text
stringlengths 1
353k
| source
stringlengths 31
253
|
|---|---|
The Employment Standards Act of British Columbia (Canada), is legislation enacted by the provincial government of British Columbia to protect the rights of working people. Sections within the act outline the employers responsibility to their employees, notably things such as minimum wage, meal breaks, and parental leave. The act also works to protect residents of the province by preventing employment discrimination.
Part I: Introduction
This Act applies to all employees, with the exception of those expressly excluded by regulation. The standards set out in the Act are considered minimum requirements, and agreements to waive such requirements are considered of no force and effect, unless the agreement in question is referred to in s. 3(2) or (4).
Objectives
The purposes of this Act are as follows:
(a) to ensure that employees in British Columbia receive at least basic standards of compensation and conditions of employment;
(b) to promote the fair treatment of employees and employers;
(c) to encourage open communication between employers and employees;
(d) to provide fair and efficient procedures for resolving disputes over the application and interpretation of this Act;
(e) to foster the development of a productive and efficient labour force that can contribute fully to the prosperity of British Columbia;
(f) to contribute in assisting employees to meet work and family responsibilities.
Scope of the Act
The Act applies to all employees other than those excluded by regulation.
"Employee" includes:
A person, including a deceased person, receiving or entitled to wages for work performed for another,
A person an employer allows, directly or indirectly, to perform work normally performed by an employee,
A person being trained by an employer for the employer's business
A person on leave from an employer, and
A person who has a right of recall
Exceptions
Federally regulated employers (for example, banks, broadcasting, rail transportation, and postal contractors) are governed by the Canada Labour Code.
There are also some specific exemptions:
Professionals, such as accountants, engineers, dentists, lawyers
Students engaged in work study programs
In addition, if a collective agreement deals with:
Hours of work or overtime
Statutory holidays
Annual vacation or vacation pay
Seniority retention, recall, termination of employment or layoff
then corresponding provisions of the Act do not apply. If the collective agreement does not deal with these topics, this Act does apply.
Managers are exempt from the hours of work, overtime and statutory holiday provisions. "Manager" is defined as:
A person whose principal employment responsibilities consist of supervising and/or directing human or other resources
A person employed in an executive capacity
Independent contractors are not considered employees. In order to classify an individual as one or the other, there are four common law tests that can be applied:
Control test
Four-fold test
Organization or integration test
Permanency test
Specific result test
Economic reality test
It is important to note that the requirements set out in this Act generally cannot be waived since they are minimum requirements.
Part II: Hiring Employees
The provisions in this section deal with topics such as the hiring of children, the licensing of employment and talent agencies and farm labour contractors, and requirements for those working as domestics and working in residences.
Part III: Wages, Special Clothing and Records
The general minimum is $15.20 per hour since June 1, 2021. There are also special minimum wages in the Regulations for certain types of employees, such as home support workers and farm workers.
Wages can be paid by cash, cheque, draft or money order. Direct deposit can be used only if expressly authorized.
Wages should be paid semi-monthly, with no more than 16 days between pay days, and no more than 8 days after the pay period.
An employer cannot directly or indirectly withhold wages, and cannot require employees to contribute towards the costs of business (except under the Regulation).
A wage statement must be provided to the employee on each pay day unless it would be the same as the statement given in the last pay period.
Part IV: Hours of Work and Overtime
Employees are to receive a 30-minute meal break at least once every 5 hours. This break is to be unpaid, unless the employee is required to work or to be available for work during the break.
With regard to minimum daily hours:
For employees not scheduled to work, or scheduled for less than 8 hours, they are entitled to a minimum 2 hours of pay, whether or not work is performed.
For employees scheduled to work more than 8 hours, they are entitled to a minimum of 4 hours of pay, whether or not work is performed.
If work is suspended for reasons beyond the employer's control, the employee is entitled to the greater of 2 hours or the actual time worked.
There are some exceptions: (i) if the employee is unfit to work, or (ii) if the employee fails to comply with the Workers Compensation Act.
With regard to the maximum hours of work before overtime applies:
Overtime rates apply where the employer requires or allows the employee to work more than 8 hours a day or 40 hours per week.
An employer must allow an employee at least 32 consecutive hours free from work each week or pay 1.5 times the regular wage rate for the time worked during that 32-hour period. An employee is also entitled to have 8 hours off between shifts unless required to work because of an emergency.
Part V: Statutory Holidays
The following are statutory holidays in British Columbia:
New Year's Day, Good Friday, Victoria Day, Canada Day, BC Day, Labour Day, Thanksgiving Day, Remembrance Day, Christmas Day.
An employee is entitled to statutory holiday pay if they have been employed for at least 30 consecutive days and has worked or earned wages for at least 15 of 30 calendar days before the holiday.
Part VI: Leaves and Jury Duty
Pregnancy Leave: Unpaid leave for employees giving birth to a child
The length of the leave depends on when the request is made, and whether there are any complications with the pregnancy.
If leave is requested while the employee is pregnant, they are entitled to up to 17 consecutive weeks of unpaid leave. This leave cannot begin more than 11 weeks before the expected birth date and not later than the actual birth date. It cannot end earlier than 6 weeks after the actual birth date (unless less than 17 weeks is being taken) or later than 17 weeks after the actual birth.
If leave is requested after birth or termination of the pregnancy, the employee is entitled to 6 consecutive weeks of unpaid leave beginning on the date of the birth or the termination of the pregnancy.
An extension can be requested for up to an additional 6 weeks if the employee is unable to return to work for reasons related to the birth or termination of the pregnancy.
Parental Leave: Unpaid leave for natural or adoptive parents of a child
The length and timing of the leave depends on the relationship of the employee to the child.
For birth parents:
If the birth mother has taken pregnancy leave, she is entitled to 35 consecutive weeks of unpaid leave
If the birth mother did not take pregnancy leave, she is entitled to 37 weeks of unpaid leave
Leave must begin after the child's birth and no later than 52 weeks after the actual birth date
Birth fathers are entitled to up to 37 consecutive weeks of unpaid leave
For adoptive parents:
Are entitled to up to 37 consecutive weeks of unpaid leave. This leave must begin within 52 weeks after the child is placed with the parent
Marital status does not matter - so it includes same sex and common law partners
An extension can be requested. Leave can be extended by 5 additional weeks in the event a child has a physical, psychological, or emotional condition requiring an additional period of parental care
Additional time has to begin immediately after the previous leave
There is a maximum of 52 weeks of unpaid leave.
In addition, there are a few other types of leave that are outlined in the Act, including family responsibility leave, compassionate care leave, reservists' leave, and bereavement leave.
Part VII: Annual Vacation
Employees are entitled to annual vacation. If an employee has been with the same employer for 12 consecutive months, they are entitled to 2 weeks per year. If the employee has been with the employer for 5 consecutive years, they are entitled to 3 weeks per year.
Part VIII: Termination of Employment
The amount of notice or pay in lieu of notice than an employee is entitled to depends on their length of service with their employer.
For service less than 3 months, no severance pay is required
For service between 3 and 12 months, 1 week of severance is required
For service between 12 months and 3 years, 2 weeks of severance are required
For service of 3 years or more, the amount of severance is calculated on the basis of 1 week per year of service, to a maximum of 8 weeks.
Additional notice is required where a large number of employees are terminated at a single location within a 2-month period.
Exceptions:
Defined term employment
Employment was for specific work to be completed within 12 months
Employment has become impossible to perform due to unforeseeable event
Employee employed by a construction employer at one or more construction sites
Terminated employee refused reasonable alternative employment with employer
There are other sections of the Act that deal with Termination of Employment Variances; Complaints, Investigations and Determinations; Enforcement; Employment Standards Tribunal; Appeals; General Provisions; Transitional and Consequential Provisions.
References
External links
BC Ministry of Labour, Citizens' Services and Open Government - Interpretation Guidelines Manual: British Columbia Employment Standards Act and Regulations
BC Ministry of Labour, Citizens' Services and Open Government - Employment Standards Factsheets
Text of the Act
British Columbia provincial legislation
Labour legislation of Canada
Occupational safety and health law
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment%20Standards%20Act%20of%20British%20Columbia
|
Belle Gunness, born Brynhild Paulsdatter Størseth (November 11, 1859 – possibly April 28, 1908), nicknamed Hell's Belle, was a Norwegian-American serial killer who was active in Illinois and Indiana between 1884 and 1908. Gunness is thought to have killed at least fourteen people, most of whom were men she enticed to visit her rural Indiana property through personal advertisements, while some sources speculate her involvement in as many as forty murders making her one of the most prolific female serial killers in history. Gunness seemingly died in a fire in 1908, but it is popularly believed that she faked her death. Her actual fate is unconfirmed.
Early life
Belle Gunness was born Brynhild Paulsdatter Størseth in Selbu, Sør-Trøndelag, Norway, on November 11, 1859 to Paul and Berit Størseth; she was the youngest of eight children. She was confirmed at the Church of Norway in 1874.
At age 14, Gunness began working for neighboring farms by milking and herding cattle to save enough money for the journey to New York City. She moved to the United States in 1881. When she was processed by immigration at Castle Garden, she changed her first name to Belle, then travelled to Chicago to join her sister, Nellie, who had immigrated several years earlier. In Chicago, while living with her sister and brother-in-law, Gunness worked as a domestic servant, then got a job at a butcher's shop cutting up animal carcasses.
She was at least 5'7" (170 cm) tall and weighed around 95 - 113 kg (210 - 250 lbs) and was physically strong in appearance.
Deaths associated with Gunness
Mads Sørensen and children
Gunness married Mads Ditlev Anton Sørensen in 1884. The couple owned a candy store which later burned to the ground. Their home had also burned down, and both instances granted the couple insurance payouts.
Two babies in Gunness' home died from inflammation of the large intestine, which can result from poisoning. Gunness had insured both of the children and collected a large insurance check after each death. Neighbors gossiped about the babies, since Gunness never appeared to be pregnant.
Sørensen had purchased two life insurance policies. On July 30, 1900, both policies were active at the same time, as one would expire that day and the other would enter into force. Sørensen died of cerebral hemorrhage that day. Gunness explained he had come home with a headache and she provided him with quinine powder for the pain; she later checked on him and he was dead. Gunness collected money from both the expiring life insurance policy, and the one that went into effect that day, making a total of $5,000. With the insurance money, she moved to La Porte, Indiana, and bought a pig farm.
Peter Gunness
Belle married Peter Gunness on April 1, 1902. The following week, while Peter was out of the house, his infant daughter died of unknown causes in Belle's care.
Peter died eight months later due to a skull injury. Belle explained that Peter reached for something on a high shelf and a meat grinder fell on him, smashing his skull. The district coroner convened a coroner's jury, suspecting murder, but nothing came of the case. Belle collected $3,000 insurance money for Peter's death.
Disappearances
Gunness began placing marriage ads in Chicago newspapers in 1905. One of her ads was answered by a Wisconsin farmhand, Henry Gurholt. After travelling to La Porte, Gurholt wrote his family, saying that he liked the farm, was in good health, and requesting that they send him seed potatoes. When they failed to hear from him after that, the family contacted Gunness. She told them Gurholt had gone off with horse traders to Chicago. She kept his trunk and fur overcoat.
John Moe of Minnesota answered Gunness's ad in 1906. After they had corresponded for several months, Moe travelled to La Porte and withdrew a large amount of cash. Although no one ever saw Moe again, a carpenter who did occasional work for Gunness observed that Moe's trunk remained in her house, along with more than a dozen others.
Andrew Helgelien and discovery of multiple graves
Her criminal activities came to light in April 1908, when the Gunness farmhouse in La Porte, Indiana burned to
the ground. In the ruins, authorities found the bodies of a headless adult woman, initially identified as Belle Gunness, and her three children. Further investigation unearthed the partial remains of at least 11 additional people on the Gunness property.
After the fire at the Gunness homestead led to the discovery of bodies believed to be Gunness and her children, La Porte police authorities were contacted by Asle Helgelien, who had found correspondence between his brother, Andrew Helgelien, and Gunness; the letters included petitions for him to relocate to La Porte, to bring money, and to keep the move a secret. A visit by Asle Helgelien to the Gunness farm with a former hired hand led to attention being paid to "soft depressions" in what had been made into a pen for hogs; after briefly digging one of the depressions in the lot, a gunny sack was found that contained "two hands, two feet, and one head", which Helgelien recognized to be those of his brother.
Immediate inspection of the site revealed that there were dozens of such "slumped depressions" in the Gunness yard, and further digging and investigation at the site yielded multiple burlap sacks containing "torsos and hands, arms hacked from the shoulders down, masses of human bone wrapped in loose flesh that dripped like jelly", from trash-covered depressions that proved to be graves. In each case, the body had been butchered in the same manner—the body decapitated, the arms removed at the shoulders, and the legs severed at the knees. Blunt trauma and gashes characterized the skulls that were found that had been separated from the bodies. Lucas Reilly, quoting The Chicago Inter Ocean in Mental Floss, noted thatThe bones had been crushed on the ends, as though they had been... struck with hammers after they were dismembered... [and that] Quicklime had been scattered over the faces and stuffed in the ears. After finding the parts of five bodies on the first day, and an additional six on the second—some in shallow graves under the original hog pen, others near an outhouse or a lake—"the police stopped counting". With these discoveries, the perceptions of Belle Gunness, as reported in newspaper descriptions of a praiseworthy woman—dying in the fire that consumed her house, "in a desperate attempt to save her children"—were reassessed. Despite the initial success with the identification of Andrew Helgelien, and despite the fact that widening news coverage of the mass murders invited inquiries from families with men that had gone missing, "[m]ost of the remains could not be identified."
Involvement of Ray Lamphere
Ray Lamphere was Gunness' hired hand and on-and-off lover. In November 1908, Lamphere was convicted of arson in connection with the fire at Gunness' house. Lamphere later confessed that Gunness had placed advertisements seeking male companionship, only to murder and rob the men who responded and subsequently visited her on the farm. Lamphere stated that Gunness asked him to burn down the farmhouse with her children inside. Lamphere also asserted that the body thought to be Gunness's was in fact a murder victim, chosen and planted to mislead investigators. The brother of one victim had warned Gunness that he might arrive at the farm shortly to investigate his brother's disappearance. According to Lamphere, this impending visit motivated Gunness to destroy her house, fake her own death, and flee. When Lamphere was arrested, he was wearing John Moe's overcoat and Henry Gurholt's watch.
Edward Bechly, a journalist, was given a secret assignment to acquire access to a confession and publish it, thus bringing a second, inconsistent Lamphere account to light. The second account is based on the report that Lamphere contacted a Reverend Edwin Schell and provided him with a verbal confession that Schell transcribed and had Lamphere sign, a document that Schell kept sealed in his personal safe. Bechly attempted to convince Schell to allow him to publish this later confession, but was denied by both Schell and Schell's wife. However, a separate newspaper published a story with speculation regarding the second Lamphere confession. Described as worried as to the peace of the families of the victims, Schell offered the confession to Bechly, which was later published. The Bechly narrative, entitled "Lanphere's Confession" [sic], contains this summary from Bechly: In the confession, Lanphere [sic] said that he had killed Mrs. Gunness and children with an ax, sprinkled the bodies with kerosene and set fire to them and the house. It gave details of the slaying, and told of his part in the former murders which occurred at the Gunness farm, his task usually being the burying of the bodies in the garden. The essential fact, however, was that the murderess was not alive as a fugitive. The publication of Lamphere's confession resulted in the subsequent arrest of his accomplice Elisabeth Smith. The inconsistencies between the two confessions, including the matter of the survival of Belle Gunness, remain historical issues that are not fully resolved.
Legacy
Belle Gunness was pronounced dead, even though the doctor who performed the postmortem testified that the headless body was five inches shorter and about fifty pounds lighter than Gunness. No explanation was provided for what happened to the body's head. Whether Gunness died in the fire or escaped remained uncertain, although the sheriff blamed a Chicago American reporter for inventing the "escaped" story. Reported "sightings" of Gunness in the Chicago area continued long after she was declared dead. At the time, police looked into reports of women suspected to be Belle, none of which led to her apprehension. In 2008, DNA tests were performed on the headless corpse in an attempt to compare the DNA in the corpse against a sample from a letter Gunness had sent to one of her victims, but due to its age the sample was not able to be properly tested.
After Gunness' crimes came to light, the Gunness farm became a tourist attraction. Spectators came from across the country to see the mass graves, and concessions and souvenirs were sold. Moreover, the crime became an acknowledged part of area history: the La Porte County Historical Society Museum has a permanent "Belle Gunness" exhibit.
Gunness has also been the subject of at least two American musical ballads.
Method, a 2004 film starring Elizabeth Hurley as Rebecca who is portraying Gunness in a film within the film, being shot in Romania.
In 2017, true crime podcast My Favorite Murder performed and later released a live episode detailing Gunness' crimes.
The Farm, a 2021 film starring Traci Lords, is based on the Belle Gunness story.
Hell's Princess: The Mystery of Belle Gunness, Butcher of Men is a 2018 non-fiction book by Harold Schechter on the life of Belle Gunness.
In the Garden of Spite: A Novel of the Black Widow of LaPorte is a US-published 2021 novel by Camilla Bruce with elements of "Norwegian noir and true crime" based on the life of Belle Gunness. It was published in the UK with the title Triflers need not apply
My Men, a 2023 Norwegian novel by Victoria Kielland, is a fictionalized version of Gunness's life.
See also
Lonely hearts killer
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
List of unsolved murders
General:
List of serial killers in the United States
List of serial killers by number of victims
References
Further reading
Janet L. Langlois (1985). Belle Gunness, the Lady Bluebeard: Narrative Use of a Deviant Woman. In: Susan J. Kalcik, Rosan A. Jordan (editors) (1985). Women's Folklore, Women's Culture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. . Pages 109–124.
Anne Berit Vestby (2006). Only Belle: Bare Belle - En seriemorder fra Selbu.
Lillian de la Torre (1955). The Truth about Belle Gunness (MysteriousPress.com/Open Road)
1859 births
1908 murders in the United States
19th-century American criminals
19th-century American women
19th-century Norwegian criminals
19th-century Norwegian women
20th-century American criminals
20th-century American people
20th-century American women
20th-century Norwegian criminals
20th-century Norwegian women
20th-century Norwegian people
American female serial killers
American murderers of children
Crimes in Indiana
Filicides in the United States
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
Norwegian female criminals
Norwegian female serial killers
Norwegian murderers of children
People from Selbu
Serial killers from Illinois
Serial killers from Indiana
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle%20Gunness
|
Ledbury Town Football Club is a football club based in Ledbury, Herefordshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at New Street.
History
Ledbury Town joined the West Midlands (Regional) League in 1974. Four years later, despite only finishing fifth, they were promoted to the Premier Division ahead of higher placed teams due to the quality of the facilities at their New Street ground. After finishing second from bottom in 1983, they dropped out of the league and played only local football for the next 8 years.
In 1991 they joined the Midland Combination, initially in Division One, but the following season they finished bottom and dropped into Division Two, where they remained until 1999 when they decided to switch leagues and return to the West Midlands (Regional) League, initially in Division One (South). In 2001, despite having one point deducted due to an irregularity, they finished as champions and were promoted to the Premier Division.
A high point in the club's history came in November 2003 when they played Manchester United in a benefit game for a local family who had lost several relatives in a motorway crash. A strong United side ran out 4–2 victors at New Street.
The club pulled out of the West Midlands (Regional) League in late 2014 and closed down completely in January 2015. However, they reformed in summer 2015, and now play in the Herefordshire Football League.
Ground
New Street boasts two stands, including a dedicated away seating area, as well as a club house. It backs onto the town's cemetery.
Honours
West Midlands Regional League
Division One Champions 2000–01
Herefordshire League
Premier Division Champions 2011–12
Herefordshire County Challenge Cup
Winners 2006–07, 2009–10
Herefordshire Charity Bowl
Winners 2011–12, 2018-19
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Extra preliminary round, 2007–08, 2008–09
Best FA Vase performance: Fourth Round, 2004–05
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in Herefordshire
Association football clubs established in 1893
Association football clubs disestablished in 2015
1893 establishments in England
West Midlands (Regional) League
Midland Football Combination
Herefordshire Football League
Ledbury
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledbury%20Town%20F.C.
|
Lye Town Football Club is a football club based in the Black Country town of Lye, Stourbridge, West Midlands, England. They are currently members of the and play at the Sports Ground.
History
The club was established in 1930 as Lye & Wollescote Amateur Football Club and joined the Worcestershire Combination. They were renamed Lye Town the following year. The club were runners-up in the Worcestershire Combination in 1932–33 and won the Birmingham Junior Cup the following season. They were league runners-up again in 1934–35 before winning the league in 1935–36. They were runners-up in the Worcestershire Combination for a third time in 1937–38, also winning the Birmingham Junior Cup, retaining the Cup the following season.
Following World War II Lye played in the Central Amateur League in the 1946–47 season before joining the Birmingham & District League in 1947. They were placed in the South Division when the league was reorganised in 1954, with a tenth-place finish seeing them placed in Division One for the 1955–56 season. They subsequently finished bottom of the Division and were relegated to Division Two. The league reverted to a single division in 1960 and was renamed the West Midlands (Regional) League in 1962.
The league gained a second division in 1965, with Lye becoming members of the Premier Division. Despite finishing bottom of the Premier Division in 1965–66 and 1966–67, the club were not relegated to Division One. They were Premier Division runners-up in 1976–77 before finishing second in three consecutive seasons between 1978–79 and 1980–81. In 1997–98 the club were Premier Division champions, but were not promoted to the Midland Alliance.
In 2010–11 Lye won the Birmingham Midweek Floodlit Cup, beating Nuneaton Griff 1–0 in the final. They were Premier Division runners-up in 2012–13 and won the Floodlit Cup for a second time with a 2–1 win over Southam United in the final. The club went on to win both the Worcestershire Senior Urn and the Premier Division the following season, earning promotion to the Premier Division of the newly formed Midland League. In the 2021–22 season Lye won the JW Hunt Cup.
Ground
The club play at the Sports Ground on Stourbridge Road, which is shared with the local cricket club; a temporary rail is erected on the northern side of the pitch during the football season. A seated stand was built at the Stourbridge Road end after World War II. A new stand was built on the southern side of the pitch in 1971, with the seats from the post-war stand later moved into the newer stand when the older stand was demolished. A covered standing area with a barrel roof was built behind one goal.
Honours
West Midlands (Regional) League
Premier Division champions 1997–98, 2013–14
Worcestershire Combination
Champions 1935–36
Worcestershire Senior Urn
Winners 2013–14
Birmingham Midweek Floodlit Cup
Winners 2010–11, 2012–13
Birmingham Junior Cup
Winners 1933–34, 1937–38, 1938–39
J W Hunt Cup
Winners 2021–22
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Third qualifying round, 1979–80, 1986–87, 1989–90
Best FA Trophy performance: Third qualifying round, 1975–76, 1979–80
Best FA Vase performance: Fourth round, 1995–96, 2018-19
Record appearances.Andy Crannage 415 1986-1997 Mark Bache 376 1999-2007
Record goal scorer . Nathan Thomas 109 goals (121 appearances) 1995-1998
See also
Lye Town F.C. players
References
External links
Club website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
Association football clubs established in 1930
1930 establishments in England
Sport in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley
Midland Football Combination
Central Amateur League
West Midlands (Regional) League
Midland Football League
Northern Premier League clubs
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lye%20Town%20F.C.
|
Transformus is a regional Burning Man art festival hosted on Marvin's Mountaintop in Masontown, West Virginia. The community forms a temporary city called Mysteria during the third weekend in July which includes art installations, neighborhoods, lively nightlife and camps which offer services to the community. Since 2006 Transformus has distributed over $207,747 in art grants to the community. It remains one of the most art-centric Burner events in the U.S. Transformus celebrates Burning Man's 10 principles of radical inclusion, radical gifting, radical decommodification, radical self-reliance, radical self-expression, communal effort, civic responsibility, leaving no trace, participation and immediacy. Transformus also focuses on consent as its 11th principle.
History
The first Transformus was held in 2004. The event remains 100% community driven to this day. Begun with no firm infrastructure, it quickly became apparent that a leadership group was necessary to give direction and protection to the event. Founded by seven individuals (Debra, Wordplay, Chw, Rhythm, Uncle Jonah, Diesel and Theory), Transformus now has an LLC board of directors, event planning committee and team leads – all volunteers – who collaboratively drive the event through minimal policy and responsible safety teams. The event has grown quickly: in 2004 350 tickets were purchased and participants came from 10 U.S. states. In 2012, 2,059 tickets were purchased and participants came from over 33 U.S. states and several foreign countries.
Event
Transformus was previously held in one of the only Temperate Rainforests in North America. Large amounts of rainfall are common, and on more than one occasion have made ignition of the effigy slow and difficult. Attendees were not allowed to take their vehicle to their campsite, and instead are expected to unload their gear and either haul it by foot to their campsite, or wait for a volunteer to help them haul their gear on a golf-cart.
Transformus is built around two central events: an effigy burn on Saturday night and a temple/art burn on Sunday night. These "burns" mean various things to various people and remain completely undefined by leadership. All are invited to personalize the temple before it is burned. Each structure is designed and built by volunteer teams. Artistic expression is a very important part of Transformus and many participants create interactive art installations specifically for the event. The LLC seeds this artistic expression through the fair distribution of Creativity Grants with over $207,747 distributed to the community since 2006. Grants are not allocated by the leadership but by the community through an open jury of volunteers. To avoid nepotism, members of the LLC are not eligible for art funding. Together, attendees of Transformus build a temporary city called Mysteria and then remove every trace before the event ends.
Theme Camps
Apart from the participant themself, the most common social unit in Mysteria is called a theme camp. These theme camps frequently offer services to the community such as food, drink, music, interactive art, and other novel or surprising experiences.
Popular past theme camps include:
Gypsy Bar
Camp SCIENCE!
Bacon Camp
Camp Chocolypse Now!
The Pallet Bar
The Intergalactic House of Pancakes (IHoP)
The Dirty Southern Burners,
Cape Sphere
Litt Valhalla
Garden of Hedons
The Philosopherz Stone
Radical Faeries
The Visible Trash Society
The Philadelphia Experiment (PEX),
Baron Samedi's VIP Lounge and Ball Pit
Willy Wonka's
Big Puffy Yellow,
Camp Crayola
Kasa de la Kozee
Temple of Boom
Dogs on Papasans
Elders Camp
Green Man Camp
Local Fauna
Flag Camp
Pretty Titty Bang Bang
Queer Ass Folk
Bubble Camp
Party Liberation Front (PLF)
Camp Contact.
Mustacheville
The Fire Triangle
Arcana
Percussion Junction
D.A.M.M. Camp
You Are Beautiful
Ethics
Several themes and/or ethics are encouraged during the event, based on the ten principles of Burning Man. These include:
Leave No Trace (or LNT) - everyone is expected to be responsible for any matter that they bring to the event. There are no public trash cans.
Gift Economy - no sale or barter is allowed at the event. Participants are asked to bring what they can and gift as they are able.
Radical Inclusion - everyone is welcome to be a part of the event.
Radical Self-Reliance - do what needs to be done and do not be a burden to others. Ensure that you bring enough to sustain yourself throughout the event.
Radical Self-Expression - be yourself, however you wish. Allow others to do the same.
Communal Effort - work together to make the best possible.
Civic Responsibility - every citizen bears a responsibility to contribute to the community as a whole.
Participation - no one attending is an observer; no spectators.
Immediacy - participants are to become part of the event and explore their inner selves in relation to the event and surroundings
Decommodification - rejection of corporate advertising, branding and sales of any kind.
Transformus' status as an Official Burning Man Regional Event
Transformus was founded in 2004 as an art, music and spiritually-focused counterculture festival, independent from Burning Man. In 2005, prior to the second event, Transformus became The Southeast Regional Burn, an official Burning Man regional. In June 2008, Burning Man's regional committee revoked Transformus' status as an official Burning Man event. In a letter to the Transformus community, Burning Man cited lack of civic responsibility and transparency as the reasons. In 2009 Transformus was invited by Burning Man to reapply for official event status but initially chose to remain independent. In early 2010, Transformus was reinstated as an official Burning Man regional event and is a sanctioned regional burn regularly participating in the global Burning Man community.
See also
List of regional Burning Man events
References
External links
Burning Man
Festivals in North Carolina
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformus
|
Anna Marie Hahn (born Filser; July 7, 1906 – December 7, 1938) was a German-born American serial killer.
Biography
Early life
Anna Hahn was the youngest of twelve children though five of her siblings had died by the time Anna was born. Her father, George Filser, was a furniture manufacturer, and the family was considered to be well-off financially.
At age 19, she became pregnant with her son Oskar, and told her family that the father was a Viennese physician, Dr. Max Matscheki, a well-known cancer researcher. However, no record of a Dr. Matscheki has ever been found; to this day, the identity of Oskar's real father is unknown. Hahn's scandalized family sent her to the U.S. in 1929, while her son remained in Bavaria with her parents. While staying with relatives Max and Anna Doeschel in Cincinnati, Ohio, Hahn met fellow German immigrant Philip Hahn; they married in 1930. Hahn briefly returned to Germany to retrieve Oskar, then she and her husband started a family.
Murders
Hahn allegedly began poisoning and robbing elderly men in Cincinnati's German community to support her gambling habit. Ernst Kohler, who died on May 6, 1933, was believed to be her first victim. Hahn had befriended him shortly before his death. He left her a house in his will.
Her next alleged victim, Albert Parker, 72, also died soon after she began caring for him. Prior to Parker's death, she signed an I.O.U. for $1,000 that she borrowed from him, but after his death, the document was either discarded or simply "disappeared". Jacob Wagner, 78, died on June 3, 1937, leaving $17,000 cash to his "beloved niece" Hahn. She soon began caring for 67-year-old George Gsellman, also of Cincinnati. For her service before his death on July 6, 1937, she received $17,000.
Hahn killed her last victim, Georg Obendoerfer, on August 1, 1937, after he traveled to Colorado Springs, Colorado, with her and her son. Police said that Obendoerfer, a cobbler, "died in agony just after Mrs. Hahn had bent over his deathbed inquiring his name, professing she did not know the man". Hahn's son testified at her trial that he, his mother, and Obendoerfer traveled to Colorado by train from Cincinnati together and that Obendoerfer began getting sick en route.
Investigation
An autopsy revealed high levels of arsenic in Obendoerfer's body, which aroused police suspicions. Exhumations of two of her previous clients revealed that they had been poisoned. Hahn was a prime suspect, and was soon arrested.
Hahn was convicted after a four-week trial in November 1937. Sentenced to death, she went to the electric chair at the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus on December 7, 1938. She was buried in Mount Calvary Cemetery in Columbus.
See also
List of serial killers in the United States
References
Further reading
"Anna Marie Hahn", Mind of a Killer (DVD), Kozel Multimedia, 1998.
Peter Vronsky: Female Serial Killers: How and Why Women Become Monsters, Berkley Books, New York (2007), p. 441
1906 births
1933 murders in the United States
1938 deaths
20th-century executions by Ohio
20th-century executions of American people
Burials at Mount Calvary Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)
Executed American female serial killers
Executed German female serial killers
Executed people from Bavaria
Emigrants from the Weimar Republic to the United States
German people executed abroad
People executed by Ohio by electric chair
Poisoners
Serial killers from Colorado
Serial killers from Ohio
Violence against men in North America
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Marie%20Hahn
|
Market Drayton Town Football Club is a football club based in Market Drayton, Shropshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at the Greenfields Sports Ground.
History
The club was established in 1969 as Little Drayton Rangers. They became members of the Shropshire County League and were champions in 1991–92, also winning the Shropshire Premier Cup. In 1998 they joined Division One North of the West Midlands (Regional) League. They were runners-up in their first season in the division, only missing out on the title after having three points deducted, and were promoted to the Premier Division.
In 2000–01 Little Drayton won the Premier Cup again and went on to retain it the following season. In 2003 the club was renamed Market Drayton Town, the name of a former club that had won the Shropshire County League in 1955–56. They won the Premier Cup Cup again in 2003–04 and retained it in each of the next two seasons. After finishing as runners-up in the Premier Division in 2004–05, the club were champions the following season, securing promotion to the Midland Alliance.
The 2008–09 season saw Market Drayton win the Midland Alliance, resulting in promotion to Division One South of the Northern Premier League. They won the Premier Cup again in 2010–11 and 2015–16. In 2021–22 the club finished bottom of Division One West and were relegated to the Premier Division of the Midland League. They finished bottom of the Premier Division the following season and were relegated to Division One South of the North West Counties League.
Honours
West Midlands (Regional) League
Premier Division champions 2005–06
Midland Alliance
Champions 2008–09
League Cup winners 2008–09
Shropshire Premier Cup
Winners 1991–92, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2010–11, 2015–16
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Second qualifying round, 2007–08, 2010–11
Best FA Trophy performance: First qualifying round, 2010–11, 2014–15, 2015–16
Best FA Vase performance: Fifth Round, 2008–09
Record attendance: 440 vs AFC Telford United, friendly, 11 June 2009
See also
Market Drayton Town F.C. players
Market Drayton Town F.C. managers
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Shropshire
Association football clubs established in 1969
1969 establishments in England
Shropshire County Premier Football League
West Midlands (Regional) League
Midland Football Alliance
Northern Premier League clubs
Midland Football League
North West Counties Football League clubs
Market Drayton
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market%20Drayton%20Town%20F.C.
|
Ko Jum (เกาะจำ, also Koh Jum) or Ko Pu (เกาะปู) is a part of Nuea Khlong district in Krabi province, Thailand. Ko Jum consists of three villages: Ban Ko Pu, Ban Ting Rai, and Ban Ko Jum. Ko Jum is approximately south of Krabi town on the Andaman Sea.
External links
Geography of Krabi province
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%20Jum
|
The adjective hygrophanous refers to the color change of mushroom tissue (especially the pileus surface) as it loses or absorbs water, which causes the pileipellis to become more transparent when wet and opaque when dry.
When identifying hygrophanous species, one needs to be careful when matching colors to photographs or descriptions, as color can change dramatically soon after picking.
Genera that are characterized by hygrophanous species include Agrocybe, Psathyrella, Psilocybe, Panaeolus, and Galerina.
External links
IMA Mycological Glossary: Hygrophanous
Wisconsin Mycological Society: Psathyrella Photographs of Psathyrella, a mushroom with a strongly hygrophanous pileus.
Fungal morphology and anatomy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrophanous
|
Pathfinder National Wildlife Refuge is located in the U.S. state of Wyoming and includes 16,807 acres (68 km2). The refuge is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, both agencies within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The refuge is divided into four sections adjacent to Pathfinder Reservoir and includes three campgrounds and three boat ramps. It is located in southern Natrona and northern Carbon counties. Pathfinder NWR is managed from the Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge which is located in Colorado.
The reservoir is used by numerous migratory bird species. The Pronghorn is commonly found on the refuge.
Located 20 miles southwest of Alcova, Wyoming via Wyoming Highway 220.
References
External links
Protected areas of Carbon County, Wyoming
National Wildlife Refuges in Wyoming
Protected areas of Natrona County, Wyoming
Protected areas established in 1928
1928 establishments in Wyoming
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge
|
Pelsall Villa F.C. was a football club based in the village of Pelsall, near Walsall, West Midlands, England. The team kit consisted of black and red striped shirts, black shorts and black socks.
History
Records from the Walsall Observer newspaper show that football was played in Pelsall as long ago as 1898. The two World Wars caused a temporary halt to proceedings, but in 1961 the club reformed and this heralded the beginning of Pelsall Villa as it is known today. Using changing facilities in the nearby Red Cow public house was never a satisfactory situation and in 1978 a liaison was formed by then Chairman, Vic Dolphin with Pelsall Cricket & Sports Club. As a result of the link-up, Villa not only gained improved dressing rooms, but also real headquarters.
In 1982 the club left the Staffordshire County League having been accepted into the West Midlands (Regional) League Division Two. Promotion was secured after two seasons at that level, but it was obvious that a number of improvements were needed at The Bush ground to bring it up to the required standard for an assault on the Premier Division.
During the summer of 1991 floodlights were installed and Aston Villa provided the opposition as they were officially switched on in front of a crowd of 2,000 in November 1991. Manager Reg Priest set about the task of strengthening the playing squad and success soon followed in both the FA Cup and FA Vase competitions. In fact, Villa were within three games of making it to Wembley Stadium in the FA Vase in 1992–93 before narrowly losing out to an extra-time own goal at the hands of Buckingham Town. The next stage of the club’s ongoing development saw hard-standing laid all around the perimeter and a 500-seater stand erected at The Bush end of the ground.
The aim was to secure a place in the newly formed Midland Alliance, but, having taken the West Midlands (Regional) League Premier Division title in 1994–95, the eagerly-awaited promotion was not granted. It did arrive at the end of the following season, however, following a second-placed berth during a campaign that also saw the League Cup and Midland Invitation Cup secured. The first season at the higher level ended with a mid-table finish as captain Adrian Horne won the Alliance Player of the Year. A position in the middle of the table was the norm for the next few years as the club consolidated.
1998–99 saw chairman Vic Dolphin and club stalwart Tony Gough resign after more than two decades of service. Ron New took over the chair in 1999–2000 before relegation followed in 2003–04 as the club returned to the West Midlands (Regional) League. In January 2004, former Wolverhampton Wanderers player Dean Edwards was appointed as player-manager but was unable to prevent the club's relegation and left at the end of the season.
There was another change of personnel at the helm when former player Shaun Mason returned to the club, initially as first-team manager then chairman as Mark Bentley took over the reins. For the 2009–10 season, the club was transferred into the Midland Combination, which subsequently merged with the Midland Alliance to form the Midland League. In November 2014, former professional goalkeeper Scott Cooksey was appointed joint manager alongside Barry Dedman. At the end of the 2017-18 season, the club was expelled from the Midland League after failing to fulfill a number of fixtures. From the 2018-19 season onwards the club has not fielded a side in Saturday football and effectively no longer exists. The Bush Ground is now disused and has been earmarked as a potential site for a supermarket. An unrelated team called Pelsall Villa Colts now compete in the Staffordshire County Senior League.
Players
Managers
Stephen Cooke 2016–?
Scott Cooksey 2014–2015
Barry Dedman 2014–
Dave Dowling 2014
Mark Bentley 2004–2014
Shaun Mason 2004–2005
Steve Hicks 2002–2004
Kevin Gough 1999–2002
Reg Priest 1991–1999
S.Hart 1987–1991
B.Hill 1984–1987
Honours
Staffordshire County League
Runners-up: 1968–69
West Midlands (Regional) League
Premier Division
Champions: 1994–95,
Runners-up: 1995–96
Division One
Runners-up: 1989–90
Division Two
Runners-up: 1983–84
Premier Division Cup
Winners: 1995–96
Division One Cup
Winners: 1988–89
Runners-up: 1989–90
Division Two Cup
Runners-up: 1983–84
Sporting Star Cup
Champions: 1976–77
Runners-up: 1961–62,
Cannock Charity Cup
Champions: 1963–64,
Wednesbury Charity Cup
Champions: 1967–68, 1968–69, 1972–73, 1973–74, 1988–89, 1989–90
Runners-up: 1966–67, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1987–88, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1993–94
Rugeley Charity Cup
Winners: 1969–70, 1978–79
D. Stanton Shield
Winners: 1973–74
Runners-up: 1975–76
Bloxwich Charity Cup
Winners: 1981–82, 1982–83
Edge Cup
Winners: 1983–84
Walsall Challenge Cup
Runners-up: 1989–90
Ike Cooper Trophy
Runners-up: 1989–90
Walsall Senior Cup
Runners-up: 1992–93
Midland Triangular Invitation Cup
Winners: 1995–96
Staffordshire FA Challenge Vase
Runners-up: 2006–07
Youth honours
Midland Floodlit Youth League
Northern Division champions: 2009–10
Staffordshire FA Floodlit Youth County Cup
Runners Up: 2009–10
Staffordshire Junior Cup
Champions: 1968–69
Club records
Best league position: 14th in Midland Alliance, 1997–98
Best FA Cup performance: 3rd round qualifying, 1992–93
Best FA Vase performance: 5th round, 1992–93
Ground
The club's long-standing home, the Bush Ground, takes its name from the Old Bush pub which is next to it. It has a stand behind one goal which came from the ground of the defunct Telford-based club GKN Sankey, and seats which came from Molineux, home of Wolverhampton Wanderers, as well as unusually-shaped concrete dugouts. In 2017, however, the club began a groundshare with Walsall Wood following vandalism at the Bush Ground.
References
Football clubs in England
Sport in the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall
Association football clubs established in 1897
Midland Football Combination
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
1897 establishments in England
West Midlands (Regional) League
Midland Football League
Midland Football Alliance
Staffordshire County League
Staffordshire County League (South)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelsall%20Villa%20F.C.
|
Sentul City (previously Bukit Sentul) is a modern housing area situated at Sentul, Babakan Madang, Bogor Regency, in West Java, Indonesia. Its geographical coordinates are 6 52' 0" South, 112 26' 0" East and its original name (with diacritics) is Sentul. Located near Bogor, it is about 48 km south of Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta. Sentul City is located at the western foot of the Jonggol Mountains, it is a mountainous township with an area of approximately 3100 hectares.
Infrastructure
Sentul International Convention Center is located in the township. It is also the location of a 3.9 km long racing circuit that has been used predominantly for bike racing and the Asian F3 series. The township has hotels, shopping malls, culinary center, children's amusement park, a national drug rehab centre, an eco-tour development, and two golf courses, etc. A cultural park known as Taman Budaya Sentul, which is built with a Sundanese cultural concept. Citra Sentul Raya is also located in this township.
After recent years of slow growth, recent developments include Aeon shopping mall.The Opus Park is located in the township consists of three apartment towers. With an area of 7.8 hectares, it has also a shopping mall and five-star hotels.
Transportation
Sentul is connected to Jakarta and Bogor by Jagorawi toll road. It will also have a station of Greater Jakarta LRT which is now under-construction.
References
External links
Wikimapia.org – Bukit Sentul
Al-Taqwa College Indonesia Sekolah Internasional – Bukit Sentul, Hambalang
Populated places in West Java
Planned communities in Indonesia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentul%20City%2C%20Indonesia
|
Léonie Fuller Adams (December 9, 1899 – June 27, 1988) was an American poet. She was appointed the seventh Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1948.
Biography
Adams was born in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in an unusually strict environment. She was not allowed on the subway until she was eighteen, and even then, her father accompanied her. Her sister was the teacher and archaeologist Louise Holland and her brother-in-law the archaeologist Leicester Bodine Holland. She studied at Barnard College, where she was a contemporary and friend of roommate Margaret Mead. While still an undergraduate, she showed remarkable skill as a poet, and at this time her poems began to be published. In 1924, she became the editor of The Measure. Her first volume of poetry, titled Those Not Elect, was in 1925.
In the spring of 1928, she had a brief affair with Edmund Wilson. Adams apologized to Wilson for having "moped and quarreled" on the day she left for France.
While in London, Adams met H.D., who introduced her to several figures in the London literary scene; in Paris she was invited to tea by Gertrude Stein. At the beginning of 1929, when Wilson wrote to her that he was thinking of marrying another woman, Adams wrote back that she had had a pregnancy and hinted that she had had a miscarriage, mentioning the need for a visit to a London doctor in October. Guilt over the pregnancy — both Wilson, and a former student, Judith Farr, reported that Adams had a gift for making others feel guilty — combined with his heavy drinking, and indecision in other elements of his personal life led Wilson to a nervous collapse. Louise Bogan later revealed to him that Léonie's pregnancy had been imaginary, and this caused a temporary rift between Bogan and Adams.
In 1929, her volume High Falcon was published. During the 1930s, she lived in the Ramapo Mountains near Hillburn, New York, and commuted to New York City to lecture on Victorian poetry at New York University. In 1930, she met writer and fellow New York University teacher William Troy. The two married in 1933. That same year she published This Measure. In 1935 she and her husband joined the faculty of Bennington College.
She taught English at various other colleges and universities including Douglass College (then known as the New Jersey College for Women), the University of Washington, the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference, Columbia University, and Sarah Lawrence College. The poets for whom Adams acted as a mentor included Louise Glück, recipient of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature and former United States Poet Laureate. Fantasy writer, poet and editor Lin Carter attended her Poetry Workshop while studying at Columbia University. Marcella Comès Winslow painted a portrait of Adams in 1947. In 1950, she received an honorary doctorate from the New Jersey College for Women.
Her Poems: A Selection won the 1954 Bollingen Prize. In a review of the book, Louise Bogan wrote: "Poems such as "Companions of the Morass," "For Harvest," "Grapes Making," and "The Runner with the Lots" spring from and are indications of a poetic endowment as deep as it is rare."
In 1955, in a brief autobiography written for a biographical dictionary of modern literature, Adams threw a little light on her religious and political views: "My father... made me a childhood agnostic — I am now a Roman Catholic.... I am a very liberal democrat."
In 1988, she died at the age of 88 in New Milford, Connecticut.
Poetic style
Superficially, Léonie Adams' style did not change greatly over her lifetime, but there was an initial shy wonder at the world that eventually became an intense and almost devotional lyricism. Her rich descriptions demonstrated great delicacy of perception and an exalted spirit. She bore comparison with Henry Vaughan and 17th century metaphysical poetry, especially in her near-religious ecstasy. In a mid-2000s critical commentary for the WOM-PO (Discussion of Women's Poetry) website, poet Annie Finch provided a more postmodern reading of Adams as "a lush, sensual poet who directed her sensuality not towards other people but primarily towards the materials of poetry, towards syntax and symbol, diction and word-sound, in short, towards the language itself," and went on to say that "Adams' poetry teases the balance between the incantatory and representational powers of poetic language. She uses the sounds of language as counterweights to her poems' ostensible meanings, complicating the act of reading and calling into question a reader's emotional responses."
Prizes and awards
1954: the Bollingen Prize for Poems: A Selection (1954)
1974: Academy Fellowship from the Academy of American Poets
the Shelley Memorial Award
fellowship from The Guggenheim Foundation
grants from The National Council of the Arts and The National Institute of Arts and Letters,
Poetry collections
Those Not Elect, Robert M. McBride & Co, 1925; Reprint Services Corp, 1992,
High Falcon and Other Poems, John Day, New York, 1929.
Midsummer, Ward Ritchie, 1929
This Measure, A. A. Knopf, 1933
Poems: A selection, Funk & Wagnalls, 1954
Edited and translated
The Lyrics of Francois Villon, Limited Editions Club, New York, 1933.
Children's books
"A casque for Amadis," The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1928.
"The tale of Tenjin : or how a much-abused man became a saint," The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1928.
Anthologies
References
External links
Léonie Adams and William Troy Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
Brief Note at Library of Congress site
Academy of American Poets entry
1899 births
1988 deaths
American women poets
American Poets Laureate
Catholics from New York (state)
Barnard College alumni
Bennington College faculty
Bollingen Prize recipients
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Poets from New York (state)
Sarah Lawrence College faculty
20th-century American poets
20th-century American women writers
Writers from Brooklyn
20th-century American women academics
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onie%20Adams
|
Shawbury United Football Club are a football club originally from Shawbury, Shropshire, but currently based in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. They were established in 1992. They are members of the , having been relegated from the Midland Football League Premier Division at the end of the 2017-18 season.
History
Shawbury United are one of the newer clubs in the West Midlands region, having been formed in 1992. They started out playing in the Shrewsbury and Shropshire Alliance Division Two. They swiftly progressed up the divisions, winning a number of local cups along the way, and in 1999-00 the club were rewarded with admission to the West Midlands (Regional) League, initially in Division One North. In 2000–01 they were promoted to the Premier Division, and then to the Midland Football League in 2016, where they remain to this day.
2006–07 was a disappointing season for Shawbury in which the club finished bottom of the West Midlands Premier Division in 21st position, however due to Great Wyrley resigning from the league early on and Wyrley Rangers folding at the end of the season Shawbury avoided relegation. The following season 2007–08 was a totally different story. With Shawbury paying players for the first time, manager Delwyn Humphreys was able to steer the club into the higher reaches of the division and a run to the last 32 of the F.A. Vase (a club record). In what was to be a dramatic and bizarre ending to the season, Humphreys resigned as the season entered its final weeks. Paul Mellings took over the reins and helped Shawbury to equal their best finish of 3rd, despite other teams having many games in hand on Shawbury at one point. However Bewdley Town who had finished 2nd were deducted 3 points for a breach of the rules. This brought Bewdley back to the same points as Shawbury but Shawbury would finish in 2nd place with a goal difference +1 better than the Worcestershire side.
In June 2008 Ally McHarrie was appointed as the club's new manager for 2008–09, but his tenure did not live up to the previous season's achievements and he was sacked just after the turn of the year, with the side lingering in lower mid-table and out of all the more prestigious cup competitions in the early stages. After a slight upturn in form towards the end a disappointing season finished with Shawbury in 10th place and long serving player Steve Giles eventually taking the management reins for 2009–10.
Life did not get any better for Shawbury, as 2009–10 began with the club bottom of the league after the early stages. In October 2009, the club drafted in Craig Rogers as manager. Previously managing in the Shropshire County League and being young in years (26), it was seen as a gamble by the club. Despite having a good 2nd half to the season they still ended up finishing bottom of the league. They were however saved from relegation and with a pre-season of regeneration approaching they will be hoping for a more successful season next time around.
After an inconsistent season, manager Craig Rogers resigned in March 2011. Despite their troubles his tenure had to be regarded as a success having turned a team that were struggling for points and players to a competitive team in the WMPL. Steve Giles took the reins as caretaker manager until the end of the 2010/11 season.
Shawbury picked up their first win under Giles (and first since 22 Jan 11) with a 2–1 home victory over Wolverhampton Casuals and a final day win at Wellington confirmed that Shawbury would finish 17th in the league and retain their premier division status.
A new era
Dave Richards resigned as Wem Town manager on 7 May 2011 after guiding the club from the Shropshire County league to West Midlands Division 1 in 3 seasons. His appointment as Shawbury's new manager was confirmed on Wednesday 11 May 2011. He was joined by his assistant from Wem Town, Shaun Ingram, and after ruling himself out of taking on the manager's role, Steve Giles was also a part of the backroom staff. Shawbury United finished the season with a creditable 10th position, and also won the Powell Charity Cup against Mid Cheshire Div Two Side Whitchurch Alport.
After Andy Waters stepped down as Reserve team manager at the end of the 2011–12 season, Shawbury appointed Kevin Cooper as Reserve team manager with Shawbury player Eddie Knox his assistant. For the 2012–13 season they were members of the Mercian League Division 1.
In June 2012 Chris Kirkup was instated as the new Chairman of the club. For the 2012–13 season Dave Richards remained as First Team Manager in a season that saw Shawbury return to FA Cup action for the first time since the 2009–10 season. Richards was at the helm when Shawbury's league fortunes took a turn for the better, culminating in the club winning the West Midlands League Premier Division title in 2015/16.
The club embarked on their first season in the Midland League Premier Division, and whilst enjoying memorable wins against some of the better teams in the division, including a 5–1 thumping of FA Cup heroes Westfields, they were thankful for a final-day victory at Brocton, which condemned Walsall Wood to the drop instead of Shawbury and ensured the club finished in its highest-ever league position of 19th.
Shawbury suffered some off the field woes towards the end of the season, with them leaving their home of over twenty years, the Butler Sports Ground in Wem, and having to relocate to Ludlow Football Stadium, some 40 miles away. Shawbury were not in a position to be able to help pay for new floodlights on their rented ground, and due to the lights then having to be dismantled, had to find another suitable ground, with Ludlow being the only option for them to remain at Step 5.
The club found its second season at Step 5 challenging eventually finishing 21st, 9 points from safety, and were relegated back to the Midlands Regional Premer Division along with Shropshire neighbours Haughmond FC. Following relegation a vast number of the playing squad left the club to remain at Step 5. Joint Managers Dave Richards and Stu Lewis looked to rebuild a younger playing squad in their first season back at Step 6. The club introduced a new Youth Team competing in the Midland Floodlit Youth League in which numerous players were promoted to the first team.
On 13 April 2019, Joint Managers Dave Richards and Stu Lewis mutually agreed to leave their roles so Richards could concentrate on his duty as Chairman and Lewis as new manager of a second youth team at the club. Subsequently Lewis left to join WMRL Division One side Allscott Heath as manager the same summer.
On 17 May 2019, the club announced former A.F.C. Telford United Youth Head Coach, Declan Allen, as the new First Team manager. He was joined at the club by Sean Evans, after he left Whitchurch Alport following a brief spell there as coach. Their tenure got off to a good start drawing 0-0 with top four favourites Wolverhampton Casuals, who had finished third in the previous season before beating Worcester Raiders in their second game. The club went onto to reach the first round proper of the FA Vase for just the seventh time in the club's history before losing to Uttoxeter Town in a replay. After a good start, results slipped and the side went on a run of 10 games without a win. Luck changed following a 2-1 victory over former landlords, Wem Town, in January. The club having slipped to 3rd bottom went on a run which saw them pick up 3 wins and a draw from their next 6 games lifting them to 15th a just 5 points from a mid-table finish before the outbreak of COVID-19 cut the season short.
At the end of the 2020–21 season the club were transferred to Division One of the Midland League when the Premier Division of the West Midlands (Regional) League lost its status as a step six division.
Ground
In 2017 after many years groundsharing with Wem Town at the Butler Sports Centre in Wem, around 6 miles from Shawbury, the club moved 'temporarily' to Ludlow after agreeing a groundshare agreement with Shropshire County League club Ludlow FC after Wem Town lost the use of their changing rooms, a requirement for the league. Ludlow Football Stadium has a small covered stand and floodlights as well as a viewing balcony. The ground is shared with Ludlow FC of the West Midlands (Regional) League Division Two, and has a 3G astro turf on the opposite side of the main stand. Despite the move to Ludlow being temporary, they are still playing at Ludlow (nearly 40 miles from Shawbury) as of 2023
In September 2014, the club submitted planning proposals to Shropshire Council for their new ground situated off of the A53. Planning permission was granted in December 2014. In January 2020 the club announced that land had been secured for the project following a donation from land owner Gerard Verdino. The club have signed a 99 year lease for the land. However as of March 2022 not a single piece of work had started at the location, and the land was still being as farmland. The latest Google Street view of the location (dated March 2022) still shows a ploughed farmers field. On 21 May 2023, the club announced via Twitter that they had reached an agreement with EFL side Shrewsbury Town, allowing the club to play home games at the Community 4G pitch at New Meadow for the 2023–24 season, bringing the club closer to returning to Shawbury.
Honours
Shawbury have won a large number of local trophies, including the Shropshire County Challenge Cup, Shropshire Junior Cup, Commander Ethelston Cup, Powell Cup, John Davies Cup and Tim Stokes Cup. Shawbury have appeared in the Shropshire Premier Cup Final under its various guises, most notably winning the trophy in 2014. They also reached the final in 2017, losing out 1–0 in the final to Market Drayton Town. The biggest win was during pre-season 2017–18, when Shawbury beat Shrewsbury Town and TNS on their way to winning the Shropshire Senior Cup for the first time in their history.
Club records
Best league position: 19th in Midland Football League, Premier Division – Season 2016/17
Best FA Cup performance: Extra Preliminary Round, 2008–09 & 2009–10
Best FA Vase performance: Fourth Round, 2007–08
See also
Shropshire#Football
Sources
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Shropshire
Association football clubs established in 1992
West Midlands (Regional) League
1992 establishments in England
Shropshire County Premier Football League
Midland Football League
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawbury%20United%20F.C.
|
Empress Wang Shen'ai (; 384 – 3 October 412), formally Empress Anxi (安僖皇后, literally "the peaceful and careful empress") was an empress of Jin Dynasty (266–420). Her husband was the developmentally disabled Emperor An.
Life
Wang Shen'ai was the daughter of the official Wang Xianzhi, the son of the famed official and calligrapher Wang Xizhi. Her mother Princess Xin'an was the daughter of Emperor Jianwen, making her and her husband cousins. In 396, while he was still crown prince under his father Emperor Xiaowu, they married, and she became crown empress. She was 12, and he was 14. As he was described to be so developmentally disabled that he could not speak or dress himself, or express whether he was full or hungry, it was unlikely that their marriage was consummated; in any case, they had no children. Later that year, after Emperor Xiaowu was killed by his concubine Honoured Lady Zhang after humiliating her, Emperor An became emperor. On 3 May 397, she was created empress.
Very little is known about Empress Wang's life as empress. In 403, after Emperor An's throne was usurped by the warlord Huan Xuan, she was effectively put under house arrest with her husband. In 404, after Liu Yu started a rebellion to reestablish Jin, Huan Xuan had her and her husband transported west with him after he resolved to flee west from the capital Jiankang, but on the way, Huan Xuan's brother-in-law Yin Zhongwen (殷仲文) rebelled against him and transported her and Emperor Mu's Empress He Fani back to Jiankang. Later that year, after Huan Xuan was killed and Emperor An was seized back from Huan Xuan's nephew Huan Zhen (桓振), he was reunited with her. She died in September or October 412 and was buried with honors due an empress.
References
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
384 births
412 deaths
Jin dynasty (266–420) empresses
4th-century Chinese women
5th-century Chinese women
Huan Chu people
4th-century Chinese people
5th-century Chinese people
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Shen%27ai
|
Tividale Football Club is a football club based in Tividale, near Dudley, West Midlands, England. They were established in 1954. In the 2011–12 season, under the management of Dean Whitehouse, they reached the 5th round of the FA Vase, the furthest the club has progressed in the competition. They won the Midland Football Alliance in 2013–14. They now play in the , having been relegated from the Northern Premier League Division One South at the end of the 2015–16 season.
History
Tividale F.C. was formed in 1954 as the senior branch of Tividale Hall Youth Club F.C and originally played in the Handsworth and District League, before moving on to the Warwickshire & West Midlands Alliance. In 1966 they joined the newly formed West Midlands (Regional) League Division One. In 1973 they gained promotion to the Premier Division and remained there for nearly 20 years, with a best-placed finish of 4th.
In the 1976–77 season, Tividale were the primary subject of a best-selling book, Journey to Wembley by Brian James, which charted that season's FA Cup tournament from the preliminary qualifying round to the final. It began at Tividale and focused on their progress through the competition until they were eliminated, the focus then shifting to the club that defeated them and so on till it ended with the eventual cupwinners.
In 1991 the club were relegated to Division One due to no longer being able to meet the required ground standards for the top division, and these events led to a number of management and playing staff leaving the club. New manager Terry Jones was able to turn the club's fortunes around and in 1993 Tividale finished second in Division One and won promotion back into the Premier. Unfortunately in the same year the Midland Football Alliance was formed, moving the West Midlands League one step down the pyramid, so in a sense the club had not advanced.
Since their return to the Premier Division Tividale have generally been a mid-table side, although in 2001–02 they finished second, despite having three points deducted. Between 2002 and 2004 the club reached the final of the Walsall Senior Cup in three successive seasons, winning the trophy in 2003.
Ian Long joined as joint manager with Stuart Scriven in 2013. After Scriven left the club due to work commitments in 2013, Long assumed sole managership of the first team. In their first season in the Northern Premier League Division One South Tividale finished in 8th position. Long left his position as manager in May 2015, and was replaced by Philip Male and Ross Thorpe as joint managers.
With the loss of the complete 2014–15 squad with Long, the 2015–16 season proved a season too long and Tividale suffered relegation from the Northern Premier League. With outside commitments taking its toll Male decided to step down after the one season and so Tividale were looking for their third manager in three seasons. Relegation meant a return to Step 5 football in the newly formed Midland Football League Premier Division. The club next appointed the prolific Stourbridge Youth team manager Dave King as Tividale manager. However, the following season saw the team suffer another relegation and a return to the West Midlands (Regional) League. In the 2017–18 season the club finished as runners up to Wolverhampton Sporting Community in the league, but the club was denied promotion. The team went one better in the 2018–19 season, winning the league by four points from second place Haughmond.
Ground
Tividale moved to their current ground in Packwood Road in 1974, renaming it The Beeches. This name was chosen to honour a British Waterways official who had granted the site's lease to the club. The new ground was situated in a newly developed residential street on the Tividale Hall Estate on land which had previously been inaccessible to motor vehicles and which had required the demolition of four houses in order to open up the land for development.
In 1991 a new rule was introduced by the West Midlands League that all Premier Division clubs must have floodlights. As Tividale could not afford to erect lights at The Beeches, they had no option but to step down to Division One. Floodlights were eventually erected two years later.
More recent development work has seen the building of a 200-seater stand, new changing rooms, a boardroom, and the refurbishment of the Social Club. In spring 2014 the club achieved the ground grading that allowed them to play in the Northern Premier League Division One South for the 2014–15 season.
Honours
Midland Football Alliance
Champions, 2013–14
West Midlands (Regional) League
Premier Division champions, 2010–11, 2018–19
Premier Division Cup winners, 2010–11
Premier Division runners-up, 2001–02
Division One champions, 1972–73
J.W. Hunt Cup winners 2013–14
Walsall Senior Cup
Winners, 2002–03
Runners-up, 2001–02, 2003–04
Club records
Best league performance: 8th in Northern Premier League Division One South , 2013–14
Best FA Cup performance: 4th qualifying round, 1975–76
Best FA Vase performance: 5th round, 2011–12
Players
Current squad
External links
Official club website
References
52:30:38.380N 2:3:0.641W
Football clubs in England
Sport in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley
Association football clubs established in 1954
Northern Premier League clubs
Midland Football Alliance
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
1954 establishments in England
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tividale%20F.C.
|
Ottilie "Tillie" Klimek (born Otylia Gburek; 1876 – November 20, 1936) was a Polish American serial killer, active in Chicago. According to accounts, she pretended to have precognitive dreams, accurately predicting the dates of death of her victims, when in reality she was merely scheduling their deaths.
Biography
Klimek was born Otylia Gburek in Poland, and came to the United States as an infant with her parents. Tillie married her original husband Jozef Mitkiewicz in 1895. In 1914, he died after a short illness. The death certificate listed the cause of death as heart trouble, and she quickly remarried Joseph Ruskowski, who lived nearby. He too died in short order, as did a boyfriend who had "jilted" her.
The crime for which Klimek was eventually tried was the murder of Frank Kupczyk, her third husband. He had taken ill in their apartment at 924 N. Winchester, where she had previously lived with a boyfriend under the name of Meyers, and she began to tell neighbors that Frank "would not live long." She mocked Frank himself, greeting him in the morning by saying "It won't be long now," and "You'll be dying soon," and joking with neighbors that he had "two inches to live."
She even knitted her own mourning hat as she sat at his bedside (which she later wore to the trial), and asked for the landlady's permission to store a bargain coffin she'd found for sale in the basement. This may have been what led to the belief that she claimed to "predict" deaths.
In 1921, after Frank's death, Klimek married a man named Joseph Klimek and lived with him at 1453 Tell Place (now 1453 Thomas Street). When he became ill, doctors suspected arsenic poisoning, and tests confirmed it. She was arrested. It was later said that she told the arresting officer that, "The next one I want to cook a dinner for is you."
Investigation
Bodies of Klimek's other husbands were soon exhumed and found to contain lethal doses of arsenic, though the soil around them was clean. Police also arrested her cousin, Nellie Koulik. Klimek told the police that she had told Nellie she was tired of her husband Frank. Nellie suggested divorce. Klimek said that, "I will get rid of him some other way," and claimed that Nellie had given her a "goodly portion" of a poison called "Rough on Rats".
After Klimek's arrest, it came to light that several relatives and neighbors of the two women had died. Two neighbors Klimek had quarreled with became gravely ill after being given candy by her. A dog that annoyed Klimek in her Winchester Street house had died of arsenic poisoning. Several of Klimek and Nellie's cousins and relatives were found to have become gravely ill shortly after eating at Klimek's house. In all, the list included twenty suspected victims, fourteen of whom had died.
The papers began to speak of Klimek not as a solo murderer, but as the "high priestess" of a "Bluebeard clique" in Chicago's Little Poland neighborhood. Other wives in the neighborhood were arrested and released. Joseph Klimek would survive, though he was still in the hospital more than three months later. It was found that she had taken out life insurance policies on her husbands from which she profited greatly.
In March 1923, Klimek was found guilty of the murder of Frank Kupczyk, her third known husband. Reporters noted that unlike most of the husband-killers who had been acquitted in Chicago courts, Klimek was not beautiful or charming, but a "squat" woman who spoke only broken English, despite having lived in the country since infancy. She was sentenced to life in prison, the harshest sentence that had ever been leveled against a woman in Cook County.
Nellie was later acquitted after spending a year in prison during her drawn-out trial. Klimek often teased her in prison, once convincing her that she was about to be taken out and hanged.
Klimek died in prison at Joliet Correctional Center on November 20, 1936 and was interred at the Bohemian National Cemetery in Chicago.
See also
List of serial killers in the United States
References
External links
Deadly Women Episode Guide at Investigation Discovery
1876 births
1914 murders in the United States
1919 murders in the United States
1921 murders in the United States
1936 deaths
1910s murders in the United States
1920s murders in the United States
American female serial killers
American people who died in prison custody
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American serial killers
Criminals from Chicago
Mariticides
People convicted of murder by Illinois
Poisoners
Polish-American culture in Chicago
Polish emigrants to the United States
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Illinois
Prisoners who died in Illinois detention
Serial killers from Illinois
Serial killers who died in prison custody
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillie%20Klimek
|
Wednesfield Football Club are a football club based in Wednesfield, West Midlands, England. They were established in 1961. They have reached the 3rd round of the FA Vase twice in their history. They are members of the .
History
The club was originally formed in 1961 as Wednesfield Social FC, changing its name in 1989. They gained entry to the West Midlands (Regional) League in 1976 and won the championship of Division One A in their first season, followed by a runners-up position in Division One the very next season, clinching promotion to the Premier Division. In 1995–96 they won the Premier Division title but were not promoted, however the following year they repeated their title success and this time moved up to the Midland Football Alliance, where they remained for six seasons before a last place finish in 2002–03 saw them relegated back to the West Midlands League, where they have struggled. In fact in 2004–05 they finished bottom but were spared relegation.
After a few years of consolidation a new management team came in during the 2006–07 season. The team finished the season in thirteenth place but the following year finished in fourth place and reach the finals of the League Cup and the J.W. Hunt Cup. At the end of the 2020–21 season the club were transferred to Division One of the Midland League when the Premier Division of the West Midlands (Regional) League lost its status as a step six division.
Ground
The Cottage Ground in Amos Lane, Wednesfield has been the team's home since 1971. For the first ten years of their existence they played at King George's Park. The Cottage itself was an institute for homeless and orphaned children until its closure in the early 1970s, and the land where the football club is now situated had been its sports field.
The highest attendance recorded at the Cottage Ground is 480. In 2003 a crowd of just 10 people was recorded for the visit of Biddulph Victoria, the lowest attendance ever recorded in the Midland Alliance.
Honours
West Midlands Regional League
Premier Division Champions 1995–96, 1996–97
Division One Champions 1977–78
Division One A Champions 1976–77
JW Hunt Cup Winners 2007–08
Records
Best league performance: 3rd in Midland Alliance, 2001–02
Best FA Cup performance: 2nd qualifying round, 1983–84
Best FA Vase performance: 3rd round, 1978–79, 1981–82
Ladies' teams
The club also has two open age ladies football teams based at the club although not affiliated with each other. Wednesfield FC Ladies play in the Birmingham County Womens League Premier Division. They have progressed through all the age groups since formation by manager Paul Smith in 2005. In the 2014-15 season they were Division 2 Champions with a 100% record which earned them a double promotion. Wednesfield Town Ladies play in the Birmingham Regional Womens League Premier Division.
References
General
Specific
External links
Club website
Football clubs in England
Association football clubs established in 1961
Sport in Wolverhampton
West Midlands (Regional) League
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
1961 establishments in England
Midland Football League
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wednesfield%20F.C.
|
Wolverhampton Casuals Football Club are a football club based in Featherstone, near Wolverhampton, England. Established in 1899, they are currently members of the . They play their home games at Brinsford Lane, and also compete in the Walsall Senior Cup – a competition they last won in 2000–01.
History
Wolverhampton Casuals Football Club was established in 1899. They joined West Midlands (Regional) League Division Two in 1982–83 and were promoted to Division One the following season. They finished runners-up in Division One for three successive seasons, and were promoted to the Premier Division in 1987–88 after a fourth-place finish. The club reached the First Round of the FA Vase in 1989–90, however The Cassies were relegated back to Division One in 1991. They regained their Premier Division status after winning the league in 1994–95.
In 2010–11, the club were runners-up in the League Cup.
For the 2011–12 season local management duo Lee Cooke and Carl Abbott took control of the first team, and following a squad rebuild guided the side to at the time, its best ever, 3rd-place finish in the Premier Division.
Midway through the 2012-13 season, with the side in 4th place in the table, Lee Cooke resigned his position as joint manager on 15 December 2012. Carl Abbott took sole charge of the first team. During the course of the 2012-13 season Casuals reached the first qualifying round of the FA Cup, taking Midland Alliance side Tividale to a replay, before going out, having disposed of Tipton Town and Pilkington XXX in earlier rounds. The team finished the season again in 3rd place, in a tightly contested championship with Lye Town and eventual winners AFC Wulfrunians, achieving 97 points for the season, a best ever league record achieved. Casuals also ended the season as runners up in the JW Hunt Cup, finalists for the first time in the club's history, narrowly losing out in the final to Black Country Rangers.
The following season the team secured their third consecutive 3rd-placed finish in the Premier Division, this time achieving 98 points, again a best ever league record achieved in the club's history, and only 3 points short of the title. At the end of the season, after a successful four-year spell, Carl Abbott resigned his position as manager in order to take the managerial position at Hinckley.
He was replaced by former Sporting Khalsa manager Mark Holdcroft who guided the club to a 6th place finish in his first season in charge, and followed this up with a record 2nd place finish the following year with semi final losses in the Staffordshire Senior Cup and Walsall Senior Cup to Stoke City F.C. Under-23s and Academy and Walsall F.C. Youth and Reserves respectively. Mark Holdcroft was replaced the following season following a 9th place league finish, with former Wednesfield F.C. manager Dean Gill taking over the reins.
Dean Gill narrowly missed out on promotion with a 3rd place finish in his first season in charge, winning the West Midlands (Regional) League Premier Division Cup in the process. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, the 2019–20 season was halted with the "Cassies" in 4th place. Gill resigned to take over at Bilston Town, which led the club to appoint Adam Pearce as manager. In 2021, under Pearce’s tutelage, the club were promoted to the Premier Division of the Midland League based on their results in the abandoned 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons.
Ground
Brinsford Lane boasts a clubhouse, a tearoom, and a small stand with bench seating for approximately 150 people. Its distinctive ivy-covered dugouts were featured in David Bauckham's book Dugouts.
Honours
West Midlands (Regional) League Premier Division
Runners-up 2016-17
West Midlands (Regional) League Division One
Champions 1994–95
Runners-up 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87
West Midlands (Regional) League Premier Division League Cup
Runners-up 2010–11
JW Hunt Cup
Runners up 2012–13
Walsall Senior Cup
Winners 2000-01
Staffordshire Vase
Winners 1997-98
Runners-up 1998-99
Records
Best league position: Runners up in West Midlands (Regional) League Premier Division, 2016-17
Best FA Cup performance: First Qualifying Round, 2012–13
Best FA Vase performance: Second Round, 2016–17, 2023–24
References
External links
Club website
Pyramid Passion feature on their ground
Football clubs in England
Sport in Wolverhampton
Association football clubs established in 1899
West Midlands (Regional) League
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
1899 establishments in England
Midland Football League
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton%20Casuals%20F.C.
|
tsclient (Terminal Server Client) is a discontinued frontend for rdesktop and other remote desktop tools, which allow remotely controlling one computer from another. It is a GNOME application. Notable visual options include color depth, screen size, and motion blocking.
Features include: a GNOME panel applet to quickly launch saved profiles, sound support, similar look and functionality to the Microsoft client and compatibility with its file format, interface translated into more than 20 languages, and support for rdesktop 1.3, Xnest and VNC clients (*vncviewer).
Versions
There are two different versions in use.
Version 0.150 has an advanced user interface with many options.
The unstable (development) version 2.0.1 is the version used by Red Hat Linux/Fedora. This version is not that advanced, as it is a complete rewrite. From the Release Notes of Version 0.150: "I hope this version is the last before a completely rewrite."
There is not much documentation about the tool. It is seemingly developed by a single person. (Only one person, James Willcox, is listed in the AUTHORS file of the new version.) In the credits pane found within version 0.150, there are four authors listed (Erick Woods, Kyle Davis, Jonh Wendell, Benoit Poulet).
There is also a build available for Mac OS X.
See also
Comparison of remote desktop software
Vinagre
References
External links
Tsclient on sourceforge
Tsclient at OpenSUSE build service
Free network-related software
Free software programmed in C
Remote desktop software that uses GTK
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsclient
|
Gunn Margit Aas Andreassen (born 23 July 1973 in Kristiansand) is a former Norwegian biathlete.
Biathlon career
She won two Olympic medals, bronze in Nagano 1998 and silver in Salt Lake City 2002, both in the relay. From the World Championships she has the following results:
1995 - 1.pl (Team)
1995 - 3.pl (Relay)
1997 - 1.pl (Team)
1997 - 2.pl (Relay)
2004 - 1.pl (Relay)
In cross-country skiing she participated in one World Cup race, in which she finished 46th, in Beitostølen in November 2003. She represented Ringkollen SK, the club of her husband, in this sport.
Personal life
She is a daughter of Ivar Andreassen and niece of Reidar Andreassen. Both were skiers and runners. She was born in Kristiansand, but lived in Birkenes and represented Birkenes IL. She lives with fellow former biathlete, Frode Andresen, and they have three sons together, David, who was born around Christmas 2004 - now deceased, Nicolai, who was born in 2008 and Elias, who was born in August 2010.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kristiansand
Norwegian female biathletes
Biathletes at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic biathletes for Norway
Olympic bronze medalists for Norway
Olympic silver medalists for Norway
Norwegian female cross-country skiers
Olympic medalists in biathlon
Biathlon World Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
People from Birkenes
21st-century Norwegian women
21st-century Norwegian people
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunn%20Margit%20Andreassen
|
Ravikant Shukla (born 9 July 1987) is an Indian first class cricketer.
Career
He played at the U-16 and U-19 cricket for Uttar Pradesh cricket team. He captained the India U19 national cricket team at the 2006 U-19 Cricket World Cup where India emerged as runners-up to Pakistan in the final. During the tournament, he scored 53 runs in 6 matches.
Ravikant made his first-class debut at the age of 18 for Uttar Pradesh.
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Indian cricketers
Uttar Pradesh cricketers
Goa cricketers
Central Zone cricketers
People from Ballia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravikant%20Shukla
|
Wyrley Rangers F.C. was a football club based in Essington, Wolverhampton, England. The club was established in 1988. In 1998, they joined the West Midlands (Regional) League Division One North and gained promotion to the Premier Division in 2005. The club folded in 2007.
History
Wyrley Rangers Football Club was founded in 1998 and immediately joined the West Midlands Regional League, however after one season they left that league to play in the Wolverhampton Combination. They re-joined the West Midlands League in 2001, playing in Division One North, and finished mid-table in their first season. In 2003 they absorbed another club from the same division, Marston Wolves.
In the 2004–05 season the club started off poorly but turned their fortunes around after the arrival of Tony Wall as manager, with a run of 12 successive wins carrying them to third place in the Division One table. Two resignations from the Premier Division gave them an opportunity to apply for Premier status, which they were granted providing that the appropriate ground grading criteria could be met prior to the League AGM on 30 June.
Plans to upgrade the ground for possible future Premier Division status had always been on the cards, but suddenly the work had to completed in less than three weeks. The club completed the work with just hours to spare and were therefore able to take their place in the Premier Division, where they finished in 5th place in their first season and winning the Premier League Cup.
In 2007, after finishing 14th in their second season in the Premier Division and winning the league's JW Hunt Cup, the club withdrew from the West Midlands (Regional) League and folded.
Ground
The work undertaken to bring Long Lane Park up to Premier Division standard in 2005 saw the addition of three new changing rooms, a players' entrance, hard standing around the ground, and a 100-seater cantilever stand. The ground also boasts floodlights. Since the demise of Wyrley Rangers it has been used by WMRL Division One team Wyrley Juniors FC, Wyrley Ladies FC and Warstone Wanderers.
Club records
Best league position: 5th in West Midlands (Regional) League Premier Division, 2005–06
Best FA Cup performance: none
Best FA Vase performance: 2nd qualifying round, 2006–07
References
Defunct football clubs in England
Sport in Wolverhampton
Association football clubs established in 1988
Association football clubs disestablished in 2007
1988 establishments in England
2007 disestablishments in England
Defunct football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
West Midlands (Regional) League
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyrley%20Rangers%20F.C.
|
Kevin Lyman is the founder and operator of the Kevin Lyman Group, formerly known as 4Fini, Inc., a live event production company and brand strategy firm. His most notable live production is the live music festival series Vans Warped Tour, which attracted about 750,000 people annually and was the longest-running North American festival concert tour.
In the Fall Semester of 2018, Lyman started teaching at USC's Thornton School of Music as an Associate Professor.
Education
Kevin Lyman is a graduate of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, with a degree in Recreation Administration.
Career tours and festivals
Active tours/festivals
Previous tours and productions
Vans Warped Tour 1995-2019
Watcha! Tour
Taste Of Chaos Festival
INTOUR
It's Not Dead Festival
Vans European Warped Tour
The Rockstar Energy Mayhem Festival
Australian Warped Tour
Vans Warped Tour Japan
Country Throwdown Tour
Down From The Mountain Tour
Taste Of Chaos
Lolapallooza ('91-'94)
J-Rock Revolution
NIN (Downward Spiral Tour)
Delta Heavy Tour
Sprite Liquid Mix Tour
This is Why Wurr Hot Tour
Great High Mountain Tour
Crusty Demons Global Assault Tour
Vans Triple Crown
Duffing for Dollars Charity Golf Tournament
Eat'M Conference (Las Vegas)
Christopher Street West Gay & Lesbian Pride Festival
Boarding for Breast Cancer Foundation Snowboard and Music Festival
Girlz Garage
Neil Bogart Foundation Gala
Z-100 "Z Zoo Plane to Puerto Rico" Event
"320 Festival" for Mental Health a partnership with Talinda Bennington
Recover Outloud Broadcast Las Vegas Fall 2020
Strange 80's benefit shows 2022–23
Other productions
In 2014, 4Fini produced the first Alternative Press (AP) Music Awards show.
Revolver Golden God Awards
Filmography
Lyman has appeared in and produced multiple TV series, movies, and documentaries including FUSE TV's series Warped Roadies (from 2012–2014), No Room For Rockstars (documentary), The Other F Word (documentary), and Alternative Press's annual AP Music Award Show (2014). He is also producing the upcoming animated musical comedy Under The Boardwalk, from Paramount Animation.
4Fini Incorporated
Founded by Lyman, 4Fini is a talent and brand strategy agency (4Fini Agency) and event production company (4Fini Productions) based in South Pasadena, California.
4Fini produces events in North American and globally, and its Warped Tour has helped launch the careers of artists such as Eminem, Katy Perry, No Doubt, Echosmith, and Paramore.
4Fini Agency
In 2014, Kevin Lyman and business partner Jerra Spence created 4Fini Agency, a full service consulting firm connecting brands with the youth market.
Over the past 20 years, 4Fini has worked with youth-targeted brands including Monster Energy, Rockstar Energy, Vans, Hurley, Volcom, and retailers like Hot Topic, Journeys, and Tilly's.
Long-term partners and sponsors include Ernie Ball (since 1996), Alternative Press (since 1999), Truth (since 2000), Trojan (partnership starting in 2000), Fuse (since 2004), and Kia (since 2008).
4Fini Productions
4Fini Productions is a live production house known for producing festivals, events, award shows, and concert tours worldwide.
In 2007, Kevin Lyman's The Vans Warped Tour and its significance to the punk-rock/skate community was commemorated with a time capsule and exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. In 2019 the exhibit reopened which ran through March 2021.
In July 2014, 4Fini produced the annual AP Music Awards at The Rock and Roll Hall Of Fame Museum.
Speaking engagements
Lyman has been a speaker at SXSW 2014, Vegas Music Summit 2014, Launch Music Conference 2014, ASCAP Expo 2014, Cutting Edge Music Business Conference, Billboard's Mobile Entertainment Live!, and Digital Media Summit.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American music people
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Lyman
|
Saladin the Victorious, also known as Saladin and the Great Crusades (, ), is a 1963 Egyptian epic film directed by Youssef Chahine. It is written by Yusuf Sibai and others, based on the novel by Naguib Mahfouz. The film features an ensemble cast, It stars Ahmed Mazhar as Saladin, Salah Zulfikar as Issa El Awwam, Nadia Lutfi as Louisa de Lusignan, Omar El-Hariri, Mahmoud El-Meliguy, Leila Fawzi, Hamdi Gheiss, Ahmed Luxor, Hussein Riad, Laila Taher and Zaki Toleimat.
It was entered into the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival. The film was restored to its original running time of 186 minutes from the original negative by the Cineteca di Bologna and was shown at Il Cinema Ritrovato in June 2019. Saladin the Victorious is one of the Top 100 Egyptian films.
Background
The movie depicts the events of the Third Crusade. What happened during those events is that after Saladin reclaimed Jerusalem, the European powers led by King Richard of England, Emperor Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire and King Phillip Augustus of France joined together to reclaim it and return it to Christian hands. This resulted in the war between the Europeans and Saladin, which lasted for three years before a truce was made between Saladin and King Richard, allowing Saladin to keep the land while Christians could freely enter Jerusalem.
When the movie came out, it came at a time when Egypt was free of colonial rule and was released between two wars with Israel. Due to this, the Egyptian government was trying to promote its ideals, with the leader at the time, Gamal Abdel Nasser, being the representative of it. Saladin in many ways references and parallels Nasser as like the president, the movie Saladin pushes forth the ideal of a Pan Arab unity as all Arabs are united in the movie in fighting the European powers, which is no better portrayed than in the line "My dream is to see an Arab Nation under one flag, hearts united and free of hate." This is also portrayed well with Issa, who is a Christian Arab, yet chooses to fight alongside Saladin and his army. Similarly, it also has an anti-colonialism message as the European powers are trying to subjugate the Arab lands under their rule, but they resist and successfully manage to peacefully resolve the war. This is shown in showing the bronze Arabs pulling siege towers at the head of the Crusader army, the Arabs represent those who remain in oppression under imperialistic rule while the mechanical siege towers represent the war-like machines that were present in the battles Egypt fought for their independence.
Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi, widely known as Saladin, is regarded as one of the most iconic figures in Islamic history. He rose to prominence during the 12th century as the leader of the Muslim forces during the Crusades. Saladin’s unwavering determination, military prowess, and chivalry won the respect of his allies and foes alike. He famously recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders and promoted peaceful coexistence among diverse religious and cultural communities.
Production
The budget was enormous at this time in Egypt, reaching 120,000 L.E. The poster was created by Egyptian artist Mohamed Ragheb.
Plot
The story of Saladin (Ahmed Mazhar) portrays the title character, ruler of the kingdoms surrounding Jerusalem, during the events of the Third Crusade. The film starts with Jerusalem, which is under the authority of the Christians of Europe, having its Muslim pilgrims slaughtered by the Christians in the holy lands. Saladin upon hearing this news seeks the reclamation of the holy lands in a short, almost impossible campaign. He succeeds in taking back Jerusalem, which leads the powers of Europe to organize the Third Crusade with the combined forces of the French king (Omar El-Hariri) and the German emperor under the leadership of Richard the Lionheart of England. Saladin succeeds in preventing the recapture of Jerusalem, and in the end negotiations between himself and Richard (whom Saladin admires as the only honorable infidel leader) leave the Holy Land in Muslim hands.
The movie also has a subplot involving Christian Issa El Awam (Salah Zulfikar), and the Crusader Louisa (Nadia Lutfi) portraying the title characters. At the beginning, both first meet when Issa accidentally comes upon her when she's taking a bath, and after he turns away waiting for her to get dressed before he takes her prisoner due to being a Crusader, she shoots an arrow at him and escapes. Eventually, after Issa in turns spares her life twice, Louisa chooses to give up her arms as a Crusader and becomes a nurse. This leads to the two falling in love and marrying each other, with Louisa choosing to remain in Jerusalem with him.
Reception
The film is considered one of the most important Arabic movies of all time, although some viewers took issue with the film's historical inaccuracies. It is also infamous for a production mistake showing a military officer wearing a wristwatch.
Historical Inaccuracies
Richard I was not shot by a poisoned arrow as depicted in the film but both Richard I and Philippe Augustus II of France were sick from arnaldia, a disease similar to scurvy.
Saladin did not kill Raynald of Châtillon in a duel but did personally execute him.
Cast
Ahmed Mazhar as Saladin
Salah Zulfikar as Issa El Awwam
Nadia Lutfi as Louisa de Lusignan
Hamdi Gheiss as King Richard I (Richard the Lion-Heart)
Leila Fawzi as Virginia, Princess of Kerak
Mahmoud El-Meliguy as Conrad, Marquis of Montferrat
Tewfik El Deken as Prince of Acre
Omar El-Hariri as King Philip of France
Hussein Riad as Hykari
Zaki Tulaimat as Duke Arthur
Laila Taher as Queen Berengaria
Ahmed Louxor as Raynald of Châtillon
Fattouh Nchati as Guy of Lusignan
Ibrahim Emara
Mohamed Hamdi
Mohamed Abdel Gawad
See also
Saladin section of legacy in the films and Media.
List of historical drama films
Salah Zulfikar filmography
Youssef Chahine filmography
List of Islamic films
Battle of Hattin
Third Crusade
References
External links
1963 films
1960s historical drama films
1960s biographical drama films
Egyptian biographical drama films
Egyptian historical drama films
Egyptian epic films
Egyptian war drama films
1960s Arabic-language films
Films about Islam
Films based on Egyptian novels
Films based on historical novels
Films based on military novels
Crusades films
Films set in the 12th century
Films directed by Youssef Chahine
Cultural depictions of Saladin
Cultural depictions of Richard I of England
1963 drama films
1960s war drama films
Cultural depictions of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
Films set in Jerusalem
Films based on works by Naguib Mahfouz
Saladin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin%20the%20Victorious
|
Rohit Gurunath Sharma (born 30 April 1987) is an Indian international cricketer and the current captain of India national cricket team in all formats. Considered one of the best batsmen of his generation. Sharma is known for his timing, elegance, six-hitting abilities and leadership skills. He plays as a right-handed batsman for India national cricket team in international cricket, Mumbai Indians in IPL and for Mumbai in domestic cricket. Sharma also captains Mumbai Indians and the team has won 5 titles under his leadership. With India, Sharma was a member of the team that won the 2007 T20 World Cup, and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy, where he played in the finals of both tournaments. Rohit is one of four players to have played in every edition of the ICC T20 World Cup, from the inaugral edition in 2007 to the latest one in 2022
Sharma currently holds the world record for the highest individual score (264) in a One Day International (ODI) match and is the only player to have scored three double-centuries in ODIs and also holds the record for scoring most hundreds (five) in a single Cricket World Cup, for which he won the ICC Men's ODI Cricketer of the Year award in 2019. Sharma has received two national honours, the Arjuna Award in 2015 and the prestigious Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna in 2020. Under his captaincy, India won the 2018 Asia Cup and the 2023 Asia Cup, the seventh and eighth time the country won the title, both in ODI format as well as the 2018 Nidahas Trophy, their second overall and first in T20I format.
Outside cricket, Sharma is an active supporter of animal welfare campaigns. He is the official Rhino Ambassador for WWF-India and is a member of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). He has worked with PETA in its campaign to raise awareness of the plight of homeless cats and dogs in India.
Early life
Sharma was born on 30 April 1987 in Bansod, Nagpur, Maharashtra into a Telugu-Marathi family. His mother, Purnima Sharma, is from Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. His father, Gurunath Sharma, worked as a caretaker of a transport firm storehouse. Sharma was raised by his grandparents and uncles in Borivali because of his father's low income. He would visit his parents, who lived in a single-room house in Dombivli, only during weekends. He has a younger brother, Vishal Sharma.
Sharma joined a cricket camp in 1999 with his uncle's money. Dinesh Lad, his coach at the camp, asked him to change his school to Swami Vivekanand International School, where Lad was the coach and the cricket facilities were better than those at Sharma’s old school. Sharma recollects, "I told him I couldn't afford it, but he got me a scholarship. So for four years I didn't pay a penny, and did well in my cricket". Sharma started as an off-spinner who could bat a bit before Lad noticed his batting ability and promoted him from number eight to open the innings. He excelled in the Harris and Giles Shield school cricket tournaments, scoring a century on debut as an opener.
Youth and domestic first-class career
Sharma made his List A debut for West Zone against Central Zone in the Deodhar Trophy at Gwalior in March 2005. Batting at number eight, he scored 31 not out as West Zone won by 3 wickets with 24 balls remaining. Cheteshwar Pujara and Ravindra Jadeja made their debuts in the same match. It was Sharma's unbeaten innings of 142 in 123 balls against North Zone at the Maharanna Bhupal College Ground in Udaipur in the same tournament that brought him into the limelight. He visited Abu Dhabi and Australia with the India A squad and was then included among India's 30-member probables list for the upcoming ICC Champions Trophy tournament, although he did not make the final squad.
Sharma made his first-class debut for India A against New Zealand A at Darwin in July 2006. He scored 57 and 22 as India won by 3 wickets. He made his Ranji Trophy debut for Mumbai in the 2006–07 season and scored 205 off 267 balls against Gujarat. Mumbai went on to win the tournament with Sharma scoring a half-century (57) in his second innings in the final against Bengal.
Sharma has spent his entire domestic first-class career at Mumbai. In December 2009, he made his highest career score of 309 not out in the Ranji Trophy against Gujarat. In October 2013, upon the retirement of Ajit Agarkar, he was appointed team captain ahead of the 2013–14 season.
International career
Test matches
In November 2013, during Sachin Tendulkar's farewell series, Sharma made his Test debut at Eden Gardens in Kolkata against West Indies and scored 177, the second-highest score on debut by an Indian to Shikhar Dhawan (187). He followed it up with 111 (not out) in the second Test at his home ground, the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai.
Having been out of the Test team since 2017–18, Sharma went on the 2018–19 tour of Australia after he had earned a recall earlier. Chief selector M. S. K. Prasad said the reason for his recall was that his natural game suited the bouncy Australian pitches. Sharma played in the first Test in Adelaide, scoring 37 and 1 in an Indian victory. During the first Test, he sustained a minor injury which saw him miss the second Test in Perth. He recovered for the Boxing Day third Test at Melbourne and scored 63 (not out) to help India total 443/7 and win both the Test and the series. After the third Test, Sharma had to return to India for the birth of his daughter.
In October 2019, in the third Test against South Africa, Sharma scored his 2,000th run and his first double century in Tests. He made 212 in the first innings of the match. Sharma was named as vice-captain of India's Test team during the tour of Australia in 2020, replacing Cheteshwar Pujara.
Sharma had a successful home series against England in 2021. Instrumental in his team's comeback after a defeat in the first Test at Chennai, he scored a century, one that The Guardian termed "deserves to be considered one of the greatest this century." He put on 167 runs with Ajinkya Rahane for the fourth wicket while making 161 runs in an innings that included 18 fours and two sixes. India went on to win the Test by 317 runs. He top-scored for his side in both innings of the low-scoring third Test in Ahmedabad with scores of 66 and 25 contributing to his team's win. Sharma finished the series aggregating 345 runs, the most for India, at an average of 58. He went on to score his first overseas Test century on 4 September 2021 with an innings of 127 against England at The Oval, also reaching the milestone of 3,000 runs in Test cricket.
Sharma was appointed captain of India's Test team in February 2022, succeeding Virat Kohli, ahead of a two-match series against Sri Lanka. Sunil Gavaskar praised his leadership and Chetan Sharma, India's chairman of selectors, said: "We will groom future captains under him".
2015, 2019 and 2023 Cricket World Cups
In March 2015, Sharma made his first appearance in the Cricket World Cup and played in eight matches for India in the 2015 tournament in Australia. India reached the semi-final stage where they were defeated by Australia. Sharma scored 330 runs in the tournament with one century, a score of 137 in the quarter-final against Bangladesh.
On 15 April 2019, Sharma was appointed vice-captain of India's squad for the 2019 World Cup in England. In the opening match against South Africa, he scored 122, including his 12,000th run in international cricket. He followed it up with centuries against Pakistan, England and Bangladesh. In the match against Sri Lanka, hitting yet another century, he became the first batsman to score five centuries in a single World Cup tournament, and equalled Tendulkar's record for the most centuries (6) in all World Cup matches. Sharma totalled 648 runs in the tournament to finish as the leading run-scorer and win the ICC's Golden Bat award, the third Indian player to do so.
On 8 October 2023, during the ICC Cricket World Cup, Sharma was entrusted with the captaincy responsibilities for the Indian team in a match against Australia. This significant moment marked the first time he captained the Indian side in the Cricket World Cup. What set this particular event apart was that at that time, he had become the oldest player to lead the Indian team in the tournament, showcasing his maturity and experience as a cricketer.
On 11th October 2023, during a match against Afghanistan in the Cricket World Cup 2023, Sharma achieved a milestone by surpassing the legendary Sachin Tendulkar's record for the most centuries in World Cup history. With a display of batting prowess, Sharma notched his seventh century, breaking the record in this World Cup encounter. This achievement underscored his ability to rise to the occasion on the world stage, and it cemented his reputation as one of India's finest cricketing talents.
Other one-day international matches
Sharma made his full international debut in a one-day match against Ireland in Belfast on 23 June 2007. This was part of the 2007 Future Cup competition which also involved South Africa. He was number seven in the batting order but did not bat as India won the game by 9 wickets.
He scored his maiden ODI half-century (52) against Pakistan at Jaipur on 18 November 2007 and was selected for the Indian squad going to the 2007–08 Commonwealth Bank Series in Australia. In that series, he scored 235 runs at an average of 33.57 with 2 fifties, including 66 in the first final at Sydney when he partnered Sachin Tendulkar for most of India's successful run chase. After that, however, his ODI performances suffered a downturn and he lost his middle-order position to Suresh Raina. Later, Virat Kohli took his position as the reserve batsman. In December 2009, following his triple century in the Ranji Trophy, he was recalled to the ODI team for the tri-nations tournament in Bangladesh as Tendulkar opted to rest in the series.
He scored his maiden ODI century (114) against Zimbabwe on 28 May 2010 and followed it up with another century in the next match of the tri-series against Sri Lanka on 30 May 2010 by scoring 101 not out. He had a run of poor form in South Africa just before the 2011 World Cup and as a consequence he was left out of India's squad for the tournament.
Sharma was recalled to the limited-overs squad for the tour of the West Indies in June and July 2011. In the first match at Queen's Park Oval, he scored 68 (not out) from 75 balls with three fours and a six. In the third match at the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium in Antigua, he scored a match-winning 86 off 91 balls after India had been reduced to 92 for 6.
He had a disastrous loss of form in 2012 and scored only 168 runs in the whole calendar year at the very low average of 12.92 with just a single half-century. Even so, his captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni showed faith in him, and his career was revived in 2013. Dhoni decided to move him up the batting order to open the innings with Shikhar Dhawan in the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. The pairing was a success and India won the competition, defeating hosts England in the final.
His good form continued and, later in the year against Australia, he scored 141 (not out) in Jaipur. He followed that with 209 off 158 balls in Bangalore and established a then-world record for the most sixes (16) in a one-day international innings (since beaten by Eoin Morgan of England with 17). On 13 November 2014, playing against Sri Lanka at Eden Gardens in Kolkata, Sharma broke the world record for the highest score in a one-day international innings with 264 from 173 deliveries.
In December 2017, India's captain Virat Kohli was rested for the series against Sri Lanka, in preparation for India's tour to South Africa, which began in the first week of January 2018. In his place, Sharma was appointed team captain and India under his leadership won the series 2–1, their eighth consecutive series win since defeating Zimbabwe in June 2016. Sharma also hit his third ODI double-century in this series, scoring 208 (not out) to extend his record of most ODI double-centuries by a player.
In September 2018, in the absence of many top players including regular captain Virat Kohli, Sharma led India to win the 2018 Asia Cup, where they defeated Bangladesh in the final.
On 12 January 2019, in the opening match against Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground, Sharma scored 133 but it was in vain as India lost by 34 runs. It was his 22nd century in one-day internationals. At Delhi on 13 March 2019, in the fifth and final match of a home series against Australia, Sharma scored 56 including his 8,000th run in one-day internationals. It was his 200th innings. In 2019, he scored the most runs in ODIs by any batsman, with 1,490 runs in the calendar year, including 7 centuries.
In November 2020, Sharma was nominated for the ICC Men's ODI Cricketer of the Decade award.
In July 2022, Sharma became the first Indian captain to lead their team to both T20I and ODI series wins in England. He became the 3rd Indian captain to win an ODI series in England, and the first since 2014.
Twenty20 international matches
Sharma was included in the Indian squad for the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and made his mark by scoring an unbeaten 50 from 40 deliveries against hosts South Africa in the quarter-finals. This enabled India to win the match by 37 runs and they went on to defeat Pakistan in the final, when Sharma scored 30 (not out) from 16 deliveries.
On 2 October 2015, during the South African tour of India, Sharma scored 106 in the first Twenty20 international at HPCA Stadium in Dharamshala. With that, he became the second Indian cricketer to have scored centuries in all three formats of international cricket.
In December 2017, in a series against Sri Lanka, Sharma scored the joint-fastest T20I century, in 35 balls, ending with 118 from 43 deliveries, equaling the record of David Miller. This was also his second century in Twenty20 internationals.
On 8 July 2018, during a series in England, Sharma became the second Indian batsman, after Virat Kohli, to score 2,000 runs in a Twenty20 international career. He was the fifth batsman worldwide to achieve the feat; the others besides Kohli were Brendon McCullum, Martin Guptill and Shoaib Malik. He also scored his third T20I century during this series, equaling the then-record for most T20I centuries, held by Colin Munro.
In March 2018, he led Team India to win the Nidahas Trophy under his captaincy. In November 2018, in a series against West Indies, he scored his fourth T20I century, creating a new record for the most centuries by a player in T20I cricket.
In November 2019, in the opening match of the series against Bangladesh, Sharma became the most-capped cricketer for India in T20Is, playing in his 99th match. In the next match of the series, he became the first male cricketer for India to play in 100 T20Is.
In November 2020, Sharma was nominated for the ICC Men's T20I Cricketer of the Decade award.
In July 2022, Sharma became the first captain in T20I history to lead their team to 14 consecutive victories.
With his participation in the 2022 T20 World Cup in Australia, Sharma became the only Indian cricketer to have played in every edition of the tournament since its inception in 2007.
On 27 October 2022, Sharma broke the record for most sixes by an Indian batsman in T20 World Cups, previously held by Yuvraj Singh, hitting his 34th six against Netherlands at Sydney Cricket Ground.
Indian Premier League
Sharma joined the Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2008 when he was signed by the Deccan Chargers franchise, based in Hyderabad, for the sum of US$750,000 a year. In the 2011 auction, he was sold for US$2 million to the Mumbai Indians. He scored his only IPL century in the 2012 tournament with 109 (not out) against the Kolkata Knight Riders. Under his leadership, Mumbai has won the IPL in 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020; they also won the former Champions League Twenty20 competition in 2013.
Sharma has been one of the most successful players in the IPL as captain since 2013 of the Mumbai Indians, who have won the tournament five times under his leadership. He is currently (March 2022) one of six players who have scored 5,000 career runs in the competition. Sharma has 5,611 runs with one century and 40 half centuries and is the third-highest run scorer after Virat Kohli (6,283) and Shikhar Dhawan (5,784).
Playing style
Sharma is an aggressive batsman but plays with style and elegance. He is usually an opening batsman in limited overs cricket, but has played most of his Test cricket as a middle-order batsman. In limited overs cricket, Sharma is widely recognised as one of the format's most outstanding batsmen. And for his attacking batting and six hitting abilities he often referred as Hitman.
Sunil Gavaskar considers Sharma to have a batting style similar to those of Virender Sehwag and Viv Richards. In his column for The Times of India in November 2018, Gavaskar said:
While Sharma is not a regular bowler, he can bowl right arm off spin. He usually fields in the slips and has said this is a part of his game which he works very hard on for improvement.
Achievements
Sharma clinched the world record for the highest ever individual score in a one-day international match, with a remarkable 264 against Sri Lanka at Eden Gardens, Kolkata, on November 13, 2014. He is the only player to have scored three double-centuries in this form of international cricket. In January 2020, Sharma was named as the ODI Player of the Year by the International Cricket Council (ICC). During the 2019 World Cup, Sharma became the only batsman to scored five centuries in a single edition of the Cricket World Cup.
On 5 October 2019, during a Test match against South Africa, Sharma became the first batsman to score two centuries in a match on his first appearance as an opening batsman. In the same series, he broke Shimron Hetmyer's record for the highest number of sixes in a Test series.
On 11 October 2023, Sharma achieved a historic feat during the 2023 Cricket World Cup match against Afghanistan team, when he surpassed the record previously held by Chris Gayle for the most international sixes (553). His powerful and elegant batting style, coupled with his consistency, allowed him to reach this milestone with 556 sixes, overtaking Gayle's record.
On 14 October 2023, Sharma achieved a milestone in the world of cricket by becoming the first Indian to complete 300 sixes in the 50-overs format. This feat occurred during a highly anticipated India-Pakistan match at Narendra Modi Stadium, in front of more than 1 lakh enthusiastic fans. The Indian skipper's ability to consistently clear the boundary ropes with his powerful and elegant Strokeplay has made him a dynamic force in limited-overs cricket. This achievement further solidifies his status as one of India's premier batsmen and a cricketing legend.
On the 22nd of October 2023, during a thrilling encounter against New Zealand, Rohit Sharma, fondly known as the 'Hitman,' etched his name in the annals of cricket history. In a remarkable feat, he became the first Indian batter to smash 50 One Day International (ODI) sixes in a single calendar year. This incredible display of power-hitting is a testament to Rohit's batting prowess and his ability to dominate the limited-overs format. With each mighty swing of his bat, Rohit Sharma continues to redefine the boundaries of achievement and captivate cricket enthusiasts around the world, solidifying his status as one of the most prolific and electrifying batters in the game.
National honours
2015 – Arjuna Award
2020 – Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna
Sporting honours
ICC Men's ODI Cricketer of the Year: 2019
ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year: 2014 (12th man), 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
ICC Men's ODI Team of the Decade: 2011–2020
ICC Men's T20I Team of the Decade: 2011–2020
ICC Men's Test Team of the Year: 2021
For his achievements on India's tour of England in 2021, Sharma was selected by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in its 2022 edition.
Outside cricket
Personal life
Sharma married his longtime girlfriend, Ritika Sajdeh on 13 December 2015. They have one child, a girl born on 30 December 2018. He is a practitioner of the meditation technique Sahaj Marg.
He practices an eggetarian diet.
Commercial endorsements
Sharma has been sponsored by several brands including CEAT and the Swiss watchmaker Hublot. In his career, Sharma has endorsed many other brands including Maggi, Fair and Lovely, Lay's, Nissan, energy drink Relentless, Nasivion nasal spray, Aristocrat by VIP Industries, Adidas and Oppo mobiles.
Philanthropy
Sharma engages in numerous philanthropic activities, promoting various causes such as animal welfare, health, and children. He is particularly vocal about the protection of animals and has supported various initiatives and organisations to promote the cause.
In February 2015, Sharma joined People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) to support sterilisation of homeless cats and dogs. When supporting the cause Sharma said, "Sterilisation is important because I feel that if we can stop (the homeless-animal crisis), there will be control of population among the street dogs".
In September 2015, along with Hollywood actors Matt LeBlanc and Salma Hayek, Sharma joined an anti-poaching campaign in Kenya to save the wild animals of Africa including the last surviving northern white rhinoceros. When joining the campaign Sharma said, "I have been a member of PETA and when I was informed about the cause, I thought it is my duty to join the anti-poaching drive. That's what got me to Nairobi. I was fascinated to have a look at Sudan (the last northern white rhino) and the sniffer dogs who catch hold of the poachers".
In November 2017, Sharma in a video on social media said that he had agreed with an online store to merchandise mobile phone covers and other items that would use his name and ODI jersey no. 45. Sharma also told his Twitter followers: "All proceeds from your purchases would go to an animal charity of my choice".
In 2018 on "World Rhino Day", Sharma was announced as the WWF-India Rhino Ambassador. Ravi Singh, the CEO and Secretary General of WWF-India, said "We welcome Rohit into the WWF family". After taking a pledge for the cause of rhino conservation, Sharma said, "My love for rhinos sparked when I first heard about Sudan, the last male northern white African rhino who died this year thus leading to the inevitable extinction of the entire species and that broke my heart. As the world and I mourned for my fallen friend Sudan, I researched the best way for me to help prevent something like this happening and the best way I know how is to create awareness. After getting in touch with WWF I learnt that 82% of the world’s rhinos reside in India and I am honoured to be WWF-India’s rhino ambassador to spread awareness and do my bit to contribute to the protection and survival of the rhino and help make this world a better place for them."
References
External links
Rohit Sharma biography
Rohit Sharma at Wisden
1987 births
Living people
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers from Mumbai
Cricketers from Nagpur
Cricketers who made a century on Test debut
Deccan Chargers cricketers
India Green cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
India Red cricketers
India Test cricketers
India Twenty20 International cricketers
Indian Hindus
Indian cricketers
Indian philanthropists
Marathi people
Mumbai Indians cricketers
Mumbai cricketers
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award
Telugu people
West Zone cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
World Wide Fund for Nature
Cricketers who have acted in films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohit%20Sharma
|
A cystidium (: cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that are often unique to a particular species or genus, they are a useful micromorphological characteristic in the identification of basidiomycetes. In general, the adaptive significance of cystidia is not well understood.
Classification
By position
Cystidia may occur on the edge of a lamella (or analogous hymenophoral structure) (cheilocystidia), on the face of a lamella (pleurocystidia), on the surface of the cap (dermatocystidia or pileocystidia), on the margin of the cap (circumcystidia) or on the stipe (caulocystidia). Especially the pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia are important for identification within many genera. Sometimes the cheilocystidia give the gill edge a distinct colour which is visible to the naked eye or with a hand lens.
By morphology
Chrysocystidia are cystidia whose contents contain a distinct refractive yellow body, that becomes more deeply yellow when exposed to ammonia or other alkaline compounds. Chrysocystidia are characteristic of many (though not all) members of the agaric family Strophariaceae.
Gloeocystidia have an oily or granular appearance under the microscope. Like gloeohyphae, they may be yellowish or clear (hyaline) and can sometimes selectively be coloured by sulphovanillin or other reagents. Metuloids are thick-walled cystidia with an apex having any of several distinct shapes.
References
External links
BCERN Glossary: Cystidia
"Using a Microscope: Basidia and Cystidia" by Michael Kuo. MushroomExpert.com
Wild Mushrooms from Tokyo: Inocybe nodulosospora – Includes very good photograph of cystidia.
Fungal morphology and anatomy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystidium
|
Bamforth National Wildlife Refuge is located in southern Albany County in the U.S. state of Wyoming and includes 1,116 acres (4.5 km2). The refuge is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The refuge is divided into three sections adjacent to Bamforth Reservoir, which is primarily owned by the state of Wyoming. The refuge is closed to the public and is unstaffed. Bamforth NWR is administered by Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge in Colorado.
References
External links
Protected areas of Albany County, Wyoming
National Wildlife Refuges in Wyoming
Protected areas established in 1932
1932 establishments in Wyoming
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamforth%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge
|
Hotman Paris Hutapea (born 20 October 1959) is an Indonesian lawyer, presenter and businessman. He is known for his flamboyant style, high-profile clients, luxurious lifestyle, and mistresses.
Early life
Hotman was born on 20 October 1959 in Laguboti village, North Sumatra. He was the sixth of 10 children in a Protestant Batak family. His first name was taken from the Batak word hotma, which means 'steady'. His father ran an intercity bus company called Bintang Utara and often had to live away from home in the North Sumatran capital of Medan. His mother remained at Laguboti and encouraged the children to eat healthily, especially fish and papaya leaves, so they would develop high IQs. Eight of the 10 children became university graduates.
Hotman had planned to study at Indonesia's prestigious Bandung Institute of Technology but failed to pass the entrance exam. He said he knew the answers but did not know how to fill in the answer sheet. Consequently, he applied to study law at Parahyangan Catholic University in Bandung, West Java. He said he had never dreamed of being a lawyer because he used to meet unemployed people with law degrees. Despite his initial lack of enthusiasm, Hotman enjoyed his studies and achieved high scores, becoming the Law Faculty's first student to complete the course in three and a half years. He graduated in 1981.
Career
After Hotman graduated from law school, one of his lecturer's friends advised him to approach the Jakarta law office of O.C. Kaligis. He took a bus to the office at a shop-house complex in Glodok area and applied for a job. Working for Kaligis, Hotman had his first experience of court. "One time, O.C. Kaligis told me to come to East Jakarta District Court. Actually, it was just a regular court session. However, since that first experience of a trial, this leg can’t keep still. It’s always shaking,” he said. Later in 1982, he briefly joined senior lawyer Adnan Buyung Nasution's firm Nasution Lubis Hadiputranto.
Hotman was recruited by Bank Indonesia because of his high academic achievement. He quit after one year, later saying he realized he would never get rich there.
In 1983, Hotman took a job with Makarim & Taira S, a firm specializing in international corporate law. Over 1987-1998, he did some work for the firm's Australian affiliate, Freehill, Hollingdale & Page. In 1998, he spoke out against foreign lawyers in Indonesia. He left Makarim & Taira S to set up on his own firm, Hotman Paris Hutapea & Partners in 1999. His firm focuses on international finance litigation and dispute resolution. He became famous for helping Indonesian conglomerates write off foreign debt, often arguing their original arrangements were illegal under Indonesian law.
Ethics and reputation
Hotman has been described as "a behind-the-scenes operator" in handling cases. He has reportedly admitted to meeting judges privately to get the result he wants and has given them money as thank-you gifts. Commenting on alleged judicial corruption, he has said: "I live in Indonesian courts every day, it's unethical if I say something bad about my court, although you know the answer. Everything is possible."
In a 2010 interview, Hotman told The New York Times, “If I say I’m a clean lawyer, I’ll be a hypocrite, that’s all I can say. And if other lawyers say they are clean, they will go to jail, they’ll go to hell.”
In 2014, Hong Kong-based Capital Profile issued a special report titled The Best of Hotman Paris, listing eight of his "most illustrious clients and memorable cases". The report noted:
Hotman responded by saying he considered the report a compliment and he was happy to be praised.
Notable cases
Mayora versus Bankers Trust
Hotman represented consumer goods company Mayora Indah when it sued Bankers Trust International (BTI) at South Jakarta District Court in October 1998. Mayora Indah claimed BTI had sold it derivative contracts without providing adequate notice of the risk. BTI's lawyer tried without success to have the presiding judge replaced. BTI had initially taken the case to the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), which ruled in favor of BTI, but South Jakarta District Court subsequently ruled in favor of Mayora. BTI appealed and the Supreme Court upheld the ruling in 2000 and again in 2003, leaving BTI with no further legal recourse.
Asia Pulp & Paper debt default
Hotman defended the Widjaja family's Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) from its foreign creditors after the conglomerate defaulted on $13.9 billion of debt in March 2001. Creditors filed a claim in New York for the repayment of a $500 million bond issued by APP subsidiary Indah Kiat. The company responded in November 2003 by suing bondholders, underwriters and the trustee in Indonesia, seeking damages and demanding the bond be declared invalid. Hotman claimed the bond's commonly used issuing structure was illegal in Indonesia and therefore unenforceable. A local court ruled in APP's favor. The Supreme Court upheld the ruling in 2006, but then reversed its ruling in 2008. Hotman in 2004 said the creditors who bought APP's debt at a discount were “greedy” to demand equal repayment. “They came after us with a pistol, so I’ve wiped them out with nuclear weapons,” he said.
Election ink procurement
Hotman in 2005 represented former General Elections Commission (KPU) member Rusadi Kantaprawira, who was accused of corruption and enriching himself in procuring ink for Indonesia's 2004 general election. Hotman's defense was pro bono because Rusadi was one of his former lecturers. Rusadi was sentenced to four years in jail, although allegations of kickbacks were not proven at his trial. Hotman argued there was no corruption because Rusadi set a price for ink based on average price quotations offered by the companies submitting tenders, rather than choosing the cheapest offer because of concerns about quality and viability. The verdict led to complaints that Indonesia's Anti Corruption Court was being too flexible in its definition of corruption in order to maintain its 100% conviction rate.
Schapelle Corby
Hotman was part of Schapelle Corby's legal team until late January 2006 when the Indonesian Supreme Court reinstated her 20-year sentence for drug trafficking. Hotman had represented Corby pro bono and said he resigned in order to make money to buy a Ferrari.
Hotman appeared on the Australian current affairs television show The 7.30 Report on ABC in July 2005 defending his integrity, stating: "So I'm not Mr Clean, but for this case temporarily I am clean." and went on to say "There is no lawyer in the world that is clean. All lawyers are usually hypocrites. To help I try to reduce my hypocrisy a little bit. If you keep saying that an Australian lawyer, or an American lawyer are all clean, that's total bullshit."
JIS alleged abuse
In 2014, two teachers at Jakarta International School (later renamed Jakarta Intercultural School), Canadian Neil Bantleman and Indonesian Ferdinant Tjiong, were accused of sexually abusing three kindergarten boys. Representing the teachers pro bono, Hotman said there was no solid evidence against them. In April 2015, South Jakarta District Court sentenced the two to 10 years in jail. Hotman appealed and the two were acquitted by Jakarta High Court in August 2015. In February 2016, the Supreme Court overturned the acquittal and increased the sentences to 11 years. Hotman's children attended JIS.
Jennifer Dunn
Hotman has represented soap-opera actress Jennifer Dunn. In 2014, she was questioned by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) over a Toyota Vellfire worth Rp 888 million (US$75,480) she received from corruption felon Tubagus Chaeri "Wawan" Wardana, the younger brother of former Banten governor Ratu Atut Chosiyah. Hotman denied that the car was a payment for sex. "It was purely for business. Wawan also gave her a credit card, which has been blocked by the KPK. The gifts were to persuade her to join Wawan's production house," he said. In 2017, Hotman revealed Dunn had undergone a facelift in Singapore during the time she was close to Wawan.
Personal case
In March 2012, actress Meriam Bellina reported Hotman to Jakarta Police for alleged physical abuse and harassing her through text messages and phone calls. Hotman responded: "What she reported is an incident that happened three years ago. We have been very close over the past three years. We went on holiday together. We have no problems."
In early April 2012, police were still collecting evidence such as medical records since 2009, which based on Meriam Bellina's report stated she had a broken nose, neck problems and bleeding from her right ear. On 28 April 2012, the two parties signed a nine-point agreement, including Hotman's apology for his attitude and his admission they never married in Las Vegas. Meriam agreed to withdraw the police report she filed and Hotman accepted Meriam's decision to end their relationship.
Personal life
Hotman is married to Agustianne Marbun and they have three children. Hotman is often seen in the company of female celebrities and has admitted to carrying on an affair with an actress for six years. He says his wife and children are his top priority "but I am just an ordinary human who likes to cheat, depending on the temptation".
He is known for buying a new foreign luxury car each year. Local media reports say he has purchased Lamborghini, Ferrari, Chrysler, Bentley and Hummer H2 vehicles. In 2012, he gave his daughter a Bentley Mulsanne worth about Rp. 9 billion for her 17th birthday. "Everyone wants to own a luxury car. I've worked hard for 30 years as a lawyer, yes I have the right to enjoy life," he said in 2018. He is reported to have separate chauffeurs for each car.
On 5 October 2014, Hotman was involved in a fatal car accident on Wiyoto Wiyono toll road in Jakarta. Police said Hotman's green Lamborghini Gallardo LP 570-4 Spyder Performante crashed into a box-truck that had just suffered a burst tire. The truck rolled, killing the driver. Police said the accident was unavoidable because of the burst tire. Hotman said a bus swerved to avoid the truck and hit his car.
In 2017, Hotman said he owns some assets including 12 hotels and luxury villas, and he intends to expand his portfolio to 50 luxury properties. Most of his villas are in Bali. One of them can be rented for Rp 23 million per night. In Jakarta, he owns properties in the Central Park, Sudirman Park and Thamrin Residence developments, as well as a block of shop-houses in Kelapa Gading. "All the property assets that I own are from my toil and sweat," he said. Most of his assets' owning rights are under his wife and his children. Hotman's current net worth is said to be Rp. 4,5 Trillion rupiah (~$302 million USD) through diverse business ventures and hefty commission as being one of the prominent lawyers in the nation.
Education
Doctorate, Law Faculty, Padjajaran University, 2011
Master of Law, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 2006
Master of Law, University of Technology, Sydney, 1990
Law degree, Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, 1981
Universitas Indonesia
Work experience
Member of Capital Market Legal Consultants Association (HKHPM)
Founder of Hotman Paris Hutapea & Partners (1999–present)
Freehill, Hollingdale & Page, Sydney (affiliated with Makarim and Taira S) (1987–1998)
Makarim & Taira S International Law Firm, Jakarta (1983–1999)
Nasution Lubis Hadiputranto Law Firm, Jakarta (1982)
OC Kaligis & Associates Law Firm, Jakarta (1982)
References
External links
New York Times 1999
New York Times 2010
20th-century Indonesian lawyers
21st-century Indonesian lawyers
Indonesian Lutherans
Living people
People of Batak descent
1959 births
Gadjah Mada University alumni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotman%20Paris%20Hutapea
|
HNoMS Æger was a Rendel gunboat built for the Royal Norwegian Navy at Karljohansvern Naval Yard in 1894, as the last of the 2. class gunboats. Larger than the other, older 2. class gunboats, Æger had a 38 mm (1.5 inch) armoured deck.
She was known as Padda ("The Toad") due to the way she looked, and was kept in the fleet until she was decommissioned in 1932.
References
Naval history via Flix: KNM Aegir, retrieved 13 Feb 2006
Ships built in Horten
Gunboats of the Royal Norwegian Navy
1894 ships
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20%C3%86ger%20%281894%29
|
Sammy Leung Chi Kin is an actor under TVB, DJ, singer, and host for Commercial Radio Hong Kong.
Life and career
Leung was raised in Kwai Shing Estate, and received his secondary education at St. Stephen's College and La Salle College, graduating with a score of 25 (1A5B) in the HKCEE. He graduated from Chinese University of Hong Kong's School of Journalism and Communication. He was invited to be a lecturer at his alma mater, teaching radio production and media studies, until he left in 2006 to pursue his radio career further.
Leung tried out to become a DJ for Commercial Radio when he was studying at the New Asia College of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Though also working part-time, he became a DJ, taking the name Kelvin at first. He then used his own English name and converted it to a Chinese translation as his DJ name, Sammy ().
A few years into his DJ career, he was paired with Kitty Yuen (Also known as Yuen Siu Yi or Siu Yi), and they are still partners. One of Leung's other radio shows not hosted with Siu Yi is Sammy Moving, co-hosted by Leo Chim, Ah So, Marco, and later Seven Luk (Chan Keung).
Leung co-hosted the show Minutes to Fame (Season 3) with Miriam Yeung, and starred in a Hong Kong movie Breeze of July with Monie Tung in 2007, the Opening Film of the 2007 Hong Kong Asian Film Festival.
In 2008, he presented his own talk show, The Show Must Go Wrong, at the Hong Kong International Trade and Exhibition Centre's Star Hall. As of 2008 he was the primary spokesperson for the Vita Green product Vita Hair. In 2009, he partnered with Stephen Chan Chi-wan to host a multimedia show Ten Man Lane.
In 2010, Leung started co-hosting (with Kristal Tin) the second season of the singing competition The Voice on TVB.
In 2017, Leung publicly supported John Tsang's election campaign for chief executive.
He was one of the main characters starring in the TVB drama, Friendly Fire. 2012–2013
2006 Radio controversy
Leung was reprimanded in 2006 by Commercial Radio Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Government over an online poll created by his show, asking listeners to nominate "the female artist whom you want to sexually harass the most". The poll created an enormous furore, and as a result, CRHK was fined a hefty sum by the government and Leung was suspended from his radio show for two months, during which he could not take up any paid jobs but instead had to attend to classes on media ethics. His role as the host on TVB's 15/16 quiz show was also revoked.
Filmography
Meow (2017)
Love off the Cuff (2017)
My Ages Apart (2017)
Little Big Master (2015)
Friendly Fire (TV series) (2012)
Love in Time (2012)
Beauty on Duty (2010)
72 Tenants of Prosperity (2010)
Love Connected (2009)
True Women for Sale (2008)
Nobody's Perfect (2008)
Legendary Assassin (2008)
Happy Funeral (2008)
L for Love, L for Lies (2008)
Breeze of July (2007)
Simply Actors (2007)
Dancing Lion (2007)
Love Is Not All Around (2007)
Super Fans (2007)
Kung Fu Mahjong 3 (2007)
Love Undercover 3 (2006)
Dating a Vampire (2006)
Don't Open Your Eyes (2006)
My Kung Fu Sweetheart (2006)
Kung Fu Mahjong 2 (2005)
The Unusual Youth (2005)
My Sweetie (2004)
Super Model (2004)
Sound of Colors (2003)
Love Undercover 2: Love Mission (2003)
My Lucky Star (2003)
Truth or Dare: 6th Floor Rear Flat (2003)
Honesty (2003)
Love Undercover (2002)
Fighting for Love (2001)
Feel 100% II (2001)
Dummy Mommy, Without a Baby (2001)
United We Stand and Swim (2001)
For Bad Boys Only (2000)
When I Look Upon the Stars (1999)
Gorgeous (1999)
Task Force (1997)
Feel 100% (1996)
Best of the Best (1996)
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Hong Kong male singers
Hong Kong radio presenters
Alumni of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
TVB actors
Hong Kong male television actors
Hong Kong male film actors
20th-century Hong Kong male actors
21st-century Hong Kong male actors
Hong Kong male comedians
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy%20Leung
|
Operation Savannah was the South African code name for their military incursion into Angola in 1975–1976. It was part of the South African Border War and arose due to the Angolan War of Independence. The operation also materially influenced the subsequent Angolan Civil War. South African forces invaded deep into Angola with the objective of driving the MPLA, Soviet and Cuban forces out of southern Angola so as to strengthen the position of UNITA, the main opponent of the MPLA and an ally of South Africa.
South Africa as well as UNITA and FNLA had been receiving material and tacit support of the United States as part of their Cold War opposition to the Soviet Union which emboldened them to pursue this incursion. South African and UNITA fortunes were overturned and their forces were compelled to withdraw due to MPLA, Cuban and Soviet pressure. Victory was claimed by the MPLA who were actively supported by Cuba and the Soviet Union, over the combined forces of UNITA, FNLA, Zaire and South Africa. For the MPLA, the victory was essential for the proclamation of independence and subsequent political control over Angola.
Background
The "Carnation Revolution" or "25 April" revolution of 1974 ended Portugal's colonial government, but Angola's three main independence forces, National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) began competing for dominance in the country.
Fighting began in November 1974, starting in the capital city, Luanda, and spreading quickly across all of Angola, which was soon divided among the combatants. The FNLA occupied northern Angola, UNITA the central south, while the MPLA mostly occupied the coastline, the far south-east and, after capturing it in November 1974, Cabinda. Negotiations for independence resulted in the Treaty of Alvor being signed on 15 January 1975, naming the date of official independence as 11 November 1975. The agreement ended the war for independence but marked the escalation of the civil war. Two dissenting groups, the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda and the Eastern Revolt, never signed the accords, as they were excluded from negotiations. The coalition government established by the Treaty of Alvor soon ended as nationalist factions, doubting one another's intentions, tried to control the country by force.
Fighting between the three forces resumed in Luanda hardly a day after the transitional government assumed office on 15 January 1975.
The liberation forces sought to seize strategic points, most importantly the capital, by the official day of independence. The MPLA managed to seize Luanda from the FNLA whilst UNITA retreated from the capital. By March 1975, the FNLA was driving towards Luanda from the north, joined by units of the Zairian army which the United States had encouraged Zaire to provide.
Between 28 April and early May, 1,200 Zairian troops crossed into northern Angola to assist the FNLA.
The FNLA eliminated all remaining MPLA presence in the northern provinces and assumed positions east of Kifangondo on the eastern outskirts of Luanda, from where it continued to encroach on the capital. The situation for the MPLA in Luanda became increasingly precarious.
The MPLA received supplies from the Soviet Union and repeatedly requested 100 officers for military training from Cuba. Until late August, Cuba had a few technical advisors deployed in Angola. By 9 July, the MPLA gained control of the capital, Luanda.
Starting 21 August, Cuba established four training facilities (CIR) with almost 500 men, which were to train about 4,800 FAPLA recruits in three to six months. The mission was expected to be short-term and to last about 6 months.
The CIR in Cabinda accounted for 191 instructors, while Benguela, Saurimo (formerly Henrique de Carvalho) and at N'Dalatando (formerly Salazar) had 66 or 67 instructors each. Some were posted in headquarters in Luanda or in other places throughout the country. The training centres were operational by 18–20 October.
Military intervention
South African Defence Force (SADF) involvement in Angola, part of the interrelated South African Border War, started in 1966 when the South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) commenced an armed struggle for Namibian independence. SWAPO officials founded an armed wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), which operated from bases in Zambia and rural Ovamboland.
With the loss of the Portuguese colonial administration as an ally and the possibility of new regimes sympathetic to SWAPO in Lisbon's former colonies, Pretoria recognised that it would lose a valued cordon sanitaire between South West Africa and the Frontline States. PLAN could seek sanctuary in Angola, and South Africa would be faced with another hostile regime and potentially militarised border to cross in pursuit of Namibian guerrillas.
With both the Soviet Union and the United States arming major factions in the Angolan Civil War, the conflict escalated into a major Cold War battleground. South Africa offered advisory and technical assistance to UNITA, while a number of Cuban combat troops entered the country to fight alongside the Marxist MPLA. Moscow also supplied its Angolan clients with heavy weapons. American aid to UNITA and the FNLA was initially undertaken with Operation IA Feature, but this was terminated by the Clark Amendment in October 1976. Aid would not yet return until after the repeal of the Clark Amendment in 1985. China subsequently recalled its military advisers from Zaire, ending its tacit support for the FNLA.
Cuban instructors began training PLAN in Zambia in April 1975, and the movement had 3,000 new recruits by April. Guerrilla activity intensified, election boycotts were staged in Ovamboland, and the Ovambo Chief Minister assassinated. South Africa responded by calling up more reservists and placing existing security forces along the border on standby. Raids into Angola became commonplace after July 15.
Support for UNITA and FNLA
Consequently, with the covert assistance of the United States through the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), it began assisting UNITA and the FNLA in a bid to ensure that a neutral or friendly government in Luanda prevailed. On 14 July 1975, South African Prime Minister Balthazar Vorster approved weapons worth US $14 million to be bought secretly for FNLA and UNITA. of which the first shipments from South Africa arrived in August 1975.
Ruacana-Calueque occupation
On 9 August 1975 a 30-man SADF patrol moved some into southern Angola and occupied the Ruacana-Calueque hydro-electric complex and other installations on the Cunene River.
The scheme was an important strategic asset for Ovamboland, which relied on it for its water supply. The facility had been completed earlier in the year with South African funding.
Several hostile incidents with UNITA and SWAPO frightening foreign workers had provided a rationale for the occupation.
The defence of the facility in southern Angola also was South Africa's justification for the first permanent deployment of regular SADF units inside Angola.
On 22 August 1975 the SADF initiated operation "Sausage II", a major raid against SWAPO in southern Angola and on 4 September 1975, Vorster authorized the provision of limited military training, advice and logistical assistance. In turn FNLA and UNITA would help the South Africans fight SWAPO.
Meanwhile, the MPLA had gained against UNITA in Southern Angola and by mid-October was in control of 12 of Angola's provinces and most cities. UNITA's territory had been shrinking to parts of central Angola, and it became apparent that UNITA did not have any chance of capturing Luanda by independence day, which neither the United States nor South Africa were willing to accept.
The SADF established a training camp near Silva Porto (Kuito) and prepared the defences of Nova Lisboa (Huambo). They assembled the mobile attack unit "Foxbat" to stop approaching FAPLA-units with which it clashed on 5 October, thus saving Nova Lisboa for UNITA.
Task Force Zulu
Task Force Zulu was a conventional armed forces battalion of FNLA (Frente Nacional de Libertacao or National Front for the Liberation of Angola) troops that were trained by members of the South African Defence Force 1st Reconnaissance Commandos and was led by Col. Jan Dirk Breytenbach. The unit focused on marching onto an enemy position with great speed. Late during the conflict, the name of the task force was changed to Task Force Bravo after reorganization.
On 14 October, the South Africans secretly initiated Operation Savannah when Task Force Zulu crossed from Namibia into Cuando Cubango. The operation provided for elimination of the MPLA from the southern border area, then from south western Angola, from the central region, and finally for the capture of Luanda (the political faction that held Luanda would be recognized by Portugal on independence day as the official government).
According to John Stockwell, a former CIA officer, "there was close liaison between the CIA and the South Africans" and "'high officials' in Pretoria claimed that their intervention in Angola had been based on an 'understanding' with the United States". The intervention was also backed by Zaire and Zambia.
With the liberation forces busy fighting each other, the SADF advanced very quickly. Task Force Foxbat joined the invasion in mid-October. The territory the MPLA had just gained in the south was quickly lost to the South African advances. After South African advisors and antitank weapons helped to stop an MPLA advance on Nova Lisboa (Huambo) in early October, Zulu captured Roçadas (Xangongo) by 20, Sá da Bandeira (Lubango) by 24 and Moçâmedes by 28 October.
With the South Africans moving quickly toward Luanda, the Cubans had to terminate the CIR at Salazar only 3 days after it started operating and deployed most of the instructors and Angolan recruits in Luanda.
On 2–3 November, 51 Cubans from the CIR Benguela and South Africans had their first direct encounter near Catengue, where FAPLA unsuccessfully tried to stop the Zulu advance. This encounter led Zulu-Commander Breytenbach to conclude that his troops had faced the best organized FAPLA opposition to date.
For the duration of the campaign, Zulu had advanced 3,159 km in thirty-three days and had fought twenty-one battles / skirmishes in addition to sixteen hasty and fourteen deliberate attacks. Task Force Zulu accounted for an estimated 210 MPLA dead, 96 wounded and 50 POWs while it had suffered 5 dead and 41 wounded.
Cuban intervention
After the MPLA debacle at Catengue, the Cubans became very aware of the South African intervention. On 4 November Castro decided to begin an intervention on an unprecedented scale: "Operation Carlota". The same day, a first airplane with 100 heavy weapon specialists, which the MPLA had requested in September, left for Brazzaville, arriving in Luanda on 7 November. On November 9 the first 100 men of a contingent of a 652-strong battalion of elite Special Forces were flown in. The 100 specialists and 88 men of the special forces were dispatched immediately to the nearby front at Kifangondo. They assisted 850 FAPLA, 200 Katangans and one Soviet advisor.
With the help of the Cubans and the Soviet advisor, FAPLA decisively repelled an FNLA-Zairian assault in the Battle of Kifangondo on 8 November. The South African contingent, 52 men commanded by General Ben de Wet Roos, that had provided for the artillery on the northern front, had to be evacuated by ship on 28 November. MPLA-leader Agostinho Neto proclaimed independence and the formation of the People's Republic of Angola on 11 November and became its first President.
South African reinforcements
On 6 and 7 November 1975 Zulu captured the harbour cities of Benguela (terminal of the Benguela railroad) and Lobito. The towns and cities captured by the SADF were given to UNITA. In central Angola, at the same time, combat unit Foxbat had moved north toward Luanda. By then, the South Africans realised that Luanda could not be captured by independence day on 11 November and the South Africans considered ending the advance and retreating. But on 10 November 1975 Vorster relented to UNITA's urgent request to maintain the military pressure with the objective of capturing as much territory as possible before the impending meeting of the Organization of African Unity. Thus, Zulu and Foxbat continued north with two new battle groups formed further inland (X-Ray and Orange) and "there was little reason to think the FAPLA would be able to stop this expanded force from capturing Luanda within a week."
Through November and December 1975, the SADF presence in Angola numbered 2,900 to 3,000 personnel.
After Luanda was secured against the north and with reinforcements from Cuba arriving, Zulu faced stronger resistance advancing on Novo Redondo (Sumbe). First Cuban reinforcements arrived in Porto Amboim, only a few km north of Novo Redondo, quickly destroying three bridges crossing the Queve river, effectively stopping the South African advance along the coast on 13 November 1975.
Despite concerted efforts to advance north to Novo Redondo, the SADF was unable to break through FAPLA defences. In a last successful advance a South African task force and UNITA troops captured Luso on the Benguela railway on 11 December which they held until 27 December.
End of South African advance
By mid-December South Africa extended military service and brought in reserves. "An indication of the seriousness of the situation ... is that one of the most extensive military call-ups in South African history is now taking place". By late December, the Cubans had deployed 3,500 to 4,000 troops in Angola, of which 1,000 were securing Cabinda, and eventually the struggle began to favour of the MPLA. Apart from being "bogged down" on the southern front, the South African advance halted, "as all attempts by Battle-Groups Orange and X-Ray to extend the war into the interior had been forced to turn back by destroyed bridges". In addition, South Africa had to deal with two other major setbacks: the international press criticism of the operation and the associated change of US policies. Following the discovery of SADF troops in Angola, most African and Western backers declined to continue to back the South Africans due to the negative publicity of links with the Apartheid government. The South African leadership felt betrayed with a member of congress saying "When the chips were down there was not a single state prepared to stand with South Africa. Where was America? Where were Zaire, Zambia ... and South Africa's other friends?"
Major battles and incidents
Battle of Quifangondo
On 10 November 1975, the day before Angolan independence, the FNLA attempted against advice to capture Luanda from the MPLA. South African gunners and aircraft assisted the offensive which went horribly wrong for the attackers; they were routed by the FAPLA assisted by Cubans manning superior weaponry that had arrived recently in the country. The Cuban-led force shot 2,000 rockets at the FNLA. The South African artillery, antiquated due to the UN embargo, was not any match for the longer-ranged Cuban BM-21 rocket launchers, and therefore could not influence the result of the battle.
Battle of Ebo
The Cuban military, anticipating a South African advance (under the direction of Lieutenant Christopher du Raan) towards the town of Ebo, established positions there at a river crossing to thwart any assault. The defending artillery force, equipped with a BM-21 battery, a 76mm field gun, and several anti-tank units, subsequently destroyed seven to eight armoured cars, whilst they were bogged down with RPG-7s, on November 25, killing 50 enemy soldiers. The Cubans suffered no casualties.
Second in command (2IC) car manned by Lt Jaco "Bok" Kriel, Cpl Gerrie Hugo and Richard "Flappie" Ludwig scouted to the North to look for an alternative route across the river. They got bogged down but managed to dig themselves out of the mud. Unbeknown to them this happened right in front of the enemy positions. Apparently only the superb fire control of the enemy saved them from a certain demise.
Johann du Toit's troop moved forward towards the bridge after Hannes Swanepoel's troop deployed tactically and all, with the odd exception, got stuck in the mud.
The troop of Abrie Cloete also moved into the terrain and with the exception of the car of John Wahl suffered the same fate as the troop of Hannes Swanepoel. John Wahl then deployed in an excellent fire support position.
The first three vehicles got shot out. The fourth vehicle of Kees van der Linde returned fire with their co-axial Browning machine gun and pinned the enemy down. At this stage Kees van der Linde's car broke down with a fuel line problem.
Kees managed to sort this out but got wounded in his legs in the process. This vehicle managed to withdraw back to the mortar position where it broke down again and Kees got seriously wounded for the second time. The 2IC car charged into the killing zone, after a call for help from Gert Botha and started the rescue attempt which saved the lives of at least eight more armoured members by drawing the fire away from them as the enemy would have shot the vehicles again and again. In the process they got shot out by various anti tank weapons. The first shot hit them on the muzzle-brake, the second took off the anti aircraft Browning and wounded Jaco Kriel over the top of his head and he sat down stunned for a minute or two. The car was thus useless as the co-axial Browning could not be reloaded by Kriel. John Wahl then knocked out the 76 mm and saved the crew of the 2IC car in the process. The 2IC car was now useless and withdrew but loaded the wounded Volgraaf on the front of their car and transported him back to the medical post. Bok Kriel however jumped out of the car, saw that Abrie Cloete abandoned his car and ran away. He took control of this car and together with John Wahl they continued with the rescue attempts.
Over the next few hours a fierce exchange of fire took place. In the process John Wahl moved in and rescued Gert Botha. Bok Kriel also moved in and rescues Jaco Kotze. Again John Wahl moved in and rescued Giel Visser. This he did without his gunner as to make space for Giel and for all intent and purposes were thus unarmed. Lombard was killed and Bok Kriel got wounded for the second time, in his neck.
All of these actions were launched on own initiative, without any orders been given and under death defying circumstances because by then, the killing zone of the ambush was barraged by wave after wave of 122mm BM-21 multiple rocket launchers. This led to more than 80 (exact number unknown) casualties amongst the infantry which were surrogate forces in the form of FNLA and UNITA soldiers.
A SAAF Cessna 185 spotter aircraft was shot down over Ebo the following day which killed Williamson, Taljaard and Thompson. This was the first tangible South African defeat of Operation Savannah.
"Bridge 14"
Following the ambush at Ebo, the South African Battle Group Foxbat began attempting to breach the Nhia River at "Bridge 14", a strategic crossing near the FAPLA headquarters north of Quibala. This ensuing Battle for Bridge 14 accounted for the many fierce actions fought by withdrawing Cuban and Angolan forces from the river inland to "Top Hat", a hill overlooking the southern approach to the bridge. In early December, Foxbat had infiltrated the hill with two artillery observers, who directed fire on FAPLA positions from a battery of BL 5.5-inch Medium Guns. This development forced Cuban commander Raúl Arguelles to call off an intended counter-offensive and order a redeployment via Ebo, instructing his units to withdraw from the Nhia. His subsequent death in a landmine explosion caused much confusion in some sectors of the defence line, with several of the defending units overlooking Bridge 14 as a result of a series of miscommunications. Meanwhile, South African sappers started repairing the bridge on December 11 despite heavy FAPLA opposition. By morning the Cuban situation had worsened with Foxbat advancing in full force. At about 7 AM, the defending troops came under attack. Heavy artillery pounded the northern banks, wiping out several mortar positions and at least one ammunition truck. The Cubans, supported by ZPU-4s and BM-21 Grads, covered the main road with 9M14 Malyutka wire-guided missiles to deter the South African advance. However, a column of twelve Eland-90 armoured cars supported by infantry broke through, skirting the road to confuse the missile teams, who had trained their weapons on the centre of the bridge.
The Elands swiftly engaged the remaining mortars with high-explosive rounds, routing their crews. Twenty Cuban advisers were also dispatched when they attempted to overtake Lieutenant van Vuuren's armoured car in the chaos, possibly mistaking it for an Angolan vehicle. Slowing to let the truck pass, van Vuuren promptly slammed a 90mm round into its rear – killing the occupants.
It was during this engagement that Danny Roxo single-handedly killed twelve FAPLA soldiers while conducting a reconnaissance of the bridge, an action for which he was awarded the Honoris Crux. A number of other South African military personnel were also decorated for bravery at Bridge 14, some posthumously. The South Africans claimed that over 200 FAPLA/Cubans soldiers were killed, although this estimate was possibly exaggerated. However, Cuban and Angolan sources do make oblique references to a military setback on 12 December.
The events at Bridge 14 were subsequently dramatised by South Africa in the 1976 Afrikaans film Brug 14. The action was re-enacted using national servicemen. During the making of the film near Bethlehem in the OFS, Captain Douw Steyn was severely injured when a blank round from an Eland was accidentally fired and a piece of shrapnel removed his calf muscle. A useful rugby player, he went on to recover, and played one more match before hanging up the boots.
Battle of Luso
On December 10, the South African Task Force X-Ray followed the Benguela railway line from Silva Porto (Kuito) east to Luso, which they overran on the 10th December 1975. The South African contingent included an armoured squadron, supporting infantry units, some artillery, engineers, and UNITA irregulars. Their main objective was to seize the Luso airport, which later went on to serve as a supply point until the South Africans finally departed Angola in early January 1976.
Battles involving Battlegroup Zulu in the west
There were numerous unrecorded clashes fought in the southwest between Colonel Jan Breytenbach's SADF battlegroup and scattered MPLA positions during Operation Savannah. Eventually, Breytenbach's men were able to advance three thousand kilometers over Angolan soil in thirty-three days.
On a related note, Battlegroup Zulu later formed the basis of South Africa's famous 32 Battalion.
Ambrizete incident
The South African Navy was not planned to be involved in the hereunto land operation, but after a failed intervention by the South African Army in the Battle of Quifangondo, nevertheless had to hastily extract a number of army personnel by sea from far behind enemy lines in Angola, as well as abandoned guns. Ambrizete north of Luanda at was chosen as the pick-up point for the gunners involved in the defeat at Quifangondo. The frigates and went to the area, where the latter used inflatable boats and its Westland Wasp helicopter to extract 26 personnel successfully from the beach on 28 November 1975. The replenishment oiler provided logistical support to the frigates, and picked up the guns in Ambriz after they were towed to Zaire, and took them to Walvis Bay.
General Constand Viljoen, who had grave concerns at the time about the safety of both his soldiers and abandoned field guns, called it "the most difficult night ever in my operational career".
The success of this operation was exceptionally fortuitous, given that the South African Navy had been penetrated by the spy Dieter Gerhardt.
Aftermath
South Africa continued to assist UNITA in order to ensure that SWAPO did not establish any bases in southern Angola.
The FNLA had never recovered from its defeats in the north. After the South Africans had withdrawn from Angola. The FNLA had begun to disintegrate, by March 1976 the FNLA had ceased to exist in Angola.
South African order of battle
The South Africans deployed a number of Combat Groups during Operation Savannah – initially, only Combat Groups A and B were deployed, with the remaining groups being mobilised and deployed into Angola later in the campaign. There has been much dispute the overall size of Task Force Zulu. Current evidence indicates that the Task Force started with approximately 500 men and grew to a total of 2,900 with the formation of Battle Groups Foxbat, Orange and X-Ray.
Association
The Savannah Association is an association of ex-servicemen of all units who were involved in the operation. They meet annually to commemorate the operation. The insignia of the association is a caltrop.
Notes and references
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
Savannah
Savannah
Savannah
Savannah
Cold War conflicts
Conflicts in 1975
Conflicts in 1976
Angola–South Africa relations
Military history of Angola
Savannah (Angola), Operation
Savannah (Angola), Operation
Savannah (Angola), Operation
CIA activities in Africa
UNITA
MPLA
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Savannah%20%28Angola%29
|
An ashik (, ; ; —all from ) or ashugh (; ) is traditionally a singer-poet and bard who accompanies his song—be it a dastan (traditional epic story, also known as hikaye) or a shorter original composition—with a long-necked lute (usually a bağlama or saz) in Turkic (primarily Turkish and Azerbaijani cultures, including Iranian Azerbaijanis) and non-Turkic cultures of South Caucasus (primarily Armenian and Georgian). In Azerbaijan, the modern ashik is a professional musician who usually serves an apprenticeship, masters playing the bağlama, and builds up a varied but individual repertoire of Turkic folk songs.
The word ashiq (, meaning "in love" or "lovelorn") is the nominative form of a noun derived from the word ishq (, "love"), which in turn may be related to the Avestan iš- ("to wish, desire, seek"). The term is synonymous with in Turkish and Azerbaijani, which it superseded during the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries. Other alternatives include saz şair (meaning "saz poet") and halk şair ("folk poet"). In Armenian, the term gusan, which referred to creative and performing artists in public theaters of Parthia and ancient and medieval Armenia, is often used as a synonym.
History
The ashik tradition in Turkic cultures of Anatolia, Azerbaijan and Iran has its origin in the Shamanistic beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples. The ancient ashiks were called by various names such as bakshy/bakhshi/Baxşı, dede (dədə), and uzan or ozan. Among their various roles, they played a major part in perpetuation of oral tradition, promotion of communal value system and traditional culture of their people. These wandering bards or troubadours are part of current rural and folk culture of Azerbaijan, and Iranian Azerbaijan, Turkey, the Turkmen Sahra (Iran) and Turkmenistan, where they are called bakshy. Thus, ashik, in traditional sense, may be defined as travelling bards who sang and played saz, an eight or ten string plucking instrument in the form of a long-necked lute.
Judging based on the Turkic epic Dede Korkut, the roots of ashiks can be traced back to at least the 7th century, during the heroic age of the Oghuz Turks. This nomadic tribe journeyed westwards through Central Asia from the 9th century onward and settled in present Turkey, Azerbaijan Republic and North-west areas of Iran. Naturally, their music was evolved in the course of the grand migration and ensuing feuds with the original inhabitants the acquired lands. An important component of this cultural evolution was that the Turks embraced Islam within a short time and of their own free will. Muslim Turk dervishes, desiring to spread the religion among their brothers who had not yet entered the Islamic fold, moved among the nomadic Turks. They choose the folk language and its associate musical form as an appropriate medium for effective transmission of their message. Thus, ashik literature developed alongside mystical literature and was refined starting since the time of Turkic Sufi Khoja Akhmet Yassawi in early twelfth century.
The single most important event in the history of ashik music was the ascent to the throne of Shah Isma'il (1487–1524), the founder of the Safavid dynasty. He was a prominent ruler-poet and has, apart from his diwan compiled a mathnawi called Deh-name, consisting of some eulogies of Ali, the fourth Caliph of early Islam. He used the pen-name Khata'i and, in ashik tradition, is considered as an amateur ashik . Isma'il's praised playing Saz as a virtue in one of his renowned qauatrains;
Bu gün ələ almaz oldum mən sazım --- (Today, I embraced my Saz)
Ərşə dirək-dirək çıxar mənim avazım --- (My song is being echoed by heavens)
Dörd iş vardır hər qarındaşa lazım: --- (Four things are required for the life:)
Bir elm, bir kəlam, bir nəfəs, bir saz. --- (Conscience, speech, respiration, and Saz.)
According to Köprülü's studies, the term ashik was used instead of ozan in Azerbaijan and in areas of Anatolia after the 15th century. After the demise of Safavid dynasty in Iran, Turkish culture could not sustain its early development among the elites. Instead, there was a surge in the development of verse-folk stories, mainly intended for performance by ashiks in weddings. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union the governments of new republics in Caucasus region and Central Asia sought their identity in traditional cultures of their societies. This elevated the status of ashugs as the guardians of national culture. The newfound unprecedented popularity and frequent concerts and performances in urban settings have resulted in rapid innovative developments aiming to enhance the urban-appealing aspects of ashik performances.
Ashugh music in Armenia
A concise account of the ashik (called ashugh in Armenian) music and its development in Armenia is given in Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. In Armenia, the ashugh are known since the 16th century onward, acting as the successors to the medieval gusan art. By far the most notable of the ashugh of all was Sayat Nova (1712–95), who honed the art of troubadour musicianship to crowning refinement.
Ashik music in Iranian Azerbaijan
During the Pahlavi era Ashiks frequently performed in coffee houses in all the major cities of east and west Azerbaijan in Iran. Tabriz was the eastern center for the ashiks and Urmia the western center. In Tabriz ashiks most often performed with two other musicians, a balaban player and a qaval player; in Urmia the ashik was always a solo performer. After the Islamic revolution music was banned.{fact} Ten years later, ashik Rasool Ghorbani, who had been forced to make a living as a travelling salesman, aspired to return to the glorious days of fame and leisure. He started composing songs with religious and revolutionary themes. The government, realizing the propaganda potential of these songs, allowed their broadcast in national radio and sent Rasool to perform in some European cities. This facilitated the emergence of the ashik music as the symbol of Azeri cultural identity.
In September 2009, Azerbaijan's ashik art was included into UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
The foundations of ashik art
Ashik art combines poetic, musical and performance ability. Ashiks themselves describe the art as the unified duo of saz and söz (word).This duo is conspicuously featured in a popular composition by Səməd Vurğun:
Binələri çadır çadır --- (The peaks rise up all around like tents)
Çox gəzmişəm özüm dağlar --- (I have wandered often in these mountains)
İlhamını səndən alıb --- (My saz and söz take inspiration)
Mənim sazım, sözüm dağlar. --- (From you, mountains.)
The following subsections provide more details about saz and söz.
Musical instruments
Mastering in playing saz is the essential requirement for an ashik. This instrument, a variant of which is known as Bağlama, is a stringed musical instrument and belongs to the family of long-necked lutes. Often performances of ashiks are accompanied by an ensemble of balaban and qaval performers. During Eurovision Song Contest 2012 all three instruments were symbolically played as a cultural symbol of the host country, Azerbaijan.
Poetry genres
The most spread poetry genres are gerayly, qoshma and tajnis.
Ethical code of behaviour and attitude for ashiks
The defining characteristic of ashik profession is the ethical code of behaviour and attitude, which has been summarized by Aşiq Ələsgər in the following verses;
Aşıq olub diyar-diyar gəzənin ----(To be a bard and wander far from home)
Əzəl başdan pürkəmalı gərəkdi --- (You knowledge and thinking head must have.)
Oturub durmaqda ədəbin bilə --- (How you are to behave, you too must know,)
Mə'rifət elmində dolu gərəkti --- (Politeness, erudition you must have.)
Xalqa həqiqətdən mətləb qandıra --- (He should be able to teach people the truth,)
Şeytanı öldürə, nəfsin yandıra --- (To kill evil within himself, refrain from ill emotions,)
El içinde pak otura pak dura --- (He should socialize virtuously)
Dalısınca xoş sedalı gərəkdi --- (Then people will think highly of him)
Danışdığı sözün qiymətin bilə --- (He should know the weight of his words,)
Kəlməsindən ləl'i-gövhər tokülə --- (He should be brilliant in speech,)
Məcazi danışa, məcazi gülə --- (He should speak figuratively,)
Tamam sözü müəmmalı gərəkdi --- (And be a politician in discourse.)
Arif ola, eyham ilə söz qana --- (Be quick to understand a hint, howe'er,)
Naməhrəmdən şərm eyleyə, utana --- (Of strangers you should, as a rule, beware,)
Saat kimi meyli Haqq'a dolana --- (And like a clock advance to what is fair.)
Doğru qəlbi, doğru yolu gərəkdi --- (True heart and word of honour you must have.)
Ələsgər haqq sözün isbatın verə --- (Ələsgər will prove his assertions,)
Əməlin mələklər yaza dəftərə --- (Angels will record his deeds,)
Her yanı istese baxanda göre --- (Your glance should be both resolute and pure,)
Teriqetde bu sevdalı gerekdi --- (You must devote himself to righteous path.)
Ashik stories (dastan)
was the first to introduce the word hikaye into the academic literature to describe ashik stories. According to Başgöz, hikaye cannot properly be included in any of the folk narrative classification systems presently used by Western scholars. Though prose narrative is dominant in a hikaye, it also includes several folk songs. These songs, which represent the major part of Turkish folk music repertory, may number more than one hundred in a single hekaye, each having three, five or more stanzas.
As the art of ashik is based on oral tradition, the number of ashik stories can be as many as the ashiks themselves. Throughout the centuries of this tradition, many interesting stories and epics have thrived, and some have survived to our times. The main themes of the most ashik stories are worldly love or epics of wars and battles or both. In stark contrast to the conservative medium of Islamic societies where most stories take place, the heroine's rule is always as important as the hero's. In contrast to the doctrine of Islam, there is no objection to the heroine publicly singing.
In the following we present a brief list of the most famous hikayes:
Shah Ismail, the founder of the Safavid empire, is the protagonist of a major hikaye. Despite the apparent basis in history, Shah Ismail's hikaye demonstrates a remarkable transformative ability. Feared as a ruthless despot during his lifetime, Shah Ismail becomes a poetic maestro in the hikaye, with his sword replaced by his saz, which is the weapon of choice for Shah Ismail's new persona of folk hero.
The Warrior of The North. A Romantic Action Epic about bard named ashik in Constantinople in the 16th Century where he faces political and military problems and saves many people. In the end, he marries his soul mate, Nuur, but dies the same day in an attempt to save her from Hardun The Evil.
The Epic of Köroğlu is one of the most widespread of the Turkic hikayes. It is shared not only by nearly all Turkic peoples, but also by some non-Turkic neighboring communities, such as the Armenians, Georgians, Kurds, Tajiks, and Afghans. Although the hikaye's path of transmission is not yet fully understood, most researchers agree that it originated in the south Caucasus region, most likely Azerbaijan. In the Azeri version, the epic combines the occasional romance with Robin Hood-like chivalry. Köroğlu, is himself an ashik, who punctuates the third-person narratives of his adventures by breaking into verse: this is Köroğlu. This popular story has spread from Anatolia to the countries of Central Asia somehow changing its character and content. Azerbaijani composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov has created an opera by this name, using the ashik stories and masterfully combined some ashik music with this major classical work.
Ashiq Qərib, Azeri epic, made famous by Mikhail Lermontov, is another major story of a wandering ashik who began his journeys with worldly love and attains wisdom by traveling and learning then achieving sainthood. The story of Ashiq Qərib has been the main feature of a movie with the same name by director and producer Sergei Parajanov. In early 1980s narrated and sang the story in a one-hour-long TV program, the cosset record of which was widely distributed in Iranian Azerbaijan and had a key impact on the revival of ashug music.
Aşıq Valeh is the story of a debate between (1729–1822) and Aşıq Zərniyar. Forty ashiks have already lost the debate to Aşıq Zərniyar and have been imprisoned. Valeh, however, wins the debate, frees the jailed ashiks and marries Zərniyar.
Verbal dueling (deyişmə)
In order to stay in the profession and defend their reputation ashiks used to challenge each other by indulging in verbal duelings, which were held in public places. In its simplest form one ashik would recite a riddle by singing and the other had to respond by means of improvisation to the verses resembling riddles in form. Here is an example:
Famous ashiks
21st century
, born in Sheykh Hoseynlu, has significantly contributed to the revival and development of ashik music. His book on the subject attempts to adapt the ashik music to the artistic taste of the contemporary audience.
, born in Baku (1981), is a popular professional ashik who teaches at the Azerbaijan State University of Culture and Art. She is committed to the survival of the ashik tradition.
Zulfiyya Ibadova, born in 1976, is a passionate and vibrant performer with a strong individual style. She has written a great deal of original music and lyrics, and likes combining the Saz with other instruments.
, born in 1972, is a master Saz player. He teaches at the Azerbaijan State University of Culture and Art.
20th century
Ali Ekber Chichek, Ashik Ibreti, Ashik Khanlar, Ashik Mubarak Yaafar, Muhlis Akarsu, Ashig Adalet, , Davut Sulari, , , , , Ashik Seyit Meftuni
Neshet Ertash, was born in 1938 in Kirshehir, and started playing baglama since he was 5. He died on 25 September 2012 in Izmir. The opening quatrain of his composition, Yalan Dünya, is as the following:
Hep sen mi ağladın hep sen mi yandın, --- (Did you cry all the time, did you burn all the time?)
Ben de gülemedim yalan dünyada --- (I couldn't smile too in untrue world)
Sen beni gönlümce mutlu mu sandın --- (Did you think I was happy with my heart)
Ömrümü boş yere çalan dünyada. --- (In the world which stole my life in vain")
, born in Oti Kandi in Qareh Dagh, is the legendary ashik who was exiled to Soviet Union due to his revolutionary songs during the brief reign of Azerbaijan People's Government following the World War II. Hoseyn Javan's music, in contrast to the contemporary poetry in Iran, emphasizes on realism and highlights the beauties of real life. One of Hoseyn's songs, with the title "Kimin olacaqsan yari, bəxtəvər?", is among the most famous ashugh songs.
was born in 1932 in Georgia. In early eighties Kamndar performed shortened version of famous hikayes intended for contemporary audience. These performances were effective in the revival of ashik music.
, recognized as the godfather among the masters of ashugh music, was born in 1933 in AbbasAbad. Rasool started his music career in 1952 and by 1965 was an accomplished ashik. Rasool had performed in international music festivals held in France, Germany, the Netherlands, England, Japan, China, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Australia, Azerbaijan, Serbia, Turkey and Hungary. Rasool has been awarded highest art awards of Iran, and will be honored by government during the celebration for his 80th birthday.
Ashik Mahzuni Sherif,(17 November 1940 – 17 May 2002), was a folk musician, ashik, composer, poet, and author from Turkey. His had an undeniable contribution in popularizing ashik music in intellectual circles. The opening quatrain of his composition, İşte gidiyorum çeşm-i siyahım, is as the following:
İşte gidiyorum çeşm-i siyahım --- (That's it, I go my black eyed)
Önümüze dağlar sıralansa da --- (Despite mountains ranked before us)
Sermayem derdimdir servetim ahım --- (My capital is my sorrow, my wealth is my trouble)
Karardıkça bahtım karalansa da --- (Withal my blacken fortune darkened")
Ashik Veysel (25 October 1894 – 21 March 1973). The opening quatrain of his composition, Kara Toprak ("Black earth"), is as the following:
Dost dost diye nicesine sarıldım --- (I expected for many people to be real friends)
Benim sâdık yârim kara topraktır --- (My faithful beloved is black soil)
Beyhude dolandım boşa yoruldum --- (I wandered around with no end, I got tired for nothing)
Benim sâdık yârim kara topraktır --- (My faithful beloved is black soil")
19th century
Ashik Summani, Ashig Aly, Molla Juma, Ashig Musa,
Ashiq Basti (1836–1936), is one of the most outstanding female representatives of the art of Ashig in nineteenth century Azerbaijan. She was born in the Loh village of the Kalbajar region. She had a deep knowledge of Azerbaijani folk literature and was able to recite poems of her own at these folk ceremonies. She also learned to play the saz. Basti was known to be an active member of 'Gurban Bulaghi', a famous literary gathering of her era. She fell deeply in love with a shepherd sometime between the age of seventeen and eighteen. Her first love, however, was killed by a nobleman in her presence. Having helplessly witnessed this scene, Basti was thrown into a state of mental turmoil by this tragic incident. In her poems, Basti refers to her sweetheart as Khanchoban. In her lifetime, an epic story called 'Basti and Khanchoban' was created to deal with her ill-fated love. She avenges the nobleman who had killed her beloved by cursing him in her poems. Basti lost her eyesight from her endless weeping and she grew old well before her time. She was called 'Blind Basti' and a saying was created about her: 'Even the stone was crying when Basti cried'. However, she lived a long life and died in 1936, at the age of one hundred.
Ashig Alasgar, perhaps the most renowned Azerbaijani ashik of all ages, was born in 1821 in Gegharkunik Province (Գեղարքունիքի մարզ) of the present day Armenia to an impoverished family. At the age of 14 he was employed as a servant boy and worked for five years, during which fell in love with his employer's daughter, Səhnəbanı. The girl was married off to her cousin and Alasgar was sent home. This failed love urged young Alasgar to buy a saz and seek apprenticeship with Ashik Ali for five years. He emerged as an accomplished ashik and poet and in 1850, unwillingly, defeated his master in a verbal dueling. The rest of Alasgar's productive life was spent training ashiks and composing songs until his death in 1926. Here, we present the opening verses of one of Alasgar's finest compositions, titled Deer (Jeyran). The song has been recently performed by Azerbaijan's beloved traditional singer Fargana Qasimova. Alim Qasimov offers the following commentary on this popular song: "In Azerbaijan, jeyran refers to a kind of deer that lives in the mountains and the plains. They’re lovely animals, and because their eyes are so beautiful, poets often use this word. There are many girls named Jeyran in Azerbaijan. We hope that when listeners hear this song, they’ll get in touch with their own inner purity and sincerity."
Durum dolanım başına, --- (Let me encircle you with love,)
Qaşı, gözü qara, Ceyran! --- (Your black eyes and eyebrows, Jeyran.)
Həsrətindən xəstə düşdüm, --- (I have fallen into the flames of longing,)
Eylə dərdə çara, Ceyran! --- (Help me to recover from this pain, Jeyran".)
.......
Jivani (, 1846–1909), born Serob Stepani Levonian (Սերոբ Ստեփանի Լևոնյան), was an Armenian ashugh (or gusan) and poet. Jivani's compositions mostly deal with social issues. An example:
THE mournful and unhappy days, like winter, come and go.
We should not be discouraged, they will end, they come and go.
Our bitter griefs and sorrows do not tarry with us long;
Like customers arrayed in line, they come, and then they go. ...
18th century
Sayat-Nova
Khasta Qasim, (1684–1760) was one of the most popular folk poets in Azerbaijan. Khasta, which he chose for a pen-name, means "one in pain".
Dadaloğlu
17th century
Naghash Hovnatan was an Armenian poet, ashugh, painter, and founder of the Hovnatanian artistic family. He was born in 1661 in the town of Shorot, Nakhijevan. He is considered the founder of the new Armenian minstrel school, following medieval Armenian lyric poetry.
Kul Nesîmî, Aşıq Abdulla, Sarı Aşıq
Karacaoğlan is a 17th-century Ottoman folk poet and ashik, who was born around 1606 and died around 1680. The opening quatrain of his composition, Elif, is as the following:
incecikten bir kar yağar, --- (With its tender flakes, snow flutters about,)
Tozar Elif, Elif deyi... --- (Keeps falling, calling out "Elif… Elif…”)
Deli gönül abdal olmuş, --- (This frenzied heart of mine wanders about)
Gezer Elif, Elif deyi... --- (Like minstrels, calling out "Elif… Elif…”)
Ashik Abbas Tufarganly was born in the late 16th century in Azarshahr. According to a popular ashik hikaye, known as Abbas və Gülgəz, he was a love rival of King Abbas. The facts about Ashik Abbas's life are mixed with the myths of the said hikaye. Ashik Abbas's compositions have survived and are still song by contemporary ashiks. A famous song starts as the following:
Ay həzarət, bir zamana gəlibdir, --- (Oh brothers and sisters, what have we come to:)
Ala qarğa şux tərlanı bəyənməz --- (The jay hates the eagle as never before.)
Gevherî, Turkish Ozan from Afshar tribe.
Başına bir hal gelirse canım, --- If something happens to you,
Dağlara gel dağlara, --- Come to the mountains,
Seni saklar vermez ele canım, --- She will embrace you as her own,
Seni saklar vermez ele. --- Never hands you in to the strangers.
........
16th century
Shah Ismail Khatai, (1485–1524) was the founder of the Safavid dynasty (1502–1736). Writing under the pen name of
Khatai, he produced a large volume of lyric poetry in Azerbaijani language. Khatai's poetry is graceful and polished and his language closely approaches to folk idiom:
Winter's shaken off, and spring arrives! --- Rosebuds waken, garden plot revives,
Birds all trill in aching harmony,--- Love's a thrilling flame, disturbing me.
Earth is dressed in furry, downy green, --- Whispers press the silence once serene, .......
Aşıq Qərib
Nahapet Kuchak () (died 1592) was an Armenian medieval poet, considered one of the first ashughs. He is best known for his hairens (հայրեն), "couplets with a single coherent theme." Kuchak was probably born in the village of Kharakonis, near the city of Van. He later married a woman named Tangiatun. The poet lived his entire life near the Lake Van area until his death in 1592. Kuchak was buried in the cemetery of Kharakonis St. Theodoros Church and his grave became pilgrimage site.
Pir Sultan Abdal (ca. 1480–1550) was a Turkish Alevi poet and ashik. During the time, Pir Sultan Abdal with the villagers, went against injustice, and was hanged by the Sivas governor Hızır pasha, who was once his comrade. The opening quatrain of his composition, THE ROUGH MAN, is as the following:
Dostun en güzeli bahçesine bir hoyrat girmiş, --- (The rough man entered the lover's garden)
Korudur hey benli dilber korudur --- (It is woods now, my beautiful one, it is woods,)
Gülünü dererken dalını kırmış --- (Gathering roses, he has broken their stems)
Kurudur hey benli dilber kurudur --- (They are dry now, my beautiful one, they are dry)
Ashiq Qurbani was born in 1477 in Dirili. He was a contemporary of Shah Ismail and may have served as the court musician. His compositions were handed down as gems of oral art from generation to generation and constitute a necessary repertoire of every ashik. A famous qushma, titled Violet, starts as the following:
Başina mən dönüm ala göz Pəri, --- (O my dearest, my love, my beautiful green-eyed Pari)
Adətdir dərələr yaz bənəvşəni. --- (Custom bids us pluck violets when spring days begin)
Ağ nazik əlinən dər dəstə bağla, --- (With your tender white hand gather a nosegay,)
Tər buxaq altinə düz bənəvşəni... --- (Pin it under your dainty chin.....)
15th century
Kaygusuz Abdal, was born in the late 14th century into a noble and aristocratic family of the Anatolian province of Teke and died in 1445. He traveled throughout the Middle East and eventually came to Cairo where he founded a Bektashi convent. Kaygusuz's poetry is among the strangest expressions of Sufism. He does not hesitate to describe in great detail his dreams of good food, nor does he shrink from singing about his love adventures with a charming young man. A tekerleme by Kaygusuz sounds like a perfect translation of a nursery rhyme:
kaplu kaplu bağalar kanatlanmiş uçmağa.. ---- The turturturtles have taken wings to fly ...
Imadaddin Nasimi, born 1369 and skinned alive in Aleppo in 1417, was an Azerbaijani or Iraqi Turkmen Ḥurūfī poet. His quatrains are very close to ashik bayati.
13th century
Yunus Emre (1240–1321) was one of the first Turkish poets who wrote poems in his mother tongue rather than Persian or Arabic, which were the writing medium of the era. Emre was not literally an ashik, but his undeniable influence on the evolution of ashik literature is being felt to the present times. The opening quatrain of his composition, Bülbül Kasidesi Sözleri, is as the following:
İsmi sübhan virdin mi var? --- (is The Father's name your mantra?)
Bahçelerde yurdun mu var? --- (are those gardens your home?)
Bencileyin derdin mi var? --- (is your plight just as mine?)
Garip garip ötme bülbül --- (don't sing in sorrow nightingale)
See also
Ashiqs of Azerbaijan
Aqyn
Bakshy
Dengbêj
Gusans
Khananda
Ishq
Ashik Kerib and Ashiq Qarib
Epic of Koroghlu
Epic of Manas
The Color of Pomegranates
List of Turkic-languages poets
Notes and references
Further reading
External links
Details of the film Ashik Kerib by Parajanov
Women Performers of Legend and Folk Poetry
The Poet Minstrels of Azerbaijan
"ĀŠEQ" (Iranica Encyclopedia)
"Asik" in Turkish Oral Narrative
Videos
Ashik film
Armenian music
Azerbaijani music
Turkish music
Music of Georgia (country)
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Poets
Ashiks
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashik
|
Leon Petrażycki (; ; born 13 April 1867, in Kołłątajewo, Mogilev Governorate, now in Belarus – 15 May 1931, in Warsaw) was a Polish philosopher, legal scholar, and sociologist. He is considered an important forerunner of the sociology of law.
Life
Leon Petrażycki was born into the Polish gentry of the Mogilev Governorate in the Russian Empire. In 1890 he graduated from Kiev University, then spent two years on a scholarship in Berlin, and in 1896 received a doctorate from the University of St. Petersburg. At the latter university, he served from 1897 to 1917 as a professor of the philosophy of law.
In 1906 Petrażycki was elected to the ill-fated First Duma as a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party. When the legislature was dissolved after a few months, he was convicted and incarcerated for his protests. He was appointed to the Supreme Court of Russia in 1917, but had to flee the country when the Bolshevik revolution succeeded. He found a new home in Poland and became the first professor of sociology at Warsaw University in 1919.
A prolific writer in several languages and famous lecturer with a large following of students, Petrażycki committed suicide in 1931. However, Petrażycki's contribution to legal sociology and legal theory continues to be debated within various fields of legal research and applied to the study of current legal questions.
Work
Petrażycki published many books in Russian, German, and Polish early in life. Unfortunately, many of his late ideas were preserved only in lecture notes taken by his students. Even in Poland, his work is only partly known.
English speakers still largely rely on a compilation of Petrażycki's writings edited by the Russian-American sociologist Nicholas S. Timasheff in 1955. Despite some recent efforts to introduce and revive his work, it is still largely unknown in the West.
Petrażycki conceives of law as an empirical, psychological phenomenon that can best be studied by introspection. According to him, law takes the form of legal experiences (emotions, impulsions) implying a two-sided relationship between a right on the one hand and a duty on the other hand. If this legal experience refers to normative facts in a broad sense (statutes, court decisions, but also contracts, customs, commands of any sort) he calls it "positive law"; if it lacks such reference, he talks of "intuitive law".
In another conceptualization, he contrasts "official law" (made by the state and its agents) to "unofficial law" (made by societal agents), which brings him close to legal pluralism. He parallels Eugen Ehrlich´s idea of living law when he states that "the true practice of civil law or any law is not to be found in the courts, but altogether elsewhere. Its practitioners are not judges and advocates, but each individual citizen..." (Petrażycki 1897, as quoted by Motyka)
Petrażycki's theory of law is anti-statist and very critical of the legal positivism of his time, which he takes to task for being naive and lacking a truly scientific basis because of its focus on norms, rather than the experience of those norms. He also rejects the rather common notion that only human beings can have rights and can therefore be seen as an early proponent of animal rights.
Petrażycki has been called the "unrecognized father of the sociology of law" (Adam Podgorecki 1980/81). His influence on the sociology of law has been primarily indirect through some of his students, specifically Nicholas S. Timasheff, Georges Gurvitch, and Pitirim Sorokin, who each in various ways contributed to formulate a more distinctly sociological perspective, derived from and complementary to Petrażycki's psychological theory.
See also
History of philosophy in Poland
International Institute for the Sociology of Law
List of Poles
Sociology in Poland
Sociology of law
Michał Weinzieher
Notes
References
Banakar, Reza, Who Needs the Classics? - On the Relevance of Classical Legal Sociology for the Study of Current Social and Legal Problems (September 3, 2012). RETSSOCIOLOGI, Ole Hammerslev, Mikael Rask Madsen, eds., Copenhagen: Hans Reitzels Forlag, 2012. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2140775.
Roger Cotterrell, Leon Petrazycki and Contemporary Socio-Legal Studies (2015) 11 International Journal of Law in Context 1-16. Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2609155.
Krzysztof Motyka, Law and Sociology: The Petrażyckian Perspective. In: Michael Freeman (ed.) Law and Sociology. Current Legal Issues 2005. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2006, pp. 119–140.
Adam Podgórecki, Unrecognized Father of Sociology of Law: Leon Petrażycki. Reflections based on Jan Gorecki's "Sociology and Jurisprudence of Leon Petrażycki". In: Law & Society Review, vol. 15 (1980/81), pp. 183–202.
Jan Gorecki (ed.) Sociology and Jurisprudence of Leon Petrażycki. Urbana: University of Illinois Press 1975. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-1479-3_46
Leon Petrażycki, Law and Morality. Edited with an introduction by N.S. Timasheff. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press 1955. Reprinted with a new introduction by A. Javier Trevino. New Brunswick: NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2011.
Andrzej Kojder, Leon Petrażycki's Socio-legal Ideas and their Contemporary Continuation, 6 Journal of Classical Sociology 2006, pp. 333–358
Edoardo Fittipaldi, Bonae fidei possessor fructus consumptos suos facit. Tentative Answers to One Question Left Open by Petrażycki's Economic Analysis of Law. Societas/Communitas, 7, 2009, 1, pp. 15–36
Edoardo Fittipaldi, Psicologia giuridica e realismo: Leon Petrażycki. Milan: LED 2012.
Edoardo Fittipaldi, Everyday Legal Ontology: A Linguistic and Psychological Investigation within the Framework of Leon Petrażycki's Theory of Law. Milan: LED 2012. , http://www.lededizioni.com/lededizioniallegati/600-Fittipaldi-Everyday-Ontology.pdf
Мережко А.А. Психологическая школа права Л.И. Петражицкого. Истоки, содержание, влияние. – Одесса: «Фенікс», 2016.
External links
Onati International Institute for the Sociology of Law
1867 births
1931 suicides
1931 deaths
People from Syanno District
People from Sennensky Uyezd
19th-century Polish nobility
Russian Constitutional Democratic Party members
Members of the 1st State Duma of the Russian Empire
Polish sociologists
Philosophers of law
Polish jurists
Polish feminists
Russian judges
Russian legal scholars
Male feminists
Sociologists of law
20th-century Russian philosophers
20th-century Polish philosophers
19th-century Polish philosophers
Academic staff of the University of Warsaw
Academic staff of Saint Petersburg State University
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
20th-century Polish nobility
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Petra%C5%BCycki
|
PCCTS may refer to:
Purdue Compiler Construction Tool Set, the predecessor of the ANTLR parser generator
Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici, the Knights Templar
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCCTS
|
Hutton Lake National Wildlife Refuge is located in southern Albany County in the U.S. state of Wyoming and includes 1,968 acres (8 km2). The refuge is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The refuge is located at higher altitudes over 7,000 feet (2,133 m) and has a total of five natural alpine lakes that are named, as well as associated wetlands. The refuge was set aside in 1932 to protect habitat for migratory bird species and other indigenous plants and animals. Hutton Lake NWR is administered by the Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge in Colorado.
References
External links
Protected areas of Albany County, Wyoming
National Wildlife Refuges in Wyoming
Wetlands of Wyoming
Landforms of Albany County, Wyoming
Protected areas established in 1932
1932 establishments in Wyoming
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutton%20Lake%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge
|
Daddy-Long-Legs is a 1912 epistolary novel by the American writer Jean Webster. It follows the protagonist, Jerusha "Judy" Abbott, as she leaves an orphanage and is sent to college by a benefactor whom she has never seen.
Plot summary
Jerusha Abbott was brought up at the John Grier Home, an old-fashioned orphanage. The children were completely dependent on charity and had to wear other people's cast-off clothes. Jerusha's unusual first name was selected by the matron from a gravestone (she hates it and uses "Judy" instead), while her surname was selected out of the phone book.
One day, after the asylum's trustees have made their monthly visit, Judy is informed by the asylum's dour matron that one of the trustees has offered to pay her way through college. He has spoken to her former teachers and thinks she has potential to become an excellent writer. He will pay her tuition and give her a generous monthly allowance. Judy must write him a monthly letter because he believes that letter-writing is important to the development of a writer. However, she will never know his identity; she must address the letters to Mr. John Smith, and he never will reply.
Judy catches a glimpse of the shadow of her benefactor from the back, and knows he is a tall long-legged man. Because of this, she jokingly calls him Daddy-Long-Legs. She attends a "girls college" on the East Coast. She illustrates her letters with childlike line drawings, also created by Jean Webster.
The book chronicles Judy's educational, personal, and social growth. One of the first things she does at college is to change her name to Judy. She designs a rigorous reading program for herself and struggles to gain the basic cultural knowledge to which she, growing up in the bleak environment of the orphanage, never was exposed.
During her stay, she befriends Sallie McBride (the most entertaining person in the world) and Julia Rutledge Pendleton (the least so) and sups with them and Leonora Fenton.
Dedication
The book is dedicated "To You." Today this book is often classified as children's literature, but at the time it was part of a trend of "girl" or "college girl" books which featured young female protagonists dealing with post-high-school concerns such as college, career, and marriage. These books predated the contemporary view of adolescence. Other authors who wrote in this vein include L. M. Montgomery and Louisa May Alcott. In Georgina Castle Smith's children's novel Nothing to Nobody (1873), Daddy Long Legs [sic] is the name of the orphaned urchin who receives the assistance.
Current reception
Daddy-Long-Legs still receives good reviews. Reviewers comment on its relatability to a wide variety of audiences and unique nature in comparison to other modern books' – it isn't filled with action or melodrama, but rather just regular life. Reviewers also note that people tend to be attracted to orphans and orphanages, especially now that they have been mythologized in fiction such as Little Orphan Annie. Judy's being an orphan makes her sympathetic and allows for more room for her to learn and grow while in college, reviewers note.
Stage and screen
This book was Webster's best-known work. Webster herself adapted it into a stage play which debuted in 1914. In addition, it was adapted into a 1952 British stage musical comedy called Love from Judy, as well as films in 1919 (starring Mary Pickford), 1931 (starring Janet Gaynor and Warner Baxter), 1935 (a Shirley Temple adaptation called Curly Top), a 1938 Dutch adaptation Vadertje Langbeen and a 1955 film, Daddy Long Legs (starring Fred Astaire and Leslie Caron). The latter two film versions departed considerably from the plot of the original novel.
A four-part adaptation was featured in 1978 in anime anthology series Manga Sekai Mukashi Banashi (1976-1979) by Dax International and Madhouse.
Ashinaga Ojisan, anime TV movie produced in 1979 by Tatsunoko Production.
The 1990 TV anime serial Watashi no Ashinaga Ojisan (My Daddy-Long-Legs) was directed by Kazuyoshi Yokota for the Nippon Animation studio as that year's installment of the studio's World Masterpiece Theater.
In India, the novel was adapted into a Malayalam movie, Kanamarayathu in 1984. Anokha Rishta, a Hindi remake by the same director was released in 1986.
The 2005 Korean movie Kidari Ajeossi has elements of Daddy-Long-Legs transferred into a modern setting.
In 2009, the novel was made into a two-person musical play by John Caird (book) and Paul Gordon (music), which premiered at the Rubicon Theatre Company (Ventura, California) and TheatreWorks (Palo Alto, California). On September 27, 2015, the musical premiered Off-Broadway at the Davenport Theatre with Megan McGinnis and Paul Alexander Nolan.
In 2020, the musical of Paul Gordon and John Caird was staged by director Aleksey Frandetti in Russia on the Instagram, transferring the events of the novel into the 21st century. In 2021, the musical play made into Dear Mr. Smith and was performed by the same actors Ivan Ozhogin and Yulia Dyakina at the Theatre "Shelter of Comedians" by the same director.
References
External links
Epistolary novels
American young adult novels
1912 American novels
Novels about orphans
American novels adapted into films
American bildungsromans
Novels set in orphanages
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy-Long-Legs%20%28novel%29
|
Louise Peete (September 20, 1880 – April 11, 1947) was a convicted American serial killer. Peete was first convicted of the 1920 murder of wealthy mining engineer Jacob C. Denton, and was sentenced to life in prison in 1921. She was paroled in April 1939. In May 1945, Peete was convicted a second time for murdering her employer, Margaret Logan, and was sentenced to death. She was executed in April 1947, making her the second of only four women to be executed in the California gas chamber.
Early life
Peete was born Lofie Louise Preslar in Bienville, Louisiana. Her father was a prominent and wealthy newspaper publisher. Peete would later say that she "came from cultured, educated people. My parents were not delinquents, and did not rear delinquent children." She attended a private school in New Orleans, but was expelled at the age of 15 for stealing from her classmates and engaging in promiscuous behavior.
In 1903, she married a traveling salesman, Henry Bosley, who committed suicide four years later after discovering Peete in bed with another man. After Bosley's death, Peete relocated to Shreveport and worked as a high-class prostitute, stealing money from her clients.
In 1911, Peete made her way to Boston, Massachusetts and changed her name to "Louise M. Gould". She then began claiming that she was a 19-year-old Dallas heiress named R. H. Rosley. As Rosley, Peete claimed that she had been confined to a convent by her family and had run away. She ingratiated herself into several wealthy Boston families with her beauty and charm, and managed to convince one family to take her in. Peete then proceeded to charge items to the family at some of Boston's most expensive stores, and stole money from their friends and employees. After Peete's true identity was discovered, police allowed her to leave town to avoid embarrassing the family.
Murders
Peete later moved to Waco, Texas, where she became romantically involved with wealthy oil baron Joe Appel. One week after the two met, Appel was found shot to death and his diamond jewelry missing. Peete was arrested for his murder, but convinced a grand jury that she killed Appel in self-defense after he attempted to rape her.
In 1913, Peete moved to Dallas, Texas and quickly married Harry Faurote, a night clerk who worked at the St. George Hotel. Shortly after the two married, Peete stole $20,000 worth of jewels from the hotel's safe. Police questioned Faurote but cleared him of any involvement. Police suspected Peete of the theft and questioned her, but had no evidence linking her to the crime. Embarrassed over being accused of theft and despondent over his wife's infidelities, Faurote shot himself. However this seems unlikely and he is more likely to have been another of Peete's victims.
By 1915, Peete had relocated to Denver, Colorado, where she married salesman Richard Peete. They had a daughter, Frances Ann (known as Betty), in 1916. The couple fought constantly and finally separated in the summer of 1920. Shortly thereafter, Peete left her estranged husband and daughter and moved to Los Angeles, California. It was there that she met Jacob C. Denton, a recent widower with a teenage daughter who had made millions as a mining engineer before retiring.
Denton met Peete when she inquired about renting his 14-room Tudor Revival mansion, located at 675 South Catalina Street near Wilshire Boulevard. Denton hoped to rent his home out for $350 a month while he went on a business trip in June. For unknown reasons, he agreed to allow Peete to rent the mansion for $75 a month. She moved in on May 26, a few days before Denton's planned departure. The true nature of Peete and Denton's relationship is unclear; she has been identified as Denton's live-in girlfriend, housekeeper and tenant despite the fact that she never signed a lease. Peete would later claim the two were romantically involved.
On June 2, 1920, a little over a week after Peete moved into the mansion, Denton disappeared. Shortly thereafter, Peete hired a gardener to transport a load of dirt into the basement claiming she was planning to grow mushrooms. On June 5, Peete forged Denton's signature to withdraw $300 from his bank account and to gain access to his safe deposit box. When a bank official noticed Denton's signature looked unusual, Peete claimed that his right arm had been amputated after he was shot by an angry "mysterious Spanish looking woman" with whom he had gotten into an argument.
Peete claimed that the signature looked unusual because she had to help Denton write checks and sign his name with his left hand. She later expounded on this story (and told several different versions including one where the mysterious woman cut Denton's arm and leg off with a sword), claiming that Denton was in seclusion as he was "ashamed" by his amputated arm and would only see and speak to her.
In the weeks that followed, Denton's friends, business associates and neighbors began asking Peete to reveal his whereabouts. Peete gave several stories to explain his absence, including a story that Denton was on an extended business trip in various locations and would return shortly. Meanwhile, Peete began posing as Denton's wife. She spent his money, began driving his Cadillac, pawned his jewelry and possessions, and rented rooms in his mansion and pocketed the rent money.
Peete also convinced tenants of Denton's rental properties in Phoenix, Arizona to make their rent checks out to her. In August, she charged two expensive dresses at Bullock's department store in Denton's name, still claiming to be his wife. Around this time, Denton's teenaged daughter hired an attorney in an effort to find her father. The attorney questioned Peete, who claimed she did not know where Denton was, but agreed to forward his financial and business documents as soon as possible. The following month, Peete rented the mansion out and returned to her estranged husband and daughter in Denver.
With Peete out of the house, Denton's daughter was finally able to have the premises searched. On September 23, a private detective hired by the attorney searched the home and found Denton's decomposing body buried in the basement, in a wooden cubicle under the stairs. An autopsy determined that he had been shot in the head and strangled. His body was bound in numerous cords and wrapped in a quilt.
Police tracked Peete down in Denver and questioned her about Denton's murder. She maintained that she was not involved, but offered different scenarios to explain his death. Peete claimed that the unidentified "mysterious Spanish woman" who has purportedly shot Denton causing his arm to be amputated was his killer. This theory was quickly dismissed, as Denton's body was found with his right arm still attached, despite Peete's claim that Denton was in hiding because he was embarrassed about his missing arm. Peete then claimed that the body was not Denton, but that of a double whom Denton had killed. Peete was brought back to Los Angeles and was indicted on one charge of first-degree murder. Her trial began on January 21, 1921.
Peete's trial was extensively followed by newspapers nationwide. Coverage by the Hearst newspapers, known for their sensationalized reports and yellow journalism, was especially intense. Thousands of spectators lined up daily to watch Peete walk into the Hall of Justice. On February 17, 1921, she was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Throughout her trial and during the first two years of her sentence, Peete's husband Richard remained steadfastly loyal and continued to believe she was innocent. In 1923, she told Richard that he should divorce her so he would be free to remarry. Richard obliged, but vowed that he would "wait forever" for her release. Soon after the divorce was finalized, Peete stopped answering his letters and refused to see him. Despondent over her rejection, Richard shot himself in an Arizona hotel room in 1924. Peete later said her ex-husband killed himself because he felt guilty over her conviction and was despondent over his own poor health.
Post prison years and third murder
Peete was initially imprisoned at San Quentin State Prison before being transferred to the California Institution for Women in Tehachapi. She was considered a model prisoner, working as a dental assistant, maintaining the prison's flower garden, and writing for the prison newspaper. After serving eighteen years, Peete was paroled for good behavior in 1939. She was released into the custody of Jessie Marcy, a woman who had lobbied for her release, and began working as her live-in housekeeper.
Marcy died of natural causes shortly thereafter. Peete then moved in with her probation officer, Emily Latham, and acted as her nurse and housekeeper. Latham died of a heart attack in 1943. Neither death was investigated at length as police were unaware that Peete was the subject of a previously publicized murder case or was on parole. Shortly after her release, Peete had legally changed her name to "Anna Lee".
After Latham's death, Peete moved in with Arthur C. Logan and his wife Margaret, an elderly couple who lived in Pacific Palisades. Peete had struck up a friendship with Margaret, a retired social worker, while she was in prison. Margaret believed that Peete was innocent and had also lobbied for her release. The Logans had also cared for Peete's daughter while she was in prison. Peete worked for the couple as a live-in housekeeper and nurse to Arthur, who was suffering from age-related dementia and had been declared mentally incompetent. Around this time, on May 2, 1944, Peete married banker Lee Borden Judson. Peete did not disclose to Judson that she had been previously imprisoned for murder.
Soon after Peete began working for the Logans, she began telling neighbors that Arthur had fits of rage and physically attacked her and Margaret on several occasions. On June 1, 1944, Margaret disappeared. Three days later, Arthur was committed to Patton State Hospital by Peete, who claimed to be his foster sister. When neighbors began asking about Margaret's whereabouts, Peete claimed that Arthur had attacked his wife in a frenzy and bitten her nose so severely that she was left disfigured.
When Peete's husband began asking about Margaret's whereabouts, Peete reiterated that Arthur had attacked his wife and added that Margaret had gone into seclusion to undergo plastic surgery. For the next six months, Peete and her husband continued to live in the Logans' home. As she had with Denton, Peete began spending the Logans' money and forging their names on checks. On December 6, 1944, Arthur died while still committed to Patton State Hospital. Peete donated his body to science.
Shortly after Arthur's death, employees at the Logans' bank detected one of the forgeries Peete made and called police. While investigating the forgery, police searched the Logan home where Peete and her husband were still living. On December 20, 1944, six months after Margaret disappeared, police discovered her decomposing body buried in a shallow grave under an avocado tree in the backyard. Peete was arrested and charged with murder a few hours after the discovery.
During questioning, Peete claimed that Margaret was bludgeoned and shot by her husband during a "homicidal frenzy". Peete admitted that she buried Margaret but denied killing her. She said she did not report the murder because she feared she would be blamed due to her previous conviction. An autopsy determined that Margaret had been shot in the back of the neck and had sustained a skull fracture.
Judson was also arrested and charged with murder. The couple both maintained their innocence. On January 11, 1945, the murder charge against Judson was dropped due to insufficient evidence and he was released. The following day, he jumped to his death from the ninth floor of the Spring Arcade, an office building in Los Angeles. Upon learning of her husband's death, Peete wept and told reporters, "I'm to blame for that. [...] He couldn't face disgrace. As long as I was associated with him, he was a marked man."
Second conviction and execution
Peete's third murder trial began in Los Angeles on April 23, 1945. Prosecutors theorized that Peete killed Margaret Logan to gain control of her finances. They alleged that she killed Logan after the two had an argument about a $200 check Peete forged in Logan's name. On May 31, a jury found Louise Peete guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced her to death. While her sentence was being read, Peete sat in the courtroom reading The Importance of Living, a Chinese philosophy book by Lin Yutang. She looked up briefly to make a mocking facial expression to the prosecutor and then resumed reading.
In the years following her conviction, Peete continued to maintain her innocence. After several failed appeals, Peete was executed in the gas chamber at San Quentin State Prison on April 11, 1947. She was the second woman in California history to be executed by the state. Louise Peete is interred at Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery in Los Angeles.
In popular culture
Peete's final murder spree was dramatized in the Dragnet radio episode "The Big Thank-You," originally aired March 9, 1950. (Listen to episode)
Her story was dramatized in the series Deadly Women, episode "To Love and to Murder", originally aired August 24, 2011.
Peete's story was also covered by YouTuber Bailey Sarian in an August 9, 2021 episode of her "Murder, Mystery, and Makeup" series. (Cringe)(Watch the video) This case was also covered by fellow YouTuber BriefCase in a December 16, 2019 episode. (Watch the video
See also
List of serial killers in the United States
Footnotes
References
External links
Crimezzz profile
1880 births
1947 deaths
20th-century executions by California
20th-century executions of American people
American domestic workers
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American prostitutes
Burials at Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery
Criminals from Los Angeles
Executed American female serial killers
People convicted of murder by California
People executed by California by gas chamber
People from Bienville, Louisiana
People paroled from life sentence
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by California
Serial killers from California
Serial killers from Texas
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Peete
|
Darkness, also known as World at War, is a series of six fantasy novels by Harry Turtledove.
Though a fantasy, its general history, geography, and combatants are analogs of World War II, called the "Derlavai War" in this universe. Many of its characters are also the equivalents of historical people. Magic and other fantastic beasts, like dragons, are also stand-ins for World War II technology. Important battles in the series are also based on famous World War II battles. For example, the Battle of Sulingen is an analog to the Battle of Stalingrad.
Novels
Into the Darkness (1999)
Darkness Descending (2000)
Through the Darkness (2001)
Rulers of the Darkness (2002)
Jaws of Darkness (2003)
Out of the Darkness (2004)
World of Derlavai
Most of the action in the series takes place on the main continent of Derlavai, located in the southern hemisphere of an unnamed planet. There are also some lesser land masses and island chains mentioned in the story and on the map included in the novels. The planet also has the smaller continents of Siaulia and The Land of the Ice People.
There are only 12 independent countries: Algarve, Forthweg, Gyongyos, Jelgava, Sibiu, Kuusamo, Lagoas, Ortah, Unkerlant, Valmiera, Yanina, and Zuwayza. There are also three dependent territories (Bari, Grelz, and Rivaroli). Populations are for the most part homogeneous enough that a difference in hair color is easily enough to make one stand out. The vast majority of the members of a given Derlavaian ethnic group have the same hair and eye color combination.
All nations in the Darkness series are monarchies with the exception of Kuusamo, in which seven princes have a hereditary power-sharing arrangement. While by no means all absolute monarchies, in all of them kings (or princes in Kuusamo) seem to have the executive power. There are foreign ministers, but no prime ministers and no cabinets - a foreign minister evidently reporting directly to the King. None of the people have family names, even if they are members of the nobility. To the extent that monarchs are limited in their power, the limitation comes mainly from hereditary aristocracies which still maintain many privileges of feudal times.
The nations in the Darkness series do not have randomly invented names for their people and locations. Rather, each nation has personal and geographical names taken from a real nation on Earth. Turtledove has, however, mixed up the attributes so that any given Derlavaian kingdom is not instantly recognizable as a cognate of the countries which took part in World War II. For example, Unkerlant has Germanic (German, Low German, and Frankish) place and personal names. Forthweg has a Germanic language, Old English. Similarly, the Algarvic nations all speak Latin-derived languages: Algarve speaks Italian, Lagoas has Portuguese, and Sibiu Romanian. Kaunian languages are based on modern Baltic languages - Lithuanian is Classical Kaunian and Latvian for Valmerian and Jelgavian.
Unkerlant, though German-speaking, is an unmistakable Russia in both its culture and politics. On the other hand, Kuusamo - though playing the strategic role of the United States - has a Scandinavian culture, fitting with its Finnish language. Similarly, while politically and strategically Algarve is a clear analogue of Nazi Germany - including its committing genocide against the Kaunians/Jews - its culture seems more Italian than German, fitting with its language.
Magic
Magic in the Darkness series is not created by mages but rather harnessed by them. The mages of Derlavai gather magical power from the various power points scattered around the planet and the ley lines which link them, a recent discovery made only 200 years before the start of the books. Mages can also gather magic from human sacrifice. As such, the operation of magic is heavily reliant on location. Large, modern cities tend to be located on or near strong power points which provide the energy for the operation of the city's lighting, heating and other comforts. In addition, large power points tend to be linked to greater numbers of ley lines, which are utilised for transportation between cities and towns.
Mages
There are fundamental laws of magic, which require intense studying to master in order to become a mage. Though popular "how-to" books for the general public do exist, the spells published in them are not always reliable, and can backfire in dangerous or embarrassing ways. Professional mages are divided into "theoretical" and "practical." Theoretical mages research the relationships and underlying laws governing the behaviour of matter and energy, formulate hypotheses expressed in complicated mathematical formulas, and devise careful experiments in order to prove or disprove these hypotheses empirically. Practical mages use the theories devised by theoretical mages to make devices that can be used by the general public.
Magic and Technology
Derlavai has gone through a "Thaumaturgical Revolution" instead of an Industrial Revolution, using magic as the basis for much of its technology. Because of magic, there appears to be less of a need for mass industry. There are plants producing pottery, for example, in large amounts, but behemoths and dragons are bred on farms and clothing appears to be made by tailors instead of in factories.
On the civilian scene, magic is much less important, being limited to applications such as rest boxes (an analogue to the refrigerator which operates by slowing the effects of time on its contents), lighting (in places where such sorcerous power is available) and ley line ships, while in the military magic is involved in the production and use of almost all their weapons and supplies.
Most of the magical items in the world of Derlavai are analogues to everyday, or military, devices in our world. While the series is more concerned with military affairs than with economic ones, it seems that there are three competing ways of producing things:
By direct magic, using the law of similarity which can obviously be applied to mass production. This method is fast, but can produce inferior goods if not conducted with skill and effort.
By artisans, who work by hand and use a limited amount of magic. Each profession has some spells, and the knowledge and use of them is considered a normal part of that trade rather than a form of magecraft.
Mass production by machines, as in our world.
There is a mention of the Kuusamans rapidly building a new port in a newly conquered island by magic, which is evident from all buildings being the same (indicating that the spells made extensive use of the law of similarity). It is noted that only a country with many skilled mages could have spared the resources for such construction. In another place it is noted that printing is usually done by mechanical means, but the Valmieren resistance utilises magic for reproducing a propaganda sheet in order to avoid detection by the occupying authorities. The result of this magical duplication is readable, but the ink smudges easily as it was produced without the aid of a power point or an experienced mage.
Magical Items in the Darkness series
Crystals: Described as smooth spheres of glass, crystals are imbued with spells which allow them to be used for communication, and thus take the place of radios in the world. If operated away from a power point or ley line, they require regular recharging by some other means, which in one instance in the series involves the sacrifice of captive humans for their life energy which is used to power the crystal. Crystals can operate as videophones, showing an image of the person at the other end, as well as in audio-only mode. The emanations by which speech and images are transmitted between them are subject to interception by other mages, something at the forefront of the minds of most military planners in the series.
Eggs: The name given to the Derlavaian equivalent of bombs and shells, eggs are thin metal shells filled with magical energy which burst, or explode, when they impact a target or are triggered by an appropriate spell. A variety of uses for eggs are seen in the series. Armies launch them like shells from magically powered 'egg-tossers', which may be standalone devices or mounted on ley-line ships or behemoths. Dragons can carry eggs beneath their bellies for their fliers to drop on enemy forces or cities. Eggs may also be buried in the ground and enchanted to explode like landmines if they sense pressure, or can be buried along ley lines and set to explode if a ley line caravan passes over them, which simultaneously destroys the caravan and overloads the ley line's controlling spells. Leviathan riders also use eggs for mining enemy ships. Later in the series, the Algarvian army develops a hand held egg which can be thrown like a hand grenade; these eggs are encased in small pottery sugar bowls rather than metal shells. The reason for the term "egg" is never explicitly explained; apparently, originally armies used natural dragon eggs which are explosive in themselves, and then more powerful ones were developed by mages - but this is not explicitly stated.
Sticks: Sticks are the analogue to guns in the world of Derlavai. A stick emits a beam of energy which leaves behind a sharp scent like that of a nearby lightning strike. A soldier's stick is a large device and is activated when bare flesh such as an uncovered finger is inserted into its 'blazing hole'. The beam from a soldier's stick can burn a hole through a person with little difficulty, although they are largely ineffective against dragons and behemoths, which are not only naturally tough but also armored or painted silver to reflect beams. Smaller sticks are seen owned by civilians for blazing vermin or hunting game, or used by constables. Larger sticks, known as heavy sticks, are carried by behemoths on the battlefield, and can blaze through several men, another behemoth's armor or even take down dragons. Even larger heavy sticks can be used as fixed installations on the ground, used for air and sea defense, and carried on ley-line warships for use against ships, dragons and leviathans. Portable sticks used away from a power point or ley line require periodic recharging, which can be achieved in some unspecified way through the delivery of what is only described as 'charges' in supply wagons, or by the interventions of a mage drawing energy from a power point or sacrifice.
Rest crates: in function, much like a refrigerator or freezer, only considerably more effective. Rest crates are often mentioned as an archetypal application of modern sorcery, based on a spell used by the ancient Kaunian Empire to paralyze enemy soldiers. After counterspells were developed, it fell into disuse until modern systematic sorcery discovered that it operates by dramatically slowing the rate at which time affects objects under its influence. The rest crate, therefore, operates by slowing down the passage of time within its volume while its lid is shut. Food placed within it does not decay at a noticeable rate, but also requires no defrosting or other preparation before being used. A variant on this technique is also used by medical mages, who can slow down people suffering from serious injury in order to give them time to perform surgery, or to transport the victim to a place of treatment.
The Naantali Project
The equivalent of the Manhattan Project. The project included over a hundred mages working on a secret project for Kuusamo to create a new magical weapon. Due to the inability to hide their magical experiments, attempts were made by Algarve to disrupt it but this failed. At one point it is led by the viewpoint character Pekka.
The weapon requires grandparent and grandchild rats, rabbits or any other living creatures. Given the appropriate spells and mages able to perform them, the grandparent is pushed forward in time and the grandchild backward, killing them in the process and deriving enormous magical energy. Moreover, the mages themselves can deliver the energy to any target, by simply pointing out the spot on the globe. The magic can also create a protective spell to defend a city and deflect the magical energy hurled against it. It is speculated that using humans may make a more powerful magical explosion.
Nations
Turtledove depicts his nations as being analogous to real European nations, including as far as possible actual linguistic relationships. For example, the Derlavaian analogs of the Germanic nations are the Algarvic nations of Algarve, Sibiu, and Lagoas, but to confuse things somewhat, each uses names drawn from a different Romance language. In addition, the vast majority of the individuals belonging to each language group share the same hair and eye color; Algarvic peoples have red hair and green eyes, Kaunian peoples have blond hair and blue eyes, and the Unkerlantic peoples and most others have dark hair and eyes.
Algarve
The equivalent to Nazi Germany, ruled by King Mezentio, who is analogous to Adolf Hitler. Algarve was defeated in the Six Years' War a generation ago, which was analogous to World War I, and forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Tartus. Mezentio and his generals have spent much time and energy in preparing for a revenge on all their foes - especially the Kaunians. Located in the center of the continent, Algarve's people are characterized as red-headed and green-eyed, given to flamboyancy in word and gesture, and its males exhibit manifest macho behavior. Their typical dress includes kilts. To their enemies, Algarvians often seem arrogant and overbearing, and their conduct amply earns them the hatred of those who had the misfortune to live under their rule. While capable of great cruelty, Algarvians can also be quite generous on occasion; they doff their hats (sometimes literally) to an enemy whose conduct earned their grudging respect; and the same cultural traits which make them seem insufferably arrogant in victory also enable them to face adversity - even the certainty of imminent death - with admirable courage and fortitude. Algarvian names are drawn from Italian.
Forthweg
The equivalent to Poland. Its people are dark-haired, stocky, bearded, and prone to wearing long tunics. Part of the Kaunian Empire many centuries ago, about one-tenth of the prewar population were blond ethnic Kaunians, the only people in Derlavai to speak classical Kaunian as a birth language. Previous to Six Years' War Forthweg was partitioned between Algarve and Unkerlant, but later gained independence after that war. King Penda declared war on Algarve as part of the initial coalition against Algarve, but was attacked by both Algarve and Unkerlant and the country got re-partitioned; later, the whole is occupied by Algarve and at the end of the war is occupied by Unkerlant, which decides not to annex it outright but make it a satellite. Forthweg has a subtropical climate, with olive and citrus groves a prominent part of its agriculture. Forthwegians and Kaunians alike are extremely fond of gathering mushrooms. Forthweg's largest city as well as its capital is Eoforwic. Forthwegian names are drawn from Old English.
Gyongyos
The equivalent to Imperial Japan. Located in far-western Derlavai, it is separated from Unkerlant by a vast mountain range. Its people are described as tall, broad, and muscular, with wirey blonde hair and beards, and are the only nation described as having varying eye colors. Names in their language come from Hungarian. It is ruled by an ekrekek (emperor) instead of a king; he is seen as a direct descendant of the stars and is the person with whom the stars commune. Their religion is different from that of all other nations, distinguished by worship of the stars (those upon whom the stars shine are blessed, while those who are denied their light are cursed) and a very strong taboo against eating of the flesh of goats.
Gyongyos and Kuusamo had been fighting a war over possession of islands in the Bothenian Ocean when the Derlavian War broke out. In the second year of the war, Gyongyos attacked Unkerlant from the west, but never threatened the Unkerlant homeland in the same way Algarve did, partly because Unkerlant stretches a "fourth of the way around the world" and the valleys that Gyongyos seizes are very sparsely populated. For several years, the Kuusamans made slow headway against Gyongyos in the Bothenian theater, capturing several key islands. In the sixth year of the war, Kuusaman magic destroyed the island of Becsehely; Gyongyosian prisoners of war watched the display, but could not convince the ekrekek's government to capitulate. Kuusamo responded with a magic attack on the capital, killing the ekrekek and forcing the horrified and demoralised Gyongyosians into surrender. Another contributing factor to their ultimate defeat was the simultaneous invasion of Gyongyos by Unkerlant, a move analogous to the 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria.
Jelgava
The equivalent of Spain and Portugal. Jelgava is portrayed as a smaller nation closely akin to Valmiera in language, ethnicity, and culture, and possesses colonies in Siaulia. Jelgava is dominated by an oppressive and reactionary aristocracy, and is ruled by the odious King Donalitu who was replaced by Algarvian King Mezentio's brother when the nation was occupied by Algarve (in this case, based more closely on the Napoleonic Wars than on World War II). Jelgava has a subtropical climate where olives and oranges grow, and is separated from the rest of the continent by a high mountain chain. The capital of Jelgava is Balvi.
Kuusamo
The equivalent of the United States. It occupies most of the island it shares with Lagoas. Instead of a king, Kuusamo is ruled by seven hereditary princes who share power between each other (roughly equivalent to the US federal structure). The largest city is Yliharma. Its people are East Asian in appearance and are deliberate and low-key in their work, and names in their language are taken from Finnish. While clearly filling the strategic role of the US in WWII, Kuusamo's history and culture are quite different from that of the US. Rather than a new nation created by immigrants, the Kuusamans are proud of their heritage of having been in their land before the Kaunians and the Lagoans came; a chant to this effect is recited as a ceremony before classes and before spells. Also, Kuusamian culture seems far more Scandinavian than American.
Kuusamo was involved in a war with Gyongyos over the possession of islands in the Bothenian Ocean when the Derlavian War started; they stayed neutral until the second year of the war, when Kuusamo declared war against Algarve over the massacre of Kaunians for their life force. The Algarvians retaliated with a magic strike against the capital city, killing two of the Seven Princes and destroying the princely palace in the city. Kuusaman sorcerers succeed in discovering a new method of magical energy release, first using it to counter Algarve's murder-fueled spells, and eventually, a more powerful version of the spell is used to destroy the capital of Gyongyos. Unlike in the historical World War II, the Kuusamans first demonstrate the power of the weapon for Gyongyosian captives (who are then released) but the Gyongyosian government refuses to believe in the demonstration and the spell is used to devastating effect.
Lagoas
The equivalent of Great Britain, with names drawn from Portuguese. Its capital is Setubal and it is ruled by King Vitor. It and Kuusamo share a large island off of the southeast coast of Derlavai, which is described as being considerably larger than Algarve. Its people are also Algarvic in blood and mannerisms - red-haired and wearing kilts like Algarvians - which is sometimes startling for other members of other peoples who had learned to hate Algarvians. Lagoans are, however, unique in the habit of tying their hair in ponytails - which Algarvians do not, and many of them have noticeable Kuusaman ancestry, including the viewpoint character Fernao. Lagoas joined the war against Algarve when Sibiu was invaded and underwent several air attacks from Algarvian dragons based in Valmiera. Lagoan and Kuusaman forces invaded Derlavai from the east in the fifth year of the war under the command of Kuusaman Grand General Nortano. Lagoas capital, Setubal, is described as being the wealthiest and most cosmopolitan city in the world. This is due in part to Setubal sitting at the confluence of more ley lines than any other city. Setubal has an extensive public transportation network and is described as having many unusually tall buildings.
Ortah
The equivalent of Switzerland. Isolationist, mountainous, and protected by swamps - its people are generally left alone on the political stage. Ortah is sandwiched between Algarve and Unkerlant. As a result, Ortah is invaded near the end of the war, and ends up an Unkerlanter satellite like Forthweg and Yanina. The people of Ortah are supposed to be related to the Ice People, and their language is similar to theirs, in both cases drawn from Hebrew.
Sibiu
Equivalent to Denmark, Norway and the Netherlands. It is an island chain nation off of the southern coast of Derlavai. Its people are Algarvic in blood, but it allies against Algarve. Sibiu, a member of the initial coalition, was overrun in a surprise attack by Algarve in the first year of the war, and freed in the third year of the war. It is mentioned that some 300 to 250 years in the past Sibiu fought a series of naval wars with Lagoas, over trade and control of the sea. Sibiu is named after a town in Transylvania. The capital of Sibiu is Tirgoviste. Sibian names are drawn from Romanian.
Unkerlant
The equivalent to the Soviet Union. It occupies nearly all of the western part of Derlavai. Ethnic Unkerlanters are dark-haired and stocky, clean-shaven, and wear long tunics (the tendency to be clean-shaven being what distinguishes them from the Forthwegians), but Unkerlant is apparently home to ethnic minorities such as the people of the Mamming Hills in the south, who look "more like Kuusamans than anything else." Its people are brutally treated by the paranoid and ruthless King Swemmel, analogous to Joseph Stalin. Swemmel is a hard, suspicious man who is fond of boiling his enemies alive. Swemmel defeated his brother Kyot in the Twinking's War, the equivalent to the Russian Civil War, shortly after the Six Years' War. The capital of Unkerlant is Cottbus. Names in Unkerlant are of German or pseudo-German origin.
Valmiera
Equivalent to France. It is located on the southeastern section of Derlavai. Its people are descendants of the ancient Kaunian Empire and as such are slim, blonde and blue-eyed and their dress is typically trousers and tunics. Valmiera was one of the states which declared war on Algarve in the first year of the war. The Algarvian offensive in the spring of the second year led to the defeat and occupation of the country. Activities of the Valmieran Resistance under the occupation, seen through the eyes of the character Skarnu, are closely equivalent to the French Resistance in World War II, while the collaboration of most nobles and the Valmieran police with the occupiers resembles the Vichy regime.. However, the corrupt Valmieran aristocracy is reminiscent of a much earlier period in French history, the pre-1789 Ancien Regime. Kuusaian and Lagoan victors give the Valmierans a share in the spoils after the war is over (like the British and Americans to 1945 France). Valmiera's capital is Priekule, describes as a center of high culture.
Yanina
The equivalent of Italy and Nazi Germany's other allies in general, although, strangely, their names are clearly Greek (e.g. Yanina, Patras). Allied with Algarve in the beginning of the war, its people are most noted for being incompetent militarily, though individual soldiers and dragon flyers sometimes show bravery. Also, Yanina has a colonial possession in the strategic Land of the Ice People, which it is unable to defend against Lagoas, and is being forced to pass effective conduct of the war there into the hands of the Algarvians (equivalent of Italy passing the war in North Africa to the Germans under Erwin Rommel). However, in the last phase of the war, when the Unkerlanter/Soviet army approaches its border and the Yaninan King quickly changes sides. The pom-poms which Yaninans wear on their shoes are the source of constant ridicule by members of other nations. Yaninas are described as being small, swarthy, dark-haired, and big-nosed, somewhat like Unkerlanters but shorter and less stocky. They share with the Algarvians a love for ostentatious mustaches and macho behavior; arguing is semi-humorously considered the national sport. The capital city is Patras.
Zuwayza
The equivalent of Finland. Located on a peninsula on the far northern part of Derlavai. Due to the hot climate, the people of Zuwayza typically go nude except for jewelry, sandals, and broad-brimmed hats. They are described as very dark-skinned, and Zuwayzin names are taken from Arabic. The Zuwayzi are known to use camels when fighting. Zuwayza was once ruled directly by Unkerlant but gained independence after the Six Years' War. Unkerlant attacked Zuwayza in the first year of the war and gained territory. In retaliation, Zuwayza allied with Algarve against Unkerlant. When Algarve was driven back, Zuwayza was forced to sign a separate peace, allowing Unkerlant great advantages, but preserving its independence. The Zuwayzin capital is Bishah.
The Land of the Ice People
The equivalent of North Africa located on an icy continent near the south pole. Ice People of both sexes have extensive body hair, on the order of primates. Their language is represented by Hebrew, as in Ortah. Ice People introduce themselves by describing their genealogy into the remote past ending by saying they are related to a god. Magic that works well in Derlavai will not work well in the Land of the Ice People; the Algarvians learned this to their disadvantage when they tried murdering Kaunians there. The Ice People are the only people known to worship gods, instead of spirits.
The Duchy of Bari
Roughly, the equivalent of the Rhineland or Austria. Once the southern part of Algarve, it was politically separated at the conclusion of the Six-Year war and given independence under Duke Alardo. Algarve's annexation of the region caused Valmiera, Forthweg, Jelgava, and Sibiu to attack, sparking the Derlavaian War.
The Duchy of Grelz
The equivalent of Ukraine. Located in the southern part of Derlavai. Its people are Unkerlanter but speak with a strong accent. While under Algarvian occupation, it is made into a puppet "Kingdom of Grelz" and is ruled by Mezentio's cousin Raniero. Support for the foreign king is very mixed.
The Marquisate of Rivaroli
Equivalent of Alsace-Lorraine and the Sudetenland. It is an area long disputed between Algarve and Valmiera, which was incorporated in the latter at the end of the Six Years' War. The people of Rivaroli have an Algarvian allegiance, revolting upon the approach of the Algarvian army in the early part of the war - for which they pay dearly at the war's end, being expelled en masse by the Valmierans.
Kaunians
Kaunians are both equivalents of the Roman Empire and Jews. Kaunians are characterised as on the slender and tall side, with fair skin and blonde hair. Kaunians face suspicion and prejudice, a separate and vaguely detested minority in many nations. Kaunian names (including those in Valmiera and Jelgava) are drawn from the Baltic languages.
Originally most of the continent was covered by the Kaunian Empire. When the Kaunian Empire fell thanks to the "Algarvian Irruption" - analogous to the Germanic invasions of the late Roman Empire - the Kaunians remained the dominant cultural and ethnic group in Eastern Derlavai. First they lived in independent city states and small principalities which later coalesced into the successor-states Jelgava and Valmiera. Jelgavan and Valmieran have developed to the point that their speakers don't understand the classical language unless they study it especially. Ancient Kaunian is a language of many tenses and verb forms, which makes for a language of precision. Kaunians bring this precision into play when they switch to a more modern language, generally to the disdain of others.
In the parts of Lagoas and Kuusamo which were part of the empire, Kaunians disappeared completely. In the more westward parts of the continent, in contrast, Kaunians became an ethnic minority in countries formed by the invading "barbarians": maintaining a distinct and largely separate minority culture, keeping the ancient language in more or less its original form as their daily speech, clinging to the short tunics and trousers common in the days of Empire, and frowning at the idea of mixed marriages. The wearing of trousers by the Kaunian women tends to be a distraction for other peoples, as the tight pants reveal more than the more modern knee-length tunics do. This often results in Kaunian women being regarded as sexually promiscuous - a widespread racial stereotype which is deliberately used by King Mezentio in fomenting hatred of Kaunians.
In Algarve itself, Kaunians seem, already for several generations, to be deeply assimilated in the surrounding society. They speak Algarvian, wear kilts, call themselves by Algarvian names, and their males have Algarvian-style moustaches and behave in the blatant macho way encouraged by Algarvian culture. Until their persecutions started, there were prominent Kaunian scholars at the University of Trapani.
What happens to the Kaunians in the Darkness series is the equivalent to the Holocaust, where Kaunians under Algarvian control are systematically stripped of their rights and violence against them is ignored by the authorities. Eventually, Algarve, facing a desperate stalemate against Unkerlant, begins slaughtering Kaunians en masse to fuel vast quantities of death-energy-powered sorcery in an attempt to break the impasse. Mezentio's official aim is not to exterminate Kaunians but to win the war, thus Kaunians are provided with adequate food to keep them alive until they need to be sacrificed for the war effort. Unkerlant responds to these magical attacks by sacrificing their own people to attack Algarve in the same way.
Many Kaunians do not die without any resistance. The remaining Kaunians in Eoforwic join in the uprising in the city which is the equivalent to the Warsaw Uprising. Other Kaunians use magic to make themselves look like everyone else and are able to hide in plain sight.
Late in the war, as they got desperate, and as it became obvious to the Algarvians that non-Kaunians were now far more of a worry than the thoroughly cowed blonds, the Algarvians began to display a somewhat more pragmatic, open attitude toward the Kaunians. They allowed Valmierans and Jelgavans to join their army, and they played an important role on the southern front against the Unkerlanters and in Jelgava. Their mages still defaulted toward wanting to kill Kaunians out of habit, including the soldiers fighting on their side, but Algarvian officers increasingly refused to allow this, leading the mages to turn to killing Yaninan deserters or turning to other magics.
Viewpoint characters
References
External links
Darkness page on official website
Book series introduced in 1999
Novels by Harry Turtledove
Fantasy books by series
Alternate Nazi Germany novels
Novels about dragons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Darkness%20Series
|
Preethi Nair (born 1971) is a British author of Indian heritage. Born in Kerala, India, she came to the United Kingdom as a child. She worked as a management consultant, but gave up her job to become a writer.
Preethi Nair's first novel, Gypsy Masala, was rejected by several publishers. She then set up her own publishing company and PR agency, Nine Fish, in Northampton, to publish and promote the book.
She created an alter ego, Pru Menon, in order to publicize the book, and went on to sign a three-book deal with HarperCollins.
Works
Gypsy Masala
100 Shades of White
The Colour of Love / Beyond Indigo
References
External links
3:AM interview
Official Website
1971 births
Living people
21st-century British novelists
Malayali people
Writers from Kerala
British Hindus
British people of Indian descent
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preethi%20Nair
|
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 3rd Battalion 6th Marines
|image=3rdBN6thMAR.jpg
|caption= 3/6 Insignia
|dates= August 14, 1917 – August 20, 1919June 14, 1922 – August 10, 1922June 12, 1924 – November 10, 1928November 1, 1940 – March 27, 1946October 17, 1949 – present
|country=
|allegiance=
|branch=
|type= Light Infantry
|role= The mission of the Marine Corps rifle squad is to locate, close with and destroy the enemy by fire and maneuver and/ or repel enemy assault by fire and close combat.
|size=
|command_structure= 6th Marine Regiment2nd Marine Division
|current_commander= LtCol Charles E. Anklam III
|garrison= Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname= "Teufel Hunden" (Devil Dogs)
|patron=
|motto=
“Discipline”
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles= World War I
Battle of Belleau Wood
Battle of Soissons
Battle of Saint-Mihiel
Meuse-Argonne offensive
World War II
Battle of Guadalcanal
Battle of Tarawa
Battle of Saipan
Battle of Tinian
Battle of Okinawa
Operation Just Cause
Operation Desert StormWar on TerrorOperation Enduring Freedom
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Operation Inherent Resolve
|anniversaries=
}}3rd Battalion 6th Marines''' is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps based out of Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Also known as "Teufelhunden", it consists of approximately 1000 Marines and Sailors. They fall under the 6th Marine Regiment and the 2nd Marine Division.
Subordinate units
H&S Company
India Company
Kilo Company
Lima Company
Weapons Company
History
World War I
3rd Battalion 6th Marines was activated on August 14, 1917, at Quantico, Virginia, as the 3rd Battalion, 6th Regiment. They were quickly deployed during October–November 1917 to France and assigned to the 4th Brigade, American Expeditionary Force. They participated in the following World War I offensive campaigns: Aisne-Marne, Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne. They also participated in the following World War I defensive campaigns: Toulon-Troyon, Chateau-Thiery, Marabache, and Limey. Following the war they took part in the occupation of the Rhineland, December 1918-July 1919. They returned during July–August 1919 to Quantico, Virginia. The battalion was deactivated August 20, 1919
3/6 was reactivated June 14, 1922, at Quantico, Virginia, as the 3rd Battalion, 6th Regiment and assigned to the 4th Brigade. They participated in maneuvers at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, June–July 1922 and attached to the Marine Corps Expeditionary Force. They were shortly thereafter deactivated August 10, 1922, at Quantico, Virginia
Again reactivated June 12, 1924, at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic they were relocated during July 1924 to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. They moved during January 1925 to Quantico, Virginia and were again deactivated February 1, 1925. Reactivated April 1927 at Norfolk, Virginia, as the 3rd Battalion, 6th Regiment and assigned to the provisional regiment. They deployed during April–July 1927 to Tientsin, China and reassigned to the 3rd Marine Brigade. The Battalion was redesignated October 4, 1927, as the 1st Battalion, 12 Regiment and redesignated again on April 22, 1928, as the 3rd Battalion, 6th Regiment. In October 1928 they moved to San Diego, California and were deactivated November 10, 1928.
World War II
3/6 was again reactivated on November 1, 1940, in San Diego, California, as the 3rd Battalion, 6th Marines and assigned to the 2nd Marine Brigade. In the spring of 1941 they deployed to Reykjavík, Iceland and were reassigned to the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade. They returned January–February 1942 to San Diego, California and reassigned to the 2nd Marine Division.
Deployed during October–November 1942 to Wellington, New Zealand they participated in the following World War II campaigns: Guadalcanal, Southern Solomons, Tarawa, Saipan, Tinian and Okinawa. Following the war they were relocated during September 1945 to Nagasaki, Japan. They participated in the Occupation of Japan, September 1945 to February 1946 and arrived back in Camp Pendleton, California
during February–March 1946. They were again deactivated March 27, 1946.
Post-World War II
3/6 was again brought back on October 17, 1949, on board USS Fremont and assigned to the 2nd Marine Division. The battalion relocated during August 1950 to Camp Pendleton, California and once again were deactivated September 11, 1950. 3/6 was quickly reactivated September 12, 1950, at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and assigned to the 2nd Marine Division. They deployed at various times as Battalion Landing Team 3/6 in the Mediterranean and Caribbean from April 1952 to 1958
1958-2000
Participated in the Landings in Lebanon, July–October 1958
Participated in the Cuban Missile Crisis, October–December 1962
Participated in Operation Power Pack, Dominican Republic, April–May 1965
Participated in reinforcement of naval base, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, October–November 1979
1982 3/6 Became the First Reorganized Rifle Bn. (SOC) Special Operations Capable in The Marine Corps.
Kilo company participated in Operation Just Cause, Panama, December 1989-January 1990
Participated in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, Southwest Asia, December 1990-April 1991
Participated in Operation Restore Hope, Mogadishu, Somalia, January–March 1994
Participated preparations for Operation Uphold Democracy, Haiti, July–August 1994
Participated in Operation Sea Signal, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, January–March 1995
Participated in Operation Southern Watch / Operation Desert Thunder, Southwest Asia, February–March 1998
Global War on Terror
The battalion participated in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan & Pakistan from November 2001 until February 2002. During this time they assisted in the capture and defense of Kandahar Airfield and as well as the defense of the American Embassy in Kabul in December 2001.
From the summer of 2002 to March 2004, the battalion functioned as the Marine Corps Anti-Terrorism Battalion known as the 4th MEB deploying forces in support of Combined Joint Task Force-180 to the U.S. Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan, Joint Task Force-GTMO in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and in support of Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa in Djibouti.
In March 2004 the battalion resumed their function as an infantry battalion and deployed to eastern Afghanistan from April 2004 to December 2004 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.
Operation Iraqi Freedom
In August 2005, 3/6 made their first deployment to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. They returned from Iraq in late March 2006 having served in the Al-Anbar province in the Al-Qaim region, an insurgent staging area for travel south to disrupt regional stability. In October 2005, the battalion performed Operation Ironfist and successfully swept and cleared the cities of Sadah and Eastern Karabilah taking minimal casualties. They also operated as the main effort under RCT-2 alongside 2nd Battalion 1st Marines during Operation Steel Curtain during which they raided, swept, and cleared the cities of Husaybah and Karabilah.
Marines from the battalion also took part in Operation Northern Forge and Operation Murfreesboro.
In January 2007, 3/6 deployed to the Al Anbar province at Camp Habbaniyah; operating from western Ramadi to eastern/southern Fallujah. They returned from a 7-month deployment on August 12, 2007,
In April 2008, 3/6 deployed to the Al Anbar province at Camp Baharia; near Fallujah, under Regimental Combat Team 1. They returned from a 7-month deployment on October 27, 2008.
Operation Enduring Freedom
In January 2010, 3/6 deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. During this time the battalion participated in Operation Moshtarak, securing and operating in the north of Marjah. They returned from this deployment in August 2010. In June 2011, 3/6 re-deployed again to Marjah and its surrounding areas.
In December 2014, 3/6 deployed to the Mediterranean in support of the 24th MEU. They returned from this deployment in June 2015.
Operation Inherent Resolve
In February 2017, 3/6 deployed again on the 24th MEU. A platoon from each company deployed to Syria in support of Operation Inherent Resolve in order to clear IS militants from Ar Raqqah, Syria.
Battalion Indian head patch
During World War I the Fifth and Sixth Marines fought in France as the Fourth Marine Brigade of the US Army's 2nd Infantry Division were forced to wear the Army's uniform. The Marines had only the eagle, globe, and anchor on their soft covers to distinguish themselves from their Army brothers-in-arms. As this did not sit well with the Marines, a patch was designed to distinguish them from their counterparts. A black shield with one five-pointed star and an Indian head with full war bonnet was selected. It is said that the black was for mourning and respect for their casualties, the shield for defense, and the star for the Second Division Commander, Brigadier General John A. Lejeune, and the Indian for General Lejeune's nickname "Old Indian." Another source says the patch was derived from a U.S. Coin in circulation at the time.
General Lejeune himself gave a somewhat different history as to the origin of the patch in his 1930 autobiography "The Reminiscences of a Marine." He states; "There was no inferiority complex about the Second Division. We knew that we were second to none, but also that we were better than any! So we adopted the star and Indian head as Division Insignia, the Indian head representing its fighting ability, and the star its spirit or espirit de corps. It was, I think, the First Division of the A.E.F. (American Expeditionary Force) to wear insignia."
"We carried the idea out, too, to its logical conclusion by providing a different background for each regiment, each Battalion, and each separate detachment."
The Sixth Marine Regiment used the same design in a diamond shape instead of a shield. The color of the background on which the star was placed shows the battalion: black, headquarters; green, supply; purple, machine-gun company; red, First Battalion; yellow, Second Battalion; and blue, third battalion.
Notable former members
Joseph F. Dunford, Jr.
Daniel Daly
Honors & awards
The unit has received the following awards:
Presidential Unit Citation Streamer
Tarawa 1943
Operation Moshtarak, Marjah 2010
Navy Unit Commendation Streamer with four bronze stars
Dominican Republic 1965
Panama 1989-1990
Southwest Asia 1990-1991
Afghanistan 2001-2002
Husaybah/Fallujah 2007
Meritorious Unit Commendation Streamer with two bronze star
Guantanamo Bay 1979, 1985–1987
LF5F Med. Deployment 1999-2000
World War I victory streamer with one silver star
Army of Occupation of Germany streamer
Marine Corps Expeditionary streamer with two bronze stars
Yangtze Service streamer
American Defense Service streamer with one bronze star
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign streamer
Asiatic-Pacific campaign streamer with one silver and one bronze star
World War II Victory streamer
Navy Occupation Service streamer with "Asia" and "Europe"
National Defense Service streamer with two bronze stars
Southwest Asia Service streamer with two bronze stars
Armed Forces Expeditionary streamer with two bronze stars
Afghanistan Campaign Medal with two bronze stars
Iraq Campaign Medal with four bronze stars
Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
French Croix de Guerre with two palms and one gilt star
French Fourragère
See also
Organization of the United States Marine Corps
List of United States Marine Corps battalions
References
Sources
Bibliography
Web
3/6's official website
Infantry battalions of the United States Marine Corps
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd%20Battalion%2C%206th%20Marines
|
Here Come the Mummies (HCTM) is an American funk rock band best known for its live performances and anonymous band members.
The band consists of various professional musicians based in Nashville, Tennessee. There are rumored to be several Grammy awards among the members, though this is difficult to verify, as the identities of band members are kept "under wraps." Members are believed to be under contract to various record labels, hiding their identities so as to prevent contract disputes while performing.
According to the band's humorous promotional material: "Some say [the band was] cursed after deflowering a great Pharaoh's daughter. Others claim they are reincarnated Grammy-Winning studio musicians. Regardless, HCTM's mysterious personas, cunning song-craft, and unrelenting live show will bend your brain, and melt your face."
Style and influences
Here Come the Mummies' music is funk rock that incorporates elements of jazz, soul, ska and reggae. The band's influences include Otis Redding, Sly and the Family Stone, Stevie Wonder, Commodores and Kool & the Gang. The band's appearance may have been inspired by the garage rock band The Mummies, who also performed in bandages and anonymously.
Members
Current
Current members of the band are:
Mummy Cass – Guitar, Lead vocals
Eddie Mummy – Drums, Vocals
Spaz – Keyboards, Vocals
K.W. Tut – Bass, Vocals
The Pole! – Bass
Midnight Mummy – Baritone Sax, Tenor Sax, Flute, Trombone, Keytar, Percussion, Vocals
The Flu – Alto Sax, Clarinet, Flute
Ra – Tenor Sax
High Priest of Death (HPOD) – Trumpet
(Dr.) Mummy Yo – Baritone Sax, Tenor Sax, Alto Sax, Sousaphone, Flute
Mummy Highlander – Saxophone (alternate)
Motherlode – Saxophone (alternate)
Mummy Lingus - Saxophone (alternate)
The Great Grabsby - Saxophone (alternate)
Former
Former members of the band are:
Flava Mummy – Percussion, Vocals
Oozie Mummy – Trumpet, Vocals
Teste Verde – Trumpet
Bucking Blanco – Trumpet
Ramses Mummy – Bass
Hoser – Saxophone
Java Mummy – Percussion, Vocals: Java (born 1974 B.C. as J Mummy Love)
Will Pharaoh – Trumpet
Tito Mummy – Trumpet
B.B. Queen – Trumpet
Gold Member - Trumpet
Jo Jo Ma - Saxophone
Bone Air - Trombone
Boy Algae - Trombone
The Slide - Trombone
Maximum Mummy - Trombone
Snatchmo
Two-zie Mummy
The Probe
Sousa Claus
Octoberfist
Patches
Goldfinger
Miracle Mummy
Bangrene
Mo'Betta
Dicksome
D.C.
Devo Mummy
Yummy Mummy
Maniac Mummy
Hilfiger
Mandomum Mummy
Jerkamum Mummy
Crusty Mummy
Uncle Tuck
Wigglesworth
Hokiemum
Mummy Igor
Periphe
Discography
Studio albums
Terrifying Funk from Beyond the Grave (2002)
Everlasting Party (2003)
Single Entendre (2008)
Carnal Carnival (2010)
Bed, Bath & Behind (2011)
Introducing the Tiny Tuts (2012)
Cryptic (2013)
Underground (2016)
A Blessing And A Curse (2016)
HOUSE PARTY (2022)
EPs
A La Mode (2014)
Pull It Off (2014)
Shocker (2014)
MuertoDiesel (2014)
Live albums
Undead Live (2009)
Rejuvannihilation (2013)
MMXV (2016)
All Excess (2018)
Compilation albums
Hits & Mrs. (2012)
CuriosiTease Volume 1 (2013)
Threesome (2014)
Compilations
Bob And Tom Dead Air Disc 2 (2009)
Fired Up! Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (2009)
Appearances
The band's song "Dirty Minds" has been featured on the television shows Big Shots, The Loop, and Scrubs, as well as the movie Fired Up!, also appearing on the Fired Up! official soundtrack.
In 2009 and again in 2010 the band played on the Bob and Tom morning show. They have since become one of the show's favorite musical guests.
The band also made television appearances in 2020 as the house band for “Josh Gates Tonight”.
References
External links
MySpace Page
Facebook Page
Last.FM
Musical groups established in 2000
American funk musical groups
Bands with fictional stage personas
Masked musicians
Funk rock musical groups
Unidentified musicians
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%20Come%20the%20Mummies
|
Sympetally (fused petals) is a flower characteristic that historically was used to classify a grouping of plants termed Sympetalae, but this term has been abandoned in newer molecular based classifications, although the grouping has similarity to the modern term asterids.
History
Sympetalae Rchb. (1828), meaning “with fused petals”, is a descriptive botanical name used in the Eichler, Engler, and Wettstein systems for a group of flowering plants (angiosperms). In this group the flowers have a separate calyx and corolla and in which the corolla petals are fused, at least at their base, a condition known as sympetally.
Prior to the phylogenic classifications of August Eichler and his successors this group corresponds to the Gamopetalae of Bentham and Hooker, gamopetally being a synonym of sympetally. This was one of the three divisions of dicotyledons in their system. In Eichler's Blüthendiagramme, the class Dicotyleae was divided into two subclasses, the Sympetalae (also classified as Metachlamydeae) and the Choripetalae. Adolf Engler and Karl Prantl also listed Sympetalae as a division of the class Dicotyledoneae in their system, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, with Sympetalae being composed of gamopetalous families having gamopetalous corollas. Alfred Rendle similarly described Sympetalae as originating from dicots, and then divided them into Pentacyclicae and Tetracyclicae in accordance with the number of flower parts in each group, four and five respectively.
According to Engler and Prantl, Sympetalae includes the following orders: Diapensiales, Ericales, Primulales, Plumbaginales, Ebenales, Contortae, Tubiflorae, Plantaginales, Rubiales, Cucurbitales, and Campanulatae.
Sympetalous flowers are found in many angiosperms, but it was the combination of sympetally with a "stamen whorl isomerous and alternate with the corolla-lobes, or stamens fewer than the corolla lobes" that Takhtajan (1964) used to define the subclass Asteridae, and later by Cronquist (1981), and later, corresponding to the asterids in the modern Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system, based on molecular phylogenetics. Since sympetally has arisen independently many times in evolution (homoplasy), on its own it is not useful for taxonomic classification.
Examples
Lady's bedstraw (Galium verum)
Olive (Olea europaea)
Northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)
Willow gentian (Gentiana asclepiadea)
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
Jalap (Ipomoea purga)
See also
Asteridae
Asterids
References
Bibliography
Historically recognized angiosperm taxa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympetalae
|
The Artsakh Defence Army () was the defence force of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh. Established in 1992, it united previously disorganized self-defence units which were formed in the early 1990s with the goal of protecting the ethnic Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh from attacks by Soviet and Azerbaijani armed forces.
It was disbanded on 21 September 2023 under the terms of Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement following the 2023 Azerbaijani military offensive.
History
Establishment
The Artsakh Defence Army was founded on 9 May 1992. It created "its own central command and military structure distinct from the Armenian Army." Its founders included Robert Kocharyan (the former President of Armenia, he was the first commander-in-chief of the Army); Serzh Sargsyan (former Prime Minister and President of Armenia); Vazgen Sargsyan (Armenia's Defence Minister 1992–93, State Minister in Charge of defence 1993–95, Armenia's Prime Minister 1998–99); Monte Melkonian (responsible for Martuni Province); Samvel Babayan (Nagorno-Karabakh's Defence Minister from 1994 to 2000) and others. Many of the men who served in its ranks and in the officer corps during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War were seasoned veterans of the Soviet military and had fought in the Soviet–Afghan War.
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
The formal formation of the NKR Defence Army was rooted in the concept of the Jokat (volunteer detachment). With the early outbreak of hostilities prior to 1992, Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh began forming small detachments of volunteers, often self-described as Fedayeen, inheriting the name of the fighters who actively resisted the Ottoman Empire in the final decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries.
At the outset these detachments were small groups of no more than 12–40 men. For example, during Operation Ring, Shahumyan was defended by a force as small as 22 men under the command of Tatul Krpeyan. These volunteer militia would initially arm themselves with whatever was available, including hunting shotguns borrowed from local farmers and even home-made rifles. In the later stages of the war, these units armed themselves with AK-47s, RPGs and sometimes MANPADs, transforming the defence force into a highly mobile and flexible force that was capable of waging guerrilla warfare. Likewise, these units initially had no heavy military equipment, but later started taking over large quantities of Azerbaijani tanks and armored personnel carriers that were abandoned on the battlefield. Most of these captured tanks and APCs later became part of the NKR Defense Army's equipment. Improvization, multi-functionality, creativity, strong-morale, focus on defensive tactics, adaptation, flexibility, high-mobility and a native knowledge of the mountainous terrain are all important factors in understanding the combat success of these small units.
The initial purpose of these detachments, made up of volunteers, was mainly to defend Armenian civilian population, each in a particular village or town. Each of them was operating independently with no central command or leadership. Yet, these units would regularly collaborate in joint operations such as the battle of Khojaly in February 1992 or the June 1992 surprise counter-offensives during Operation Goranboy. The increasing scale and intensity of Azerbaijani attacks, the devastation caused by Grad multiple rocket launchers firing from Shusha and the Lachin, the blockade from mainland Armenia had broadened the notion of security beyond the mere defence of a small village. Capturing Shusha and Lachin as well as turning the tide of Operation Goranboy became, for the Armenians, not only a matter of security, but that of survival. For the successful conduct of such large-scale operations, the detachments had to be consolidated under a single, unified command.
Mient Jan Faber argues that "August 1992 marked the watershed between purely voluntary Armenian Karabakh forces reinforced by volunteers from Armenia and an organised NKR army with its own central command and a military structure distinct from the Armenian army."
Post war
The Nagorno-Karabakh Defence Army's primary role after the conclusion of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 is the protection of the NKR from foreign and domestic threats. Though the war ended with the signing of a cease fire between Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan and the de facto independence of the NKR, the Azerbaijani leadership repeatedly threatened to restart hostilities to retake the region. Violations of the cease fire along the line of contact were frequent and often resulted in the deaths of several soldiers and civilians each year. One of the most significant breaches of the ceasefire occurred in Martakert on 8 March 2008, when up to sixteen soldiers were killed. Both sides accused the other of starting the battle. In June 2010, new skirmishes broke out between Armenian and Azerbaijani troops along the line of contact, resulting in the deaths of four Armenian servicemen. Clashes in summer 2014 resulted in the deaths of six Armenian and thirteen Azerbaijani servicemen. On 12 November 2014, a Nagorno-Karabakh Defence Army Mi-24 attack helicopter participating in the week-long joint Armenian–NKR Unity 2014 military exercises was shot down by the Azerbaijani military, killing all three crew members. On 1 April 2016 large scale clashes began along the line of contact, which lasted for four days and came to be known as the Four-Day War. According to several sources they were the worst since 1994. These clashes culminated in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, in which the Artsakh Defence Army was defeated while fighting against the military of Azerbaijan and Turkey. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan Erdogan admitted that Turkey provided military and diplomatic backing to Azerbaijan during the fighting. During the war, Turkey sent a number of Syrian opposition fighters as mercenaries to fight against Armenian forces, including fighters from Sultan Murad Division and Hamza Division.
In May 2021, President Arayik Harutyunyan announced plans to transform the Defense Army into a professional combat force.
It was disbanded on 21 September 2023 following the 2023 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes, as one of the conditions imposed by Azerbaijan to end the clashes.
Structure
The Ministry of Defence serves as the chief administrative body of the Defence Army.
Chiefs of Staff
Lieutenant General Anatoly Zinevich (1994–1997)
Major General Kamo Vardanyan (-11 September 2021)
Defense Districts
The five Defense Districts are as follows:
Central Defense District
NKR self-defense detachments were formed on 22 February 1988. At the end of 1991 and at the beginning of 1992, more than ten volunteer detachments and detachments were formed in Stepanakert and included more than a thousand fighters. Motorized regiments were then formed on the basis of the following structure:
1st Motorized Rifle Battalion
2nd Motorized Rifle Battalion
3rd Motorized Rifle Battalion
In September 1989, the Central Defense District (also known as the Stepanakert Defense District) was formed on the basis of those battalions. The 8th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade is part of the district, being formed on 14 October 1992. It is named after "Commander Vazgen Sargsyan".
Hadrut Defense District
Its first battalion was formed on 16 July 1992. The district was formed in September 1992, in accordance with the order of the Chairman of the Committee for Self-Defense of the Artsakh Republic in August 1992.
Martuni Defense District
It was formed in September 1991 by the order of the President on the basis of self-defense detachments and platoon operating in the region. The Mataghis Military Unit is part of the district. It was based in the Madagiz settlement of the Martakert Province. In May 2017, the commander and two deputies of the military unit were dismissed after 3 soldiers drowned after their UAZ-315195 vehicle fell into a reservoir. Among its notable commanders was Mikael Arzumanyan, the current Commander of the Defense Army, serving as the commander of the unit at the age of 22.
Shahumyan Defensive Region
The Yeghnikner ("The Deers") Detachment was founded on 11 March 1993 and is considered to be one of the most elite units of the army of the unrecognized republic. It originated from a partisan unit created by Shahen Meghryan, which was formed on 25 June 1992 from self-defense detachments of the district villages. Among its symbols were the coat of arms of the Meliks of Gulistan and its unit banner. The Shahumyan Defensive Region (SDR) was formed by the Chairman of the Self Defense Committee in March 1993, originally incorporating two battalions Between 1993 and 1994, SDR units participated in battles and operations in Martakert and Shahumyan.
On 2 October 2021, President Arayik Harutyunyan conferred the title of Hero of Artsakh on the commander of the Yeghnikner unit Karen Jalavyan. After the 2020 war, rumors on the Internet claimed that the unit had to leave its positions, which was denied by the commander.
Askeran Defense District
Askeran Defense District was formed by the order of the NKR IPC President of August 14, 1992. There are 4 rifle battalions in the district:
1st Rifle Battalion
2nd Rifle Battalion
3rd Rifle Battalion
4th Rifle Battalion
Personnel
The Artsakh Defence Army is currently composed of around 20,000 officers and soldiers and maintains a "constant state of readiness, undergoing more serious combat training and operational exercises than any other former Soviet army." The Nagorno-Karabakh Defence Army maintains a small air force with a personnel of around 250 men. The Army is a conscript force, with there also being a growing number of professional officers.
Personnel units
Special Forces
The Special Forces of the Artsakh Defense Army was established in 2000. Based on the previous National Guard, it carries out both of planned and unplanned combat operations. Among its notable commanders were Samvel Harutyunyan. On 11 August 2010, a memorial fountain was unveiled in Aygestan community of Askeran region on August 10 in memory of the fallen soldiers of the Special Forces. The memorial was built with the financial means of the former and current servicemen of the detachment. Their professional holiday is on 5 November.
Engineer Battalion
The Defense Army has an engineering battalion that is involved in the clearance of minefields of strategic importance. It was formed on 1 February 1995. Roles Aghajanyan was the first head of the Defence Army engineering services.
Educational institutions
Vazgen Sargsyan Military University
Kristapor Ivanyan Military College
Armenak Khanperyants Military Aviation University
Yerevan State Medical University Military Faculty
Equipment
The Nagorno-Karabakh Defence Army's equipment consists of infantry, tanks, artillery and anti-aircraft systems. The Karabakh army's heavy military hardware includes: 186 tanks, 68 armoured vehicles, 98 artillery pieces of calibres over 122mm, 44 multiple rocket launchers (most likely BM-21 Grad), and an anti-aircraft defence system of an unspecified type WM-80, Scud-B: at least 4 launchers.
As for infantry, most rely on the AK-74 rifle and older AKMs in reserve for standard-issue rifles. Other basic weapons consist of Makarov PM pistols, PK machine guns, and RPG-7 rocket launchers, all mostly supplied by Armenia. The Nagorno-Karabakh military is deeply integrated with the Armenian military, and the NKR depends on the Armenian Army to ensure its survival as an independent national entity. Armenia considers any act of aggression against Karabakh as an act of aggression against itself.
Ground Forces
Small arms
Artsakh Defence Army's equipment (before dissolution)
Available estimates vary with reference to military holdings in Nagorno-Karabakh and must be treated with caution due to the heavy levels of attrition in the 2020 conflict and subsequent clashes.
Military holidays
Shushi Liberation Day (9 May) and Homeland Defender's Day (28 January) are two military holidays celebrated by the Defence Army. The former commemorates the founding of the military as well as the Capture of Shusha and the traditional Victory Day celebrations commemorating the surrender of Nazi Germany at the end of the Great Patriotic War in 1945. Because of this, it is sometimes referred to as a "triple holiday". An annual military parade is held in the capital, with a reception being held at the local House of Officers in the capital.
Whereas the Armenian Army celebrates Army Day on 28 January, the Defence Army celebrates Homeland Defender's Day on the same day.
See also
Land mine situation in Nagorno-Karabakh
References
External links
Important Facts about the NKR Defence Army (Nagorno Karabakh Army). Office of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Washington, D.C.
Official website of NKR Ministry of Defence
Official YouTube Channel of the NKR Defence Army
Military units and formations established in 1992
Military units and formations disestablished in 2023
Military of the Republic of Artsakh
Military of Armenia
2023 disestablishments in Asia
2023 disestablishments in Europe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsakh%20Defence%20Army
|
The Hive is a recording studio in North Hollywood, Los Angeles at 5500 Cahuenga Blvd, owned and run by the members of the alternative rock band 311.
Origin
In 2000, after finishing touring for Soundsystem, the five members of 311 grew distraught with having to pay upwards of $2,000 a day in professional recording studios. Seeking a more independent-style place to work, they found a place in North Hollywood where they could record and pay rent of $3,000 a month. The band soon loaded in two 24 track analog tape machines and Pro Tools technology, fully furnished the place, and began working on their next album.
Recordings done at the Hive
Prior to 311 purchasing The Hive, it was actively used as a music studio in the 1970s and 1980s. Notable acts such as Missing Persons and Adam Ant have recorded there. Just before 311 started using it, it was used as a voice-over studio for movies.
Since 311 moved into the studio, they have recorded and mixed six albums at The Hive; 2001's From Chaos, 2003's Evolver, 2005's Don't Tread on Me, 2009's Uplifter, 2011's Universal Pulse and 2014's Stereolithic. The band worked with producer Ron Saint Germain on From Chaos, Evolver, and Don't Tread on Me, while Bob Rock produced Uplifter and Universal Pulse, and Scott Ralston produced Stereolithic, making it the first time since 1999's Soundsystem that he produced a 311 album.
Other, lesser-known recording artists have also recorded sessions at The Hive, the most notable being the Volcom Entertainment act Pepper who recorded the minor-hit "Give It Up" at The Hive.
The Hive can be seen in more detail on the Enhanced CD features on From Chaos and Evolver.
References
External links
"L.A. Grapevine" by Maureen Droney - Mix Magazine (a look inside The Hive with Ron Saint Germain)
Brief video tour of the recording studio
Recording studios in California
311 (band)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hive%20%28studio%29
|
Ernest Vincze (born 1942 in Budapest, Hungary) is a film and television cinematographer.
Among his credits are the 1986 film Biggles, the television movie Escape from Sobibor and the Sean Penn and Madonna vehicle Shanghai Surprise. In 2005 he became the director of photography on the new series of Doctor Who, photographing the entire first series. He returned for the second series, in its first, third and fifth production blocks (Blocks Two, Four and Six were helmed by Rory Taylor).
References
External links
1942 births
Hungarian cinematographers
Living people
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie%20Vincze
|
Hong Kong Mathematical High Achievers Selection Contest (HKMHASC, Traditional Chinese: 香港青少年數學精英選拔賽) is a yearly mathematics competition for students of or below Secondary 3 in Hong Kong. It is jointly organized by Po Leung Kuk and Hong Kong Association of Science and Mathematics Education since the academic year 1998-1999. Recently, there are more than 250 secondary schools participating.
Format and Scoring
Each participating school may send at most 5 students into the contest. There is one paper, divided into Part A and Part B, with two hours given. Part A is usually made up of 14 - 18 easier questions, carrying one mark each. In Part A, only answers are required. Part B is usually made up of 2 - 4 problems with different difficulties, and may carry different number of marks, varying from 4 to 8. In Part B, workings are required and marked. No calculators or calculation assisting equipments (e.g. printed mathematical tables) are allowed.
Awards and Further Training
Awards are given according to the total mark. The top 40 contestants are given the First Honour Award (一等獎), the next 80 the Second Honour Award (二等獎), and the Third Honour Award (三等獎) for the next 120. Moreover, the top 4 can obtain an award, namely the Champion and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Runner-up.
Group Awards are given to schools, according to the sum of marks of the 3 contestants with highest mark. The first 4 are given the honour of Champion and 1st, 2nd and 3rd Runner-up. The honour of Top 10 (首十名最佳成績) is given to the 5th-10th, and Group Merit Award (團體優異獎) is given to the next 10.
First Honour Award achievers would receive further training. Eight students with best performance will be chosen to participate in the Invitational World Youth Mathematics Inter-City Competition (IWYMIC).
List of Past Champions (1999-2019)
98-99: Queen Elizabeth School, Ying Wa College
99-00: Queen's College
00-01: La Salle College
01-02: St. Paul's College
02-03: Queen's College
03-04: La Salle College
04-05: La Salle College
05-06: La Salle College
06-07: La Salle College
07-08: La Salle College
08-09: Diocesan Boys' School
09-10: St. Paul's Co-educational College
10-11: La Salle College
11-12: La Salle College
12-13: Queen Elizabeth School
13-14: Po Leung Kuk Centenary Li Shiu Chung Memorial College
14-15: Queen's College
15-16: Pui Ching Middle School
16-17: La Salle College
17-18: Queen's College
18-19: La Salle College
22-23: Diocesan Boys' School
Performance by school
See also
List of mathematics competitions
Hong Kong Mathematics Olympiad
Invitational World Youth Mathematics Inter-City Competition
Education in Hong Kong
Po Leung Kuk
Hong Kong Association of Science and Mathematics Education
External links
Official website (in Traditional Chinese)
Competitions in Hong Kong
Mathematics competitions
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Kong%20Mathematical%20High%20Achievers%20Selection%20Contest
|
Wing Commander: Prophecy is the fifth installment in the Wing Commander science fiction space combat simulator franchise of computer games. The game was originally released in 1997 for Windows, produced by Origin Systems and distributed by Electronic Arts, and in 2003, a GBA conversion was produced by Italy-based Raylight Studios and distributed by Destination Software.
The game features a new game engine (the VISION Engine), new spacecraft, characters and story elements. The events depicted in Prophecy are set over a decade after Wing Commander IV: The Price of Freedom and, rather than the Kilrathi, the player must deal with a new alien threat, an insectoid race codenamed Nephilim that has invaded the human galaxy through a wormhole. Prophecy was the first main-line Wing Commander game in which the player did not take on the role of Christopher Blair, instead being introduced to a new player character, Lance Casey. Some of the characters and actors from previous games return in Prophecy, where they rub elbows with an entirely new cast of Confederation pilots and personnel.
A standalone expansion pack, Secret Ops, was released by Origin in 1998 solely over the Internet and for no charge. The large initial file challenged the dial-up connections of that day. Secret Ops was later released for sale in combination with Prophecy in the Wing Commander: Prophecy – Gold package. A Game Boy Advance port of Prophecy with added multiplayer was released in 2003.
Gameplay
Controls are available in two modes: basic, catering to new and casual players, and advanced, aiming to give a more realistic feeling of space combat. The two modes leverage the same flight dynamics engine, but in basic mode turning the ship around is assisting the player by coupling pitch, yaw, and roll (emulating airplane flight dynamics), while in advanced mode each axis is made independent for more complex but increased control, especially when using a HOTAS setup. There is also the possibility to temporarily disable the coupling system that assists the player in keeping thrust forward as the player pivots along the axes as if the spacecraft was an airplane: when this assisting system is disabled it is therefore possible to tilt the spacecraft using thrusters while keeping movement constant through inertia, as is realistic in space, and allowing for advanced offensive and defensive maneuvers, such as drifting sideways alongside a capital ship while shooting at it or quickly pivoting 180 degrees around and shooting at a chasing fighter.
Missions are played in sequence, and while the core scenario is constant, it is possible to fail missions and keep going forward in the game. Subsequent missions may become increasingly harder as the enemy gains an upper hand on the operational theater. As is traditional for the Wing Commander franchise, the player is placed in command of a flight of fighters, piloted by various non-player characters. Some of them may be killed during missions, resulting in a KIA in the leaderboard; however, others are plot-critical and will make use of their ejection seat to escape an exploding craft.
In between missions, the player may explore the TCS Midway, the carrier vehicle upon which they are stationed, and engage various characters in conversation.
Plot
Twelve years after the destruction of the Kilrathi homeworld, the Terran Confederation is building several Midway-class megacarriers, brainchild of Navy Commodore Christopher 'Maverick' Blair. The first one, the Midway herself, is undergoing her shakedown cruise, with Blair along for the ride.
The player takes the role of 2nd Lieutenant Lance Casey, son of the venerable Major Michael "Iceman" Casey from Wing Commander I. He and his best friend Max "Maestro" Garrett have been assigned to the Midway as members of the ship's junior Diamondback Squadron, led by Lieutenant Jean "Stiletto" Talvert. Blair, Colonel Jacob "Hawk" Manley and Major Todd "Maniac" Marshall compete for control of the Black Widow Squadron. In charge of the Midway two squadrons is CAG Patricia Drake, while Captain Eugene Wilford serves as her skipper. Commander Aurora Finley heads up the "Sciences Division", while Colonel John "Gash" Dekker leads the ship's contingent of Marines. Finally, Blair's old love interest Rachel Coriolis has returned as the ship's Chief Technician.
The Midway receives a distress call from a Kilrathi cruiser in the H'rekkah system, and Marshall, Manley, Casey, Talvert and Garrett are sent to investigate. Casey is placed in command of his flight; Stiletto intends to test the rookie pilot's reputation. They find the cruiser has been destroyed, and attackers come out of the nearby asteroids. In order to alert Confed HQ of the invaders, who have been codenamed Nephilim, Casey, Blair and Dekker fly out to an abandoned Confed relay station. The Nephilim have been lying in wait, and Blair is captured. Casey defends the station from attackers until reinforcements arrive.
The Midway is tasked with defending Kilrathi colonists in the T'lan Meth system. Casey finds himself on Hawk's wing several times, and learns more about his father. Once, when still a rookie aboard the TCS Tiger's Claw, Manley lost a wingman, and was a complete wreck for some time. Only one pilot volunteered to fly on his wing, and had to fight off nearly an entire squadron of Kilrathi until Hawk could get his act together. That pilot, Major Michael "Iceman" Casey, eventually ejected from his damaged fighter and was scooped up by the Kilrathi; the family was told instead that he was killed during a Kilrathi ambush. While Casey and Manley are assisting a wing of Kilrathi fighters, Hawk advises that they turn on them in revenge for old grievances. If Casey agrees, both he and Hawk will become hostile to the Kilrathi; if he declines, Casey and Hawk are temporarily on bad terms. The Kilrathi also withhold assistance at a later juncture if Casey attacks them. Finally, the Marines retake a captured Kilrathi starbase, on which the Nephilim held a number of human prisoners, though only one remains: Commodore Blair.
Reports filter in of a Nephilim superweapon: a plasma cannon that can destroy an entire fleet with one blast. Casey leads a raid to steal the weapon, which is subsequently grafted onto the Midway. Because of incompatibilities between Nephilim and Terran technology, the plasma gun does not work as intended, and Casey assists in its firing by delivering a primer charge to an enemy ship. This results in the complete annihilation of the hostile fleet. If Midway attempts to charge the weapon again, she runs a two-thirds risk of a fatal backfire.
The Midway moves on to the Kilrah system, where the Nephilim's wormhole gate is still pumping out ships. Casey leads an attack on the gate, which is controlled by seven shielded towers. Casey and Talvert escort Dekker's Marines in and then combat waves of Nephilim fighters, while the Marines land and deactivate the shields on the towers so that Casey can destroy them one by one. Blair, flying in on his own shuttle, lands at the last remaining tower and deactivates its shields. The Nephilim Warlord who kidnapped Blair is within the tower; Blair, distracted by this higher priority, does not escape before the explosion. Casey returns to the Midway and the Confederation as a hero. Blair is declared missing in action.
Development
Wing Commander: Prophecy was the first Wing Commander game made after series creator Chris Roberts left Origin, though the game engine was taken from Roberts' last project with Origin, the unfinished game "Silverheart".
The Nephilium were designed by Syd Mead.
Character conversations were filmed in full motion video, with Mark Hamill, Tom Wilson, and Ginger Lynn Allen reprising their roles from prior games.
Reception
The Game Boy Advance version received above-average reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Next Generation said that the PC version "offers enough solid gameplay and eye-catching graphics to satisfy even the most demanding space combat fan." GamePro criticized that due to the hyped multiplayer feature having been dropped before release, the game has little to differentiate it from previous Wing Commander games apart from its stunning graphics when using a 3D accelerator, though they said the series's familiar story and gameplay remain solid.
PC Data, which tracked computer game sales in the U.S., reported that the PC version earned $6.7 million and sold roughly 195,000 units by October 1999. Its revenue in the country represented a drop from Wing Commander IV.
The PC version was nominated at the AIAS' inaugural Interactive Achievement Awards in the categories of "PC Action Game of the Year" and "Computer Entertainment Title of the Year", but lost to Quake II and StarCraft, respectively. The same PC version was also nominated for the "Best Sci-Fi Sim" award at the CNET Gamecenter Awards for 1997, which went to Star Wars: X-Wing vs. TIE Fighter. The staff of Computer Games Strategy Plus named said PC version the best "Sci-Fi Simulation" of 1997. The game also won the awards for "Best Action/Simulation" and "Best Graphics" in GameSpots Best & Worst Awards for 1997; and for "Space Sim Game of the Year" in Computer Gaming Worlds 1998 Premier Awards.
Notes
References
External links
1997 video games
Destination Software games
Game Boy Advance games
Science fiction video games
Space combat simulators
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United States
Video games developed in Italy
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games
Wing Commander (franchise)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing%20Commander%3A%20Prophecy
|
Barry Long (1 August 1926 – 6 December 2003) was an Australian spiritual teacher and writer.
Early life
Barry Long was born and raised in Australia and had little formal education. In his twenties he became editor of a Sydney Sunday newspaper, The Truth and later press secretary in the New South Wales Parliament. At this time he was married with two children.
India and mysticism
In his early thirties he began to experience a disillusionment with his material life and in 1964 he abandoned everything, including his family, to go to India. There he experienced a spiritual crisis culminating in a self-ascribed "mystic death," which he called his "realisation of immortality," followed four years later by a "transcendental realisation"; a contact with a depth of consciousness from which he stated his knowledge of universal reality ultimately derived.
Leaving India he moved to London, living in Highgate and working as a sub-editor in Fleet Street until he was able to support himself from teaching and publishing. In 1986 he returned to his native Australia, living on Tamborine Mountain, Queensland with his wife Kathy and young stepson, Simon, then in Burleigh Heads, Queensland when they divorced, and finally moving to Crabbes Creek, New South Wales where he lived until his death from prostate cancer in December 2003.
Long stated that he was a tantric master and that unhappiness arises because man and woman have forgotten how to love each other. In 1984 he recorded a double audio cassette Making Love: Sexual Love the Divine Way, later published as a book and CD.
Public speaking and writing
He started his public teaching in England and later went on to teach in Australia and New Zealand, Europe, the US and Canada. His last public seminar was the tenth annual 14-day Master Session held in Queensland, Australia in late October 2002. He continued to write new material after this and his observations on the approach of death were published on his website.
The story of his realisations is told in a book published in July 2013, My Life of Love and Truth: A Spiritual Autobiography which describes his life up until the death of his second wife in 1982. His works are published by the Barry Long Foundation International, based in New South Wales, Australia and his last writings have yet to be published.
Long's teachings
Long's teaching focuses on freeing the individual from unhappiness which he defined as "happy today, unhappy tomorrow". He stated that this fluctuating condition is set in motion and maintained by an addiction to thoughts and the emotions they create. These emotions encourage other thoughts and so a vicious cycle is initiated. We are trapped in this cycle, he suggested, until we follow "the way of truth". It includes:
constant vigilance in observation of one's thoughts, emotions and actions;
meditation to still the mind and connect with life within i.e. what "I" call "me"; "feeling the well-being in the body";
being, without thought; the next step on from meditation;
getting your life right, taking action in those areas of your life which disturb you because something is wrong.
The sexual aspects of his teaching gained great notoriety, assuming a greater prominence in the public mind than Long wished. He maintained the relationship between man and woman caused the greatest unhappiness in the post-industrial West. He taught and wrote in detail about sexual love between man and woman and its use to purify them both, ridding them of what he called "personal, human love." He responded to controversy by pointing out that getting one's life right in all its aspects, and prolonged selfless giving were more important. He suggested that a person practicing this would naturally attract a loving sexual partner. In response to an article by Andrew Cohen he wrote "One notion I would like to correct is where you say that in my teaching "the primary spiritual practice is making love rightly." The primary spiritual practice... is self-denial, giving and honesty practiced over a long period out of an inner perception of rightness and goodness."
Long also wrote about many other aspects of "Love, Life, Truth, God and Death". In The Origins of Man and the Universe he presents his cosmology. Speaking of this book he stated, "There's so much in this book ....it's like a base which my whole teaching goes back to, or extends from. My current teaching might be more refined, but is always consistent with it." He taught and spoke about family life and the importance of raising children from birth in justice and truth not just love. In response to the September 2001 terrorist attacks in the US, an extract on terrorism from his Origins book written in 1983 was published separately as well as a new book A Prayer for Life: The Cause and Cure of Terrorism, War and Human Suffering.
Influences
Barry Long acknowledged his respect for J. Krishnamurti and his teachings, nonetheless he considered himself to be an original teacher.
He recommended abandoning religious tradition in favour of direct experience and asked his audience not to believe anything he said, but to listen for the "ring of truth" in it.
He himself had an influence on a number of other teachers, writers and therapists. The most prominent of these is Eckhart Tolle, best-selling author of The Power of Now, who met him in person and is on record as saying he loved Barry Long's teaching.
Marital and relationship history
Long married or lived monogamously with five women; Betty, his first wife; Julie, whom he married in England and lived with for 13 years until her death from cancer; Kathy with whom he moved to Australia with his stepson Simon; Jade who was his partner when he was travelling the world and then Sara, who was with him when he died.
His marital and relationship history was described by Clive Tempest in the foreword to Making Love: Sexual Love The Divine Way as such: "All this time Barry Long's love of woman has remained constant. She is always by his side. Through deep and lasting partnerships he has made his realisations of love real in the midst of everyday living."
Partial bibliography
The Origins of Man and the Universe (1st edition Routledge & Kegan Paul 1984) (Barry Long Books, revised edition 1998) , (excerpts)
Meditation: A Foundation Course, (The Barry Long Foundation, 1996)
Stillness Is the Way (Barry Long Books, 1996)
Knowing Yourself: The True in the False (Barry Long Books, 1996) (excerpt)
Only Fear Dies (Barry Long Books, 1996) (excerpt)
To Woman in Love: A Book of Letters (Barry Long Books, 1996)
Making Love: Sexual Love the Divine Way (Barry Long Books, revised edition 1998) (excerpt)
Raising Children in Love, Justice and Truth (Barry Long Books, 1998)
To Man in Truth: Enlightening Letters (Barry Long Books, 1999) (excerpt)
The Way In: A Book of Self-Discovery (Barry Long Books, 2000) (excerpt)
A Prayer for Life: The Cause and Cure of Terrorism, War and Human Suffering, (Barry Long Books, 2002)
Where the Spirit Speaks to its Own: The Passion of Spiritual Awakening, (Barry Long Books, 2003) (excerpts)
Start Meditating Now, How to stop thinking (audiobook – Barry Long Books 2007)
A Journey in Consciousness, Exploring the truth behind existence (audiobook – Barry Long Books 2007)
Seeing through Death, Facing the fact without fear (audiobook – Barry Long Books 2007)
Making Love, Sexual love the divine way (audiobook – Barry Long Books 2007)
How to Live Joyously, Being true to the law of life (audiobook – Barry Long Books 2007)
Behind Life and Death; The Boundless Reality, (The Barry Long Foundation 2008) (excerpt)
My Life of Love and Truth: A Spiritual Autobiography (The Barry Long Foundation 2013)
From Here to Reality: My Spiritual Teaching (Barry Long Books 2015)
References
External links
The Barry Long Foundation International
Quotes by Barry Long (wikiquote)
Barry Long Bulletin
1926 births
2003 deaths
Australian spiritual teachers
Australian spiritual writers
Relationships and sexuality writers
20th-century mystics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Long
|
Tubiflorae is a botanical name, meaning “with tubular flowers”. It was used in the Engler system (and derived systems such as the Wettstein system) for:
an order in the Sympetalae. This order included such families as Convolvulaceae, Boraginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, etc. This order does not corresponds closely to any one group in the Cronquist system or in the APG II-system, but the component taxa belong in the Lamiales, Scrophulariales and Solanales of the Cronquist system and the euasterids I of the APG II-system.
a subfamily in the family Compositae (as opposed to the subfamily Liguliflorae).
Note that these days the rules for botanical nomenclature, the ICBN, allow such descriptive botanical names only at a rank above that of family, so that Tubiflorae is allowed as the name of an order, but not as that of a subfamily.
Asterids
Historically recognized angiosperm taxa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubiflorae
|
This List of operations of the South African Border War details the military operations conducted by the South African Defence Force during the South African Border War:
Operation Savannah (1975)
Operation Bruilof (1978)
Operation Seiljag (1978)
Operation Reindeer (1978)
Operation Rekstok (1979)
Operation Safraan (1979)
Operation Sceptic (Smokeshell) (1980)
Operation Vastrap (July 1980)
Operation Klipklop (1980)
Operation Winter (1980)
Operation Wishbone SAAF Operation (December 1980)
Operation Vasbyt (1981)
Operation Konyn (1981)
Operation Carnation (1981)
Operation Protea (1981)
Operation Daisy (1981)
Operation Kerslig (1981)
Operation Rekstok III SAAF Operation (March 1982)
Operation Super (1982)
Operation Meebos (1982)
Operation Bravo (Angola) SAAF Operation (October 1982)
Operation Maanskyn SAAF Operation (1983)
Operation Drama (1983)
Operation Phoenix (South Africa) (1983)
Operation Skerwe SAAF Operation (1983)
Operation Dolfyn (1983)
Operation Karton (1983)
Operation Klinker (1983)
Operation Askari (1983)
Operation Nobilis (1984)
Operation Gordel (1984)
Operation Kabul (1985)
Operation Salamander (1985)
Operation Boswilger (1985)
Operation Egret (1985)
Operation Argon (1985)
Operation Magneto (1985)
Operation Wallpaper (1985)
Operation Cerebus (1985)
Operation Abrasion (1985)
Operation Southern Cross (1986)
Operation Alpha Centauri (1986)
Operation Moduler (1987)
Operation Firewood (1987)
Operation Hooper (1988)
Operation Packer (1988)
Operation Excite/Hilti (1988)
Operation Prone (1988)
Operation Vuiswys (1988)
Operation Displace (1988)
Operation Merlyn (1989)
Operation Linger (1989)
Operation Agree (1989)
South African Border Wars
Military operations involving South Africa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20operations%20of%20the%20South%20African%20Border%20War
|
Conrad I (also Konrad) (born 915/920 - died 20 August 997) was Duke of Swabia from 983 until 997. His appointment as duke marked the return of Conradine rule over Swabia for the first time since 948.
Life
There is considerable confusion about Conrad and his family. He is often identified with Cuno of Öhningen. The identities of his parents are not known for certain. His father is sometimes said to be Count Udo from the Wetterau, and his mother an unknown daughter of Herbert I, Count of Vermandois. There is also some debate about the identity of Conrad's wife. She is often said to be Reglint (or Richlind), daughter of Liudolf, Duke of Swabia, and thus a granddaughter of Emperor Otto I. Others argue that his wife was Judith, daughter of Adalbert of Marchtal.
When Duke Otto I unexpectedly died during the Imperial campaign in Italy of 981-982, he left no heirs. To fill the vacancy, Emperor Otto II (who may have been Conrad's brother-in-law) appointed Conrad as Duke of Swabia. Conrad is notable for being the first Swabian duke to keep the title in the family; after his death in 997 he was succeeded by his son Hermann II.
Children
With his wife, Conrad had at least six children, including:
Liutold
Conrad
Hermann II
Ita, who married Rudolf II, Count of Altdorf
an unnamed daughter, who married Vladimir the Great
Judith, who married firstly an unnamed husband from Rheinfelden, and secondly, Adalbert II, Count of Metz (died 1033)
Kunizza "Hemma" (died 1020), who married Friedrich I., probably count of Dießen
Notes
References
E. Hlawitschka, Konradiner-Genealogie, unstatthafte Verwandtenehen und spätottonisch-frühsalische Thronbesetzungspraxis. Ein Rückblick auf 25 Jahre Forschungsdisput. (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Studien und Texte 32) (Hannover, 2003).
A. Wolf, 'Wer war Kuno von Öhningen? Überlegungen zum Herzogtum Konrads von Schwaben († 997) und zur Königswahl vom Jahre 1002,' in Deutsches Archiv 36 (1980), 25-85.
E. Brandenburg, Die Nachkommen Karls des Großen (1935)
D. Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band III, Teilband 1 (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 49
D. C. Jackman: The Konradiner. A Study in Genealogical Methodology (Frankfurt am Main, 1990).
J. Fried, 'Prolepsis oder Tod. Methodische und andere Bemerkungen zur Konradiner-Genealogie im 10. und frühen 11. Jahrhundert', in J. Dahlbauer et al., ed., Papstgeschichte und Landesgeschichte. Festschrift für Hermann Jakobs zum 65. Geburtstag (Cologne, 1995).
External links
Konrad von Schwaben (in German)
10th-century births
997 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Dukes of Swabia
Conradines
10th-century dukes in Europe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad%20I%2C%20Duke%20of%20Swabia
|
The green-billed malkoha (Phaenicophaeus tristis) is a species of non-parasitic cuckoo found throughout Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The birds are waxy bluish black with a long graduated tail with white tips to the tail feathers. The bill is prominent and curved. These birds are found in dry scrub and thin forests.
Description
Green-billed malkoha is about 50–60 cm centimetres long and weighs 100–128 g. It often has a clear white boarder to the red face patch salty grey on the face and neck. Adult green-billed malkoha has dark grey with green gloss above, oily green wings.
Distribution and habitat
Its breeding habitat is Primary forest, second growth, dense thickets, scrub, cultivated areas, rubber plantations across south Asia east from Nepal, India, and Sri Lanka to the Southeast Asia.
Gallery
References
green-billed malkoha
Birds of Bangladesh
Birds of Eastern Himalaya
Birds of Nepal
Birds of India
Birds of Southeast Asia
green-billed malkoha
Taxa named by René Lesson
Articles containing video clips
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-billed%20malkoha
|
Operation Protea was a military operation during the South African Border War and Angolan Civil War in which South African Defence Forces (SADF) destroyed a number of South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) bases in Angola. During the operation, which took place from 23 August to 4 September 1981, up to 5,000 SADF soldiers occupied Cunene province, Angola.
Planning
Operation Protea was launched on 23 August 1981. Its objectives were to destroy the SWAPO command and training centre at Xangongo and its logistic bases at Xangongo and Ongiva.
Xangongo, located at was the headquarters of SWAPO's "north-western front" from where it directed SWAPO units operating primarily in the Kaokoland and in western and central Ovamboland. There were also other SWAPO bases, which were used as supply depots and training bases for SWAPO recruits, sited to the south and southeast of the town.
Ongiva, a town located less than fifty kilometres north of the Angola-South West Africa border at , was an important SWAPO logistical and personnel centre which supported operations in central and eastern Ovamboland and in the Kavangoland.
Both Xangongo and Ongiva were key bases in supporting SWAPO's war effort in South West Africa, because of their location close to its border. Their destruction would undermine SWAPO's ability to conduct operations in their "north-western front" and also have a psychological impact by reinforcing the message of Operation Reindeer to SWAPO that it no longer had the luxury of sanctuaries in southern Angola.
Order of Battle.
South African forces
Brigadier Rudolf Badenhorst – Overall Commander
Task Force Alpha
Colonel Joep Joubert – TF Commander
Battle Group 10 – Commandant Roland de Vries
one Mechanised infantry company – 61 Mechanised Battalion
one Parachute company
one Armoured car squadron
one Mortar platoon
one 140mm artillery troop
one combat engineer troop
Battle Group 20 – Commandant Johan Dippenaar
one mechanised infantry company
two motorised infantry companies
one armoured car squadron – two Ratel-90 troops and two Eland-90 troops
one medium artillery troop
one 81mm mortar platoon
one field engineer troop
one assault pioneer platoon
two Protection platoons
Battle Group 30 – Commandant Chris Serfontein
three motorised infantry companies – National service units
one armoured car squadron – Eland-90
120m mortar battery – 43 Light Battery
81mm mortar platoon
Field engineer troop
two protection platoons
Battle Group 40 – Commandant Deon Ferreira
three motorised infantry companies – 32 Battalion
one armoured car squadron – Eland-90
120mm mortar battery – 41 Light Battery
four anti-tank teams
two protection platoons – 1 Platoon from B company of 202 Battalion and 1 other platoon
Combat Team Mamba (Mobile Reserve) – Commandant Johnny Coetzer
one mechanised company – 61 Mechanised
one anti-tank platoon – Ratel-90 – 61 Mechanised
two Ratel 60 sections
140mm G-2 artillery troop – 1 Medium Battery (4 Field Regiment)
Task Force Bravo
Colonel Vos Benade – TF Commander
Battle Group 50 – Commandant Frans Botes
four motorised companies – 201 Battalion
81mm Mortar platoon
Battle Group 60 – Commandant James Hills
three motorised infantry companies – 32 Battalion
one 81mm Mortar platoon
Mobile Reserve – Commandant Johnnie Coetzer
1 Parachute Battalion – two companies and one pathfinder platoon
52 Reconnaissance Regiment – one special forces team
Battle Group 30
detached from TF Alpha
Battle Group 40
detached from TF Alpha
Angolan forces
11 Brigade
based at Ongiva and is the district headquarters
two infantry battalions
two anti-aircraft battalions – 23mm guns
one tank company – T-34
one armoured-car company – BTR-23
one artillery battery – 82mm and 76mm guns
19 Brigade
based at Xangongo with elements at Humbe and Peu Peu
two infantry companies
one tank company – T-34
one armoured car squadron – BTR-23
one artillery battery
three 122mm rocket launchers
seven anti-aircraft guns
21 Brigade
based at Cahama
Soviet military advisors
based at Xangongo and Ongiva
SWAPO forces
Xangongo – 500 SWAPO regulars and 500 semi-regulars
Between Cahama and Humbe – one SWAPO battalion
Ongiva – SWAPO headquarters
Battles – Task Force Alpha
On 23 August, the SADF units left the bases and headed towards the Angolan border. On the night of 23 August, Battle Group 10 would cross at Ruacana while Battle Groups 20, 30 and 40 would cross at Ombalantu. A South African special forces team was placed in position to begin monitoring the Cahama/Xangongo highway for any enemy reinforcements. The same day the SADF left their bases, the South African Air Force (SAAF) launched a strike with various aircraft against air-defence targets in Angola at Cahama and Chibemba. This was called Operation Konyn.
Humbe
Battle Group 10 crossed into Angola at Ruacana just before midnight on 23 August and headed northwards through dense bush to their forming point which was 12 km north-west of Humbe. They arrived at their form-up point on time despite encountering obstacles not shown on their maps. At this point they found that H-Hour had been moved back one hour to 11h30 due to the eastern battle groups of Task Force Alpha encountering navigation problems on their march to Xangongo. Commandant de Vries divided his force into two combat teams, one of Ratel-20s, Ratel-90s and 81mm mortars in the attack group and the second team as a mobile reserve of Buffels and Eland-90's, with the 140 mm artillery in the rear. As Battle Group 10 followed the road south-east to Humbe, the SAAF began to bomb the town of Xangongo. The group's artillery began firing 140 mm artillery rounds at Humbe but was informed by their aerial spotter plane that the trenches close to the town seem abandoned and nor was there any enemy to the battle group's rear in the direction of Cahama. The artillery fire was ceased and their alternative target at Techiulo, that was closer, was then taken without incident as FAPLA soldiers fled on seeing the battle group arrive, leaving behind a group of Irish Catholic nuns at the mission station in the village. By 12h30 the group was heading back towards Humbe passing by the empty trenches and sighting no fleeing enemy from Xangongo, entered the empty town of Humbe. They soon left the town and positioned themselves within 3 km of the bridge over the Cunene River and Xangongo. The two combat teams of Ratel-20's and paratroopers were then sent closer to the river and began to encounter contact with FAPLA troops fleeing Xangongo. By dusk the river plain was under the battle group's control and they laagered there overnight though sporadic fire could be heard overnight from Xangongo. Apart from being woken and called to arms when a FAPLA column attempted a break-out from Xangongo via the bridge, this was taken care of by the other battle groups and they were stood down and rest of the night was peaceful for Battle Group 10. On 25 August, after gathering up enemy equipment on the river plain, Battle Group 10 crossed the bridge over the Cunene river and by 09h00 they were in Xangongo. Their mission would be to hold the town, protect the task force from FAPLA to the north-west while the other battle groups pursued their objectives in the south-east.
Xangongo
Battle Group 20, 30 and 40 crossed the border at Ombalantu into Angola just before midnight on 23 August and headed northwards through dense bush. Battle Group 40 led the way followed by 20 and 30 but was slower moving and the other groups who could not overtake to increase the pace towards the forming point. This was due to the fact the Buffel troop carriers were slower than the Ratels. By 09h15 on 24 August, these battle groups found themselves too far east due to a navigation error and lost time. After correcting their error, the air attack on Xangongo was pushed back by one hour to 12h00. The three battle groups would find their way to their forming-up point west of the town and waited for the air and artillery attack. The air attack on Xangongo began at 11h50 when four Buccaneers from 24 Squadron attacked installations and anti-aircraft sites with AS-30 missiles, one hitting a barracks while the other three failed to hit the targets due to malfunctions. At 11h54, five Canberra bombers (12 Squadron) dropped bombs, followed by dive bombing by three further waves of 8 Mirage F-1AZs (1 Squadron), 6 Mirage F-1CZs (3 Squadron) and 4 Mirage IIICZs (2 Squadron). The last wave of rocketing was carried out by eight Impalas finishing at 12h10. Then followed a twenty-minute artillery barrage of the town's defensive positions by G-2 guns and Valkiri multiple rocket launchers.
Battle Group 40 was tasked with taking the town of Xangongo, its defences and the bridge over the Cunene. The plan was to attack from two places, the north-east with Combat Team 41 and the south-east with Combat Team 42, and this began around 12h50. The teams began to assault the layers of trenches and bunkers that made up the town's defences. The fort and water tower, key targets in the town, were eventually reached and taken. The bridge was reached by the combat teams by 17h30 and was immediately prepared with demolition charges by the engineers. It was found later that FAPLA and PLAN officers and their Soviet advisors had hurriedly fled the town while FAPLA and SWAPO soldiers held their positions and fought furiously. Battle Group 40's task of mopping up in Xangongo was completed on 25 August and would now be attached to Task Force Bravo which was operating to the east against PLAN bases, setting out for the town of Evale after 26 August.
Battle Group 20 was tasked with the southern end of the town and its airfield to the west. The first trenches reached by the battle group around 13h25 were found to be empty but as they advanced further, they began to receive small arms fire and then more serious fire from 23mm anti-aircraft guns. Battle Group 20's attack on southern Xangongo was now held up by ZU-23-2 AA guns and the advance was halted as air strikes were called. Two attacks by Mirage aircraft an hour later failed to destroy the site and a third attack by artillery was not successful either. Captain Laubscher of 42 Squadron, flying an observation aircraft, had fired smoke rockets to narrow the Mirages' attack, but this failed so he decided to attempt a direct hit with smoke rockets to accurately mark the target for the Mirages. He dive bombed the target firing one smoke rocket directly into the gun position but by this time the Mirages were out of ordnance and fuel. It was later found that his smoke rocket had hit the operator of the gun. Laubscher was awarded the Honoris Crux decoration for bravery. Two and a half hours later the ground attack had resumed this time receiving limited enemy ZU-23-2 fire, attacking bunkers and trenches and eventually taking the airfield. By 18h00, Battle Group 20 was in control of its objectives, having destroyed at least four tanks and capturing vehicles, guns and ammunition. Battle Group 20's rest overnight was disturbed by an enemy truck column that advanced from the south into the group's positions and was destroyed by Ratel 90s. By the midday on 25 August, the battle group was in control of all positions south of the town but lost one soldier in the process. Later, Battle Group 20 would attack a PLAN base to the south of Xangongo towards Cuamato but this was found to be abandoned except for equipment.
On 25 August, after gathering up enemy equipment on the river plain, Battle Group 10 crossed the bridge over the Cunene river and by 09h00 they were inside Xangongo. Now based at Xangongo, Battle Group 10 was allocated to protect Task Force Alpha from a FAPLA counterattack from Cahama towards Xangongo. It was also tasked with protecting the bridge and ensuring it was ready for demolition when required. The paratroopers attached to this battle group were sent to seek out PLAN positions further north of Xangongo but all the bases were found to be abandoned. Meanwhile, the pathfinder group which had been operating around Peu-Peu was attached to the battle group. Combat Team 3 was commanded by Major Joe Weyers and would position itself close to Chicusse about 18 km south-east from Cahama on 25 August. If contact with FAPLA took place, then the plan was to stop FAPLA's movement or fight a delaying action back to Xangongo. The combat team would consist of three armoured car troops of Ratel and Eland 90s, platoon Ratel-60s, one Ratel-20 Mechanised infantry platoon, troop of 4 G-2 artillery pieces, engineer section, an unmanned aerial vehicle and 44 Parachute Brigade's pathfinder group with Colonel Jan Breytenbach. The combat team advanced north-westwards and took up positions across the Cahama/Xangongo highway with the pathfinders on the flanks to the south and guns in the rear.
Around 22h20, the artillery troop reported eight enemy vehicles heading for the combat team's rear from the south-east. The enemy artillery unit, consisting of a BTR-152 APC, BM-21 MRL's and 23 mm AA guns, passed into the combat team's laager and was ambushed and destroyed with the SADF taking three wounded and capturing two BM-21s. Mopping up continued on the morning of 26 August but around sunrise, the team was fired on by FAPLA 122 mm rockets that failed to hit their position. On 27 August, Combat Team 3 was recalled to Xangongo and then sent westwards of the town as a stopper group close to Catequero.
Two troops of Ratel-90s were later withdrawn from Combat Team 3 the same day and attached to Combat Team 2 and sent towards Ongiva via Mongua as a reserve and joined up with Battle Group 30 around 13h00. Combat Team 2 would return to Xangongo from Ongiva by 16h00 on 28 August. On 29 August, Combat Team 2, replaced Combat Team 3 as the stopper group and the former returned to Xangongo for rest. Later that day Combat Team 2 would be recalled too, as Battle Group 10 had received orders to return to SWA/Namibia on 1 September and preparations were required to return with the captured enemy equipment. On the same day Combat Team Mamba disbanded and their units rejoined Battle Group 10 and became the stopper group until 31 August. Combat Team 3 escorted an artillery group to a position north-west of Mucope on 30 August. The artillery group fired on Cahama but on their return to Xangongo, they discovered an FAPLA battle group close to Mucope and after the combat team received reinforcements from their battle group, they attacked only to find the FAPLA forces had retreated to Cahama. On 31 August, Xangongo and its bridge was handed over to UNITA and their SADF military intelligence liaison Commandant Mo Oelschig and headed for Ongiva via Mongua, collecting the remains of the Alouette that had been shot down 25 August. After spending the night at Ongiva, the underground fuel tanks at the airfield were destroyed and by 1 September, Battle Group 10 was back at base in South West Africa/Namibia.
Peu-Peu
On 24 August, at 11h05, anti-aircraft sites at Peu-Peu were attacked by four SAAF Impalas using rockets. At 11h45, attacks were continued by four Buccaneers which fired four AS-30s with only three striking a barracks. Battle Group 30 advanced to a position north-east of Xangongo and found that the FAPLA troops, tanks and artillery at Peu-Peu were preparing to support their troops in Xangongo. The South African battle group attacked first and after a short fight forced FAPLA to flee the town, destroying tanks, artillery and personnel carriers. Unable to mop-up in the town as night fell and with reports of enemy to the west, the South Africans would capture it by the following morning. FAPLA left behind up to 300 tons of ammunition, 120,000 litres of diesel and 90,000 litres of petrol. Battle Group 30 would then release a combat team to back up Battle Group 20 which had thrown in its reserve in Xangongo. Battle Group 30 was back in Xangongo on 26 August and joined Battle Group 20 for the advance to positions north of Ongiva and the attack planned for 27 August.
Mongua
Combat Team Mamba was tasked with taking the village of Mongua east of Xangongo on 25 August. This was a precursor to an attack on Ongiva on 27 August by Battle Groups 20 and 30. FAPLA maintained a mechanised force including tanks around the village whose size had been underestimated. The combat team attacked first with Valkiri rockets but soon encountered enemy trenches, 14.5mm anti-aircraft guns and 76mm artillery that held up the infantry attack and so Ratel 90s and Ratel 60 mortar teams were deployed to silence the guns. The infantry was then released to attack and clear the trenches. The team's Ratel 20s and 90s soon overran the village, destroying several T-34 tanks and forcing FAPLA to flee towards Ongiva. The SAAF lost two men when their Alouette III helicopter was shot down by 14.5mm anti-aircraft guns while providing fire support for the combat team. Combat Team Mamba would now wait until the following day to be joined by the two battle groups for the attack on Ongiva.
Ongiva
On 27 August, Battle Group 20 was tasked with the attack on the airfield at Ongiva while Battle Group 30 was tasked to attack the town itself. Battle Groups 20 and 30 departed Xangongo on 26 August, leaving the town under control of Battle Group 10, and followed the road east to Mongua. There Combat Team Mamba, which had taken the town the day before, joined them and would act as the two battle groups' reserve during the attack on Ongiva. They then headed south-east to their assembly point north of Ongiva in preparation for the attack at 07h00 on 27 August. The SAAF had made a pamphlet drop on the town warning civilians and FAPLA to leave as the South Africans' fight was with PLAN, but 11 Brigade was instructed to stay and defend. PLAN was ordered to strike the SADF in the rear but appeared to take no part in the battle during the following days.
The SAAF would open the attack on the morning of 27 August with the first rocket attack by two Mirage IIIs against anti-aircraft positions north of the runway at Ongiva. One of these Mirages was struck by a SA-7 missile but made it back to its base in SWA/Namibia with serious tail damage. The second rocket attack at 07h45 by four Mirage F-1AZs on anti-aircraft positions close to the airport also drew anti-aircraft fire from SA-7s and 57 mm guns without any hits. A third rocket attack at 07h48 by four Mirage IIIs hit targets close to the town. The fourth rocket attack at 07h52 by four Mirage IIIs hit targets close to the town, drawing anti-aircraft fire and SA-7s with no hits. 08h00 saw another attack, this time by five pairs of Canberra and Buccaneer bombers dropping bombs north of the town but on the wrong target which still seemed to silence some anti-aircraft positions. Six Mirage F-1AZs dropped airburst bombs on the airfield at 08h10 and the last attack at 08h15 was on 11 Brigade headquarters by six Mirage F-1AZs using airbursting bombs.
After bombarding the targets with artillery fire, Battle Group 20 set off for targets in and around the airfield. Battle Group 20 was divided into four combat teams. Combat Team 50 was the reserve, while Combat Team 10 hit targets south of the airfield, Combat Team 20 attacked targets south-east of the airfield and the last team 30 directly at the airfield and its installations. Combat Team 10 encountered 23mm anti-aircraft guns at its target and cleared them with artillery and infantry attacks. A counterattack by at least three T-34s was beaten off by Ratel-90s with two tanks destroyed. FAPLA then fled their positions. Combat Team 20 took the enemy positions by 15h30 but was slowed by 23mm anti-aircraft guns and RPG-7s until mortars and infantry cleared the positions. Combat Team 30 attacked the airfield from the south-east and east–west along the runway. The team met fierce fighting from FAPLA infantry and anti-aircraft guns and all movement forward by the SADF was held up for two hours despite artillery fire. The use of mortar fire against a water tower helped stop the guns receiving information on the South African positions and the airfield was taken around 14h00 with FAPLA fleeing. With Battle Group 20's control of the airfield, it secured Battle Group 30's flank for its attack on the positions in and around the town of Ongiva.
Battle Group 30 began its attack on the town defences but its advance was slowed by minefields and heavy resistance. Reports came in of the sighting of T-34 tanks from the east. The commander summoned additional anti-tank armour and Battle Group 10 detached Combat Team 2's Ratel-90 troops which were hastily sent to Ongiva, arriving around 13h00. In the meantime they attempted to slow the tanks' advance by attacking them with 120 mm mortars which had had no effect. Combat Team 2 went into action immediately but by the time action commenced, dusk was falling and they fired only to discourage the tanks advance. As night fell, all that could be seen was the flashes from the tanks and when all the Ratels fired on the position, they succeeded in destroying two tanks and ending further enemy attacks. Battle Group 30 then pulled back and laagered for the night, readying themselves for an attack the next day. On 28 August, Battle Group 30 resumed their attack on Ongiva only to find the FAPLA defences, equipment and town abandoned. By 12h08, Ongiva was under South African control
Also on the morning of 28 August, a FAPLA convoy was discovered fleeing northwards from Ongiva towards Anchanca by a company from 32 Battalion which was attached to Battle Group 60. It called in a SAAF airstrike of Mirages and Impalas which attacked the convoy followed by an attack by Alouette gunships. They succeeded in destroying tanks, trucks and armoured personnel carriers. As the 32 Battalion company moved in to mop up, they discovered the bodies of four Russians, two Soviet officers and two civilian women. One Soviet soldier, Warrant Officer Nikolai Feodorovich Pestretsov, was captured when he remained behind with his wife's body. It was later discovered that thirteen Soviet military advisors had died that day.
Battle Group 20 would begin to garrison the town, but with civilians beginning to ransack it later on 28 August, by 29 August they attempted to restore order by distributing captured food and clothing and tried to help restore utilities to the town with the help of the remaining civil servants. 30 August saw Battle Group 20 begin to prepare the captured equipment for its return to SWA/Namibia while other elements of the battle group patrolled the road from Ongiva through Namacunda to Santa Clara, clearing it of mines as this would be the route the battle groups would take to leave Angola. By 31 August, Battle Group 30 was detached from Task Force Alpha and was attached to Task Force Bravo, which was conducting operations against PLAN bases to the north-east of Ongiva, and sent to the town of Anhanca.
Aftermath
By 2 September all units were back in SWA/Namibia and Battle Group 10 resumed being called 61 Mechanised Infantry Battalion while the other battle groups disbanded. Soviet casualties stood at thirteen: nine officers and four civilians, while one soldier was captured. South African casualties included 10 dead and 64 wounded. PLAN and FAPLA casualties were high with 831 dead and 25 captured.
The following equipment, said to be between 3,000 and 4,000 tons, was captured:
6–9 T-34 tanks
3–4 PT-76 tanks
4 BRDM-2 APC
2 BM-21 MRL
25–43 ZIS-3 76 mm guns
16 ZU-23 AA guns
17 14.5 mm AA guns
13 M-55 20 mm AA guns
94–97 SA-7
240 trucks
1,800 small arms
250 tons ammunition
490 000 lt petrol
120 000 lt diesel
The end of Operation Protea did not signal the end the South African activity against SWAPO in southern Angola as Operation Protea was quickly followed up by another attack, Operation Daisy.
References
Further reading
61 Mechanised Battalion Veterans Group http://www.61mech.org.za/operations/7-operation-protea
Conflicts in 1981
1981 in Angola
1981 in South West Africa
1981 in South Africa
Cross-border operations of South Africa
Battles and operations of the South African Border War
August 1981 events in Africa
September 1981 events in Africa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Protea
|
MS NKS 1867 4° is a 1760 paper manuscript now in the Danish Royal Library, Copenhagen (section Den nye kongelige samling). It contains skaldic poetry, assorted runological information, the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda, plus Sólarljóð, and 16 illustrations based on the Eddas.
References
External links
Page at Danish Royal Library
1760 poetry books
18th-century illuminated manuscripts
Poetry anthologies
Literary illuminated manuscripts
Icelandic literature
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish%20Royal%20Library%2C%20MS%20NKS%201867%204%C2%B0
|
Vince Flaherty is an American producer, recording artist, writer, and political activist.
In 2014, he was a Democratic candidate for the U.S. House to represent the 33rd Congressional District of California on a platform of fulfilling 434 promises. According to his candidate statement, he promised to work to "properly allocate water resources, implement traffic solutions, overturn the Citizens United decision, restore the California Attorney General's right to defend consumers from banks, implement a genuine homeowner protection act, and fight for election reform, legislative reform, judicial reform, bank reform, affordable health care, clean water, green energy, and phasing out dependence on nuclear energy and oil without sacrificing jobs or profits. He is in favor of restructuring banks into manageable parts that will not place short-sighted gains ahead of economic stability. He promises to balance the budget, eliminate the debt and restore the economy by cutting taxes without cutting education or damaging transportation and trade."
In 2011, he was an unsuccessful Independent candidate for the United States House of Representatives from California. In that campaign, he focused upon constitutionalism, civil rights, consumer protection, and environmentalism. He advocated the resolution of economic and housing crises, public financing of political campaigns, reform of the banking and financial systems, restoration of the rights of attorneys general to defend consumers regarding certain banking practices, transparency of the Federal Reserve System, the improved treatment and housing assistance for military veterans, secure borders, and health care reform.
Early entertainment career
His show business career started as a child actor in the CBS western television series, The Texan starring Rory Calhoun, and in the recurring role of a schoolboy on ABC's sitcom, The Donna Reed Show. In addition to television appearances, he has acted in and produced such feature films as A Gun, A Car, A Blonde, starring Billy Bob Thornton and John Ritter, and Sin-Jin Smyth, starring Jonathan Davis, Richard Tyson, Don Stroud, and Roddy Piper.
His first record sessions included Ernie Freeman, and the then unknown Daryl Dragon, Charles Wright and Jimi Hendrix who was at the time working under the name Jimmy James. Also unsigned at the time, was a band called Love consisting of Bryan MacLean (rhythm guitar), Johnny Echols (lead guitar), Ken Forssi (bass) and Don Conka (drums). Flaherty sat in with the group at L.A. clubs called The Brave New World and Bito Lido's, and the group minus their leader Arthur Lee, backed him up on several records. Meanwhile, Love attracted a huge following at Bito Lido's, and word of Vince's distinctive style of guitar and harmonica playing spread, enabling him to become booked on sessions with L.A. Rock and Blues artists, such as Etta James.
In later years, original members of Love mentioned that his arrangement of "Yes It's True", recorded three months earlier than Love's biggest hit "7&7 Is", was the band's inspiration to change Arthur Lee's previously slow folk song into a driving, rolling beat that reaches an explosive crescendo and then starts up slow again.
Songwriter Sharon Sheeley, ("Somethin Else", "Poor Little Fool") was Vince's girlfriend at the time. She told her friends that he reminded her of her fiancé, rocker Eddie Cochran who was killed in a car crash in London. Sheeley took Flaherty to London for a try out with The Playboys, after their front man Vince Taylor overdosed on LSD. The audition didn't work out and The Playboys became The Bobbie Clarke Noise, named after their leader, who was the first known rock drummer to use a double bass. Later, Bobbie Clarke came to America and replaced Love's drummer Don Conka, on Flaherty's recordings with Love.
Afterward, Flaherty took over the front man spot for a group called The Elves Themselves, and recorded a single called "The Certificate" that included Jimi Hendrix on guitar, Ken Forssi on bass and Bobbie Clarke on drums. Vince and The Elves also made a record entitled "Feel Alright" produced by Vic Diaz of the Matadors, purportedly for Lou Adler, the producer of Jan and Dean, and The Mamas & the Papas. More recordings might have been available, but Clarke soon garnered the distinction of becoming the first UK rocker to be busted for pot and swiftly deported.
Subsequently, Flaherty was cast to star in a Western movie and departed for Italy. The movie was never completed. Instead, Flaherty was rendered unconscious, fed intravenously, and kept asleep for a period of nearly three months. The producers maintained the star had gone insane, and they collected a large sum from the completion bond company. Meanwhile, no one had heard anything from Flaherty. Sharon Sheeley found out where he was, and with the help of Gordon Waller, half of the singing duo Peter and Gordon, obtained custody papers from Gordon's father, a prominent London physician. Together Sharon and Gordon traveled to the Villa Belvedere outside of Rome where Flaherty was being held and obtained his release. The bizarre circumstance left Flaherty a wreck and he was not able to record or effectively pursue a career for several years.
In 1969, Jimi Hendrix had a surprise lineup change for the last day of the concert at Devonshire Downs, and he utilized Flaherty to deliver and set up the equipment of Buddy Miles. That date marked end of the Jimi Hendrix Experience and the advent of Jimi's new group with Buddy Miles and Billy Cox. No one including the Experience's Noel Redding and Mitch Mitchell realized that Hendrix was changing his band because he was given to spontaneously jamming with so many different players.
Producer and actor
Years later, Vince Flaherty re-appeared as a producer and actor in over 100 feature films and television movies. Some of his credits include Ladies Man, The Fall Guy, Blacke's Magic, Masquerade, Capitol, Law of the Sea, The Legend of Billy Blood, Pendulum and Championship Polo.
Filmography
Filmography – producer
Tough Love (2013) (executive producer)
Sin-Jin Smyth (2008) (executive producer)
Genevieve (2006) (associate producer)
A Day for the Birds (2005) (producer)
The Missing (2005) (executive producer)
Double Fault (2001) (executive producer
Wendell's Sweet Christmas (1999) (associate producer)
A Gun, A Car, A Blonde (1998) (associate producer)
El Regreso (1996) (executive producer) aka The Return of Billy Blood (1996) (Mexico)
Viva Billy Blood (1995) (executive producer) (Mexico)
Scoring (1995) (associate producer)
La Leyenda (1994) (producer) aka The Legend of Billy Blood (1994) (Mexico)
Junkyard (1993) (associate producer)Championship Polo (1991) (TV) (executive producer)The Lost Mines of El Diablo (1988) (associate producer)
Filmography – actorSin-Jin Smyth (2008) TroublemakerA Gun, A Car, A Blonde (1998) — Petrovich No. 1Regreso, El (1996) — Billy Blood, a.k.a. The Return of Billy Blood (1996) (Mexico)Viva Billy Blood (1995) — Billy Blood (Mexico)Leyenda, La (1994) — Billy Blood, a.k.a. The Legend of Billy Blood (1994) (Mexico)Judge, The (1989) (TV) — Richard BauerDeadly Addiction (1988) — Rockhouse LeaderDivorce Court (1987) (TV) — Billy CoeDivorce Court (1986) (TV) — Dr. Jim Franklin (1987)Black's Magic (1986) (TV) — Captain RyderWebster (1983)(TV) — Chad (1987)Masquerade (1983) (TV) — U.S. Commercial AttachéCapitol (1982) (TV) — Bartender (1985)Fame (1982) (TV) — Mounted Police OfficerMoonlight (1982) (TV) — Young StockbrokerCharlie's Angels (1981) (TV) — NickThe Fall Guy (1981) (TV) — Stan EdwardsStrike Force (1981) (TV) — Detective Jim O'Brien, episode "Death Faire"Fantasy (1981) (TV) — Audience Plant/French VoiceoverPark Place (1981) (TV) — George SimmonsLadies Man (1980) (TV) — Lawrence StallingsKnots Landing (1979) (TV) — Harold Waite (1983)A Man Called Sloane (1979) (TV) — Mat (1980)B. J. and the Bear (1979) (TV) — Deputy CarterBaa Baa Black Sheep (1976) (TV) — Lieutenant AdamsLittle House on the Prairie (1974) (TV) — Jim (1981)Barnaby Jones (1973) (TV) — Cal Brannon (1985)The Young and the Restless (1973) (TV) — Norman Wells (1984)Marcus Welby, M.D. (1969)(TV) — Rick Summers (1974)One Life to Live (1968) (TV) — Bill Davis (1980)Pendulum (1968) — Street ToughLaw of the Sea (1968) — Lieutenant HarringtonThe Donna Reed Show (1963–1964) (TV) — Mike, episode "Episode in A Flat"General Hospital (1963) (TV) — Dr. Steve Reynolds 1973The Texan'' (1958) (TV) — Child
Private life
He was a director of the Pacific Palisades Historical Society and was a member of the Pacific Palisades Community Council, credited with saving a wooded area in the Palisades, known as The Ocean Woods, from a tract of 23 homes. He still performs with his band The Invincebles at venues in the Los Angeles area.
References and Sources
Einarson, John, Forever Changes, Arthur Lee and the Book of Love, Jawbone Press, London 2010, p.p. 84, 85
Whiteside, Jonny, Forever Love, LA Weekly, August 7, 2006
Music Picks, LA Weekly, June 21, 2006
Love website, Denmark
Vince Flaherty Campaign Website
League of Women Voters information for Vince Flaherty
Specific
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Film producers from California
American male television actors
American male film actors
American male singers
American rock singers
American male songwriters
Male actors from Los Angeles
California Independents
Songwriters from California
American political activists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20Flaherty
|
Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp (22 December 1597 – 10 August 1659) was a Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.
He was the elder son of Duke Johann Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp and Princess Augusta of Denmark. His mother was a daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark.
He had ambitious plans concerning the development of sea trade. With this purpose he established Friedrichstadt in 1621, in sympathy with city of Glückstadt established in 1617 by Christian IV of Denmark. Furthermore, he attempted to find a commercial way to Russia and Persia that would not pass around Africa. For this reason he sent on 6 November 1633 the expedition from Hamburg to Moscow under the management of a commercial agent of Otto Brüggemann and a ducal adviser, Philipp Crusius, and with Adam Olearius as secretary. On 14 August 1634 the delegation arrived at Moscow. Although it was not successful in concluding a commercial agreement with Tsar Michael I of Russia, nevertheless, immediately after the return of the delegation to Gottorp on 6 April 1635, Frederick began the preparation of the following expedition. In 1636, he sent his delegation to Persia, and in 1639 Safi of Persia sent a return delegation with presents for the Duke.
The difficult task of leading the country through the Thirty Years' War confronted Frederick. He tried a policy of neutrality, which meant in practice the refusal of the union with Denmark and inclinations toward Sweden. In 1654 he hosted the recently abdicated Christina, Queen of Sweden. She wrote to her successor to recommend two of his daughters as potential brides. Thus, he married his daughter Hedvig Eleonora to King Charles X of Sweden. Since the Swedish attempt at being the Great Power ultimately failed, Frederick's pro-Swedish policy led to the weakening of the house of Holstein-Gottorp.
Frederick as the patron of art and culture was more successful. Thus he founded on 3 September 1642 together with Prince Louis I of Anhalt-Köthen the Fruitbearing Society. Furthermore, he contributed to the creation of the Globe of Gottorf. The painter Jürgen Ovens worked more than 30 years for him and his successor Christian Albrecht of Holstein-Gottorp.
Family and children
He was married in Dresden on 21 February 1630 to Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony, daughter of Elector John George I of Saxony and Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia. They had the following children:
Sofie Auguste (5 December 1630 – 12 December 1680), married on 16 September 1649 to John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. Mother of John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg, grandmother of Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and great-grandmother of Catherine II of Russia.
Magdalene Sibylle (24 November 1631 – 22 September 1719), married on 28 November 1654 to Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Mother of Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Queen of Denmark.
Johann Adolf (29 September 1632 – 19 November 1633).
Marie Elisabeth (6 June 1634 – 17 June 1665), married on 24 November 1650 to Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.
Friedrich (17 July 1635 – 12 August 1654).
Hedwig Eleonore (23 October 1636 – 24 November 1715), married on 24 October 1654 to King Charles X of Sweden.
Adolf August (1 September 1637 – 20 November 1637).
Johann Georg (8 August 1638 – 25 November 1655).
Anna Dorothea (13 February 1640 – 13 May 1713).
Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (3 February 1641 – 6 January 1695).
Gustav Ulrich (16 March 1642 – 23 October 1642).
Christine Sabine (11 July 1643 – 20 March 1644).
August Friedrich (6 May 1646 – 2 October 1705), Prince-Regent of Eutin and Prince-Bishop of Lübeck; married on 21 June 1676 to Christine of Saxe-Weissenfels (daughter of Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, and his first wife Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin). No issue.
Adolf (24 August 1647 – 27 December 1647).
Elisabeth Sofie (24 August 1647 – 16 November 1647), twin of Adolf.
Auguste Marie (6 February 1649 – 25 April 1728), married on 15 May 1670 to Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach.
Ancestors
Embassies
The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy, and the King of Persia: Begun in the Year M.DC.XXXIII, and Finish'd in M.DC.XXXIX : Containing a Compleat History of Muscovy, Tartary, Persia, and Other Adjacent Countries : with Several Publick Transactions Reaching Near the Present Times : in VII Books (1669)
See also
History of Schleswig-Holstein
Globe of Gottorf
References
Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp
1597 births
1659 deaths
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20III%2C%20Duke%20of%20Holstein-Gottorp
|
Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge is located in southern Albany County in the U.S. state of Wyoming and includes 1,776 acres (7.2 km2). The refuge is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior. Mortensen Lake NWR is a high altitude refuge and has several small alpine lakes of which Mortenson Lake is the largest. At 7,256 feet (2,211 m) above sea level, the refuge provides protection for numerous migratory bird species.
In 1984, the Wyoming Toad was listed as an endangered species and was widely believed to be extinct in the wild. A small population of the toad was rediscovered in 1987 in the area surrounding Mortenson Lake which led to the establishment of the refuge in 1993. Since 1995, offspring from captured examples of this extremely rare amphibian have been released into the wild to help stabilize the remaining population. The refuge is closed to all public access to aid in recovery efforts of this endangered species.
Mortenson NWR is administered by Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge in Colorado.
References
External links
Protected areas of Albany County, Wyoming
National Wildlife Refuges in Wyoming
Protected areas established in 1993
1993 establishments in Wyoming
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortenson%20Lake%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge
|
Frating is a village and small civil parish of the Tendring district of Essex, England. It is about east of Colchester and northwest of Clacton-on-Sea. The parish includes the settlements of Frating Green and Hockley.
The parish church (dedication not recorded) is now a private house. The living was a rectory shared with Thorrington.
The village hall is the Frating War Memorial Hall and Institute which celebrated its 100th Anniversary in September 2022.
Great Bentley rail station is two miles away and is served by Abellio Greater Anglia services to Colchester, Walton-on-the-Naze, London Liverpool Street and Clacton-on-Sea.
There is one public house; The Kings Arms.
Bus services
Nearby places
References
External links
Frating Parish Council website
Extract from History, Gazetteer, and Directory of the County of Essex by William White published in 1848
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Tendring
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frating
|
The banded bay cuckoo or bay-banded cuckoo (Cacomantis sonneratii) is a species of small cuckoo found in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Like others in the genus they have a round nostril. They are usually founded in well wooded areas mainly in the lower hills. Males sing from exposed branches during the breeding season, which can vary with region. They are distinctive both in their calls as well as plumage with a white eyebrowed appearance and the rufous upperparts with regular dark bands and the whitish underside with fine striations.
Description
The adults are bright rufous or bay on the head and back and are broadly barred with dark brown. The bill is long and slightly curved. A whitish supercilium is distinctive above a dark eye-line. The wing is darker and tail is graduated with a dark brown centre. The tail has a subterminal black band and white tips to the feathers. The sexes are alike. The iris is yellow and the bill is black while the base of the lower mandible is greenish grey. The tarsi are grey. The juvenile is similar but has a pale lower mandible and white fringes to the feathers of the upper body.
The overall length is about 22 cm making it about the same size as the syntopic Cacomantis merulinus and Cacomantis variolosus. The hepatic forms of those can be similar but supercilium, long beak and barred tail distinguish this species.
Taxonomy and systematics
The species was originally classed in the genus Cuculus by John Latham. The type specimen came from Northeastern India. The species epithet is after the French naturalist and explorer Pierre Sonnerat.
Four subspecies are generally recognized:
the nominate form from India, Nepal, Thailand, Malay Peninsula
C. s. musicus Ljungh, 1804 (from Java, Bali)
C. s. fasciolatus Müller, 1843 (Sumatra)
C. s. waiti Baker, 1919 (Sri Lanka)
Some sources also recognize malayanus (Chasen & Kloss, 1931) from Peninsular Malaysia and schlegeli (Junge, 1948) from Sumatra, Borneo and Palawan (SW Philippines).
Ecology and behaviour
Like many other cuckoos, they are brood-parasitic and hosts recorded include the common iora, red-whiskered bulbul, white-bellied erpornis, scarlet minivet, bulbuls and small babblers (Stachyris spp.). The eggs resemble those of the hosts. The incubation and nesting are not well documented. Fledglings of the host are evicted.
Populations are often migratory or partially migratory. In India, they are found mainly during the monsoons.
They are found in well-wooded forests, mainly in hill areas. Insects are their primary diet. They capture insects by gleaning as well as by aerial sallying.
The breeding season varies widely from region to region. Near Bombay they are known to lay eggs from February to August, Assam from April to August while they seem to sing through much of the year in the Eastern Ghats. In Sri Lanka, young have been seen in June and October while adults sing from January to May in the Malay Peninsula.
The call of this species is distinctive. It is high-pitched four note whistle that has been transcribed as "wee-ti wee-tee" or "smoke-yer-pepper". The frequency starts at 2.4 kHz and each note falls in pitch with the strophe lasting a second.
References
External links
Internet Bird Collection
Calls from Xeno-Canto
banded bay cuckoo
Birds of South Asia
Birds of Bangladesh
Birds of Southeast Asia
banded bay cuckoo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded%20bay%20cuckoo
|
One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren in 1975 and revised in 1977, and 1980. However, he is best known for his two treatises on monocotyledons in 1982 and revised in 1985. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren continued the work after his death.
Dahlgren ranked the dicotyledons and monocotyledons as subclasses of the class of flowering plants (angiosperms) and further divided them into superorders. Originally (1975) he used the suffix -anae, as did Cronquist, to designate these, but in 1980 changed this to -florae in accordance with Thorne. In the 1989 revision, published by his wife, the alternate names Magnoliidae and Liliidae were dropped in favour of Dicotyledon and Monocotyledon, and the suffix -florae reverted to -anae (e.g. Alismatanae for Alismatiflorae).
Reveal provides an extensive listing of Dahlgren's classification. (Note the synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system.)
1980 system
Summary
Class Magnoliopsida (flowering plants (Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta)
Subclass Magnoliidae (dicotyledons) 24 superorders
Superorder Magnoliiflorae
Superorder Nymphaeiflorae
Superorder Ranunculiflorae
Superorder Caryophylliflorae
Superorder Polygoniflorae
Superorder Malviflorae
Superorder Violiflorae
Superorder Theiflorae
Superorder Primuliflorae
Superorder Rosiflorae
Superorder Podostemiflorae
Superorder Fabiflorae
Superorder Proteiflorae
Superorder Myrtiflorae
Superorder Rutiflorae
Superorder Santaliflorae
Superorder Balanophoriflorae
Superorder Araliiflorae
Superorder Asteriflorae
Superorder Solaniflorae
Superorder Corniflorae
Superorder Loasiflorae
Superorder Gentianiflorae
Superorder Lamiiflorae
Subclass Liliidae (monocotyledons) 7 superorders
Superorder Alismatiflorae
Superorder Triuridiflorae
Superorder Ariflorae
Superorder Liliiflorae
Superorder Zingiberiflorae
Superorder Commeliniflorae
Superorder Areciflorae
Magnoliidae (dicotyledons)
Subclass Magnoliiflorae
Superorder Magnolianae
Order Annonales
Family Annonaceae
Family Myristicaceae
Family Eupomatiaceae
Family Canellaceae
Family Austrobaileyaceae
Order Aristolochiales
Family Aristolochiaceae
Order Rafflesiales
Family Rafflesiaceae
Family Hydnoraceae
Order Magnoliales
Family Degeneriaceae
Family Himantandraceae
Family Magnoliaceae
Order Lactoridales
Family Lactoridaceae
Order Winterales
Family Winteraceae
Order Chloranthales
Family Chloranthaceae
Order Illiciales
Family Illiciaceae
Family Schisandraceae
Order Laurales
Family Amborellaceae
Family Trimeniaceae
Family Monimiaceae
Family Gomortegaceae
Family Calycanthaceae
Family Lauraceae
Order Nelumbonales
Family Nelumbonaceae
Superorder Nymphaeiflorae
Order Piperales
Family Saururaceae
Family Piperaceae
Order Nymphaeales
Family Cabombaceae
Family Nymphaeaceae
Family Ceratophyllaceae
Superorder Ranunculiflorae
Order Ranunculales
Family Lardizabalaceae
Family Sargentodoxaceae
Family Menispermaceae
Family Kingdoniaceae
Family Circaeasteraceae
Family Ranunculaceae
Family Hydrastidaceae
Family Berberidaceae
Order Papaverales
Family Papaveraceae
Family Fumariaceae
Superorder Caryophylliflorae
Order Caryophyllales
Family Molluginaceae
Family Caryophyllaceae
Family Phytolaccaceae
Family Achatocarpaceae
Family Agdestidaceae
Family Basellaceae
Family Portulacaceae
Family Stegnospermataceae
Family Nyctaginaceae
Family Aizoaceae
Family Halophytaceae
Family Cactaceae
Family Didiereaceae
Family Hectorellaceae
Family Chenopodiaceae
Family Amaranthaceae
Superorder Polygoniflorae
Order Polygonales
Family Polygonaceae
Superorder Malviflorae
Order Malvales
Family Sterculiaceae
Family Plagiopteraceae
Family Bixaceae
Family Cochlospermaceae
Family Cistaceae
Family Sphaerosepalaceae
Family Sarcolaenaceae
Family Huaceae
Family Tiliaceae
Family Dipterocarpaceae
Family Bombacaceae
Family Malvaceae
Order Urticales
Family Ulmaceae
Family Moraceae
Family Cecropiaceae
Family Barbeyaceae
Family Cannabaceae
Family Urticaceae
Order Euphorbiales
Family Euphorbiaceae
Family Simmondsiaceae
Family Pandaceae
Family Aextoxicaceae
Family Dichapetalaceae
Order Plumbaginales
Family Plumbaginaceae
Family Limoniaceae
Order Thymelaeales
Family Gonystylaceae
Family Thymelaeaceae
Order Rhamnales
Family Rhamnaceae
Superorder Violiflorae
Order Violales
Family Flacourtiaceae
Family Berberidopsidaceae
Family Aphloiaceae
Family Physenaceae
Family Passifloraceae
Family Dipentodontaceae
Family Peridiscaceae
Family Scyphostegiaceae
Family Violaceae
Family Turneraceae
Family Malesherbiaceae
Family Caricaceae
Order Cucurbitales
Family Achariaceae
Family Cucurbitaceae
Family Begoniaceae
Family Datiscaceae
Order Salicales
Family Salicaceae
Order Tamaricales
Family Tamaricaceae
Family Frankeniaceae
Order Capparales
Family Capparaceae
Family Brassicaceae
Family Tovariaceae
Family Resedaceae
Family Gyrostemonaceae
Family Bataceae
Family Moringaceae
Order Tropaeolales
Family Tropaeolaceae
Family Limnanthaceae
Order Salvadorales
Family Salvadoraceae
Superorder Theiflorae
Order Dilleniales
Family Dilleniaceae
Order Paeoniales
Family Glaucidiaceae
Family Paeoniaceae
Order Theales
Family Stachyuraceae
Family Pentaphylacaceae
Family Marcgraviaceae
Family Quiinaceae
Family Ancistrocladaceae
Family Dioncophyllaceae
Family Nepenthaceae
Family Medusagynaceae
Family Caryocaraceae
Family Strasburgeriaceae
Family Ochnaceae
Family Chrysobalanaceae
Family Oncothecaceae
Family Scytopetalaceae
Family Theaceae
Family Bonnetiaceae
Family Clusiaceae
Family Elatinaceae
Order Lecythidales
Family Lecythidaceae
Superorder Primuliflorae
Order Primulales
Family Myrsinaceae
Family Aegicerataceae
Family Theophrastaceae
Family Primulaceae
Family Coridaceae
Order Ebenales
Family Sapotaceae
Family Styracaceae
Family Lissocarpaceae
Family Ebenaceae
Superorder Rosiflorae
Order Trochodendrales
Family Trochodendraceae
Family Tetracentraceae
Order Cercidiphyllales
Family Cercidiphyllaceae
Family Eupteleaceae
Order Hamamelidales
Family Hamamelidaceae
Family Platanaceae
Family Myrothamnaceae
Order Balanopales
Family Balanopaceae
Order Fagales
Family Nothofagaceae
Family Fagaceae
Family Corylaceae
Family Betulaceae
Order Juglandales
Family Rhoipteleaceae
Family Juglandaceae
Order Myricales
Family Myricaceae
Order Casuarinales
Family Casuarinaceae
Order Buxales
Family Buxaceae
Family Daphniphyllaceae
Family Didymelaceae
Order Geissolomatales
Family Geissolomataceae
Order Cunoniales
Family Cunoniaceae
Family Baueraceae
Family Brunelliaceae
Family Davidsoniaceae
Family Eucryphiaceae
Family Bruniaceae
Family Grubbiaceae
Order Saxifragales
Family Saxifragaceae
Family Francoaceae
Family Greyiaceae
Family Brexiaceae
Family Grossulariaceae
Family Iteaceae
Family Cephalotaceae
Family Crassulaceae
Order Droserales
Family Droseraceae
Family Lepuropetalaceae
Family Parnassiaceae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae
Family Neuradaceae
Family Malaceae
Family Amygdalaceae
Family Anisophylleaceae
Family Crossosomataceae
Family Surianaceae
Family Rhabdodendraceae
Order Gunnerales
Family Gunneraceae
Superorder Podostemiflorae
Order Podostemales
Family Podostemaceae (including Tristichaceae)
Superorder Fabiflorae
Order Fabales
Family Mimosaceae
Family Caesalpiniaceae
Family Fabaceae
Superorder Proteiflorae
Order Proteales
Family Proteaceae
Order Elaeagnales
Family Elaeagnaceae
Superorder Myrtiflorae
Order Myrtales
Family Psiloxylaceae
Family Heteropyxidaceae
Family Myrtaceae
Family Onagraceae
Family Trapaceae
Family Lythraceae
Family Combretaceae
Family Melastomataceae
Family Memecylaceae
Family Crypteroniaceae
Family Oliniaceae
Family Penaeaceae
Family Rhynchocalycaceae
Family Alzateaceae
Order Haloragales
Family Haloragaceae
Superorder Rutiflorae
Order Sapindales
Family Coriariaceae
Family Anacardiaceae
Family Leitneriaceae
Family Podoaceae
Family Sapindaceae
Family Hippocastanaceae
Family Aceraceae
Family Akaniaceae
Family Bretschneideraceae
Family Emblingiaceae
Family Staphyleaceae
Family Melianthaceae
Family Sabiaceae
Family Meliosmaceae
Family Connaraceae
Order Rutales
Family Rutaceae
Family Ptaeroxylaceae
Family Cneoraceae
Family Simaroubaceae
Family Tepuianthaceae
Family Burseraceae
Family Meliaceae
Order Polygalales
Family Malpighiaceae
Family Trigoniaceae
Family Vochysiaceae
Family Polygalaceae
Family Krameriaceae
Order Geraniales
Family Zygophyllaceae
Family Nitrariaceae
Family Peganaceae
Family Balanitaceae
Family Erythroxylaceae
Family Humiriaceae
Family Linaceae
Family Ctenolophonaceae
Family Ixonanthaceae
Family Lepidobotryaceae
Family Oxalidaceae (including Averrhoaceae)
Family Geraniaceae
Family Dirachmaceae
Family Ledocarpaceae
Family Vivianiaceae
Family Biebersteiniaceae
Order Linales (incorporated into Geraniales)
Family Linaceae
Family Humiriaceae
Family Ctenolophonaceae
Family Ixonanthaceae
Family Erythroxylaceae
Family Lepidobotryaceae
Family Oxalidaceae
Order Celastrales
Family Stackhousiaceae
Family Lophopyxidaceae
Family Cardiopteridaceae
Family Corynocarpaceae
Family Celastraceae
Order Rhizophorales
Family Rhizophoraceae
Family Elaeocarpaceae
Order Balsaminales
Family Balsaminaceae
Superorder Santaliflorae
Order Santalales
Family Olacaceae
Family Opiliaceae
Family Loranthaceae
Family Medusandraceae
Family Misodendraceae
Family Eremolepidaceae
Family Santalaceae
Family Viscaceae
Superorder Balanophoriflorae
Order Balanophorales
Family Cynomoriaceae
Family Balanophoraceae
Superorder Araliiflorae
Order Pittosporales
Family Pittosporaceae
Family Tremandraceae
Family Byblidaceae
Order Araliales
Family Araliaceae
Family Apiaceae
Superorder Asteriflorae
Order Campanulales
Family Pentaphragmataceae
Family Campanulaceae
Family Lobeliaceae
Order Asterales
Family Asteraceae
Superorder Solaniflorae
Order Solanales
Family Solanaceae
Family Sclerophylacaceae
Family Goetzeaceae
Family Convolvulaceae
Family Cuscutaceae
Family Cobaeaceae
Family Polemoniaceae
Order Boraginales
Family Hydrophyllaceae
Family Ehretiaceae
Family Boraginaceae
Family Lennoaceae
Family Hoplestigmataceae
Superorder Corniflorae
Order Fouquieriales
Family Fouquieriaceae
Order Ericales
Family Actinidiaceae
Family Clethraceae
Family Cyrillaceae
Family Ericaceae
Family Empetraceae
Family Monotropaceae
Family Pyrolaceae
Family Epacridaceae
Order Eucommiales
Family Eucommiaceae
Order Sarraceniales
Family Sarraceniaceae
Order Cornales
Family Garryaceae
Family Alangiaceae
Family Nyssaceae
Family Cornaceae
Family Roridulaceae
Family Davidiaceae
Family Escalloniaceae
Family Helwingiaceae
Family Torricelliaceae
Family Aucubaceae
Family Aralidiaceae
Family Diapensiaceae
Family Phellinaceae
Family Aquifoliaceae
Family Paracryphiaceae
Family Sphenostemonaceae
Family Symplocaceae
Family Icacinaceae
Family Montiniaceae
Family Columelliaceae
Family Stylidiaceae (including Donatiaceae)
Family Alseuosmiaceae
Family Hydrangeaceae
Family Sambucaceae
Family Viburnaceae
Family Menyanthaceae
Family Adoxaceae
Family Phyllonomaceae
Family Tribelaceae
Family Eremosynaceae
Family Pterostemonaceae
Family Tetracarpaeaceae
Order Dipsacales
Family Caprifoliaceae
Family Valerianaceae
Family Dipsacaceae
Family Morinaceae
Family Calyceraceae
Superorder Loasiflorae
Order Loasales
Family Loasaceae
Superorder Gentianiflorae
Order Goodeniales
Family Goodeniaceae
Order Oleales
Family Oleaceae
Order Gentianales
Family Desfontainiaceae
Family Loganiaceae
Family Dialypetalanthaceae
Family Rubiaceae
Family Theligonaceae
Family Gentianaceae
Family Saccifoliaceae
Family Apocynaceae
Family Asclepiadaceae
Superorder Lamiiflorae
Order Lamiales
Family Retziaceae
Family Stilbaceae
Family Buddlejaceae
Family Scrophulariaceae
Family Myoporaceae
Family Globulariaceae
Family Plantaginaceae
Family Lentibulariaceae
Family Pedaliaceae
Family Trapellaceae
Family Martyniaceae
Family Gesneriaceae
Family Bignoniaceae
Family Acanthaceae
Family Verbenaceae
Family Lamiaceae
Family Callitrichaceae
Order Hydrostachyales
Family Hydrostachyaceae
Order Hippuridales
Family Hippuridaceae
1982 system (monocotyledons)
Summary
Six superorders
Superorder Alismatiflorae
Superorder Ariflorae
Superorder Liliiflorae
Superorder Zingiberiflorae
Superorder Commeliniflorae
Superorder Areciflorae
Details
Superorder Alismatiflorae 5 orders
Superorder Ariflorae 1 order
Order Arales
Superorder Liliiflorae 11 orders
Order Dioscoreales
Order Taccales
Order Asparagales
Family Smilacaceae
Family Petermanniaceae
Family Philesiaceae
Family Convallariaceae
Family Asparagaceae
Family Herreriaceae
Family Dracaenaceae
Family Doryanthaceae
Family Dasypogonaceae
Family Phormiaceae
Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
Family Agavaceae
Family Hypoxidaceae
Family Asphodelaceae
Family Aphyllanthaceae
Family Dianellaceae
Family Tecophilaeaceae
Family Cyanastraceae
Family Eriospermaceae
Family Hemerocallidaceae
Family Funkiaceae
Family Hyacinthaceae
Family Alliaceae
Family Amaryllidaceae
Order Liliales
Family Iridaceae
Family Geosiridaceae
Family Colchicaceae
Family Alstroemeriaceae
Family Tricyrtidaceae
Family Calochortaceae
Family Liliaceae
Family Melanthiaceae
Order Burmanniales
Order Orchidales
Order Pontederiales
Order Haemodorales
Order Philydrales
Order Velloziales
Order Bromeliales
Superorder Zingiberiflorae 1 order
Order Zingiberales
Superorder Commeliniflorae 8 orders
Superorder Areciflorae 3 orders
1985 system (monocotyledons)
Summary
Ten superorders
Superorder Liliiflorae
Superorder Ariflorae
Superorder Triuridiflorae
Superorder Alismatiflorae
Superorder Bromeliiflorae
Superorder Zingiberiflorae
Superorder Commeliniflorae
Superorder Cyclanthiflorae
Superorder Areciflorae
Superorder Pandaniflorae
Details
Liliiflorae
Superorder Liliiflorae 6 orders p. 107
Order Dioscoreales
Family Trichopodaceae
Family Dioscoreaceae
Family Taccaceae
Family Stemonaceae
Family Trilliaceae
Family Smilacaceae
Family Petermanniaceae
Order Asparagales
Family Philesiaceae
Family Luzuriagaceae
Family Convallariaceae
Family Asparagaceae
Family Ruscaceae
Family Herreriaceae
Family Dracaenaceae
Family Nolinaceae
Family Asteliaceae
Family Hanguanaceae
Family Dasypogonaceae
Family Calectasiaceae
Family Blandfordiaceae
Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
Family Agavaceae
Family Hypoxidaceae
Family Tecophilaeaceae
Family Cyanastraceae
Family Eriospermaceae
Family Ixioliriaceae
Family Phormiaceae
Family Doryanthaceae
Family Hemerocallidaceae
Family Asphodelaceae
Family Anthericaceae
Family Aphyllanthaceae
Family Funkiaceae
Family Hyacinthaceae
Family Alliaceae
Family Amaryllidaceae
Tribe Amaryllideae
Tribe Hippeastrae
Tribe Lycoridae
Tribe Stenomesseae
Tribe Eucharideae
Tribe Pancratieae
Tribe Narcisseae
Tribe Galantheae
Order Melanthiales
Family Melanthiaceae
Family Campynemaceae
Order Burmanniales
Family Burmanniaceae
Family Thismiaceae
Family Corsiaceae
Order Liliales
Family Alstroemeriaceae
Family Colchicaceae
Family Uvulariaceae
Family Calochortaceae
Family Liliaceae
Family Geosiridaceae
Family Iridaceae
Order Orchids
Family Apostasiaceae
Family Cypripediaceae
Family Orchidaceae
Ariflorae
Superorder Ariflorae 1 order p. 275
Order Arales
Family Araceae
Family Lemnaceae
Triuridiflorae
Superorder Triuridiflorae 1 order p. 287
Order Triuridales
Family Triuridaceae
Alismatiflorae
Superorder Alismatiflorae 2 orders p. 292
Order Alismatales
Family Aponogetonaceae
Family Butomaceae
Family Limnocharitaceae
Family Alismataceae
Family Hydrocharitaceae
Order Najadales
Family Scheuchzeriaceae
Family Juncaginaceae
Family Potamogetonaceae
Family Posidoniaceae
Family Zosteraceae
Family Zannichelliaceae
Family Cymodoceaceae
Family Najadaceae
Bromeliiflorae
Superorder Bromeliflorae 6 orders p. 323
Order Velloziales
Family Velloziaceae
Order Bromeliales
Family Bromeliaceae
Order Philydrales
Family Philydraceae
Order Haemodorales
Family Haemodoraceae
Order Pontederiales
Family Pontederiaceae
Order Typhales
Family Sparganiaceae
Family Typhaceae
Zingiberiflorae
Superorder Zingiberiflorae 1 order p. 350
Order Zingiberales
Family Lowiaceae
Family Musaceae
Family Heliconiaceae
Family Strelitziaceae
Family Zingiberaceae
Family Costaceae
Family Cannaceae
Family Marantaceae
Commeliniflorae
Superorder Commeliniflorae 4 orders p. 374
Order Commelinales
Family Commelinaceae
Family Mayacaceae
Family Xyridaceae
Family Rapateaceae
Family Eriocaulaceae
Order Hydatellales
Family Hydatellaceae
Order Cyperales
Family Juncaceae
Family Thurniaceae
Family Cyperaceae
Order Poales
Family Flagellariaceae
Family Joinvilleaceae
Family Poaceae
Family Ecdeiocolaceae
Family Anarthriaceae
Family Restionaceae
Family Centrolepidaceae
Cyclanthiflorae
Superorder Cyclanthiflorae 1 order p. 461
Order Cyclanthales
Family Cyclanthaceae
Areciflorae
Superorder Areciflorae 1 order p. 467
Order Arecales
Family Arecaceae
Pandaniflorae
Superorder Pandaniflorae 1 order p. 480
Order Pandanales
Family Pandanaceae
Notes
References
Bibliography
, in
Additional excerpts
system, Dahlgren
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlgren%20system
|
Ridgewood, New York may refer to:
Ridgewood, Queens, in the borough of Queens in New York City
Ridgewood, Niagara County, New York, a hamlet in Niagara County, New York
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgewood%2C%20New%20York
|
The American Heavyweight Wrestling Championship was the first heavyweight professional wrestling championship in the United States. The title existed from 1881 through approximately 1922.
Title history
See also
Professional wrestling in the United States
Early wrestling championships
World Catch-as-Catch-Can Championship
World Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship
References
External links
American Heavyweight title history at Wrestling-Titles.com
Heavyweight wrestling championships
National professional wrestling championships
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Heavyweight%20Championship
|
Operation Askari was a military operation during 1983 in Angola by the South African Defence Force (SADF) during the South African Border War.
Background
Operation Askari, launched on 6 December 1983, was the SADF's sixth large-scale cross-border operation into Angola and was intended to disrupt the logistical support and command & control capabilities of People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) the military wing of the South West Africa People's Organisation SWAPO, in order to suppress a large-scale incursion into South West Africa that was planned for the beginning of 1984. The People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the Angolan governing party, were targeted during this mission as PLAN bases were close to FAPLA bases and had been used as a place of refuge during SADF operations.
Planning
Operation Askari was planned to begin on 9 November 1983 but was postponed for one month because the South African government was conducting talks with African leaders. The operation would instead begin on 9 December with four phases planned:
The first phase involved placing special forces teams around Lubango, operating to gather intelligence for an SAAF attack known as Operation Klinker on 29 December, against a PLAN training base outside that town.
Phase two consisted of reconnaissance, probing and attacks on the Angolan towns of Cahama, Mulondo and Cuvelai to force the FAPLA and PLAN troops to flee the towns during mid December to mid January.
Phase three was the domination of the area of concern by the SADF. And
The final phase, halting any infiltration of PLAN units through the area dominated into SWA/Namibia.
Order of battle
South African and South West Africa Territorial forces
Operation commander - Brigadier Joep Joubert
Task Force X-Ray - Commandant Gert van Zyl / Commandant Ep van Lill / Commandant Welgemoed
three mechanized companies - 61 Mech (plus 4 SAI and 8 SAI)
one armoured car squadron – 1 SSB - Ratel 90
two troops MRL – Valkiri MRLS
one G-4 155mm battery
one G-2 140mm battery
two Ystervark 20mm AA battery
Task Force Victor - Commandant Faan Greyling
one mechanized company - 1 SAI
one mechanized company - Regiment Groot Karoo / Regiment de la Rey
one Eland-90 armoured car squadron - Regiment Mooirivier / Regiment Molopo
one G-2 140mm battery
one troop MRL – 4 SAI - Valkiri MRLS
two anti-aircraft troops
Task Force Echo-Victor - Commandant Eddie Viljoen
four motorized infantry companies - 32 Battalion
Task Force Tango
one mechanized company - 4 SAI
one armoured car squadron - 1 & 2 Special Service Battalion
one troop 140mm G-2 artillery – 2 SAI
Combat Team Manie
four platoons motorized infantry - 202 Battalion
two platoons motorized infantry - 7 SAI
one armoured car squadron
one 81mm mortar platoon 6SAI/32BN
one troop 120mm artillery (mortar)
FAPLA/SWAPO forces
Cahama
2nd Brigade
Cuban battalion
PLAN Western HQ
Mulondo
19th Brigade
Cuvelai
11 Brigade
two Cuban battalions
PLAN's Moscow, Alpha and Bravo battalions
Caiundo
53rd Brigade
Battles
Battle of Quiteve
The objective for the towns of Quiteve and Mulondo was to conduct a probe of the towns defence's by ground forces, attacking it with artillery and aircraft, in doing so intimidating the FAPLA forces into fleeing the town. Task Force X-Ray left Xangongo on 11 December with its first target at Quiteve taken on 12 December without much fighting as FAPLA had fled the town.
Two FAPLA tanks had been dispatched south from Mulondo towards Quiteve but were attacked by SAAF Mirages destroying one, while the other retreated. Task Force X-Ray then moved south west to Cahama.
Battle of Mulondo
After an advance by FAPLA infantry and tanks from Mulondo had been stopped by a SAAF air attack, a smaller SADF force called Combat Team Tango, was sent forward with artillery to the area around the town of Mulondo with the same objective that had been achieved with Quiteve. From around 16 December until around 15 January 1984, the SADF plan called for action to force FAPLA's 19th Brigade to withdraw from the area and position UNITA troops in their place.
During this phase, FAPLA used their own reconnaissance to track the small SADF force and were successful in attacking the South Africans with artillery, forcing the South Africans to withdraw frequently. This forced the SAAF to conduct air missions against this town, drawing away missions that were to be utilised against Cahama and Cuvelai. In one of these attacks on 23 December, an Impala strike aircraft was struck and damaged by a SA-9 surface-to-air missile but safely returned to its base at Ongiva.
The plan to take Mulondo failed and by the early January, a political decision had been made to end this part of Operation Askari. FAPLA's 19th Brigade maintained their nerve and stayed in place.
Battle of Cahama
The objective for the town of Cahama was again to conduct a probe of the towns defence's by ground forces, attacking it by artillery and by aircraft, in doing so intimidating the FAPLA and PLAN forces into fleeing their areas of control around the town.
The ground and air plan was to begin during mid December until mid January, but in reality, special forces teams were already operating, since mid November, around the town and to the north disrupting the enemies logistics route from Chibemba. PLAN headquarters to the west of Cahama was bombed by the SAAF in early December and remaining forces fled to the safety of FAPLA defences in the town.
The objective was the responsibility of Task Force X-Ray which moved into position on 16 December after leaving the town of Quiteve. Two teams positioned themselves to the east of the town while a third was positioned to the north. Bombing from the air and bombardment from artillery begun immediately on the town's defences. FAPLA artillery returned fire and artillery duels begun. Some of the air support was reduced when Task Force Mannie got into trouble in Caiundo. FAPLA, fearing that the combat team positioned north of the town meant a SADF attack towards Chimbemba and Lubango, launched an armoured column of tanks and personnel carriers towards Cahama. The attack by FAPLA T-55 tanks was fought off by the SADF Ratel-90's crews better mobility and training despite being undergunned.
A side operation known as Operation Fox was conducted to capture a SA-8 battery south west of Cahama. Making use of air and ground forces, the objective was to drive the battery away from the towns defence's to a better position for SADF ground and special forces to capture it intact.
The plan failed and by 31 December a political decision had been made, brought about by international pressure, to end this part of Operation Askari. FAPLA's 2nd Brigade had maintained their nerve and stayed in place. Task Force X-Ray then moved north east to Cuvelai to assist Task Force Victor.
Battle of Cuvelai
Task Force Victor, consisting mostly of citizen force soldiers, were tasked with probing and attacking a PLAN camp and a FAPLA brigade in and around Cuvelai. They moved from Mongua to Cuvelai and the probing of enemy positions began. By 28 December, plans were changed to wrap up Operation Askari by 31 December, which meant Task Force Victor's orders were to attack the PLAN camp a few miles north east of the town that was heavily defended and surrounded by minefields. After the attack began, the task force was counterattacked by FAPLA tanks from Cuvelai that had come to PLAN's defence. The attack was stopped by Eland-90s and artillery by a task force ill-equipped with antitank weapons. The enemy remained in place and the task force was then tasked to attack Cuvelai from the northeast. This attack went ahead in bad weather, flooded rivers, into prepared enemy minefields and against positions manned by 23mm AA guns backed by tanks. There were also problems in leadership by some junior SADF officers and refusal to follow orders by some soldiers. Commandant Greyling finally ordered a withdrawal but it turned into a disordered retreat and he was eventually able to regroup his task force. Greyling was ordered to re-attack but he refused without better planning and reconnaissance.
Brigadier Joubert made a decision to reinforce Task Force Victor for a final attack on Cuvelai. Task Force X-Ray arrived very tired at Cuvelai on 3 January, to reinforce Task Force Victor, after spending 16 hours marching from Cahama. Commandant van Lill took over command of Task Force Victor from Commandant Greyling for the joint attack planned for 4 January and had to deal with further "unrest" in the ranks of Victor. Enemy radio intercepts also reported requests for further FAPLA and Cuban reinforcements. Units were rearranged and an attack planned with Victor attacking Cuvelai from the south and X-Ray from the east.
On the afternoon of 3 January, the FAPLA positions in and around Cuvelai were attacked by the SADF in two waves. The first wave consisted 10 Impalas and 4 Canberra bombers while the second wave consisted of Impala strike aircraft.The aim of the bombing raids were to destroy the FAPLA artillery and the anti-aircraft guns that would be used against the SADF armoured personnel carriers. SADF radio intercepts of the FAPLA garrisons reports to Lubango, reported losses of 75% of their artillery.
On 4 January, around 8am, the SADF attack began supported by artillery. The Ratel-20 personnel carriers had to cross minefields to reach the enemy positions and frequently retreated when encountering the hidden 23mm AA positions. The SADF artillery was supported by an Alloutte helicopter used in a spotter role, flown by Captain Carl Alberts, who won an Honoris Crux medal when he used his aircraft as bait to identify the 23mm AA gun positions. FAPLA counterattacked with ten T-55 tanks which succeeded in destroying a Ratel and killing six men, but the tanks were eventually driven off by artillery and finally destroyed by Ratel-90's in the afternoon. Another medal was won one by Lieutenant Alexander Macaskill trying to rescue the five men in the Ratel. Medic Private Matthew Joseph Fisher was also awarded the Honoris Crux for retrieving a mortally wounded rifleman during the advance on Cuvelai. By the late afternoon, most of the enemy positions were in SADF hands with the remaining FAPLA troops fleeing northwards towards Techamutete.
Earlier Combat Team Echo Victor had been tasked to clear PLAN positions north of Cuvelai and south of Techamutete. During this period, against orders, Techamutete was taken by the Echo Victor on 24 December after the town garrison fled but were then told to hold the town. After the final attack on Cuvelai on 3 January 1984, Combat Team Echo Victor was used as a stopper group against enemy forces fleeing that town. The retreating enemy forces from Cuvelai fled towards the town on 5 January only to be attacked by 32 Battalion. An anti-tank team was then detached from Combat Team Tango to support Echo Victor who had destroyed a fleeing T-54 tank, but they arrived late due to logistical issues. Operations continue in the Techamutete region, with all units, barr 32 Battalion, back at bases in SWA/Namibia by 13–15 January. Small SADF units remained in Calueque, N'Giva and Xangongo.
Battle of Caiundo
Combat Team Manie's role was to deceive the enemy as to where the real SADF attack would be coming from. Manie's target was the town of Caiundo. Combat Team Manie advanced from Rundu towards Caiundo where it began to probe the towns defences hoping, as was the plan, to frighten the FAPLA troops of the 53rd Brigade into fleeing the town. During one of these probes, a SADF platoon, who got too close the town, was discovered by a FAPLA reconnaissance team. On 18 December 1983, a FAPLA company attacked the platoon. Sources differ on the SADF casualties, with nine dead, one missing, one captured to as low as five dead and one captured. A vehicle, weapons, and equipment were seized by the Angolans. South African air assets were moved from their missions in Cuvelai to Caiundo. By the end of hostilities in January, the air and ground attacks had failed to dislodge FAPLA from the towns defenses. The captured black member of the SWATF was exchanged on 23 May 1984 for 30 Angolans and 1 Cuban.
Aftermath
Both sides took casualties. On the Angolan side, FAPLA casualties were 426 killed and 3 captured, PLAN lost 45 killed and 11 captured, while the Cubans lost 5 killed and 1 captured.
SADF casualties were 21 killed in action while 4 died accidentally. 65 SADF men were wounded in action with another 18 wounded accidentally with 11 wounded in vehicle accidents for a total of 94 soldiers. The SADF captured vast amounts of Angolan equipment and supplies especially after the capture of the town of Cuvelai.
The Lusaka Accords and implementation of a Joint Monitoring Commission
By 5 January 1984, SWAPO's Sam Nujoma requested the UN Secretary General to arrange a ceasefire. With the help of the Americans, this was concluded between Angola and South Africa on 31 January. On 6 February, South Africa'South Foreign Minister Pik Botha proposed a Joint Monitoring Commission (JMC) to monitor withdrawals and violations of the ceasefire. Talks concluded with an agreement called the Lusaka Accords that detailed the formation and implementation of the JMC which after many weeks of disagreements, finally met on 3 May at N'Giva, Angola.
On 12 January 1984 in Moscow, the Soviets however decided to increase military aid to Angola, placing more modern military equipment in the country and increasing the radar network across southern Angola so as to reduce the SAAF's operating capability. This would take around fourteen months and would result in plan to attack UNITA in south-eastern Angola.
References
Further reading
Conflicts in 1983
Military history of Angola
Askari
Askari, Operation
1983 in Angola
1983 in South Africa
December 1983 events in Africa
January 1984 events in Africa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Askari
|
SÁM 66 (Stofnun Árna Magnússonar á Íslandi) is an 18th-century manuscript now at the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, Iceland. Reference information and a copy of this manuscript can be found online. This book was written in Iceland in 1765 and 1766. The back cover is dated 1765. The text follows that of earlier manuscripts and printed books. However the book contains a nice collection of illustrated pages on pages 73-80 (many of which are reproduced below).
References
References
Literary illuminated manuscripts
Icelandic art
Icelandic manuscripts
Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies collection
1765 books
18th-century illuminated manuscripts
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic%20Manuscript%2C%20S%C3%81M%2066
|
Cuculus saturatus, better well known as the Himalayan cuckoo, is a brooding parasitic bird that is part of the Cuculidae family. The species breeds from the Himalayas eastward to southern China and Taiwan. It migrates to southeast Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands for the winter.
It was formerly known as "Oriental cuckoo" and contained several subspecies found over most of Asia. In 2005, it was determined that this "species" consists of three distinct lineages:
Himalayan cuckoo, Cuculus (saturatus) saturatus
Oriental cuckoo proper, Cuculus (saturatus) optatus
Sunda cuckoo, Cuculus (saturatus) lepidus
These are usually seen as distinct species nowadays. As the type specimen of the former "Oriental" cuckoo is a bird of the Himalayan population, the name saturatus applies to the Himalayan cuckoo if it is considered a species.
Taxonomy
With new information from a recent mtDNA study, it appears that the Himalayan cuckoo is most closely related to Cuculus canorus, creating a sister-clade with the two other species: C.gularis and C.rochii. The species C.optatus, previously named horsfieldi for Palearctic populations but was proven unsuitable, is considered a separate species because their songs were determined distinct enough. However, there is still some debate implying the differences are within range of variation from saturatus. It was only until recently that C.saturatus was considered one and the same with C.lepidus, but are now recognized as two separate species.
The Himalayan cuckoo is essentially identical to the Oriental cuckoo (C.optatus) and is also often paired with the Common cuckoo (C.canorus), but has wings with much broader and widely spaced black bars. The Common cuckoo has brown and white bars below the bend of the wings with a plain rufous, whereas the Himalayan is unbarred at the bend with a rufous morph of dark bars and undertail coverts. Both species have distinctly different calls.
Description
Appearance
Adult male Himalayan cuckoos are dark ashy-grey above with a brown, almost black, tail that is whitely spotted and tipped. Legs and feet range between yellow and orange. The area from their chins to the breast is ash-grey, with their lower breast and abdomen being white with black bars, and a white to milky orange vent with varying bars. The eye-ring is yellow with yellow to brown irises—darker orange has been seen in males. Bills are black with an orange-yellow or green-yellow base. Their size approximately 30-35 cm and 70-140 g.
Females are almost the same, but with rufous tinge to breast, and sometimes the rump and upper tail-coverts rufous with dark bars. Seen with dark-barred rufous upperparts, head, tail and wings, former with white tips. The sides of the head to breast are off-white with dark bars. The rest of underparts are white with black barring.
Juveniles have brown irises and are slate grey above with white edges, barred white and black below, and have a black throat with white bars. There are two plumage morphs in both sexes of which are grey and hepatic, their irises changing to a creamy grey to blackish brown color, with a dully-colored bill.
Vocalizations
Males are notably recorded more during dawn and dusk from high lookouts or in flight. Their call includes a high note followed by three lower flat notes, similar to “hoop, hoop-hoop” or “tun-tadun”, much like that of a Common Hoopoe (Upupa epops) but lower-pitched and more muffled. The males also produce hoarse croaking sounds and chuckles, even a harsh “gaak-gaak-gak-ak-ak-ak” at times.
The females’ call contains a bubbling “quick-quick-quick”.
Distribution and habitat
Range and Migration
The Himalayan cuckoo can be found throughout northeast Pakistan, the northern Indian subcontinent to southern China in warm weather, spotted along Thailand, Taiwan, Nepal, Assam, Kashmir, and Burma. In the winters, it ranges from southeast Asia to northern Australia, including Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia and New Guinea in the months of October to May. With C.optatus looking nearly identical to saturatus and having it’s winter range overlapping much of the same regions, this is another reason why the two species are often misidentified with each other.
When it is breeding season, the cuckoo favors the Oriental Region and the Himalayas through southeast Asia to east China and Taiwan and is rarely found above 1000m. The best breeding areas for C.saturatus in the summer is from late April to August in the Kashmir region and March through September surrounding Nepal. During the non-breeding season, it will be seen in southeast Asia, the Greater Sundas and the Philippines.
Habitat
The species usually inhabits mixed coniferous and deciduous forests, thickets, birches and mountain forests or steppes with bushes and other wooded areas and orchards during the spring and summer seasons. Usually occurring above tree-lines of 1500m to 3300m in Kashmir, Myanmar and Nepal, and even up to 4500m in southwest China. For the colder seasons, it lives in primary and secondary tropical forests, savannas, gardens and teak on plantations, monsoon rainforests. More occasionally over the more recent years, it is found in swamps, mangroves and plantations of Australia and general low elevation habitats of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo at 1200 to 2000m.
Behaviour
Feeding
The diet of a Himalayan cuckoo consists mainly of insects—especially caterpillars, both hairless and hairy alike across several families, such as Arctiidae, Lasiocampidae, Sphingidae, Saturnidae, and Noctuidae. Before consumption of the caterpillar, the cuckoo removes the gut content. Apart from caterpillars, they eat grasshoppers, large beetles, spiders, stick-insects, crickets, mantids, flies, and ants. Outside of the insectivore diet, they have also been found to feed on certain fruits, pine shoots and needles, and occasionally, eggs that have been removed from other birds’ nests and the chicks within them, i.e. Asian Stubtail (Urosphena squameiceps) and the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta (Alcippe morrisonia). The species tends to generally forage arboreally, but has been known to forage on the grounds of forest floors and open areas like grassy landscapes and lawns. They prefer to seek food alone and may even perform short aerial sallies for prey, but small groups will form when the food source is abundant and will remain until the quantity is completely diminished. An extreme case was found during an infestation of teak moths (Hyblaea puera) in New Guinea that caught the attention of at least 300 individuals.
Breeding
This species of cuckoo, like many others, is a brood parasite where the female lays her eggs in the nests of other bird species. She does this about fifteen times, placing her eggs in separate locations one by one. The host families are usually flycatchers, shrikes or white-eyes. In these new homes, the eggs are incubated and taken care of by the unsuspecting new parents. When the chick is hatched with the others, it is fed insects and larvae alongside the others despite its aggressively different appearance. Sometimes the young cuckoo chick will even push out some, if not all, the other eggs and chicks from the nest if it hatches early. This way, it will get more food from the parents by removing the competition.
The eggs can vary in color and size. Their colors can be pale blue or white with fine black and brown or red stippling, with their sizing ranging from 20- 25mm by 12- 16mm to 19- 22mm by 13- 16mm. There isn’t enough recorded information to have a confident measurement of incubation and fledging periods. When nestling, however, they will start off naked with either pale or dark skin, an orange or vermilion mouth and a yellow gape with four triangular black patches.
The breeding occurs during the nesting season of small warblers for this exact purpose, usually during the months of May through June in Kashmir, March through August in Nepal, June through July in central Russia, early May to late June in Japan, and May in Fujian.
The list of brooding hosts include:
Small warblers of genus Phylloscopus
Western Crowned Leaf-warbler (P. occipitalis) recorded in Kashmir
Eastern Crowned Leaf-warbler (P.coronatus) recorded in Russia
Lanceolated Warbler (Locustella lanceolata)
Tree Pipit (Anthus trivialis)
Black-throated Accentor (Prunella atrogularis)
Daurian Redstart (Phoenicurus auroeus) recorded in Korea
Japanese Paradise-flycatcher (Terpsiphone atrocaudata) recorded in Korea
Japanese Bush-wabler (Horornis diphone) recorded in Japan
Asian Stubtail (Urosphena squameiceps)
Narcissus Flaycatcher (Ficedula narcissina)
Slaty-backed Forktail (Enricurus schistaceus) recorded in China
Collared Finchbill (Spizixos semitorques)
Brownish-flanked Bush-Warbler (Horornis fortipes)
Phylloscopus reguloides
Yellow-throated Bunting (Emberiza elegans)
Prinia flaviventris is the only recorded host to date in Taiwan
Phylloscopus coronatus nest in China was recently recorded of having two cuckoo eggs, but it is unknown if they were laid by the same female since one egg is typically laid per nest.
Conservation
C.saturatus is considered least concern as it is not globally threatened. Naturally, the population numbers depend on how well the forest habitats are maintained. It is a very common local species and is quite dispersed in the Himalayas. The species has also been recorded as a common inhabitor of the mountains in Borneo in equal numbers with C.lepidus. It even has an estimated European population of 5,000 to 10,000 breeding pairs. There is little other geographical data available since it is a rare visitor of Malaysia’s lowlands in the winter and is suspected to be a passage migrant throughout Thailand, Indochina, the Philippines and Solomons.
References
References
Himalayan cuckoo
Birds of the Himalayas
Birds of South China
Himalayan cuckoo
Himalayan cuckoo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan%20cuckoo
|
Naas General Hospital () is a general hospital located on the Craddockstown Road at Naas in County Kildare in Ireland. It was founded in 1841 and is managed by Dublin Midlands Hospital Group.
History
The hospital has its origins in the Naas Union Workhouse and Infirmary which was designed by George Wilkinson and opened in 1841. In 1922, shortly after the creation of the Irish Free State, it became Naas County Hospital. During the 1990s, the Department of Health undertook a programme of developing the site as a modern general hospital.
Services
The hospital provides acute services for the population of around 200,000 people in County Kildare and western parts of County Wicklow. The hospital currently has 243 patient beds which include 18 day service beds. The hospital features a 24-hour Emergency Department.
References
External links
Official site
1841 establishments in Ireland
Hospitals established in 1841
Hospitals in County Kildare
Naas
Teaching hospitals of the University of Dublin, Trinity College
Health Service Executive hospitals
Hospital buildings completed in 1841
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naas%20General%20Hospital
|
Hückelhoven (; ) is a town in the district of Heinsberg, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the river Rur, approx. 10 km east of Heinsberg, 20 km south-west of Mönchengladbach and approximately 15 km from the border with the Netherlands.
Town parts
Altmyhl
Baal
Brachelen
Doveren
Hilfarth
Hückelhoven
Kleingladbach
Millich
Ratheim
Rurich
Schaufenberg
Twin towns – sister cities
Hückelhoven is twinned with:
Breteuil, France
Hartlepool, England, United Kingdom
People
Adolf Freiherr Spies von Büllesheim (1929-2011), German politician, farmer and lawyer
References
Heinsberg (district)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCckelhoven
|
The common hawk-cuckoo (Hierococcyx varius), popularly known as the brainfever bird, is a medium-sized cuckoo resident in the Indian subcontinent. It bears a close resemblance to the Shikra, even in its style of flying and landing on a perch. The resemblance to hawks gives this group the generic name of hawk-cuckoo and like many other cuckoos these are brood parasites, laying their eggs in nests of babblers. During their breeding season in summer males produce loud, repetitive three note calls that are well-rendered as brain-fever, the second note being longer and higher pitched. These notes rise to a crescendo before ending abruptly and repeat after a few minutes; the calling may go on through the day, well after dusk and before dawn.
Description
The common hawk-cuckoo is a medium- to large-sized cuckoo, about the size of a pigeon (ca. 34 cm). The plumage is ashy grey above; whitish below, cross-barred with brown. The tail is broadly barred. The sexes are alike. They have a distinctive yellow eye ring. Subadults have the breast streaked, similar to the immature shikra, and there are large brown chevron marks on the belly. At first glance they can be mistaken for a hawk. When flying they use a flap and glide style that resembles that of sparrowhawks (especially the shikra) and flying upwards and landing on a perch they shake their tails from side to side. Many small birds and squirrels raise the alarm just as they would in the presence of a hawk. The sexes are alike but males tend to be larger.
They can be confused with the large hawk-cuckoo, which, however, has dark streaks on the throat and breast. Young birds have a pale chin but young large hawk-cuckoos have a black chin.
During summer months, before the monsoons, the males are easily detected by their repeated calls but can be difficult to spot. The call is a loud screaming three-note call, repeated 5 or 6 times, rising in crescendo and ending abruptly. It is heard throughout the day and frequently during moonlit nights. The calls of females are a series of grating notes. Common hawk-cuckoos feed mainly on insects and are specialised feeders that can handle hairy caterpillars. Caterpillar guts often contain toxins and like many cuckoos they remove the guts by pressing the caterpillar and rubbing it on a branch before swallowing it. The hairs are swallowed with the caterpillar and are separated in the stomach and regurgitated as a pellet.
Taxonomy and systematics
The type locality of the species is Tranquebar in Tamil Nadu, once a Danish settlement and from where a specimen reached Martin Hendriksen Vahl who described the species in 1797. This species is placed under the genus Hierococcyx, which includes other hawk-cuckoos, but is sometimes included in the genus Cuculus.
There are two subspecies, the nominate from India and ciceliae of the hill regions of Sri Lanka. The Indian population has paler plumage than ciceliae.
Distribution
The common hawk-cuckoo occurs in most of the Indian subcontinent, from Pakistan in the west, across the Himalayas foothills, east to Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and North East India and south into Sri Lanka. Some birds of the Indian population winter in Sri Lanka. In the hills of central Sri Lanka, ciceliae is a resident. It is generally resident but where occurring at high altitudes and in arid areas is locally migratory. It is found in the lower elevations (mostly below 1000m) of the Himalayas but in the higher areas, the large hawk-cuckoo tends to be more common.
The species is arboreal and rarely descends to the ground. Its habitat includes garden land, groves of tree, deciduous and semi-evergreen forests.
Behaviour and ecology
Like many other cuckoos, this species is a brood parasite, preferring babblers mainly in the genus Turdoides (possibly the only host) and also reportedly on laughing-thrushes of the genus Garrulax.
Its breeding season is March to June, coinciding with that of some of the Turdoides babblers. A single egg is laid in each nest, blue, like that of the host. The hatchling usually evicts the eggs of its host and is reared to maturity by foster parents, following them for nearly a month. T C Jerdon noted that it may not always evict the host and that young birds may be seen along with young babblers. When moving with a flock of babblers the chick makes a grating kee-kee call to beg for food and the foster parents within the group may feed it. The predominant host species in India are Turdoides striatus and Turdoides affinis. Hawk-cuckoos also parasitise the large grey babbler Turdoides malcolmi. In Sri Lanka, their host is Turdoides striatus.
Parasitic eye-worms in the genus Oxyspirura have been found in the orbital cavity of the species.
In culture
The call of this bird has been popularly transcribed as brain-fever in English (in some old books, this name is also incorrectly used for the Asian koel). Frank Finn noted that [H]is note, however, fully entitles him to his ordinary designation, whether from its "damnable iteration" or from its remarkable resemblance to the word "brain-fever" repeated in a piercing voice running up the scale. Other interpretations of the bird call include piyaan kahan in Hindi ("where's my love") or chokh gelo (in Bengali, "my eyes are gone") and paos ala (Marathi, "the rains are coming"). In Bodo, the call sounds like "haab fisha houwa", which means dear son (where are you).
The call "Pee kahan" or "Papeeha" is more accurately represented by the shrill screaming "pi-peeah" of the large hawk-cuckoo Hierococcyx sparverioides, which replaces the brainfever bird along the Himalayas and its foothills.
The brainfever bird's call may be heard all through the day, starting early before dawn and frequently during moonlit nights. A novel by the Indian author Allan Sealy is named after this bird.
References
Other sources
External links
Internet Bird Collection
common hawk-cuckoo
Birds of South Asia
common hawk-cuckoo
Taxa named by Martin Vahl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20hawk-cuckoo
|
John Edward "Jack" Clarke (14 July 1933 – 3 December 2001) was an Australian rules footballer and coach in the VFL. An Essendon and Victorian champion, Clarke was one of the premier midfielders of the VFL for well over a decade, Clarke led Essendon to the flag in 1962 as captain, and also played in the victorious 1965 side. Clarke was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996, and was named as the centreman of the Essendon Team of the Century in 1997.
Family
He was the son of Tom Clarke, the curator at the Essendon Cricket Ground (Windy Hill) and a former Essendon and Brunswick footballer; additionally, he was the older brother of the well-known distance runner Ron Clarke.
Architect
Clarke was a noted architect, who studied during the early stages of his VFL career.
Football
Clarke was a talented centreman who debuted on his eighteenth birthday in 1951 and played 263 games for the Essendon Football Club from 1951 to 1967, kicking 180 goals. At the time of his retirement he was third in the all-time ranks of both games played (263) and games captained (121) at Essendon, on both occasions being bested by his mid-field predecessors, Bill Hutchison and Dick Reynolds, under whose guidance he had played his entire career.
Clarke played in strong Essendon teams that featured legends such as Hutchison, John Coleman, John Birt, Barry Davis, Hugh Mitchell and Ken Fraser, but Clarke was never overlooked by opposition coaches and regularly polled well in the Essendon Best and Fairest award, winning the award in 1958 and 1962. Clarke was not as successful in the Brownlow Medal, with best finishes of equal 6th in 1958, and equal 7th in 1953 at the age of 20.
Clarke captained the club from 1958 to 1964, winning one premiership and winning two Best and Fairest awards while in the role. In Round 17, 1958, Clarke was the second of only three captains in league history to have called for a headcount; however, the teams were even.
Coach
He took over from John Coleman as Essendon coach in 1968, taking the team to the Grand Final, which they narrowly lost to Carlton. He was replaced as coach at the end of the 1970 season when Essendon finished 11th (of 12).
Hall of Fame
He was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996.
Champions of Essendon
In 2002 an Essendon panel ranked him at 8 in their Champions of Essendon: a list of the 25 greatest players ever to have played for Essendon.
References
External links
1933 births
2001 deaths
Essendon Football Club coaches
Essendon Football Club players
Essendon Football Club premiership players
Champions of Essendon
All-Australians (1953–1988)
Crichton Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
VFL/AFL premiership players
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Clarke%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201933%29
|
Christine Harris (born 1958) is an Australian actress and producer, born and raised in South Australia. She is currently director of HIT Productions theatre touring company.
Career
After portraying a young version of popular Australian singer Julie Anthony in a television special, Harris moved to Sydney at the end of 1979 to star in the short-lived Network Ten series. Arcade as paraplegic Tina Marshall, who worked in her father's pinball parlour.
She followed this with appearing in Nine Network soap opera The Young Doctors as Dolly Davis, before moving to Melbourne to play the key role in the Crawford Productions series Carson's Law as Amy Carson (1983–84).
Subsequent roles included stints in Prisoner in 1985-1986 as Pippa Reynolds, the daughter of the Prison Governor, in the ABC-TV mini series Darlings of the Gods as IGeorgia and Neighbours as Sylvie Latham. She also appeared in the motion picture Beyond My Reach.
Filmography
FILM
TELEVISION
HIT Productions
In 1997 Christine was named "Victorian Entrepreneur of the Year," for her efforts in establishing HIT Productions however the company was liquidated in 2013 with debts totalling $1.8 million.
References
External links
HIT Productions Touring Company
Australian soap opera actresses
1958 births
Living people
Actresses from South Australia
20th-century Australian actresses
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%20Harris%20%28actress%29
|
Number 19 Squadron (sometimes written as No. XIX Squadron) is a squadron of the Royal Air Force. It was the first squadron to operate the Supermarine Spitfire. It currently operates the UK's Control and Reporting Centre from RAF Boulmer. No. 19 Squadron delivers persistent surveillance of UK airspace, and Tactical Control of RAF and NATO aircraft, including the UK's contribution to NATO's Quick Reaction Alert mission.
Formed on 1 September 1915 as a Royal Flying Corps squadron, the unit served during the First World War. No. 19 Squadron was the first squadron to operate the Supermarine Spitfire, which it flew for the majority of the Second World War. The squadron operated several different types during the Cold War from the Gloster Meteor F.4 to the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2 as No. 19 (Fighter) Squadron. In 1992, and on receipt of the BAe Hawk and establishing at RAF Valley, the squadron was designated as No. 19 (Reserve) Squadron.
The squadron was disbanded on 24 November 2011, before being allocated to the UK Air Surveillance and Control System Control and Reporting Centre at RAF Boulmer on 1 April 2021, charged with providing Battle Management and Tactical Command and Control (Tac C2) of NATO aircraft, for both defence of the UK and NATO airspace, as well as operational training for the RAF's fast jet squadrons.
History
First World War
No. 19 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps was formed on 1 September 1915, from members of No. 5 Squadron, at Castle Bromwich training on a variety of aircraft before being deployed to France in July 1916 flying Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.12 and re-equipping with the more suitable French-built SPAD S.VIIs.
From November 1917, the squadron started to receive Sopwith Dolphins to replace its Spads, it being fully equipped with the Dolphin during January 1918, flying its first operational patrol with the new fighter on 3 February. By the end of the war, No. 19 Squadron had had 22 flying aces among its ranks, including Albert Desbrisay Carter, John Leacroft, Arthur Bradfield Fairclough, Oliver Bryson, Gordon Budd Irving, Frederick Sowrey, future Air Commodore Patrick Huskinson, Cecil Gardner, Roger Amedee Del'Haye, future Air Chief Marshal James Hardman, Finlay McQuistan, Alexander Pentland, John Candy, Cecil Thompson and John Aldridge.
Commanding officers during this time included H.D. Harvey-Kelly who was the first RFC pilot to land in France in the First World War. At least one of the No. 19 Squadron airmen, a Canadian, George Robert Long, was captured on 6 October 1917 in the Lille area and spent the rest of the war in a number of prisoner of war camps, including Holzminden prisoner-of-war camp. It was his very first flight, in a Spad VII, B3508. The squadron was flying out of Bailleul (Asylum Ground) at the time. He was shot down by Gefreiter J. Funk, flying with Ja30. He had first been a member of the C.E.F. in the infantry and was wounded a number of times. He wasn't repatriated until 14 December 1918, to return home to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Interwar period
No. 19 Squadron was disbanded after the First World War on 31 December 1919. On 1 April 1923, the squadron was reformed at RAF Duxford with the Sopwith Snipe, initially operating as part of No. 2 Flying Training School (No. 2 FTS). After becoming independent No. 2 FTS, No. 19 Squadron remained at Duxford flying number of different fighters such as the Gloster Grebe, Armstrong Whitworth Siskin Mk.IIIa and the Bristol Bulldog Mk.IIa. In May 1935, the unit became the first squadron to be equipped with the Gloster Gauntlet which they flew until March 1939. In 1938, No. 19 Squadron became the first squadron in the RAF to operate the Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I, when K9789 was delivered on 4 August. The squadron lost its first Spitfire when K9792 crashed on landing at RAF Duxford on 20 September 1938, having only been delivered on 16 August.
Second World War
No. 19 Squadron was stationed at RAF Duxford after the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, and was part of No. 12 Group, RAF Fighter Command. Douglas Bader was posted to the squadron in February 1940. In May and June 1940, the squadron helped provide air cover over the Dunkirk beaches. In June 1940, No. 19 Squadron began the receive Spitfire Mk.Ibs, which were armed with the Hispano cannon, however due to reliability issues the unit soon reverted to the Spitfire Mk.Ia. No. 19 Squadron formed part of the Duxford Wing, No. 12 Group's 'Big Wing' formation during the Battle of Britain.
Later versions of Spitfires were flown until the arrival of North American Mustang Mk.IIIs for close-support duties in early 1944. After D-Day, No. 19 Squadron briefly went across the English Channel before starting long-range escort duties from RAF Peterhead, Scotland, for Coastal Command off the coast of Norway. The Squadron converted to the Mustang Mk.IV in April 1945 while based at RAF Peterhead.
Cold War
Relocating south to RAF Acklington on 13 May 1945, No. XIX (Fighter) Squadron exchanged their Mustangs for Spitfire Mk.XVIs. While at RAF Wittering in October 1946, No. 19 (F) Squadron converted to the de Havilland Hornet Mk.I which were operated until January 1951 when the Squadron received their first jet aircraft – the Gloster Meteor F.4. These were soon exchanged for the Meteor F.8 in April 1951 which were flown until October 1956 when No. 19 (F) Squadron received the Hawker Hunter F.6. The Squadron moved to RAF Leconfield, Yorkshire in 1959 where they converted to the English Electric Lightning F.2 in November 1962.
The Squadron and her sister unit, No. 92 (F) Squadron, were deployed forwards in September 1965 to RAF Gütersloh, close to the inner German border, as part of Second Allied Tactical Air Force (2ATAF). Subsequently, the squadron re-equipped with the longer-range Lightning F.2A version.
On 31 December 1976, No. 19 (F) Squadron disbanded with the Lightning, followed by No. 92 (F) Squadron in March 1977, and reformed the next day at RAF Wildenrath, further back west of the Rhine, with the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2 still in the air defence role.
Because of restricted airspace in then West Germany, both No. 19 Squadron and its sister No. 92 Squadron deployed regularly out of theatre over these years for annual Missile Practice Camps at RAF Valley, using the Aberporth Range in Wales, to RAF St Mawgan in Cornwall and RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus for Armament Practice Camps (gunnery), to Italian Air Force Decimommanu in Sardinia to use the NATO Air Combat Manoeuvring Instrumented Range, and latterly to Eglin and Nellis Air Force Bases in Florida and Nevada to participate respectively in multi national Exercises Green and Red Flags.
On 17 August 1990, No. XIX (F) Squadron, along with No. 92 (F) Squadron, were sent to RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus, in order to provide air defence for the island after Tornado F.3s from No. V (AC) Squadron and No. 29 (F) Squadron deployed from Akrotiri to Dhahran Airfield due to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait (ahead of Operation Granby). No. 19 (F) Squadron operated their Phantoms from here until 28 February 1991 when a ceasefire was called between the coalition forces and Iraq.
On 9 January 1992, the squadron disbanded as part of agreed post-Cold War force reductions and their aircraft were scrapped.
On 16 January 1992, the last Phantom departed piloted by Wildenrath Station Commander Group Captain Geoff Brindle to be gifted to the Kbely Military Museum in Prague.
Hawk (1992–2011)
The number plate was then assigned to the former No. 63 Squadron, one of the Hawk squadrons at RAF Chivenor, in September 1992, becoming No. 19 (Reserve) Squadron. The squadron was a 'Shadow' identity of No. 2 Tactical Weapons Unit (2 TWU). Following the closure of Chivenor to jet flying the squadron was moved to RAF Valley in September 1994 to provide advanced fast jet training on the BAE Hawk.
As a consequence of the UK's Strategic Defence and Security Review in 2010, the Air Force Board decided in 2011 that 19 Squadron's training role with the Hawk T2 at RAF Valley should be transferred to a resurrected No. 4(R) Squadron. No. 19(R) Squadron, one of the last surviving Battle of Britain squadrons, disbanded on 24 November 2011, 96 years after it was first formed.
The disbandment event, held at RAF Valley, was led by Officer Commanding No. 19 Squadron, Wing Commander Kevin Marsh. In attendance were the Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Stephen Dalton, Air Chief Marshal William Wratten and Flight Lieutenant Ken Wilkinson - a 19 Squadron Spitfire pilot who flew during the Battle of Britain.
Control and Reporting Centre (2021 – present)
In 2021, the RAF recognised the important role of Battle Management and Air Traffic Control units had played in defence of the UK and NATO over the cold war and in the UK's response since the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The RAF awarded squadron number plates to Battlespace Management Operations Wing, the Air Surveillance and Control System (ASACS) Operational Conversion Unit (OCU), and RAF Swanwick. Battlespace Management Operations Wing, including the remnants of No. 1 Air Control Centre, was re-brigaded as No. 19 Squadron on 1 April 2021, and continues to operate the Control and Reporting Centre from RAF Boulmer in Northumberland.
No. 19 Squadron's reformation was celebrated officially at a reformation parade on 15 June 2021, held at Alnwick Castle. The parade was led by RAF Boulmer Station Commander, Group Captain David Keighley, Officer Commanding No. 19 Squadron, Wing Commander Chris Misiak, and Officer Commanding No. 20 Squadron, Wing Commander Andy Foy. In attendance were the Lord Lieutentant of Northumberland and Chief of Staff Capability, Air Vice Marshall Lincoln Taylor.
No. 19 Squadron operate the Control and Reporting Centre, considered to be the modern-day translation of Dowding's eponymous Integrated Air Defence System, credited with ultimate success during the Battle of Britain by allowing Fighter Command to position and mass air defence fighters where they were needed most.
The CRC weapon system is a system-of-systems designed to give operators situational awareness over a given battlespace, and also giving those same operators the means to direct, communicate, guide and advise military aircraft to achieve their mission. No. 19 Squadron are providers of Tactical-level Command and Control and are considered a Tac C2 agency within NATO.
Alongside No. 20 Squadron, No. 19 Squadron continues to defend the UK. No. 20 Squadron provide expert training to the air battle managers of No. 19 Squadron, including initial qualification, Combat Ready training, and the Qualified Weapons Instructor (Command and Control) course.
Aircraft operated
See also
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
References
Notes
Bibliography
Bowyer, Michael J.F. and John D.R. Rawlings. Squadron Codes, 1937-56. Bar Hill, Cambridgeshire, UK: Patrick Stephens., 1979. .
Chorlton, Martyn. "The Determined Dolphins". Aeroplane, Autumn 2014, Vol. 42, No. 9. pp. 58–62. ISSN 0143-7240.
Delve, Ken. The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1994. .
Flintham, Vic and Andrew Thomas. Combat Codes: A Full Explanation and Listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied Air Force Unit Codes since 1938. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing., 2003. .
Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918-1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians)., 1988. .
Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). .
Palmer, Derek. Fighter Squadron (No. 19). Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire, UK: Self Publishing Association, 1991. .
Palmer, Derek. 19 Fighter Squadron, RAF. Published by Derek Palmer, 2008. .
Rawlings, John D.R. Fighter Squadrons of the Royal Air Force and their Aircraft. London: MacDonald and Jane's (Publishers)., 1969 (new edition 1976, reprinted 1978). . pp. 47–54.
External links
Royal Air Force: 19 Squadron
Archived Site Royal Air Force: 19 Squadron
19(F) Squadron All Ranks Association
019
019 Squadron
Military units and formations established in 1915
Military units and formations of the Royal Air Force in World War I
No. 19
RAF squadrons involved in the Battle of Britain
1915 establishments in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations disestablished in 2011
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%2019%20Squadron%20RAF
|
Wassenberg (; ) is a town in the district Heinsberg, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated near the border with the Netherlands, on the river Rur, approx. 6 km north-east of Heinsberg and 15 km south-east of Roermond.
References
External links
Heinsberg (district)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassenberg
|
The following is a list of coaches who have coached the Essendon Football Club at a game of Australian rules football in the Australian Football League (AFL), formerly the VFL.
Key:
C = Coached
W = Won
L = Lost
D = Drew
* = Caretaker coach
References
Essendon Football Club coaches
Essendon Football Club
Essendon Football Club coaches
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Essendon%20Football%20Club%20coaches
|
The Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri), also known commonly as Baxter's toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. The Wyoming toad is an extremely rare amphibian that exists only in captivity and within Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge in Wyoming in the United States. The Wyoming toad was listed as an endangered species in 1984, and listed as extinct in the wild since 1991. As with black-footed ferrets at the Tom Thorne and Beth Williams Wildlife Research Center at Sybille in Wheatland, Wyoming, the effort to save the Wyoming toad has been a cooperative effort among state and federal agencies and private landowners. The Wyoming toad was common from the 1950s through the early 1970s, but its distribution was limited to the Laramie Basin in Albany County. The population crashed around 1975 and was extremely low by 1980. The Wyoming toad was federally listed as endangered in January 1984. To prevent extinction, a captive-breeding program began in 1989 at the Thorne Williams Unit that produced enough offspring in its first few years to supply seven zoos, and in 1998 the Saratoga National Fish Hatchery received captive-breeding stock. Nearly 46,000 offspring were produced at the Thorne Williams Unit from 1995 until 2006, when the remaining captive stock was moved to the Red Buttes Environmental Biology Laboratory south of Laramie, and then released back into the wild. Before the sharp declines occurred, this toad had been originally classified as Bufo hemiophrys baxteri, a subspecies of the Canadian toad, by Kenneth Raymond Porter in 1968.
Etymology
The specific name, baxteri, is in honor of American zoologist George T. Baxter who discovered the relict population.
History
The Wyoming toad, common until the 1950s, became significantly fewer in number in the late 1970s, especially between the years between 1975 and 1978. In 1980, experts estimated that there were approximately 25 individuals remaining in the wild. Before this sharp decline in population, the Wyoming toads was commonly found in the floodplains, ponds, shallow lakes and seepage pools within the Laramie Basin located in Albany County, Wyoming. Researchers have noted that the species had been found to be abundant in the region since 1952. However, researchers noticed that the population of the Wyoming toad had decreased significantly beginning in 1975. The toad's extreme rarity, documented between 1976 and 1978, revealed no remaining wild populations.
Characteristics
The Wyoming toad is dark brown, gray or green, with small dark markings on its underside. It carries small, rounded, blotchy warts on its dorsal surface as well as blurry light lines. The male toad has a dark throat. The individual toads can be identified by the variation in their skin colors and wart patterns. The toad can grow up to in length, and females grow slightly larger than males. It also has sensitive skin that has low adaptability and is prone to permitting infection by chytrid fungus, a strong threat to the Wyoming toad. The toad cannot handle rapid climate change and cannot adapt to differing amounts of water irrigation or diverged irrigation. The toad is mainly active at night and has very poor eyesight; it relies on the movement of its prey to hunt.
Habitat
The Wyoming toad frequents floodplains and the short grass edges of ponds, creeks and lakes. The species frequently uses abandoned pocket gopher and ground squirrel burrows as hibernacula.
Habitat typical characteristics may be seen to vary along the Wyoming toad's age spectrum. Studies at Mortensen Lake in Albany County show that adult Wyoming toads are attracted to habitats with greater vegetation while younger toads are more drawn to areas of lesser vegetation. Adults tend to drift further inland away from shorelines, while younger toads tend to settle closer to the shorelines. Though these habitat variations and substrate conditions varying accordingly, adults are located in areas with slightly cooler temperatures. For the typical adult, substrate surface temperatures were seen to be versus for younger specimens. Adult Wyoming toads demonstrate very little change in location. The measures of the toad's substrate surface temperature and distance from shorelines tend to be most accurate indicators of possible sightings. When surface temperatures exceed and the shoreline is within one to two miles, optimal locating conditions are achieved.
Behavior
Toads emerge from hibernation in early May to migrate to the north shore for mating. They return to the south shore by late September or early October for hibernation. The younger toads are active as long as one month later than are older toads, which gives them more time to store energy for hibernation and reduce intraspecific competition. The mating call of the Wyoming toad has a low frequency along with a slow pulse rate, but the duration is longer than that of other types of toads. Wyoming toads mature earlier, with males at only two years and females at three years, than other higher-elevation bufonids in their Wyoming habitat. Disease has played a major role in the decline of the Wyoming toad.
Reproduction
There are believed to be 100 Wyoming toads still living in the wild, and as a result, a recovery group was formed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Saratoga National Fish Hatchery in 1998. The goal of this recovery group was to perform captive breeding and reintroduce tadpoles into the wild. However, the captive breeding program has seen low reproductive output because of low ovulation and fertilization rates. Female toads were given a dose of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRHa), which induces spawning in fish, while male toads were treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). IVF technology may also assist in the species' long-term genetic management. Extended "priming" of the Wyoming toad yielded higher fecundity and an increased number of eggs per toad was observed, as well as a greater rate of survival from fertilization to the swim-up stage.
Conservation
The Wyoming toad, common until its sharp decrease in population in the 1970s, was officially listed as endangered in January 1984. The toad's only known habitat was located within the Laramie Basin, from Laramie, Wyoming. The Wyoming toad was most often found along the shores of Mortenson Lake, located southwest of Laramie. This lake, a high-plains lake situated at above sea level, had maintained a healthy and reproductive population of Wyoming toads. However, recent research shows that the toad has become less procreative, possibly as the result of a red leg bacteria that was discovered in 1990.
The Wyoming Toad Recovery Group, formed in 1987, was established to help initiate a plan for recovery efforts and extended research. The group has primarily focused on monitoring and protecting the Laramie population and searching for additional habitats or other populations. It also maintains efforts to produce a healthy habitat for the existing toads and to establish a population in captivity. This captive population will enable researchers to understand the species' history and habitat needs. Wyoming's Game and Fish Department has also implemented measures, along with local landowners, to protect the existing Wyoming toad population. Other plans, including one coordinated with the mosquito control district, have helped to safeguard the existing habitat from potential side effects from chemicals and pesticides. The Sybille Wildlife Research Unit has developed a captive-rearing program through the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and 16 toads were in captivity as of June 1991. Representatives from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Wyoming Game and Fish Department form the Wyoming Toad Recovery Management Team, established to coordinate the implementation of recovery tasks. The service plans to establish five new toad populations, each consisting of 100 individuals, at a cost of $1.6 million (approximately $3,200 per toad).
Initially breeding captive Wyoming toads in 1989, the Sybille Wildlife Research Center implemented a more intensive captive-breeding program in 1993, utilizing 12 wild-caught individuals (now believed to have been the last of the Wyoming toad population). The program's efforts were very promising, yielding four egg masses that were found in 1998 at the Mortenson Lake release site, and two additional egg masses later found in 1999. Captive toads that had been released continued reproducing at Mortenson Lake. By the spring of 1998, the toad's reproductive calls could be heard for first time in the wild since 1993.
In 1997, the Saratoga National Fish Hatchery became the first federal hatchery to participate in the breeding of endangered amphibians. From 1993 to 2003, the two Wyoming toad-breeding facilities produced tadpoles and toadlets, all of which were released into either Mortenson Lake, Lake George (located at the nearby Hutton Lake National Wildlife Refuge) or a private release site. The typical method used for captive breeding is containment of six males and four females, housed in a 45-gallon aquarium. Inside the aquarium is a cork sponge mat for basking, a water tray and a variety of foods such as mealworms, waxworms and crickets. Hormonal induction of spermiation has been successfully used to increase overall production of eggs per individual and an increased survival rate of fertilized eggs to swimming stage.
Recent surveys conducted at Crescent Lake, Wyoming in 2011 suggest that some breeding is occurring in the wild.
Future conservation of the Wyoming toad in the wild is heavily dependent on eradicating chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), which is perhaps the greatest threat to the species' survival. Research at Porter Lake in 2010 reported that chytrid infection among Wyoming toads affected about 41% of the population. A year later, the infection rate rose to 100%. This rate of infection is even seen with in captive breed populations. Surviving the chytrid infection is possible if toads manage to sufficiently dry themselves through frequent basking, thereby ridding themselves of the infection. Captive Wyoming toads have been placed in quarantine and monitored for signs of chytridiomycosis. Because of the sudden appearance of the disease, there is no standard protocol for treatment, but methods include submerging infected toads in itraconazole baths. Some toads survive longer but still succumb.
Issues in recovery
Wyoming toads are found in western states such as Wyoming, and they are likely to be found in wet, damp areas and in or around lakes. In 1987, a single population of Wyoming toads was found in Albany County, Wyoming. The toads were collected for reproduction and researchers canvased the area to collect any more toads that they could find. Researchers took the few surviving hatched eggs and reintroduced them back into Wyoming lakes. However, the lakes contain chytrid fungus, known for killing amphibians and a significant contributing factor in the high mortality of the Wyoming toad. The revival of these toads is dependent on annual supplementation and reproduction in captivity. However, Wyoming toads are becoming increasingly difficult to find in their habitat. In 1992, the governor of Wyoming created the Albany County Wyoming Toad Task Force to protect the Wyoming toad. The committee brought toads into captivity for reproduction, but only for a period of two years. After the group discontinued, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) stepped in to save the toad, running field studies, captive breeding plans and tests on the diseases may be causing mortality. Through field notes, researchers Withers and Corn (2005) discovered that Wyoming toads tend to mature earlier than do other amphibians in their surrounding habitat. The scientists discovered that the average Wyoming toad did not live past one or two years, and the fungus was identified as the causal factor. Although captive breeding seems to offer hope for reviving the Wyoming toad population, it has its own pitfalls. Scientists who have captured species in order for them to breed have found that most captive animals do not live longer than three years, and amphibian breeding is most successful at that age. Captive breeding has not caused a significant rise in the population of Wyoming toads. The most common infections among the toad are bacterial and fungal infections. Scientists believe that the leading cause for the Wyoming toad's endangerment is chytrid fungus, which is impossible for the toads to avoid in their natural habitat. Another major reason for the failure of reviving the Wyoming toad population is that it is not a high priority movement; since the toad's discovery, there have been only three studies done between 1992 and 2005. Today, thanks to a 30-year collaboration between the state, federal agencies, landowners, non-profits and the University of Wyoming, there are about 1,500 Wyoming toads in existence.
Other causes of population decline
Normal disease: Wyoming toads have a shorter life span than those of other toad species, and they are very vulnerable to infectious diseases, especially the chytrid fungus that was found at Mortenson Lake in 2000–2001. Their environment is conducive to the spread of other infectious fungi and bacteria (such as Aeromonas hydrophila). The cause of death in the majority of wild and captive toads from 1989 until 1996 appeared to be caused by the fungus Basidiobolus ranarum.
Malathion: Within the Wyoming toad's habitat, malathion has been used to control the mosquito population. The combination of malathion and bacterial (Aeromonas hydrophila) infection could be causing increased mortality rates.
Increased irrigation and water shortages: Increased irrigation has reduced the extent and quality of the floodplain wetlands where the toad has formerly resided. New wetland habitat has been created by flood irrigation and the construction of reservoirs. However, in dry years when junior water rights are not met, less irrigation water flows through Pioneer Canal, and Mortenson Lake collects less seepage, causing reduced flooding in riparian areas and decreased wetland quality.
Natural predation: Toads are the prey of many avian and mammalian species at all life stages. demonstrated that in Colorado, salamanders prey on boreal toad eggs.
Weather: Changing weather conditions and water levels can affect the survival of tadpoles. For example, during the fall of 1988, 450 juvenile toads were observed at Mortenson Lake. That winter, the basin was subject to extreme cold weather (Jennings et al. 2001). No yearlings were found in the spring of 1989, indicating that the cold snap had affected the survival rates of young toads.
In popular culture
In 2023 the Wyoming toad was featured on a United States Postal Service forever stamp as part of the Endangered Species set, based on a photograph from Joel Sartore's Photo Ark. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the National Grasslands Visitor Center in Wall, South Dakota.
References
Further reading
(Bufo baxteri, new combination).
(Bufo hemiophrys baxteri, new subspecies, p. 593).
External links
Wyoming toad at AmphibiaWeb
Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Wyoming toad breeding program
Western Soundscape Archive Audio Recording
Wyoming toad at Encyclopedia Of Life
Anaxyrus
Endemic fauna of Wyoming
Amphibians of the United States
Fauna of the Western United States
Natural history of Wyoming
Amphibians described in 1968
ESA endangered species
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming%20toad
|
Tiny Sepuku is a syndicated weekly comic strip created by Ken Cursoe based around a character named Tiny Sepuku (usually addressed simply as "Tiny" by readers - every question starts with the salutation "Dear Tiny") who answers questions from his readers and generally dispenses love advice.
Publication history
Tiny Sepuku began in 1997 as a parody of Hello Kitty, and achieved success in alternative weeklies by the year 2000. Tiny Sepuku has been distributed by Universal Press Syndicate/Universal Uclick/Andrews McMeel Syndication since April 3, 2003.
Background
The humor is occasionally self-parodying where the author may make light of his own experiences, and it is frequently cynical on the topic of love. Nevertheless, the comic occasionally dispenses semi-serious advice and explores relationship issues. Among the recurring cast of characters is a cat resembling the Hello Kitty character, along with a bunch of other drawings which frequently act out the adult situations in the letters. One common technique used in the strip is to suggest a variety of possible reactions and ways to deal with a situation, and have the characters act out each one.
References
External links
Tiny Sepuku at GoComics.com
1997 comics debuts
Anthropomorphic cats
Comics about cats
Comics characters introduced in 1997
Parody comics
Metafictional comics
Self-reflexive works
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny%20Sepuku
|
This is a list of plants found in the wild in Caatinga vegetation of Brazil.
Acanthaceae
Anisacanthus brasiliensis Lindau
Anisacanthus trilobus Lindau
Lophostachys floribunda Ness
Ruellia asperula Benth. & Hook.f.
Ruellia geminiflora Kunth
Amaranthaceae
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze
Alternanthera moquini (Webb ex Moq.) Dusen
Gomphrena reticulata Seub.
Gomphrena prostrata Mart.
Iresine polymorpha Mart.
Anacardiaceae
Myracrodruon urundeuva M.Allemão
Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl.
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi
Spondias tuberosa Arruda
Annonaceae
Annona coriacea Mart.
Annona glabra Forssk.
Annona spinescens Mart.
Xylopia frutescens Aubl.
Apocynaceae
Allamanda anothearifolia A.DC.
Allamanda blanchetii A.DC.
Allamanda puberula A.DC.
Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg.
Aspidosperma populifolium A.DC.
Aspidosperma pyricollum Müll.Arg.
Condylocarpon isthmicum = Condylocarpus ishtimicum (Vell.) A.DC.
Hancornia speciosa Gomes
Himatanthus lancifolia (Müll.Arg.) Woodson
Odontadenia lutea (Vell.) Markgr.
Peschiera affinis (Müll.Arg.) Miers
Arecaceae
Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.
Cocos capitata Mart.
Cocos coronata Mart.
Syagrus comosa Mart.
Syagrus flexuosa Mart. Becc.
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia allemanii Hoehne
Aristolochia brasiliensis Mart. et Zucc.
Aristolochia cymbifera Mart. et Zucc.
Aristolochia cordigera Willd. ex Klotzsch
Aristolochia galeata Mart. et Zucc.
Aristolochia gigantea Mart. et Zucc.
Asteraceae
Acanthospermum australe (Loef.) O. Kunze
Acanthospermum hispidum DC.
Dasyphyllum brasiliensis
Eupatorium amygdalinum Lam.
Eupatorium bracteatum Gardn.
Eupatorium laevis DC.
Gochnatia amplexifolia (Gardn.) Cabr.
Gochnatia blanchetiana (DC.) Cabr.
Mikania cordifolia Willd.
Mikania macrophylla Schultz. Bip.
Mikania reticulata DC.
Parthenium histerophorus L.
Spilanthes acmella L.
Vanillosmopsis brasiliensis
Vernonia ligulaeflora Less.
Vernonia polyanthes Less.
Vernonia scorpioides Pers.
Bignoniaceae
Alsocydia erubescens Mart. ex DC.
Anemopaegma glaucum Mart.
Arrabidea rotundata Bur.
Arrabidea trichoclata Burr.
Batocydia unguis Mart.
Cuspidaria cordata Maltos
Distictes mansoana Pers.
Friedericia speciosa Mart.
Handroanthus impetiginosus
Jacaranda brasiliana Pers.
Jacaranda caroba DC.
Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart.
Jacaranda elegans Mart.
Lundia nitidula Mart.
Pyrostegia venusca (Ker-Gavahl) Miers.
Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz et Giseb.
Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Bur.
Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Stand.
Tabebuia geminiflora Rizz. & Mattos
Bombacaceae
Cavanillesia arborea (Willd.) K. Schum
Chorisia ventricosa Mart.
Ceiba jasminodora K. Schum.
Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.
Ceiba rivieri K. Schum.
Boraginaceae
Auxemma glazioviana Taub.
Auxemma oncocalyx Taub.
Cordia insignis Cham.
Cordia leucocephala Moric.
Cordia nodosa Lam.
Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Mart.
Heliotropium claussenii DC.
Heliotropium laceolatum Loefg.
Bromeliaceae
Aechmea bromeliifolia Mart.
Bromelia laciniosa
Neoglaziovia variegata Mez.
Burseraceae
Bursera leptophloeus (Mart.) Engl.
Protium heptaphyllum Mart.
Cactaceae
Brasilicereus brevifolius Ritter
Cereus jamacaru DC.
Cereus lindmanianus Bruin & Bred
Cereus squamosus Guerck.
Coleocephalocereus aureus Ritter
Coleocephalocereus pupureus Bruin & Bred
Melanocactus azureus Bruin & Bred
Melanocactus bahiensis (Br. & R.) Werderm
Melanocactus goniodacanthus Lem.
Melanocactus leusselinkianus Brin & bred.
Melanocactus oreas Miq.
Opuntia inamoema K. Schum.
Opuntia monacantha Haw.
Pereskia aculeata Mill.
Pereskia aureiflora Ritter
Pereskia quiabenta Gurcke
Pilocereus cenepequei Rizz & Mattos
Pilocereus glaucescens (Lab.) Byl. & Powl.
Pilocereus magnificus (Bui & Breel) Ritter
Pilocereus multicostatus Ritter
Quiabentia zehntneri (Br. et Ros.) Br. et Ros.
Rhodocactus bahiensis (Gürke) I.Asai & K.Miyata
Caesalpinioideae
Apuleia leiocarpa (Vog.) Macbr.
Bauhinia acureana Moric.
Bauhinia cheilanta (Bong.) Steud.
Bauhinia coronata Benth.
Bauhinia forficata Link.
Bauhinia microphylla Vog.
Bauhinia pulchella Benth.
Bauhinia radiana Vell.
Bauhinia rubiginosa Bong.
Bauhinia scadens Benth.
Caesalpinia bracteosa Tul.
Caesalpinia ferrea Mart ex Tul.
Caesalpinia microphylla Mart.
Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul.
Cassia ferruginea (Schrad.) DC.
Cassia sericea Swartz
Cenostigma gardneriana Tul.
Copaifera martii Hayne
Senna alata (L.) Irwin & Barneby
Senna excelsa (Schrad) Irwin & Barneby
Senna martiana (Schrad) Irwin & Barneby
Senna multijuga (Rich.) Irwin & Barneby
Senna speciosa (Schrad) Irwin & Barneby
Cannabaceae
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume
Capparaceae
Capparis flexuosa L.
Cleome affinis L.
Cleome spinosa Jacq.
Cecropiaceae
Cecropia hololeuca Miq.
Celastraceae
Maytenus obtusifolia Mart.
Maytenus rigida Mart.
Chrysobalanaceae
Hirtella americana Aubl.
Hirtella glandulosa Spreng.
Hirtella martiana Hook.
Licania rigida Mart.
Clusiaceae
Rheedia gardneriana Lindl. & Trin.
Cochlospermaceae
Cochlospermum insigne A.St.-Hil.
Combretaceae
Combretum lanceolatum Pohl.
Combretum elegans Camb.
Combretum leprosum Mart.
Combretum monetaria Mart.
Convolvulaceae
Evolvulus glomeratus Ness
Evolvulus pusillus Choisy
Ipomoea acuminata Roem. & Schl.
Ipomoea aristolochiaefolia (H.B.K.) Don.
Ipomoea daturaefolia Meisn.
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet.
Ipomoea cynanchifolia (Meisn.) Mart.
Ipomoea horrida Huber
Ipomoea quamoclit L.
Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urban
Merremia cissoides (Lam.) Hallier
Merremia macrocalyx (Ruiz & Pava) O'Donnel
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis anguria L.
Melothria fluminensis Gardn.
Sicana odorifera Naud.
Trianosperma tayuya Mart.
Dilleniaceae
Davilla rugosa Poit.
Euphorbiaceae
Croton antisyphiliticus Mart.
Croton campestris A.St.-Hil.
Croton hemiargyrus Mull. Arg.
Croton lundianus (Dried.) M. Arg.
Croton sondterianus M. Arg.
Croton zenhtneri Pax. & Hoffm.
Dalechampia scandens L.
Euphorbia phosphorea Mart.
Jatropha osteocarpa M. Arg.
Jatropha urens (L.) M. Arg.
Julocroton furcescens (Spreng.) Baill.
Julocroton humilis Diedr.
Julocroton lanceolatus M. Arg.
Julocroton triqueter M. Arg.
Manihot glaziovii M. Arg.
Manihot stipularis M. Arg.
Stillingia argudentata Jabl.
Faboideae
Abrus precatorius L.
Aeschynomene brasiliana (Poir.) DC.
Aeschynomene evenia Whigh.
Aeschynomene falcata (Poir.) DC.
Aeschynomene histrix Poir.
Aeschynomene gilbertoi Brandão
Aeschynomene laca-buendiana Brandão
Aeschynomene martii Benth.
Aeschynomene paniculata Vog.
Aeschynomene paucifolia Vog.
Aeschynomene riedeliana Taub.
Aeschynomene selloi Vog.
Arachis prostata Benth.
Arachis pusilla Benth.
Browdichia virgilioides H.B.K.
Calopogonium coeruleum Hemsl.
Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.
Camptosema tomentosum Benth.
Centrobium robustum (Vell.) Mart.
Centrosema angustifolium Benth.
Centrosema arenarium Benth.
Centrosema brasilianum (L.) Benth.
Centrosema dasyanthum Benth.
Centrosema macranthum Hoehne
Centrosema plumerii (Turp. ex Pres.) Benth.
Centrosema pubescens Benth.
Centrosema sagittatum (Willd.) Brad.
Centrosema vexillatum Benth.
Coursetia rostrata Benth.
Cratylia floribunda Benth.
Cratylia mollis Mart.
Cratylia nuda Tul.
Crotalaria anagyroides H.B.K.
Crotalaria incana Benth.
Crotalaria retusa L.
Crotalaria pallida Ait.
Dalbergia decipularis Rizz. & Mattos
Dalbergia euxylophora
Desmodium adscendens DC.
Desmodium discolor Vog.
Desmodium molle DC.
Desmodium spirale DC.
Dioclea grandiflora Mart.
Eriosema crinitum Benth.
Eriosema heterophyllum Benth.
Erythrina mulungu Mart.
Erythrina velutina Willd.
Galactia rhynchosioides A.St.-Hil.
Galactia tenuiflora Whrigt et Ann.
Geoffraea spinosa Jacq.
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Machaerium angustifolium Vog.
Machaerium scleroxylum Tul.
Macriptilium bracteolatus (Nees & Mart.) Urb.
Macriptilium firmulus (Mart.) Urban
Macriptilium gracilis (Poep. & Benth.) Urban
Macriptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. ex Marech
Macriptilium panduratus (Mart. ex Benth.) Urb.
Macriptilium sabaraense (Hoehne) V. P. Barbosa
Playmiscium blancheti Benth.
Playmiscium nitens Vog.
Rhynchosia exaltata DC.
Rhynchosia minima DC.
Rhynchosia phaseoloides DC.
Rhynchosia senna Gill.
Stizolobium deeringianum Bort.
Stylosanthes capitata Vog.
Stylosanthes gracilis H.B.K.
Stylosanthes grandiflora Ferr. & Costa
Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw.
Stylosanthes macrocephala Ferr. & Costa
Stylosanthes pilosa Ferr. & Costa
Stylosanthes scabra Vog.
Teramnus volubilis Sw.
Teramnus uncinatus Sw.
Zolernia ilicifolia Vog.
Zornia acauensis Brandão & Costa
Zornia brasiliensis Vog.
Zornia crinita (Mohl.)Vanni
Zornia curvata Mohl.
Zornia flemingioides Moric.
Zornia gardneriana Moric.
Zornia gemella Mohl.
Zornia latifolia Sm.
Zornia mitziana Costa
Zornia myriadena Benth.
Zornia pardiana Mohl.
Flacourtiaceae
Casearia commersiana
Casearia guianensis Urb.
Casearia rufens Camb.
Xylosma salzmanni Eich.
Hippocrateaceae
Salacia elliptica (Mart.) Peyr.
Hydrophyllaceae
Hydrangea spinosa L.
Lamiaceae
Hyptis lanceolata Poir.
Hyptis lantanaefolia Poir.
Hyptis multiflora Pohl.
Hyptis pectinata Poir.
Hyptis suaveolens Poir.
Ocimum fliminensis Vell.
Ocimum incanescens Mart.
Peltodon radicans Pohl.
Lauraceae
Ocotea variabilis Meisn.
Loganiaceae
Spigelia anthelmia L.
Loranthaceae
Pithirusa sp.
Psitacanthus robustus Mart.
Lythraceae
Ammannia coccinea Roth.
Cuphea lutescens Hoehne
Cuphea speciosa Mart.
Diplusodon rotundifolia DC.
Malpighiaceae
Banisteriopsis oxyclada (A. Juss.) Gates
Banisteriopsis pubipetala (A. Juss.) Gates
Banisteriopsis stellaris (Gris.) Gates
Byrsonima crassifolia A. Juss.
Byrsonima sericea A. Juss.
Byrsonima variabilis A. Juss.
Byrsonima verbascifolia A. Juss.
Mascagnia rigida Gris. Juss.
Stigmaphyllon urenifolium A. Juss.
Malvaceae
Bourgenhadia nemoralis (A.St.-Hil.) Monteiro
Gaya gracilipes K. Schum.
Gaya pilosa K. Schum.
Melastomataceae
Miconia chamissonis Naud.
Mouriria guianensis Aubl.
Mouriria pusa Gardn.
Tibouchina stenoccarpa Cogn.
Meliaceae
Cabralea cangerana (Vell.) Mart.
Cedrela fissilis Vel.
Guarea trichilioides L.
Trichilia columata Guardi
Mimosoideae
Acacia farnesiana Willd.
Acacia paniculata Willd.
Adenanthera pavonina L.
Anadenanthera contorta (Benth.) Brenan
Anadenanthera falcata (Benth.) Brenan
Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan
Anadenanthera peregrina (Benth.) Brenan
Calliandra depauperata Benth.
Calliandra leptopoda Benth.
Calliandra macrocalyx Harms.
Calliandra myriophylla Benth.
Calliandra peckoltii Benth.
Calliandra speciosa Ducke
Calliandra turbinata Benth.
Calliandra viscidula Benth.
Desmanthus virgatus Benth.
Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong
Inga bahiensis Benth.
Inga edulis Mart.
Inga marginata Willd.
Mimosa caesalpinaefolia Benth.
Mimosa hostilis Benth.
Mimosa malacocentra Mart. ex Benth.
Mimosa modesta Mart.
Mimosa pigra L.
Mimosa pteridifolia Benth.
Mimosa sepiaria Benth.
Mimosa velloziana
Mimosa quadrivalvis L.
Mimosa ursina Mart.
Mimosa verrucosa Benth.
Pithecellobium avaremoto Mart.
Pithecellobium diversifolium Benth.
Pithecellobium dumosum Benth.
Pithecellobium foliolosum Benth.
Pithecellobium inopinatum (Harms.) Dicke
Pithecellobium multiflorum Benth.
Platymenia reticulata Benth.
Pterogyne nitens Tul.
Schrankia leptocarpha DC.
Stryphnodendron coriaceum Benth.
Myrsinaceae
Rapanea guianensis Aubl.
Myrtaceae
Campomanesia adamantium Blume
Campomanesia corymbosa Blume
Eugenia stictopetapa DC.
Psidium araao Raddi
Nyctaginaceae
Bougainvillea fasciculata Brandão
Bougainvillea glabra Choisy
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.
Ochnaceae
Ouratea parviflora Baill.
Ouratea spectabilis (Mart.) Spreng.
Orchidaceae
Catasetum sp.
Habenaria sp.
Oncidium sp.
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis nigrescens A.St.-Hil.
Passifloraceae
Passiflora cincinnata Masters
Passiflora digitata L.
Passiflora foetida L.
Passiflora gardneri Masters
Passiflora kermesina Link & Otto (=Passiflora raddiana DC.)
Passiflora rubra L.
Passiflora serratodigitata L.
Passiflora tenuifila Killip.
Phytolaccaceae
Gallezia gorazema Moq.
Piperaceae
Piper angustifolium Ruiz & Pav.
Pothomorphe peltata Miq.
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago scandens L.
Poaceae
Andropogon bicornis L.
Andropogon leucostachys H.B.K.
Aristida adscensionis L.
Aristida pallens Cav.
Axonopus cpmpressus Beauv.
Cenchrus echinatus L.
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv.
Digitaria insularis (L.) Benth.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaetrn.
Eragrotis pilosa (L.) Beauv.
Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) Stapf.
Merostachys riedelliana Rop.
Paspalum notatum Flugge
Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) L. Rich.
Rhynchelitrum repens (Willd.) Hubbard.
Sporobolus argutas Kunth.
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea L.
Portulaca pilosa L.
Talinum patens
Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd.
Polygalaceae
Bredemeyera floribunda Willd.
Bredemeyera brevifolia (Benth.) Brenan
Polygala cuspidata DC.
Polygala hebeclada
Polygala longicaulis H.B.K
Polygala urbanii Chod.
Secondatia floribunda A. DC.
Polygonaceae
Polygonum acre L.
Polygonum hidropiperoides Michx.
Polygonum hispidium H.B.K.
Polygonum spectabilis Mart.
Tripalis pachau Mart.
Rhamnaceae
Celtis iguanea (Jacq.) Planch.
Reissekia smilacina Endl.
Zizyphus joazeiro Mart.
Rubiaceae
Genipa americana L.
Guettarda angelica Mart.
Mannetia ignita K. Schum.
Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC.
Palicoures marcgravii A.St.-Hil.
Pectis brevipedunculata (Gardn.) Sch. Bip.
Randia armata (Sw.) DC.
Tocoyena formosa Schum.
Rutaceae
Galipa jasminifolia
Sapindaceae
Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw.
Cardiospermum halicacabum
Paulinia elegans Camb.
Sapindus saponaria L.
Serjanea lethalis A.St.-Hil.
Serjanea mansiana Mart.
Serjanea paucidentata Radlk
Urvillea ulmacea H.B.K.
Sapotaceae
Bumelia startorum Mart.
Scrophulariaceae
Scoparia dulcis L.
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella convoluta (Walk.& Arnoff) Spreng.
Simarubaceae
Simaruba versicolor A.St.-Hil.
Solanaceae
Acnistus arborescens
Datura fastuosa L.
Solanum erianthum Don.
Solanum horridum Don.
Solanum paniculatum L.
Sterculiaceae
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.
Melochia hermanoides A.St.-Hil.
Melochia villosa (Mill.) Farwc.
Sterculia striata A.St.-Hil. et Naud.
Waltheria bracteosa A.St.-Hil. et Naud.
Styracaceae
Styrax parvifolium Pohl.
Tiliaceae
Apeiba tibourbou Aubl.
Luehea candicans Mart.
Luehea divaricataMart.
Turneraceae
Piriqueta aurea (Camb.) Urban
Pirequeta duarteana (Camb.) Juss.
Turnera melochioides Camb.
Turnera ulmifolia L.
Urticaceae
Fleurya aestuans Gaudich.
Urera baccifera Gaudich.
Verbenaceae
Aegiphylla sellowiana Cham.
Lantana camara L.
Lantana lilaciana Desf.
Lantana microphylla L.
Violaceae
Anchietea saluataris A.St.-Hil.
Vitaceae
Cissus erosa L. C. Rich.
Cissus scabra
Cissus sicyoides L.
Cissus warmingii
Vochysiaceae
Callistene major Mart.
Qualea parviflora Mart.
Vochysia tucanorum Mart.
See also
List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil
List of plants of Atlantic Forest vegetation of Brazil
List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil
List of plants of Pantanal vegetation of Brazil
Official list of endangered flora of Brazil
References
ANDRADE-LIMA, D. (1981). O domínio da caatinga. (The caatinga dominium.) Revista Brasileira de Botânica 4:149-163.
BRANDÃO, M.; GAVILANES, M. L. (1994). Composição florística das áreas recobertas pela Caatinga na área mineira da SUDENE. Informe Agropecuário 17 (181):20-33.
Gamarra-Rojas, Cíntia. (2005) Checklist das Plantas do Nordeste (Checklist of Plants of Northeast Brazil). Online
GIULIETTI, M. A. et alli. (2003) Diagnóstico da vegetação nativa do bioma Caatinga. Ministério do Meio AmbienteOnline
Caatinga
Caatinga
Caatinga
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20plants%20of%20Caatinga%20vegetation%20of%20Brazil
|
The World/American Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship and the World/European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship was a Greco-Roman professional wrestling championship contested for throughout the continent of Australia, Europe and North America.The title existed from 1875 through approximately 1937.
The final champion Georg Hackenschmidt defeated American Heavyweight Champion, Tom Jenkins, on May 5, 1905 in New York City, New York to unify both titles and become the undisputed World Heavyweight Champion.
World/American Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship Title history
World/European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship Title history
See also
American Heavyweight Championship
Early wrestling championships
European Heavyweight Championship
World Catch-as-Catch-Can Championship
List of early world heavyweight champions in professional wrestling
References
External links
World/American Greco-Roman Heavyweight Title at wrestling-titles.com
World/European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Title at wrestling-titles.com
World heavyweight wrestling championships
Greco-Roman wrestling
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Greco-Roman%20Heavyweight%20Championship
|
Jack Clarke may refer to:
Jack Clarke (athlete) (fl. 1945–1952), New Zealand marathon runner
Jack Clarke (footballer, born 1931) (1931–1997), Australian rules footballer and Essendon player
Jack Clarke (footballer, born 1933) (1933–2001), Australian rules footballer and East Fremantle player
Jack Clarke (footballer, born 2000), English footballer
Jack Clarke (racing driver) (born 1988), racing driver in the FIA Formula Two Championship
Jack Clarke (rugby union) (born 1968), Irish rugby union player
Jack Clarke (mountaineer) (1875–1952), New Zealand mountaineer, first ascendant of Mounts Cook, Tasman and Aspiring
See also
Jack Clark (disambiguation)
Jackie Clarke (disambiguation)
John Clarke (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Clarke
|
AM 738 4to, Edda oblongata or Langa Edda, is a late 17th-century Icelandic paper manuscript currently housed in the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, Reykjavík. The manuscript is most notable for its distinct oblong format and the numerous colorful illustrations it contains.
Description
The manuscript consists of 135 leaves and is unusually tall compared to its width (33 cm x 10.5 cm). Dated to c. 1680, it contains a diverse collection of texts including chapters from the Prose Edda as well as numerous Eddic poems, a variety of skaldic poetry, a rune poem, the Christian visionary poem Sólarljóð, and many other short texts. Among the latter are three poems by minister and poet Hallgrímur Pétursson, including his well-known Aldarháttur. The only other contemporary poet identified by name in the manuscript is Oddr Þórðarson, who is otherwise not well known.
History
Preceding the chapters from the Prose Edda, the manuscript features an illustrated title page that suggests this part, and perhaps the entire manuscript, was completed in 1680. The same page features the initials "S G," which may refer to the name of the scribe and/or illustrator of the manuscript. These initials possibly allude to Sigurður Gíslason (1655–1688), a poet whom the manuscript collector Árni Magnússon identified as an owner of the manuscript. However, the initials "G S S" also appear near the end of the manuscript and may refer to the involvement of another unidentified scribe.
At some point, Ingibjörg Jónsdóttir (1643–1710), who was the half-sister of Sigurður Gíslason, the manuscript's probable scribe and/or illustrator, took possession of the manuscript. Following this, it came into the ownership of Magnús Jónsson from Leirá (c. 1679–1702), a schoolmaster in Skálholt. According to his notes, Árni Magnússon received the manuscript from Magnús around the year 1700 and it remained in Copenhagen until 1991 when it was returned to Iceland. It is currently housed at the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies in Reykjavík, and a digitized version of the manuscript is available on Handrit.is.
Illustrations
The manuscript contains numerous colorful illustrations, most of which depict subjects from Norse mythology. Other small decorative drawings appear in several places in the manuscript.
References
External links
Digitized version of AM 738 4to from Handrit.is.
Literary illuminated manuscripts
Icelandic manuscripts
17th-century illuminated manuscripts
1680s books
Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies collection
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM%20738%204to
|
Philippe Nicolet (born 4 January 1953 in Lausanne), is a Swiss film director of both documentaries and fiction. Journalist and scriptwriter, he was the first editor-in-chief of the Lausanne television station before embarking on a project tracing the history of relations between Switzerland and the European Union for the Jean Monnet Foundation, of which Professor Henri Rieben was the president. In addition to documentary footage filmed in some fifty countries, he became known for his hundreds of interviews of political, scientific and artistic personages. In 2006, Nicolet began creating 3D films.
Documentaries and fiction
1979-2005: Video portraits. Interviews with personalities from all horizons and from all tendencies: heads of state, astronauts, artists, inventors, etc.
1994: Jeanne Calment, the oldest person in the world
1995: In prison. Docu-fiction on preventive incarceration
1996-1997: Tomorrow perhaps, science-fiction series
1997: Les terriers de la mémoire, documentary on memory.
1998: With Maurice Béjart. Reportage in Italy, Switzerland and Russia.
2000 : The Sign of the Eleventh Hour. Full-length feature film. With Nanou Duggan, Roland Carey, Jean-Pierre Althaus and Annie Chaplin
2001: Three architects of Europe. Interview about the Euro with Jacques Delors, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and Helmut Schmidt.
2002: Rêveur (Dreamer), a series focusing on the native country of immigrants. The series was granted the patronage of the Swiss Commission for UNESCO in 2004.
2005: Travels in the Orient by the Baron of Aubonne. Documentary on Jean-Baptiste Tavernier.
2007: 3D Odyssey, docu-fiction relating the history of stereoscopy.
2008: Morocco in 3D, documentary about Morocco
2009: Australia in 3D
2010: Iran 3D: Challenge of a civilization, a documentary about Iran today
2011: The Antikythera mechanism, the fingerprints of genius (in 3D)
2011: The film: "YES - In the Present - Live From Lyon"
2012: Music Making History, Montreux Jazz Festival with Claude Nobs
2014: The Enigma of the Mountain Gorillas
2015: D-Couverte Aventicum. In the capital of the Helvetii, jewels are unveiled after 2000 years. In coproduction with RTS
2015: Looking Towards Our Origins. The mission of the large ESO telescopes in Chile
External links
www.nvp.ch
www.nvp3d.com
www.jean-monnet.ch
www.reveur.ch
1953 births
Living people
Mass media people from Lausanne
Swiss film directors
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Nicolet
|
The Shebang was a radio show broadcast weekday mornings from 6 am to 9 am AEST in Sydney, Australia, on Triple M. It was hosted by Marty Sheargold, Fifi Box and Paul Murray with Anthony Maroon as the show anchor. The producer, Anna, was often chastised for her many mistakes.
The show mainly worked around observational humour, derived from various media sources.
Formerly Triple M's main syndicated drive-time show, Austereo announced on 14 December 2006 that The Shebang would move to the breakfast shift for Triple M Sydney in 2007. The Shebang commenced the breakfast shift in Sydney on 29 January 2007.
On 6 August 2008, Triple M announced that The Shebang would not be continuing in 2009 as host Fifi Box was leaving the station to appear on the Seven Network's Sunrise program, while Marty Sheargold said he would not continue at Triple M once the show finished. Unbeknown to anyone listening, without any warning, The Shebang cast announced their last show on Friday 31 October 2008. Insiders report that there has been a bitter rift between Sheargold and Murray since the ratings dive of the show after Murray's arrival in 2008. It is believed this could have a link to Sheargold's disappearance for an extended amount of time from the show.
History
The program began in 2003 as The Whole Shebang, a drive program on Triple M Melbourne, with a cast of comedians and celebrities. Following a shakeup of programming at the station in mid-2003, the program extended to be broadcast in Sydney as well, with the cast being Mikey Robins, Fifi Box, Marty Sheargold, Jodie J. Hill and Jo Stanley. The Whole Shebang was nominated for the Award for Outstanding Radio Comedy Performance in the 2003 Comedy Awards (Radio). By the end of 2003, Robbins, Hill and Stanley had left, leaving Box and Sheargold. At the start of 2004, the show was further extended to Brisbane and Adelaide, although later dropped from Adelaide following poor ratings.
In 2007, The Shebang moved to a breakfast slot for Triple M Sydney only. Also in 2007, The Shebang had a float in the Sydney Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras.
Regular guests
Glenn Robbins
Mark Beretta
Liz Ellis
Tom Gleisner
Tony Martin
Former regulars and other (occasional) guests include Lawrence Mooney, Scott Cam, Andrew Denton, Stephen Curry, Tim Smith, Richard Marsland, Peter Rowsthorn, Johanna Griggs, David Koch, Steve Richards and Colin Lane.
Audience and ratings
In the breakfast radio ratings for April 2007, The Shebang only managed a 5.3 percent share of the breakfast audience (tied with 2CH in eighth place) in the Nielsen ratings survey, a loss of 47,000 listeners since March. In the breakfast radio ratings for August 2007, The Shebangs ratings climbed 0.3 to 8.6 percent share of the breakfast audience in the Sydney market making The Shebang seventh overall and fourth in the FM market.
In May 2008 - Triple M's breakfast show was not going down well, with co-hosts Marty Sheargold and Fifi Box both believed to have threatened to walk over the program's ratings dive. Sheargold reportedly clashed with new addition Paul Murray and Box after the show registered its worst result (down 1.5 percentage points to 5).
The gloomy news was compounded after Triple M was beaten by easy listening station 2CH. "It's a train wreck in here today," a Confidential source claimed. "Everyone is blaming everyone."
An Austereo spokeswoman denied "any drama" stating, "there's three of them and that's just how it is. No one's going anywhere."
A Daily Telegraph article had suggested that former husband of Jackie O, Phil O'Niell may be taking over the Sydney breakfast slot. This would put him in direct competition with his former partner, in the same market, and in the same company as 2Day FM, as both networks are owned by Austereo.
In a Nielsen survey, The Shebang audience share fell by 1.5 points to 5 percent. Another Nielsen Survey report had shown that , The Shebang had fallen another 0.5 points to 4.5 percent market share in the 6-9am time slot.
The Sydney Morning Herald reported on 29 October 2008 that Triple M Sydney and The Shebang had received the wooden spoon in the latest Nielsen Media survey. Separate to this co-host Marty Sheargold, who took leave four weeks ago for the birth of his first child had not returned and fill-in comedian co-hosts have been used, including Tony Moclair and Justin Hamilton.
Content
Content changes
As the show moved shifts, several segments were omitted. These include Backyard Riffs, Captain Obvious (after Fifi confessed on air that she disliked the segment) and Paul Calija's History Lesson. Also, many regular guests did not appear in 2007 such as Cal Wilson and Steve Richards. Mark Beretta, however, remained. Segments that were kept from 2006 include Amazing Facts, Dog Whisperers (renamed "Thank Dog You're Here") and Shebanging the World.
There was some controversy surrounding the segment "Thank Dog You're Here" as one of the program directors David Rymer wanted to get rid of it, calling it "beige". After much argument and calls/emails from listeners a compromise was reached and it was restricted to Friday Fun Ones. Rymer was since dubbed "Master Beige" or "The Beigenator".
Celebrity interviews
The pair have interviewed the likes of Ricky Ponting, Paul Stanley, Jennifer Aniston, Kiernan from Augie March, Bill Gates, Will Ferrell, Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, and Matt Damon.
Friday Fun Ones
As the name suggests, 'Friday Fun Ones' occur every Friday. It is usually accompanied with loose, 'fun' attitudes, Captain Obvious and as of 2006, a new sound effect every week. Often, there is a 'Friday Fun One Acoustic', where a singer or a band would come in and perform an acoustic version of one of their songs. The format of Friday Fun Ones changed after the time slot change. The sound effect was scrapped and Captain Obvious was replaced by Thank Dog You're Here.
Missed Opportunity
The "Missed Opportunity Podcast" is an exclusive podcast that contains stuff that didn't make it to air and is done every weekend. Marty is known to be extremely reluctant in doing these as he dislikes the extra work. It can be accessed through the usual podcast feed or streamed from the website.
Segments
Captain Obvious: This is a segment where callers talk about hearing or seeing something that's just plain obvious, such as the classic "Mixed nuts may contain traces of nuts".
Cart It Up: is a segment introduced in 2007 which replays the mistakes that Fifi, Marty or Drew have picked up on over the course of the show. The concept is if whoever is talking at the time mispronounces a word or has trouble saying a word, either the co-anchor or themselves say "Cart It Up" to add it to the end-of-show replay segment. Fifi is known for dominating the segment.
Thank Dog You're Here: This is a segment in which Fifi and Marty take calls from listeners, and try to guess what breed of dog they have, based on their bark. The title is taken from a comedy show, Thank God You're Here, on which Fifi is a regular guest.
Age of Reason: In this segment, Marty and Fifi try to guess the age of particular public figures. There are also the spin-off segments "Height of Reason", "Weight of Reason" and "Shoe Size of Reason".
Amazing Facts: One of the few original segments carried over from the drive shift. Listeners ring up with a piece of trivia (an "amazing fact"). The only rule of the segment is that a caller must say the word "Fact" before telling their fact.
Car Idiosyncrasies: This is where listeners ring up and tell of their "car idiosyncrasies", which are odd habits of their cars. One example is if one's windscreen wipers only worked if the radio was on.
Fatima Files: Listeners ring up with their supernatural or "other worldly" experiences.
Fifi's Diary: A new segment where Fifi reads out entries from her old diary that she kept when she was a child.
Getting to Know You: With Julie Andrews in the opening song, Marty comically tells the listeners about various childhood experiences.
Ponder This: Marty gives Fifi a conundrum to try to solve such as "Which came first, the chicken or the egg?". If he likes Fifi's answer, he says "Well pondered" and they move on.
Riddle Me This: Marty and Fifi attempt to solve some riddles but the segment was axed after complaints that it was boring.
Rulebook: Marty and Fifi identify a facet of life, such as wearing tracksuit pants, and listeners call up with their rules about it.
Shebanging the World: Listeners take a photo with a Shebang sign in other countries and email them through, which Marty and Fifi read out and put on the website. This is done in an attempt to get a photo from every country in the world.
Six Billion to One: Listeners call with their stories about unbelievable coincidences. The title is based on the premise that there are approximately six billion people in the world. After several years, Fifi still cannot sing the segment's song correctly.
Sucked in robbers: Listeners call with their stories about when they have been robbed, but the robbers didn't get what they were expecting, such as: the person didn't have any money in their wallet, or the car that was stolen had no petrol, etc.
Wake Up Call: Marty and Fifi gives someone an early start to their day.
Changes
Throughout 2006, there were rumours that The Shebang would be moved to the breakfast shift, replacing struggling breakfast show The Cage in the Sydney and Melbourne markets. This was all but confirmed in a report in the Daily Telegraph on 3 November 2006, which suggested the move would be announced shortly for 2007, and would make Box one of the highest-earning women in radio.
It was reported on 29 November 2006 in the Herald Sun, that Fifi and Marty had recently filmed a pilot of The Shebang chat show concept called The Late Night Little Big Show with comedians Glenn Robbins and Tony Martin. The article makes reference also that Nine Network has given it the thumbs-down, but Seven Network is considering it. Also the article mentions that the negotiations between The Shebang and The Cage shows and time slots are still in progress and nothing is confirmed at this stage.
In an article, Fifi Box is understood to have signed a new contract worth $500,000 a year, making her one of the highest paid women on the air.
Austereo had announced on 14 December that The Shebang would move to the morning shift for Triple M Sydney in 2007. Wil Anderson has taken over the drive-time shift as of 2 April 2007 with the show Wil & Lehmo airing from 4pm to 6pm Monday to Friday.
(After 2 years and poor ratings Wil and Lehmo were replaced by Roy & HG of Triple J fame at the start of 2009) At the end of 2007, it was announced that Paul Murray would be joining The Shebang in 2008 in a bid to lift soft ratings. The addition of Paul Murray came with a more "newsy" approach. Ironically, The Shebangs ratings plummeted with the addition of Paul Murray.
In 2008, Triple M's Anthony Maroon replaced Drew (who was then put on the morning shift) as anchor. The reason for this is unknown.
Without any promotion or in any way letting the listeners to The Shebang know, Friday 31 October 2008 brought about the final edition of The Shebang. It was sprung without warning, with Fifi Box and Paul Murray left to say goodbye without the presence of Marty Sheargold.
The Shebang Podcast was removed from iTunes on 1 November, with the last seven shows not being available for download.
References
Australian comedy radio programs
2000s Australian radio programs
2003 establishments in Australia
2008 disestablishments in Australia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shebang
|
Ramesh Chandappa Jigajinagi (born 28 June 1952) is an Indian politician from Karnataka and currently a member of Lok Sabha. He was Union Minister of State for Drinking Water and Sanitation in 2016. He was member of the Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Lok Sabha. He was inducted into PM, Narendra Modi's government as a Minister of State for Drinking Water & Sanitation on July 5, 2016. He represents the Bijapur constituency (2019-2024) and is currently a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party which he joined in 2002. He has also been a member of Janata Dal and Ramakrishna Hegde's Vedike Party and Ram Vilas Paswan's Jan Shakti Party in 2001 when Hegde was planning to retire.
Political career
Ramesh Jigajinagi was born on 28 June 1952 in Atharga village of Bijapur District in Karnataka to Chandappa and Bhoramma Jigajinagi. He is married to Shoba and has two sons. He completed his graduation from BLDEA's New Arts College, Bijapur in the faculty of Arts and later earned his master's degree as well. Ramesh hails from a Scheduled Caste community and has been able to retain support in the areas of northern Karnataka, even after switching alliances and parties.
His electoral victory is significant, contesting and winning his seat against B. Shankaranand of the Indian National Congress'. Ramesh entered the 12th Lok Sabha with a margin of 1,31,238 votes.
Initially, he joined the undivided Janata Dal under the mentorship of Ramakrishna Hegde. He remained in the Janta Dal and was a staunch supporter of Ramakrishna Hegde. When Ramakrishna Hegde floated the Rashtreeya Nava Nirmana Vedike, Ramesh Jigajinagi was among the earliest sitting MLAs to support him and join the new party by resigning his ministership. Later, he joined Lok Shakti, a party formed by Ramakrishna Hegde and rejoined Janata Dal United after the merger of Lok Shakti with the former. After the death of his mentor, he joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Positions held
Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly 1983- 1985, 1985-1989, 1994-1999 (3 terms)
Minister of State, Home Department in the Government of Karnataka 1983
Minister of State, Excise Department in the Government of Karnataka 1984-1985
Cabinet Minister for Social Welfare and Revenue in the Government of Karnataka 1996-1998
Member of the 12th Loksabha 1998-1999 (Winning Margin=131238). From Chikkodi.
Member of the 13th Loksabha 1999-2004 (Winning Margin=84590)
Member of the 14th Loksabha 2004-2009 (Winning Margin=43492), for BJP.
Member of the 15th Loksabha 2009-2014 (Winning Margin=42404) From Bijapur.
Member of the 16th Loksabha 2014- 2019 (Winning Margin=69819)
Member of the 17th Loksabha 2019 - (Winning Margin = 2,58,038)
He has served as the member in the following committees
Parliamentary Consultative Committee, Ministry of Finance
Parliamentary Committee on Absence of Members from the sittings of the House
Parliamentary Committee on Commerce
Parliamentary Committee on Home Affairs and its Sub-Committee on Personnel Policy of Central Para-Military Forces
Union Minister of State for Drinking Water & Sanitation 2016
See also
Members of Fourteenth Lok Sabha
Notes
External links
Ramesh Jigajinagi's home page on Lok Sabha's Website
References
1952 births
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka
Living people
India MPs 1998–1999
India MPs 1999–2004
India MPs 2004–2009
India MPs 2009–2014
People from Bijapur district, Karnataka
Lok Sabha members from Karnataka
India MPs 2014–2019
Janata Dal politicians
Janata Dal (United) politicians
Lok Janshakti Party politicians
Narendra Modi ministry
India MPs 2019–present
Lok Shakti politicians
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh%20Jigajinagi
|
WWF WrestleMania Challenge is a professional wrestling video game based on the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), released in 1990 for the Nintendo Entertainment System by Acclaim Entertainment under the LJN label, and in 1992 for the Family Computer by Hot-B.
The game features nine wrestlers: Hulk Hogan, André the Giant, "Macho King" Randy Savage, The Ultimate Warrior, Big Boss Man, Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake, Ravishing Rick Rude, Hacksaw Jim Duggan, and "Yourself" (a generic character). In a two-player game, both players can choose a differently-shaded version of Yourself, each having a unique theme song.
The game was originally developed under the title WWF Survivor Series. After this release, development of games under the WrestleMania name shifted to Sculptured Software, which developed WWF Super WrestleMania and WWF WrestleMania: Steel Cage Challenge.
Gameplay
Features include fluid gameplay and unique (albeit small) movesets for each wrestler. Matches are presented at a high-angle, isometric view of the ring which includes the wrestlers' stamina bars along the apron. An empty bar will render the player vulnerable to pinfalls.
Modes of play include a one-on-one match, a tag team match, a three-on-three Survivor Series elimination match (in the latter two the player can cause their NPC partner to attack the NPC opponent inside or outside the ring) and a championship mode where the player takes control of "Yourself" and must defeat all of the game's wrestlers to win the championship. Also included is a two player-only tag team championship mode where the players control two "yourself" characters and must defeat the game's wrestlers in a series of tag team matches to become champions.
Reception
See also
List of licensed wrestling video games
List of fighting games
References
External links
1990 video games
Hot B games
LJN games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Rare (company) games
Video games with isometric graphics
WrestleMania video games
WWE video games
Video games scored by David Wise
Professional wrestling games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF%20WrestleMania%20Challenge
|
Henry Glass (January 7, 1844 – September 1, 1908) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy, best remembered for his role in the bloodless capture of Guam in the Spanish–American War. He was also a Union veteran of the American Civil War.
Biography
Glass was born in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and entered the Naval Academy in 1860, graduating a year ahead of schedule with the rank of ensign on May 28, 1863.
Civil War
He saw considerable action during the Civil War while attached to the steam sloop . He took part in engagements with Confederate batteries at Charleston, South Carolina, between July and September 1863; in the Stono River in December 1863 and July 1864; and in the North Edisto River in February 1865. He also participated in the capture of Georgetown, South Carolina, in February 1865.
1865–1880
After the war, Glass was advanced to the rank of master on November 10, 1865; to lieutenant on November 10, 1866; and to lieutenant commander on March 12, 1868. Sea duty came in a succession of ships: the steam sloop in the Pacific Squadron (1865–1868); the steam sloop in the North Atlantic Squadron (1869); and the steam sloop in the Pacific Squadron (1870–1871). During his time in the Mohican, he was assigned to temporary command of the wooden-hulled, screw gunboat for six months during 1870. Also while serving in Mohican, he performed duty as an aide on the staff of the Commander of the Pacific Squadron, Rear Admiral John Lorimer Worden.
Glass then served in the screw sloop in the Asiatic Squadron from 1872 to 1873, before returning to the United States for the first of several tours of duty at the Mare Island Navy Yard, first serving in the receiving ship , before he was given command of the State of California's State Marine School Ship, , which was recommissioned for this service on July 21, 1876.
Returning to the Navy on March 3, 1879, Jamestown was refitted at Mare Island and sailed from San Francisco for Alaska on May 22, 1879, to protect American lives and property threatened by "the disturbed condition of affairs" on shore. She arrived at Sitka on June 14 and remained there into the following year "preserving the peace and furnishing security to persons and property ... and ... surveying the waters and bays adjacent to Sitka." Promoted to commander on October 27, 1879, Glass served as the senior naval officer in Alaskan waters in charge of Indian affairs in that territory in 1880.
1881–1898
In 1881, Glass took command of the screw sloop-of-war , of the Pacific Squadron, and during that year Wachusett conducted hydrographic survey work in Southeast Alaska under his command. He began a tour at the Mare Island Navy Yard in 1883. During his time there, he compiled Marine International Law, a collection drawn, as he freely acknowledged, "from the writings and opinions of certain acknowledged authorities on the subject" to provide a handy reference work for naval officers. This volume was published in 1885. After winding up his tour at Mare Island in 1886, Glass commanded the sidewheel gunboat of the Asiatic Squadron into 1888.
Glass' next duty was that of Commandant of Cadets at the Naval Academy, a post he held from 1889 to 1891, before serving on the Naval Examining Board from 1891 to 1893. Since the latter assignment was only intermittent, Glass served as equipment officer of the Mare Island Navy Yard in 1892 and later became captain of the yard the following year. On January 23, 1894, he was commissioned as captain.
He returned to sea in 1894 and commanded the cruiser from 1894 to 1896 before he took command of the battleship . He then returned to Mare Island to the post of captain of the yard in 1897.
Spanish–American War
Upon the outbreak of war with Spain in 1898, the twin-screw protected cruiser was quickly readied for service, with Glass in command. Commissioned on May 5, 1898, Charleston set out for the Hawaiian Islands 16 days later. Escorting three transports—City of Peking, Australia, and City of Sydney—she sailed from Honolulu on June 4, bound for Manila, Philippines. When clear of land, Glass opened his confidential orders, which directed him to take the island of Guam while en route to the Philippines. Her mission thus outlined, Charleston altered course for Guam, and the cruiser and her three consorts reached their interim destination at daybreak on June 20. Leaving the transports anchored outside, Charleston boldly entered the harbor and fired a challenge, only to receive no return fire of any kind. Spanish emissaries soon called upon Glass and were astonished to learn that a state of war existed between their respective countries. As the island was virtually undefended—the forts were in ruins—the Spanish governor surrendered; and Glass took possession of Guam for the United States on the afternoon of June 21, 1898.
As the orders specified, Charleston proceeded on to Manila and participated in the operations that resulted in the surrender of that city in August 1898 and took part in the initial actions against Filipino "insurgents" who were resisting America's assumption of control in the Philippine Islands.
1898–1908
Relieved of command of Charleston on December 12, 1898, by Capt. W. H. Whiting, Glass returned to the United States and soon assumed command of the naval training station at San Francisco, California, on January 23, 1899. Promoted to rear admiral in 1901, he broke his flag in the armored cruiser on February 4, 1903, as Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Squadron. During his tour of duty in command of the squadron, the flagship, New York, together with the cruiser and screw steamer visited Adak and Kiska, in the Aleutian Islands, conducting surveys of the latter place in July 1903 with an eye toward establishing a coaling station there.
Later, with New York requiring extended repairs at the Puget Sound Navy Yard, Glass and his staff proceeded to San Francisco, and he briefly wore his flag in the cruiser from September 28 to 30, 1903 before he transferred to the cruiser Marblehead on the 30th. On November 3, a revolution broke out on the isthmus of Panama, which soon won the independence of that strategic region from Colombia. Glass, in Marblehead, was dispatched to Panama's Pacific coast and arrived there a week later. In addition to the Marblehead, his fleet consisted of the , and . During the period of tension, Glass stationed one ship at Darien harbor to protect American lives and property and, with the permission of the Panamanian government, sent small observation parties from his ships offshore to explore the rivers, roads, and trails of the region, thereby gaining "much information ... of a country of which very little was known."
He was a Veteran Companion of the California Commandery of both the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and the Military Order of Foreign Wars.
Placed on the retired list on January 7, 1906, Glass served subsequently on active duty as Commandant, Pacific Naval District. He died in Paso Robles, California, on September 1, 1908. He was buried at Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California.
Honors
The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey named the Glass Peninsula in Southeast Alaska for Glass. The Glass Breakwater in Apra Harbor on Guam also is named in his honor.
References
1844 births
1908 deaths
Governors of Guam
United States Navy rear admirals
People from Hopkinsville, Kentucky
United States Navy personnel of the Spanish–American War
Union Navy officers
Commanders of the Department of Alaska
United States Naval Academy alumni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Glass%20%28admiral%29
|
Doug Richardson is an American screenwriter and novelist who writes action movies and thrillers. He is best known for writing movies like Die Hard 2, Bad Boys, and Hostage and was the first Hollywood writer to sell a spec script for a million dollars.
Career
Richardson's first major Hollywood project was writing Die Hard 2, a commission he received from Larry Gordon just three weeks into the theatrical run of the original Die Hard film. He went on to write Bad Boys, adapting it from an existing screenplay by George Gallo. The film was set to be directed by Michael Bay, and became a final film starring Martin Lawrence and Will Smith.
Filmography
Die Hard 2 (1990) (Screenplay)
Money Train (1995) (Screenplay)
Bad Boys (1995) (Screenplay)
Welcome to Mooseport (2004) (Story/Executive Producer)
Hostage (2005) (Screenplay)
Live Free or Die Hard (2007) (Re-write).
Black Water Transit (2009, unreleased) (Initial draft).
Novels
Dark Horse (1997)
True Believers (1999)
The Safety Expert (2011)
Blood Money (2013)
99 Percent Kill: A Lucky Dey Thriller (2015)
Reaper: A Lucky Dey Thriller (2016)
American Bang: A Lucky Dey Thriller (2017)
The Night is Never Black: A Lucky Dey Thriller (2018)
Nonfiction
The Smoking Gun: True Tales from Hollywood's Screenwriting Trenches (2015)
References
External links
American male screenwriters
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Richardson
|
Thibault is a French personal name and surname, a form of Theobald, a Germanic name composed from the elements theod- "people" and bald "bold".
Surname
Arthur Thibault (191483), Canadian farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan
Bernard Thibault (born 1959), French trade unionist, Secretary of the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT)
Conrad Thibault (190387), American baritone vocalist
David Thibault (born before 2013), French-Canadian singer and Elvis impersonator
Dominique Thibault (born 1988), Canadian ice hockey player
Emmanuel Thibault (born 1974), French dancer
François-Anatole Thibault (18441924), French writer and Nobel Laureate
François Thibault (born before 1992), French Maître de chai (Cellar Master)
Geneviève Thibault de Chambure (190275), French musicologist
Gérard Thibault d'Anvers (15741629), Dutch fencing master
Guy Thibault (born before 1978), Canadian army officer
Jean-Baptiste Thibault (181079), Canadian Roman Catholic priest and missionary
Joachim Thibault de Courville (died 1581), French composer, singer, lutenist, and player of the lyre, of the late Renaissance
Jocelyn Thibault (born 1975), Canadian ice hockey goaltender
Lise Thibault (born 1939), Canadian civil servant and former Lieutenant Governor of Quebec
Louis Michel Thibault (17501815), French-born South African architect and engineer
Louise Thibault (born 1947), Canadian politician
Mike Thibault (born 1951), American professional basketball head coach
Olivette Thibault (1914–1995), Canadian stage, film and television actress
Robert Thibault (born 1959), Canadian politician
Romain Thibault (born 1991), French footballer
Sophie Thibault (born 1961), Canadian journalist and television reporter
Victor Thibault (1867after 1900), French archer who competed in the 1900 Olympic Games
Personal name
Thibault Bazin (born 1984), French politician
Thibault Bourgeois (born 1990), French footballer
Thibault Corbaz (born 1994), Swiss footballer
Thibault Damour (born 1951), French physicist
Thibault Dubarry (born 1987), French rugby union player
Thibaut Duval (AKA Thibault, born 1979), Belgian pole vaulter
Thibault Giresse (born 1981), French footballer
Thibault Godefroy (born 1985), French bobsledder
Thibault Isabel (born 1978), French writer and publisher
Thibault Lacroix (born 1985), French rugby union player
Thibault Marchal (born 1986), French footballer
Thibault de Montbrial (born 1969), French lawyer
Thibault Moulin (born 1990), French footballer
Thibault Scotto (born 1978), French footballer
Yves-Thibault de Silguy (born 1948), French and European politician
Thibault Tchicaya (born 1983), Gabonese international footballer
Thibault Vinçon (born 1976), French film and theater actor
Thibault Visensang (born 1991), French rugby union player
Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (1910-1975), American blues gitarist
Places
Saint-Thibault (disambiguation), various places
Saint-Thibault-des-Vignes, a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France
Thibault, New Brunswick, a Canadian community
Other uses
Château de Thibault de Termes, a medieval castle in the French town of Termes-d'Armagnac, in the Gers département
The Thibaults (French: Les Thibault), an eight-part serial novel by Roger Martin du Gard
1 Thibault Square (the LG Building or the BP Centre), a skyscraper in Cape Town, South Africa
Thibault, a minor character in the cartoon strip Peanuts
A pet lobster kept by Gerard de Nerval
See also
Thibaud (disambiguation)
Thibaut
Thibeault (disambiguation)
Thiébaut (disambiguation)
Tim Tebow
French-language surnames
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibault
|
Congressional stagnation is an American political theory that attempts to explain the high rate of incumbency re-election to the United States House of Representatives. In recent years this rate has been well over 90 per cent, with rarely more than 5-10 incumbents losing their House seats every election cycle. The theory has existed since the 1970s, when political commentators were beginning to notice the trend, with political science author and professor David Mayhew first writing about the "vanishing marginals" theory in 1974.
The term "congressional stagnation" originates from the theory that Congress has become stagnant through the continuous re-election of the majority of incumbents, preserving the status quo.
Overview
In the 2000 Congressional Elections, out of the 435 Congressional districts in which there were elections, 359 were listed as "safe" by Congressional Quarterly. In all of these 359, there was no uncertainty as to who would win. The results a week later confirmed that very few House races were competitive. The 2000 House election resulted in a net change of only four seats (+1 for the Democrats, −2 for the Republicans and the electing of an additional independent). In total, 98% of all incumbents were re-elected.
Congressional elections are stagnant, and because of the high invincibility of House incumbents, very few districts are truly competitive, with elections shifting very few seats from one party to another. One of the most important reasons as to why incumbents are nearly unbeatable is because they normally have much better financed campaigns than their opponents. Other potential theories include the aggressive redrawing of congressional boundaries known as gerrymandering, from a more historical perspective the loss of party alignment, or the simple fact of being an incumbent.
In recent years, legislators in the U.S. Senate and in the House, have been championing the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act as a tool to combat the growing stagnation of Congress, claiming that it would revitalize elections.
History of electoral stagnation
Competition in House elections have been on the decline of several decades. As mentioned, it was more than 30 years ago when David Mayhew first commented on vanishing marginals, the decreasing number of congressional districts that were being won by close vote margins. In typical election years between 1956 and 1964, about 94 districts were decided by a margin of 10 percentage points or fewer (55%-to-45% of the vote or closer). From 1966 to 1972, the number of marginal districts dropped to about 59. Since Mayhew's observation, competition has eroded further and is now in very short supply.
One important indicator of competition is the partisan turnover of districts - the number of districts won by candidates of different parties in consecutive election years. Turnover is not essential for competition, but one would expect serious competition to result in a substantial amount of turnover. While some elections have produced a great deal of turnover, other elections have produced next to none. In general, the amount of turnover declined in the second half of the 20th century, especially in the last few decades.
The typical election in the first half of the 20th century resulted in a shift of about 55 seats between the parties (specifically the period 1900-1924 produced a median seat turnover of 53.9 seats and 1926-1950 produced a 56.1 change). Competitiveness, at least measured by the likelihood of an election changing the partisan outcome in a district, is now less than half it was throughout much of the 20th century.
Without competition, the public at large can lose interest in the processes of elections. It might be expected that a large number of citizens would come to regard the process as unresponsive and crooked, grow cynical, and stay home on election day. This is seen as one of the many potential reasons as to why the United States has one of the lowest voter turnout rates in the western world.
Reasons for stagnation
Incumbent quality
The fact that incumbents have won at least one previous election means that they have some qualities that appeal to voters. So re-election rates greater than fifty percent are not surprising. This effect can explain the re-election rates in the US Senate from 1946 to 1978, but has difficulty explaining the increase in the re-election rates from 1980 to 2010.
Incumbency financial advantage
One of the main reasons incumbents seem to have such a complete advantage over challengers is because of their significantly better financed campaigns. In the 1990s the typical incumbent in a contested election had somewhere between 83 and 93 percent of what was spent by all the candidates in the district, and these incumbents typically captured about 64 to 67 percent of the vote.
The figures should be used with discretion, however, as half the incumbents dominated spending in their area to an even greater extent. If anything, this analysis may even understate how great the incumbency campaign finance advantage predetermines the election outcome, as the analysis examines only contested elections. For instance, in the 2000 election cycle, 64 incumbents ran for reelection unchallenged because the opposition party did not even mount a nominal challenge.
Specifically for the 2000 election, incumbents spent 92.8 percent of total money and received 67.3 percent of the vote. In the elections from 1992 to 2000, there were 1,643 contested House seats in which there was a challenged incumbent. In 905 of these (55 percent of the total), the incumbents spent 84% or more of the total spending. These elections resulted in 904 victories for the incumbents, and one loss.
The single exception was the defeat of Democratic Congressman Dan Rostenkowski in the Fifth Congressional District of Illinois. Rostenkowski had already served 18 terms as a Congressman, and spent close to $2.5 million on the election compared to the $133,000 spent by his Republican opponent. Nevertheless, this financing advantage of 22:1 was unable to save him from a 52-46 percent defeat. The advantage that opponent Michael Flanagan had over Rostenkowski in this case was that he wasn't involved in a 17-count federal investigation in "misuse of personal and congressional funds, extortion of gifts and cash, and obstruction of justice." The Rostenkowski example is frequently cited in claims that money does not buy elections.
While there is a correlation between money raised and winning elections, there are some who argue there may not be a direct causation: or more simply, you cannot buy an election.
Gerrymandering
Gerrymandering is a widely used, and often legal, tactic in the United States. In the U.S., gerrymandering typically involves the "packing and cracking" method, but other tactics have also been used. However, there is little evidence that redistricting has had any substantial effect on increased congressional stagnation in the United States. While some incumbents have had success in having district lines drawn to their liking, others have had the opposite experience.
Loss of party alignment
Loss of party alignment (that voters lose their strong dedication to a specific party) was one of the first theories formulated to explain the stagnating congress, and was widely accepted to be the main cause for electoral stagnation in the 1970s. This was a theory devised following a slight lapse in party alignment of the American voters, following the Watergate Scandal, however it did not weaken very much and rebounded in the 1980s.
Advantages of incumbency
Incumbency itself
There are advantages that come with being an incumbent (in addition to being, for example, the representative from the majority party in the district, or having greater access to campaign finances). Being an incumbent lends both greater name recognition and attracts votes that would not be gained by a challenger or running in an open seat race. Various estimates have been made to sift through the, data and discern how many votes incumbency itself is worth, and although various methodologies have yielded varied results it has been estimated that prior to the mid-1960s incumbency added only a few percentage points to the incumbents' column.
There is wide agreement that since the mid-1960s, the advantage of incumbency has grown significantly. Estimates have indicated that it has increased to roughly 7 to 10 percentage points of the vote, depending on the methodology used. This indicates that the advantage of incumbency has close to quadrupled while competition and seat changes have sharply decreased. Districts have been made safer for incumbents and this has buffered these districts from the tides of national politics.
Pork barrel spending
"Pork barrel spending" is a term in American politics used to refer to congressmen or senators who use their position on Committees in the Senate or House to appropriate federal money to their own district or state, and therefore bring increased business and investment to their home area. This process is referred to as "bringing home the pork." This can be used to build up a stronger base of support, thereby solidifying their hold on the sensibilities of their constituents, using the job to secure its own continuation. Allocation of these funds is often achieved through attaching amendments providing the "pork" to bills that are not related to financial appropriations, and that are likely to be passed, thereby guaranteeing the allocation. Political commentator Michael J. Malbin has commented that Congress suffers from an "I'll support your pork if you support mine" syndrome and that it would be difficult to eliminate pork without fundamentally changing the way in which Congress appropriates funds. Some politicians take a hard-line stance against pork
An early-21st-century example of attempted pork barrel spending was the Gravina Island Bridge, a proposed Alaska bridge which attracted so much national attention as a "bridge to nowhere" that the earmark for it was removed.
Proposed solutions to the increased incumbency advantage
Congressional term limits
Applying term limits to Congressmen was proposed in the "Citizen Legislature Act" () during the 104th Congress as an amendment to the Constitution that would limit Congressmen to 6 two-year terms. This act was defeated in the House by a 227-204 margin: the 227 votes in favor were insufficient, as a proposed Constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds majority of 290 votes to be passed.
The introduction of term limits on members of Congress would prevent the electoral advantage in the long run; however, it is not certain how well it would have aided in reducing electoral advantage in House races involving an incumbent who was still eligible to run for re-election.
However, on a federal level only the Office of the Presidency has term limits imposed on it (by the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution).
The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
Having been tailored to focus on issue advocacy and big businesses, BCRA forfeited its chance to focus more on congressional stagnation. BCRA was more tailored to combat the seemingly irresistible rise of political soft money, whereas the structural problems in congressional stagnation lie elsewhere. The problems of an enlarged incumbency advantage are the results of a severe imbalance in hard money contributions to the candidates and is not a consequence of a sizable influx of soft money, or third-party issue advocacy. Given the huge advantages that incumbents have, some might say that political tools like soft money and issue advocacy would benefit the underdog challenger, as it could be potentially helpful to them, and could lessen the competition. It follows that any impediment to these alternative sources might prove to work contrary to the revitalization of the political process. BCRA can be seen as such an impediment, and this was why some opponents of BCRA had labeled it as an "incumbency protection act".
Congressional Apportionment Amendment
Another possible solution would be the ratification of the original first amendment proposed to the U.S. Constitution. The Congressional Apportionment Amendment was originally proposed as the first of twelve amendments to the Constitution, and came within one state ratification of being passed in 1789–1791, but has not been ratified by any state since.
Increased incumbency advantage as a positive development
Some justifications that have been proffered, namely increased experience and stability in Congress. The long-term presence of legislators allows some to become experts in overseeing some of the highly technical aspects of government programs. Also, incumbents whose re-election is virtually guaranteed can arguably focus on actually passing productive legislation rather than on campaigning.
See also
Campaign finance reform
References
Written sources
Alford, John R., and David W. Brady. 1993. "Personal and Partisan Advantage in U.S. Congressional Elections, 1846-1990." In Congress Reconsidered, 5th ed., edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.
Bartels, Larry M. 2000. "Partisanship and Voting Behavior, 1952-1996." American Journal of Political Science 44 (1): 35–50.
Campbell, James E. 2003. "The 2002 Midterm Election: A Typical or an Atypical Midterm?" PS: Political Science and Politics 36 (2): 203–207.
Campbell, James E., and Steve J. Jurek. 2003. "The Decline of Competition and Change in Congressional Elections." In The United States Congress: A Century of Change, edited by Sunil Ahuja and Robert Dewhirst. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Cover, Albert D., and David R. Mayhew. 1981. "Congressional Dynamics and the Decline of Competitive Elections." In Congress Reconsidered, edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.
Duncan, Philip D., and Christine C. Lawrence. 1995. Politics in America 1996: The 104th Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.
Erikson, Robert S. 1971. "The Advantage of Incumbency in Congressional Elections." Polity 3:395-405.
Gelman, Andrew, and Gary King. 1990. "Estimating Incumbency Advantage without Bias." American Journal of Political Science 34 (4): 1142–64.
Henderson, Harry. 2004. Campaign and Election Reform. New York, NY.: Facts on File.
Ferejohn, John A. 1977. "On the Decline of Competition in Congressional Elections." American Political Science Review 71 (1): 166–76.
Fiorina, Morris P. 1977. "The Case of the Vanishing Marginals: The Bureaucracy Did It." American Political Science Review 71 (1): 177–181.
Jacobson, Gary C. 2000. "Reversal of Fortune: The Transformation of U.S. House Elections in the 1990s." In Continuity and Change in House Elections, edited by David W. Brady, John F. Cogan, and Morris P. Fiorina. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Keith, Bruce E., David B. Magelby, Candice J. Nelson et al. 1992. The Myth of the Independent Voter. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Levitt, Steven, and Catherline Wolfram. 1997. "Decomposing the Sources of Incumbency Advantages in the U.S.House." Legislative Studies Quarterly 22: 45–60.
Malbin, Michael J., Anne H. Bedlington, Robert G. Boatright et al. 2003. Life After Reform: When the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act meets politics. Lanham, Md.: Rowland & Littlefield.
Mayhew, David R. 1974. "Congressional Elections: The Case of the Vanishing Marginals." Polity. 6:295-317.
Pastine, Ivan, Tuvana Pastine and Paul Redmond. 2012. "Incumbent-Quality Advantage and Counterfactual Electoral Stagnation in the U.S. Senate." University College Dublin Economics Working Paper WP12/18.
Payne, James L. 1980. "The Personal Electoral Advantage of House Incumbents 1936-1976." American Politics Quarterly 8: 465–82.
Smith, Bradley A. 2001. Unfree Speech: The Folly of Campaign Finance Reform. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Online sources
Gerrymandering in the United States Accessed 15 February 2006
Article on Senator Coburn Accessed 26 March 2006
External links
Historical Prevalence of Reelected Representatives in the U. S. House — This TTO report provides, for each Congress from the second to the 109th, the percentage of incumbents reelected (from the preceding Congress) by state and for the aggregate total.
United States House of Representatives elections
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional%20stagnation%20in%20the%20United%20States
|
St. Peter's is an independent brewery founded in 1996 by John Murphy in former agricultural buildings adjacent to St. Peter’s Hall in St Peter, South Elmham, near Bungay in the English county of Suffolk.
The brewery produces cask ales, but is best known for its cold-filtered bottled beers. The oval shape of its signatory 500 ml bottle is based on an 18th-century gin bottle from Gibbstown, by the Delaware River near Philadelphia, but a round version is also common.
The brewery also owns The Jerusalem Tavern, a pub in Clerkenwell, London.
The beers
The brewery produces around twelve regular beers plus another six seasonal. St Peter's is known for its organic beers. A gluten free beer, G-Free TM was launched late in 2007 and is approved and licensed by Coeliac UK.
Awards
St. Peter's Organic Ale was awarded the Soil Associations Silver Medal in the drinks category in their Organic Food Awards 2006.
In November 2007, the Independent newspaper conducted a blind tasting by a panel of judges of bottled beers and lagers to create a 'Top 50 beers' list and St. Peter's India Pale Ale was voted overall winner.
Cream Stout was voted one of the Top 50 beers in the world in 2006 and has won the International Beer Competition, Porters and Stouts category, in 2006, 2004 and 2003.
The cask version of Old Style Porter won the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) Champion Beer of Suffolk in 2005 and took bronze in the CAMRA Winter Beer Festival held in Manchester in January 2007.
St. Peter's Grapefruit Fruit Beer won a bronze medal in Speciality Beer Category at the Great British Beer Festival in August 2007.
Notes
External links
RateBeer
Companies based in Suffolk
Breweries in England
British companies established in 1996
Food and drink companies established in 1996
1996 establishments in England
Waveney District
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Peter%27s%20Brewery
|
David R. Mayhew (born May 18, 1937) is a political scientist and Sterling Professor of Political Science Emeritus at Yale University. He is widely considered one of the leading scholars on the United States Congress, and the author of nine influential books on American politics, including Congress: The Electoral Connection. In 2017, University of California, Berkeley professor Eric Schickler chronicled Mayhew's lifetime of contributions to the study of Congress in a journal article published in The Forum. Mayhew has been a member of the Yale faculty since 1968, and his students include several leading contemporary scholars of American politics, including the University of California, San Diego professor Gary Jacobson, Yale professor Jacob Hacker, and Northwestern Pritzker School of Law professor Steven Calabresi, as well as many famous figures such as Detroit Lions Pro Bowl quarterback Greg Landry and CNN personality Chris Cuomo. He has also taught at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst College, Oxford University, and Harvard University.
Writings
In Congress: The Electoral Connection, Mayhew argued that much of the organization of the United States Congress can be explained as the result of re-election seeking behavior by its members. In Divided We Govern, he disputed the previously accepted notion that, when Congress and the presidency are controlled by different parties, less important legislation is passed than under unified government. The book won the 1992 Richard E. Neustadt prize. Princeton professor R. Douglas Arnold, another student of Mayhew's, noted that the academic literature on Congress can be cleanly categorized as coming "before" or "after" Congress: The Electoral Connection.
His 2011 book, Partisan Balance: Why Political Parties Don't Kill the U.S. Constitutional System (Princeton University Press, 2011), contends that majoritarianism largely characterizes the American system. The wishes of the majority tend to nudge institutions back toward the median voter. Partisan Balance won the 2011 Leon D. Epstein Outstanding Award from the American Political Science Association.
In his most recent work, The Imprint of Congress, Mayhew makes a case for studying the consequences of Congress's activities, not just the aspirations, processes, and optics associated with those activities. The book analyzes congressional participation in a series of policy impulses that have invested the United States from the 1790s through recent times.
Education and awards
Mayhew earned his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1964, and his B.A. from Amherst College in 1958. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2002, he received from the American Political Science Association the James Madison Award, which, awarded triennelly, "recognizes an American political scientist who has made a distinguished scholarly contribution to political science." In 2004, he received the Samuel J. Eldersveld Award for lifetime achievement also from the American Political Science Association. In 2018, Mayhew was awarded the American Political Science Association Barbara Sinclair Legacy Award for a lifetime of significant scholarship to the study of legislative politics. In 2007, Mayhew was elected to the American Philosophical Society, and on April 30, 2013, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, completing the prestigious "trifecta" of academic honors in the social sciences.
Quotes
"If a group of planners sat down and tried to design a pair of American national assemblies with the goal of serving members' reelection needs year in and year out, they would be hard pressed to improve on what exists."
"As an expressive institution Congress, in short, is noisy, versatile, and effective."
"Probably half the adverse criticism of Congress by elites is an indirect criticism of the public itself."
"It is not a minor matter that contingency, strategy, and valence issues tend to infuse elections."
"Assertion butts up against indifference, and assertion wins."
"'Party Government' plays a role in political science somewhere between a Platonic form and a grail."
References
Books
Party Loyalty among Congressmen, (Harvard University Press, 1966)
Congress: The Electoral Connection, (Yale University Press, 1974; reissued 2004)
Placing Parties in American Politics, (Princeton University Press, 1986)
Actions in the Public Sphere, (Yale University Press, 2000)
Electoral Realignments: A Critique of an American Genre (Yale University Press, 2002)
Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations, 1946-2002, (Yale University Press, 2005)
Parties and Policies: How the American Government Works (Yale University Press, 2008)
Partisan Balance: Why Political Parties Don't Kill the U.S. Constitutional System, (Princeton University Press, 2011)
The Imprint of Congress, (Yale University Press, 2017)
External links
Yale University profile
Personal website
Repository website
"Mayhew lauded for his studies of party politics", Yale Bulletin & Calendar, Sept. 24, 2004.
"Divided We Govern" excerpts, Google Books
Department of Political Science, Yale University
Living people
1937 births
Harvard University alumni
Yale University faculty
American political scientists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Miller Center Affiliates
Yale Sterling Professors
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20R.%20Mayhew
|
Ursula Bruhin (born 19 March 1970) is a Swiss snowboarder, World Champion in Parallel Giant Slalom in 2001 and 2003.
External links
UrsulaBruhin.ch
Interview with Ursula Bruhin
Swiss female snowboarders
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
1970 births
Living people
Olympic snowboarders for Switzerland
21st-century Swiss women
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula%20Bruhin
|
The Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (), commonly referred to by its transliterated Russian acronym GRAU (), is a department of the Russian Ministry of Defense. It is subordinate to the Chief of Armament and Munition of the Russian Armed Forces, a vice-minister of defense.
The organization dates back to 1862 when it was established under the name Главное артиллерийское управление (ГАУ – GAU). The "R" from "rockets" was added to the title from 19 November 1960.
In particular, the GRAU is responsible for assigning GRAU indices to Russian army munitions and equipment.
Arsenals (Russian: Арсенал) of the GRAU, according to Kommersant-Vlast in 2005, include the 53rd at Dzerzhinsk, Nizhniy Novogorod Oblast, the 55th in the Sklad-40 microraion at Rzhev, the 60th at Kaluga, the 63rd at Lipetsk, the 75th at Serpukhov south of Moscow, and the 97th at Skolin (all five in the Moscow Military District). An additional possibly disused arsenal in MMD is the 107th at Toropets. The 5th at Alatyr, Chuvash Republic, the 80th Arsenal at Gagarskiy, the 103rd Arsenal at Saransk, Mordovia, and the 116th at Krasno-Oktyabrskiy were all in the Volga–Urals Military District.
A major series of explosions occurred at an arms depot of the 31st Arsenal of the Caspian Flotilla near Ulyanovsk on 13 November 2009. At least two people were killed in the explosion and 43 were rescued from a bomb shelter where they had taken refuge.
There were fires and explosions at the 102nd Arsenal GRAU at Pugachevo (Malaya Purga) in Udmurtia (Volga-Urals Military District) in 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2018, and two other incidents in 2011 at the 99th Arsenal in Bashkiria and at Ashuluk. There were three more fires in 2012.
On December 26, 2013, an Antonov An-12B transport aircraft of the Irkut company was flying along the route Novosibirsk - Irkutsk, but when landing, it crashed onto a warehouse of the 109th Arsenal GRAU located near the Irkutsk Northwest Airport (Siberian Military District). All nine people on board were killed - six crew members and three passengers.
On 7 October 2020, a grass fire reached ammunition in open storage at Military Unit Number 55443 (once maybe the GRAU’s 97th Arsenal) near Zheltukhino (:ru:Желтухино (деревня, Рязанская область)) in Skopinsky District, Ryazan Oblast, igniting munitions. Whether GRAU or the Western Military District was responsible for the depot was not clear. Interfaks-AVN wrote that there were 113 warehouses and bunkers with 75,000 tons of missiles, rockets, and artillery shells (including 152-mm) at the site. A women died from injuries and there were at least another 15 victims in stable condition; the fire and explosions "damaged 430 structures, public facilities, apartment buildings, and private homes."
As of December 2021, the Chief of the GRAU is Major General Nikolay Romanovsky.
On 28 June 2022 the cell "BOAK-Vladimir" published a press release claiming sabotage action on railway of Military Unit Number 55443 VD Barsovo (51st Arsenal of the GRAU) near Kirzhach in Vladimir Oblast. The rails were damaged. BOAK's press release stated, "Every stopped train helps to get rid of missiles and rockets, which could hit peaceful Ukrainian cities!"
Current GRAU indices
GRAU indices are of the form , sometimes with a further suffix . They may be followed by a specially assigned codename. For example "2 S 19 Msta-S", the 2S19 Msta self-propelled howitzer, has the index 2S19, without suffix; Msta-S is the codename.
Misconceptions
Several common misconceptions surround the scope and originating body of these indices. The GRAU designation is not an industrial designation, nor is it assigned by the design bureau. In addition to its GRAU designation, a given piece of equipment could have a design name, an industrial name and a service designation.
For example, one of the surface-to-air missiles in the S-25 Berkut air defense system had at least four domestic designations:
design name: La-205
GRAU index: 5V7
industry name: Article 205 ()
Soviet military designation: V-300
Some Soviet general-purpose bombs bore a designation that looked confusingly similar to GRAU.
Designation scheme
The first part of a GRAU index is a number indicating which of the several main categories of equipment a given item belongs to. The second part, a Cyrillic character, indicates the subcategory. The third part, a number, indicates the specific model. The optional suffix can be used to differentiate variants of the same model.
1 (Radio and electronics equipment)
1K: Buran (the first Buran-class orbiter; see also "#11 (Rocketry and associated equipment)")
1L: 1L14, the IFF detector for the 9K310 (Igla) air defense system
1S: Radar (1S11, target detecting radar of 1S91 command and control vehicle of 2K12 Kub air defense system)
1V: Artillery command vehicles (1V18/19 on BTR-60 chassis, 1V13/16 on MT-LBu chassis)
1P: Firearms optic (1P87 optic on AK-12, 1P70 optic on SVDK). 1PN designates the firearms optic as a night vision device, e.g. 1PN51.
2 (Artillery systems)
2A: Towed artillery systems (2A65 Msta-B)
2B: Mortar Systems (2B9 Vasilek, 2B14 Podnos)
2K: Air Defence Systems (2K11, Krug surface-to-air missile system; 2К12, Kub surface-to-air missile system, 2K22, Tunguska surface-to-air gun-missile system)
2S: Self-propelled artillery systems (2S1 Gvozdika, 2S19 Msta-S)
2U: Training equipment
3 (Army and naval missiles)
3M: Various missiles (3M80 Moskit, 3M45 Granit)
4 (Naval missiles and army equipment (munitions, reactive armour, etc.))
4G: Warheads (4G15, the high explosive/HEAT warhead for the P-15 Termit anti-ship missile)
4K: Naval missiles (4K10, the submarine-launched ballistic missile R-27 (RSM-25) for D-5 "Zyb" system; 4K40, P-15 Termit missile)
4P: Launchers
4S: Launchers (4S95, the launcher of "Kinzhal/Klinok" (SA-15 Gauntlet) air defense complex)
5 (Air defense equipment)
5Ae: Computers (5Ae26, a specialized multi-CPU computer with a performance of 1.5 MIPS)
5B: Surface-to-air missile warheads (5B18, the warhead for the S-125's V-601 missile)
5P: Surface-to-air missile launchers (5P75, the four-missile launcher for the S-125 air defense system)
5V: Surface-to-air missiles (5V55, SAM for S-300 air defense system)
5Ya: Surface-to-air missiles (5Ya23, a SAM for the S-75 air defense system)
5#
* 51T6 (SH-11/ABM-4 Gorgone), an exoatmospheric anti-ballistic missile interceptor for the A-135 air defense system
* 53T6 (SH-08/ABM-3 Gazelle), an endoatmospheric interceptor for A-135 air defense system
6 (Firearms, air defense equipment)
6B: Body armor (6B1; 6B13, for mountain troops; 6B23, MOLLE; 6B43, MOLLE for airborne, naval and special troops), helmets (6B6)
6Ch: Firearm equipment (6Ch12, the PBS-1 flash suppressor and silencer; 6Ch63, AK modernize kit; 6Ch64, front grip)
6E: Firearm equipment (6E7, flashlight)
6G: Firearms (6G3, the RPG-7 man-portable, rocket-propelled grenade launcher; 6G17, the VOG-25 40 mm grenade cartridge)
6Kh: Knives and bayonets (6Kh3, a sword-bayonet for the AKM)
6P: Firearms (6P1, the 7.62 mm AKM, and 6P41/6P41M, PKP)
6Sh: Firearm equipment (6Sh5, a rifle sling; 6Sh92, tactical vest; 6Sh104, SVD/VSS vest for sniper and backpack with rain cover and 2 side MOLLE pouches; 6Sh105, normal or digital tactical vest; 6Sh112, MOLLE tactical vest for PKM/PKP machine-gunner)
6T: Firearm equipment (6T2, Samozhenkov's carriage for PKS machine gun)
6Ts: Sights (6Ts1, the PSO-1 sight for the Dragunov sniper rifle)
6U: Firearm equipment (6U1, personnel carrier vehicle carriage for PKB/PKBM machine gun)
6V: Firearms (6V1, the Dragunov sniper rifle)
6Yu: Firearm accessories kit (6Yu4, accessories kit for the AKM)
6Zh: Firearm equipment (6Zh1M, a 100-round belt-box for the PKM machine gun)
6L: Magazine (6L20, bakelite plastic 5.45×39mm magazine for the AK-74)
7 (Firearm munitions)
7B: Ammunition (7B33, the 7.62×54mmR armour-piercing/incendiary round)
7G: Grenades (7G1, the RKG-3 handheld HEAT grenade)
7Kh: Training ammunition (7Kh1, the 12.7×108mm blank cartridge)
7N: Ammunition (7N1, the 7.62×54mmR round for sniper rifles)
7P: Rocket-propelled grenades (7P1, a 40 mm RPG-7 round)
7S: Misc. ammunition (7S1, a signal false-fire of orange smoke)
7T: Ammunition (7T2, the 7.62×54mmR tracer round)
7U: Ammunition (7U1, the 5.45×39mm low speed (subsonic) US (Umenshennoy Skorosti; "Reduced Speed") cartridge)
7Z: Ammunition (7Z1, the 14.5×115mm incendiary round)
Exceptions
71Kh6: the US-KMO Prognoz-2 early warning system satellite
73N6 Baikal-1: an automated air defense command and control system
75E6 Parol-3: the IFF interrogator for the S-75M and S-125
76N6: a low-altitude target detector radar
8 (Army missiles and rocketry)
8A: Ballistic missiles
8D: Rocket engines (mostly)
8F: Warheads
8K: Missiles (8K51, 8K63 Dvina, 8K64, 8K67, 8K71, 8K81, 8K84)
8P: Expendable launch systems
8S: Missile propulsion stages
9 (Army missiles, UAVs)
9A: Launchers (9A52, the chassis of the BM-30 Smerch MLRS)
9F: Training and equipment systems (9F827 of the BM-30 Smerch system)
9K: Systems (9К33 Osa surface-to-air missile system; 9K115-2 Metis-M anti-tank missile system; 9K310 Igla air defense system)
9M: Missiles (9M133 Kornet, 9M123 Khrizantema, 9M120 Ataka ATGM)
9P: Launchers (9P140, the chassis of the BM-27 Uragan MLRS)
9S: 9S737, Ranzhir mobile command center
9T: Transporter-loaders and re-supply vehicles (9T234 of the BM-30 Smerch system, 9T244 of the 9K331 Tor system)
10 (Equipment)
10P: Sights (10P19, the PGO-7V sight for RPG-7V grenade launcher)
10R: Radios (10R30 Karat-2, a radio transmitter)
11 (Rocketry and associated equipment)
11A: Rocketry (11A51, the Korolev N-1 heavy-lift launcher, 11A511, the Soyuz launcher)
11B: Nuclear thermal rocket engines (11B91 (RD0410); 11B97)
11D: Rocket engines (11D43, the RD-253 liquid fuel rocket engine (First stage of Proton space launcher))
11F: Satellites (11F67 Molniya-1, a telecom satellite; 11F35 K1 Buran (the first Buran-class shuttle; see also "#1 (Radio and electronics equipment)"); 11F654 GLONASS satellites; 11F94 LK, a lunar lander)
11G: Equipment (11G12, a refuelling station)
11K: Rocketry (11K25 Energia, a heavy-lift rocket for the Buran–class shuttle)
11M: Onboard equipment (11M243, solar array actuators for the 11F624 Yantar-2K satellite)
11P: Ground equipment (11P825, the launch complex for the 11K25)
11S: Rocket stages (11S59, the 1st and 2nd stages ("unit A") of the Soyuz rocket)
14 (Rocketry and associated equipment)
14A: Rockets (14A15, is the "Soyuz-2-1v")
14D: Rocket engines (14D30, the "Briz" booster's S5.98M liquid fuel engine)
14F: Satellites (14F10, the IS-MU Naryad anti-satellite weapon)
14I: Ground equipment (14I02, the ground equipment for the "Briz" booster's 8P882 system)
14P: Ground equipment (14P72, the service system for the "Briz" booster)
14S: Boosters (14S12, the "Briz" booster)
14T: Ground equipment (14T81, the storage equipment for the "Briz" booster)
15 (Strategic Missile Forces equipment)
15A: Intercontinental ballistic missiles (15A14 and 15A18, the R-36M (SS-18 Satan) ICBM; 15A15, the UR-100MR (SS-17 Spanker) ICBM)
15B: Warheads
15D: Rocket engines (mostly)
15F: Warheads
15N: Command and control vehicles
15P: Silo-based launchers (mostly)
15U: ICBM ground equipment
15Zh: ICBMs and tactical ballistic missiles (15Zh45, the RT-21M Pioneer (SS-20 Saber) TBM)
17 (Rocketry and associated equipment)
17D: Misc. rocket engines (17D58Ae, the stabilization and orientation engine of the "Briz-M" booster)
17F: Satellites (17F15 Raduga-1, a telecommunications satellite)
17K: Space-based systems (17K114, a space-based reconnaissance and targeting system)
17P: Ground equipment (17P31, the start system for 11K25)
17S: Rocket stages (17S40, Unit D of the Proton launcher)
17U: Ground equipment (17U551, the "Briz-M" booster testing system)
See also
Designations of Russian towed artillery
NATO Reporting Name
Notes
References
Dictionary of GRAU designations at
Further reading
Lennox, Duncan (March 1993). "Russian Missile Designators". Jane's Intelligence Review, p. 120.
Zaloga, Steven (August 1994). "Russian Missile Designations". Jane's Intelligence Review, p. 342–349.
External links
History of the GRAU
https://russiandefpolicy.com/2020/10/13/the-latest-arsenal-fire/ - arsenal fires, 2020
Defence agencies of Russia
Military of the Soviet Union
Military units and formations established in 1960
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main%20Missile%20and%20Artillery%20Directorate
|
D.C. is an American drama television series that ran from April 2 to 23, 2000 on The WB. The series followed five young interns in Washington, D.C. as they navigate their careers and lives in the nation's capital.
Initially titled D.C. Interns, the series was given a 13-episode order in May 1999 to debut as a midseason replacement. However, on November 17, 1999, The WB announced that the series' 13-episode order was reduced to seven – effectively shutting down production – due to the success of the network's fall lineup, and the departure of creator John August.
Cast and characters
Gabriel Olds as Mason Scott, a young man fresh out of college who has dreamed his entire life of coming to the city to make a difference.
Mark-Paul Gosselaar as Pete Komisky, Mason's best friend and a lobbyist who understands the questionable morality of the political system in D.C.
Jacinda Barrett as Finley Scott, Mason's sister who dropped out of graduate school.
Daniel Sunjata as Lewis Freeman, a Supreme Court clerk.
Kristanna Loken as Sarah Logan, Lewis's girlfriend and a junior field producer for a cable news station.
Recurring
John Benjamin Hickey as Congressman Rob Owens
Kenneth Welsh as Neil
Daniel McDonald as Dryder
Notable Guest Stars
Len Cariou as Senator William Abbott ("Pilot")
Tom McCarthy as Joseph Scott ("Truth")
Melissa McCarthy as Molly ("Justice", "Blame")
Joanna Cassidy as Lewis' boss ("Justice")
Episodes
References
External links
Television series by Universal Television
2000 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
The WB original programming
2000s American drama television series
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Washington, D.C.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C.%20%28TV%20series%29
|
The First Malayan Five-Year Plan (1956 – 1960) was the first economic development plan launched by the Malayan government just before independence in 1957. The colonial British government had concentrated available resources on fighting the Malayan communist insurgency instead of developing the rural areas of Malaya. The Five Year Plan allocated substantial resources to agricultural and rural improvement, and was administrated by the Prime Minister's department. A total of 24% of all public expenditure alone was allocated by the Plan to develop agriculture in Malaya, and substantial sums were also made available for infrastructure development.
Notes and references
Economic history of Malaysia
Five-year plans of Malaysia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Malayan%20Five-Year%20Plan
|
Susan J. Isaacs (born December 18, 1946 in Nashville, Tennessee) is an American professional poker player, who has been based in Las Vegas, Nevada, since 1986.
Isaacs has finished in the money of six World Series of Poker (WSOP) ladies' events, and won the ladies' championship back-to-back in 1996 and 1997.
She finished tenth in the $10,000 no limit hold'em main event in 1998.
Isaacs was featured as a regular player in the Poker Royale: The James Woods Gang vs The Unabombers series. She is a regular contributor to Card Player Magazine.
As of 2010, her total live tournament winnings exceed $430,000.
Isaacs is also the author of two poker books:
MsPoker: Up Close & Personal (August 25, 1999 - )
1000 Best Poker Strategies and Secrets (May 17, 2006 - )
Isaacs has one son and two stepchildren.
World Series of Poker bracelets
References
External links
Official site
GuideToPoker profile
PokerListings.com Player Profile
PokerPages profile
PokerPages interview
Hendon Mob tournament results
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
American gambling writers
Living people
Female poker players
1946 births
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie%20Isaacs
|
Sir Leo George Chiozza Money (; 13 June 1870 – 25 September 1944), born Leone Giorgio Chiozza, was an Italian-born economic theorist who moved to Britain in the 1890s, where he made his name as a politician, journalist and author. In the early years of the 20th century his views attracted the interest of two future Prime Ministers, David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill. After a spell as Lloyd George's parliamentary private secretary, he was a Government minister in the latter stages of the First World War. In later life the police's handling of a case in which he and factory worker Irene Savidge were acquitted of indecent behaviour aroused much political and public interest. A few years later he was convicted of an offence involving another woman.
Background and early career
Money was born in Genoa, Italy. His father was Anglo-Italian and his mother English. He was educated privately and, in 1903, largely anglicised his name, appending "Money" for what Lloyd George's biographer John Grigg has described as "eponymous reasons". He and his English wife Gwendoline had a daughter, Gwendoline Doris, born in 1896.
Economic publications
In London, Money established himself as a journalist, becoming especially noted for his use of statistical analysis. He has sometimes been referred to as a "New Liberal" economist. From 1898 to 1902 he was managing editor of Henry Sell's Commercial Intelligence, a journal devoted to the cause of free trade, which Money further championed in his books British Trade and the Zollverein Issue (July 1902) and Elements of the Fiscal Problem (1903). These were timely given the increasingly fervent political and public debate about Imperial Preference, a cause which led Joseph Chamberlain to resign from Arthur Balfour's Conservative government in 1903. Money argued that, although nobody was proposing a true "British Zollverein or Imperial Customs Union ... an imperial nation like ours cannot afford to benefit the colonies by giving a tariff preference to their products, for ... they cannot supply them in sufficient quantities to support our industries and people". His thinking appears to have had some influence on Winston Churchill, then a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), who crossed to the Liberal Party in 1904 ostensibly because of his Free Trade principles; however, in later correspondence with Money, Churchill probably overstated the extent of his influence.<ref>See Toye 2007, pp.27-9</ref> Even so, Churchill told Money plainly in 1914 that he was "a master of efficient statistics and no one states a case with more originality or force"
Riches and Poverty (1905)
In 1905 Money published the work for which he became most noted, Riches and Poverty. This analysis of the distribution of wealth in the United Kingdom, which he revised in 1912, proved influential and was widely quoted by socialists, Labour politicians and trade unionists. The future Labour Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, whose government from 1945-51 established the modern welfare state, recalled that, while he was working at a boys' club at Haileybury, he had spent an evening studying Riches and Poverty. Among other things, Money claimed that 87% of private property was owned by 883,000 people (or 4.4 million if families and dependents were included), while the remaining 13% was shared between 38.6 million. These and other calculations were contested at the time as taking insufficient account of age and family structures, but were frequently cited as the best available figures of their kind. Money sought also to quantify Britain's middle class and its per capita wealth, calculating that 861,000 people in 1905 and 917,000 in 1912 owned property worth between £500 and £50,000, although, allowing for four dependents per property owner, the per capita figure was less than £1,000. In general his findings pointed to the modest size of most middle class fortunes in Edwardian times, a picture broadly consistent with calculations made by Robert Giffen and Michael Mulhall in the 1880s (although Money took the view that business wealth was becoming increasingly concentrated in a few hands, whereas, towards the end of the 19th century, Giffen and others, such as Leone Levi, had concluded that such wealth was being spread more widely).
Around this time, Money sometimes shared Fabian platforms with such like-minded thinkers as Sidney Webb and H. G. Wells.
Political career
At the 1906 general election, in which the Liberal Party won a landslide victory, Money became Liberal MP for Paddington North. A future Conservative Lord Chancellor, F.E. Smith (later Lord Birkenhead), who also entered Parliament in 1906, poured sarcasm on the Free Trade aspects of Money's campaign (as he did on those of others), claiming that "with an infinitely just appreciation of his own controversial limitations, [Money] relied chiefly on the intermittent exhibition of horse sausages as a witty, graceful and truthful sally at the expense of the great German nation"
Money lost his seat at the January 1910 election, fought principally on the issue of the "People's Budget" delivered by Lloyd George as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1909, but in December 1910 was elected for East Northamptonshire in the second general election of that year. He held that seat until 1918.
Protégé of Lloyd George
Lloyd George, who became Chancellor in 1908, valued Money's ability to develop innovative ideas; in 1911 he thanked him specifically for his "magnificent service" in relation to the new national insurance scheme and the following year contributed an introduction to his study of the Act and its purpose, published as Insurance Versus Poverty. In 1912 Money was active also in following up the sinking of the , soliciting from the President of the Board of Trade (Sydney Buxton) an early breakdown of the number of passengers saved by class and gender. The figures showed, among other things, that, while 63% of first class passengers had survived, only 25% in third class had done so, including a mere 16 of 767 men in third class.
Despite Money's apparent alignment with Lloyd George, he produced various articles early in 1914 that drew attention to reductions in naval expenditure at a time when Germany was increasing such spending. He appears to have received private assistance in this regard from Churchill, who by then had a vested interest as First Lord of the Admiralty. Churchill offered Money flattering encouragement, while his office supplied him with various statistics (making clear, however, that such data were already available in published documents). In thanking Money for his articles, Churchill added that he was "keeping the proof to encourage the Chancellor [i.e. Lloyd George]"
When Lloyd George became Minister of Munitions in 1915, during the First World War, he appointed Money as his parliamentary private secretary (PPS). Money was knighted in the same year.
In December 1916 Lloyd George replaced Asquith as Prime Minister. Money was initially Parliamentary Secretary (a junior ministerial post) for both pensions and shipping in the re-organised coalition government, although he held the former portfolio for only two weeks, later claiming, rather improbably, that he had "drafted the new Pensions scheme of 1917".
Ministry of Shipping
Money's Minister (or Controller) at the new Ministry of Shipping was Sir Joseph Maclay, a Scottish shipowner who, unusually, sat in neither House of Parliament, as a result of which Money was the ministry's spokesman in the Commons (with his own PPS, Thomas Owen Jacobsen). Maclay, who was himself strong willed and very self-disciplined, at first resisted Money's appointment, describing him to Lloyd George as "very clever – but impossible, [living] in an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust of everyone – satisfied only with himself and his own views". However, Lloyd George stuck by the appointment and, in the event, the two men appear to have worked in reasonable harmony. Among Money's particular achievements was developing the policy of concentrating British merchant shipping in the North Atlantic, allowing it to be better defended against German U-boats and leaving transport of goods around the world to ships of other nationalities. By the time of the Zeebrugge raid in April 1918, the use of convoys had largely contained the threat from U-boats, with every troopship of American reinforcements over the previous two months having arrived safely.
Labour Party candidate and the Sankey Commission
After the war Money left the Liberal Party for Labour, principally over the issues of nationalisation and redistribution of wealth through taxation which, in contrast with most Liberals, he supported. He argued also that substantial investment in organisation and technology would be required to stem economic decline and regretted both the coalition's lack of commitment to free trade and intention to defer Home Rule for Ireland. Money resigned his government post shortly before the so-called "Coupon" election of 1918, in which, standing as a Labour candidate for South Tottenham, he lost by 853 votes to the Conservatives' Major Patrick Malone (who, because of local differences over his candidature, had not received the coalition coupon).
The following year Money was a member of the Royal Commission established under the Coal Industry Commission Act 1919 and led by Sir John Sankey, that examined the future of the coal-mining industry. He was one of three economists on the commission, all broadly favourable to the miners, the others being Sidney Webb and R. H. Tawney. Others were appointed from business and the trade unions. No agreement was reached and, when the commission reported in June 1919, it offered four separate approaches ranging from full nationalisation to untrammelled private ownership. The public impact of the report was such that, in Ben Travers' comic novel A Cuckoo in the Nest (1921), the Rev. Cathcart Sloley-Jones, under the illusion that he was addressing a member of parliament, "lowered his voice into a rather sinister whisper: 'What is Lloyd George's real view of the miners' report?'"
Money unsuccessfully fought the Stockport by-election for Labour in a seven-sided contest in 1920.
Later life
Money did not hold ministerial office nor sit in Parliament again after 1918. Therefore, with Lloyd George being forced out as Prime Minister in 1922, his political career was effectively over by the early 1920s. He continued to work as a financial journalist and author, and contributed views in other ways. For example, in 1926 (the year of the General Strike), he criticised as "utterly humourless" a BBC radio talk in which Father Ronald Knox offered an imaginary account of a revolution in Britain that included butchery in St. James's Park, London and the blowing up of the Houses of Parliament. He also published books of poems.
In his book, The Peril of the White (1925), Money addressed delicate issues relating to the racial make-up of colonial populations and the implications of a declining white European birth rate for their future governance. He maintained that "the European stock cannot presume to hold magnificent areas indefinitely, even while it refuses to people them, and to deny their use and cultivation to races that sorely need them". He emphasised also that "every ... act ... which denies respect to mankind of whatever race will have to be paid for a hundredfold".
By the mid-1930s, Money appeared to be showing some sympathy for the fascist dictators in Europe, regretting in particular Britain's hostility towards Benito Mussolini's Italy. Shortly before the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935, he corresponded with Winston Churchill, praising him, among other things, for the measured tone of a speech in which Churchill had maintained that the quarrel with Italy was not one with Britain, but with the League of Nations. During the Second World War Money deplored British bombing of non-military targets in Germany, citing in 1943 Churchill's own denunciation of a "new and odious form of warfare" a few months before becoming Prime Minister in 1940.
However, in terms of their public profile, these various activities paled into insignificance compared to two rather bizarre episodes involving young women that brought Money into contact with the law. In 1928 he was acquitted of indecent behaviour with a woman in London's Hyde Park in a case that became a cause célèbre and had some influence on future handling by the police of such cases. Then, five years later, he was convicted on a similar charge following an incident in a railway compartment and fined a total of 50 shillings (£2.50).
The Savidge case
On the evening of St. George's Day, 23 April 1928, Money was in Hyde Park with Irene Savidge, a radio valve-tester from New Southgate in North London. Savidge was engaged to be married. A police constable spotted the exchange of what a later social historian has described as "a rather chaste kiss". The police maintained that mutual masturbation was taking place, although Money claimed that he had been offering Savidge advice on her career. They were both arrested and charged with indecent behaviour, but the case was dismissed by the Marlborough Street magistrate, who awarded costs of £10 against the police.
At the time of his arrest, Money protested to the police that he was "not the usual riff-raff" but "a man of substance" and, once in custody, was permitted to telephone the Home Secretary, Sir William Joynson-Hicks. The police suspected that his and Savidge's acquittal was an "establishment" conspiracy, this leading the Director of Public Prosecutions, Sir Archibald Bodkin, to authorise them to detain Savidge for further questioning. Her subsequent interrogation, after she had been detained at her place of work, lasted some five hours and was conducted without a female officer being present. Lilian Wyles, one of the officers to collect her, and who expected to be present during the questioning, was told to leave by Chief Inspector Alfred C. Collins, who led the interview. Savidge was required to show the police her pink petticoat, whose colour and brevity they duly noted and at a certain point Collins caressed her knee.
Savidge complained about her treatment and there followed an adjournment debate in the House of Commons on 17 May 1928, initiated by a Labour MP, Tom Johnston. Joynson-Hicks established a public inquiry under Sir John Eldon Bankes, a retired Lord Justice of Appeal, which criticised the excessive zeal of the police, but also exonerated Savidge's interrogators of improper conduct. However, the case did lead to reforms in the way that the police dealt with female suspects and enabled a number of public figures to articulate their view that the police should primarily enforce law and order, rather than "trying to be censors of public morals".
Railway incident and conviction
In September 1933 Money was travelling on the Southern Railway between Dorking and Ewell when, as A.J.P. Taylor put it in the relevant volume of the Oxford History of England, he "again conversed with a young lady". He was summonsed for taking hold of a shop girl named Ivy Buxton and kissing her face and neck. When Money appeared before Epsom magistrates on 11 September, he was fined £2 for his behaviour and a further 10 shillings (50p) for interfering with the comfort of other passengers.
Publications
Riches and poverty (1905)
A Nation Insured (1912)
The Triumph of Nationalization (1920)
References
Sources
Daunton, Martin "Money, Sir Leo George Chiozza (1870–1944), politician and author" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Donaldson, William (2002) Brewer's Rogues, Villains & Eccentrics Grigg, John (2001) Lloyd George: War Leader 1916–1918 Harris, Jose (1993) Private Lives, Public Spirit: Britain 1870–1914 Pugh, Martin (2008) We Danced All Night: A Social History of Britain Between the Wars Taylor, A.J.P. (1965) The Oxford History of England: English History 1914–1945 Toye, Richard (2007) Lloyd George and Churchill''
External links
1870 births
1944 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Knights Bachelor
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
Writers from Genoa
Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Members of the Fabian Society
British politicians convicted of crimes
British economists
Italian emigrants to the United Kingdom
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Chiozza%20Money
|
Denzinger may refer to:
Heinrich Joseph Dominicus Denzinger
Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum, a compilation of Catholic documents referred to as the Denzinger after its first editor, Heinrich Joseph Dominicus Denzinger
German-language surnames
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denzinger
|
Jan Vang Sørensen (born Jan Vang Hansen; 1960) is a retired Danish football player, turned professional poker player from Odense. He has won two bracelets at the World Series of Poker.
He legally changed his name from Hansen (his father's surname) to Sørensen (his mother's maiden name) between 2002 and 2005.
Football career
Sørensen played for Odense BK among other clubs. However at the age of 30 he suffered a knee injury that ended his playing career.
Poker career
Sørensen learned poker whilst traveling during his football career and is considered to be a seven-card stud specialist.
Sørensen first cashed at the World Series of Poker (WSOP) in 1995. He went on to win a limit seven-card stud tournament in Dortmund in 1998, winning DM125,000.
At the 2002 WSOP, Sørensen won his first WSOP bracelet in the $2,500 pot limit omaha event, defeating Brent Carter in the final heads-up confrontation to take home the $185,000 first prize.
At the 2004 WSOP, Sørensen made his first money finish in the $10,000 no limit hold'em main event, finishing 182nd. He also cashed in the 2007 WSOP main event, finishing in the money in 602nd place.
At the 2005 WSOP, Sørensen won his second WSOP bracelet in the $5,000 seven-card stud event, winning $293,275 when his () () defeated Keith Sexton's () ().
Sørensen has also cashed on the World Poker Tour (WPT), including a final table appearance at the fourth season Doyle Brunson North American Poker Championship, where he finished 5th at a final table also featuring Minh Ly, Dan Harrington and Gavin Smith.
In November 2008, Sørensen won the Master Classics of Poker earning €623,100 (US$800,972) Additionally, Sørensen represented Denmark in the Poker Nations Cup.
As of 2008, his total live tournament winnings exceed $2,000,000.
World Series of Poker Bracelets
References
External links
World Poker Tour profile
CardPlayer coverage of 2005 bracelet win
Danish men's footballers
Danish poker players
Living people
People from Odense
Odense Boldklub players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
1960 births
Year of birth uncertain
Men's association football players not categorized by position
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Vang%20S%C3%B8rensen
|
Grateful Dawg is a documentary film released in 2000 which chronicles the friendship and musical relationship of musicians Jerry Garcia and David Grisman. Director and producer Gillian Grisman uses multiple videos, as well as live recordings, to help show this bond between two friends and musicians. It gives a view of Garcia outside the Grateful Dead.
Synopsis
The film was directed by David Grisman’s daughter Gillian, with cinematography by Justin Kreutzmann, son of Grateful Dead drummer Bill Kreutzmann. The film details when Grisman and Garcia first met in 1964 at a club in Pennsylvania to see Bill Monroe perform, includes interviews with musicians such as Bela Fleck, Peter Rowan and Ronnie McCoury and many live performances of Grisman and Garcia.
DVD
The Grateful Dawg DVD has the following chapters:
Start
"Grateful Dawg" (Live)
Early Pickin'
"The Sweet Sunny South"
Old and in the Way
"Pig in a Pen"
Sweetwater Reunion
"Dawg's Waltz"
"Sitting Here in Limbo"
Sea Shanties
"Off to Sea Once More"
Not for Kids Only
"Jenny Jenkins"
"Arabia" Intro
"Arabia"
"The Thrill is Gone" Intro
"The Thrill is Gone"
The Living Room
"Friend of the Devil"
End Credits
See also
Grateful Dawg (soundtrack)
References
External links
Jerry Garcia
2000 films
Documentary films about rock music and musicians
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful%20Dawg
|
The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad (LOSRR) was a short-lived common carrier railroad in New York that was absorbed by the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad.
Construction
The LOSRR was chartered to be built from Suspension Bridge, New York to Oswego, New York in 1858. The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company was founded in Oswego on March 27, 1868. Under Chief Engineer James Ross, work commenced in August 1871 in Red Creek, New York. Tracks were open to Oswego, New York in 1873.
Early Death
Despite heavy support from on-line and planned on-line communities, the LOSRR was unable to handle its great financial obligations. Reasons include a lack of manufacturing industries, bypassing Rochester, New York and close competition with the New York Central Railroad. Construction only got as far as Kendall, New York. On September 22, 1874, the railroad was sold in court under foreclosure to the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad, who reorganized the railroad as the Lake Ontario Railroad Company on September 29. On October 22, this company and the RW&O made an agreement to consolidate, which was filed with the New York Secretary of State on December 23, 1875.
See also
List of defunct New York railroads
References
Hojack History
Rome Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad
Defunct New York (state) railroads
Predecessors of the New York Central Railroad
Railway companies established in 1868
Railway companies disestablished in 1874
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Ontario%20Shore%20Railroad
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.