the Golden Gumboot, an award for Australia's wettest town. Babinda is usually the winner, recording an annual average rainfall of over each year.
History
Babinda takes its name from the local Indigenous Australian language for mountain. Other sources, however, claim it is a Yidinji word for water, possibly referring to the high rainfall of the area.
Babinda State School opened on 4 November 1914. Initially occupying temporary premises, the school's first permanent site was 24-34 Church Street (), now Babinda Swimming Pool and adjacent properties. In 1963, it expanded to offer secondary schooling to Year 10. The school relocated to its present site in Boulders Road in 1969, although it continued to use some facilities on the old site until 1973. In 1983, the school expanded to offer secondary schooling to Year 12.
Babinda Post Office opened by 1915 (a Babinda Creek receiving office had been open since 1891).
The Babinda Sugar Mill opened on 15 September 1915. It closed on 23 February 2011.
On 20 April 1916, the Cane Beetles March commenced at Mooliba (now Mirriwinni). It was a snowball march to recruit men into the Australian Imperial Force during World War I at a time when enthusiasm to enlist had waned after the loss of life in the Gallipoli campaign. The march began at Mooliba with 4 men, passing through Babinda, Aloomba, Gordonvale, and Edmonton, and ending in Cairns 60 kilometers later with 29 recruits.
Babinda Presbyterian church was officially opened on 5 November 1916 by Reverend S. Mitchell.
On Sunday 18 March 1917, Bishop John Heavey laid the foundation for Babinda's Catholic Church. Heavey returned on Sunday 15 July to dedicate the church.
On 10 March 1918, a cyclone badly damaged the town with some reports saying that no building was left standing. An entire train at the railway station was blown over. Both the Presbyterian and Catholic churches were "blown to pieces".
On Sunday 16 March 1919, the new Presbyterian Church was officially opened by the Reverend Fixter.
On Sunday 9 July 1922, Heavey officially opened and blessed the rebuilt Catholic church.
The Babinda War Memorial was unveiled by the chairman of the Cairns Shire Council Seymour Warner on 25 April 1927.
The Babinda Parish of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Cooktown (now the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns) was established in 1934.
The Babinda Public Library building opened in 1955.
In March 2006, Babinda was struck by Cyclone Larry, damaging up to 80% of buildings.
In the , the locality of Babinda had a population of 1,167 people. Of these, 49.7% were male and 50.3% were female. The majority of residents (79.7%) were of Australian birth, with other common census responses being Italy (2.7%) and New Zealand (2.0%). The age distribution of Babinda residents was skewed slightly higher than the greater Australian population. 70.1% of residents were over 25 years in 2006, compared to the Australian average of 66.5%; and 29.9% were younger than 25 years, compared to the Australian average of 33.5%.
At the 2011 census, the town recorded a population of 1,068.
In the , the locality of Babinda had a population of 1,253 people.
Heritage listings
Babinda has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
65-85 Munro Street: Babinda State Hotel
109 Munro Street: Babinda Air Raid Shelter
Media
The local newspapers are The Cairns Post or the Wet Tropic Times.
Education
St Rita's School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 7-13 Church Street (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 22 students with 7 teachers (5 full-time equivalent) and 6 non-teaching staff (3 full-time equivalent).
Babinda State School is a government primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at Boulders Road (corner of Pollard Road, ). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 257 students with 30 teachers (27 full-time equivalent) and 22 non-teaching staff (13 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Babinda Kindergarten is on Church Street and Babinda Early Learning is on Pollard Road.
Amenities
The Cairns Regional Council operates a public library in Babinda at 24 Munro Street.
The Babinda branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the QCWA Hall in School Road.
St Rita's Catholic Church is at 15 Church Street. It is within the Babinda Parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns and is administered from Innisfail.
The Babinda Munro Picture Theatre operates Friday, Saturday and Sunday nights.
Events
There are many different community events in Babinda. The annual Harvest Festival is celebrated in October and features some unusual events including the Sugar Bowl competition, the Gumboot Toss and the Umbrella Toss (reflecting Babinda's connection to the sugar industry and its wet weather). The festival has been running since the 1960s but did not occur in 2006 due to Cyclone Larry.
Attractions
The Boulders and Devil's Pool are popular tourist attractions. A picnic area is located nearby, beside Babinda Creek.
Babinda Rotary Park is on Howard Kennedy Drive (). It provides free camping for up to 3 days.
Transportation
Babinda is situated on the Bruce Highway. The town has a railway station for access to the long-distance train services, currently only the Spirit of Queensland for which an advance booking must be made for the train to stop in Babinda.
Climate
Babinda has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with humid and persistently wet weather. It is well known and recognised as the wettest town in Australia, with an annual average rainfall of 4279.4 mm. Monthly totals over 1000 mm are not uncommon, and sometimes, usually between January and April, whole months will go by without a single sunny day.
The wet season lasts from December to May, while the 'dry season' occurs from June to November. During the wet season, heavy monsoonal downpours occur almost daily and occasionally even heavier rain from tropical lows or cyclones occurs. Rainfall still totals well over 100mm a month during the dry season; however, it is usually in the form of coastal showers, which can range from 1 or 2 millimeters, to brief downpours of 100mm or more. Thunderstorms with dangerous lightning and damaging winds can be a threat from October to December; however, this threat decreases when the monsoon begins to take over in January.
See also
Suburbs of Cairns
List of tramways in Queensland
References
External links
Watch historical footage of Babinda, Cairns and Far North Queensland from the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's collection
Babinda Munro Theatre Sponsored by the Babinda pharmacy showing the latest films.
Populated places in Far North Queensland
Towns in Queensland
Suburbs of Cairns
Localities in Queensland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinda
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State Route 15 (SR 15) is a state highway that travels south-to-north across the entire length of the U.S. state of Georgia, east of its centerline. This route is part of a multi two-state route 15 that begins at Florida and ends at Georgia at the North Carolina state line. It connects the Florida state line, south-southeast of Folkston with the North Carolina state line, in Dillard, via Folkston, Vidalia, Sandersville, Athens, Demorest, and Clayton.
SR 15 used to travel through Hazlehurst, Glenwood, and Dublin, which is now the path of SR 19. It used to travel from Dublin to Wrightsville, which is now the path of US 319/SR 31. It also used to travel from Athens, through Arcade and Jefferson, to Commerce, which is now the route of SR 15 Alt.
Route description
SR 15 enters Georgia just south of Folkston as a four-lane highway, along with US 1, US 23, US 301, and SR 4. In Homeland, US 301 branches off to the north while the other four routes plus SR 121, head northwest. After about , SR 15 and SR 121 also branch off from US 1/US 23/SR 4, as a two-lane highway, crossing US 82/SR 520 (South Georgia Parkway) in Hoboken. The two state routes continue northwest through Blackshear, where they cross US 84/SR 38. After that, the two state routes continue to stay together, heading north through the community of Bristol. Soon after, SR 121 branches off to the north while SR 15 heads northwest to rejoin US 1 and SR 4 at Baxley. North of Baxley, the three highways continue, remaining a four-lane highway all the way to the Altamaha River. Approximately past the river crossing, SR 15 branches off to the northwest again, where SR 29 begins and follows SR 15. At Vidalia, SR 15 and SR 29 turn west and follow US 280/SR 30 for several miles to the community of Higgston. The two highways head north from there through the community of Tarrytown and then on to Soperton. SR 29 heads northwest of Soperton while SR 15, along with SR 78, continues north, reaching an interchange with I-16, and goes to Adrian. The two state routes continue northwest to Wrightsville, where SR 78 departs eastward. SR 15 continues by itself through the adjacent cities of Tennille and Sandersville. Through these cites, most of SR 15 has been widened to four lanes, and it briefly picks up SR 24. North of Sandersville, SR 15 crosses SR 24/SR 540 (Fall Line Freeway) and then heads north through the community of Warthen and onto Sparta. Through Sparta, SR 15 makes a few turns, briefly picking up SR 16 and SR 22. North of Sparta, it picks up SR 77, and continues north through White Plains and Siloam. At Siloam, SR 15 has an interchange with I-20. SR 77 departs to the north while SR 15 continues northwest to Greensboro, passing beneath I-20, but without direct access. In Greensboro, SR 15 makes two more turns, briefly following US 278/SR 12 through downtown. SR 15 continues northwest to Watkinsville, after which it joins US 129/US 441. It travels together with US 441 as a mostly four-lane highway throughout the rest of their course in Georgia.
The three highways, along with several others, circle around the east side of Athens along the SR 10 Loop (Athens Perimeter Highway) and head north through the town of Nicholson and around the east side of Commerce via a bypass. The highways then have an interchange with I-85, and head between the towns of Baldwin and Cornelia, where they become a limited access freeway for a short time and rejoin US 23. The three highways remain together and head through the cities of Tallulah Falls, Clayton, and Dillard before crossing into North Carolina.
History
1920s
SR 15 was established at least as early as 1919 on three segments. The southern segment extended from the current southern terminus through Folkston, Waycross, and Alma, and ended at Hazlehurst. The central segment extended from SR 27 in Lumber City to SR 19/SR 30 west-southwest of Mount Vernon. The northern segment extended from SR 30 in Mount Vernon to Athens, through Jefferson to its current northern terminus. There was no indication if SR 15 traveled between the separate segments, though. By the end of September 1921, the portion of SR 15 from west-southwest of Mount Vernon to Wrightsville was shifted westward, to travel north-northwest to Dublin and had a separate segment from SR 26 east-northeast of Dublin to Wrightsville (again no indication of SR 15 between the two segments). Its former path from Mount Vernon to Adrian was redesignated as part of SR 56. By October 1926, US 1 was designated on SR 15 from the Florida state line to north-northeast of Alma. US 129 was designated on SR 15 from just south of Watkinsville to Jefferson. Three segments had a "completed hard surface": a portion southwest of Waycross, a portion in the south-southwest part of Athens, and the Cornelia–Clarkesville segment. By October 1929, SR 4 was designated on US 1/SR 15 from the Florida state line to north-northeast of Alma. This segment, as well as a portion south of Sandersville, had a completed hard surface.
1930s
By the middle of 1930, the southern terminus was truncated to the point it previously left the concurrency with US 1/SR 4 north-northeast of Alma. Four segments had a completed hard surface: a portion in the northwestern part of Athens, from southeast of Jefferson to southwest of Commerce, the Baldwin–Cornelia segment, and the Clarkesville–North Carolina segment. Between November 1930 and the beginning of 1932, US 23 was designated on the Baldwin–North Carolina segment. In January 1932, SR 29 was established on SR 15's current path from US 1/SR 4 in South Thompson through Vidalia to SR 56 in Soperton. In March, the Watkinsville–Athens segment was completed. The next month, SR 24 was extended from Athens to Commerce, on what is now SR 15's. Also, the Tennille–Sandersville segment was also completed. Nearly two years later, SR 121 was established from US 84/SR 50 in Hoboken to SR 38 in Blackshear. Later that year, the southern terminus of the northern segment of SR 15 was shifted west-southwest to Dublin, to connect with its central segment. From just north of the Appling–Jeff Davis county line to Hazlehurst, SR 15 had a completed hard surface. About one year later, the Johnson County portion of the Dublin–Wrightsville segment was completed. During the first half of 1936, two segments of SR 15 were completed: the Laurens County portion of the Dublin–Wrightsville segment and a short portion south-southeast of Baldwin. Later that year, the northern half of the Homer–Baldwin segment was completed. By the end of the year, the Treutlen County portion of the Vidalia–Soperton segment of SR 29 was also completed. In the first quarter of 1937, SR 78 was established from Soperton north to Adrian and north-northwest to Wrightsville. In the third quarter of the year, three segments of SR 15 were completed: the entire southern segment (from north of Alma to Hazlehurst), a portion north-northeast of Lumber City, and from the Hancock–Greene county line to just north-northwest of Greensboro. The next year, SR 121 was extended southward to US 1/SR 4 in Racepond and northward to Baxley. Two segments of SR 15 were completed: the Athens–Jefferson and Homer–Baldwin segments. By July 1939, the Vidalia–Soperton segment, as well as a portion in the southeastern part of Commerce, of SR 29, and a portion in the southern part of Wrightsville on SR 78, was completed. Later that year, the entire Commerce–Homer segment of SR 15, as well as the northern half of the South Thompson–Vidalia segment of SR 29, was completed. By the end of the year, all of SR 15 north of Watkinsville, as well as a portion of SR 24 in the extreme northern part of Athens, was completed.
1940s
In 1940, the Wrightsville–Tennille segment of SR 15, as well as the portion of SR 78 from Soperton to north-northwest of Adrian, was completed. In the second half of 1941, the Adrian–Wrightsville segment of SR 78 was completed. The next year, a portion of SR 15 southeast of Sparta, as well as the southern half of the South Thompson–Vidalia segment of SR 29, was completed. Between January 1945 and November 1946, US 319 was designated on the Dublin–Wrightsville segment of SR 15. Three segments of SR 15 and one segment of SR 24 were "hard surfaced": from Lumber City to north of Glenwood, from Sandersville to just south of Warthen, the Sparta–Greensboro segment, and the Jackson County portion of SR 24. By February 1948, the Sandersville–Sparta segment of SR 15, the Pierce County portion of the Hoboken–Blackshear segment of SR 121, a portion of SR 121 south-southeast of Baxley, and the entire Athens–Commerce segment of SR 24 were all hard surfaced. By April 1949, US 441 was designated on the Watkinsville–Athens and Commerce–Baldwin segments of SR 15 and the Athens–Commerce segment of SR 24. Two segments of SR 15 were hard surfaced: a portion south-southeast of Dublin and the Oconee County portion of the Greensboro–Watkinsville segment.
1950s and 1960s
By August 1950, US 23 was designated on US 1/SR 4 from the Florida state line to north of Alma and on the southern segment of SR 15 from north of Alma to Hazlehurst. The Wheeler County portion of SR 15 and the Greene County portion of its Greensboro–Watkinsville segment, as well as the Blackshear–Bristol segment of SR 121, was hard surfaced. By the beginning of 1952, US 441 was designated on US 23/SR 15 from Baldwin to the North Carolina state line. The Glenwood–Dublin segment of SR 15 and the Racepond–Hoboken and Bristol–Baxley segments of SR 121 were hard surfaced. Between July 1957 and June 1960, SR 15 was re-extended to the Florida state line, on its current path, to Wrightsville. Its former path from north of Alma to Dublin was redesignated as SR 19; its former path from Dublin to Wrightsville, on US 319, was redesignated as SR 31. The paths of SR 15 and SR 24 between Athens and Commerce were swapped. By June 1963, SR 350 was established from US 129/SR 15 in the northwestern part of Athens to US 29/SR 8 in the northeastern part of the city. SR 15 and SR 24 between Athens and Commerce were swapped back. The path of SR 15 between Tallulah Falls and Tiger was shifted southwest on a more direct path. Its former path on US 23/US 441 was redesignated as SR 343. By the beginning of 1966, SR 24's northern terminus was truncated to Watkinsville. SR 15 replaced the Watkinsville–Athens segment, and SR 15 Alt. replaced the Athens–Commerce segment. US 29 was designated on SR 350 from the US 129/SR 15 interchange, which also had US 29 Temp. and US 441 Temp., to the US 29/SR 8 interchange. US 441 Temp. was designated on it from the US 129/SR 15 interchange to the US 441/SR 15 Alt. interchange. A western extension of SR 350, ending at US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10, was under construction. Also, SR 350 was under construction east-southeast just slightly from the US 29/SR 8 interchange. US 23/US 441/SR 15 between Tallulah Falls and a point about halfway between Clayton and Mountain City was shifted eastward; at this time, SR 343 was decommissioned. In 1966, SR 350 was decommissioned. US 29 was designated on the freeway from the western terminus to where it, as well as SR 8, depart the freeway. This interchange also had SR 8 Bus. and SR 106. SR 8 was designated on the entire length of the freeway. Its former path through the city was redesignated as SR 8 Bus., still concurrent with US 78/SR 10. In 1967, US 29 was extended on the freeway one interchange to the east. At this interchange, SR 72 was extended southeast to end here, concurrent with US 29/SR 8.
1970s and 1980s
In 1971, the path of US 23/US 441/SR 15 in the Baldwin–Demorest area was shifted westward. Their former path became US 23 Bus./US 441 Bus./SR 15 Loop. In 1976, SR 72 was indicated to be "projected mileage" from this point south to US 78/SR 10, then southwest and west to end at US 441/SR 15. In 1980, the Athens freeway was completed along its proposed extension's path, with US 129/US 441/SR 15 designated on it. The path of SR 15 in the Clarkesville area was shifted eastward, off of US 23/US 441 and partially onto SR 115. The next year, the portion of the Athens freeway between US 29/SR 8/SR 72 and US 78/SR 10 on the northeastern part was downgraded to a divided highway. In 1983, US 129/US 441/SR 15 Alt. was designated on the freeway from the then-current southern terminus to their current respective interchanges. In 1985, US 441 Temp. was no longer shown on maps. SR 72's western terminus was truncated to the far northeastern part of the city, at its current location. In 1986, a western cut-off, designated as SR 773, was proposed on a more direct path between two intersections with US 23/US 441/SR 15 from south of Tallulah Falls and into the city. The next year, SR 10 was designated on the Athens freeway from the US 129/US 441/SR 15 to the eastern US 78/SR 10 Bus. interchange. Its old path through downtown, still concurrent with US 78, was redesignated as SR 10 Bus. At this time, SR 72 was re-extended to the northeastern interchange. The path of US 23/US 441/SR 15 in the Tallulah Falls area was shifted westward, onto the proposed path of SR 773. The former path was redesignated as SR 15 Loop. In 1988, SR 10 in Athens was shifted back to downtown, with SR 10 Loop designated on the city's freeway. US 78 was shifted to the southern side of the freeway, with its former path redesignated as US 78 Bus. A southern bypass of Demorest and Clarkesville, designated as a northern extension of SR 365, was proposed from SR 365's then-current northern terminus at US 23/US 441/SR 15 south-southeast of Demorest to SR 115 south-southeast of Hollywood. At this time, SR 365 Spur was proposed from SR 115 at SR 365's proposed extension north-northwest to Hollywood. The next year, an eastern bypass of the main part of Commerce, designated as SR 759, was proposed from US 441/SR 15 south-southeast of Commerce to another intersection north-northeast of the city. SR 365 extended east-northeast on its previously proposed path to SR 115 south-southeast of Hollywood. An eastern bypass of Hollywood and Turnerville, designated as SR 835, was proposed from SR 17 just south of Hollywood to US 23/US 441/SR 15 south-southwest of Tallulah Falls.
1990s and 2000s
In 1991, the paths of SR 15 and SR 15 Alt. between Athens and Commerce were swapped. SR 759 around Commerce was completed. An eastern bypass of Homer, designated as SR 765, was proposed from US 441/SR 15/SR 164 south-southeast of Homer to US 441/SR 15 north-northeast of the city. Also, the path of US 23/SR 15 in the Demorest–Hollywood area was shifted off of US 441 and onto SR 365 from south-southeast of Demorest to south-southeast of Hollywood, then north-northwest on the proposed path of SR 365 Spur to Hollywood. The next year, a slightly western rerouting of US 129/US 441/SR 15 in the southern part of Athens, designated as SR 901, was proposed from US 129/US 441/SR 15 southwest of their southern interchange with the Athens freeway north-northwest to Timothy Road just north of the freeway. The path of US 441/SR 15 in the Commerce area was shifted eastward, replacing SR 759. The former path of US 441, on SR 334 and SR 98, was redesignated on US 441 Bus. A southeastern bypass of Hollingsworth, designated as SR 876, was proposed from US 441/SR 15 south-southeast of Hollingsworth to SR 198 southeast of the community. A cutoff, north-northeast of Hollingsworth, was proposed as an unnumbered road from Hollingsworth to US 441/SR 15 north-northwest of it. The path of US 441, from south-southeast of Demorest to Hollywood, was shifted southeast, onto the path of US 23/US 441/SR 15/SR 365. The former path of US 441 was redesignated as a northern extension of US 441 Bus. In 1993, the path of US 23/US 441/SR 15, from Hollywood to Tallulah Falls, was shifted eastward, onto the proposed path of SR 835. The next year, the cutoff north-northeast of Hollingsworth, now proposed as SR 877, was extended to SR 105 just east of the southern end of US 441/SR 15 concurrency. In 1995, US 29/SR 8 was also shifted to the southern side of the freeway, concurrent with US 78/SR 316. SR 72's western terminus was once again truncated to its current location. In 1997, the path of US 441/SR 15, from Homer–Cornelia, was shifted eastward, onto the proposed path of SR 876. In 2001, the path of US 129/US 441/SR 15 in Athens was shifted westward, onto the proposed path of SR 901. They were placed on a southern concurrency with the freeway for less than . This brief concurrency ended at Macon Highway. The next year, US 129/US 441/SR 15 was shifted off of Macon Highway and onto the Athens freeway. SR 877 was canceled. Two years later, the unsigned SR 422 designation was applied to the Athens freeway. The path of US 441/SR 15 in Homer area was shifted eastward, onto the proposed path of SR 765.
Major intersections
Special routes
Sparta connector route
State Route 15 Connector (SR 15 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 15 that existed in Sparta. Between April 1949 and August 1950, it was established from SR 16 northeast of the city to SR 15/SR 22 north of it. Between June 1955 and July 1957, the path of SR 15 in the Sparta area was shifted northeast, replacing SR 15 Conn.
Athens spur route
State Route 15 Spur (SR 15 Spur) was a very short-lived spur route of SR 15 that existed completely within the city limits of Athens. In 1952, it was established from US 441/SR 15 in the southern part of the city north-northwest to US 129/SR 15 in the western part of it. The next year, it was decommissioned.
Athens–Commerce alternate route
State Route 15 Alternate (SR 15 Alt.) is a alternate route of SR 15. It consists of a series of streets, roads, and highways that form a south-to-north-oriented highway in Clarke and Jackson counties in the northeastern part of the state. SR 15 Alt.'s southern terminus is in Athens at the interchange of Milledge Avenue and US 29/US 78/US 129/US 441/SR 8/SR 10 Loop/SR 15 (Athens Perimeter Highway) and Macon Highway. The segment along Milledge Avenue winds by the campus of the University of Georgia. This street features stately homes and mansions, some of which house college fraternities and sororities. SR 15 Alt. follows Prince Avenue northwest after the northern end of Milledge Avenue. As SR 15 Alt. leaves Athens, it becomes concurrent with US 129, where it is known as Jefferson Road. Upon entering Jefferson, SR 15 Alt. splits from US 129 to the northeast and becomes an independent highway. Its northern terminus is in the northeastern part of the city of Commerce at its intersection with US 441 (sometimes referred to as the Commerce Bypass) and SR 59. This intersection is the north end of SR 15 Alt.'s concurrency with US 441 Bus.
The entire length of SR 15 Alt. that is concurrent with US 129, from Athens to Arcade, is part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense.
Between June 1963 and the beginning of 1966, it was established from US 129/US 441 Temp./SR 15 in Athens north-northeast on Lumpkin Street, east-northeast on US 78/SR 8/SR 10 (Broad Street), north-northwest on Thomas Street with SR 8, curved to the north-northeast on Madison Avenue, and traveled northwest on Hobson Avenue. At US 29/US 441 Temp./SR 350, US 441 joined it in a concurrency. In Commerce, it split off of US 441 temporarily to the northeast and curved to the north-northwest to rejoin it at the spot where SR 98 also joined it. At an intersection with SR 15/SR 326, the alternate route ended. In 1966, the path of SR 8 in Athens was shifted northward onto the Athens freeway. Its former path through the city, partially on SR 15 Alt., was redesignated as SR 8 Bus.
Jackson–Banks County spur route
State Route 15 Spur (SR 15 Spur) was a spur route of SR 15 that existed on the Jackson–Banks county line, northeast of Commerce. In the second half of 1957, it was established from US 441/SR 15 just south of the county line to SR 59 just north of it. In 1981, the path of SR 59 in this area was shifted eastward, replacing all of SR 15 Spur.
Baldwin spur route
State Route 15 Spur (SR 15 Spur) was a spur route of SR 15 that existed in Baldwin. Between the beginning of 1938 and the beginning of 1951, it was established from US 441/SR 15 to US 23/SR 13. In 1972, it was redesignated as SR 15 Conn.
Baldwin connector route
State Route 15 Connector (SR 15 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 15 that existed in Baldwin. The roadway that would become SR 15 Conn. was established between the beginning of 1938 and the beginning of 1951 as SR 15 Spur from US 441/SR 15 to US 23/SR 13. In 1972, it was redesignated as SR 15 Conn. In 1981, the path of US 441/SR 15 in Baldwin was shifted westward, replacing the connector route.
Baldwin–Cornelia loop route
State Route 15 Loop (SR 15 Loop) was a very short-lived loop route of SR 15 that existed in Baldwin and Cornelia. In 1971, the path of US 23/US 441/SR 15 in the Baldwin–Demorest area was shifted westward, bypassing Cornelia. The former path was redesignated as US 23 Bus./US 441 Bus./SR 15 Loop. The next year, SR 105 was extended through the area, replacing the loop route.
Cornelia alternate route
State Route 15 Alternate (SR 15 Alt.) was an alternate route of SR 15 that existed entirely within the city limits of Cornelia. Between June 1963 and the beginning of 1966, it was established from US 23/US 441/SR 15 (Wells Street), to the northwest and north-northeast, and curved to the north-northwest on Clarkesville Street to a second intersection with US 23/US 441/SR 15. In 1972, this highway was redesignated as SR 105 Alt.
Cornelia connector route (1965–1972)
State Route 15 Connector (SR 15 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 15 that existed entirely within the city limits of Cornelia. Between June 1963 and the beginning of 1966, it was established from US 23/US 441/SR 15 east-northeast to SR 15 Alt. In 1972, this highway was redesignated as SR 105 Conn.
Cornelia connector route
State Route 15 Connector (SR 15 Conn.) is a connector route that exists almost entirely within Cornelia. It is known locally as Level Grove Road, and is designed to facilitate northbound to southbound traffic between US 441/SR 15 and US 23/SR 365 (Tommy Irvin Parkway).
The roadway that would eventually become SR 15 Conn. was established between the beginning of 1976 and the beginning of 1982, as an extension of US 123 and SR 13. Between the beginning of 1987 and the beginning of 1995, US 123 and SR 13 were truncated off of this path, and SR 13 Conn. was designated in their place.
Cornelia spur route
State Route 15 Spur (SR 15 Spur) was a spur route of SR 15 that existed entirely within the city limits of Cornelia. Between June 1963 and the beginning of 1966, it was established on Main Street from SR 15 Alt. north-northwest to US 23/US 441/SR 15 (which also used the Main Street name). In 1972, this highway was redesignated as SR 105 Spur.
Clarkesville connector route
State Route 15 Connector (SR 15 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 15 that existed entirely within the city limits of Clarkesville. The roadway that would eventually become SR 15 Conn. was established between the beginning of 1951 and the beginning of 1962, as an unnumbered road from US 23/US 441/SR 15 northwest to US 23/US 441/SR 15/SR 115/SR 197. Between the beginning of 1966 and the beginning of 1976, SR 15 Conn. was designated on this path, but with SR 15 shifted eastward, off of the northern intersection. Between the beginning of 1987 and the beginning of 1995, SR 15 Conn. was redesignated as SR 197 Conn.
Tallulah Falls spur route
State Route 15 Spur (SR 15 Spur) was a spur route of SR 15 that partially existed in Tallulah Falls. The roadway that would eventually become SR 15 Spur was established between January and September 1938 as an unnumbered road between two intersections with US 23/SR 15. Its southern terminus was southwest of Tallulah Falls, and its northern terminus was west-northwest of it. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, SR 15 Spur was designated on this road. In 1953, the northern terminus was shifted to north-northwest of the town. Between June 1954 and June 1955, its southern terminus was shifted to being south-southwest of Tallulah Falls, and its northern terminus was shifted into the town. Between June 1963 and the beginning of 1966, its southern terminus was shifted to south of town. In 1969, its southern terminus was shifted to south-southeast of town. Between the beginning of 1979 and March 1980, SR 15 Spur was decommissioned.
Tallulah Falls loop route
State Route 15 Loop (SR 15 Loop) is a loop route of SR 15 that exists completely within the city limits of Tallulah Falls. It begins at an intersection with US 23/US 441/SR 15. The loop travels to the east and curves to the northeast to a turnoff that leads to Tallulah Lodge. It passes a U.S. Post Office for the town and Indian Springs Trading Post and curves to the north-northwest. At the Tallulah Point Overlook, it begins heading west-northwest and reaches its northern terminus, a second intersection with US 23/US 441/SR 15.
In 1987, the path of US 23/US 441/SR 15 in the Tallulah Falls area was shifted westward. Its former path was redesignated as SR 15 Loop.
See also
References
External links
Georgia Roads (Routes 1 - 20)
Georgia State Route 15 on State-Ends.com
Georgia State Route 15 CONN on State-Ends.com
015
Transportation in Charlton County, Georgia
Transportation in Brantley County, Georgia
Transportation in Pierce County, Georgia
Transportation in Appling County, Georgia
Transportation in Toombs County, Georgia
Vidalia, Georgia, micropolitan area
Transportation in Montgomery County, Georgia
Transportation in Treutlen County, Georgia
Transportation in Emanuel County, Georgia
Transportation in Johnson County, Georgia
Transportation in Washington County, Georgia
Transportation in Hancock County, Georgia
Transportation in Greene County, Georgia
Transportation in Oconee County, Georgia
Transportation in Athens, Georgia
Transportation in Clarke County, Georgia
Transportation in Jackson County, Georgia
Transportation in Banks County, Georgia
Transportation in Habersham County, Georgia
Transportation in Rabun County, Georgia
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Britney: The Videos is the third video album by American recording artist Britney Spears. It was released on DVD on November 20, 2001 through Jive Records. The video brought a collection of Spears' videos as she promoted her then-latest studio album Britney (2001).
The video album managed to enter the top 10 in the UK top 50 music videos chart list.
Synopsis
Britney: The Videos is a collection of videos to promote the counterpart album Britney. It features video clips of songs from the album as well as live performances — including her 2001 MTV Video Music Awards performance — and the trailer for her film Crossroads (2002). It features a sneak peek of her much anticipated Live from Las Vegas concert, which was originally broadcast by HBO.
Track listing
Notes
"Anticipating" was used in "Britney Strikes a Pose" for background music and "Let Me Be" was used in the credits after "The Making of the Movie Crossroads", and also included a photo gallery; however, it was not listed on the track listing.
Subtitles available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German and Japanese.
Certifications
References
Britney Spears video albums
Britney Spears live albums
2001 live albums
2001 video albums
Live video albums
Jive Records live albums
Jive Records video albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney%3A%20The%20Videos
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Fannie May Confection Brands, Inc. is an American chocolate manufacturer headquartered in Chicago and currently owned by multinational company Ferrero SpA. Fannie May manufactures a broad variety of products including enrobed, barks, caramels, squares, berries, twist wrapped, molded, flow wrapped, and boxed chocolates. In attempt to reach all consumers, Fannie May became allergy conscious, carrying candy without gluten, milk, honey, oil(s), wheat, eggs, etc. The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America certified many of Fannie May's products to be kosher as well.
History
The first Fannie May shop was opened in 1920 by Henry Teller Archibald at 11 North LaSalle Street in Chicago. His Buttercreams are introduced and become an instant success.
In the midst of World War II, the ingredients for Fannie May's recipes were hard to come by. However, they refused to change their recipes, or compromise the quality of their products.
In the mid-1980s the company opened its first store in Missouri. By the end of the decade more than 250 locations, mostly still centered around the Midwest U.S., were in operation. In 1992, the Archibald Candy Company expanded its business by acquiring chocolatier Fanny Farmer and its 200 retail stores in the northeastern United States as a sister brand to Fannie May.
The acquisition proved too much for Archibald, which filed for bankruptcy and closed more than 200 of its retail stores. An errant path of merger and acquisitions, whereby the company had become the largest chain of candy retailers in the country but without adequate financing and a viable corporate strategy, was blamed for the bankruptcy.
In 2004 Alpine Confections purchased Archibald out of receivership, merged Fanny Farmer into Fannie May, and moved production to its own Green, Ohio-based Harry London Candies, which had been acquired a year earlier. Fannie May was reopened in October 2004 with 45 retail outlets.
In April 2006, Fannie May was sold for $85 million plus an earnout to publicly traded Internet retailer 1-800-Flowers.com. The chocolates and candy continued to be manufactured in Ohio under the name Fannie May Confections Brands Inc, while the Fannie May corporate headquarters remained in Chicago.
In March 2017 the Italian confectionery giant Ferrero SpA bought Fannie May and Harry London from 1-800-Flowers.com, for $115 million. At the time Ferrero indicated that it hoped to expand Fannie May beyond its currently regional market.
Products
1920 Buttercreams are introduced.
1946 The Pixie, the company's most popular candy to date, is introduced.
1963 The Mint Meltaway, a combination of dark chocolate and peppermint coated with chocolate or a green pastel confection, is introduced.
1972 The Trinidad, a dark truffle center enrobed in white confection and toasted coconut, is introduced.
1992 The Carmarsh, a combination of caramel, marshmallow, and chocolate, is introduced.
References
Further reading
External links
Fannie May Confections, Inc. History
Consumer M&A Article on Alpine Confection, Inc.'s Purchase of Fannie May
Companies based in Chicago
Economy of the Midwestern United States
Confectionery companies of the United States
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2002
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2004
American chocolate companies
Ferrero SpA
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Osteospermum moniliferum (synonym Chrysanthemoides monilifera) is an evergreen flowering shrub or small tree in the daisy family, Asteraceae. It is native to southern Africa, ranging through South Africa and Lesotho to Mozambique and Zimbabwe.
Most subspecies have woolly, dull, serrate, oval leaves, but the subspecies rotundatum has glossy round leaves. Subspecies are known as boneseed and bitou bush in Australasia, or bietou, tick berry, bosluisbessie, or weskusbietou in South Africa. The plant has become a major environmental weed and invasive species in Australia and New Zealand.
Taxonomy
Osteospermum moniliferum has five recognized subspecies:
Osteospermum moniliferum subsp. canescens
Osteospermum moniliferum subsp. moniliferum
Osteospermum moniliferum subsp. pisiferum
Osteospermum moniliferum subsp. rotundatum
Osteospermum moniliferum subsp. septentrionale
Osteospermum moniliferum was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It was given the binomial name Chrysanthemoides monilifera in 1943 by Nils Tycho Norlindh. It was one of two species in genus Chrysanthemoides, along with Chrysanthemoides incana (now Osteospermum incanum).
The species name moniliferum comes from the Latin, monile, meaning necklace or collar, referring to the shiny fruit arranged around the flowers like a necklace.
In Australia, O. m. subsp. moniliferum is known by the common name 'boneseed', while O. m. subsp. rotundatum is known by the common name 'bitou bush'. In New Zealand subspecies are not distinguished and O. moniliferum is known simply as 'boneseed'.
Description
Boneseed is a perennial, woody, upright shrub, growing to , although occasionally taller. It is a member of the Asteraceae (daisy) family and has showy, bright yellow flowers in swirls of 5-8 'petals' (ray florets) up to in diameter. Fruit are berry-like, spherical at around 8 mm in diameter, and turn dark-brown to black with a bone-coloured seed inside of 6–7 mm diameter. Leaves are long by wide, oval tapering to the base with irregularly serrate margins.
Bitou bush can be distinguished from boneseed in part due to its more rounded sprawling habit to , less noticeably toothy leaf margins and seeds that are egg-like rather than spherical.
Both boneseed and bitou bush hybridise readily, however, so examples of plants demonstrating a fusion of traits is possible.
O. moniliferum has been shown to need pollinators in order to reproduce.
Distribution and habitat
Osteospermum moniliferum occurs naturally in coastal areas of South Africa, reaching into Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and southern Mozambique. Subspecies rotundatum is concentrated along the eastern coast of South Africa from its southern tip through KwaZulu-Natal to southern Mozambique. Subspecies moniliferum is concentrated around Cape Town and the Cape Peninsula on South Africa's south western coast, where its native habitats include the Cape Flats Dune Strandveld. Subspecies canescens is native to Kwazulu-Natal, the Northern Provinces, and Free State of South Africa and to Lesotho. Subspecies septentrionale is native to Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and the Northern Provinces.
Invasive species
Australia
In Australia, subspecies rotundatum (bitou bush) has naturalised along the coast of Queensland and New South Wales, while subspecies moniliferum (boneseed) has naturalised along and near the coast in parts of Victoria and South Australia.
New Zealand
In New Zealand O. moniliferum, which is listed on the National Pest Plant Accord, is common in coastal locations throughout the North Island, and can also be found in the South Island in Nelson City, Port Hills (Christchurch) and the Otago Peninsula.
Impact
In Australia, O. moniliferum has been particularly successful in invading natural bushland. In part, this is due to the species' ability to establish on relatively nutrient-poor soils and in areas exposed to salt such as coastlines, as well as the ability of the seeds to germinate readily. Disturbances such as fire can assist O. moniliferum to spread as the plant produces a large amount of seed that can persist in the soil seed bank for 10 years or more, and this reserve in turn enables the species to quickly recolonize a burnt area.
An individual plant can produce 50,000 seeds a year, about 60% of which are viable. Once germinated, seedlings grow vigorously with dense, bushy growth. This lush growth shades out and displaces slower growing native species that might otherwise occupy the same ecological niche. Rapid, vigorous growth also means that O. moniliferum is capable of flowering and setting seed within 12–18 months, making it extremely persistent even in situations where disturbance or regular management activity is common.
Once established, the plant's shallow root system enables it to absorb moisture after light rain before the moisture reaches the roots of more deeply rooted species further limiting opportunities for slower growing species to establish and out-compete O. moniliferum over time. Furthermore, outside of Southern Africa the plant has few local, indigenous pathogens or predators to control its growth also reducing the potential for gaps to emerge that might provide opportunities for other species to reestablish. The net consequence of C. monilifera'''s growth characteristics is that outside of its natural ecosystem it can ultimately form large, dense, unhealthy stands of a single species with extraordinarily poor biodiversity.
The plant can extend its existing range in a variety of ways. Its fruit is attractive to birds, rabbits, other animals and even some insects such as ants, and because seeds are tough and difficult to digest they will often be dispersed in animal droppings. Seeds can also spread on vehicles and equipment, in contaminated soil, in garden waste, along water drainage lines and deliberately by human intervention.Osteospermum moniliferum, unlike many other weed species, is not generally considered to be a problem for agricultural productivity due to its sensitivity to trampling as well as being readily grazed by stock.
ControlOsteospermum moniliferum is potentially susceptible to a range of control strategies, but Burgman and Lindenmayer recommended that the strategy chosen be responsive to the local situation and available resources. Due to its relatively shallow root system, removal by hand is an ideal method of control. Where manual removal is impractical, many common herbicides can be used, in which case the herbicide is commonly applied directly to the wood of the plant via a cut notch, or at the end of a pruned stump. Mechanical removal of O. moniliferum by tractor or other machinery can also be effective, but that process can be extremely indiscriminate, and is only recommended in areas of poor environmental values and minimal erosion risk.
Another way of tackling an infestation is the use of controlled burns, but there are risks associated with that method. Principally, O. moniliferum has higher moisture levels than many Australian indigenous species so, for burns to be effective, a burn of higher than normal intensity is required. That can, in turn, have a detrimental impact on indigenous vegetation which has evolved in response to more frequent, lower-intensity fires. Furthermore, fire can trigger re-germination from the extensive O. moniliferum seed bank, potentially worsening the situation. However, if a program is implemented to monitor and control C. monilifera seedlings following the burn and emerging O. moniliferum seedlings are removed, burning can be extremely effective at exhausting the seed bank and minimising the chances of re-infestation.
Various methods of biological control have been attempted, particularly the introduction of insects which are natural enemies of O. moniliferum, such as the bitou tip moth (Comostolopsis germana) and bitou seed fly (Mesoclanis polana). Although they have had some success in controlling bitou bush (ssp. rotundatum) in Australia, to date they have not had similar success in combating boneseed (ssp. moniliferum).
In a study carried out by researchers at the University of New England and published in 2017, it was found that a serious error was made with the introduction of biological control agents into Australia for C. moniliferum ssp. rotundatum. Bitou seed fly (Mesoclanis polana) was introduced based on the naive belief that it is a natural enemy of O. moniliferum. After reviewing many hours of video footage of bitou bush flowers in Northern NSW, researchers at the School of Ecosystem Management found that Mesoclanis polana is actually the most frequent pollinator of O. moniliferum. Because O. moniliferum'' is a weed of National Significance in Australia, that oversight could potentially be devastating to Australian ecosystems. Much like the introduction of the cane toad to control the population of cane beetles, such a discovery is an important reminder about the importance of thoroughly researching biological control agents before introducing them into new ecosystems.
References
External links
Calenduleae
Flora of the Cape Provinces
Flora of Lesotho
Flora of Mozambique
Flora of South Africa
Flora of Zimbabwe
Fynbos
Trees of South Africa
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
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Living Stage Theatre Company was a theatre for social change founded in 1966 by Robert A. Alexander (1929–2008). He served as the artistic director until 1995. Located in Washington, D.C., this professional improvisational theater offered participatory workshops to children, youth, teachers, parents, and community members. Living Stage’s main philosophy was based in the belief that every one is born an artist and the act of creation is the ultimate act of self-affirmation. The company's mission was to transform individuals and communities through creative empowerment. The projects that the Living Stage put on typically dealt with controversial and sensitive topics like race, economic inequality, the dangers of an overzealous American foreign policy, the atom bomb, violence, and freedom. The "Baltimore Incident" of 1971 is an excellent example of how controversial these productions could be. No matter how mixed opinions were, the Living Stage always elicited a reaction with their improvisational performances. During the 1980s the Living Stage began to reach out extensively to local initiatives like The District's Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services Administration and created their own Community Services Project in order to continue to bring theater and creativity to underserved sections of society. The Living Stage championed New Left ideals like equality and social justice throughout the Reagan years, despite some criticisms about their message being "anachronistic". The Living Stage dissolved after 36 years and was a venture of Arena Stage.
Performance Style
Performances at Living Stage Theatre were based on improvisation because of its spontaneity. Each performance was considered a work of art and the content arose from the issues and concerns of the participants/audience.
A typical performance was broken into three basic sections. Since the artwork was improvisational, however, the structure of the performance could vary greatly.
The Jam
Before a performance, the actors created a musical "jam" or hook. They created a chorus using musical instruments and voices, based on themes inspired by the group that was attending the performance that day. The audience was asked to sing along, play musical instruments, dance, and create their own verses.
The Performance
After the jam, an improvised theater piece began, performed by the actors and involving poetry, music, movement and song. The theme of the scene was particular to that day's audience. The action of the scene was driven by input from the audience. Sometimes audience members played one or more of the roles in the ending.
The Workshop
Following the performance, the audience participated in a range of artistic activities including movement, creation of characters, scenes, theatre games and open play environments. Conflicts were introduced and the group was challenged to make choices about how to respond. The actors contributed by creating relationships and playing integral characters to enhance the participants' experience.
Jennifer Nelson, a member of the company, is the co-founder of the Mosaic Theater Company of DC and served as its first resident director.
Another member of the company, Susan Franklin Tanner, is the founder and artistic director of TheatreWorkers Project (TWP), where Tanner and collaborating artists created theatre with unemployed steelworkers from southeast Los Angeles.
References
External links
A promotional video shows the company during the late 1970s, working with children, the elderly, teens, as well as, men and women in prison in the Washington, DC area. Another promotional video was made in the late 1990s.
The documentary Walk With Me about three women who use theater for social justice features Rebecca Rice, one of the founding members of the company.
Living Stage Records
Theatre companies in Washington, D.C.
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Louisville Museum Plaza was a 62-story skyscraper that was planned for Louisville, Kentucky, United States. By August 1, 2011, despite the expenditure of public funds on its behalf, its developers had officially announced that they were abandoning plans to build it. The tall skyscraper was projected to cost $490 million and contain a public plaza and park, condominiums, lofts, a hotel, retail shops and a museum. If built, it would have replaced the AEGON Center as the tallest building in Kentucky. The avant-garde design of the skyscraper was chosen by New York City REX architect Joshua Prince-Ramus. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on October 25, 2007, and construction at that time was expected to be complete by 2010. Delays disrupted the project. Prior to announcing that the project had been abandoned, Craig Greenberg, one of the projects four developers, had stated that he was "hopeful that construction will start this year [2010]" and that he also expected the project to be completed by late 2012.
The location of Museum Plaza would have been between River Road, Main Street, 7th Street and 6th Streets in downtown within the West Main district, adjacent to the Muhammad Ali Center.
History
Initial offering
The Museum Plaza project was first announced on February 9, 2006, as a 62-story three-tower skyscraper. The original intent of the project was to house a "contemporary art museum, restaurants, retail stores, 85 luxury condominiums, 150 lofts, a 300-room hotel, office space and a 1,100-car underground parking garage." The project originally contained approximately of space, nearly twice the size of AEGON Center, . of which would be reserved for office space. Sales of the lofts, condos and offices began in March.
The $380 million project that featured a fairly radical skyscraper concept would have engulfed the West Main district, also known as "Museum Row" for its diverse collections of exhibitions. $305 million would have been paid for with private money and income from operations, with the remainder coming from the city and state in the way of upgrading adjacent infrastructures which would include moving the adjacent floodwall, redirecting several city streets, and constructing a public park and walkway; plans were for the city and state money to come from rebates on new taxes expected to be generated by Museum Plaza over 20 years.
The location of the proposed skyscraper was chosen for its derelict structures; it was donated by the city to the developers.
At the time of its unveiling, the University of Louisville was negotiating with the developers to move its Master of Fine Arts program into the complex. The primary reason was that there would have been ample gallery space that could be shared between various artists and the university; the public could also have collaborated with the residents, university students, workers or visitors to Museum Plaza.
One of the main concerns was that the design would have been "out-of-context" with the West Main Street district. The surrounding structures are a mix of four- and five-story period structures that would have been "engulfed" by the 62-story tower. Several, including Louisville's mayor, Jerry Abramson, raised concerns that the skyscraper would "separate itself" from the district due to its size and style.
Preliminary construction begins
Preliminary construction began on November 13, 2006, with the selective demolition of four West Main Street buildings. The facades of 615-621 West Main were to have been saved to serve as an entrance to a "pedestrian promenade and retail corridor." The buildings were abandoned, having been purchased by the Parking Authority of River City in 2001 for a "grand entrance" for the failed 30-story Vencor Tower, which since-abandoned plans had located on the same site as planned for Museum Plaza.
The "retail arcade," as planned, would have extended from West Main Street to a pedestrian overpass over Washington Street, where it would have connected to a plaza and amphitheater. If completed it would have featured 34 trees, a terrace, and connections to Museum Plaza and the Muhammad Ali Center.
The skyscraper's groundbreaking occurred on October 25, 2007.
Growing larger
On December 6, 2006, it was announced that Museum Plaza was becoming larger. The $380 million price tag had risen to $465 million due to several additions to the complex, adjacent roadway improvements and rising basic material costs; new alterations to the city's waterfront would entail more work for the city and state. The announcement also stated that the project would contain a 246-room Westin Hotel, the addition of 14 luxury condominiums for a total of 99, a . park that would connect to the nearby Muhammad Ali Center, and for the demolition of the LG&E tower at Eighth Street. The proposed project grew to contain . of space, a . contemporary art museum, . of restaurants and retail space, 99 luxury condominiums, 117 lofts, a 246-room hotel, office space and an 800-car underground parking garage.
In the revisions, the number of lofts was lowered from 150 to 117 because the University of Louisville's Master of Fine Arts program was intending to move to Museum Plaza; this would have given the school additional room. The arts program, covering . over four levels, was to include a glass-making shop. The hotel also lost 50 rooms in the process, but the addition of a ballroom, fitness center, spa, restaurant and bar would have made up for the difference.
On January 22, 2007, it was announced that the number of lofts would be decreased to 108 and the number of luxury condominiums would be 95, a loss of four. The amount of proposed restaurant and retail space was increased to . It was also announced that there would be 16 floors with a total of . dedicated to offices. The total number of floors was also increased to 62.
It was expected that, once construction began in May or June 2007, there would be 561 full-time workers employed at the construction site for three years. The developers claimed that the combined economic impact of the project was planned to be $900 million, which would have made it one of Kentucky's largest economic development projects.
Details
The fourth level was slated to be a public plaza. Located on multiple floors would have been an art showcase titled the "Island"; if built, the five galleries within the "Island" would have featured frequently changing contemporary exhibits. Two of the galleries were to be dedicated to the University of Louisville, one specifically for their glass-arts study. Offices would have been located around the "Island" and surrounding that would have been a lobby, spas, stores and other support facilities.
The public plaza outside of the Museum Plaza was planned to feature a playground, flora and water features, and a playing field. The Fort Nelson Park would have served as a "parkway" to this plaza.
Financial issues
The city of Louisville's Convention and Visitors Bureau, and numerous groups representing the hotel and tourism industries, opposed the legislation that would have allocated portions of the room tax for the proposed Westin Hotel at Museum Plaza to the developers. A resolution by the groups was passed in late-January 2007. The money would have reimbursed Museum Plaza officials for construction costs regarding a new floodwall and the River Road extension, among other public work improvements.
The developers claimed that the $465 million development could not be built without the tax changes and two other measures that were introduced in the Kentucky General Assembly. The other measures included requesting changes in state law that would allow them to extend the tax increment financing from 20 to 30 years, and to remove sales tax from all construction materials.
On February 1, 2007, Mayor Jerry Abramson intervened, urging the Museum Plaza developers and opponents of the room tax to reach agreement "within 48 hours".
One day later, agreement was reached between the Convention and Visitors Bureau, hotel and tourism industries and Museum Plaza officials regarding the tax proposal. According to the deal, the amount of tax revenue spent on public infrastructure would have been limited to a maximum of $400,000 per year, to increase by four percent per year over thirty years. Any revenue generated above the upper limit would have gone to the Convention and Visitors Bureau.
Museum Plaza is approved
On March 2, 2007, House Bill 549 passed by a 79–13 vote that allowed the state to provide funding for one fourth, or $130 million, of the Museum Plaza project. It then cleared the Senate on March 12 by a 35-1 margin, and the House approved the Senate changes 85–11.
On April 20 it was announced that the groundbreaking for Museum Plaza' construction would be September 27. The finalized list of features included:
98 luxury condos
117 studio loft condos,
. of offices on 13 floors,
250-room Westin Hotel that has a ballroom, fitness center, spa, restaurant and bar/lounge,
. public plaza,
. of restaurants and shops,
. of studios for the University of Louisville fine-arts program, a glass shop, and fine arts gallery,
. of contemporary art space,
800-space parking garage.
A "string of shops" would have been constructed behind the three facades that were saved at 615-621 W. Main Street, providing an entryway over the floodwall into Museum Plaza.
On May 23, 2007, the Downtown Development Review Overlay board, which oversees the design of downtown projects, stated that Museum Plaza met most of its guidelines for new construction. It suggested a few improvements for the project, including:
A way to connect a public plaza to the Ohio River, similar to how the Belvedere reaches the wharf at Fourth Street and River Road.
Encourage public art on the site.
Submit plans for signage, landscaping, exterior lighting and details on the four-story parking structure that will serve as the base of Museum Plaza.
The city landmarks committee also recommended that an obelisk at Fort Nelson Park (Seventh and Main streets) remain at its current location. Museum Plaza officials wanted to remove it to build a parkway that would lead to the public plaza. The obelisk marks certain distances to Fort Nelson, the second fort built in Kentucky.
Groundbreaking ceremony
On October 25, 2007, an official groundbreaking ceremony was held on the site to kick off actual construction.
Subsequent problems
Construction on the building halted in January 2008. The developers cited as the cause vibrations from digging tools at the site that shook nearby 19th century Main Street structures. At the time, the building's developers still projected that the building would be completed in 2011.
In March 2008 construction was halted due to financial problems and engineering problems related to the bedrock on the site. Construction preparation resumed in June 2008 with the relocation of underground utilities.
By January 23, 2009, two contractors on the project had filed liens against the project, for $2.3 million and $1.4 million. The lienholders stated that they had not been paid for work previously done on the project.
On hold in 2010
In February 2010 Mayor Abramson forecasted that financing would be resolved in 2010 with construction starting up again in 2011. In an article Abramson implied that part of the funds might come from federal stimulus funds. In another article from February, 2010, Craig Greenberg, one of four Museum Plaza developers expressed his hopes that construction would restart in 2010. Greenberg referred to a 30-month project completion time and predicted a 2012 opening based upon a 2010 resumption of construction. However, there were no concrete details of progress in either of these news reports.
A news conference was held at the site, on June 25, and an announcement was made that a $100 million HUD loan application was to be filed, in July. The primary developer, Laura Lee Brown, was to use her personal guarantee as the collateral.
Plans abandoned
By August 1, 2011, after a long period of inactivity on the project and despite public expenditures on its behalf, the project developers had officially announced that they were abandoning plans to build Museum Plaza.
See also
City of Parks
List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area
KFC Yum! Center
List of tallest buildings in Louisville
References
External links
Article on construction halt
"Museum Plaza plans come to an end; failure angers preservationists", WAVE3 News.
Buildings and structures in Louisville, Kentucky
Proposed museums in the United States
Unbuilt buildings and structures in the United States
Proposed skyscrapers in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville%20Museum%20Plaza
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Ignat Aleksandrovich Solzhenitsyn (; born 23 September 1972) is a Russian American conductor and pianist. He is the conductor laureate of the Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia and the principal guest conductor of the Moscow Symphony Orchestra. He is the son of Russian author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.
Early life and education
Ignat Solzhenitsyn was born in Moscow in 1972, the middle son of the author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn who was 53 at the time of his birth. He began serious piano study in Marlboro, Vermont with Luis Batlle, and then in London with Maria Curcio, the last and favourite pupil of Artur Schnabel, and then with Gary Graffman at the Curtis Institute, where he also majored in conducting under Otto-Werner Mueller.
Career
As conductor, Solzhenitsyn has led the symphonies of Baltimore, Buffalo, Dallas, Indianapolis, Nashville, New Jersey, North Carolina, Seattle, Toledo, and Toronto, the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, as well as many of the major orchestras in Russia including the Mariinsky Orchestra, the St. Petersburg Philharmonic, the Moscow Philharmonic, the Moscow Symphony, and the Ural Philharmonic. He has partnered with such world-renowned soloists as Richard Goode, Gary Graffman, Steven Isserlis, Leila Josefowicz, Sylvia McNair, Garrick Ohlsson, Mstislav Rostropovich, and Mitsuko Uchida.
His extensive touring schedule in the United States and Europe has included concerto performances with numerous major orchestras, including those of Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Los Angeles, Seattle, Baltimore, Washington, Montreal, Toronto, London, Paris, St. Petersburg, Israel, and Sydney, and collaborations with such distinguished conductors as Herbert Blomstedt, James Conlon, James DePreist, Charles Dutoit, Lawrence Foster, Valery Gergiev, Krzysztof Penderecki, André Previn, Mstislav Rostropovich, Gerard Schwarz, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Jerzy Semkow, Maxim Shostakovich, Yuri Temirkanov, and David Zinman.
An avid chamber musician, Solzhenitsyn has collaborated with the Emerson, Borodin, Brentano, St. Petersburg and Lydian String Quartets, and in four-hand recital with Mitsuko Uchida. He has frequently appeared at international festivals, including Salzburg, Évian, Ludwigsburg, Caramoor, Ojai, Marlboro, Nizhny Novgorod, and Moscow's famed December Evenings.
A winner of the Avery Fisher Career Grant, Ignat Solzhenitsyn serves on the piano faculty of the Curtis Institute of Music. He has been featured on many radio and television specials, including CBS Sunday Morning and ABC's Nightline.
Personal life
Solzhenitsyn resides in New York City with his wife and three children.
References
External links
AMG-Arts Management Group
Moscow Symphony Orchestra
Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia
Curtis Institute of Music
Ignat Solzhenitsyn recordings on Amazon
1972 births
Living people
Musicians from Moscow
American male conductors (music)
American classical pianists
Male classical pianists
American male pianists
Russian male conductors (music)
Russian classical pianists
Russian emigrants to the United States
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
People from Windsor County, Vermont
Pupils of Maria Curcio
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignat%20Solzhenitsyn
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The Logar River (also Lowgar) is a river of Afghanistan. It gives the name to the Logar Valley and Logar Province. In Maidan Wardak Province where the river originates, it is called Chak River. The Chaki Wardak Dam is built on the river in Chaki Wardak District, Maidan Wardak Province.
The Logar River drains a wide tract of country, rising in Maidan Wardak Province in the southern slopes of the Sanglakh Range and receiving tributaries from hills in the Kharwar District, north-east of Ghazni. It joins the Kabul River a few kilometres below the city of Kabul. The fertile and well irrigated Logar Valley, which is watered by its southern tributaries, is about long by wide. Lying in the vicinity of the capital, the district contributes significantly to its food supply.
External links
More details on the "underground city"
Land cover map (April 2002)
Former populated places in Afghanistan
Kabul River
Landforms of Logar Province
Rivers of Afghanistan
Rivers of Pakistan
Valleys of Afghanistan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logar%20River
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The women's tournament in ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin, Italy from 11 to 20 February 2006. Eight countries qualified for the tournament.
Qualification
Canada, United States, Finland and Sweden qualified as the top four teams in the IIHF World Ranking in 2004. Italy qualified as host team. The remaining three teams qualified from qualification tournaments.
Notes
Rosters
Preliminary round
All times are local (UTC+1).
Group A
Group B
Placement round
Bracket
5–8th place semifinals
Seventh place game
Fifth place game
Playoff round
Bracket
Semifinals
Bronze medal game
Gold medal game
Final ranking
Statistics
Leading scorers
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalties in minutes; +/− = Plus-minus; POS = Position
Source: IIHF.com
Goaltending leaders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list.
TOI = Time on Ice (minutes:seconds); GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; SA = Shots against; Sv% = Save percentage; SO = ShutoutsSource:IIHF.com
Awards
Most Valuable Player: Hayley Wickenheiser
Best players selected by the directorate:
Best Goaltender: Kim Martin
Best Defenceman: Angela Ruggiero
Best Forward: Hayley Wickenheiser
Source: IIHF.com
Media All-Stars
Goaltender: Kim Martin
Defencemen: Angela Ruggiero, Carla MacLeod
Forwards: Maria Rooth, Hayley Wickenheiser, Gillian Apps
Source: IIHF.com
References
External links
IIHF Official Site
Complete results
IIHF results index for 2006
Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Olympics
Women's ice hockey competitions in Italy
Women's events at the 2006 Winter Olympics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20hockey%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20tournament
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Theodore "Ted" Corday (May 8, 1908 – July 23, 1966) was a Canadian-American producer, director and co-creator of soap opera for NBC, most notably the hit series Days of Our Lives.
Biography
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Corday graduated from the University of Alberta in 1930 and studied law before moving to the United States in 1934. He served as a Captain in the United States Army.
He worked in Broadway for many years before producing dramas for radio, such as Tortilla Flat, Tobacco Road, Gangbusters and Counterspy. He then moved to television in the 1950s, producing Guiding Light for a time as well as directing As the World Turns, from its 1956 premiere until 1965.
Corday was later lured to NBC to create three new soap operas. The first two, Paradise Bay and Morning Star, were not successful, but his third NBC serial, Days of Our Lives, was a success, and remains on the air as of 2023.
Death
Before Corday could pen many stories for the serial, he was diagnosed with cancer, and was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. After many months in the hospital, he died on July 23, 1966, aged 58. His widow, Betty Corday, continued to produce Days of our Lives until her death in 1987.
Executive Producing Tenure
References
External links
1908 births
1966 deaths
Days of Our Lives
Soap opera producers
University of Alberta alumni
People from Winnipeg
Deaths from cancer in California
Canadian emigrants to the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Corday
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The Rosy Crucifixion, a trilogy consisting of Sexus, Plexus, and Nexus, is a fictionalized account documenting the six-year period of Henry Miller's life in Brooklyn as he falls for his second wife June and struggles to become a writer, leading up to his initial departure for Paris in 1928. The title comes from a sentence near the end of Miller's Tropic of Capricorn: "All my Calvaries were rosy crucifixions, pseudo-tragedies to keep the fires of hell burning brightly for the real sinners who are in danger of being forgotten."
Sexus
Sexus (1949), the first volume, describes the break-up of Miller's first marriage to Maude as he meets, falls in love with and marries his second wife, the captivating and mysterious dancer Mona (June). All the while, he feels guilty for leaving Maude, and becomes more attracted to her following their divorce. At the beginning of Sexus, Miller is 33 years old. June is at first called Mara, but at the beginning of chapter 8, and for the remainder of the trilogy, her name is changed to Mona. Miller states that this is under the influence of his friend Dr. Kronski, and that the name change accompanied "other, more significant changes." She is one who has changed many details of her life: "her name, her birthplace, her mother, her upbringing, her friends, her tastes, even her desires."
The New York Times stated, "Miller uses licentious sex scenes to set the stage for his philosophical discussions of self, love, marriage and happiness."
Miller said that, in a burst of inspiration one night in 1927, he stayed up all night plotting out Tropic of Capricorn (1939) and The Rosy Crucifixion in forty or fifty typewritten pages. He began writing Sexus in New York in 1942, then set it aside until picking it back up in 1947 while living in Big Sur. It was first put out in Paris as two volumes by Obelisk Press in 1949. It created a big stir, and was banned the following year, with the publisher fined and given a prison sentence.
Plexus
Plexus (1953), the second volume, continues with the story of Miller's marriage to Mona, and covers Miller's attempts to become a writer after leaving his job at the Cosmodemonic Telegraph Company. It was first published in English in 1953 by Olympia Press as a two-volume set.
Nexus
In Nexus (1959), the final installment, Miller finds himself an outsider in his own marriage, as Mona's relationship with Anastasia (Jean Kronski) grows, with the pair finally abandoning Miller to travel to Paris. After Mona's return on her own, the trilogy ends with Miller and his wife departing for Paris.
Miller had in mind to write a second volume of Nexus, and made several attempts to complete it. It would have covered his time in France with Mona, their return to New York, and his return to Paris on his own, concluding with him writing the opening lines of Tropic of Cancer at 18 Villa Seurat. He made several attempts to write the book before ultimately abandoning the undertaking. A rough draft of the abandoned novel, Paris 1928 (Nexus II), an account of his 1928 trip to Paris with Mona, was first published in English in 2012.
Publication
The three books in the trilogy were initially banned in the United States, published only in France and Japan. Their American publication followed the U.S. Supreme Court's 1964 decision that the also-banned Tropic of Cancer was a work of literature and therefore should not be banned.
Miller was concerned about the publication of Sexus in the US. He felt that it was possible that his ex-wife Beatrice, the model for Maude, would bring a lawsuit for her portrayal in the novel. Despite Miller's reservations, all three volumes of The Rosy Crucifixion were published by Grove Press in the US in the summer of 1965. They soon were holding the top spots on the Publishers Weekly best-seller list along with two more of Miller's books, the recently unbanned The World of Sex and Quiet Days in Clichy.
Criticism
Miller's close friend, author Lawrence Durrell, was severely disappointed in Sexus. In a letter dated September 5, 1949, he wrote that Miller was lost "in this shower of lavatory filth which no longer seems tonic and bracing, but just excrementitious and sad."
"I am trying to reproduce in words a block of my life which to me has the utmost significance – every bit of it," Miller responded. "Since 1927 I have carried inside me the material of this book. Do you suppose it's possible that I could have a miscarriage after such a period of gestation? ... But Larry, I can never go back on what I've written. If it was not good, it was true; if it was not artistic, it was sincere; if it was in bad taste, it was on the side of life."
See also
Le Monde 100 Books of the Century
References
Series of books
American autobiographical novels
Novels by Henry Miller
Culture of Brooklyn
Novels set in New York City
Obelisk Press books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rosy%20Crucifixion
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The Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance (also known as the Dworkin–MacKinnon Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance or Dworkin–MacKinnon Ordinance) is a name for several proposed local ordinances in the United States and that was closely associated with the anti-pornography radical feminists Andrea Dworkin and Catharine A. MacKinnon. It proposed to treat pornography as a violation of women's civil rights and to allow women harmed by pornography to seek damages through lawsuits in civil courts. The approach was distinguished from traditional obscenity law, which attempts to suppress pornography through the use of prior restraint and criminal penalties.
The ordinances were originally written in 1983 by Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, and supported by many (but not all) of their fellow members of the feminist anti-pornography movement. Versions of the ordinance were passed in several cities in the United States during the 1980s, but were blocked by city officials and struck down by courts, who found it to violate the freedom of speech protections of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
History
The idea of combating pornography through civil rights litigation in the United States was first developed in 1980. Linda Boreman, who had appeared in the pornographic film Deep Throat as "Linda Lovelace," published a memoir, Ordeal, in which she stated that she had been beaten and raped by her ex-husband Chuck Traynor, and violently coerced into making Deep Throat. Boreman held a press conference, with Andrea Dworkin, feminist lawyer Catharine MacKinnon, and members of Women Against Pornography supporting her, in which she made her charges public for the press corps. Dworkin, MacKinnon, and Gloria Steinem began discussing the possibility of legal redress for Boreman under federal civil rights law. Two weeks later, they met with Boreman to discuss the idea of pursuing a lawsuit against Traynor and other pornographers. She was interested, but Steinem discovered that the statute of limitations for a possible suit had passed, and Boreman backed off (Brownmiller 337). Dworkin and MacKinnon, however, began to discuss the possibility of civil rights litigation as an approach to combatting pornography.
In the fall of 1983, MacKinnon secured a one-semester appointment for Dworkin at the University of Minnesota, to teach a course in literature for the Women's Studies program and co-teach (with MacKinnon) an interdepartmental course on pornography. Hearing about the course, community activists from south Minneapolis contacted Dworkin and MacKinnon to ask for their help in curbing the rise of pornography shops. Dworkin and MacKinnon explained their idea for a new civil rights approach to pornography, which would define pornography as a civil rights violation against women, and allow women who had been harmed by pornography to sue the producers and distributors in civil court for damages. The Minneapolis city council hired Dworkin and MacKinnon as consultants to help the city find an approach to deal with pornography. Public hearings were held by the city council, with testimony from Linda Boreman, Ed Donnerstein (a pornography researcher from the University of Wisconsin–Madison), and Pauline Bart, a radical feminist professor from Chicago. The ordinance was passed on December 30, 1983, but vetoed by Mayor Donald M. Fraser (who opposed the idea on its merits and also claimed that the city ought not get involved in litigation over the ordinance's constitutionality). The ordinance was passed a second time in July 1984, and was vetoed again by Fraser. In the interim, the city council in Indianapolis invited Dworkin and MacKinnon to draft a similar ordinance, and also held public hearings. A different version of the ordinance, rewritten to focus specifically on pornography that depicted violence, was passed by the Indianapolis city council and signed into law by Mayor William Hudnut on May 1, 1984. However, the law was quickly challenged in court, and overturned as unconstitutional by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals's ruling on American Booksellers v. Hudnut. The Supreme Court denied to hear the case, thus leaving the ordinance unconstitutional. The case is often cited as an important decision on freedom of speech as applied to pornography.
In spite of the defeat in the courts, Dworkin, MacKinnon, and some other feminists continued to advocate versions of the civil rights ordinance, organizing campaigns to place it on the ballot as a voter initiative in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1985 (where it was voted down in the referendum 58%–42%), and then again in Bellingham, Washington, in 1988 (where it was passed). The American Civil Liberties Union filed suit against the city of Bellingham after the ordinance was passed, and the federal court again struck the law down on First Amendment grounds.
Feminists were strongly divided over the anti-pornography ordinance. Some feminists, such as Wendy McElroy, Ellen Willis, Wendy Kaminer and Susie Bright, opposed anti-pornography feminism on principle, identifying with sex-positive feminist position in the feminist sex wars of the 1980s. Many anti-pornography feminists supported the legislative efforts, but others—including Susan Brownmiller and Janet Gornick—agreed with Dworkin and MacKinnon's critique of pornography, but opposed the attempt to combat it through legislative campaigns, which they feared would be rendered ineffectual by the courts, would violate principles of free speech, or would harm the anti-pornography movement by taking organizing energy away from education and direct action and entangling it in political squabbles (Brownmiller 318–321).
Butler decision in Canada
In 1992, the Supreme Court of Canada made a ruling in R. v. Butler (the Butler decision) which incorporated some elements of Dworkin and MacKinnon's legal approach to pornography into the existing Canadian obscenity law. In Butler the Court held that Canadian obscenity law violated Canadian citizens' rights to free speech under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms if enforced on grounds of morality or community standards of decency; but that obscenity law could be enforced constitutionally against some pornography on the basis of the Charter's guarantees of sex equality. The Court's decision cited extensively from briefs prepared by the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF), with the support and participation of Catharine MacKinnon. Andrea Dworkin opposed LEAF's position, arguing that feminists should not support or attempt to reform criminal obscenity law. In 1993, copies of Dworkin's book Pornography were held for inspection by Canadian customs agents, fostering an urban legend that Dworkin's own books had been banned from Canada under a law that she herself had promoted. However, the Butler decision did not adopt Dworkin and MacKinnon's ordinance; MacKinnon and Dworkin claimed that holding Dworkin's books (which were released shortly after they were inspected) was a standard procedural measure, unrelated to the Butler decision.
Definition of pornography in the ordinance
Dworkin and MacKinnon placed special emphasis on the legal definition of pornography provided in the civil rights ordinance. The civil rights ordinance characterizes pornography as a form of "sex discrimination" and defines "pornography" as "the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures and/or words," when combined with one of several other conditions. In the "model ordinance" that they drafted, Dworkin and MacKinnon gave the following legal definition:
1. "Pornography" means the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures and/or words that also includes one or more of the following:
a. women are presented dehumanized as sexual objects, things or commodities; or
b. women are presented as sexual objects who enjoy humiliation or pain; or
c. women are presented as sexual objects experiencing sexual pleasure in rape, incest, or other sexual assault; or
d. women are presented as sexual objects tied up or cut up or mutilated or bruised or physically hurt; or
e. women are presented in postures or positions of sexual submission, servility, or display; or
f. women's body parts—including but not limited to vaginas, breasts, or buttocks—are exhibited such that women are reduced to those parts; or
g. women are presented being penetrated by objects or animals; or
h. women are presented in scenarios of degradation, humiliation, injury, torture, shown as filthy or inferior, bleeding, bruised or hurt in a context that makes these conditions sexual.
2. The use of men, children, or transsexuals in the place of women in (a)–(h) of this definition is also pornography for purposes of this law.
—Andrea Dworkin and Catharine A. MacKinnon, "Model Antipornography Civil-Rights Ordinance," Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women's Equality, Appendix D
Causes for action
Each version of the ordinance provided different causes for action under which women could file sex discrimination suits related to pornography.
The original version of the ordinance passed in Minneapolis, the Indianapolis ordinance, and the proposed Cambridge ordinance each recognized four causes for action that could justify a sex discrimination suit:
Trafficking in pornography, defined as the production, sale, exhibition, or distribution of pornographic materials. Making pornography available for study in government-funded public libraries and public or private university libraries was exempted from being considered discrimination by trafficking. Any woman could claim a cause for action against the trafficker(s) as a woman acting against the subordination of women. Men or transsexuals who alleged injury by pornography in the way that women are injured by it could also sue.
Coercion into pornographic performances. Any person coerced, intimidated, or fraudulently induced into pornography could sue the maker(s), seller(s), exhibitor(s), or distributor(s), both for damages and to have the product or products of the performances eliminated from public view. The law stated that a number of specific factors, including past sexual history, other involvement in prostitution or pornography, the appearance of cooperation during the performance, or payment for the performance, could not be used (by themselves, without further evidence) as evidence against a claim of coercion.
Forcing pornography on a person in a home, workplace, school, or public place. Any person who has pornography forced on her or him could sue the perpetrator and the institution.
Assault or physical attack due to pornography. The victim of an assault, physical attack, or injury "directly caused by specific pornography" could seek damages from the maker(s), distributor(s), seller(s), and/or exhibitor(s) of the pornography, and an injunction against the further exhibition, distribution, or sale of that specific pornography.
The Model Ordinance that Dworkin and MacKinnon advocated in Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women's Equality (1988), and the version of the ordinance passed in Bellingham, Washington, the same year, added a fifth cause of action in addition to these four:
Defamation through pornography, defined as defaming any person (including public figures) through the unauthorized use of their proper name, image, or recognizable personal likeness in pornography, and allowing for authorization, if given, to be revoked in writing at any time prior to the publication of the pornography.
Criticism
The most vocal critic of Mackinnon and (Andrea) Dworkin's rights-based approach to pornography is Ronald Dworkin (of no relation), who rejects the argument that the private consumption of pornography can be said to be a breach of women's civil rights. Ronald Dworkin states that the Ordinance rests on the "frightening principle that considerations of equality require that some people not be free to express their tastes or convictions or preferences anywhere." Ronald Dworkin also argues that the logic underpinning the Ordinance would threaten other forms of free speech.
See also
Attorney General's Commission on Pornography
American Booksellers v. Hudnut
References
Bibliography
Details.
Available online.
Pdf.
Preview.
See also: Pdf.
See also: (Online version before inclusion in an issue.)
Further reading
Book review of In Harm's Way:
Book review of In Harm's Way:
(including podcast with PRQ co-editor Amy Mazur, Catharine MacKinnon, Kathleen Mahoney, William Hudnut, and Max Waltman).
Anti-pornography feminism
Censorship of pornography
History of women's rights in the United States
United States pornography law
Proposed laws of the United States
Feminism in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipornography%20Civil%20Rights%20Ordinance
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Ryan Steven Lochte ( ; born August 3, 1984) is an American professional swimmer and 12-time Olympic medalist. Along with Natalie Coughlin, Dara Torres, and Jenny Thompson, he is the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals, behind only Michael Phelps. Lochte's seven individual Olympic medals rank second in history in men's swimming (again to Michael Phelps), tied for second among all Olympic swimmers. He currently holds the world records in the 200-meter individual medley (long and short course). As part of the American teams, he also holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle (long course) and 4×100-meter freestyle (mixed) relay.
Lochte's success has earned him SwimSwam's Swammy Award for U.S. Male Swimmer of the Year in 2013, the World Swimmer of the Year Award, and the American Swimmer of the Year Award twice. He has also been named the FINA Swimmer of the Year three times. He has won a total of 90 medals in major international competition (54 gold, 22 silver, and 14 bronze) spanning the Olympics, the World Championships, Pan American Games, and Pan Pacific Championships, including six Olympic gold medals and 39 world championship titles.
Lochte specializes in the backstroke and individual medley, but is also a freestyle and butterfly swimmer. He is noted for the speed and distance he attains while kicking underwater. Lochte is also known for his dominance in the short course format (25-yard and 25-meter-long pools). Lochte swam the 100-meter individual medley in 50.71 seconds on December 15, 2012, at the FINA World Championships in Istanbul, Turkey. At this same event, he is also credited with swimming the fastest 200-meter individual medley, finishing in 1 minute 49.63 seconds.
In 2016, Lochte generated international controversy when he claimed that he and three other American swimmers had been pulled over and robbed by armed men with police badges while in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, at the 2016 Summer Olympics. While initial news stories reported that Lochte and three other US swimmers had been robbed at gunpoint after a night out in Rio, later details emerged that the "armed robbers posing as police" were actually security guards at a gas station where the swimmers had urinated outside the bathroom and Lochte allegedly vandalized a framed poster, and ended with the swimmers providing money to the guards. Some of the swimmers were detained in Brazil as witnesses. Ultimately, the athletes each released statements, and one swimmer paid a fine of approximately $10,800 to a Brazilian charity in order to get his passport back. Lochte apologized for not being more candid about the gas station dispute, and subsequently lost four major sponsorships. On September 8, both the U.S. Olympic Committee and USA Swimming suspended Lochte for 10 months and Bentz, Conger, and Feigen for four months. Additionally, Lochte was required to complete 20 hours of community service, and Bentz was required to complete 10 hours. All were made ineligible for financial support during their suspensions, removed from the U.S. Olympic delegation to the White House, barred from U.S. Olympic training centers, and blocked from attending USA Swimming's year-end Golden Goggles celebration. Lochte was charged in Brazil with falsely reporting a crime. The scandal gained significant media attention both during the games and after their conclusion. In July 2017, the court in Brazil dismissed the charges against Lochte, saying his actions "did not rise to the level of filing a false crime report."
On July 23, 2018, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency imposed a 14-month suspension from competition on Lochte because he had received a "prohibited intravenous infusion." Lochte immediately accepted the sanction. On May 24, 2018, the same day he had received the infusion, Lochte had posted a picture - since deleted - on Instagram "showing him receiving an intravenous injection of what he says were 'vitamins'," even though the USADA bans "intravenous infusions of permitted substances at volumes greater than in a 12-hour period without a special 'Therapeutic Use Exemption'," Vox reported.
Early life
Lochte was born in Rochester, New York, the son of Ileana "Ike" (née Aramburu) and Steven R. Lochte. His mother is Cuban and was born and raised in Havana, while his father is of Dutch, English, and German descent. He has two older sisters, Kristin and Megan, and two younger brothers, Devon and Brandon. During his early childhood, his family lived in Bristol, New York where he attended Bloomfield Central Schools. The family moved to Florida when Ryan was 12 so his father could coach swimming.
Lochte only began taking swimming seriously when he was in junior high school. His father said, "I would send him to go shower when he was messing around. He spent more time in the showers than he did in the pool." At 14 years old, his loss at the Junior Olympics changed his attitude. He later commented: "I suddenly said, 'I'm sick of losing'. After that I trained hard and I never lost there again."
College career
Lochte attended the University of Florida and graduated in 2007, majoring in sport management. As a member of the Florida Gators swimming and diving team, he swam for coach Gregg Troy in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Southeastern Conference (SEC) competition from 2004 to 2007. At Florida, Lochte was the NCAA Swimmer of the Year twice, a seven-time NCAA champion, a seven-time SEC champion, and a 24-time All-American. At the 2006 NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships, during his senior year, Lochte won national titles in all three of his individual events, setting U.S. Open and American records in the 200-yard individual medley and 200-yard backstroke. He also broke Tom Dolan's nearly decade-old NCAA record in the 400-yard individual medley.
International career
2004–2005
Lochte qualified for his first Olympics after finishing second to Michael Phelps in the 200-meter individual medley at the 2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials. He also qualified for the 4×200-meter freestyle relay team after finishing fourth in the 200-meter freestyle final. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, Lochte swam with Phelps, Klete Keller, and Peter Vanderkaay to upset the Australian team and capture the gold medal in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. It was the first loss for the Australian team in six years. He also narrowly edged out George Bovell and László Cseh in the 200-meter individual medley to win the silver medal behind Phelps.
Later that year, at the 2004 FINA Short Course World Championships in Indianapolis, Lochte won the silver medal in the 200-meter individual medley and the bronze in the 200-meter freestyle. He also won the gold medal in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay with Chad Carvin, Dan Ketchum, and Justin Mortimer.
At the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Lochte won the bronze medals in both the 200-meter backstroke and 200-meter individual medley. In the 4×200-meter freestyle relay, Lochte teamed with Phelps, Vanderkaay, and Keller to win gold ahead of Canada and Australia.
2006–2007
At the 2006 FINA Short Course World Championships in Shanghai, held just two weeks after the 2006 NCAA Championships, Lochte won three individual titles, one silver, and one bronze. He won the 200-meter individual medley and the 200-meter backstroke, setting new world records in both events. He also set another world record in the 100-meter backstroke in the opening leg of the 4×100-meter medley relay, becoming the first man to complete the distance in under 50 seconds. He won his third gold medal in the 400-meter individual medley, setting a new championship record.
At the 2007 World Aquatics Championships in Melbourne, Australia, Lochte won his first individual gold medal at a long course world championships in the 200-meter backstroke against compatriot Aaron Peirsol, breaking Peirsol's world record and his seven-year win streak in the event. This was Lochte's first world record in a long course event. A little more than 90 minutes later, Lochte went on to set a world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay with Phelps, Keller and Vanderkaay. He also won silver medals in the 100-meter backstroke, and 200-meter and 400-meter individual medley, making his medal total for the meet second only to Phelps.
Within a week of the world championships, Lochte competed in the annual Mutual of Omaha Duel in the Pool where he again beat Peirsol. In the 100-meter backstroke, he broke Peirsol's other seven-year winning streak in the shorter of the backstroke races, edging out Peirsol by 0.06 seconds.
2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic Trials
At the 2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials in Omaha, Nebraska, Lochte competed in six individual events and qualified to swim in three individual events at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Also, with his third-place finish in the 200-meter freestyle, Lochte was ensured a spot on the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. In his first event, Lochte finished second to Phelps in the 400-meter individual medley. Both Lochte and Phelps finished below Phelps' previous world record in the event. In his second event, the 200-meter freestyle, Lochte finished in third place behind Phelps and Vanderkaay. Less than 30 minutes after the 200-meter freestyle final, Lochte finished in third place behind Aaron Peirsol and Matt Grevers in the 100-meter backstroke final. The next day, Lochte competed in the 100-meter freestyle but withdrew after the semifinals. Two days later, in the 200-meter backstroke, Lochte finished in second place behind Peirsol, who equalled Lochte's world record. Less than 30 minutes after the 200-meter backstroke final, Lochte finished second to Phelps in the 200-meter individual medley.
Olympics
In his first event at the 2008 Summer Olympics, Lochte won the bronze medal in the 400-meter individual medley behind Phelps and Cseh. His time of 4:08.09 was two seconds slower than the time he swam in Omaha. In his second event, Lochte swam the second leg of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. With Phelps, Ricky Berens, and Vanderkaay, he won his first gold medal and set his first world record as the American team finished first with a time of 6:58.56. The Americans were the first team to break the seven-minute mark in the relay, and broke the previous record, set in Melbourne, Australia, by more than four and a half seconds. In his third event, the 200-meter backstroke, Lochte won his first individual gold medal and set the world record, beating defending champion Peirsol. Twenty-seven minutes after the final of the 200-meter backstroke, Lochte went on to win the bronze in the 200-meter individual medley, finishing behind Phelps and Cseh.
2009 World Championships
At the 2009 National Championships, the selection meet for the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, Lochte won individual titles in the 200 and 400-meter individual medley. Lochte also qualified to swim in the 4×100 and 4×200-meter freestyle relay. In the 200-meter backstroke final, Lochte placed second behind Aaron Peirsol, and lost his world record he set in Beijing when Peirsol recorded a time of 1:53.08.
In his first event at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome, Lochte swam the second leg of the men's 4×100-meter freestyle relay in a time of 47.03. He earned a gold medal in the event along with Phelps, Matt Grevers, and Nathan Adrian. The final time of 3:09.21 was a championship record and just ahead of Russia (3:09.52) and France (3:09.89). With Phelps not competing in the 200 or 400-meter individual medley at these championships, Lochte won the gold in both events. In the 200-meter individual medley, Lochte broke Phelps' world record of 1:54.23 with a time of 1:54.10. In the 200-meter backstroke, Lochte won the bronze medal, finishing behind Peirsol and Ryosuke Irie of Japan. In the 4×200-meter freestyle relay final, Lochte swam the anchor leg in 1:44.46. Combined with Phelps, Berens, and David Walters, Lochte won the gold medal and his team broke the previous world record by one-hundredth of a second with a time of 6:58.55.
2010
At the 2010 National Championships, the selection meet for the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships and 2011 World Aquatics Championships, Lochte won individual titles in the 200-meter backstroke, 200-meter individual medley, and the 400-meter individual medley. He also placed second in the 100 and 200-meter freestyle. Lochte's win in the 200-meter individual medley was the first time he defeated Phelps in a major national or international meet. At the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Irvine, California, Lochte won a total of six gold medals. His wins included the 200-meter backstroke, 200-meter freestyle, 200 and 400-meter individual medleys, and 4×100 and 4×200-meter freestyle relays.
At the 2010 FINA Short Course World Championships in Dubai, Lochte became the first individual in history to win seven medals at the Short Course Worlds and was the only person to set a world record individually since body-length swimsuits were banned. In Dubai, Lochte won gold in the 200-meter backstroke, 200-meter freestyle, all individual medleys (100, 200, 400), and 4×100-meter medley relay. He also won silver in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. Lochte's world records in Dubai came on consecutive days, first in the 400-meter individual medley, then in the 200-meter individual medley. Both world records were broken by considerable margins.
At year's end, Lochte was named the World Swimmer of the Year and American Swimmer of the Year by Swimming World Magazine. He was also named FINA male swimmer of the year for 2010 by FINA Aquatics World Magazine. 2010 saw Lochte win a total of 13 international medals, 12 of them gold.
2011 World Championships
At the 2011 World Aquatics Championships, Lochte won a total of six medals, five golds and one bronze. Lochte won his first medal, a bronze, in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay for his contributions in the heats. In the heats, Lochte recorded a time of 48.28, off from the 47.98 he recorded last year in Irvine. In his second event, the 200-meter freestyle, Lochte won the gold with a time of 1:44.44, finishing ahead of Michael Phelps who recorded a time of 1:44.79. It was Lochte's first gold in the event in the long course World Championships. Lochte won the 200-meter individual medley event in a world record time of 1:54.00, finishing ahead of Michael Phelps time of 1:54.16. In the 200-meter backstroke, Lochte dominated the competition with a time of 1:52.96, over a second ahead of second-place finisher Ryosuke Irie. Shortly after completing the 200-meter backstroke, Lochte competed in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay with Michael Phelps, Peter Vanderkaay, and Ricky Berens. Swimming the anchor leg in 1:44.56, Lochte was able to make up a deficit from France for the win. The final time for the relay was 7:02.67. In his last event, the 400-meter individual medley, Lochte continued his dominance with a win in a time of 4:07.13. His closest competitor, Tyler Clary, finished in 4:11.17, over four seconds behind.
Lochte said he was pleased with his performance at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships but feels that he can improve his times before the 2012 Olympics. "Getting five gold medals is definitely great, but the times that I went, I know I could go a lot faster," he said. "There are a lot of places in my races that I messed up on that I could have changed and gone faster, but I guess I have a whole year to make sure I have those perfect swims."
At year's end, Lochte was named the World Swimmer of the Year and American Swimmer of the Year by Swimming World Magazine, and defended his titles from 2010. He was also named FINA male swimmer of the year for 2011 by FINA Aquatics World Magazine and also defended this title.
2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic Trials
At the 2012 United States Olympic Trials, the qualifying meet for the 2012 Summer Olympics, Lochte qualified for the Olympic team by finishing first in the 200-meter backstroke and 400-meter individual medley, and second in the 200-meter freestyle and 200-meter individual medley. Lochte also narrowly missed a spot competing in the individual 100-meter butterfly by finishing third.
Olympics
At the Olympics in London, Lochte won his first gold medal of the games in the 400-meter individual medley with a time of 4:05.18. Commenting on his first medal of the 2012 Olympics and head-to-head competition with fellow American and world record holder, Michael Phelps, Lochte acknowledged Phelps' greatness while positioning himself as "the best today."
Lochte won a silver medal with the U.S. 4×100-meter freestyle relay team, losing out to the French team with a 47.74 split, a full second slower than the French finishing swimmer Yannick Agnel and six tenths of a second slower than teammate Phelps.
Lochte placed fourth in the 200-meter freestyle race. He followed that performance, however, by winning gold with the U.S. 4×200-meter freestyle team. Lochte swam the first split and provided the U.S. team a commanding lead, which it never relinquished.
On the sixth night of the Games, Lochte swam his last two finals, with only 30 minutes in between. First, he won the bronze medal in the 200m backstroke, finishing behind compatriot Tyler Clary and Japan's Ryosuke Irie. His time of 1.53.94 tied the time he swam four years ago when he won the gold medal at the 2008 Games, which was then a world record. Half an hour later, Lochte took on Phelps in the 200m individual medley. He won a silver medal behind Phelps in what was thought at the time to be the last head-to-head race of their careers, as Phelps retired after the Games. This was the third consecutive Olympics in which Lochte won a medal in the 200m individual medley.
His five medals brought his total to 11 Olympic medals, tied for second among male swimmers with compatriots Mark Spitz and Matt Biondi, behind only Phelps. His seven individual Olympic medals are the second-most in men's Olympic swimming, surpassing Zoltán Halmay and Mark Spitz, who won six.
Lochte has announced he intends to continue swimming through the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He is also considering exploring new events.
2013 World Championships
In his first event at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Lochte combined with Nathan Adrian, Anthony Ervin, and Jimmy Feigen in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay, with the team finishing behind France. Swimming the second leg, Lochte recorded a split of 47.80, and the team finished with a final time of 3:11.44. In his first individual event, the 200-meter freestyle, Lochte was unsuccessful in defending his title and placed fourth in the final with a time of 1:45.64. Lochte won his first individual medal of the competition, a gold, by defending his title in the 200-meter individual medley, recording a time of 1:54.98. The day following his 200 medley gold, Lochte also defended his title in the 200-meter backstroke, recording a time of 1:53.79 in the final. On the same day of winning the 200-meter backstroke (and swimming in the 100-meter butterfly semifinals where he set a personal best and qualified for the final), Lochte combined with Conor Dwyer, Charlie Houchin, and Ricky Berens, to win the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. Swimming the second leg, Lochte recorded a split of 1:44.98, and the team finished with a final time of 7:01.72. In winning the 4×200 relay, Lochte became the first swimmer to win 5 consecutive gold medals at the World Championships in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay (while also being the first swimmer, along with compatriot Michael Phelps, to win the 4×200-meter freestyle relay Olympic Gold Medal on 3 successive occasions).
The next day, Lochte competed in the 100-meter butterfly and finished 6th in the final with a time of 51.58, just off his semifinal time of 51.48.
2015 World Championships
Lochte competed in his sixth World Championships in Kazan in 2015. He made history upon his win in the 200-meter individual medley by becoming the only person other than Grant Hackett to successfully win an event in four consecutive world championships. However, he finished a disappointing fourth in the 200-meter freestyle in 1:45.83, just off the podium. In addition, Lochte also won three relay medals. Lochte led off the 4×200-meter freestyle relay in 1:45.71, but the US team could not hold on as Great Britain pulled off a great upset and beat the US team 7:04.33 to 7:04.75. Alongside Nathan Adrian, Simone Manuel, and Missy Franklin, he was also part of the winning and world record-breaking 4×100-meter mixed freestyle relay. Lochte also anchored the prelim team for the 4×100-meter medley relay and received a gold medal for his efforts since the finals team won.
2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic Trials
At the 2016 United States Olympic Trials, the U.S. qualifying meet for the Rio Olympics, Lochte finished third in the 400-meter individual medley, just missing out on an Olympic berth. In the 200-meter freestyle, he missed his second chance at making the team in an individual event by placing fourth; nonetheless, he earned a relay spot in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. Lochte finally qualified for an individual event by finishing second in the 200-meter individual medley behind Phelps.
Olympics
Lochte's first event in Rio was the 4×200 meter freestyle relay, where he swam both the morning heats and the finals. In the finals, Lochte swam the third leg after Conor Dwyer and Townley Haas. After Lochte's leg, the U.S. had a commanding lead. Phelps anchored the relay to touch the wall first at 7:00.66. This brought Lochte's Olympic medal count up to 12 total, making him the second most decorated male Olympic swimmer of all time, second only to Phelps.
Lochte finished 5th in the 200-meter individual medley. This was his 4th consecutive final in the event, and the first time he did not win a medal.
Lochtegate
On the morning of August 14, 2016, Lochte and Jimmy Feigen claimed that they and teammates Gunnar Bentz and Jack Conger were robbed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during the 2016 Summer Olympics after men forced them out of their taxi at gunpoint in the early morning hours. Lochte also alleged that a gun had been put up against his head. A police report stated that one or more of the athletes had vandalized the gas station bathroom and damaged a sign on the premises, though investigative reporters found that the athletes had damaged the sign but had neither entered the bathroom nor damaged items in the bathroom. Lochte later stated in an interview that he had been drunk and that he "over-exaggerated that story". However, his amended story raised concerns about the facts, and a witness who also translated between the security guards and the athletes claimed that the swimmers had stopped to use the fuel station's bathroom, damaged the sign on the premises, and that he stepped in when it was obvious that events could get out of control. He noted that all sides understood that the money was being paid to cover the damage done, but also that Lochte was drunk or ”very altered” at the time of the incident.
In August 2016, Lochte was charged with providing a false claim of a robbery during the 2016 Olympic Games, and if convicted could be jailed up to 18 months. The charges were later dismissed by a court, which stated that Lochte's actions "did not rise to the level of filing a false crime report." On August 30, 2016, when appearing on Good Morning America, he said that he was unsure how he would classify the incident, stating, "I don't know if I would consider it as a robbery, or extortion, or us just paying up for the poster being ripped." Investigative reporting by USA Today, which reviewed the security camera tapes, showed that Lochte and the other swimmers did not enter the bathroom that they were accused of vandalizing, and that the items purportedly damaged inside the bathroom were neither damaged nor recently replaced.
Lochte apologized for the gas station dispute. In the aftermath of the incident, USA Swimming suspended Lochte from domestic and international competitions for 10 months. Lochte was also dropped by all four of his major sponsors. However, by January 2017, TYR announced an apparel deal with Lochte.
2018 suspension
On July 23, 2018, the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) imposed a 14-month suspension from competition on Lochte because, on May 24 of that year, he received a 'prohibited intravenous infusion.' "I have never taken a prohibitive [sic] substance," Lochte told the media, "I have never attempted to gain any advantage by putting anything illegal in my body...I may be on the sideline from competition, but I'll continue to train every day...I want nothing more than to earn the privilege to swim for my country in my fifth Olympic Games in Tokyo 2020."
On May 24, 2018, the same day he had received the infusion, Lochte had posted a picture - since deleted - on Instagram "showing him receiving an intravenous injection of what he says were 'vitamins'," even though the USADA bans "intravenous infusions of permitted substances at volumes greater than in a 12-hour period without a special 'Therapeutic Use Exemption'," Vox reported.
2021
On June 17, 2021, the fifth day of competition at the 2020 USA Swimming Olympic Trials, Lochte swam a 1:58.48 in the morning prelims of the 200-meter individual medley, ranking second and qualifying for the semifinals. In the evening semifinals, he swam a 1:58.65 ranking sixth and qualifying for the final. In the final, Lochte finished seventh with a time of 1:59.67 and not qualifying for the 2020 Summer Olympics in the event. In Michael Andrew's post-win interview for the 200-meter individual medley final, Lochte joined Andrew and called him family along with the swimming community. Lochte also said missing out on the Olympic Team was not the end of the road for him.
A few days after the end of the US Olympic Trials, Lochte confirmed he was still committed to the sport of swimming, both in terms of competing and growing the sport, and he was not retiring. He added that one of his swimming pursuits moving forward included teaching youth how to swim.
Television appearances and pop culture fame
Magazines
Before the 2012 Summer Olympics, Fortune magazine estimated that Lochte earned $2.3 million from endorsement deals with Speedo, Mutual of Omaha, Gillette, Gatorade, Procter and Gamble, Ralph Lauren, Nissan, and AT&T. Lochte has also appeared in commercials for the Nissan Altima and been featured on the covers of Vogue, Time, Men's Health, and Men's Journal.
Television
Comedian Seth MacFarlane parodied Lochte in the 2012 season premiere of Saturday Night Live, after which Lochte said he would be open to doing a cameo appearance on the show.
Lochte appeared as an exaggerated version of himself in the 30 Rock episode "Stride of Pride", which aired October 18, 2012. He also had a guest appearance on 90210 in late 2012.
What Would Ryan Lochte Do? began airing April 21, 2013, on E! and was cancelled after only one season, five weeks later. Lochte's public persona and character have inspired a series of unflattering Internet memes.
On August 30, 2016, Lochte was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars. He was partnered with professional dancer Cheryl Burke. Lochte and Burke were eliminated on Week 8 of competition, finishing in 7th place.
In 2017, Lochte played a supporting role in Little Something for Your Birthday.
On January 13, 2019, the reality game show Celebrity Big Brother announced that Lochte would be a houseguest in the second American season of the show. He finished in 10th place after 13 days.
On the Family Guy season 17 episode "Griffin Winter Games", Peter Griffin meets Lochte at a party for the athletes of the Korean winter Olympics where he asks him, "wait, aren't you a summer sport guy?" As Lochte offers him a beer, a narrator imitating Morgan Freeman refers to him as an 'international bozo' and notes that Peter partied with him all night.
On September 22, 2019, Lochte appeared on Celebrity Family Feud along with his wife Kayla. Lochte won the family be family round, and between Kayla and himself they scored over 200 points in the final round to win the game.
On November 13, 2019, Ryan appeared on an episode of "Back in the Game" with Alex Rodriguez. The series focuses on Rodriguez mentoring athletes and entertainers who have fallen on hard times. In the episode Alex helps Lochte get his finances back on track.
On January 12th, 2023, Ryan appeared on the show The Traitors (US). He finished in 14th place after being murdered by the traitors in episode 5.
Radio
National Public Radio named Lochte as their "platonic ideal of bro-dom".
Awards
Personal life
Trademark application
On August 1, 2012, Lochte filed an application to trademark his personal catchphrase, "Jeah", with the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office. He abandoned the application before it was finalized.
Sponsorships
In January 2017, active-wear maker TYR Sport, Inc. signed Lochte to his first major professional swimming sponsorship deal since the Lochtegate scandal.
In November 2019, Lochte revealed to Alex Rodriguez on an episode of CNBC's Back In The Game that he once made "well over $1 million" a year and also earned $75,000 from a single sponsor. However, he also stated to Rodriguez that his scandalswhich resulted in his suspension and losing his sponsorsand lavish spending resulted in him suffering significant financial losses. He was forced to sell his home and now resides in a apartment. He also estimated that he had only about $20,000 in savings.
Protests
In July 2021, Lochte spoke about his stance not supporting protests at athletic events in advance of the 2020 Summer Olympics. This reiterated sentiments Lochte shared concerning the safety and security of individuals after protesters targeting him stormed the stage during one of his performances on the television show Dancing with the Stars in September 2016.
Friendships
Lochte is good friends with longtime teammates Conor Dwyer and Michael Phelps.
Marriage and fatherhood
Despite rumors in the Australian press linking Lochte with Australian swimmer Blair Evans, Lochte's mother, Ileana, confirmed to Us Weekly in a July 28, 2012, interview that her son was "too busy" to be in a relationship.
During the 2016 Summer Olympics, Lochte revealed that he was in a relationship with Playboy Playmate of the Month for July 2015 Kayla Rae Reid, whom he first got in touch with via Instagram. They became engaged in October 2016, and Reid gave birth to a son named Caiden Zane Lochte on June 8, 2017. Lochte and Reid married in an at-home civil ceremony in January 2018, and followed it with a formal wedding ceremony in front of family and friends on September 9, 2018. On November 30, 2018, they announced they were expecting their second child. On December 23, 2018, they announced they were having a girl. Their daughter, Liv Rae, was born on June 17, 2019. On December 9, 2022, they announced they were expecting their third child. on June 21 2023 they welcomed their child a daughter named Georgia June Lochte.
Career best times
See also
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
List of top Olympic gold medalists in swimming
List of multiple Summer Olympic medalists
List of United States records in swimming
List of University of Florida alumni
List of University of Florida Olympians
List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (men)
List of individual gold medalists in swimming at the Olympics and World Aquatics Championships (men)
World record progression 100 metres backstroke
World record progression 100 metres individual medley
World record progression 200 metres backstroke
World record progression 200 metres individual medley
World record progression 400 metres individual medley
World record progression 4 × 100 metres freestyle relay
World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay
References
External links
Ryan Lochte on Encyclopedia Britannica
1984 births
Living people
American male backstroke swimmers
American male freestyle swimmers
American male medley swimmers
American people of Basque descent
American people of Dutch descent
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American sportspeople of Cuban descent
American sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in swimming
Florida Gators men's swimmers
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in swimming
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Participants in American reality television series
People from Canandaigua, New York
People from Port Orange, Florida
Sportspeople from Volusia County, Florida
Sportspeople from Rochester, New York
Swimmers at the 2003 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
World record holders in swimming
University of Florida alumni
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games
21st-century American people
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Demon is a multi-looping roller coaster at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois and California's Great America in Santa Clara, California. Both coasters opened in 1976 as Turn of the Century, when each Great America park was owned by Marriott Corporation. Following the 1979 season, they were slightly modified and renamed Demon, which introduced a new theme.
History
The Turn of the Century coasters opened with both Marriott's Great America parks in 1976 and were designed by Arrow Dynamics. Both were painted light seafoam green and were among some of the first roller coasters to feature a double corkscrew. They also featured two airtime hills after the first drop. The hills were well known for ejecting loose articles from the trains, such as hats, sunglasses and stuffed animals. The ride was custom-built for both parks.
After the 1979 season, Turn of the Century was heavily modified. The airtime hills after the first drop were removed and replaced with two back to back vertical loops and a lighted tunnel. Fake rock formations were built around the second loop and around the first half of the lift hill, with a third formation just before the corkscrews. The entire ride was painted black and was renamed Demon. In addition to the re-design, the theme was changed as well. Fog machines were placed in the tunnels, blood red colored water fell out of the rock formation by the corkscrews and a unique logo was unveiled. The original trains were also modified. A three-dimensional logo was attached to the front car of each train and flames were painted on the sides of the cars. After the loops were added, it became the second four-inversion roller coaster, after the Carolina Cyclone at Carowinds which opened two months earlier.
The storyline of the ride's transformation heard in the Demon soundtrack is that the park accidentally missed three payments on the roller coaster, and that a demon has repossessed the ride.
Six Flags Great America theming
For a period in the 80s, the Demon at both Great America parks was branded with the Looney Tunes Tasmanian Devil character.
Most of the theming elements that would be removed by 1990 including the drain pipe on the sign, 3D logos and flames on the trains, smoke and lighting effects, and the ride's soundtrack. Another major change made to the ride's theming was the lighted tunnel after the loops. The original lighting effect was a swirl around the train as it flew by.
For Six Flags Great America's Fright Fest event, in 2005, almost all of Demon's original theming returned. Decals similar to the original logos were added to the noses of the trains, fog returned in the tunnels, the Demon Song played in the queue again, red lights shined around the ride, and tiki torches were placed all around the ride.
A re-creation of the original sign was present at Fright Fest. Built from an oil barrel with red lights and fog, it was placed in the flower bed in front of the ride's sign.
On the parks's 2006 opening day, the Demon song continued playing in the queue, the decals were still on the front of the trains, and the flames were still painted on the station. The rest of the theming is for Fright Fest Only.
For 2007, the Demon logos on the front of the trains were updated. The decals of the original Marriott-era logo were replaced with new airbrushed logos similar to the originals. The updated logos feature meaner-looking demon eyes, flames, and on the yellow train, fangs. In June 2007, the red train was placed back on the track after an extensive rehab beginning late in the 2005 season.
Also in June 2007, the Demon sign received new airbrush-painted flames on the DEMON letters, and the flowers in front of the sign were re-arranged to look like flames. In July 2007, all of the signs in the queue were repainted to look more themed to the ride. New fencing was also built around the Demon sign hill to prevent young guests from climbing on the sign. In 2008, all theming returned from the previous year's Fright Fest and fog was put in every tunnel and in the queue. However, grey paint replaced the flames on the outside of the operator's booth. After Memorial Day 2010, Demon's black train was put back on track. It was given airbrushed flames on the sides of the front car with no red stripe.
For a 2010 advertising deal with Six Flags, the red train was wrapped in Stride Gum advertisements for the entire season. The "Stride Train" remained for most of the 2011 operating season, but the advertisements were removed in late August.
In 2011, the yellow train's logo was redesigned to more closely resemble the original.
In late 2016, the attraction was given a virtual reality (VR) upgrade. The experience would be called Rage of the Gargoyles. Riders had the option to wear Samsung Gear VR headsets, powered by Oculus to create a 360-degree, 3D experience while riding. The illusion was themed to a fighter jet, where riders flew through a futuristic city as co-pilots battling demonic creatures.
In late 2023, the ride reopened with rockwork removed around the first two loops.
Incidents
In 1993, two trains collided at low speeds in the station of the Six Flags Great America ride causing eight people to be injured.
A major incident on the Six Flags Great America version of Demon occurred on Saturday, April 18, 1998. Twenty-three riders were left stranded upside-down after the black train came to an unexpected halt in the middle of one of the vertical loops. Firefighters used a cherry picker to bring the passengers to safety. Some riders were stuck for nearly three hours. Three passengers were taken to local hospitals out of precaution but released that afternoon. Investigators concluded that the incident was caused by mechanical failure. A guide wheel that runs along the inside of the track separated from the axle of the last car. A mechanical safety system built into the wheel assembly engaged, preventing the train from derailing. The roller coaster reopened shortly after the conclusion of the investigation.
Operations
Today both Demons continue to operate, although they are not as popular as they once were. Demon operates with 2-3 trains, determined by the park's attendance. Demon at Six Flags Great America is much like its twin at California's Great America, but the California version lacks rocks around the second loop; however, it still has the waterfall by the corkscrews but the water is not red. The Illinois version’s rock formation around the loops lasted until October of 2023 as the rock-work was demolished due to deterioration. The California version has a listed height restriction of , but the Illinois version has a listed height restriction of .
References
External links
Demon at California's Great America (official)
Demon at Six Flags Great America (official)
California's Great America
Roller coasters in Illinois
Roller coasters in California
Roller coasters introduced in 1976
Roller coasters operated by Cedar Fair
Roller coasters operated by Six Flags
Six Flags Great America
de:Demon (California’s Great America)
fr:Demon (California's Great America)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon%20%28roller%20coaster%29
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This is a list of female athletes by sport. Each section is ordered alphabetical by the last name (originally or most commonly known). For specific groupings, see :Category:Sportswomen.
American football
Tonya Butler
Sami Grisafe
Julie Harshbarger
Liz Heaston
Katie Hnida
Ashley Martin
Anita Marks
Patricia Palinkas
Natalie Randolph
Sarah Schkeeper
Lei'D Tapa
Jennifer Welter
Alissa Wykes
Archery
Danielle Brown
Lindsey Carmichael
Miroslava Cerna
Mel Clarke
Gizem Girişmen
Fu Hongzhi
Gao Fangxia
Kim Ki Hee
Kim Ran Sook
Lenka Kuncova
Małgorzata Olejnik
Lee Hwa Sook
Marketa Sidkova
Xiao Yanhong
Athletics
Veronica Campbell-Brown - 7 Olympic medals
Allyson Felix - 6 Olympic medals
Evelyn Ashford - 5 Olympic medals
Sanya Richards-Ross - 5 Olympic medals
Fanny Blankers-Koen - 4 Olympic medals
Betty Cuthbert - 4 Olympic medals
Cathy Freeman - 2 Olympic medals in running
Kim Gevaert - sprint runner
Florence Griffith Joyner - 5 Olympic medals
Wilma Glodean Rudolph - 4 Olympic medals in athletics
Kelly Holmes - 3 Olympic medals in middle distance running
Jackie Joyner-Kersee - 6 Olympic medals in athletics
Zhanna Pintusevich-Block - sprint runner, world 100-m & 200-m champion
Tamara Press - 6 world records (shot put & discus throw); 3x Olympic champion (2x shot put & discus)
Irina Press - sprint runner, 2x Olympic champion (80-m hurdles & pentathlon)
Paula Radcliffe - long distance runner
Bobbie Rosenfeld - runner & long jumper, world record (100-yard dash); Olympic champion (4x100-m relay)
Joan Benoit Samuelson - Olympic medal in marathon running
Helen Stephens - 2 Olympic medals in athletics
Shirley Strickland - 7 Olympic medals
Irena Szewińska - sprinter & long jumper, 7 Olympic medals; world records (100-m, 200-m, and 400-m)
Grete Waitz - marathon running
Fatima Whitbread - 2 Olympic medals in javelin throw
Bärbel Wöckel - 4 Olympic medals
Joanna Zeiger - triathlete, Ironman 70.3 World champion; world record (half ironman)
Catherine Ibargüen - Colombian athlete, 2018 IAAF Female athlete of the year award, 2 Olympic medals in triple
Basketball
Sue Bird, 4x WNBA champion, 5x Olympic champion
Tamika Catchings, WNBA champion, 4x Olympic champion,
Cynthia Cooper-Dyke, 4x WNBA champion, Olympic champion
Lauren Jackson, 2x WNBA champion
Nancy Lieberman, WNBA, Olympic silver
Lisa Leslie, 2x WNBA champion, 4x Olympic champion
Cheryl Miller, Olympic champion
Maya Moore, 4x WNBA champion, 2x Olympic champion
Candace Parker, 2x WNBA champion, 2x Olympic champion
Katie Smith, 3x WNBA champion, 3x Olympic champion
Dawn Staley, 3x Olympic champion
Sheryl Swoopes, 4 WNBA champion, 3x Olympic champion,
Diana Taurasi, 3x WNBA champion, 5x Olympic champion
Cycling
Elisa Longo Borghini
Emma Pooley
Fastpitch and Softball
Monica Abbott
Christie Ambrosi
Crystl Bustos
Lauren Chamberlain
Jenny Dalton
Lisa Fernandez
Jennie Finch
Tairia Flowers
Amanda Freed
Michele Granger
Lauren Haeger
Tanya Harding
Lovieanne Jung
Danielle Lawrie
Jessica Mendoza
Stacey Nuveman
Cat Osterman
Dot Richardson
Michele Mary Smith
Natasha Watley
Fencing
Emily Jacobson - saber fencer
Sada Jacobson - US saber fencer, ranked # 1 in the world, Olympic silver
Helene Mayer - foil fencer, Olympic champion
Maria Mazina - épée fencer, Olympic champion
Ellen Osiier - foil fencer, Olympic champion
Ellen Preis - foil fencing, 3x world champion (1947, 1949, and 1950), Olympic champion, 17x Austrian champion
Field hockey
Luciana Aymar - 4 Olympic medals
Minke Booij - 3 Olympic medals
Giselle Kañevsky - Olympic medal
Natascha Keller - Olympic medal
Maartje Paumen - 2 Olympic gold medals
Fanny Rinne - Olympic medal
Figure skating
Mao Asada
Oksana Baiul - Olympic champion and World Champion
Sasha Cohen - US Figure Skating Champion & Olympic silver
Peggy Gale Fleming
Dorothy Stuart Hamill
Sarah Hughes - Olympic champion
Yuna Kim
Lily Kronberger - four-time World Champion, World Figure Skating Hall of Fame
Michelle Kwan - two-time Olympic medalist, five-time World champion, and nine-time U.S. champion
Emilia Rotter - four-time World Champion
Irina Slutskaya - two-time World Champion
Kristi Tsuya Yamaguchi - Olympic champion two-time World champion, U.S. champion
Golf
Amy Alcott - 5 LPGA majors
Patty Berg - 15 LPGA majors
Pat Bradley - 6 LPGA majors
Juli Inkster - 7 LPGA majors
Betsy King - 6 LPGA majors
Nancy Lopez - 3 LPGA majors
Betsy Rawls - 8 LPGA majors
Patty Sheehan - 6 LPGA majors
Annika Sörenstam - 10 LPGA majors
Louise Suggs - 11 LPGA majors
Karrie Webb - 7 LPGA majors
Kathy Whitworth - 6 LPGA majors
Michelle Wie - 1 LPGA major
Mickey Wright - 13 LPGA majors
Gymnastics
Estella Agsteribbe - Olympic champion (team combined exercises)
Polina Astakhova - 10 Olympic medals
Simone Biles - 5 Olympic medals
Věra Čáslavská - 11 Olympic medals
Nadia Comăneci - 9 Olympic medals
Gabby Douglas - 3 Olympic medals
Laurie Hernandez - 4 Olympic medals
Shawn Johnson - 4 Olympic medals
Ágnes Keleti - 10 Olympic medals
Madison Kocian - 4 Olympic medals
Olga Korbut - 6 Olympic medals
Larisa Latynina - 18 Olympic medals
Tatiana Lysenko - 3 Olympic medals
Aly Raisman - 6 Olympic medals
Mary Lou Retton - 5 Olympic medals
Yelena Shushunova - two-time Olympic champion (all-around, team)
Ice hockey
Karyn Bye
Natalie Darwitz
Danielle Goyette
Cammi Granato
Geraldine Heaney
Jayna Hefford
Angela James
Caroline Ouellette
Cherie Piper
Manon Rhéaume
Angela Ruggiero
Kim St-Pierre
Hayley Wickenheiser
Martial arts
Laila Ali - boxing
Gina Carano - mixed martial arts
Dakota Ditcheva - Muay Thai
Hagar Finer - WIBF bantamweight boxing champion
Megumi Fujii - mixed martial arts
Cristiane Justino - mixed martial arts
Daniela Krukower - World Judo Champion
Christy Martin - boxing
Elaina Maxwell - mixed martial arts
Ronda Rousey - mixed martial arts
Miesha Tate - mixed martial arts
Joanna Jędrzejczyk - mixed martial arts
Motorsport
Janet Guthrie - 11th at Indianapolis 500
Brittany Force - NHRA champion
Jutta Kleinschmidt - Dakar Rally winner
Katherine Legge - IMSA race winner
Ellen Lohr - DTM race winner
Elena Myers - AMA Supersport race winner
Michèle Mouton - World Rally Championship runner-up
Shirley Muldowney - NHRA champion
Danica Patrick - IndyCar race winner
Angelle Sampey - NHRA champion
Laia Sanz - Trial world champion
Lyn St. James - 9th at Indianapolis 500
Desiré Wilson - World Sportscar Championship race winner
Real tennis
Penny Fellows Lumley
Roller derby
Ann Calvello
Joan Weston
Rugby
Maggie Alphonsi
Enya Breen
Charlotte Caslick
Rochelle Clark
Kendra Cocksedge
Lauren Doyle
Magali Harvey
Janai Haupapa
Natasha Hunt
Zenay Jordaan
Huriana Manuel
Katherine Merchant
Ana Poghosian
Emily Scarratt
Cheryl Soon
Portia Woodman
Skiing
Marit Bjørgen - 10 Olympic medals
Yuliya Chepalova - 6 Olympic medals
Aleisha Cline - Canadian cross skier, medalist at Winter X Games
Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi - 7 Olympic medals
Janica Kostelić - 6 Olympic medals (4 gold)
Galina Kulakova - 8 Olympic medals
Larisa Lazutina - 7 Olympic medals
Raisa Smetanina - 10 Olympic medals
Yelena Välbe - 7 Olympic medals
Lyubov Yegorova - 9 Olympic medals
Snowboarding
Gretchen Bleiler
Torah Bright
Kelly Clark
Tess Coady
Linn Haug
Elena Hight
Kaitlyn Farrington
Anna Gasser
Jenny Jones
Chloe Kim
Maddie Mastro
Silje Norendal
Hannah Teter
Alena Zavarzina
Soccer
Michelle Akers
Nadine Angerer
Yael Averbuch
Lauren Barnes
Denise Bender
Verónica Boquete
Shannon Boxx
Brandi Chastain
Stephanie Cox
Julie Ertz
Joy Fawcett
Jess Fishlock
Mia Hamm
Lori Henry
Marbella Ibarra
Nahomi Kawasumi
Haley Kopmeyer
Sydney Leroux
Kristine Lilly
Kim Little
Carli Lloyd
Shannon MacMillan
Marta
Kate Markgraf
Merritt Mathias
Sharon McMurtry
Alex Morgan
Heather Mitts
Heather O'Reilly
Ann Orrison
Cindy Parlow
Emily Pickering
Christen Press
Christie Rampone
Megan Rapinoe
Cat Reddick
Briana Scurry
Eudy Simelane
Christine Sinclair
Hope Solo
Aly Wagner
Abby Wambach
Chloe Williams
Kim Wyant
Surfing
Keely Andrew
Heather Clark
Courtney Conlogue
Johanne Defay
Sage Erickson
Sally Fitzgibbons
Maya Gabeira
Stephanie Gilmore
Bethany Hamilton
Coco Ho
Malia Jones
Silvana Lima
Malia Manuel
Caroline Marks
Carissa Moore
Lakey Peterson
Nikki Van Dijk
Tatiana Weston-Webb
Tyler Wright
Swimming
Rebecca Adlington - 4 Olympic medals
Inge de Bruijn - 8 Olympic medals
Krisztina Egerszegi - 7 Olympic medals
Dawn Fraser - 8 Olympic medals
Jenny Thompson - 12 Olympic medals
Stephanie Rice - 3 Olympic medals
Keena Rothhammer - Olympic champion (800-m freestyle) and world champion (200-m freestyle); International Swimming Hall of Fame
Éva Székely - 2 Olympic medals
Dara Torres - 12 Olympic medals
Amy Van Dyken - 6 Olympic medals
Debbie Meyer - 3 Olympic Gold medals. 200,400,800 freestyle 1968. 15 individual World Records.
Table tennis
Angelica Rozeanu - 17x table tennis world champion, Hall of Fame
Anna Sipos - 11x world table tennis champion, Hall of Fame
Tennis
Victoria Azarenka - 2 Grand Slam singles titles
Jennifer Capriati - 3 Grand Slam singles titles
Margaret Court - 24 Grand Slam singles titles (11 in open-era)
Lindsay Davenport - 3 Grand Slam singles titles
Evonne Goolagong - 7 Grand Slam singles titles
Chris Evert - 18 Grand Slam singles titles
Steffi Graf - 22 Grand Slam singles titles
Justine Henin - 7 Grand Slam singles titles
Martina Hingis - 5 Grand Slam singles titles
Helen Jacobs - world singles ranking # 1
Billie Jean King - 12 Grand Slam singles titles
Angelique Kerber - 3 Grand Slam singles titles
Kim Clijsters - 4 Grand Slam singles titles
Ilana Kloss - world doubles ranking # 1
Garbiñe Muguruza - 2 Grand Slam singles titles
Li Na - 2 Grand Slam singles titles
Martina Navratilova - 18 Grand Slam singles titles
Naomi Osaka - 4 Grand Slam singles titles
Agnieszka Radwańska - world singles ranking # 2
Arantxa Sánchez - 4 Grand Slam singles titles
Monica Seles - 9 Grand Slam singles titles
Maria Sharapova - 5 Grand Slam singles titles
Serena Williams - 23 Grand Slam singles
Venus Williams - 7 Grand Slam singles titles
Caroline Wozniacki - One Grand Slam singles title
Track and field
Kajsa Bergqvist - high jumping
Rebekah Colberg - Olympic medals in discus and javelin throw
Jessica Ennis-Hill
Allyson Felix
Cathy Freeman
Yelena Isinbayeva
Carmelita Jeter
Marion Jones
Florence Griffith Joyner
Jackie Joyner-Kersee
Ann Penelope Marston - Archery
Wilma Glodean Rudolph
Mary Decker
Babe Didrikson Zaharias
Volleyball
Foluke Akinradewo, 3 Olympic medals
Lindsey Berg, 2 Olympic medals
Jordan Larson, 3 Olympic medals
April Ross, 3 Olympic medals
Danielle Scott-Arruda, 2 Olympic medals
Logan Tom, 2 Olympic medals
Misty May-Treanor, 3 Olympic medals
Kerri Walsh Jennings, 4 Olympic medals
Other sports
Kayla Harrison - 2 Olympic Gold Medals & 2 Pan American Games Gold Medals in Judo
Josée Auclair - explorer
Ann Bancroft - explorer
Bonnie Kathleen Blair - speedskater
Susan Butcher - sled dog musher
Zefania Carmel - world champion yachtsman
Ellen van Dijk - world road and track cycling champion
Vonetta Flowers - Olympic medal in bobsleigh
Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi - slalom canoer, Olympic bronze (K-1 slalom), 5 golds at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships (2x K-1, 3x K-1 team)
Taoying Fu - 4 Paralympic medals in powerlifting
Sue Sally Hale - Broke the gender barrier in American Polo, was the highest rated American woman polo player of her era.
Liz Heaston - first woman to play and score in a college football game
Debbie Lee - Australian rules football
Judit Polgár - chess
Libby Riddles - sled dog musher
See also
Lists of sportspeople
Women's sports
Women's National Team
Women's professional sports
Major women's sport leagues in North America
International Women's Sports Hall of Fame
Women's Basketball Hall of Fame
Women's association football
Women's Australian rules football
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20sportswomen
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Alveolar lung diseases, are a group of diseases that mainly affect the alveoli of the lungs.
Causes
Alveoli are the functional units of the lungs. Alveolar lung diseases are classified as processes that affect these units that ultimately lead to issues with ventilation. There are a number of different causes of insult to the alveoli including build up of fluid, hemorrhage, infection, malignancy and build up of protein and mineral deposits.
Conditions classified under alveolar lung disease include pulmonary edema (cardiogenic or non-cardiogenic), pneumonia (bacterial or viral), bronchoalveolar carcinoma, pulmonary hemorrhage, alveolar proteinosis and amyloidosis, and alveolar microlithiasis.
Alveolar lung disease may be divided into acute or chronic. Causes of acute alveolar lung disease include pulmonary edema (cardiogenic or neurogenic), pneumonia (bacterial or viral), systemic lupus erythematosus, bleeding in the lungs (e.g., Goodpasture syndrome), idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
Chronic alveolar lung disease can be caused by pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, alveolar cell carcinoma, mineral oil pneumonia, sarcoidosis (alveolar form), lymphoma, tuberculosis, metastases, or desquamative interstitial pneumonia.
Diagnosis
Initial evaluation and Testing
Patients with alveolar lung disease may have difficulty breathing and/or a cough which may be productive of sputum or blood.
A physician will listen to the patient's lungs to help determine if there is likely a lower lung disease. Depending on the type of alveolar lung disease, the listener may hear "crackles" that indicate an excess of fluid in the lungs or an absence of lung sounds in certain regions which may indicate poor ventilation due to consolidation of pus or fibrosis.
A pulse oximeter is a device that measures the amount of oxygen available in the blood. This is an important measurement in evaluation of a patient with difficulty breathing with suspected alveolar lung disease.
Imaging
Chest x-ray is the initial imaging modality of choice for evaluation of potential alveolar lung disease. Bedside ultrasound may also be utilized. The absence of radiographic evidence early on in the course of disease does not exclude alveolar disease.
Alveolar disease is visible on chest radiography as small, ill-defined nodules of homogeneous density centered on the acini or bronchioles. The nodules coalesce early in the course of disease, such that the nodules may only be seen as soft fluffy edges in the periphery.
When the nodules are centered on the hilar regions, the chest x-ray may develop what is called the "butterfly," or "batwing" appearance. The nodules may also have a segmental or lobar distribution. Air alveolograms and air bronchograms can also be seen which indicate fluid in the alveoli with air in the terminal bronchioles indicating disease is alveolar.
These findings appear soon after the onset of symptoms and change rapidly thereafter.
A segmental or lobar pattern may be apparent after aspiration pneumonia, atelectasis, lung contusion, localized pulmonary edema, obstructive pneumonia, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism with infarction, or tuberculosis.
Management
The two focuses of management for alveolar disease is supportive care to maintain oxygenation and ventilation to ensure that adequate oxygen is being delivered to blood, and to treat the underlying insult to the alveoli.
Supportive Care
Maintaining oxygenation and ventilation in alveolar lung disease is achieved through a number of methods. The mechanism of these treatments is primarily to provide oxygen and keep the alveoli open so that they can take up oxygen from and deliver it to the bloodstream. Ventilatory support is recognized as an essential component to treat pulmonary edema and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Non-invasive ventilation is the first step for patient's who require ventilatory support. This can take the form of oxygen delivered via nasal cannula or non-rebreather mask. Patients who require additional support may be given a high-flow nasal cannula which has an added function of providing positive pressure on the alveoli, can warm and humidify air and decrease required inspiratory effort of the patient. BiPAP and CPAP can also be used as next level treatment. Finally, intubation with ventilator support can be used with positive pressure to improve ventilation and oxygenation.
In cases where methods to support the lungs to provide oxygen to the blood fail, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or ECMO can be considered.
Treating underlying causes
Treating underlying causes of damage to alveoli is also essential in most alveolar lung disease.
Some more commonly seen instances of alveolar lung disease include pulmonary edema and pneumonia.
For pulmonary edema, medical treatment in addition to measures to maintain ventilation include diuretics to remove excess fluid from the lungs. Presumed bacterial pneumonia is typically treated with antibiotics.
References
Lung disorders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar%20lung%20disease
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Pi-Ramesses (; Ancient Egyptian: , meaning "House of Ramesses") was the new capital built by the Nineteenth Dynasty Pharaoh Ramesses II (1279–1213 BCE) at Qantir, near the old site of Avaris. The city had served as a summer palace under Seti I (c. 1290–1279 BCE), and may have been founded by Ramesses I (c. 1292–1290 BCE) while he served under Horemheb.
Discovery
In 1884, Flinders Petrie arrived in Egypt to begin his excavations there. His first dig was at Tanis, where he arrived with 170 workmen. Later in the 1930s, the ruins at Tanis were explored by Pierre Montet. The masses of broken Ramesside stonework at Tanis led archaeologists to identify it as Pi-Ramesses. Yet it eventually came to be recognised that none of these monuments and inscriptions originated at the site.
In the 1960s, Manfred Bietak recognised that Pi-Ramesses was known to have been located on the then-easternmost branch of the Nile. He painstakingly mapped all the branches of the ancient Delta and established that the Pelusiac branch was the easternmost during Ramesses' reign while the Tanitic branch (i.e. the branch on which Tanis was located) did not exist at all. Excavations were therefore begun at the site of the highest Ramesside pottery location, Tell el-Dab'a and Qantir. Although there were no traces of any previous habitation visible on the surface, discoveries soon identified Tell el-Dab'a as the Hyksos capital Avaris. Qantir was recognized as the site of the Ramesside capital Pi-Ramesses. Qantir/Pi-Ramesses lies some to the south of Tanis; Tell el-Dab´a, the site of Avaris, is situated about south of Qantir.
In 2017, archaeologists from the Roemer and Pelizaeus Museum unearthed footprints of children at the bottom of a mortar part, as well as pieces of painted wall, possibly fresco pending further study, believed to have served as decoration at the site of a palace or temple.
History
Ramesses II was born and raised in the area, and family connections may have played a part in his decision to move his capital so far north; but geopolitical reasons may have been of greater importance, as Pi-Ramesses was much closer to the Egyptian vassal states in Asia and to the border with the hostile Hittite empire. Intelligence and diplomats would reach the pharaoh much more quickly, and the main corps of the army were also encamped in the city and could quickly be mobilised to deal with incursions of Hittites or Shasu nomads from across the Jordan.
Pi-Ramesses was built on the banks of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. With a population of over 300,000, it was one of the largest cities of ancient Egypt. Pi-Ramesses flourished for more than a century after Ramesses' death, and poems were written about its splendour. According to the latest estimates, the city was spread over about or around long by wide. Its layout, as shown by ground-penetrating radar, consisted of a huge central temple, a large precinct of mansions bordering the river in the west set in a rigid grid pattern of streets, and a disorderly collection of houses and workshops in the east. The palace of Ramesses is believed to lie beneath the modern village of Qantir. An Austrian team of archaeologists headed by Manfred Bietak, who discovered the site, found evidence of many canals and lakes and have described the city as the Venice of Egypt. A surprising discovery in the excavated stables were small cisterns located adjacent to each of the estimated 460 horse tether points. Using mules, which are the same size as the horses of Ramesses' day, it was found a double tethered horse would naturally use the cistern as a toilet leaving the stable floor clean and dry.
It was originally thought the demise of Egyptian authority abroad during the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt made the city less significant, leading to its abandonment as a royal residence. It is now known that the Pelusiac branch of the Nile began silting up c. 1060 BCE, leaving the city without water when the river eventually established a new course to the west now called the Tanitic branch. The Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt moved the city to the new branch, establishing Djanet (Tanis) on its banks, to the north-west of Pi-Ramesses, as the new capital of Lower Egypt. The pharaohs of the Twenty-first Dynasty transported all the old Ramesside temples, obelisks, stelae, statues and sphinxes from Pi-Ramesses to the new site. The obelisks and statues, the largest weighing over 200 tons, were transported in one piece while major buildings were dismantled into sections and reassembled at Tanis. Stone from the less important buildings was reused and recycled for the creation of new temples and buildings.
Biblical Raamses
The chapter 47 of the biblical Book of Genesis states that the Hebrews were given the Land of Goshen to reside in, but also that Joseph settled his father and brothers in the best part of the land, in the land of Rameses. The Book of Exodus mentions "Raamses" or "Rames[s]es" (both spellings appear in the Masoretic Text; ) as one of the cities on whose construction the Israelites were forced to labour () and from where they departed on their Exodus journey ( and ). Understandably, this Ramesses has been identified by modern biblical archaeologists with the Pi-Ramesses of Ramesses II. Still earlier, the 10th-century Bible exegete Rabbi Saadia Gaon believed that the biblical site of Ramesses had to be identified with Ain Shams. When the 21st Dynasty moved the capital to Tanis, Pi-Ramesses was largely abandoned and the old capital became a quarry for ready-made monuments, but it was not forgotten: its name appears in a list of 21st Dynasty cities, and it had a revival under Shishaq, usually identified with the historical pharaoh Shoshenq I of the 22nd Dynasty (10th century BCE), who tried to emulate the achievements of Ramesses. The existence of the city as Egypt's capital as late as the 10th century BCE makes problematic the claim that the reference to Ramesses in the Exodus story is a memory of the era of Ramesses II; in fact, it has been claimed that the shortened form "Ramesses", in place of the original Pi-Ramesses, is first found in 1st millennium BCE texts, although it also appears in texts from the 2nd millennium BCE.
Ramesses II moved the capital of Egypt to Pi-Ramesses because of its military potential, thus he built storehouses, docks and military facilities in the city, which could explain why Exodus 1:11 calls the site a "treasure city".
See also
List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities
List of historical capitals of Egypt
Notes
External links
Tell el-Dabʿa Homepage - available in German and English
Homepage of the Qantir-Piramesse-Project - available in German
Walter Mattfeld. Map of Rameses (Ramses) from which the Exodus began, Egyptian: Pi-Ramesses or Per-Ramesses (Exodus 12:37)
13th-century BC establishments in Egypt
11th-century BC disestablishments
Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC
Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC
1960s archaeological discoveries
Cities in ancient Egypt
Archaeological sites in Egypt
Torah cities
Former populated places in Egypt
Nile Delta
Ramesses II
Former capitals of Egypt
Planned capitals
Book of Genesis
Book of Exodus
Book of Numbers
da:Pi-ramses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi-Ramesses
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Vanity sizing, or size inflation, is the phenomenon of ready-to-wear clothing of the same nominal size becoming bigger in physical size over time. This has been documented primarily in the United States and the United Kingdom. The use of US standard clothing sizes by manufacturers as the official guidelines for clothing sizes was abandoned in 1983. In the United States, although clothing size standards exist (i.e., ASTM), most companies do not use them any longer.
Size inconsistency has existed since at least 1937. In Sears' 1937 catalog, a size 14 dress had a bust size of . In 1967, the same bust size was a size 8. In 2011, it was a size 0. Some argue that vanity sizing is designed to satisfy wearers' wishes to appear thin and feel better about themselves. This works by adhering to the theory of compensatory self-enhancement, as vanity sizing promotes a more positive self-image of one upon seeing a smaller label. Designer Nicole Miller introduced size 0 because of its strong California presence and to satisfy the request of many Asian customers. It introduced subzero sizes for naturally petite women. However, the increasing size of clothing with the same nominal size caused Nicole Miller to introduce size 0, 00, or subzero sizes. The UK's Chief Medical Officer has suggested that vanity sizing has contributed to the normalisation of obesity in society.
In 2003, a study that measured over 1,000 pairs of women's pants found that pants from more expensive brands tended to be smaller than those from cheaper brands with the same nominal size.
US pattern sizing measurements: 1931–2015
US misses standard sizing measurements: 1958–2011
Men's clothing
Although more common in women's apparel, vanity sizing occurs in men's clothing as well. For example, men's pants are traditionally marked with two numbers, "waist" (waist circumference) and "inseam" (distance from the crotch to the hem of the pant). While the nominal inseam is fairly accurate, the nominal waist may be quite a bit smaller than the actual waist, in US sizes. In 2010, Abram Sauer of Esquire measured several pairs of dress pants with a nominal waist size of 36 at different US retailers and found that actual measurements ranged from 37 to 41 inches. The phenomenon has also been noticed in the United Kingdom, where a 2011 study found misleading labels on more than half of checked items of clothing. In that study, the worst offenders understated waist circumferences by 1.5 to 2 inches. London-based market analyst Mintel say that the number of men reporting varying waistlines from store to store doubled between 2005 and 2011.
See also
Body image
EN 13402, emerging European and international clothing standard from 2007, based on body measurements in centimeters
US standard clothing size, an inch based standard based on body measurements, gained little traction and was replaced by vanity sizing from the 1980s
References
External links
Press release.
Rickey, M (2007-09-22). "Vanity sizing". The Times (London).
Clothing controversies
Fashion design
Sizes in clothing
Advertising techniques
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity%20sizing
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Sir Tomu Malaefone Sione, (17 November 1941 – April 2016), was a political figure from the Pacific nation of Tuvalu. He worked as a journalist from 1962 to 1968, and held the post of radio announcer in the Broadcasting and Information Department of the administration of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony (GEIC). He was the head of the southern Niutao clan. He was married to Segali.
Member of Parliament
Tomu Sione was first elected to represent the constituency of Niutao in the House of Assembly of the GEIC in 1970. He was re-elected in the 1971 Gilbert and Ellice Islands general election, and in the 1974 Gilbert and Ellice Islands general election. Following the separation of Tuvalu from Kiribati he served in the House of Assembly of the Colony of Tuvalu. From 1975 to 1978 he was the minister for commerce and natural resources in the cabinet of the Chief Minister Toalipi Lauti.
Following independence Tomu Sione was elected to represent the constituency of Niutao in the Parliament of Tuvalu in the elections held on 27 August 1977. He became the longest serving member of parliament.
He was the Minister of Commerce and Natural Resources in the government of Toaripi Lauti, and Minister for National Resources and Home Affairs from 1989 to 1993 in the government of Bikenibeu Paeniu.
Sione was re-elected in the first 1993 general election, which resulted in a hung parliament, as no government could be formed. He agree with the members of the Paeniu team of candidates in the second 1993 elections, that he would not stand for parliament. Bikenibeu Paeniu was the caretaker prime minister and proceeded to have Sione appointed as the Governor-General, as Toaripi Lauti, the incumbent Governor-General was due to retire as he had reached the retirement age of 65 years.
Governor-General
Sione served as Governor-General of Tuvalu from 1993 to 1994, as the representative of Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu. He was sworn in as the Governor-General on 29 November 1993. His role as a minister in the Bikenibeu Paeniu cabinet, which was not returned to government in the first 1993 general election or the second 1993 general election, and the view held by that his appointment had not been made with the appropriate consultative process, lead to the government of Kamuta Latasi to advise Her Majesty the Queen to terminate his appointment as Governor-General. His office was terminated by Queen Elizabeth II in June 1994. The members of the opposition and the opinions expressed by the leaders of 3 of the islands, including Sione's home island of Niutao, had opposed this course of action as being culturally, socially and traditionally insensitive and disrespectful of the dignity of the office of the Governor-General.
Later political career
Somewhat unusually for a former Governor-General, Sione later stood again for parliament. He was elected by the constituency of Niutao in the 1998 Tuvaluan general election, and served as Speaker of the Parliament from 1998 to 2002.
He was created GCMG in 2001.
Sione lost his seat in the 2002 Tuvaluan general election, however he was re-elected in the 2006 Tuvaluan general election and was subsequent appointed as chairman of the parliamentary caucus in the Administration of Prime Minister of Tuvalu Apisai Ielemia.
He represented the constituency of Niutao until the 2010 Tuvaluan general election.
Unsuccessful attempt at political comeback
Having been out of parliament for 5 years, he was a candidate in the 2015 Tuvaluan general election and received 300 votes, but was not elected.
See also
References
1941 births
2016 deaths
Governors-General of Tuvalu
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Niutao
Speakers of the Parliament of Tuvalu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomu%20Sione
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In geometry, the grand antiprism or pentagonal double antiprismoid is a uniform 4-polytope (4-dimensional uniform polytope) bounded by 320 cells: 20 pentagonal antiprisms, and 300 tetrahedra. It is an anomalous, non-Wythoffian uniform 4-polytope, discovered in 1965 by Conway and Guy. Topologically, under its highest symmetry, the pentagonal antiprisms have D5d symmetry and there are two types of tetrahedra, one with S4 symmetry and one with Cs symmetry.
Alternate names
Pentagonal double antiprismoid Norman W. Johnson
Gap (Jonathan Bowers: for grand antiprism)
Structure
20 stacked pentagonal antiprisms occur in two disjoint rings of 10 antiprisms each. The antiprisms in each ring are joined to each other via their pentagonal faces. The two rings are mutually perpendicular, in a structure similar to a duoprism.
The 300 tetrahedra join the two rings to each other, and are laid out in a 2-dimensional arrangement topologically equivalent to the 2-torus and the ridge of the duocylinder. These can be further divided into three sets. 100 face mate to one ring, 100 face mate to the other ring, and 100 are centered at the exact midpoint of the duocylinder and edge mate to both rings. This latter set forms a flat torus and can be "unrolled" into a flat 10×10 square array of tetrahedra that meet only at their edges and vertices. See figure below.
In addition the 300 tetrahedra can be partitioned into 10 disjoint Boerdijk–Coxeter helices of 30 cells each that close back on each other. The two pentagonal antiprism tubes, plus the 10 BC helices, form an irregular discrete Hopf fibration of the grand antiprism that Hopf maps to the faces of a pentagonal antiprism. The two tubes map to the two pentagonal faces and the 10 BC helices map to the 10 triangular faces.
The structure of the grand antiprism is analogous to that of the 3-dimensional antiprisms. However, the grand antiprism is the only convex uniform analogue of the antiprism in 4 dimensions (although the 16-cell may be regarded as a regular analogue of the digonal antiprism). The only nonconvex uniform 4-dimensional antiprism analogue uses pentagrammic crossed-antiprisms instead of pentagonal antiprisms, and is called the pentagrammic double antiprismoid.
Vertex figure
The vertex figure of the grand antiprism is a sphenocorona or dissected regular icosahedron: a regular icosahedron with two adjacent vertices removed. In their place 8 triangles are replaced by a pair of trapezoids, edge lengths φ, 1, 1, 1 (where φ is the golden ratio), joined together along their edge of length φ, to give a tetradecahedron whose faces are the 2 trapezoids and the 12 remaining equilateral triangles.
Construction
The grand antiprism can be constructed by diminishing the 600-cell: subtracting 20 pyramids whose bases are three-dimensional pentagonal antiprisms. Conversely, the two rings of pentagonal antiprisms in the grand antiprism may be triangulated by 10 tetrahedra joined to the triangular faces of each antiprism, and a circle of 5 tetrahedra between every pair of antiprisms, joining the 10 tetrahedra of each, yielding 150 tetrahedra per ring. These combined with the 300 tetrahedra that join the two rings together yield the 600 tetrahedra of the 600-cell.
This diminishing may be realized by removing two rings of 10 vertices from the 600-cell, each lying in mutually orthogonal planes. Each ring of removed vertices creates a stack of pentagonal antiprisms on the convex hull. This relationship is analogous to how a pentagonal antiprism can be constructed from an icosahedron by removing two opposite vertices, thereby removing 5 triangles from the opposite 'poles' of the icosahedron, leaving the 10 equatorial triangles and two pentagons on the top and bottom.
(The snub 24-cell can also be constructed by another diminishing of the 600-cell, removing 24 icosahedral pyramids. Equivalently, this may be realized as taking the convex hull of the vertices remaining after 24 vertices, corresponding to those of an inscribed 24-cell, are removed from the 600-cell.)
Alternatively, it can also be constructed from the decagonal ditetragoltriate (the convex hull of two perpendicular nonuniform 10-10 duoprisms where the ratio of the two decagons are in the golden ratio) via an alternation process. The decagonal prisms alternate into pentagonal antiprisms, the rectangular trapezoprisms alternate into tetrahedra with two new regular tetrahedra (representing a non-corealmic triangular bipyramid) created at the deleted vertices. This is the only uniform solution for the p-gonal double antiprismoids alongside its conjugate, the pentagrammic double antiprismoid from the decagrammic ditetragoltriate.
Projections
These are two perspective projections, projecting the polytope into a hypersphere, and applying a stereographic projection into 3-space.
See also
600-cell
Snub 24-cell
Uniform 4-polytope
Duoprism
Duocylinder
Notes
References
Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995,
(Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591] 2.8 The Grand Antiprism
John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strass, The Symmetries of Things 2008, (Chapter 26) The Grand Antiprism
Grand Antiprism and Quaternions Mehmet Koca, Mudhahir Al-Ajmi, Nazife Ozdes Koca (2009); Mehmet Koca et al. 2009 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 42 495201
External links
In the Belly of the Grand Antiprism (middle section, describing the analogy with the icosahedron and the pentagonal antiprism)
4-polytopes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20antiprism
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The Goplans or Goplanes (, ) was an early West Slavic tribe that inhabited the central parts of the Kujawy region, with their probable seat at Kruszwica. They might have been named after the Lake Gopło; Kmietowicz believes the Bavarian Geographer (845) overheard it and recorded it (as Glopeani). Many remnants of small strongholds have been unearthed around the lake. The tribe was absorbed by the Polans in the 10th century.
Bavarian Geographer
The medieval chronicle claims that Glopeani controlled 400 gords (fortified wooden settlements), as if the tribe was dominant in the area; however, the archeological research in Kruszwica has failed to uncover the fortress, although it does indicate the presence of a large settlement. A possible resolution has been offered by Gerard Labuda who hypothesized that the "Goplanie" were the same as, or a part of, the Polans, whose main center was located at Gniezno.
The chronicle doesn't indicate the location of the tribe; however, it can be inferred from the list of neighboring tribes and their known locations: #14 Osterabtrezi (identified as Eastern Obodrites), #15 Miloxi, #16 Phesnuzi, #17 Thadesi, #18 Glopeani, #19 Zuireani, #20 Busani (identified as Buzhans on the Bug river). The position on the list suggest the Glopeani tribe might have lived in Pomerania, Great Poland or Masovia.
See also
List of medieval Slavic tribes
References
Sources
Early medieval Poland
West Slavic tribes
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goplans
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In computing, the Two Generals' Problem is a thought experiment meant to illustrate the pitfalls and design challenges of attempting to coordinate an action by communicating over an unreliable link. In the experiment, two generals are only able to communicate with one another by sending a messenger through enemy territory. The experiment asks how they might reach an agreement on the time to launch an attack, while knowing that any messenger they send could be captured.
The Two Generals' Problem appears often as an introduction to the more general Byzantine Generals problem in introductory classes about computer networking (particularly with regard to the Transmission Control Protocol, where it shows that TCP can't guarantee state consistency between endpoints and why this is the case), though it applies to any type of two-party communication where failures of communication are possible. A key concept in epistemic logic, this problem highlights the importance of common knowledge. Some authors also refer to this as the Two Generals' Paradox, the Two Armies Problem, or the Coordinated Attack Problem. The Two Generals' Problem was the first computer communication problem to be proved to be unsolvable. An important consequence of this proof is that generalizations like the Byzantine Generals problem are also unsolvable in the face of arbitrary communication failures, thus providing a base of realistic expectations for any distributed consistency protocols.
Definition
Two armies, each led by a different general, are preparing to attack a fortified city. The armies are encamped near the city, each in its own valley. A third valley separates the two hills, and the only way for the two generals to communicate is by sending messengers through the valley. Unfortunately, the valley is occupied by the city's defenders and there's a chance that any given messenger sent through the valley will be captured.
While the two generals have agreed that they will attack, they haven't agreed upon a time for an attack. It is required that the two generals have their armies attack the city simultaneously to succeed, lest the lone attacker army die trying. They must thus communicate with each other to decide on a time to attack and to agree to attack at that time, and each general must know that the other general knows that they have agreed to the attack plan. Because acknowledgement of message receipt can be lost as easily as the original message, a potentially infinite series of messages is required to come to consensus.
The thought experiment involves considering how they might go about coming to a consensus. In its simplest form, one general is known to be the leader, decides on the time of the attack, and must communicate this time to the other general. The problem is to come up with algorithms that the generals can use, including sending messages and processing received messages, that can allow them to correctly conclude:
Yes, we will both attack at the agreed-upon time.
Allowing that it is quite simple for the generals to come to an agreement on the time to attack (i.e. one successful message with a successful acknowledgement), the subtlety of the Two Generals' Problem is in the impossibility of designing algorithms for the generals to use to safely agree to the above statement.
Illustrating the problem
The first general may start by sending a message "Attack at 0900 on August 4." However, once dispatched, the first general has no idea whether or not the messenger got through. This uncertainty may lead the first general to hesitate to attack due to the risk of being the sole attacker.
To be sure, the second general may send a confirmation back to the first: "I received your message and will attack at 0900 on August 4." However, the messenger carrying the confirmation could face capture and the second general may hesitate, knowing that the first might hold back without the confirmation.
Further confirmations may seem like a solution—let the first general send a second confirmation: "I received your confirmation of the planned attack at 0900 on August 4." However, this new messenger from the first general is liable to be captured, too. Thus it quickly becomes evident that no matter how many rounds of confirmation are made, there is no way to guarantee the second requirement that each general is sure the other has agreed to the attack plan. Both generals will always be left wondering whether their last messenger got through.
Proof
Because this protocol is deterministic, suppose there is a sequence of a fixed number of messages, one or more successfully delivered and one or more not. The assumption is that there should be a shared certainty for both generals to attack. Consider the last such message that was successfully delivered. If that last message had not been successfully delivered, then one general at least (presumably the receiver) would decide not to attack. From the viewpoint of the sender of that last message, however, the sequence of messages sent and delivered is exactly the same as it would have been, had that message been delivered. Since the protocol is deterministic, the general sending that last message will still decide to attack. We've now created a situation where the suggested protocol leads one general to attack and the other not to attack—contradicting the assumption that the protocol was a solution to the problem.
A non-deterministic protocol with a potentially variable message count can be compared to an edge-labeled finite tree, where each node in the tree represents an explored example up to a specified point. A protocol that terminates before sending any messages is represented by a tree containing only a root node. The edges from a node to each child are labeled with the messages sent in order to reach the child state. Leaf nodes represent points at which the protocol terminates. Suppose there exists a non-deterministic protocol P which solves the Two Generals' Problem. Then, by a similar argument to the one used for fixed-length deterministic protocols above, P' must also solve the Two Generals' Problem, where the tree representing P' is obtained from that for P by removing all leaf nodes and the edges leading to them. Since P is finite, it then follows that the protocol that terminates before sending any messages would solve the problem. But clearly, it does not. Therefore, a nondeterministic protocol that solves the problem cannot exist.
Engineering approaches
A pragmatic approach to dealing with the Two Generals' Problem is to use schemes that accept the uncertainty of the communications channel and not attempt to eliminate it, but rather mitigate it to an acceptable degree. For example, the first general could send 100 messengers, anticipating that the probability of all being captured is low. With this approach, the first general will attack no matter what, and the second general will attack if any message is received. Alternatively, the first general could send a stream of messages and the second general could send acknowledgments to each, with each general feeling more comfortable with every message received. As seen in the proof, however, neither can be certain that the attack will be coordinated. There is no algorithm that they can use (e.g. attack if more than four messages are received) that will be certain to prevent one from attacking without the other. Also, the first general can send a marking on each message saying it is message 1, 2, 3 ... of n. This method will allow the second general to know how reliable the channel is and send an appropriate number of messages back to ensure a high probability of at least one message being received. If the channel can be made to be reliable, then one message will suffice and additional messages do not help. The last is as likely to get lost as the first.
Assuming that the generals must sacrifice lives every time a messenger is sent and intercepted, an algorithm can be designed to minimize the number of messengers required to achieve the maximum amount of confidence the attack is coordinated. To save them from sacrificing hundreds of lives to achieve very high confidence in coordination, the generals could agree to use the absence of messengers as an indication that the general who began the transaction has received at least one confirmation and has promised to attack. Suppose it takes a messenger 1 minute to cross the danger zone, allowing 200 minutes of silence to occur after confirmations have been received will allow us to achieve extremely high confidence while not sacrificing messenger lives. In this case messengers are used only in the case where a party has not received the attack time. At the end of 200 minutes, each general can reason: "I have not received an additional message for 200 minutes; either 200 messengers failed to cross the danger zone, or it means the other general has confirmed and committed to the attack and has confidence I will too".
History
The Two Generals' Problem and its impossibility proof was first published by E. A. Akkoyunlu, K. Ekanadham, and R. V. Huber in 1975 in "Some Constraints and Trade-offs in the Design of Network Communications", where it is described starting on page 73 in the context of communication between two groups of gangsters.
This problem was given the name the Two Generals Paradox by Jim Gray in 1978 in "Notes on Data Base Operating Systems" starting on page 465. This reference is widely given as a source for the definition of the problem and the impossibility proof, though both were published previously as mentioned above.
References
See also
Consensus algorithm
Distributed computing problems
Theory of computation
Thought experiments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%20Generals%27%20Problem
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Roxalana "Roxana" Druse ( – February 28, 1887), was the last woman hanged in the state of New York, and the first woman hanged in 40 years in Central New York. Her botched execution didn't kill her instantly, further motivating New York officials to replace the gallows with the electric chair in New York in 1890.
Druse murdered her husband, William Druse, in their home in Warren, New York, by shooting him and decapitating him with an axe. Her son and daughter, George and Mary Druse, and nephew, Frank Gates, assisted her in the murder. Druse later said that she murdered him because of domestic violence. She was sentenced to be hanged on October 6, 1885, and was hanged on February 28, 1887.
Background
William and Roxalana Druse married in approximately 1864. The marriage bore two children: an older daughter named Mary, who was 19 at the time of William Druse's murder, and a younger son named George, who was 10 at the time of the murder. The family resided in a farmhouse in Warren, a small town in Herkimer County, New York, and they also lived with William's 14-year-old nephew Frank Gates. William was 56 at the time of his death.
The Druse family dealt with debt and incurred a "poor reputation" in their area due to William's bad temper and his penchant for swearing and working on Sundays. Neighbors and the Druses' children knew William Druse to subject Roxalana to domestic violence, on one occasion striking her with a horse whip and paying a neighbor $5 in hush money. Their daughter Mary recalled two occasions when William struck Roxalana with a branch pulled from an apple tree. He also strangled Roxalana and threatened to murder her with a pitchfork. Shortly before her trial for William's murder, Roxalana was quoted as saying her husband was only a "decent man" on their wedding day and, "My advice is never to get married. I think it is a poor plan. [...] It is a dreadful step to take and it ought to have more consideration than people give it."
Murder of William Druse
On December 18, 1884, William Druse became a missing person. According to Roxana, on the morning of the murder an argument broke out between the couple. During the dispute, Mary tied a rope around William's neck while he was sitting at the breakfast table, while Roxana shot him in the neck. She threatened Frank that if he did not also shoot William, she would kill Frank. Afterwards, William was decapitated by his wife with an axe. She dismembered and burned the rest of the body in the stove, and threw the ashes of William in a pond, as well as the revolver and axe.
Neighbors' suspicions were aroused when William did not resurface for several weeks. Roxalana told neighbors William was gone because he was visiting New York City, but police sparked an official investigation into his disappearance, leading them to question Frank Gates on January 16, 1885. Gates confessed to participating in William's murder, implicating Roxalana and Mary in the murder as well. During their investigation, police found human bone fragments in the ashes dumped by the pond, as well as the bloodstained axe used in the murder, and a bloodstained floorboard in the Druse farmhouse's kitchen.
Trial
Mary Druse pleaded guilty to the charges against her and was sentenced to life imprisonment. She was sent to a penitentiary in Onondaga County, New York, to serve her sentence.
Roxalana's trial lasted for two weeks in October 1885. During her trial and its aftermath, Roxalana's case became a cause célèbre in the burgeoning first-wave feminist movement in the United States. Advocates for women's rights wrote in one petition, "Public policy requires that brutal men should be made to know that if their brutality recoils upon themselves the Law will not exact the last drop of blood from their defenseless victims. Those victims have no vote, no home, no refuge, no one on the bench or among the jury who can regard, nor even understand, the plea their sufferings make for them."
Roxalana faced an all-male jury, who convicted her of first-degree murder on October 6, 1885 and passed a death sentence. Roxana was sentenced to be hanged on November 25, 1885, but later the date was pushed back to February 28, 1887.
Hanging
Prior to her execution, New York Governor David B. Hill received letters from various states in the US demonstrating strong feelings towards Druse's sentence. Some requested that he commute Druse's sentence. Some of the letters questioned if it was ethical to hang a woman. The New York State Legislature introduced a bill to exempt women from the death penalty, but the bill was defeated in Assembly ten days prior to Druse's hanging. In one letter, a man offered to pay $10 to be able to personally execute Druse himself. Several letters were from citizens who volunteered to pay for the rope to be used in Druse's hanging, and some requested that the rope be taken on an exhibition tour throughout New York after Druse's hanging. Hill refused to intervene in Druse's sentence.
Roxana Druse was hanged on February 28, 1887, in Herkimer County. The gallows were concealed from the public, and there were only 25 official witnesses. Witnesses stated that Druse did not speak on the gallows, but she "moaned, cried, and finally shrieked so loud that her voice was heard in the jail and street" as her executioners concealed her face with a cap.
The hanging began at 11:48 am, and she was pronounced dead at 12:03 p.m. Druse's hanging was carried out with an upright jerker, which utilized a 213-pound counterweight that, upon being dropped, would hoist the condemned inmate into the air. Druse was hoised four feet into the air, but the force of the counterweight failed to break her neck, and physicians said she instead died of strangulation.
Aftermath
Druse was the last woman hanged in New York State. Her hanging was one of several that motivated New York authorities to pursue a new execution method. Prior to Druse's hanging, officials had begun a commission to seek a more "humane and practical method" of execution in the state. In January 1888, less than a year after Druse's hanging, the commission recommended the new and never-before-used electric chair to replace hanging. New York's last hanging, of John Greenwall, took place on December 6, 1889. The electric chair was first used in the execution of William Kemmler on August 6, 1890, two years after Druse's execution.
Some doubt was later cast as to if Druse was actually the murderer, with Rev. John L. Sulden later saying "I felt certain all the time that no woman with a face like this could ever be a murderess".
New York Governor Levi P. Morton pardoned Mary Druse in 1895.
References
External links
The Notorious Roxana Druce, Part 1
The Notorious Roxana Druce, Part 2
1847 births
1887 deaths
Executed American women
American people executed for murder
Domestic violence in the United States
People convicted of murder by New York (state)
People executed by New York (state) by hanging
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxana%20Druse
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Roughing filters provide pretreatment for turbid water or simple, low maintenance treatment when high water quality is not needed.
External links
SANDEC page
Blue filter Inc. (commercial site)
Rejuvenation of SSF using HRF technique
Appropriate technology
Water filters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughing%20filter
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The Juno Award for "Dance Recording of the Year" has been awarded since 1990, as recognition each year for the best dance music recording by an artist from Canada. Due to the relatively single-oriented nature of the dance genre, the award is most commonly presented for an individual single or a remix, although it may also be presented for a full album.
At the Juno Awards of 2021, it was announced that a new category for Underground Dance Single of the Year will be created alongside the existing category, and presented for the first time at the Juno Awards of 2022.
Winners
Best Dance Recording (1990 – 2002)
Dance Recording of the Year (2003 - Present)
References
Dance
Dance music awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno%20Award%20for%20Dance%20Recording%20of%20the%20Year
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The Juno Award for Indigenous Music Album of the Year is an annual award presented by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences for the best album by an Indigenous Canadian artist or band. It was formerly known as Best Music of Aboriginal Canada Recording (1994–2002), Aboriginal Recording of the Year (2003–2009), and Aboriginal Album of the Year (2010–2016). Indigenous artists are not excluded from consideration in other genre or general interest categories; in fact, some indigenous musicians, most notably The Halluci Nation, have actively chosen not to submit their music in the indigenous category at all, instead pursuing nomination only in the more general categories.
The award faced controversy in its inaugural year, after nominee Sazacha Red Sky was accused of cultural appropriation. According to the surviving children of Chief Dan George, the writer of the song she had been nominated for, she was not personally a member of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation and according to the George family did not have the right to record it under their cultural traditions. George's son Leonard sought a legal injunction to prevent the award from being presented at the Juno Awards ceremony at all, and a final compromise revising Red Sky's nomination to reflect the album instead of the song was announced on the morning of the ceremony.
More recently, some indigenous artists have called for the category to be discontinued, on the grounds that a dedicated indigenous category "ghettoizes" their music as a niche interest not relevant to non-indigenous music fans, while others have defended it as a platform for increasing the visibility of indigenous music, arguing that even though indigenous artists are eligible in all Juno award categories, relatively few indigenous artists actually receive such nominations due to their lack of mainstream prominence and the much wider range of competition for nomination slots.
In late 2019, the Junos announced plans to rename the category as Indigenous Artist or Group of the Year for the 2020 ceremony. While the category would still honour particular albums, the organization said the decision was made to address questions they received from Indigenous artists "who believe they're submitting to a category meant to shine a spotlight on the accomplishments of Indigenous people." The Junos suggested the change would likely "eliminate a lot of the confusion and put us in a better position to explain the need for the category, when challenged."
At the Juno Awards of 2021, it was announced further changes were being made for the Juno Awards of 2022, splitting the category into two new categories for Contemporary Indigenous Artist of the Year and Traditional Indigenous Artist of the Year.
Winners
Best Music of Aboriginal Canada Recording (1994–2002)
Aboriginal Recording of the Year (2003–2009)
Aboriginal Album of the Year (2010–2016)
Indigenous Music Album of the Year (2017–2021)
See also
Aboriginal music of Canada
Aboriginal Canadian personalities
References
Indigenous
Indigenous Canadian music awards
Album awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno%20Award%20for%20Indigenous%20Artist%20or%20Group%20of%20the%20Year
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The is a Go competition. The Women's Meijin is the female version of the Meijin title. This title is sponsored by Fuji Evening Newspaper and Nippon Life Insurance. The winner's purse is 5,100,000 Yen ($48,000).
The tournament was not held in 2020 due to loss of sponsorship, but resumed for the 32nd tournament in 2021 with a new sponsor.
Past winners
Winners in chronological order:
Winners by number of titles:
References
External links
Nihon Ki-in archive (in Japanese)
Go competitions in Japan
Nippon Life
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20Meijin
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The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun is an adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) role-playing game, for use in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting. The module was published by TSR, Inc. in 1982 for the first edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons rules.
Plot summary
The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun is an adventure that takes place in the World of Greyhawk. This adventure starts with an incident from The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth. The player characters (PCs) discover the temple while trailing a gang of norkers from the caverns. The PCs search hazardous mountain passes to find the lair of the monsters inside the temple. The adventurers are drawn into the story by a gnomish community and travel to the temple. After battling their way in, the PCs explore the temple chambers, which contain mundane creatures and new monsters from the Fiend Folio supplement.
During their exploration, the characters may reach chambers of the temple in which religious rituals were performed, and risk insanity and death as they encounter remnants of worshipers of the imprisoned god Tharizdun. To progress further, the characters must enact portions of the rituals of worship of Tharizdun, traveling into an underground sub-temple, and magically opening an inner sanctum called the Black Cyst. Having advanced this far, the characters are likely to be driven insane, killed outright, or permanently trapped within the underground temple.
Publication history
The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun was written by Gary Gygax and published by TSR in 1982 as a 32-page booklet with two outer folders. It was given the code WG4 (World of Greyhawk #4), although adventures WG1, WG2 and WG3 did not exist. (The Village of Hommlet and its sequel Temple of Elemental Evil were originally to be given the codes WG1 and WG2, but instead were designated T1 and T2. Likewise Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth was originally designated WG3, but eventually was published as S4.) Gygax wanted to produce the adventure quickly, and to save time used freelance artist Karen Nelson to produce the module's art rather than waiting for TSR's design department. The adventure is a loosely connected sequel to module S4 Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth, and can be used with or without it. It is a combined wilderness and dungeon adventure set in the Southern Yatil Mountains, focused on a temple dedicated to the evil and insane Greyhawk god Tharizdun. A future work was promised to develop the plot from this adventure further, but was never published.
Theme
The thematic elements of nightmare and insanity bring Lovecraftian horror to Dungeons & Dragons, and not for the first time. The concept of a trapped, malevolent god, intent upon the destruction of all that is, harkens to the dark and insane Great Old Ones of H.P. Lovecraft's fiction. In his comprehensive article on the topic of Lovecraftian influence on D&D, "The Shadow Over D&D", James Jacobs says of The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun and Return to the Temple of Elemental Evil, "Tharizdun[...] obviously owes his pedigree to Lovecraft."
Reception
Jim Bambra reviewed The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun for White Dwarf, and gave it 9 out of 10 overall. Bambra noted that "The Temple is brought to life excellently and contains plenty for players to think about, gaining entry requires good tactical play and an imaginative approach is needed to fathom out the Temple's hidden secrets."
Lawrence Schick, in his 1991 book Heroic Worlds, criticized the module's cover as "the worst cover of any TSR AD&D module, a morass of colored blobs."
The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun was ranked the 23rd greatest Dungeons & Dragons adventure of all time by Dungeon magazine in 2004.
Other recognition
A copy of The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun is held in the collection of the Strong National Museum of Play (object 110.1944).
References
External links
World of Greyhawk Series (WG4 - 12) at The Acaeum
The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun at the TSR Archive
Greyhawk modules
Lovecraftian horror
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1982
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Forgotten%20Temple%20of%20Tharizdun
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Andrew Startin is an Australian performer, impersonator and television personality.
Startin came to prominence in 1997 as a result of a video tape of him impersonating Sam Newman being sent into The AFL Footy Show in an attempt to win a trip to London. He won, and the incredible accuracy of his voice, expressions and mannerisms shot him to fame as he appeared four more times that year on The Footy Show, including one episode where he filled in for Sam Newman, after the controversial personality broke his leg.
In 1998, Startin split from Channel Nine amid much publicity. He was to join Channel Seven, and new football/variety show to rival Nine's The Footy Show. Live And Kicking provided guest appearances for Startin.
Startin has a vast repertoire of impersonations. They include football identities such as Bruce McAvaney, Dennis Cometti, Mike Sheahan, Gary Ayres and Leigh Matthews; as well as media personalities such as Molly Meldrum, Rove McManus and Roy Slaven.
After the demise of Live And Kicking, Startin has performed at corporate functions and made guest appearances at public interest functions such as the Grand Final Breakfast. He has been a guest on Channel Ten's The Panel and was a member of the cast on Russell Coight's Celebrity Challenge, also on Channel Ten. In 2005 he appeared on The Footy Show weekly as part of a parody of Seven's show Talking Footy. His most famous impersonation was of Gary Ayres, using such phrases as "At the end of the day".
References
Australian male comedians
Australian television personalities
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Startin
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Isle of the Ape is an adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game World of Greyhawk campaign setting, in which the events occur in a magical demiplane of the same name created by the mad archmage Zagyg Yragerne.
Plot overview
Isle of the Ape is a scenario in which the player characters encounter a gargantuan ape on an isolated island.
The module includes two new magic spells, and uses rules from the Unearthed Arcana rulebook.
According to From the Ashes, this adventure was set in a demiplane accessed via Castle Tenser.
Publication history
Isle of the Ape, also referred to by its module code WG6, was written by Gary Gygax as a module for the 1st Edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. It was published by TSR, Inc. in 1985 as a 48-page booklet with a two-color map and an outer folder. Because it is one of the WG modules, it is a module intended for the World of Greyhawk campaign setting. Its product code was TSR 9153. It is a challenging adventure intended for 18+ level characters and requires Unearthed Arcana for play. The adventure is loosely based on Skull Island in the story of King Kong. The module is used as an example of how to switch between vastly different magic levels within a campaign.
The Crook of Rao, a significant artifact found on the isle, is rediscovered in From the Ashes written by Carl Sargent and published by TSR in 1992. In addition, stock characters from the module reappear in Return of the Eight written by Roger E. Moore and published by Wizards of the Coast in 1998.
Further history of the Isle of the Ape was revealed in Dungeon Issue #143, where the origins of the tribe residing on the isle are determined to originate from the Isle of Dread. A portal to the Isle of the Ape was added to Expedition to the Ruins of Greyhawk, written by Jason Bulmahn, James Jacobs, and Erik Mona and published by Wizards of the Coast in 2007.
Legal History
Isle of the Ape was one of many books named in a 1992 lawsuit between TSR and Game Designers' Workshop regarding the Dangerous Journeys role-playing game and various rulebooks/sourcebooks designed for that game. One section of this lawsuit argued that "The Multiverse adventure concept in Mythus ... and Mythus Magick ... is derived from the Multiverse system found in the AD&D 1st ed. Dungeon Master's Guide (pages 40, ...) ... the AD&D Isle of the Ape game module (throughout, but particularly, pages 2-3, 6 and 8); ..."
Reception
References
Greyhawk modules
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1985
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle%20of%20the%20Ape
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Mordenkainen's Fantastic Adventure by Robert J. Kuntz and Gary Gygax is an adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, published by TSR, Inc. in 1984. It originally bore the code "WG5" and was intended for use with the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons first edition rules. Because it is one of the WG modules, it is a module intended for the World of Greyhawk campaign setting. It was later updated in 2004 to the Third Edition Revised rules in Dungeon magazine, issue #112, as Maure Castle. There were subsequently two additional installments in issues #124 and #139.
Plot summary
Mordenkainen's Fantastic Adventure is a three-level dungeon adventure scenario intended for use with high-level player characters, and features the appearances of characters from Rob Kuntz and Gary Gygax's original Greyhawk campaign.
The module begins when the players are informed that a pair of impassable doors has been discovered under the abandoned Maure Castle. Suspecting that these iron doors lead to fantastic treasures, many have tried to gain access, and all have failed.
The adventure is broken up into physical "levels", the first is entered through the doors. Once the players find a means of bypassing the doors, they are presented with a fairly open dungeon with several rooms placed throughout. Each area includes its own challenge, ranging from images that come to life and attack to pools of dangerous fish to a climactic encounter with an iron golem.
On the second level, the party encounters the first modern occupant, Hubehn and his guards, and eventually his master, Eli Tomorast. Eli is an insane mage, bent on the collection of arcane knowledge at all costs. He is in these dungeons to study them and the treasures which they contain.
The final level is populated by worshipers of a demon named Kerzit, which Tomorast had set up as a false god. These worshipers include a band of gnolls, a group of mages (one of whom is surprisingly trigger-happy) and a pair of torturers.
The climax of the module is an encounter with the demon Kerzit himself.
Publication history
WG5 Mordenkainen's Fantastic Adventure was written by Robert J. Kuntz and Gary Gygax, with a cover by Clyde Caldwell and interior art by Jeff Easley, and was published by TSR in 1984 as a 32-page booklet with an outer folder.
This module, according to the Introduction, was based on the campaign that Robert J. Kuntz ran for Gary Gygax, and they later both worked on. The original version was written in 1972-1973. Mordenkainen's Fantastic Adventure, however, was the first published form of the adventure. This campaign, in its pre-commercial form, was the seed from which much of the World of Greyhawk campaign setting and the Dungeons & Dragons game itself originated. Gygax wrote about his experiences in this game in what would later be called "one of the foundations of our favorite hobby," by Dungeon magazine Editor-in-Chief, Erik Mona. Gygax's article was written for the May issue of Wargamer's Digest, and was later reprinted in the Dungeon issue which acted as sequel and rules update to the original module in July 2004.
The publication contains versions of Gygax's characters, Mordenkainen the Mage, Yrag the Lord, Riggby the Patriarch and Bigby the Wizard, but is designed to allow the introduction of the players' own characters if they wish.
Some iconic creatures of the Dungeons & Dragons game were first introduced in the pre-commercial version of this adventure in the 1970s such as the Iron Golem which claimed the lives of two of Gygax's characters, and was inspired by the Conan the Barbarian books by Robert E. Howard.
In 2004 the module was updated to the 3.5 edition rules by Robert J. Kuntz, Erik Mona and James Jacobs (with some advisory material provided by Gary Gygax), and re-titled "Maure Castle." Dungeon magazine typically contains 3 adventures and a number of columns. Issue #112 was dominated by the updated module, and contained no other adventures. The module itself was preceded by a reprint of the 1974 article/short story "Swords and Sorcery - In Wargaming" by Gary Gygax, which introduced Dungeons & Dragons. Robert Kuntz followed this adventure up with "Chambers of Antiquities" in Dungeon #124, and "The Greater Halls" in Dungeon #139.
Reception
Rick Swan reviewed the adventure in The Space Gamer #73. Swan noted that this module's "action is non-stop and there is no chance for your attention to wander" and felt that the "module is a breeze to run and can accommodate any element you wish to add or subtract. Hack-and-slashers don't come any slicker than this." Swan felt that "Moredenkainen has little to offer experienced D&D players," but it is more appropriate for younger, inexperienced players.
Chris Hunter reviewed the module for Imagine magazine, giving it a mixed review. He called it a "dungeon in the traditional sense" and quoted Gygax's preface, describing it as 'mainly hack and slay'. Hunter criticized "the feel of an early generation dungeon, having traps with no real explanation; instant kill encounters" and logical errors such as allowing the dungeon's denizens no exit past the unopenable doors that seal it. He felt that the module was "not a bad one-off bit of high level fun" but he would not use it in a campaign of his own.
Lawrence Schick, in his 1991 book Heroic Worlds, called this adventure "A three-level dungeon in the classic mode."
Dungeon Magazine #112 won the 2005 Gold ENnie for Best Adventure. Dungeon Master For Dummies lists the "Maure Castle" adventure from Dungeon #112 as one of the Ten Best Dungeon Magazine Adventures.
References
External links
Mordenkainen's Fantastic Adventure at the TSR Archive
World of Greyhawk Series at The Acaeum.com
Greyhawk modules
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1984
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordenkainen%27s%20Fantastic%20Adventure
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Music for Films is the seventh solo studio album by Brian Eno, released in September 1978 on EG Records. His third release of experimental electronic material (the others being that year's Ambient 1: Music for Airports and 1975's Discreet Music), it is a conceptual work intended as a soundtrack for imaginary films, although many of the pieces had already appeared in actual films. It charted at #55 on the UK.
Content
The album is a loose compilation of material from the period 1975 to 1978, composed of short tracks ranging from one-and-a-half minutes to just over four, making it the antithesis of the long, sprawling, ambient pieces he later became known for. The compositional styles and equipment used also carried over onto Eno's work on some of David Bowie's 1977 album Low.
Unlike Eno's later ambient works, Music for Films utilises a broader sonic palette, with Eno's synthesizers and "found sounds" being supplemented by standard studio instrumentation played by other musicians (see Credits).
Release
Originally released as a limited-edition (five hundred copies) LP in 1976 which was sent to a selection of filmmakers for possible inclusion in their work, the commercial Music for Films release was expanded to include a number of pieces for, as Eno put it, "possible use as soundtracks to 'imaginary' films". In fact, excerpts from the album were contributed to the original soundtracks of at least six films:
Three further Film albums were released: Music for Films Volume 2 in 1983 (originally only available as a part of the ten-LP box set Working Backwards: 1983-1973), Music for Films III in 1988 (which consisted of work by various artists), and More Music for Films in 2005, which combined tracks from the box set LP along with tracks from the original 1976 limited edition release.
Different versions
The album has manifested in several forms, featuring different track-listings and track-times.
1 : Promotional LP, 1976 (the Director's Edition), issued in a limited number of 500 copies. There are two versions:
A test pressing with 25 tracks (where the titles are not given).
Official release with 27 tracks. Many of those tracks were taken from Another Green World or appeared later on the official 1978 issue. Essentially all of the 'unreleased' tracks are available on the Music for Fans, Vol. 1 bootleg and – rather more officially – on the Eno Instrumental Box Set.
2 : Original 1978 release. The LP packaging featured a matte finish on the outside with a glossy finish on the inside, opposite of standard LP covers at the time.
3 : Editions EG reissue. The tracks were rearranged into what Eno felt was a more satisfactory sequence. This is now the "standard" issue. (Note: the cassette version of the Editions EG reissue used the track order from the original 1978 version, though the packaging listed the tracks in the rearranged order.)
"Deep Waters" appears in More Music for Films as "Dark Waters".
"Dark Waters" is unpublished elsewhere.
Track listing
Standard edition (1978)
Limited-edition 1976 promo issue
"Becalmed"
"Deep Waters"
"'There Is Nobody'"
"Spain"
"Untitled"
"The Last Door"
"Chemin de Fer"
"Dark Waters"
"Sparrowfall (1)"
"Sparrowfall (2)"
"Sparrowfall (3)"
"Evening Star"
"Another Green World"
"In Dark Trees"
"Fuseli"
"Melancholy Waltz"
"Northern Lights"
"From the Coast"
"Shell"
"Little Fishes"
"Empty Landscape"
"Reactor"
"The Secret"
"Don't Look Back"
"Marseilles"
"Final Sunset"
"Juliet"
Editions EG reissue
"Aragon" – 1:37
Performed by: Eno, Percy Jones, Phil Collins, Paul Rudolph
"From the Same Hill" – 3:00
"Inland Sea" – 1:24
"Two Rapid Formations" – 3:23
Performed by: Eno, Bill MacCormick, Dave Mattacks, Fred Frith
"Slow Water" – 3:16
Performed by: Eno, Robert Fripp
"Sparrowfall (1)" – 1:10
"Sparrowfall (2)" – 1:43
"Sparrowfall (3)" – 1:23
"Alternative 3" – 3:15
"Quartz" – 2:02
"Events in Dense Fog" – 3:43
"There Is Nobody" – 1:43
"Patrolling Wire Borders" (Eno, Percy Jones) – 1:42
Performed by: Eno, Paul Rudolph, Phil Collins, John Cale, Rod Melvin
"A Measured Room" – 1:05
Performed by: Eno, Percy Jones
"Task Force" – 1:22
"M386" – 2:50
Performed by: Eno, Percy Jones, Phil Collins, Paul Rudolph
"Strange Light" (Eno, Fred Frith) – 2:09
Performed by: Eno, Fred Frith, Rhett Davies
"Final Sunset" – 4:13
Personnel
Rhett Davies – trumpet on "Strange Light", assistant producer
John Cale – viola on "Patrolling Wire Borders"
Rod Melvin – electric piano on "Patrolling Wire Borders"
Paul Rudolph – guitar on "Aragon", "Patrolling Wire Borders" and "M386"
Phil Collins – percussion on "Aragon", "Patrolling Wire Borders" and "M386"
Percy Jones – bass guitar on "Aragon", "A Measured Room" and "M386"
Robert Fripp – electric guitar on "Slow Water"
Fred Frith – electric guitar on "Two Rapid Formations" and "Strange Light"
Bill MacCormick – bass guitar on "Two Rapid Formations"
Dave Mattacks – percussion on "Two Rapid Formations"
Ritva Saarikko – cover photograph
Versions
Chart performance
See also
Original Soundtracks 1 – a collaboration with U2 that also makes soundtrack music for non-existent films.
References
Works cited
External links
Brian Eno albums
1978 albums
Albums produced by Brian Eno
E.G. Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20for%20Films
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Dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase (DHBP oxidase) is an enzyme. In the IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature, dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase is .
Dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase produces oxidized forms of benzophenanthridine alkaloids:
In Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot), dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase produces sanguinarine from dihydrosanguinarine, and chelirubine from dihydrochelirubine.
In Eschscholzia californica (California poppy), dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase produces macarpine from dihydromacarpine.
External links
Chelirubine, Macarpine and Sanguinarine Biosynthesis
KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) Alkaloid biosynthesis I - Reference pathway
EC 1.5.3
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrobenzophenanthridine%20oxidase
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Varshakonda is a village in the Jagityal district of Telangana, India. It follows a panchayat form of government, where Sarpanch is the head of the village.
References
Villages in Jagtial district
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varshakonda
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The U.S. state of Alabama is currently divided into seven congressional districts, each represented by a member of the United States House of Representatives.
Since the 1973 redistricting following the 1970 U.S. census, Alabama has had seven congressional districts. This is three fewer districts than the historic high of ten congressional districts just prior to the 1930 census.
In the case of Allen v. Milligan, 599 U.S. 1 (2023), the Supreme Court of the United States held that the state's current map violates section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 () and needs to be redrawn with an additional black-majority district. The Alabama Legislature approved another map which also violated the law, but a federal court selected a new map on appeal.
Current districts and representatives
The delegation has seven members: 6 Republicans and 1 Democrat.
Redistricting
2000s
The redistricting in 2002 following the 1990 census marginally strengthened the Democratic position, but did not contribute to any net changes by the parties over the decade. The biggest change in 2002 was to the 3rd district, which lost then arch-Republican stronghold St. Clair County in exchange for more Democratic parts of Montgomery County, including the area around the capitol. The district's black composition rose by 7 percent as a result. However, this did not lead to an unseating of the Republican member. The seat flips during the decade were a fluke flip of the Wiregrass-based 2nd district in the Democratic wave of 2008, and a flip (via party switch and then election of a different Republican) of the Huntsville and north Alabama-based 5th district as part of the continuing realignment of the rural white South towards nearly unanimous support for the Republican party.
The Alabama Legislature is in charge of apportionment and redistricting in Alabama. A bipartisan interim committee of 22 representatives (11 from the Alabama House of Representatives, and 11 from the Alabama Senate) is formed to develop a redistricting plan for recommendation to the legislature. The governor has veto power over both the state legislative and congressional plans.
All redistricting plans in recent history have been court-ordered due to a failure on the part of the legislature to enact their own plans. The redistricting plan adopted after the 1990 census was first proposed by Republicans and ordered into effect by the federal courts. That plan moved black residents out of the 2nd and 6th districts, which had been competitive for Democrats.
The 6th and 7th districts are considered by redistricting watch organizations such as Fair Vote and the National Committee for an Effective Congress to be "irregular" or "gerrymandered".
After a federal trial court rejected a racial gerrymandering claim regarding state house districts, the United States Supreme Court vacated and remanded. The five justice majority found "there is strong, perhaps overwhelming, evidence that race did predominate as a factor". Because the trial court had wrongly looked for racial gerrymandering at the statewide level the Supreme Court ordered the trial court to instead look at each district individually.
2020s
The initial map after the 2020 census passed by the Republican-controlled legislature in November 2021 did not differ from the previous decade's map. It drew a single district with a heavily black population by putting the most heavily African-American areas of Jefferson and Tuscaloosa counties in with much of the heavily African-American Black Belt and heavily African-American parts of the capital county of Montgomery.
In a per curiam opinion on January 24, 2022, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama blocked as illegal the map passed by the Alabama legislature after a lawsuit was filed by the ACLU and the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, ordering the legislature to draw two districts with either Black voting-age population majorities or "in which Black voters otherwise have an opportunity to elect a representative of their choice." This case reached the Supreme Court soon after. Subsequent briefing followed and oral argument culminated on October 4, 2022. The question presented for deliberations amongst the Justices and an eventual opinion was: "Whether the state of Alabama's 2021 redistricting plan for its seven seats in the United States House of Representatives violated section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, 52 U. S. C. §10301.21"On June 8, 2023 the United States Supreme Court published its decision in Allen v. Milligan. In a 5-4 opinion by Chief Justice Roberts, joined by Justices Sotomayor, Kagan, Kavanaugh and Jackson, the Court ruled that Alabama's redistricting plan likely violates Section 2 of the VRA of 1965 by diluting the power of black voters, and ordered the State to draw a new map with an additional black-majority district.
The state's legislature proceeded to draw a map which only marginally increased the share of Black voters in the 2nd district. Subsequently, the state was sued by the Milligan plaintiffs for noncompliance with the Court's decision. Soon after, the trial court ruled against the state and appointed a special master to redraw the map, Alabama's Attorney General Steve Marshall appealed to the Supreme Court for a stay of the decision, but his request was denied with no publicized dissents. Following this, the state withdrew all appeals, and one of the three proposed maps was approved by the trial court on October 5, 2023 to be put into place for the remaining decade.
The new map, set to take effect for the 2024 U.S. House elections, significantly alters the 7th and 2nd districts to have slim Black majority or plurality voting-age populations and span across the eastern portion of Alabama's Black Belt, with the 2nd district set to include portions of the cities of Phenix City, Montgomery and Mobile. In addition the map draws the southeastern coastal portion of Alabama from the 2nd district into the 1st district.
History of congressional delegation
Alabama is typical of most southern states in its pattern, although there are a few interesting deviations. Admitted into the union in 1819, it first appointed members in the 18th United States Congress in 1823. Alabama's growing population coupled with the expansions of the United States House of Representatives meant that by the time the Civil War broke out, Alabama had seven seats - all of which had been dominated by either Democrats or Democratic-Republicans up to that point.
After the civil war, Alabama was subject to the Reconstruction and placed under an effective military control for a period. Typical of this era, freedmen were given the right to vote, and the Republican federal government installed Republican candidates as senators, congressmen and governors. Alabama was no exception. However, by 1874 the Democratic party had re-established itself in Alabama, and a series of redistrictings and then punitive race laws ensured that no Republicans remained congressmen after 1877.
With very little deviation, Southern Democrats (Dixiecrats) remained steadfastly dominant in Alabama until 1965. Over the next 30 years Republicans and Democrats shared representation of Alabama in Congress.
By 1997 the Republicans had come to dominate Alabama's congressional holdings.
See also
List of United States congressional districts
United States Congress
Politics of Alabama
References
Congressional districts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s%20congressional%20districts
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Corners is a Children's BBC children's television series of the 1980s. Produced by Alison Stewart, the format of the programme was that viewers would submit questions and queries (usually general knowledge, but sometimes metaphysical or scientific), and the two hosts, Tracy Brabin (later Sophie Aldred and then Diane-Louise Jordan) and Simon Davies, would try to answer the questions, aided by an anthropomorphised animal puppet, Jo Corner, who was performed and puppeteered by Robin Stevens (who later performed as Tom on Ragdoll's Tots TV). Being children's programming, the explanations used humour to convey information and frequently involved demonstrations which degenerated into slapstick humour. Songs were also used. A show with a similar format, "Dear Mr. Barker", aired on CBBC in the mid-1990s, but did not last long.
One of the presenters of the show was Sophie Aldred, who later became famous for playing the role of Ace in the television series Doctor Who (in one segment prior to her involvement in Who, Aldred met Keff McCulloch to discover how the new Doctor Who theme tune was composed). The other was Simon Davies, whose career continues as a writer and performer.
References
External links
Corners at BFI
1987 British television series debuts
1991 British television series endings
BBC children's television shows
British television shows featuring puppetry
English-language television shows
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corners%20%28TV%20series%29
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The Angel Makers of Nagyrév (, "Tiszazug poison-mixers") were a group of women living in the village of Nagyrév, Hungary, who, between 1914 and 1929, poisoned to death an estimated 40–100 people. They were supplied arsenic and encouraged to use it by a local midwife named Zsuzsanna Fazekas, wife of Gyula Fazekas, née Zsuzsanna Oláh (Fazekas Gyuláné Oláh Zsuzsanna). Their story is the subject of the documentary film The Angelmakers and the feature film Hukkle.
Crimes
Fazekas was a middle-aged midwife who arrived in Nagyrév in 1911, with her husband already missing without explanation. Between 1911 and 1921, she was imprisoned ten times for performing illegal abortions but was consistently acquitted by judges supporting abortion.
In Hungarian society at that time, the future husband of a teenage bride was selected by her family, and she was forced to accept her parents' choice. Divorce was not allowed socially, even if the husband was an alcoholic or abusive. During World War I, when able-bodied men were sent to fight for Austria-Hungary, rural Nagyrév was an ideal location for holding Allied prisoners of war. With POWs having limited freedom within the village, the women living there often had one or more foreign lovers while their husbands were away. When the men returned, many of them rejected their wives' affairs and wished to return to their previous way of life, creating a volatile situation. At this time, Fazekas began secretly persuading women who wished to escape this situation to poison their husbands using arsenic made by boiling flypaper and skimming off the lethal residue.
After the initial killing of their husbands, some of the women went on to poison parents who had become a burden to them, or to get hold of their inheritance. Others poisoned their lovers, some even their sons. As the midwife allegedly asked the poisoners, "Why put up with them?"
The first poisoning in Nagyrév took place in 1911; it was not the work of Fazekas. The deaths of other husbands, children, and family members soon followed. The poisoning became a fad, and by the mid-1920s, Nagyrév earned the nickname "the murder district". There were an estimated 45–50 murders over the 18 years that Fazekas lived in the district. She was the closest thing to a doctor the village had, and her cousin was the clerk who filed all the death certificates, allowing the murders to go undetected.
Capture
Three conflicting accounts have been cited to explain how the Angel Makers were eventually detected. In one, Szabó, one of the Angel Makers, was caught in the act by two visitors who survived her poisoning attempts. She pointed a finger at a woman with the surname Bukenoveski, who in turn named Fazekas. In another account, a medical student in a neighboring town found high arsenic levels in a body that washed up on the riverbank, leading to an investigation. However, according to Béla Bodó, a Hungarian-American historian and author of the first scholarly book on the subject, the murders were finally made public in 1929 when an anonymous letter to the editor of a small local newspaper accused women from the Tiszazug region of the country of poisoning family members.
Authorities exhumed dozens of corpses from the local cemetery. 34 women and one man were indicted. Afterwards, 26 of the Angel Makers were tried, among them Fazekas. Eight were sentenced to death, but only two were executed. Another twelve received prison sentences.
References
Bibliography
Gregson, Jessica. The Angel Makers. PaperBooks Ltd. 2007. .
Newton, Michael. The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers. 2nd edition. Checkmark Books. 2006. . pp. 1–2.
Bodó, Béla. Tiszazug: A Social History of a Murder Epidemic. Columbia University Press East European Monographs, 2003. .
McCracken, Patti. The Angel Makers: Arsenic, a Midwife, and Modern History's Most Astonishing Murder Ring. William Morrow. 2023. .
External links
Crime Library
CLEWS: The Historic True Crime Blog
Angelmakers film website
BBC News: "Unearthing Hungary husband murders"
Evidence Locker True Crime Podcast: "The Angel Makers of Nagyrév" | Hungary
1914 murders in Hungary
1919 murders in Hungary
1920 murders in Hungary
1929 murders in Hungary
1910s in Hungary
1910s murders in Hungary
1920s in Hungary
1920s murders in Hungary
Arsenic
Executed Hungarian female serial killers
Filicides
Health care professionals convicted of murdering patients
Hungarian female murderers
Hungarian female serial killers
Hungarian people convicted of murder
Mariticides
Parricides
People convicted of murder by Hungary
Poisoners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel%20Makers%20of%20Nagyr%C3%A9v
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Nagyrév is a village in Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, central Hungary. It was the location of the Nagyrév culture.
Between 1914 and 1929, a large group of female villagers calling themselves "the Angel Makers of Nagyrév" systematically poisoned to death an estimated forty people.
External links
(in Hungarian)
Populated places in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyr%C3%A9v
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Eelco Martinus ten Harmsen van der Beek (more commonly Harmsen van der Beek or just Beek; October 8, 1897 – July 24, 1953) was a Dutch illustrator and commercial artist. Abroad, he is best remembered for his illustration of Enid Blyton's Noddy books.
Van der Beek was the creator of the character in 1935. This was a comic strip featuring a character made of berries which was commissioned by a jam factory in Tiel. He was already well known in the Netherlands when he approached London publishers Sampson Low at the end of the 1940s. The result was the creation of the Noddy series for young children, authored by Enid Blyton - still a major property for animators half a century later. Van der Beek simply signed his work as "Beek". The conscious intention to create a Disney-style sympathetic focus character — a European Mickey Mouse — was reportedly a major factor. Beek's death in 1953 led to a few new illustrators for the Noddy books, amongst which was his assistant Peter Wienk.
Biography
Beek's father was a pharmacist in Amsterdam. As a child, he and his brother Hein sold postcards which Beek had drawn, on the streets of Amsterdam. Eelco attended the Rijksschool voor Kunstnijverheid and the Rijksacademie voor Beeldende Kunsten in Amsterdam from 1916 to 1918 and subsequently began a career as a commercial artist, as well as an illustrator for newspapers and magazines. One of the first books he illustrated was De Driewenschen (1920), by Jac van der Klei, a writer of children's books and school textbooks.
In 1935, Beek started to draw the comic strip for the jam factory "". It was a metre long and was displayed on shelves in front of the jam jars in stores. Beek's wife, Freddie Langeler (1899–1948), herself an artist, wrote the rhyming text for the strip and coloured in the drawings. In 1936, a printer named De IJssel produced a cardboard theatre which could be used to display the comic strip as a slide show. It was illuminated from behind with a flashlight. It was dubbed the "Flipposcoop" (Flipposcope) and Flipje appeared in a special strip with instructions on how to assemble and load the theatre.
In 1953, Beek asked De Betuwe for permission to release the Flipje character in the United Kingdom. They refused and Beek severed relations with the company. He died six days later.
Beek and Langeler had a son and a daughter, Fritzi Harmsen van Beek (1927–2009), who was a writer, poet and herself an illustrator.
References
External links
Bio at the comiclopedia
1897 births
1953 deaths
Dutch comics artists
Dutch illustrators
Dutch children's book illustrators
Artists from Amsterdam
Enid Blyton illustrators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmsen%20van%20der%20Beek
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The Willey House may refer to:
Malcolm Willey House, a house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1934
Willey House (New Hampshire), the site of the historic (Samuel) Willey family tragedy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willey%20house
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The World's Most Beautiful Swindlers () is a 1964 crime comedy anthology film composed of five segments, each of which was created with a different set of writers, directors, and actors.
Cast
Mie Hama as a bar hostess (segment "Les Cinq Bienfaiteurs de Fumiko")
Ken Mitsuda as a rich client (segment "Les Cinq Bienfaiteurs de Fumiko")
Nicole Karen as a French tourist (segment "La rivière de diamants")
Jan Teulings as a Dutch man (segment "La rivière de diamants")
Gabriella Giorgelli (segment "La Feuille de Route")
Guido Guiseppone (segment "La Feuille de Route")
Giuseppe Mannajuolo (segment "La Feuille de Route")
Jean-Pierre Cassel as Alain des Arcys (segment "L'homme qui vendit la Tour Eiffel")
Francis Blanche as Mr. Umlaut (segment "L'homme qui vendit la Tour Eiffel")
Catherine Deneuve as a swindler (segment "L'homme qui vendit la Tour Eiffel")
Jean Seberg as Patricia (segment "Le Grand escroc")
Charles Denner as a con man (segment "Le Grand escroc")
Laszlo Szabo as a police inspector (segment "Le Grand escroc")
Release
The World's Most Beautiful Swindlers was released in France in August 1964, in Italy in 1964, in Japan on 4 October 1964 and in the Netherlands on 12 November 1965. In the United States, the film was released on 12 September 1967 by Ellis Films and Continental Distributing.
The film was unavailable for many decades, until it was restored and released on home video in France on 23 September 2016 and in the United States on 25 April 2017.
Roman Polanski's segment of the film, "La rivière de diamants" ("A River of Diamonds"), has been removed, at his direct request, and that portion is thus still unavailable.
References
Bibliography
External links
1964 films
1964 comedy films
1964 crime films
1960s crime comedy films
1960s Dutch-language films
1960s French films
1960s French-language films
1960s Italian films
1960s Italian-language films
1960s Japanese films
1960s Japanese-language films
Dutch crime comedy films
Dutch multilingual films
Films directed by Claude Chabrol
Films directed by Jean-Luc Godard
Films directed by Roman Polanski
Films directed by Ugo Gregoretti
Films scored by Krzysztof Komeda
Films scored by Piero Umiliani
Films scored by Serge Gainsbourg
Films set in Amsterdam
Films set in Morocco
Films set in Naples
Films set in Paris
Films set in Tokyo
Films shot in Amsterdam
Films shot in Morocco
Films shot in Naples
Films shot in Paris
Films shot in Tokyo
Films with screenplays by Paul Gégauff
Films with screenplays by Roman Polanski
French anthology films
French black-and-white films
French crime comedy films
French multilingual films
French-language Italian films
Italian anthology films
Italian crime comedy films
Italian multilingual films
Italian-language French films
Japanese anthology films
Japanese crime comedy films
Japanese multilingual films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20World%27s%20Most%20Beautiful%20Swindlers
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T. O. Morrow is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is responsible for the creation of the Red Tornado, Red Inferno, Red Torpedo, Red Volcano, and Tomorrow Woman androids, the last of these with the help of Professor Ivo.
T. O. Morrow appeared in the first season of the live-action Arrowverse show Supergirl, portrayed by Iddo Goldberg.
Publication history
The original T. O. Morrow (Thomas Oscar Morrow) debuted in "Trail of the False Green Lanterns", The Flash #143 (March 1964), and was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Carmine Infantino.
The modern T. O. Morrow (Tomek Ovadya Morah) first appeared in The Flash (vol. 2) #19 (December 1988) in a story by writer William Messner-Loebs and artist Jim Mooney. Both versions are usually referred to as "T. O. Morrow" as a play on the word "tomorrow". It is generally accepted that both characters are the same man and that the name alteration came about when Tomek Ovadya Morah Americanized his name to Thomas Oscar Morrow.
Fictional character biography
Pre-Crisis
Golden Age
A Golden Age T. O. Morrow appeared once in Adventure Comics #86, equipped with futuristic devices attempting to scam rare elements from scientists, pretending he's an explorer from the future. He was defeated by the Shining Knight.
Silver Age
Using his technological prowess and his immense inventing abilities, T. O. Morrow (full name: Thomas Oscar Morrow) created a special "television set" that would allow him to see into the future. He would only be able to see 100 years or so into the future when using it, however. He would examine many of the futuristic instruments and then replicate them for use in his present time. Morrow spent a lot of time trying to perfect a time machine that he could use, but he was unsuccessful. The majority of his inventions were used to commit various types of crimes. T. O. Morrow utilized one of the inventions that he stole from the future that would allow him to create duplicates of other people. He used this invention to successfully create duplicates of Green Lantern. T. O. Morrow did this because he was bored with how easy it was to commit crimes and he wanted to do something that would give both the Flash and Green Lantern a challenge. The three duplicate Green Lanterns each went off to different parts of the world to steal different items at the same time. They were easily stopped by the Flash's super-speed. T. O. Morrow apparently died after he fell into a large machine, but in fact, he did not die and he was sent to Earth-Two.
Shortly after being defeated by the Flash and Green Lantern, T. O. Morrow created the Red Tornado. He created the Red Tornado to infiltrate the Justice Society of America so that Morrow would be able to rob the 20th Century Museum. His television screen of the future showed that he would be defeated by the JSA unless he could infiltrate the group and cause them to be unable to defend the museum. The Red Tornado was inadvertently successful in stopping the JSA. Morrow returned to Earth-One and attacked the JLA. He was able to defeat them by using his inventions and he then placed them all in stasis. The Red Tornado was upset about Morrow's deception that caused him to defeat the JSA and followed him to Earth-One. The Red Tornado freed the members of the JLA and captured Morrow. Morrow later escaped, and he manipulated the Red Tornado several more times to try and destroy the JLA. The JLA was able to easily overcome Morrow and defeat him every time.
After one particular defeat by the JLA, T. O. Morrow was drawn into another reality and split into two different people. One of the T. O. Morrows conquered an alien world and fought the Flash, the Atom, and Supergirl. The "other" T. O. Morrow was taken into the nexus of time and mutated into a higher being. He was now referring to himself as Tomorrow the Future Man. In his evolved state, his organs could not keep up with him and were failing. Morrow then transplanted his mind into the body of the Red Tornado and assumed his identity. The Red Tornado was able to fight back and he won his body back. The Future Man's body failed and he died.
During DC's 12-issue limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths (April 1985–March 1986), T. O. Morrow was called upon by the heroes to repair the Red Tornado to help with the crisis. Morrow attempted to fix Red Tornado, but his physiology (having been altered by the Anti-Monitor) had changed too greatly for Morrow to repair. Red Tornado's body exploded as a result of the tampering of Morrow, Cyborg, and the Atom. During the explosion, T. O. Morrow escaped and fled to where the other villains were gathering and preparing to attack the heroes.
Post-Crisis
The modern T. O. Morrow's real name is Tomek Ovadya Morah, and he was born in Nasielsk, Poland. This version's first appearance was in The Flash (vol. 2) #19. He was seen at a dinner honoring the Flash's Rogues Gallery. Sometime after this, T. O. Morrow was placed in an institution in Central City. He admitted that with his time traveling and usage of all of his future inventions that he had begun to "crack up". Morrow contacted Max Lord to inform him of the impending end of the world, but Max refused to listen to him. The next time that Morrow was seen, was when he attempted to go to Dr. Hannibal Martin's office to deliver him a book that he had written full of important future dates, including the date that Morrow would die. However, Dr. Martin also blew him off and considered him to simply be delusional. Morrow would affect Max Lord's League again. In JLA Incarnations #6, he is contacted by the dictator of Bialya and supplies technology that neutralizes Booster Gold's battle-suit.
T. O. Morrow was not seen again for some time until the JLA re-formed. Morrow (apparently over his confused and delusional ways) teamed up with Professor Ivo to create the Tomorrow Woman. She was placed with the JLA during their recruitment drive in order to infiltrate and destroy the team, but like Morrow's last creation, Red Tornado, she would not follow her programming and fought with the JLA. T. O. Morrow and Professor Ivo were both captured and sent to Belle Reve prison. Ivo and he bickered over who had done better work on her, whether Ivo on her body or Morrow on her mind; Morrow won by demonstrating she had shaken off her programming, which instructed her to kill the JLA, and as did the Red Tornado, had discovered emotions and was developing as a real human being. While in prison, Morrow grew weary of Professor Ivo's boasting about his creation, Amazo. To spite Ivo, Morrow contacted the JLA and gave them information about Amazo's plan to break the mad scientists out of Belle Reve, but he gave them misinformation ("I'm sorry, but the prospect of helping the JLA makes me quite seasick[...]") and Amazo attacked the JLA.
Morrow was able to escape Belle Reve and he greatly tampered with the timeline. He returned to the time of the Justice Society of America and made many technological advancements that would allow his idea of a perfect future to exist. The JLA from the year 2000 went back to the JSA in 1941 to try and stop Morrow, but they were too late. Morrow had already made several changes to the timestream that would set up his idea of a perfect world. When everything didn't go according to plan, he went back to his past and attempted to kill his own mother. He believed that if he were raised as an orphan that he would have been stronger. Jay Garrick was able to intervene and show Morrow what he was about to do. Morrow changed his mind and allowed the JLA to capture him. He was returned to prison and has remained there since (these events were depicted in the limited series DC Comics Two Thousand).
52
During DC Comics' 52 maxi-series event, T. O. Morrow was incarcerated in Haven. In fact, he was not allowed to use any computer at all for fear that he would incite "Machine War I". Fellow inventor (and after the reboot his best student in college years) Dr. Will Magnus (creator of the Metal Men) would visit with T. O. Morrow monthly to discuss an assortment of things. Morrow in such meetings revealed that he had created a brother for Red Tornado called the Red Inferno, and hinted that someone was kidnapping "mad scientists" such as Dr. Sivana, Ira Quimby (I.Q.), Dr. Tyme, Dr. Death, and Dr. Cyclops, warning Magnus to be cautious.
Ultimately, he was able to escape from Haven, but not before leaving a last gift to his best student: the machine code necessary to restore the Metal Men.
Magnus was ultimately captured by the conspiracy Morrow had mentioned and brought to Oolong Island. He was greeted by Morrow, surrounded by beautiful girls, and working freely with the other kidnapped scientists who are members of the Science Squad. Morrow informs Magnus that he has been drafted into their efforts creating weapons for Intergang, and subsequently arranges to have his antidepressants confiscated in order to promote his former student's more manic levels of creativity. After being targeted by Black Adam for his involvement in the creation of the Four Horsemen of Apokolips, along with his fellow scientists on Oolong Island, he helps them in subduing their angered foe, then buys back the remnants of the demolished Red Tornado from an internet auction site, hoping to extract his knowledge of the still unknown events that happened in space.
In 52 #49, the JSA attack the Oolong facility, and Will Magnus gives Morrow the teleporter to one of Sivana's robots allowing him to escape. Later in 52 #50, Morrow manages to see what Red Tornado saw, but is drafted by Booster Gold and Rip Hunter immediately after, to help them by luring Skeets to his lab, where the little robot is revealed to be controlled from the inside by Mr. Mind. After being surprised by Booster and Hunter, Mind dives outside reality, leaving Morrow and his lab behind.
After 52
Morrow appeared in #2 of the new Metal Men miniseries, with his own group of robots, called the "Death Metal Men". He's later revealed to be an artificial intelligence living in an android replica of Morrow, while the Death Metal Men were atomic transmutations of the Metal Men themselves. Yet the real Morrow also has a hand in the series as Will Magnus' best teacher, who unsuccessfully attempted to have him accept a grant to research robots (Which would have benefited Morrow as well). He was later visited by a future version of Magnus, who gave him a ring for his past self to change the past. Morrow used his time traveling gear to aid Magnus, but then reveals he intends to kick him out of the timestream after defeating the monstrous Nameless. He is defeated and is erased from history.
On the cover of Justice League of America (vol. 2) #13, it shows him as a member of the latest incarnation of the Injustice League. As a member of Libra's Secret Society of Super Villains, he conceives of an idea on how to create a monster strong enough to kill a member of the Justice League. The team uses his idea to create the new villain Genocide. After it is created, he strongly tries to have the team destroy it due to Genocide's high level of instability. After his pleas are ignored and Wonder Woman destroys the Society's base Dr. Morrow offers to help the Amazon stop Genocide. He reveals that he is of Polish ancestry and wants no part in anything called genocide.
The New 52
In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC universe. T. O. Morrow is reimaged as a S.T.A.R. Labs scientist works under Silas Stone and supervises Sarah Charles. Under orders from Silas Stone, Morrow saves the life of Victor Stone by turning him into Cyborg.
During the "Forever Evil" storyline, Dr. Thomas Morrow was seen at S.T.A.R. Labs' Detroit branch following the Crime Syndicate's invasion. Dr. Silas Stone and Dr. Thomas Morrow have been working hard since the power went out. They know that the Red Room (S.T.A.R. Labs' high-security vault which contains the most advanced technology in the world) and they need to protect it from the Crime Syndicate who they are sure are going to strike. They have built an energy weapon. When explosions strike the door, Dr. Thomas Morrow and Dr. Silas Stone are prepared to fire only for them to see Batman, Catwoman, and a critically injured Cyborg. When the scientists ask where the rest of the Justice League is. Batman merely states that "they didn't make it".
Powers and abilities
T. O. Morrow is a criminal mastermind and a scientific genius. He has also created technology that allows him to see into the future.
Other versions
Flashpoint
In the alternate timeline of Flashpoint, Doctor Morrow created the Red Tornadoes to defend the Republic of Japan from the Amazon/Atlantean war. After his death, the Red Tornadoes are actively operating and unaware of his death. Traci Thirteen gets the Hermit tarot card and teleports to Tokyo, where she meets one of the Red Tornadoes. She tells him she is looking for a hermit and he lists the definitions. He says he will help her when he is finished, but he needs Dr. Morrow for this, whom he believes is asleep. Traci says he will not be waking up, which the Red Tornado does not understand. Traci teleports away.
In other media
Television
T. O. Morrow appears in Young Justice, voiced by Jeff Bennett. This version is an elderly scientist assisted by Bromwell Stikk and a member of the Light who previously built Red Inferno, Red Torpedo, and Red Tornado in failed attempts to infiltrate and destroy the Justice Society of America and Justice League in his younger years, with Red Tornado going on to join the latter. In the present, Morrow employs an android double of his younger self in several failed attempts to capture and reprogram Red Tornado and destroy the League.
T. O. Morrow appears in the Supergirl episode "Red Faced", portrayed by Iddo Goldberg, who also portrays Red Tornado. This version built Red Tornado to kill Kryptonians on General Sam Lane's orders. After Supergirl destroys the android however, Morrow is fired. He attempts to seek revenge on Lane, but is thwarted by Supergirl and killed by Alex Danvers.
Film
T. O. Morrow appears in Justice League: War, voiced by Ioan Gruffudd. This version played a role in helping Silas Stone turn the latter's son Victor into Cyborg.
An alternate universe incarnation of Thomas Morrow appears in Justice League: Gods and Monsters as a member of Lex Luthor's "Project Fair Play", a weapons program meant to destroy their universe's Justice League if necessary. After three of their number are killed, most of the remaining scientists regroup at Karen Beecher's house, but are killed by the Metal Men.
Video games
T. O. Morrow appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Jens Anderson.
Miscellaneous
T. O. Morrow appears in Smallville Season 11 #10 as a S.T.A.R. Labs scientist.
References
External links
DCU Guide: T.O. Morrow
DC Comics male supervillains
Fictional Polish-American people
Comics characters introduced in 1964
Characters created by Carmine Infantino
Characters created by Gardner Fox
DC Comics scientists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20O.%20Morrow
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Jeanne Weber (7 October 1874 – 5 July 1918) was a French serial killer. She strangled at least 10 children, including her own. She was both convicted of murder and declared insane in 1908; she hanged herself ten years later.
Early life
Weber was born in a small fishing village in western France, which she left for Paris at age 14, working various menial jobs until she married in 1893. Her husband was an alcoholic, and two of their three children died in 1905. By then Weber, residing in a seedy Paris tenement with her husband and their seven-year-old son, was also drinking heavily.
Murders
On 2 March 1905, Weber was babysitting for her sister-in-law when one of the woman's two daughters — 18-month-old Georgette — suddenly "fell ill" and died. Strange bruises on her neck were ignored by the examining physician, and Weber was welcomed back to babysit on 11 March. Two-year-old Suzanne did not survive the visit, but a doctor blamed the second death on unexplained "convulsions."
On 25 March, Weber was babysitting her brother's seven-year-old daughter Germaine when the girl suffered a sudden attack of "choking," complete with red marks on her throat. The child survived that episode, but she was less fortunate the following day, when Weber returned. Diphtheria was blamed for her death, and for that of Weber's son Marcel just four days later. Once again, the tell-tale marks of strangulation were ignored.
On 5 April 1905, Weber invited two of her sisters-in-law to dinner, and remained home with her 10-year-old nephew Maurice while the other women went out shopping. They returned prematurely to find Maurice gasping on the bed, his throat mottled with bruises, and Jeanne standing over him with a crazed expression on her face. Charges were filed, and Weber's trial opened on 29 January 1906, with the prosecution alleging eight murders, including all three of Weber's own children and two others — Lucie Aleandre and Marcel Poyatos — who had died while in her care. It was alleged that Weber killed her son in March to throw suspicion off herself, but she was being defended by brilliant defense lawyer Henri-Robert, and jurors were reluctant to believe the worst about a grieving mother. She was acquitted on 6 February.
Fourteen months later, on 7 April 1907, a physician from the town of Villedieu was summoned to the home of a peasant named Bavouzet. He was greeted at the door by a babysitter, "Madame Moulinet," who led him to the cot where nine-year-old Auguste Bavouzet lay dead, his throat badly bruised. The cause of death was listed as "convulsions," but the doctor changed his opinion on 4 May, when "Madame Moulinet" was identified as Jeanne Weber. Weber engaged the lawyer Henri-Robert once more. Held over for trial, Weber was released in December, after a second autopsy blamed the boy's death on typhoid.
Weber quickly dropped from sight, surfacing next as an orderly at a children's hospital in Faucombault, moving on from there to the Children's Home in Orgeville, run by friends who sought to "make up for the wrongs that justice has inflicted upon an innocent woman." Working as "Marie Lemoine," Weber had been on the job for less than a week when she was caught strangling a child in the home. The owners quietly dismissed her and the incident was covered up.
Back in Paris, Weber was arrested for vagrancy and briefly confined to the asylum at Nanterre, but doctors there pronounced her sane and set her free. She drifted into prostitution, picking up a common-law husband along the way. On 8 May 1908, the couple settled at an inn in Commercy. A short time later, Weber was found strangling the innkeeper's son, 10-year-old Marcel Poirot, with a bloody handkerchief. The father had to punch her three times in the face before she would release the lifeless body.
Death
Held for trial on murder charges, Weber was declared insane on 25 October 1908, packed off to the asylum at Mareville. Credited with at least ten murders, she survived ten years in captivity before manually strangling herself in 1918.
See also
List of serial killers by number of victims
References
External links
Crime Library
French Ogress again arrested, New York Times, May 5, 1907
1874 births
1918 suicides
1918 deaths
Filicides
French female serial killers
French murderers of children
French people convicted of murder
French people who died in prison custody
People acquitted by reason of insanity
People convicted of murder by France
Prisoners who died in French detention
Suicides by hanging in France
Serial killers who died by suicide in prison custody
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne%20Weber
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Slotback, sometimes referred to as an S-back or A-back, is a position in gridiron football. The "slot" is the area between the offensive tackle and the wide receiver. A player who lines up between those two players and behind the line of scrimmage fills that "slot".
The slotback position is a fixture of Canadian football and indoor football where they act as extra receivers. It is also used in American football where the position requires a versatile player who must combine the receiving skills of a wide receiver, the ball-carrying skills of a running back, and the blocking skills of a tight end.
Slotbacks are often as many as five yards behind the line of scrimmage when the ball is snapped. In both the Canadian and indoor game, slotbacks can make a running start toward the line of scrimmage before the snap. In most forms of American football this would be called illegal motion, although a few professional leagues such as the World Football League, and XFL allowed forward motion. In modern NFL, the slotback is often referred to as the "flex" position.
Role
Slotbacks are primarily used as hybrid running backs/receivers, but are often used to provide pass protection on blitzes and blocking as required on running plays. They are preferred over the wide receiver or tight end for receiving short passes or hand-offs due to their positioning being closer to the quarterback. When formations containing slotbacks are used in American football, the team often has to go without a tight end, a fullback, or a running back due to there being only 11 men on the offense and 7 being on the line of scrimmage. This is one reason that slotbacks are rarer in the American game.
However, as NFL teams have increasingly "defaulted to three- and four-receiver sets" in recent years, the slot receiver has become a fixture of American football formations. In terms of a depth chart, a slotback is typically considered the third wide receiver and may be expected to be a "possession receiver" that can reliably catch a pass when covered by a safety, since they are most commonly used when converting medium-distance third-down conversions.
Slotbacks are used effectively in flexbone formations where they are used as extra receivers.
Slotbacks are usually smaller and faster players and are used for short passes and short runs to get extra yards or a first down or third down drive.
It is important to note that players are not drafted to become slotbacks in the NFL. This position is filled as needed by a wide receiver or running back with the necessary skill-set to effectively play the position. Slotbacks must be able to block, catch, and evade tacklers while still being highly productive. In 2019, the Navy Midshipmen football team had a highly productive season when their slotbacks gained over 1,500 all-purpose yards.
In Canadian football, slotbacks are basically the same as wide receivers, except that they line up closer to the quarterback and can use the waggle (motion before the snap). They rarely block or run the ball and are almost always sent out to receive passes.
Examples
As the NFL shifted to a pass-heavy league over the past few years there has been an explosion of slotbacks. Some prime examples are the recently retired Darren Sproles and Larry Fitzgerald, along with active player Christian McCaffrey.
Fitzgerald extended his football career by moving from an outside receiving position into the slot where he is able to use his quick change of direction in tandem with his willingness to block to still be considered among the best in the league at what he does.
McCaffrey entered the NFL in 2017 and put up over 1,000 yards from scrimmage in four of his first six seasons. In fact, in 2019 he totaled a thousand yards running and a thousand yards receiving, with a lot of those receiving yards coming from the slotback position McCaffrey is an unusual example, because most slotbacks are not expected to get the most touches in an offense, but he was the Carolina Panthers' leading rusher over the last two seasons while putting up great stats as a receiver as well.
Darren Sproles was never a prolific running back, but he was a great slotback. His 2011 season is the epitome of what a slotback should be. He ran the ball 87 times and he added 86 receptions for over 1,300 yards from scrimmage and 9 touchdowns
Slotbacks are very important in the CFL, where most formations include 3 slotbacks and 2 wide receivers in a 5-receiver set. In the TSN Top 50 CFL Players, four of the top players in league history were slotbacks: Allen Pitts, Milt Stegall, Ray Elgaard, and Terry Vaughn. These players were typically the most reliable receivers on their team.
In American football, slotbacks are labeled as wide receivers on depth charts.
See also
H-back, a similar position
References
American football positions
Canadian football terminology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slotback
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The is a Japanese Go competition.
Outline
The Women's Kisei is sponsored by NTT DoCoMo, and uses a hayago format, of 30 seconds per move and a 10x1 minute byo-yomi, unlike the Kisei, which uses an eight-hour thinking time format. The winner's purse is 5,000,000 Yen ($38,000).
Past winners
Winners in chronological order:
Winners by number of titles:
References
External links
Nihon Ki-in archive (in Japanese)
Kisei (Go)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20Kisei
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Waverley-Fall River-Beaver Bank is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
It was created in 2003 from Bedford-Fall River and Sackville-Beaver Bank. In 2013, it lost a portion of Beaver Bank to Sackville and the Portobello area to Dartmouth East.
Geography
Waverley-Fall River-Beaver Bank covers of land.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
Election results
2021 general election
2017 general election
2013 general election
|-
|Liberal
|Bill Horne
|align="right"|3,588
|align="right"|43.09
|align="right"|+18.18
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Brian Wong
|align="right"|2,640
|align="right"|31.71
|align="right"|+13.26
|-
|New Democratic Party
|Percy Paris
|align="right"|2,098
|align="right"|25.02
|align="right"|-29.45
|}
2009 general election
|-
|New Democratic Party
|Percy Paris
|align="right"|5,007
|align="right"|54.47
|align="right"|+8.08
|-
|Liberal
|Bill Horne
|align="right"|2,290
|align="right"|24.91
|align="right"|+13.76
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Gary Hines
|align="right"|1,696
|align="right"|18.45
|align="right"|-21.72
|-
|}
2006 general election
|-
|New Democratic Party
|Percy Paris
|align="right"|3,782
|align="right"|46.39
|align="right"|+12.86
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Gary Hines
|align="right"|3,275
|align="right"|40.17
|align="right"|+2.26
|-
|Liberal
|Thomas Deal
|align="right"|909
|align="right"|11.15
|align="right"|-15.28
|-
|}
2003 general election
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Gary Hines
|align="right"|3,141
|align="right"|37.91
|align="right"|
|-
|New Democratic Party
|Percy Paris
|align="right"|2,778
|align="right"|33.53
|align="right"|
|-
|Liberal
|David Merrigan
|align="right"|2,240
|align="right"|26.43
|align="right"|
|-
|}
References
External links
CBC riding profile (2006)
Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts
Politics of Halifax, Nova Scotia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverley-Fall%20River-Beaver%20Bank
|
Victoria—The Lakes is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
Its Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) since the 2017 election has been Keith Bain of the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia.
It was created in 1867 as Victoria, composing all of Victoria County. In 1993, the district gained the area north of the southern border of the Cape Breton Highlands National Park. In 2003, Victoria was renamed Victoria-The Lakes. It lost the top of Inverness County to Inverness and gained some of the rural areas of Cape Breton The Lakes.
Geography
Victoria-The Lakes has a landmass of .
Members of the Legislative Assembly
This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
Election results
2013 general election
|-
|Liberal Party of Nova Scotia
|Pam Eyking
|align="right"| 3,150
|align="right"| 38.99
|align="right"| +8.39
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Keith Bain
|align="right"| 2,847
|align="right"| 35.24
|align="right"| -3.44
|-
|New Democratic Party
| John Frank Tomey
|align="right"| 1,907
|align="right"| 23.60
|align="right"| -3.28
|-
| Independent
| Stewart M. (Stemer) MacLeod
|align="right"| 176
|align="right"| 2.18
|align="right"| +0.28
|}
2017 general election
2021 general election
References
External links
CBC riding profile (2003)
Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria-The%20Lakes
|
The Women's Saikyo (Strongest) is a Go competition. The tournament was discontinued in 2008. In 2016, the tournament restarted with new sponsor, SENKO Co., Ltd.
Outline
The Women's Saikyo was sponsored by Tokyo Seimitsu up to 2008. The winner's purse was 4,500,000 yen ($42,000).
In 2016, the tournament got new sponsor and restarted its cycle. The official name for the new tournament is Senko Cup Female Saikyo. The winner's purse is ¥8,000,000, while the runner up gets ¥4,500,000. The thinking time was 3 hours with 5 minutes byo-yomi. Hsieh Yimin won the first edition by beating Chiaki Mukai in the final.
Past winners
Senko Cup
References
Go competitions in Japan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20Saikyo
|
Matthew John Serra (born June 2, 1974) is an American former professional mixed martial artist and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner who competed for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He is the co-star of Dana White: Lookin' for a Fight and co-host of the official podcast of the UFC, UFC Unfiltered, alongside Jim Norton. Serra defeated Pete Spratt, Shonie Carter and Chris Lytle en route to becoming The Ultimate Fighter 4 Welterweight Tournament Winner. He captured the UFC Welterweight Championship immediately after. Serra also served as the head coach for The Ultimate Fighter 6 reality show opposite Matt Hughes, and he is a member of the UFC Hall of Fame. In grappling, Serra holds a Silver Medal in the ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship.
Serra began practicing martial arts at an early age, starting with Wing Chun. In the 1990s, he began training Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Renzo Gracie. In 2000 he became the first American to be promoted to black belt by Gracie. In addition to competitive bouts with UFC Hall of Famers Hughes and B.J. Penn, Serra's biggest accomplishment in mixed martial arts came at UFC 69 where he defeated Georges St-Pierre in a Knockout of the Night award-winning performance to capture the UFC Welterweight Championship.
Background
Serra was born to an Italian-American family in East Meadow, New York. His father is a retired policeman in New York City and his late mother was a stay-at-home mom. Serra has an older sister and brother, and two younger brothers. Serra's father was enthusiastic about mixed martial arts, and Matt first began Wing Chun at an early age. As a teenager he began competing in wrestling.
Serra went to East Meadow High School, while in high school he enrolled in the United States Marine Corps Delayed Entry Program. In 1991 Serra got into a fight with the brother of a former girlfriend during which he bit the other boy’s ear. Serra received a felony charge, later changed to "disfigurement”. His Marines recruiting officer told him that the felony charge would keep him out of the Corps. After joining a Rorian and Royce Gracie seminar in Waterbury, Connecticut, he decided to learn Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ). Serra trained under Craig Kukuk, the first American BJJ black belt, who at the time shared an academy with Renzo Gracie. In 2000 Serra became the first American to receive his BJJ black belt from Renzo Gracie.
Early career
Brazilian jiu-jitsu and submission grappling
Serra won first place at the Pan IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship in 1999 and third place at the 2000 World IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship in Brazil, in the brown belt division. Serra competed in the ADCC Submission Fighting World Championship choking out Takanori Gomi, winning a decision over Jean Jacques Machado, and placing 2nd in the 66–76 kg division. Serra decided to forfeit the final against his teammate Marcio Feitosa.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Serra was invited to compete in PRIDE 9 against Johil de Oliveira but the bout was called off at the last minute when Oliveira was burned in a pyrotechnics accident backstage. Soon after, Serra began to compete in the UFC where he built up a record of four wins and four losses. One of the losses was a close decision fight with future Welterweight and Lightweight champion B.J. Penn which would have earned him a title shot in the failed Lightweight tournament.
The Ultimate Fighter
In 2006, Serra became a participant on The Ultimate Fighter 4: The Comeback on SpikeTV. On the show, Serra defeated Pete Spratt and Shonie Carter to reach the finals, his win against Carter avenging his infamous highlight-reel KO loss to Carter at UFC 31. On November 11, 2006, Serra defeated Chris Lytle at The Ultimate Fighter: The Comeback Finale by split decision to become the Ultimate Fighter 4 Welterweight Tournament Champion.
His win earned him a guaranteed title shot against Georges St-Pierre for the UFC Welterweight Championship, as well as a $100,000 contract and $100,000 sponsorship with Xyience.
Winning the welterweight title
Serra fought St-Pierre on April 7, 2007, at UFC 69, and won the UFC Welterweight Championship by TKO via punches at 3:25 in the first round. Prior to the fight Serra was considered a substantial underdog and consequently the fight is considered to be one of the biggest upsets in MMA history.
The Ultimate Fighter coach
Serra coached season 6 of The Ultimate Fighter reality show with Matt Hughes. Team Serra finished 6–2 in the first round of fights, winning six consecutive times which gave Serra the right to pick the fights in the second round. However, from then on Serra did not corner a single fighter to victory and saw all his trainees eventually lose out. The finale saw Team Hughes fighters Tommy Speer and Mac Danzig face each other for the title of Ultimate Fighter.
Serra said in season 6 of The Ultimate Fighter that Joe Scarola lost his job at Serra's jiu-jitsu school for quitting The Ultimate Fighter within the first week of the show. In exchange, Scarola opened his own academy which has created a feud among the two former friends. Relieving Scarola from his duties was difficult for Serra as the two were close friends, with Scarola serving as best man at Serra's wedding.
The two coaches were scheduled to face off for the UFC Welterweight Championship after the conclusion of the series at UFC 79. Serra, however, was forced to withdraw from the fight due to a herniated disc in his lower back. The injury became evident when Serra was demonstrating a move to his student and fell to the floor in excruciating pain. In Serra's place, Georges St-Pierre fought and defeated Hughes for what was then the interim UFC welterweight title. This led to Serra holding the welterweight title while St-Pierre held the interim title.
After St-Pierre vs Hughes at UFC 79, Serra confirmed to NBC Sports that his back was rapidly improving. He announced that he was scheduled to fight Georges St-Pierre at the first event to take place in Canada, UFC 83. This match would unify the interim and lineal welterweight belts.
Rematch with St-Pierre, fight with Matt Hughes, and retirement
At UFC 83 on April 19, 2008, Serra fought Georges St-Pierre in a match to determine the undisputed welterweight champion during the UFC's first-ever event in Canada, at the Bell Centre in Montreal, Quebec. Instead of striking, St-Pierre pressed the action early with a takedown and kept mixing up his attack, never allowing Serra the chance to mount a significant offense. In the second round, St-Pierre continued his previous actions, forcing Serra into the turtle position and delivering repeated knees to Serra's midsection. When Serra was unable to improve his position or defend against the strikes, referee Yves Lavigne stopped the fight.
Serra suffered a unanimous decision loss to Matt Hughes at UFC 98. Serra hurt Hughes early on in the fight with an inadvertent head-butt and a follow-up flurry of hooks. However, Hughes recovered and went on to win a close decision. After the fight Hughes and Serra embraced each other and ended their feud.
At UFC 109, Serra defeated Frank Trigg via KO (punches) at 2:23 of the first round, awarding him Knockout of the Night Honors. Serra was rumored to be headlining UFC Fight Night 22 on April 17, 2010, versus Mike Swick, but the fight was turned down by Swick due to an arm injury.
At UFC 119 Serra fought Chris Lytle on September 25, 2010. Serra lost the fight via unanimous decision.
In an interview with Ariel Helwani at UFC 131 Serra addressed when or if he would be fighting in the UFC in the foreseeable future. Between the birth of his second child and the rigors of training (Serra himself confirmed that he weighed somewhere around 200 lbs. at interview time), he likened his current situation to that of Rocky Balboa in the sixth film of the series, saying that he still "had some stuff in the basement".
On May 22, 2013, Serra retired from MMA, stating he would only return to MMA again to fight at an event held at Madison Square Garden in New York City.
UFC Unfiltered
As of June 2016, Serra currently hosts the official UFC podcast UFC Unfiltered with comedian Jim Norton as co-host.
UFC Hall of Fame
On the 5th July 2018 Matt Serra was inducted into the UFC Hall of Fame Class of 2018 in the pioneer wing.
Personal life
Matt and his wife Ann were married on May 26, 2007. The couple have two daughters born in February 2009 and April 2011.
Serra co-owns a Brazilian jiu-jitsu school in Huntington, New York with his younger brother Nick. He currently trains with Ray Longo and trains fighters such as former UFC Middleweight Champion Chris Weidman, former UFC Bantamweight Champion Aljamain Sterling, Gian Villante, Pete Sell, Luke Cummo, and The Ultimate Fighter: Live Finalist Al Iaquinta. They fight under the Serra-Longo Fight Team. After being absent from Aljamain Sterling's corner for UFC 259, Serra announced that he would be retiring from cornerman duties moving forward, although he would still remain as head coach for Serra-Longo Fight Team.
Instructor lineage
Jigoro Kano → Mitsuyo Maeda → Carlos Gracie, Sr. → Helio Gracie → Rolls Gracie → Carlos Gracie, Jr. → Renzo Gracie → Matt Serra
Notable students
Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Jason Rau
Championships and achievements
Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
UFC Hall of Fame (Pioneer wing, class of 2018)
UFC Welterweight Championship (One time)
The Ultimate Fighter 4 Welterweight Tournament Winner
Fight of the Night (One time) vs. Matt Hughes
Knockout of the Night (Two times) vs. Georges St-Pierre, Frank Trigg
First fighter to win both a The Ultimate Fighter Tournament and UFC Championship
Sports Illustrated
2000s Upset of the Decade vs. Georges St-Pierre
2000s Cinderella Story of the Decade vs. Georges St-Pierre
Bleacher Report
2000s Upset of the Decade vs. Georges St-Pierre
Fight Matrix
Most Noteworthy Match of Year (2007) vs. Georges St-Pierre
Most Noteworthy Upset of Year (2007) vs. Georges St-Pierre
Yahoo! Sports
Upset of the Decade Runner-up vs. Georges St-Pierre
Grappling credentials
ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship
2000 ADCC Tournament Trials: Champion
2001 ADCC 77 kg: Silver Medalist
Record of opponents:
Won: Takanori Gomi (sub), Jean Jacques Machado (pts), Leonardo Silva Dos Santos (sub)
Lost: Marcio Feitosa (forfeit)
International Pro-Ams
2000 Black Belt 77 kg (No-Gi): Silver Medalist
World Jiu-Jitsu Championship
2000 Brown Belt Medio: Bronze Medalist
Pan-American Championships
1999 Purple Belt Medio: Gold Medalist
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 11–7
| Chris Lytle
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 119
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–6
| Frank Trigg
| KO (punches)
| UFC 109
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:23
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–6
| Matt Hughes
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 98
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–5
| Georges St-Pierre
| TKO (knees to the body and punches)
| UFC 83
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:45
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–4
| Georges St-Pierre
| TKO (punches)
| UFC 69
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:25
| Houston, Texas, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–4
| Chris Lytle
| Decision (split)
| The Ultimate Fighter: The Comeback Finale
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| Exhibition
| Shonie Carter
| Decision (unanimous)
| rowspan=2|The Ultimate Fighter 4
| (airdate)
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| rowspan=2|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| Exhibition
| Pete Spratt
| TKO (submission to punches)
| (airdate)
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:26
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–4
| Karo Parisyan
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 53
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–3
| Ivan Menjivar
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 48
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–3
| Jeff Curran
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 46
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 6–3
| Din Thomas
| Decision (split)
| UFC 41
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 6–2
| B.J. Penn
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 39
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–1
| Kelly Dullanty
| Submission (triangle choke)
| UFC 36
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:58
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–1
| Yves Edwards
| Decision (majority)
| UFC 33
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 4–1
| Shonie Carter
| KO (spinning back fist)
| UFC 31
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 4:51
| Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Greg Melisi
| Submission (armbar)
| VATV 11
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:46
| Plainview, New York, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Jeff Telvi
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| VATV 7
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:30
| Plainview, New York, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Graham Lewis
| Submission (armbar)
| VATV 6
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:04
| Plainview, New York, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Khamzat Vitaev
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| VATV 3
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:36
| Plainview, New York, United States
|
Vale Tudo rules
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Scott Schultz
| Submission (armbar)
| New York Regional
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:35
| Manhattan, New York, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Bob Smith
| Decision (unanimous)
| Bama Fight Night 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 10:00
| Bayside Academy of Martial Arts in Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States
|
ADCC submission grappling record
Serra lost to Feitosa in what appeared to be a very controversial decision. It was tradition when two practitioners from the same school meet each other in a tournament, the lower ranking student in that school's hierarchy will generally forfeit the match out of respect.
Pay-per-view bouts
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Event
!Fight
!Date
!Venue
!City
!PPV buys
|-
|1.
|UFC 69
|St-Pierre vs. Serra
|7 April 2007
|Toyota Center
|Houston, Texas United States
|400,000
|-
|2.
|UFC 83
|St-Pierre vs. Serra 2
|19 April 2008
|Bell Centre
|Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|530,000
|-
|3.
|UFC 98
|Hughes vs. Serra (CO)
|23 May 2009
|MGM Grand Garden Arena
|Las Vegas, Nevada United States
|635,000
|-
! colspan="6" |Total sales
! 1,565,000
References
External links
Official UFC Profile
Matt Serra profile
Official site
Matt Serra and Long Island in the UFC
The Ultimate Fighter winners
American male mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from New York (state)
Living people
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Ultimate Fighting Championship champions
Welterweight mixed martial artists
American people of Italian descent
1974 births
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
People from East Meadow, New York
People from Massapequa, New York
Sportspeople from Nassau County, New York
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
American Wing Chun practitioners
Mixed martial artists utilizing Wing Chun
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
East Meadow High School alumni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Serra
|
The Smithville Seminary was a Freewill Baptist institution established in 1839 on what is now Institute Lane in Smithville-North Scituate, Rhode Island. Renamed the Lapham Institute in 1863, it closed in 1876. The site was then used as the campus of the Pentecostal Collegiate Institute and later the Watchman Institute, and is now the Scituate Commons apartments. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
Campus
The buildings on the knoll were built in 1839 and comprised a large three-story central building with columns and two wings. The wings, with 33 rooms each, were separated by 20 feet from the main building and connected to it via two-story covered passageways. The central building housed classrooms, offices, staff apartments, and dining facilities, a library and reading room on the second floor, and a large room on the third floor which might serve as a chapel, while the other two buildings served as separate male and female dormitories. The two-mile-long Lake Moswansicut could be seen from the third-floor chapel. The buildings were designed by Russell Warren, the leading Greek Revival architect in New England in the 20th century,
After the close of the renamed Lapham Institute, the campus became the site of the Pentecostal Collegiate Institute from 1902 to 1919 and, eventually, the Watchman Institute in 1923.
The site became part of the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The buildings were also renovated in the 1970s and converted into apartments known as Scituate Commons.
History
Smithville Seminary was founded in 1839 by the Rhode Island Association of Free Baptists. At the time, the Free Baptists already had two academies, one in New Hampshire (the New Hampton Institute), the other in Maine (Parsonsfield Seminary), and the Rhode Island Baptists desired to have one of their own. Reverend Hiram Brooks was asked to start the school, and raised $20,000, all of which he put toward buildings. The entire commitment of these monies to brick and mortar rather than an endowment fund may have caused financial difficulties for the institution, as it was unable to support itself through tuition revenue.
The first principal was Rev. Hosea Quimby, who had come from the Maine academy to serve at Smithville. Quimby worked for the school, even buying the property when financial trouble struck, until in closed temporarily in 1854 with only 20 students (in 1845, it had an enrollment of over 300 representing 7 U.S. states). It was revived the next year when Quimby rented the property to a Samuel P. Coburn, who became principal, and enrollment again reached over 100 that year. The property was sold to Reverend W. Colgrove in 1857, who operated it for another two years before it closed again, this time for three years.
The site of Henry Barnard’s first Rhode Island Teachers Institute in 1845, the school began giving normal instruction for teachers with public funding in 1867, but ceased in 1871 when the state's Education Commissioner re-established the Rhode Island Normal School and cut program funding for other institutions.
In 1863 the school changed hands and changed its name after a minister and former professor at the school, returned in 1861 to find much of the campus dilapidated and in disrepair. With the Free Baptist Association unwilling or unable to help, William Winsor recruited Congressman Benedict Lapham, after whom the new Lapham Institute was named.
In addition to its connections to what would later become Rhode Island College, the school had connections to Bates College in Maine, another Free Baptist institution. Its first principal, Benjamin F. Hayes, was called to a professorship at Bates, and his successor, Thomas L. Angell, was also called to a professorship there after two years as principal in North Scituate. George H. Ricker then took over as principal for seven years before being called to Hillsdale College in Michigan in 1874. His successor was Arthur G. Moulton, a trustee of Bates, who died just over a year after taking the position. He was followed as principal by W.S. Stockbridge, under whom the school finally closed in 1876. William Winsor was the last benefactor of the institute, and when no one replaced him, the school went bankrupt without an endowment to support it. In 1883 Winsor donated the library of the Lapham Institute to the Greenville Public Library.
Notable alumni
James Burrill Angell, President of the University of Michigan, University of Vermont
Thomas L. Angell, Professor at Bates College
Lewis Boss, astronomer, director of Dudley Observatory
George T. Day, pastor, writer, professor
Henry Howard, Governor of Rhode Island 1873-1875
Oscar Lapham, U.S. Congressman
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence County, Rhode Island
References
1876 disestablishments in the United States
Protestant seminaries and theological colleges
Seminaries and theological colleges in Rhode Island
Educational institutions established in 1839
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Russell Warren buildings
North Scituate, Rhode Island
Schools in Providence County, Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Scituate, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Providence County, Rhode Island
Historic district contributing properties in Rhode Island
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithville%20Seminary
|
Sackville—Cobequid is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
The riding was created in 1978 when the former district of Halifax Cobequid was redistributed. In 1993 the name was changed to Sackville-Cobequid and it gained the Lakeview area from Bedford-Musquodoboit Valley and lost an area north of Beaverbank Road to Sackville-Beaver Bank. In 2003, there were minor changes made to the ridings northern boundary along Second Lake. In 2013, this district lost a small area along its northwestern edge to the new constituency of Sackville-Beaver Bank.
Its Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) since 2019 is Steve Craig of the Progressive Conservative party (PC), having succeeded longtime MLA Dave Wilson of the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party (NDP), who served from 2003 until resigning on November 16, 2018, triggering a by-election which Craig won.
Geography
The land area of Sackville-Cobequid is .
Members of the Legislative Assembly
Election results
1978 general election
1981 general election
1984 general election
1988 general election
1993 general election
1998 general election
1999 general election
2003 general election
2006 general election
2009 general election
2013 general election
|-
|New Democratic Party
|Dave Wilson
|align="right"|2,983
|align="right"|38.45
|align="right"|-26.89
|-
|Liberal
|Graham Cameron
|align="right"|2,898
|align="right"|37.35
|align="right"|+17.60
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Peter MacIsaac
|align="right"|1,651
|align="right"|21.28
|align="right"|+8.82
|-
|}
2017 general election
2019 by-election
2021 general election
References
External links
riding profile
Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts
Politics of Halifax, Nova Scotia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackville-Cobequid
|
St Ignatius' Church, Richmond is a Roman Catholic church located in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond, Victoria, Australia. It is one of the largest churches in Melbourne outside of the central business district. It is located in a prominent position, the highest point in Richmond, on Church Street.
History
St Ignatius' Church was designed by English born architect William Wardell who had already made a name for himself in England and was also responsible for many of Melbourne's most important early buildings including St Patrick's Cathedral. Like St Patrick's it is in the Gothic Revival style and constructed from local bluestone. The foundation stone was laid on 4 August 1867. The members of the predominantly Irish working class parish managed to save £700 towards construction, a large sum at the time. Stage one of the church was completed in 1927. This was made up of the nave and part of the tower and allowed services to commence.
Construction of the remaining sections of the church took many years due to financial constraints. The transept was completed in 1888 and the remainder, less the spire, in 1892. It was nearly 40 years later that the spire was completed. Designed by architect G. W. Vanheems, it was much taller than that originally proposed by Wardell. When completed in 1928 it was the tallest structure in Australia at high. Vanheems later designed the even taller spire of St Patrick's which was added, also belatedly, in 1939.
A primary school of the same name operated for several decades behind the Church before its closure and amalgamation with St. James' Primary School in 2005.
Parish
The Catholic Parish of Ignatius is administered by the Australian Jesuits on behalf of the Archdiocese of Melbourne.
Gallery
See also
Society of Jesus
References
External links
St Ignatius Parish site
Roman Catholic churches in Melbourne
Richmond, Ignatius
Buildings and structures in the City of Yarra
Churches completed in 1928
1867 establishments in Australia
Gothic Revival architecture in Melbourne
Gothic Revival church buildings in Australia
Stone churches in Australia
William Wardell church buildings
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Ignatius%27%20Church%2C%20Richmond
|
1940 Olympics refers to both:
The 1940 Winter Olympics, which were originally to be held in Sapporo, Japan before being relocated to Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, but were cancelled due to World War II
The 1940 Summer Olympics, which were originally to be held in Tokyo, Japan before being relocated to Helsinki, Finland, but were cancelled due to World War II
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%20Olympics
|
Hammonds Plains—Upper Sackville is a former provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, which existed from 2003 to 2013. It elected one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. In its last configuration, the electoral district included those communities comprising the western suburbs of the Halifax Regional Municipality, namely Hammonds Plains, Yankeetown, Pockwock, Upper Sackville and Lucasville.
The electoral district was created in 2003, drawing parts of the electoral districts of Sackville-Beaver Bank (now defunct) and Timberlea-Prospect. The electoral district was abolished following the 2012 electoral boundary review and was largely replaced by the new electoral district of Hammonds Plains-Lucasville.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
The electoral district was represented by the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
Election results
2003 general election
2006 general election
2009 general election
External links
Riding profile - Nova Scotia Votes 2006 (CBC)
2006 Poll by Poll Results
Riding profile - Nova Scotia Votes 2003 (CBC)
2003 Poll by Poll Results
Former provincial electoral districts of Nova Scotia
Politics of Halifax, Nova Scotia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammonds%20Plains-Upper%20Sackville
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The Women's Kakusei was a Go competition.
Outline
The Women's Kakusei used a knockout format.
Past winners
Go competitions in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20Kakusei
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The Women's JAL Super Hayago was a Go competition.
Outline
The Women's JAL Super Hayago was sponsored by Japan Airlines. The winner's purse was 2,500,000 Yen ($19,100).
Past winners
Go competitions in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20JAL%20Super%20Hayago
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Area codes 631 and 934 are the telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for Suffolk County, New York, on Long Island. Area code 631 was created in 1999 in a split from 516; and 934 was added as an overlay in 2016. Communities within the area include Babylon, Huntington, Islip, Smithtown, Brookhaven, Riverhead, Southampton, Southold, Shelter Island, and East Hampton.
History of Suffolk County area codes
1947–1951: 914
With the announcement of a new nationwide telephone numbering plan by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in October 1947, Suffolk County, Nassau County, the lower Hudson Valley, and some areas adjacent were assigned area code 914.
1951–1999: 516
During 1951, area code 516 was assigned to Suffolk and Nassau, which were separated thereby from area code 914.
1999–2016: 631
On November 1, 1999, area code 631 was created solely for Suffolk County, to satisfy the increased need for telephone numbers mainly due to cellular services, while Nassau County retained area code 516. Permissive dialing for numbers in 516 across Long Island continued until the spring of 2000.
2016–present: 631/934 overlay
On July 16, 2016, area code 934 was assigned to overlay 631, which was nearing depletion of central office codes. This was the first overlay in an area in the state of New York outside New York City, and required ten-digit dialing for both area codes, effective June 18, 2016.
See also
List of New York area codes
List of North American Numbering Plan area codes
References
External links
631
631
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20codes%20631%20and%20934
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The International Society of Bassists (ISB) is a 501(C)(3) not-for-profit organization for anybody who enjoys the double bass. The society was founded in 1967 by Gary Karr as the International Institute for String Bass (IISB). After a two-year hiatus of the IISB, the International Society of Bassists was launched with Barry Green as executive director, and the society maintains that name today. The president of the Society from 1982-1991 was Jeff Bradetich. The current president is Douglas Mapp, double bass professor at Rowan University, and the General Manager is Madeline Crouch of Don Dillon Associates. The society has about 3,000 members in about 40 countries and is steered by an international board of directors.
Every other year, the society holds a convention that consists of music competitions, workshops, recitals, lectures, and exhibits. Recent convention attendance routinely exceeds 1,000 attendees.
In addition to a periodic newsletter, the ISB publishes Bass World magazine three times a year. The magazine contains columns for soloists, orchestra members and jazz bassists, instrument maintenance advice, musician profiles, discussions of health issues, teacher tips, pages for children, recording and music reviews, and interviews. Articles are written, edited, refereed, and curated by leading experts and enthusiasts in the field.
The ISB also publishes the free Online Journal of Bass Research, containing peer-reviewed scholarly research regarding the history and development of the double bass and related instruments, players and repertoire, and critical reviews of bass-related books and articles.
References
External links
The ISB World Office
International Society of Bassists Convention at Penn State University
The Historical Bass Website
Double bass organizations
Organizations established in 1967
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Society%20of%20Bassists
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Feleti Vakaʻuta Sevele, Lord Sevele of Vailahi (born 7 July 1944) is a Tongan politician who served as the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Tonga from 30 March 2006 to 22 December 2010.
Biography
Early life
Lord Sevele was born in Ma’ufanga, Nuku’alofa. He began his high school education at Apifo'ou College in Tonga, then went to school in Fiji at St John's College in Levuka on the island of Ovalau, and the Marist Brothers High School, Suva. He then attended St Bede's College in Christchurch, New Zealand, before going to the University of Canterbury where he graduated with a BSc degree in mathematics, and a BA, an MA and a PhD degree in economic geography titled 'Regional inequalities in socio-economic development in Tonga' . He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 2003.
Career
Upon returning to Tonga he was employed by the Tonga Commodities Board, then as chief economist for the South Pacific Commission, and as a councilor for the University of the South Pacific. He subsequently worked as Director of Catholic Education, a consultant, and businessman.
Sevele was first elected as one of nine People's Representatives to the Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea in the 1999 election and re-elected in subsequent elections. In March 2005 he was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister for Labour, Commerce and Industries, becoming one of the first two elected representatives to be appointed to Cabinet. As Minister he negotiated Tonga's becoming a member of the World Trade Organization in December 2005. In early 2006 he presented an Employment Relations Bill to Cabinet, based on the Fijian Bill of the same name, as a response to the public service strike of 2005.
Prime Minister
Sevele is the country's third non-noble Prime Minister after Shirley Waldemar Baker and Siosateki Tonga. He was appointed Acting Prime Minister after the sudden resignation of Ahoeitu Unuakiotonga Tukuaho (at that time commonly known as: Ulukālala Lavaka Ata) on 11 February 2006, six months after a series of pro-democracy protests that called for a lesser role in government for the royal family. Sevele's role was made permanent by King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, when he appointed Dr Sevele as the Prime Minister of Tonga on 30 March 2006.
On 19 September 2007, Sevele was received by Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in Malacañang. He attended the Asian Development Bank's "Mobilizing Aid for Trade" conference (18 to 20 September).
Following the resignation of Finance Minister Siosiua 'Utoikamanu, Sevele temporarily took over his portfolio on 26 February 2008 until 'Otenifi Afu'alo Matoto was appointed as Finance Minister on 20 March.
Sevele did not seek re-election at the 2010 elections. Following the completion of his term as Prime Minister he was created a Tongan life peer by King George Tupou V with the noble title of Lord Sevele of Vailahi.
Honours
National honours
Order of Queen Sālote Tupou III, Knight Grand Cross with collar (31 July 2008).
References
External links
Profile at Tongan Government website
Pacific Magazine
Matangi Tonga
Photos of Prime Minister Sevele's trip to Los Angeles and Honolulu November 2007
1944 births
Foreign ministers of Tonga
People educated at Marist Brothers High School, Fiji
People educated at St Bede's College, Christchurch
Industry ministers of Tonga
Labour ministers of Tonga
Trade ministers of Tonga
Living people
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Tonga
Prime Ministers of Tonga
Tongan economists
University of Canterbury alumni
Tongan nobles
Tongan businesspeople
People from Nukuʻalofa
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Queen Sālote Tupou III
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feleti%20Sevele
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The Asahi Pro Best Ten was a Go competition.
Outline
The tournament consisted of 20 players. The format was a knockout. The 20 players were reduced to 10, with the place for number 1 coming down to a best-of-three match.
Past winners
Go competitions in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi%20Pro%20Best%20Ten
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The Watchman Industrial School and Camp, also known as the Watchman Institute, was founded in 1908 for black youths by Reverend William S. Holland in Providence, Rhode Island. He based it on the educational theories of Booker T. Washington. In 1923, Holland moved the school to North Scituate when he acquired the property of the Pentecostal Collegiate Institute. He closed the school in 1938 during the Great Depression, when many private schools were unable to survive financially.
The school had suffered fires in 1924 and 1926; newspapers reported that the Ku Klux Klan was suspected, as it had become active in the western part of the state. Holland and his wife operated the related summer camp at the facility from 1938 until 1974.
History
The school was founded by Reverend William S. Holland, who was educated at Virginia Union University. Deeply interested in education for black youth, Holland founded the Watchman Industrial School at 140 Codding Street, in Providence in 1908. He hoped to duplicate the success of the educational program of Booker T. Washington, as operating at the Hampton Institute and the Tuskegee Institute, historically black colleges. He trained black youths in vocational trades in addition to academic subjects, hence the name "industrial school," which was a popular model at the time for lower-class youths. Educators believed that young people needed to be taught skills for the workplace. Holland often took custody of young persons in trouble with the authorities, in lieu of seeing them enter Rhode Island's reform school or prison systems.
The Watchman Industrial School was incorporated in Rhode Island by 1910. In 1917, the Watchman School was described in the report of the Phelps-Stokes Fund as "a small elementary school of very doubtful management. The industrial work is negligible." The Fund was managing a study of black education and surveyed private as well as public schools.
North Scituate
In 1920, Holland acquired the North Scituate campus of the former Pentecostal Collegiate Institute, which had moved to Wollaston in Quincy, Massachusetts, the year before. He moved the Watchman Institute there in 1923.
The buildings were originally designed in 1839 for the Smithville Seminary by Russell Warren, the leading Greek Revival architect in New England in the 19th century. Holland advertised his school as "the ideal Home for Boys and Girls age 14 years and upwards" in the December 1923 edition of The Crisis, the magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
The school had two suspicious fires in 1924 and 1926, and a former student reported seeing a cross being burned on the school lawn in the 1930s. Newspapers reported in the 1920s incidents that the local Ku Klux Klan chapter was suspected, as the KKK had become active in western Rhode Island after World War I, chiefly out of anti-immigration sentiment. No one was ever arrested or charged in the incidents.
After closing the school, Holland continued to operate the summer camp until his death in 1958. After his death, his second wife and widow Viola Grant Holland (1901–1986) took over operation of the camp. She ran it until 1974, when it was forced to close for financial reasons. By 1969, the principal of the camp was Edward T. Duncan.
In 1978 the complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The buildings were renovated in the 1970s and converted into apartments known as Scituate Commons. In 1985 the site was designated by Rhode Island as an African-American historic site.
William S. Holland
Early life and education
William S. Holland was born in October 1866 in Virginia to former slaves. He likely attended local black schools. He graduated from Virginia Union University of Richmond, Virginia, in 1897.
Marriage and family
After college, in 1899 Holland married Evalina (also known as Evelyn) Brown. She was born September 1875 in Virginia. They had one son, William F.B. Holland (born March 1900 in Rhode Island).
After Evalina's death, Holland married Viola E. Holland (born 1901 in Worcester, Massachusetts; died 14 October 1986 in Rhode Island). She survived him and operated the summer camp for years.
Notes and references
Further reading
Forty-Third Anniversary of the Watchman Industrial School and Camp, North Scituate, Rhode Island [and] Watchman Community Center Day Nursery. Providence, Rhode Island, s.n., 1951.
External links
The Watchman Industrial School incorporation from the Rhode Island State Archives
1938 disestablishments in Rhode Island
Educational institutions established in 1908
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Scituate, Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Providence County, Rhode Island
Defunct schools in Rhode Island
Rhode Island
1908 establishments in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Providence County, Rhode Island
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchman%20Institute
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Gower Street may refer to:
Gower Street, London
Gower Street (Los Angeles)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower%20Street
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The Asahi Top Eight Players was a Go competition.
Outline
The final was a best-of-three match. This tournament was short-lived, being played only one year.
Past winners
External links
The Asahi Top Eight Tournament
Go competitions in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi%20Top%20Eight%20Players
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Gower Street is a two-way street in Bloomsbury, central London, running from Euston Road at the north to Montague Place in the south. The street is continued from North Gower Street north of Euston Road. To the south, it becomes Bloomsbury Street.
University College London (UCL) and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) are located along Gower Street as is part of University College Hospital. UCL maintains two student residences along the street: the Arthur Tattersall and John Tovell Houses. Of the many UCL buildings along Gower Street, the Cruciform Building is especially notable, both for its striking red exterior and its obvious form, even when viewed from the road. Old boys of University College School are known as "Old Gowers" after the street where it was founded and co-located with UCL. SOAS, University of London and Birkbeck College are also in proximity.
Euston Square Underground station is located at the north end of Gower Street, at the corner of Euston Road.
History
Gower Street is named after Lady Gertrude Leveson-Gower, daughter of John Leveson-Gower, and who in 1737 became the second wife of Bloomsbury landowner Lord John Russell. Gower Street was originally the name only of the southern part of the street, from the south end northwards to the junctions with Francis Street (on the west side) and Torrington Place (on the east side). The northern part of the street was called Upper Gower Street, except for the western side north of Grafton Way, which was called Gower Street North (not to be confused with North Gower Street, which was on the other side of Euston Road). The sequence of house numbers in Upper Gower Street proceeded on the east side from south to north, up to no. 27, and then on the west side from north to south, from no. 28. Gower Street North was numbered independently, from no. 1 (on the northern corner of Grafton Way and Gower Street) to approx. no. 15 (adjacent to Euston Road). In the 1860s this confusing situation came to an end when all three streets (Gower Street, Upper Gower Street, and Gower Street North) were renumbered in one continuous sequence and called Gower Street. This re-numbering proceeded from south to north on both sides of the street: the east side now contained even-numbered houses, ending in no. 142 adjacent to Euston Road, and the west side contained odd-numbered houses, from no. 87, adjacent to Francis Street, up to no. 163 adjacent to Euston Road.
Residents
Notable residents of Gower Street are listed in the Survey of London. They have included the architect George Dance the Younger, painter William De Morgan, and the Shaws. John Shaw Sr., and John Shaw Jr., formed a famous 19th-century architectural partnership. Thomas Budd Shaw was a professor of English literature to the grand dukes of Russia.
The painter John Everett Millais had a studio here. North Gower Street was also the birthplace and childhood home of the artist Philip Zec and his eleven other siblings, although that was when it was still called George Street.
On 26 March 1835, the Rev William Agutter died here.
In March 1837, Giuseppe Mazzini (Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy) moved to 187 North Gower Street (at the time, 9 George Street, and now used for the filming of Sherlock) together with Italian poet and patriot Giovanni Ruffini, his brother Agostino Ruffini and Angelo Usiglio, living there for three years until 1840.
On 29 December 1838, Charles Darwin took the let of the furnished property at 12 Upper Gower Street (later 110 Gower Street), and wrote to tell his fiancée Emma Wedgwood of his delight at being the "possessor of Macaw Cottage". As their daughter Etty later recalled, "He used to laugh over the ugliness of their house in Gower St, and the furniture in the drawing-room, which he said combined all the colours of the macaw in hideous discord", and Darwin had christened the house "Macaw Cottage" in "allusion to the gaudy colours of the walls and furniture." He moved in on 31 December, and with Emma moved in on the day of their marriage, 29 January 1839. The development of Darwin's theory of natural selection made progress in this house, and their children William Erasmus Darwin and Anne Darwin were born there. In 1842 the family moved to Down House in the Kent countryside, and the Gower Street house became part of the warehouse system of James Shoolbred and Company. On 13 December 1904 a London County Council blue plaque was put up, to "Charles Darwin Naturalist". The house suffered from bomb damage in 1941 during the Blitz, and was not repaired. In 1961 the site became part of the Biological Sciences building of University College London, with a new plaque. The long thin garden which backed onto Gower Mews North (later Malet Place) was incorporated into Foster Court car park in 1978.
The etymologist and philologist Hensleigh Wedgwood, who was Charles Darwin's cousin and brother-in-law, lived at 94 Gower Street; he died there in 1891.
From 1869 to 1892, 102 Gower Street was the home of the barrister William Belt who was best known for his erratic behaviour in later life which was widely reported by popular newspapapers for the amusement of their readers.
On the wall of the University College building, an elaborate wall plaque carries the legend: "Close to this place Richard Trevithick (Born 1771 - Died 1833) Pioneer of High Pressure Steam ran in the year 1808 the first steam locomotive to draw passengers." It was erected by "The Trevithick Centenary Memorial Committee".
In 1823 Charles Dickens (aged 11) lived at 4 Gower Street North when his mother opened a school there. The building was later re-numbered 147 Gower Street; the site was occupied from 2005 by the Accident and Emergency department of University College Hospital.
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was founded in the Millais family house on Gower Street in the winter of 1848–49.
Millicent Fawcett, a leading figure in the constitutional wing of the British women's suffrage movement, lived at No. 2 Gower Street (and died there in 1929).
The Walloon (Belgian) poet Henri Michaux briefly resided in Gower Street in February 1931.
From 1976 until 1995 the headquarters of MI5 was an anonymous grey office block at 140 Gower Street, adjacent to Euston Road. Since 2004 the site has been occupied by the western end of the Wellcome Trust's Gibbs Building.
Many of the Georgian houses on Gower Street have been converted into small hotels.
North Gower Street
North Gower Street, the northern continuation of Gower Street beyond Euston Road, is not accessible from Gower Street at street level for vehicles or pedestrians. For pedestrians, the most direct access is via a subway along the concourse of Euston Square station.
From Euston Road, North Gower Street continues past Drummond Street and then ends, with a footpath continuing north to connect with the Hampstead Road. It is lined mostly with Georgian terraced houses now mostly converted into hotels and student accommodation or rebuilt, and council housing.
The BBC crime drama Sherlock has used 187 North Gower Street, posing as 221B Baker Street, for many external shots of Sherlock Holmes's flat. The location is instantly recognisable by the adjacent Speedy's cafe and sandwich shop which is also shown in most external shots in the series. The blue plaque for former resident Giuseppe Mazzini, clearly visible on Google Street View, is covered by a fake lamp for filming.
See also
Paternoster Row
References
External links
LondonTown.com information
Streets in the London Borough of Camden
University College London
Bloomsbury
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower%20Street%2C%20London
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SC3 may refer to:
South Carolina's 3rd congressional district
South Carolina Highway 3, a state highway in South Carolina
Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause, a 2006 American film that is third in the Santa Clause movie series
SC3, a spin-off pop-group, made of 3 original members of S Club 7
Secret Chiefs 3, an avant-garde/experimental instrumental rock music group
, a United States Navy submarine chaser commissioned in 1918 and sold in 1920
SC3, a candidate phylum of bacteria from arid soil
SC03, a FIPS 10-4 region code, see List of FIPS region codes (S–U)
SC-03, a subdivision code for the Seychelles, see ISO 3166-2:SC
Video games
Soul Calibur III, a PlayStation 2 fighting game produced by Namco
Star Control 3, a video game developed by Legend Entertainment
SimCity 3000, a city-building simulation personal computer game and the third major installment in the SimCity series
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory, a third-person stealth-based video game also known as Splinter Cell 3
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC3
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Scholes International Airport at Galveston is three miles southwest of Galveston, in Galveston County, Texas, United States. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a reliever airport.
The airport provides charter service and has no scheduled flights; the runways can accommodate airplanes as large as the Boeing 767-200.
Overview
Operated and maintained by the City of Galveston, GLS is a general aviation airport. It has seen several airlines; from the 1930s until 1953-54 Braniff flew to Houston International (later named William P. Hobby Airport). Trans-Texas Airways "TTa", the forerunner to Texas International Airlines, arrived in the 1950s; until 1972 TTa Convair 600s flew nonstop to both Houston and Beaumont/Port Arthur and direct to Dallas and Austin. Later Galveston was served by Houston Metro Airlines De Havilland of Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters to Houston Intercontinental Airport (IAH), some stopping at Clear Lake City (CLC airport) near the NASA Johnson Space Center. A commuter airline, Texas Airlines, also served the airport in the mid-1980s with Piper Navajos to Houston Intercontinental Airport.
The airport's Master Plan considers the potential return of airline service as well as the trend of corporate aircraft and oil industry helicopter activity. In preparation for increased corporate activity, the plan considers the extension of the primary runway (18/36) from 6000 X . to . It can now accommodate aircraft as large as a Boeing 767.
GLS has air traffic control 12 hours a day (0600-1800), with direct clearance delivery service to Houston TRACON after the tower is closed. The Class D surface area changes to Class E and airport is uncontrolled. Airport lighting includes HIRL, MIRL, MALSR, REIL's and PAPI's as well as lighted taxiway and runway signage. It has an "A" ARFF Index. The airport offers a terminal, a 24-hour fixed-base operator, 24-hour weather services, a U.S. Customs agent on call, and state-of-the-art navigational aids with precision approaches providing all-weather capabilities. It is a fairly popular fueling stop for transient military aircraft due to a Military Operations Area in the Gulf of Mexico, and it is the destination for air ambulances transferring patients to the Shriner's Burn Hospital for Children.
Of the 220+ aircraft based at GLS, 50+ are helicopters belonging to Bristow, Era, PHI and other oil industry vendors.
The Lone Star Flight Museum was at the airport from 1985 until 2017.
GLS ATIS Freq: 119.275, Phone Number: (409) 740-9248 ASOS
History
In the early 1920s the present Galveston airport location began to be used for aircraft operations, by Bob Scholes and Fen Waters, among others), who were some of the earliest aircraft operators in Texas (both of whom were flying before the issuance of pilot licenses. Soon after, the City of Galveston ordered them to cease providing rides and aerobatic demonstrations, in their Hisso-Suiza converted, former OX-5 powered Standard for which they were using East Beach as a runway surface. Fen Waters was offered the use of what is the present airport property, by a friend whose family operated a cattle ranch and watermelon farm.
The Galveston Municipal Airport name dates back to 1931. For a time it was named Corrigan Airport in 1938 for Douglas "Wrong Way" Corrigan, a Galveston native.
During World War II, it was re-designated a United States Army Air Corps base and named "Galveston Army Air Field", United States Army Corps of Engineers, using funds made available by Congress through the Civil Aeronautics Authority, constructed three -long, hard-surface runways at the airport to accommodate army aircraft.
In January 1943, Galveston Army Air Field was officially activated had the 46th Bombardment Group flying the Douglas A-20 Havoc in the anti-submarine role in the Gulf of Mexico until replaced by the 10th Antisubmarine Squadron, flying RM-37 Lockheed Venturas.
The Field was primarily used for replacement crew gunnery training by the 407th Fighter-Bomber Group, with targets being towed to the gunnery range at nearby Oyster Bay. The installation cost $7 million and at its peak had some 2,500 personnel assigned.
It was deactivated on November 15, 1945, with ownership reverting to the City of Galveston. The existing terminal was completed in 1949 and renamed Scholes Field in honor of Airport Manager and aviation pioneer, Robert "Bob" Scholes. As late as 1948, it was an active seaplane base per Sectional Aeronautical chart SA SAC O-5.
The airport has in the past offered airline services to Houston on Texas International Airlines.
Facilities
Scholes International Airport covers 966 acres (391 ha) at an elevation of 6 feet (2 m). It has two runways: 14/32 is 6,000 by 150 feet (1,829 x 46 m) asphalt/concrete; 18/36 is 6,001 by 150 feet (1,829 x 46 m) concrete.
In the year ending April 6, 2023 the airport had 49,448 aircraft operations, average 135 per day: 84% general aviation, 14% air taxi, and 2% military. In April 2023, 128 aircraft were based at the airport: 81 single-engine, 6 multi-engine, 6 jet, and 35 helicopter.
Regular traffic
Light general aviation aircraft, and the occasional transient business jets can be seen at GLS.
The most frequent traffic is that of the helicopters that support the offshore oil and gas industry operating in the Gulf of Mexico. These large Part 135 helicopter operators include:
Bristow U.S. LLC flying Sikorsky S-92s, Sikorsky S-76s, Agusta Westland AW 139s, Eurocopter EC 135s, Bell 407s and Bell 206L-4s. Bristow US is part of Bristow Group which is one of the largest commercial helicopter operators in the world.
ERA flying Agusta A-119s, Eurocopter EC-135s, Sikorsky S-61s;
PHI (Petroleum Helicopters Inc.) flying Bell JetRangers, Messerschmidt BO-105s, Eurocopter EC-135s, Sikorsky S-76s.
Accidents at GLS
On April 30, 1974, a Metro Airlines Beechcraft Model 99 crashed after takeoff because the captain in his haste left the trim stabilizer in the standby position. One crewmember and 5 passengers out of the 12 occupants were killed.
Lone Star Flight Museum
The Lone Star Flight Museum, which was located at Scholes from 1985 until 2017, maintains a fleet of air worthy warbirds including: Vega B-17 Flying Fortress, North American B-25 Mitchell Bomber, Douglas SBD Dauntless, Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, Vought F4U Corsair, General Motors (Eastern Aircraft) TBM Avenger, Grumman F6F Hellcat, Grumman F8F Bearcat, General Motors FM-2 Wildcat, Supermarine Spitfire, Hawker Hurricane, North American AT-6 Texan, Beech AT-11 Kansan, Cessna AT-17 Bobcat, Stinson L-5, Douglas DC-3 Sky Train, and Stearman PT-17.
The Lone Star Flight Museum moved to nearby Ellington Airport in September 2017.
See also
Lone Star Flight Museum
Texas World War II Army Airfields
References
External links
Scholes International Airport, official webpage
Galveston Aviation Services, the fixed-base operator (FBO)
Lone Star Flight Museum
at Texas DOT Airport Directory
Aerial image as of January 1995 from USGS The National Map
1931 establishments in Texas
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Texas
Airports established in 1931
Galveston Army Air Field
Airports in Texas
Buildings and structures in Galveston, Texas
Tourist attractions in Galveston, Texas
Transportation in Galveston County, Texas
Transportation in Galveston, Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholes%20International%20Airport%20at%20Galveston
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The Haunted Bookshop is a 1919 novel by Christopher Morley, now in the public domain in the United States. It has remained a popular representative of the "bibliomystery," a mystery story set in the world of books.
Plot introduction
This is a suspenseful novel set in Brooklyn around the time of the end of World War I. It continues the story of Roger Mifflin, the book seller in Parnassus on Wheels. It also details an adventure of Miss Titania Chapman and a young advertising man named Aubrey Gilbert.
The Haunted Bookshop is not a novel of the supernatural. Rather, the name refers to the ghosts of the past that haunt all libraries and bookstores: "the ghosts of all great literature." Throughout the novel Morley, through the character of Roger Mifflin, makes reference to the knowledge and wisdom that one can gain from literature.
Plot summary
The narrative begins with a young advertising man, Aubrey Gilbert, stopping by a bookstore named "The Haunted Bookshop" in the hopes of finding a new client. Gilbert meets the proprietor, Roger Mifflin. Gilbert does not succeed in selling advertising copy, but is intrigued by Mifflin and his conviction concerning the value books and booksellers have to the world. Additionally, Gilbert is intrigued by the fact that his firm's biggest client, Mr. Chapman, is a friend of Mifflin and has asked Mifflin to undertake the education of his daughter, Titania Chapman, by hiring her as an assistant.
Gilbert returns to the book store, meets Titania, and falls in love with her. Meanwhile, mysterious things start to happen: a copy of Thomas Carlyle's Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell disappears and reappears, Gilbert is attacked as he travels home, a pharmacist neighbor of Mifflin is observed skulking in the alley behind the bookstore at night speaking to someone in German, and an assistant chef at the Octagon Hotel has posted an ad in The New York Times promising a reward for a lost copy of Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell. Gilbert starts to sense that something nefarious is afoot. He suspects that the gregarious Mifflin is involved in a plot to kidnap Titania, and he assigns himself the job of protecting her.
Meanwhile, Mifflin begins to train Titania in the booksellers' trade. His focus is so centered on books and their content that he fails to note the unusual things that are occurring.
Gilbert takes a room across from the bookstore in order to keep eye on things, and believes his suspicions confirmed when he sees the pharmacist let himself into the bookshop with his own key late at night. Gilbert breaks into the bookshop in an effort to find evidence to prove his suspicions, but only manages to frighten and anger Titania.
Gilbert learns that Mifflin is to take a day trip to Philadelphia, and follows him in the belief that the trip is a part of the "kidnapping" plot. In Philadelphia Gilbert confronts Mifflin with his suspicions, telling him of all the things that have occurred. The two realize that a third party had lured Mifflin away from the shop. They call the bookshop and learn that the pharmacist has left a suitcase of books there for someone else to pick up. Mifflin tells Titania to hold on to the case until he returns.
Mifflin and Gilbert return to the bookshop and find it locked. Inside, the pharmacist and an associate of his have tied up Mrs. Mifflin and are menacing Titania with a gun.
A fight ensues, part of the bookstore is destroyed by a bomb, and the pharmacist escapes. The only casualties of the bomb are the pharmacist's partner and Mifflin's dog, Bock. Mifflin even affects to be pleased as the blast knocked down books he'd forgotten he had.
In the final chapter of the book Gilbert and Mifflin learn what the true plot was: The pharmacist was a German spy who had been using the bookshop as a drop-off point. He was a specialist in making bombs, and had hidden a bomb in one of President Woodrow Wilson's favorite books. The pharmacist's co-conspirator was the assistant chef at the Octagon Hotel. He was to be part of the crew on the ship Wilson was to travel on to peace talks in Europe, and was to plant the bomb in Wilson's cabin in an assassination plot. The pharmacist was captured by police, and killed himself.
Characters in The Haunted Bookshop
Roger Mifflin: Bookseller, proprietor of The Haunted Bookshop.
Aubrey Gilbert: Young advertising man who suspects illicit acts are occurring.
Bock: Roger Mifflin's dog, a mustard-colored terrier named for Boccaccio.
Helen Mifflin: Mr. Mifflin's wife.
George Chapman: A client of Gilbert, friend of Mifflin, and father of Titania.
Titania Chapman: A young lady apprenticed to Mr. Mifflin.
Mr. Weintraub: A pharmacist neighbor to Mifflin.
Mrs. J. F. Smith: Who abides in all lodging houses.
Metzger: Assistant chef at the Octagon Hotel.
Major themes
This is primarily a novel of suspense, though throughout it Morley proclaims the value of books. Mifflin, the protagonist, is a self-described "practitioner of bibliotherapy" who thinks booksellers heal minds just like doctors heal bodies. Mifflin describes a "librocubicularist" as someone who is fond of readings in bed.
Allusions/references to other works
Books referenced by characters:
Trivia by Logan Pearsall Smith
The Story of My Heart: An Autobiography by Richard Jeffries
Notebooks, by Samuel Butler
The Man Who Was Thursday by G. K. Chesterton
The Demi-Gods by James Stephens
The Works of Francis Thompson
The Social History of Smoking by G.L. Apperson
The Path to Rome by Hilaire Belloc
The Book of Tea by Okakura Kakuzo
Happy Thoughts by F.C. Burnand
Margaret Ogilvy by J.M. Barrie
Confessions of a Thug by Philip Meadows Taylor
General Catalogue of the Oxford University Press
The Morning's War by C.E. Montague
The Spirit of Man edited by Robert Bridges
The Romany Rye by George Henry Borrow
Poems by Emily Dickinson
Poems by George Herbert
The House of Cobwebs by George Gissing
The Way of All Flesh and Erewhon by Samuel Butler
Paradise Lost by Milton
Parnassus on Wheels by Christopher Morley
Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell by Thomas Carlyle
Authors referenced by characters: Carlyle, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Thoreau, George Bernard Shaw, Chesterton, Nietzsche, George Ade, Ralph Waldo Trine, J.M. Chapple, J.M. Barrie, Joseph Conrad, John Keats.
Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science
The novel is set shortly after the end of World War I. Characters occasionally discuss the war. It is mentioned several times that Woodrow Wilson is to travel to peace conferences. Characters plot to assassinate Woodrow Wilson on his way to the peace conferences following the war.
In popular culture
Cornell & Diehl produces a pipe tobacco named after this novel.
References
External links
1919 American novels
Novels set during World War I
Novels set in New York City
J. B. Lippincott & Co. books
Fiction about assassinations
Cultural depictions of Woodrow Wilson
Novels set in bookstores
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Haunted%20Bookshop
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Gunskirchen is a town in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.
Geography
Gunskirchen lies in the Hausruckviertel. About 11 percent of the municipality is forest, and 78 percent is farmland. Internal combustion engine maker Rotax has been headquartered at Gunskirchen since 1947.
History
World War II
During World War II one of the sub-camps of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp was located in the village. The camp was rather short-lived. In December 1944, construction for the Gunskirchen camp began. It was planned to house several hundred slave laborers. When the camp was opened in April 1945, however, thousands of prisoners evacuated on death marches from Mauthausen started to flood Gunskirchen. Dr. Edith Eger was among them. In these overcrowded conditions, diseases such as typhus and dysentery spread rapidly through the starving and weakened camp population. The prisoners were—with the exception of 400 political prisoners—Jews from Hungary whom the Germans had forced to march on foot from their homeland to Austria, where they were to be used for forced labor. Some 17,000 Hungarian Jews reportedly passed through the Gunskirchen camp.
On May 4, 1945, troops of 71st Infantry Division and segregated 761st Tank Battalion liberated Gunskirchen. When troops entered the camp, they learned that the SS guards had fled the corpse-littered camp days before. Some 15,000 prisoners were still in the camp. In the months following the liberation, some 1,500 former prisoners died as a consequence of their mistreatment by the Nazis. One member of the 71st Infantry recounted his first impressions of Gunskirchen:
As we entered the camp, the living skeletons still able to walk crowded around us and, though we wanted to drive farther into the place, the milling, pressing crowd wouldn't let us. It is not an exaggeration to say that almost every inmate was insane with hunger. Just the sight of an American brought cheers, groans and shrieks. People crowded around to touch an American, to touch the jeep, to kiss our arms—perhaps just to make sure that it was true. The people who couldn't walk crawled out toward our jeep. Those who couldn't even crawl propped themselves up on an elbow, and somehow, through all their pain and suffering, revealed through their eyes the gratitude, the joy they felt at the arrival of Americans.--Capt. J. D. Pletcher
The American soldiers immediately began requisitioning supplies and transportation from the local town to provide the prisoners with food and water.
The 71st Infantry Division was recognized as a liberating unit by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1988.
See also
The Holocaust
György Bálint (originally surname Braun; 1919–2020), Hungarian horticulturist, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, journalist, author, and politician who served as an MP.
References
External links
Official site
Autobiography of Andrew L. Reeves (liberated from Gunskirchen by the 71st Division in 1945)
Cities and towns in Wels-Land District
Holocaust locations in Austria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunskirchen
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The New Haven County Cutters were an independent baseball team based in New Haven, Connecticut. From 2004 through 2007, the Cutters played in the Canadian-American Association of Professional Baseball (the "Can-Am League", formerly known as the Northeast League in 2004), an independent league that is not affiliated with Major League Baseball nor with the Minor League Baseball organization.
Franchise history
Massachusetts Mad Dogs
Originally based in Lynn, Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Mad Dogs were named during an event that included students from Lynn and nearby Nahant, Massachusetts. The Mad Dogs were members of three different independent baseball leagues. They began to play in 1996 as an expansion team in the North Atlantic League with former major league star George Scott as manager, who managed the team for all four years that the Mad Dogs played in the region. They dominated the NAL, going 56-21 and winning the pennant by 13 games, but were defeated in two games in the best-of-3 playoffs by the Catskill Cougars. The Mad Dogs drew the most fans in the league with 52,384.
When the NAL folded after the 1996 season, the Mad Dogs jumped to the Northeast League and went 45-37, tying for the second half northern lead (23-17) with the Albany-Colonie Diamond Dogs. Massachusetts lost to Albany in the playoffs 2 games to 1. The first year in the Northeast League drew 72,681 fans, second to Albany's 72,985.
The Mad Dogs fell to 39-45 in 1998 and were next to last in attendance, drawing only 47,123 fans that season. In 1999, the Northeast League merged into the Northern League to form the Northern League East Division. The club was 41-45 in a tight division. They finished one game out of first place in the first half of the season, and tied for last place in the second half but were just four games back. Attendance fell to last in the Northern League's Eastern Division with 38,528. Following the 1999 season, the team suspended operations, citing major issues with the team's home in Lynn, Fraser Field.
Berkshire Black Bears
After a three-year hiatus, the franchise was resurrected, this time in Pittsfield, Massachusetts as the Berkshire Black Bears, playing at historic Wahconah Park. Despite the change of location, the losing continued and the team drew minimal support from the area. Following the 2003 season, the team moved again, this time to New Haven, Connecticut. Owner Jonathan Fleisig attributed the move to criticism of the team from Pittsfield civic leaders.
New Haven County Cutters
During their four seasons in New Haven, the Cutters had varying degrees of success. Their first season saw them leading the Northeast League South Division for most of the first half of the season, but the team severely faltered down the stretch and ended up losing the division to the eventual league champion New Jersey Jackals in a one-game playoff at Yale Field. The bad streak continued, and the Cutters fell to last place in the division in the second half and cost first-year manager Jarvis Brown, a former Minnesota Twins prospect, his job.
In 2005, led by first-year manager Mike Church, the Cutters' fortunes started out badly in the first half with an 18-28 record. However, in the second half, they had a complete reversal of fortune and won their first half-season division championship, with a 28-18 record, and qualified for the Can-Am League playoffs. However, the Cutters' luck ran out in the first round of the playoffs, as they were eliminated 3 games to 1 by the eventual league champion Worcester Tornadoes.
In 2006, the Cutters kept pace with the league-leading North Shore Spirit with the second-best overall record in the league. The Cutters once again were defeated in the first round of the Can-Am League playoffs by the Brockton Rox three games to one.
On October 30, 2007, Cutters' President David Boyle, Chairman Jonathan Fleisig, and Vice Chairman Rick Handelman announced that the team would "not be playing baseball at Yale Field in 2008." The Cutters were joined by the North Shore Spirit in no longer being part of the Can-Am League in the 2008 season.
On November 9–10, 2007, the Cutters held a sale at Yale Field to sell off any remaining Cutters merchandise to those interested in getting their piece of New Haven baseball history.
Notable alumni
Gavin Fingleson, Olympic baseball silver medal winner
See also
Professional baseball in Connecticut
References
Canadian American Association of Professional Baseball
County Cutters
Professional baseball teams in Connecticut
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 2007
Baseball teams in the New York metropolitan area
Defunct independent baseball league teams
Defunct baseball teams in Connecticut
Baseball teams established in 2004
Baseball teams disestablished in 2007
North Atlantic League teams
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Haven%20County%20Cutters
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Basrur / Basroor is a village in Kundapura taluk in Udupi district of Karnataka. Historically Basrur was also called Barcelor, Barcelore, Barcalor, Basnur, Bares, Abu-Sarur and Barsellor.
History
Basrur, once called Vasupura, is a historic port town on the banks of the Varahi River on the Kanara coast in Karnataka, India. For much of the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth century, it was the rice port par excellence on that coast. The port was used by traders of several foreign countries mainly to cater for the needs of Keladi Samsthana, which was near Shimoga. The town had several streets, each specifically housing communities like traders, artisans, dancers, weavers etc. It was also famous for communities who were experts in singing and dancing, which art is forgotten and no longer exists. The town has become a small obscure village and the trade no longer exists.
In his travel account Moroccan Traveller Ibn Batuta (Abu Abdullah Mohammed (1304–1358)) who visited Canara on his way to Malabar from Honavar says, "The first town in the land of Mulaybar (Malabara) that we entered as the town of Abu-Sarur (Basrur), a small place on a large inlet and abounding in coco palms"
British Major of Engineers James Rennel has concluded with due analysis that the Bares of Ptolemy's Map is the Barcelor or Basrur.
Towards the end of the 16th century, Basrur came under Portuguese control, who built a church there and a fort called Santa Luzia. The town was called 'Barcelor' by the Portuguese.
On 13 February 1665, the Maratha ruler Shivaji conducted a naval raid on the Portuguese at Basrur, and gained a large booty which enabled him to strengthen the base of his new kingdom by building a strong navy and forts.
Basrur is famous for its old temples, the main one being the 'Shree Mahatobar Mahalingeshwara Temple'. The annual chariot festival (ratha or teru in Kannada) is held every April on Chitra Pournima - Hanuman Jayanti (in the Hindu calendar) day.
Out of 24 Temples of Basrur, The Nakhareshwara Temple is of historical importance. A 12th Century Inscription is the earliest inscription which mentions this temple. The Temple which is today called as Mahalingeshwara Temple was built by the mediaeval South Indian Merchant guild Nakhara. The deity of this temple was called Mahadeva in the mediaeval inscriptions of Basrur.
The town is a spiritual centre for the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community with 'Sri Mahalasa Narayani temple' at the center. The centuries-old temple is visited by the Swamijis of all Maths including Kashi Math Samsthana and Gokarna Parthagali Math. The legend is that the spirit for the Mahalasa temple was derived from its Moolasthana, i.e. Sri Mahalasa at Mardoli in Goa.
Noted Kannada novelist Dr. K. Shivarama Karanth has written a novel based on the life of Basrur people, mainly detailing song and dance community and the picture of early twentieth century of Basrur village is vividly described in this novel. The name of the novel is Mai Managala Suliyalli (1970) and this novel is one of the better novels of Dr. Karanth and is distributed by Sapna Book House, Bangalore.
Demographics
According to Census (2001)
Census (2011)
Languages
Kundagannada a dialect of Kannada spoken by majority of people in the region. Konkani used by Roman Catholic Christians and Goud Saraswat Brahmins. Beary, Urdu & Navayati used by Muslim communities. Quite a few Basel Mission a Christian missionary society speaks Tulu.
Transportation
This place is less than 2 km from Kundapura Railway Station on the Konkan railway route.
Public transport is operated by private bus services and autorickshaws. Small time water transport facility is also there with wooden boats managed by local fishermen. This mode of transportation was predominant up to first half of 20th century.
Local areas
"Basrur" is connected to other sub-villages (koodu-grama) like Hattikudru, Anagalli, Margoli, Merdy, Japthi, Kalanje, Othinane (Panakada-katte), Kolkere, Ulloor, Kandavara Balkur and gulwady with new bridge to form a larger area.
Notable people
Ravi Basrur an Indian film music composer, sound designer, lyricist and director
See also
Udupi district
Mangalore
References
Cities and towns in Udupi district
Portuguese Empire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basrur
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The Papua New Guinean honours system is the main system of honouring citizens of Papua New Guinea for their services to the country; it consists of three Orders and several medals. After independence, Papua New Guinea used the Imperial honours system, however, in recognition of the nation's 30th anniversary, a new awards system was adopted. The official announcement of its creation was made by Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare on 12 November 2004 and the first investitures were performed by the Princess Royal in early October 2005. The Imperial honours system is still in use as well, however, and the King issues a Papua New Guinean List as part of every Birthday and New Year Honours List.
Order of Valour
This Order consists of one level, the Cross of Valour (CV) awarded for only the most selfless acts of bravery in times of extreme personal danger. This bears resemblance to its counterparts in the Canadian and Australian honours systems. Prior to this award, citizens of Papua New Guinea would have received the George Cross for their actions.
Since Papua New Guinea still recognises the British honours system it is possible that citizens will still receive the GC, however this is considered unlikely as the Cross of Valour performs the same function. For acts of valour in the face of the enemy during wartime, citizens of PNG are still entitled to the Victoria Cross.
In ranking order, the Cross of Valour precedes Grand Companion of the Logohu.
Order of Logohu
The Order of Logohu is the principal order of the Order of Papua New Guinea. Logohu is a Motuan word for the bird-of-paradise, the official national symbol of Papua New Guinea since its independence. The Order consists of three classes and a medal.
Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu
The highest class, Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu may be awarded to citizens of Papua New Guinea and others for service, achievement, and merit in the highest degree, sustained over a period of twenty years. The class may be awarded to no more than 50 living citizens. Recipients are titled as Chief except for the Chancellor of the Order who is titled Grand Chief. One additional living Papua New Guinean may also be titled Grand Chief.
Officer of Logohu
Officer of Logohu (OL) is awarded for distinguished service to Papua New Guinea, or to a local community, sustained over a period of at least ten years.
Member of Logohu
Member of Logohu (ML) is awarded for commendable service to a particular area of endeavour, to Papua New Guinea, or to a local community, sustained over a period of at least seven years.
National Logohu Medal
The National Logohu Medal (LM) is awarded for exemplary service in a profession, career, or industry group, or to the general community, over a period of at least five years.
Order of the Star of Melanesia
This Order also consists of one level, the Companion of the Star of Melanesia (CSM). It is awarded for distinguished service of a high degree to Papua New Guinea and Melanesia, sustained over a period of fifteen years.
In ranking order, Companion of the Star of Melanesia follows Grand Companion of the Logohu.
People who have been awarded the honour include:
Sir Brian Bell
Queen Camilla
Sean Dorney
Vice Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence
George Manuhu - Judge of the Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea
Sir Rabbie Namaliu
Laisenia Qarase – Prime Minister of Fiji
Nahau Rooney – member of the first National Parliament of Papua New Guinea
Order of precedence
The honours and awards listed below are listed in order of precedence with postnominals:
Cross of Valour (CV)
Grand Companion of Logohu (GCL)
Companion of the Star of Melanesia (CSM)
Officer of Logohu (OL)
Member of Logohu (ML)
National Logohu Medal (LM)
Cross of Medical Service Medal (CMS)
Distinguished Military Service Medal (DMS)
Distinguished Police Service Medal (DPS)
Distinguished Correctional Service Medal (DCS)
Meritorious Emergency Service Medal (MES)
Meritorious Public Service Medal (MPS)
Meritorious Community Service Medal (MCS)
Commendation for Valuable Service Medal (CVS)
See also
List of post-nominal letters
References
External links
Orders, Decorations and Medals Papua New Guinea
List of the first recipients
Orders of chivalry awarded to heads of state, consorts and sovereign family members
Honours systems
Papua New Guinea and the Commonwealth of Nations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua%20New%20Guinea%20honours%20system
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Leon's Frozen Custard is a family-owned drive-in restaurant specializing in frozen custard, located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Opened in 1942, its current appearance as a "drive-in restaurant" comes from an early 1950s remodel. It is considered a landmark in the city of Milwaukee.
Leon's Frozen Custard claims to be the "Home of the World's Finest Frozen Custard," as noted boldly on its signage. Leon's offers the three "regular" flavors of vanilla and chocolate and butter pecan. Butter pecan was added on a regular basis because it was so popular. On weekends, Leon's adds a fourth flavor.
See also
List of frozen custard companies
References
External links
Leon's website
Ice cream parlors in the United States
Restaurants in Milwaukee
Buildings and structures in Milwaukee
Culture of Milwaukee
Tourist attractions in Milwaukee
Restaurants established in 1942
Frozen custard
1942 establishments in Wisconsin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%27s%20Frozen%20Custard
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In probability theory and statistics, a mixture is a probabilistic combination of two or more probability distributions. The concept arises mostly in two contexts:
A mixture defining a new probability distribution from some existing ones, as in a mixture distribution or a compound distribution. Here a major problem often is to derive the properties of the resulting distribution.
A mixture used as a statistical model such as is often used for statistical classification. The model may represent the population from which observations arise as a mixture of several components, and the problem is that of a mixture model, in which the task is to infer from which of a discrete set of sub-populations each observation originated.
See also
Mixture distribution
Compound distribution
Mixture model
classification
Cluster analysis
References
Probability theory
Compound probability distributions
Statistical classification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture%20%28probability%29
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James Hawkes may refer to:
James B. Hawkes (1857-1936), Canadian politician
Jim Hawkes (born 1934), Canadian politician
James Hawkes (congressman) (1776–1865), American politician from New York
James S. Hawkes (1856–1918), Australian accountant and civil engineer
James Hawkes (missionary) (1853–1932), missionary in Persia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Hawkes
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PL-1 or PL1 may refer to:
PL/I, a programming language
Lamson PL-1 Quark, a glider
Pazmany PL-1, a trainer aircraft
K-5 (missile)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL-1
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Pam Ward is an on-air personality for the cable sports television network ESPN, serving as one of the play-by-play announcers for ESPN's coverage of the 2012 and 2013 Women's College World Series of Softball.
She is a graduate of the University of Maryland, College Park with a degree in communications.
Prior to ESPN, Ward worked as an anchor/host for WTEM between April 1992 and March 1995 and then WBAL between March 1995 and 1996.
In 2000, Ward became the first woman to perform play-by-play announcing for an NCAA football nationally televised game.
References
External links
Biography from ESPN.com
Living people
American television sports announcers
American sports radio personalities
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Women sports announcers
Women's National Basketball Association announcers
Women's college basketball announcers in the United States
Softball announcers
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam%20Ward
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Francis Lewis High School (FLHS) is a selective public high school located in Fresh Meadows, in the New York City borough of Queens. It is one of the most-applied-to public high schools in New York City with 9,468 applicants in 2016. Operated by the New York City Department of Education, the school serves students of grades 912. The school is named after Francis Lewis, who signed the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York.
The school has several competitive and high-performing academic programs. Students are admitted to the school, either as zoned applicants from the surrounding area, or through these programs, whose acceptance rate are below 3% in the 2019 admissions statistics, some being as low as 1%.
The school has a 93% attendance rate, compared to 89% citywide. The school's graduation rate is 88% in four years, compared to 76% citywide. Of the graduating class, 82% of graduates enrolled in college or other post-secondary program within six months of graduation, compared to 59% citywide.
Student body
Francis Lewis is one of the most selective and applied to public high schools in New York City. In March 2016, Francis Lewis had 9,468 applicants applying for a seat in the school. During the 2019–2020 school year, Francis Lewis had 4,418 students enrolled. For the 2019–2020 academic year, the student body was 56% Asian, 22% Hispanic, 16% Caucasian, and 6% African American. Ten percent of the students were learning English as a second language. Fourteen percent of the students had special needs.
Francis Lewis is also one of the most overcrowded; it has a capacity of 2,300, and the 2019–2020 enrollment figures exceeded that capacity by 176 percent. In 2019, the New York City School Construction Authority started constructing an annex with 500 seats and amenities such as a culinary arts room, a science lab, and a greenhouse. The annex is scheduled to be completed by September 2022.
The school has an alumni association for graduates.
Special programs and enrollment
Eighth and ninth graders applying to Francis Lewis can be admitted through its specialized academic programs which include the following.
The Jacob K. Javits Law Institute for law studies. Students take semesters studying American law, analyzing the court system, and participating in mock trials and moot court. The program is a three-year program. The school's team won the New York City Moot Court Championships in December 1997.
The University Scholars Program, a program which gives its students an accelerated humanities program including Mythology for freshman year and Philosophy for sophomore year. Students are required to take AP English Language and Composition during junior year, and they have the choice of taking either Ancient Greek or AP English Literature and Composition during senior year. Students are required to take two foreign languages as well. The program is a four-year program.
The Math and Science Research Program offers advanced studies of math, science and statistics. Students analyze scientific articles, write scientific papers, design and conduct experiments, and participate in science fairs. The program is a four-year program. The program has garnered various Siemens Competition and Intel Science Talent Search finalists and winners. For example, Francis Lewis had three semifinalists in 2010, more than any other high school in New York City.
Math Team is a program that allows students to participate in citywide math competitions in addition to required math courses. In April 1999, the senior math team came in first place in the New York State Interscholastic Math Competition. In 2016, the program's math magazine received a gold medal from Columbia Scholastic Press Association, a Columbia University group.
The Robotics and Engineering Program offers students education in engineering. Students learn how to construct and program their own robots and compete in citywide competitions.
The International Relations Program allows students to take an accelerated class in international relations including conflicts and trade. Students take field trips to the United Nations building to analyze relations between different country leaders.
The Computer Science Program allows students to learn how to code on a computer and improve their programming skills.
In May 1995, the debate team won the New York City Championship in the annual Lincoln-Douglas debates for the first time in school history.
Before students enter sophomore year, Francis Lewis High School offers students the chance to switch into different programs. Several three-year programs become available, including the following:
The Dance Academy allows students to take a dance class in addition to the physical education class. Students learn how to do classical dances and modern dances. As of the 2018–2019 school year, students are able to audition to join the academy in their freshman year through orientation in June.
School of Design allows students classes to further their art skills.
The Graphic Design Academy allows students to pursue interests in graphic design.
The Journalism Academy offers students a classes to better understand news writing, reporting, and production. Students learn to produce a news story, learn to photojournalism skills, and broadcast and report through multimedia. The program has garnered multiple awards from the Newsies! Awards, run by Baruch College.
The Sports and Medicine Academy teaches students necessary skills for working in the medical field. Students study human anatomy, medicines, and medical conditions.
The Music Program allows students to further their music skills with different types of instruments and through voice, taking any of the music electives for most of their high school tenure.
The Virtual Enterprise International Academy allows students to learn the basis of designing and selling a product. Student learn marketing techniques, and they use these skills to try to sell a product to real investors. The program has garnered honors with top ranking companies in citywide competitions making nationals.
Academics
In order to give students high school credit and Regents credit, Francis Lewis offers numerous classes such as integrated algebra, geometry, trigonometry/algebra II, pre-trigonometry, English, living environment/biology, chemistry, physics, earth science, global history and geography, U.S. History and geography, U.S. government and economics, health, forensic science, sports medicine, literature, music appreciation, art, and graphic design.
As physical education classes, Francis Lewis High School offers frisbee, racket sports, soccer, basketball, yoga and dance, walking, weight training and conditioning, and volleyball.
The school offers music electives including chorus, concert choir, honors concert band, jazz ensemble, guitar, keyboard, marching band, and string orchestra. Students may take music electives for as long as their high school tenure. Music appreciation is offered as a one-year class for art/music credit.
Language studies
In keeping with the school's diversity, Francis Lewis High School teaches several foreign languages, including Chinese (Mandarin), French, Greek (for the fourth year of the University Scholars program), Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, and Spanish. Classes for native speakers in Chinese, Korean, and Spanish are also available for students satisfying the NYCDOE's foreign language requirement. The school previously taught Arabic and Hebrew, but those classes ended due to declining interest.
English as New Language (ENL) is also available for English learners.
Advanced Placement courses
In 1978, Francis Lewis High School was the first public high school to achieve certification to the International Baccalaureate, but stopped offering it in the 1990s. Advanced Placement (AP) courses are also available, offering college credit for work done during high school (based on the final test score). Students may choose the full program to get a full years' college credit, or simply courses of interest (for credit towards single college courses such as math or humanities). Sixty-six percent of twelfth graders take at least one Advanced Placement exam at any time during high school; of these, 50% earned at least a 3 on at least one Advanced Placement exam.
Students may choose from 20 AP courses offered at Francis Lewis, including Biology, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Capstone, Chemistry, Chinese Language and Culture, Computer Science A, English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, Environmental Science, Japanese Language and Culture, Latin, Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Physics 1, Physics 2, AP Physics C: Mechanics, Psychology, Spanish, Statistics, United States Government and Politics, United States History, and World History.
Francis Lewis High School was ranked 29th out of the 520 public high schools in New York City, according to U.S. News & World Report.
College Now! courses
Francis Lewis High School offers several courses from College Now, a program offered by the City University of New York to allow students access City University of New York classes and earn college credit. Classes are offered at Queens College and Queensborough Community College.
Students can choose up to six classes including astronomy, health and nutrition, criminal justice/sociology, computers in modern society, English, and pre-calculus.
Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps
In 1994, the US Army Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) program was established in the school. It is the largest in the nation, with more than 1,000 cadets of the 1,725 high school chapters in the country. The battalion is an honor unit with distinction, and it is considered one of the best and well-known US Army JROTC units in the nation. It had a 100% graduation rate from 1992 to 2013.
There are six JROTC teams, namely Academic, Choir, Drum Corps, Honor Guard, and Drill Team (Armed and Unarmed). Two teams compete, Academic and Drill Team (Unarmed – Patriot Pride, Armed – Patriot Guard). Francis Lewis High School used to have a competing Raiders team (female – Patriot Strength, male – Patriot Force).
In 2018 allegations of hazing (involving sexual and physical assault) from the male Raiders team were made.
The Patriot Guard were national champions in 2007, 2009–2011, and placed second in 2012. The Patriot Pride came in second in 2006, 2008 and 2009 and first in 2010 and 2013 National Championships in Daytona, Florida.
The female Raiders were national champions for four consecutive years from 2009 to 2012. The male Raiders' most recent first-place title was in 2011, having come in third in the 2012 Nationals and second in the 2013 Nationals.
The Academic team was awarded first place at the 2015 Leadership Bowl Nationals. The Academic team placed as finalists in the JROTC Leadership Academic Bowl in 2011, 2012, and 2013.
In 2010, Francis Lewis had more cadets in the United States Military Academy than any other public high school in the United States.
The JROTC Program may be chosen as an elective that a student may have in addition to their program. Students enrolled in JROTC are required to partake in weekly physical training, conduct school and community service, wear the Army Service Uniform once a week, as well as take courses on leadership, nutrition, personal finance, civics, and government.
Extracurricular activities
Athletics
Francis Lewis High School's athletic teams compete in the PSAL. Student-athletes compete in baseball, basketball, bowling, cheerleading, cross country, fencing, golf, handball, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track, volleyball, and wrestling
Francis Lewis High School's cross country team won the PSAL championship in 1968.
The school's soccer team won the PSAL championship in 1969.
The softball team won the PSAL championship in 1975.
Francis Lewis High School's girls basketball team won the PSAL Championship in March 1979. The team was undefeated in the regular season that year.
Francis Lewis has had a cricket team since 2015.
The school's male and female American handball team won the PSAL championship in the 2018–2019 season.
During the 1994–1995 season, Francis Lewis High School's boys basketball team was undefeated in its division, the first time it had done so since the 1980–1981 season. The team won the PSAL B Championship in March 1995. The team advanced to the New York State Federation Basketball Class A championship in Glens Falls. It lost to Mount Saint Michael Academy of the Bronx, knocking it out of the state tournament.
Francis Lewis High School's athletic field is named for Margaret Lambert, a German Jewish track and field athlete. During the 1930s, German athletic teams were closed to Jewish athletes, and the United States was considering to boycott the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin in protest of Germany's anti-Semitism. Adolf Hitler wanted to avoid a boycott, so he threatened her father to have her train for Germany in order to convince the world that Germany welcomed Jewish athletes to its team if they qualified. She tied the German high jump record at the national trials in Stuttgart, and she trained at the Olympic training camp in Ettlingen.
Clubs
Francis Lewis offers a varying number of clubs approved by the Student Organization (SO). Students may fill out a club registration forms from the SO Office by the late September deadline.
The 2019–2020 school year offers clubs including 4H Cornell, American Red Cross Club, Anime Club, Art Club, Asian Food Culture Club, Baseball Club, Calligraphy Club, Chess Club, Chinese Chess Club, Chinese Club, Chinese Origami Club, Christian Seekers Fellowship, Creative Writing Club, Cultural Dance Club, Current Events Club, DECA, DIY Club, Double Up (mentor) Club, Dungeons and Dragons, Endangered Species Club, Environmental Club, Fashion Club, Film Club, Fitness Club, Food Club, Gardening Club, Girls Fall Conditioning, Girls Who Code (GWC), Glamour Gals, Green Team, Harry Potter Club, Hellenic Club, History Club, HS Investment Club (HSIC), Humans of Francis Lewis Magazine, Inspiring Inclusive Leaders, International Education Club, ISS Club, Japanese Club, Jewish Student Union, Journalism Club (FLHS News), Junior State of America (JSA), K-pop and Urban Dance Club (KUD), Key Club, Korean Club, Korean Drum Club, Kung Fu Club, LGBTQ+ Club, Math Club, Media Production Club, Medical Explorers Club, Mindfulness + Yoga Club, Model United Nations, Modern Music Club, Muslim Student Association Club, My Brother's Keeper, No Place for Hate, Nu Gamma Psi (male and female step teams), One Love Counseling Club, Paper Bridges Club, Programmers Initiative Club (PI), Public Speaking for Beginners, Puzzle Club, Science Olympiads, Sikh Student Association, Spanish Club, Students for Climate Action Now, Taekwondo Club, TED Talk Club, Teen Community Service (TCS), Travelers Club, Trivia Club, Ultimate Unity Dance Club, UNICEF, Video Game Club, Visual Arts Club, Women's Empowerment Club, and Workout Club.
Former clubs include 3D Model Club (2017–2018), ACLU (2017–2018) African American Club (2018–2019), Ancient History Club (2018–2019), Animal Humane Society (2017–2018), Astronomy Club (2016–2017), Big Sib-Little Sib (2017–2018), Books for Baddies (2018–2019), Bookworms (2017–2018), Caribbean Club (2017–2018), Comedy Club (2018–2019), Comic Book Club (2016–2017), Conscious Club (2018–2019), Conservation Club (2017–2018), Dancer Dynasty Club (2018–2019), Debate Club (2018–2019), eSport Club (2018–2019), Filipino Club, FLNBC (2015–2016), Food Appreciation Club (2017–2018), Game Club (2017–2018), Gamer's Connect (2018–2019), Game Development and Design Club (2018–2019), Glee Club (2015–2018), Global Advocates Club (2017–2019), Interconnected Club (2017–2018), International Club (2017–2018), International Pop Club (2017–2018), Latin Club (2017–2018), Latinos Unidos (2018–2019), Make-Up Club (2017–2018), Mental Health Club (2018–2019), Music Cover Club (2018–2019), Music Creation (2018–2019), One Neutron Extra (ONE, 2016–2017), Operation CARE Team (2017–2019), Philosophy Club (2018–2019), Photography Club, Pre-Med Club, Social Activist Club (2018–2019), SPEAK (2018–2019), STEMP Club (2018–2019), Video Game Club (2017–2018), and Youth Civic Engagement (YCE, 2018–2019).
History
In 1952, the Northeast Queens Council for Schools advocated for a northeast Queens high school because of severe overcrowding at Bayside High School, Flushing High School, Andrew Jackson High School, and Jamaica High School.
In December 1955, the New York City Board of Education approved the building of a new high school, called Northeast Queens High School, near the intersection of Utopia Parkway and 59th Avenue, with a capacity of 3,000 students. The city bought 11 acres of land, and the City Planning Commission agreed that the high school was needed, but the Commission did not approve the allocation of money to build the school in the capital budget.
In August 1956, the city approved the hiring of the firm of Eggers & Higgins to be the architect of the building, although the budget to actually build the high school was not yet approved.
In October 1956, Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. wrote a letter to the City Planning Commission asking it to include the construction of Northeast Queens High School in its capital budget. The construction was included in the capital budget in 1957.
In March 1958, the Board of Education approved a contract to build the high school. A $4,229,000 contract was awarded to the lowest bidder, Caristo Construction Company. The ground-breaking happened that same year. A group of parents tried to have an indoor swimming pool built in the high school, but they were not successful. The high school ended up costing $6,100,000 to build.
Francis Lewis High School opened on September 13, 1960. The school was named after Francis Lewis, a resident of Whitestone who signed the United States Declaration of Independence. Vincent McGarrett was the first principal. Herman Wolf was the first basketball coach. Queensborough Community College held some of its classes at Francis Lewis High School that year because its own campus was still under construction.
Francis Lewis High School was built for a capacity of 2,700 students. The school was overcrowded as of the 1962–1963 school year. Cardozo High School was built in 1967 in order to relieve overcrowding at Francis Lewis.
In 1965, Queensborough Community College held some of its evening classes at Francis Lewis High School due to overcrowding at Queensborough.
In 1978, Francis Lewis High School graduated International Baccalaureate diploma students, the first public high school in the United States to do so. It terminated in the 1990s.
In early 2018, Francis Lewis High School announced plans for a new annex to add more space and alleviate overcrowding. It would be located where a tennis court and the Margaret Lambert Track and Field House were. Construction began in 2019. Completion is expected by 2023.
Notable alumni
Mashama Bailey - an American chef specializing in Southern cuisine, she is the chef at The Grey
Steve Dorff (1968) – composer/music producer
Rob Echeverria – American musician who has worked as the guitarist of Biohazard, Helmet, Rest in Pieces, and Straight Ahead.
Rick Elice (1973) – actor, writer
Steve Greenberg (1978) – record producer, former President of Columbia Records
Sebastián Guenzatti – soccer player for the Tampa Bay Rowdies of the United Soccer League
Peter Guttman (1972) – travel journalist, lecturer, and author
Heejun Han (2007) – finalist on American Idol, season 11
Albie Hecht – former president of Nickelodeon, founder of Spike TV
Mike Jorgensen (1966) – drafted by the New York Mets; played for the New York Mets, Montreal Expos, Oakland Athletics, Texas Rangers, Atlanta Braves, and St. Louis Cardinals; managed the Cardinals
Paul Joskow — American economist and professor
Peter Marino – American architect
Clair Marlo (1976) - aka Clara Veseliza - composer/music producer, known for her hit-song "'Til They Take My Heart Away", for her work as a record producer, and for her exceptional body of work heard in Television, Film, and streaming worldwide.
Peter Mehlman (1973) - a renowned writer, comedian, and television and film producer best known for his work on Seinfeld and Madagascar.
Mark Miloscia – Washington State Senator
Jonathan Pontell – television director, producer, and editor
Craig Setari – American musician and former competitive boxer who is currently active as the bass player in Sick of It All – hardcore punk band
Ron Shandler (1974) – national baseball analyst, author of Baseball Forecaster, founder of BaseballHQ.com, columnist for USA Today
Dennis Walcott – former chancellor of the New York City Department of Education, president and CEO of the Queens Borough Public Library system
Chris Welty (1981) – computer scientist
Alfred Scudieri - (1963) - Former President of The Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI.
In fiction
In The Yards, Joaquin Phoenix plays a character who graduated from Francis Lewis High School. The film's director, James Gray, grew up in Flushing.
References
External links
At High School in Queens, R.O.T.C.’s Enduring Influence
At School in Queens, Success Draws Crowd - New York Times
National Drill Competition- Champions Interview- NBC
Public high schools in Queens, New York
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Lewis%20High%20School
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Copley station is an underground light rail station on the MBTA Green Line, located in the Back Bay section of Boston, Massachusetts. Located in and named after Copley Square, the station has entrances and exits along Boylston Street and Dartmouth Street.
Copley station opened in 1914 as part of the Boylston Street subway. The station is accessible following extensive station renovation completed in 2011. The renovation project was subject to a significant court case regarding the project's effects on the Old South Church.
History
Copley station was opened October 3, 1914, as part of the Boylston Street subway, an extension of the original Tremont Street subway. The ornate wrought-iron head house next to the Boston Public Library was designed by the firm Fox, Jenny & Gale. Originally Copley had light blue and white tile mosaic for the station name on the walls; however, none of these have survived.
Copley station is closed every year on the day of the Boston Marathon. After the Boston Marathon bombing, the station remained closed through April 23, 2013.
Track realignment at Arlington and Copley, which will deal with Green Line vehicle doors becoming stuck on the platforms, is expected to take place in the mid-2020s.
Renovation project and lawsuit
As a "key station" on the MBTA system, Copley was a priority for the MBTA to make handicapped accessible under the Light Rail Accessibility Program. A 1995 MBTA report identified possible elevator locations for the station, noting potential conflicts with the historic Old South Church and the Boston Public Library McKim Building, both of which are National Historic Landmarks. The MBTA finished design plans in 2002; representatives from the church and the library approved the plans. These plans placed the outbound elevator next to the church, and the inbound elevator next to the library steps.
In August 2003, the Neighborhood Association of the Back Bay (NABB) asked the MBTA to move the outbound elevator across the street from the church, and the inbound elevator away from the library steps. In response, an MBTA preservation consultant prepared a report analyzing the impacts of the proposal. Based on this, the Federal Transit Administration issued a decision of "no adverse effect", with which the Massachusetts Historical Commission concurred in January 2004. In May 2004, the Department of the Interior concurred with the FTA's statement that "there is no prudent and feasible alternative to the proposed project and that all possible measures to minimize harm have been included in the project planning." On December 30, 2004, the FTA issued a Finding Of No Significant Impact (FONSI), concluding that alternate elevator locations were infeasible to construct or violated the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 by forcing handicapped riders onto a longer entrance route.
In June 2005, NABB and the Boston Preservation Alliance (BPA) filed suit against the MBTA and FTA, alleging that the agencies had violated the National Historic Preservation Act and the Department of Transportation Act of 1966. On December 28, 2005, a district court rejected the NABB and BPA's arguments, finding that the FTA had properly determined that the project would have "no adverse effect" and that the public interest would be served by the speedy renovation of the station. On September 14, 2006, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit led by Michael Boudin confirmed the district court's decision.
The MBTA began the renovations – which included the two elevators, new outbound headhouses, new tiling and lighting, accessible platforms, and
restoration of the wrought iron inbound headhouse – in 2008. In December 2008, the $45 million construction project (part of a $61 million billing that included similar modifications to Arlington station) was halted when it was found that drilling for the outbound elevator had caused a crack in the church's exterior wall as well as damage to the sanctuary. Construction resumed in December 2009, with the permission of church leaders, after automated monitoring systems were installed. The inbound headhouse, which had been disassembled and restored around a new structural steel frame, was returned in August 2010. The renovations were completed on October 29, 2010. Repairs to the church, paid for by the MBTA contractor's insurance, took place in 2011.
Station layout
Copley station has two side platforms. The platforms are offset, with the outbound platform further east to avoid the Old South Church. Due to the offset platforms, there is no direct connection between the inbound and outbound platforms; passengers must exit the station and cross Boylston Street or travel one stop further inbound to Arlington station to change directions. Some stations constructed during the Boston Elevated Railway era had cross passages above or below the tracks to allow passengers to transfer between the inbound and outbound platforms; others had such passages constructed later. Even after the Huntington Avenue subway opened in 1941 and Copley became a transfer station, no passage was built. Copley station remains one of the few in the MBTA system that do not have a crossover between outbound and inbound platforms.
Just west of the inbound side of Copley station, the Green Line E branch splits off to the southwest from the main line via a flat junction, and then runs under Huntington Avenue towards its terminus at Heath Street.
Six MBTA bus routes – – use a westbound stop at St. James Avenue at the southwest corner of Copley Square. Intercity bus routes run by Cavalier Coach, Peter Pan Bus, and Yankee Bus also use that stop. Routes also use an eastbound stop on Boylston Street adjacent to the inbound headhouse. Back Bay station is located three blocks south of Copley station on Dartmouth Street. The Orange Line subway, four MBTA Commuter Rail lines, and three Amtrak services all stop at Back Bay; for Green Line riders from the west, this connection is often more convenient than changing to the Red Line at Park Street to reach South Station.
References
External links
MBTA – Copley
Dartmouth Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Green Line (MBTA) stations
Railway stations located underground in Boston
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1914
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley%20station
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McKinney National Airport , formerly Collin County Regional Airport at McKinney, is a general aviation airport located in McKinney, Texas, United States, about 30 miles north of downtown Dallas.
The airport is a reliever airport for Dallas Love Field and Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. It is owned by the City of McKinney and is home to many business aircraft, including the aircraft fleets of corporations such as Texas Instruments and Toyota Motor Corporation that are headquartered in nearby cities. It is an air base for PHI Air Medical which provides 24-hour emergency helicopter ambulance service. The only fixed-base operator (FBO) on the field is the city-run McKinney Air Center. There are two flight schools at the airport ATP and Grayhawk Flight Training. The airport housed Civil Air Patrol Texas Wing 295th Squadron from 2013 to 2014.
History
In the 1970s, the FAA proposed building the region's third major commercial airport, providing commercial air service to the fast-growing northern part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, in McKinney. This failed after local voters rejected a $50 million bond needed to build the new airport facility.
A regional airport was established in McKinney in 1979. Initially opened with a 4,000 foot runway, its length was extended to 5,800 feet in 1984.
In 2011, McKinney National Airport added a new 78-foot contract FAA control tower equipped with the latest in radar, radio and voice switch technology. In 2012, a new 7,000 foot long, 150 foot wide runway was completed that can handle large aircraft, with a maximum capacity of 450,000 pounds.
On November 1, 2013, the airport was purchased from Collin County by the City of McKinney for $25 million. The McKinney City Council approved changing the airport's name from Collin County Regional Airport to McKinney National Airport later that month.
In 2018, a project to build a new executive terminal at McKinney National Airport began, which was originally slated to be completed in 2019. In September 2019, completion was delayed until 2020 as the city and the construction contractor worked on modifications to the terminal's exterior.
In 2019, the airport received a $15 million grant from the Texas Department of Transportation to extend its runway an additional 1,500 feet (from 7,000 feet to 8,500 feet).
In 2023, the city proposed issuing $200 million in bonds which, when combined with other funding, would allow the airport to become the Dallas-Fort Worth area's third major commercial airport. However, the bond issue was defeated at the polls, with 58.69% of voters voting against it.
Facilities
McKinney National Airport covers at an elevation of 589 feet (180 m). The concrete runway is 18/36, 7,002 feet (2,134m) long by 150 feet (45.72m) with a weight-bearing capacity of 450,000 pounds double tandem. It has high intensity runway lights, MALSR approach lights to Runway 18 and MALS approach lights to Runway 36, PAPI lights for runways 18 and 36, a runway 18 ILS Category I approach and RNAV approaches to both 18 and 36.
The airport has vehicle rental and US Customs services for international flights.
In 2012 the airport had 83,750 aircraft operations, average 229 per day: 99% general aviation, 1% air taxi and <1% military. 221 aircraft were then based at this airport: 82% single-engine, 10% multi-engine, 7% jet and 1% helicopter.
The airport has a contract FAA control tower open between 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m.
References
External links
McKinney National Airport, official website
Airports in Texas
Airports in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Buildings and structures in Collin County, Texas
Transportation in Collin County, Texas
McKinney, Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney%20National%20Airport
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"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" is a song by American boy band Backstreet Boys, written and produced by Denniz Pop and Max Martin. It was released as the first single from the band's second international studio album Backstreet's Back in June 1997, and the third single from their self-titled debut US studio album on March 9, 1998, although the song was already being played by many American radio stations unofficially by importing the Canadian single. The accompanying music video was directed by American director Joseph Kahn.
Background and release
Zomba chairman Clive Calder suggested that "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" should be released as a single, which was met with resistance from Jive Records president Barry Weiss, as he believed that it would be weird to have a song called "Backstreet's Back" on the Backstreet Boys' first US album. The band suggested it could just mean that they were back home. After Canadian markets began playing the song, US markets near the border began picking the song up. They met with Weiss and asked that the song be added to the US album after the first million units had already been produced.
There are two versions of the song. The international album features the album or 7-inch version, which is the standard recording. The US album features the extended version of the song which includes an extended breakdown section, but cuts the bridge. The music video for the song was cut to both versions of the song, with the extended video released to the US market, and the standard video released everywhere else.
Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard stated that "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" contained a "contagious dance/pop beat and catchy hook that perfectly showcases this talented group's voices". British magazine Music Week rated the song four out of five, adding that "the boys turn up the power on a strutting, soulful anthem, which will be one of the summer's bigger successes." Editor Alan Jones noted that Backstreet Boys "state the obvious" in the song, "but they do it with a certain amount of style. The mid-tempo piece is instantly assimilated and well-sung, primarily as a group effort. Another major hit is guaranteed."
Commercial performance
Written and produced by Max Martin and Denniz Pop, "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" is one of the Backstreet Boys' most successful singles to date. It reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States—the band's second top-ten single in the country following "Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)"—and spent 22 weeks on the chart, and number three on the UK Singles Chart. It is certified platinum in the US.
Music video
Background
The accompanying music video for "Everybody" was directed by Joseph Kahn, and filmed in Los Angeles, California from June 16–18, 1997. Kahn was contacted by Jive to direct a project with a "white Jodeci". Initially unaware who the Backstreet Boys were, he was shocked by the group's European sales figures after being given a cassette tape and publicity release about them. Initially a grunge and hip-hop director, he wanted to explore the pop genre, since he grew up listening to music from the 1980s.
The haunted house aesthetic was based on a treatment Kahn envisioned for rapper Ice Cube a few months prior, and was inspired by the music video for Michael Jackson's "Thriller". Kahn and the group wanted Antonio Fargas to portray the bus driver, as they were fans of Starsky & Hutch. The video shoot lasted for 36 hours, with Nick Carter's mummy shot being filmed last. Jive did not get behind the concept of the band in costumes or the $1 million requirements, and did not believe MTV would respect the video. The band ultimately had to put up their own money to shoot the video and had to fight with the label to get reimbursed once it was successful. The video premiered outside the United States in July 1997, although viewers with MuchMusic USA were able to see it as at the time it was still mostly a simulcast of the Canadian channel. In a 2017 interview with Billboard, Kahn stated that the video's impact broadened his view of pop culture, while creating a new scene in the US.
Synopsis
The video is bookended by scenes framing the context. When the Backstreet Boys' bus breaks down, their bus driver (Antonio Fargas) insists that they spend a night at a nearby haunted mansion while he gets help. It then shows Brian Littrell preparing to sleep in one of the bedrooms. While he is in bed, he pulls out a scary animal from under his covers, making him scream in horror. The musical portion of the video then starts, playing as a dream sequence in which each band member appears as a different movie monster: Littrell as a werewolf; Howie Dorough as Dracula; Nick Carter as a mummy; AJ McLean as Erik, the Phantom of the Opera; and Kevin Richardson as both Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in a half-transformed Two-Face-like state. Throughout the beginning and middle of the song, the band, as monsters, mainly appear in their own individual vignettes related to their character; during the final chorus, they collectively appear in the foyer of the mansion, performing a dance routine with a group of additional dancers. Supermodel Josie Maran appears as Dorough's companion in his vignette, presumably portraying Mina Harker. At the end of the video, Littrell wakes up realizing that all was a nightmare. He talks with the members about his dream, all of them stating they had similar dreams, while trying to leave the house. However, the driver shows up, now a Frankenstein-esque monster, making the boys scream in horror.
There are two cuts of the video; one for the US market, and one for the international market, each of which features the edit of the song released on the album for that market. The international video cuts from the opening bookend to the first verse. The bridge of the song is intact and the first half of the dance routine, a ballroom dance portion, is intercut with the vignettes under it. This leads into the second half of the dance portion during the final choruses of the song which are not intercut with the vignettes. In the US cut, the ballroom half of the dance routine and the beginning of the second half are used at the start of the song during the first rhythm-only breakdown, and is not intercut with the vignettes. The second breakdown, which replaces the bridge, is accompanied only by shots from the vignettes, along with some shots of Littrell tumbling in the foyer and in the various vignettes. When the final chorus begins, the second half of the dance routine is shown again from the start, but is intercut with vignette scenes. Most of the remainder of the video is cut identically, other than several minor instances of alternate scenes or takes being used. The dance floor in the video was painted.
Awards and nominations
Track listing
US enhanced CD single
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (radio edit) – 3:45
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Matty's Radio Mix) – 3:55
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (remix video)
US enhanced maxi-single
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Matty's Radio Mix) – 3:55
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Multiman Remix) – 4:08
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Sharp London Vocal Mix) – 7:58
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (radio edit) – 3:45
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (extended version) – 4:45
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (remix video)
US 12-inch single
A1. "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (extended radio mix) – 4:45
A2. "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Matty's Hip Hop Radio Remix) – 3:55
A3. "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Kano's Undercurrent Dub) – 7:11
B1. "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Sharp London Vocal Remix) – 7:58
B2. "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Sharp Trade Dub) – 8:55
Canadian CD single
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (7-inch version) – 3:44
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (extended version) – 4:45
"Boys Will Be Boys" – 4:05
"Anywhere for You" – 4:40
UK and European CD single
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (7-inch version) – 3:44
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (extended version) – 4:45
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (MultiMan Remix) – 4:09
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Matty's Remix) – 3:55
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Max & Macario Club Mix) – 6:12
UK CD single digipak
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (7-inch version) – 3:44
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (extended version) – 4:45
"Boys Will Be Boys" – 4:05
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1997 songs
1997 singles
1998 singles
Backstreet Boys songs
Song recordings produced by Max Martin
Song recordings produced by Denniz Pop
Songs written by Max Martin
Songs written by Denniz Pop
Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn
Songs about dancing
Number-one singles in Hungary
Number-one singles in Romania
Number-one singles in Spain
Jive Records singles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody%20%28Backstreet%27s%20Back%29
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