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For interest rate swaps, the Swap rate is the fixed rate that the swap "receiver" demands in exchange for the uncertainty of having to pay a short-term (floating) rate, e.g. 3 months LIBOR over time. (At any given time, the market's forecast of what LIBOR will be in the future is reflected in the forward LIBOR curve.) Analogous to YTM for bonds, the swap rate is then the market's quoted price for entering the swap in question.
At the time of the swap agreement, the total value of the swap's fixed rate flows will be equal to the value of expected floating rate payments implied by the forward LIBOR curve; see Swap (finance)#Valuation.
As forward expectations for LIBOR change, so will the fixed rate that investors demand to enter into new swaps.
Swaps are typically quoted in this fixed rate, or alternatively in the “swap spread,” which is the difference between the swap rate and the U.S. Treasury bond yield (or equivalent local government bond yield for non-U.S. swaps) for the same maturity.
In most emerging markets with underdeveloped government bond markets, the swap curve is more complete than the treasury yield curve, and is thus used as the benchmark curve.
References
Swaps (finance)
Financial markets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swap%20rate
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Carole Kay Hillard (née Rypkema; August 14, 1936 – October 25, 2007) was the first woman to serve as Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota.
Personal
Hillard was born in Deadwood, South Dakota, August 14, 1936, to Edward Rypkema and Vernell Peterson; she was one of three daughters born to them. She graduated from the University of Arizona in 1957 with an undergraduate degree. She subsequently earned a master's degree in education from South Dakota State University in 1982 and then a master's degree in political science at the University of South Dakota in 1984.
Hillard was married to John Hillard. They had five children.
Politics
Hillard's electoral career began when she served on the Rapid City Common Council. She was then elected to two terms in the South Dakota House of Representatives from Rapid City.
Hillard, a Republican, was elected as lieutenant governor in 1994 and was re-elected in 1998 as the running mate of Bill Janklow; she served from 1995 to 2003. She was instrumental in the foundation of the Rapid City woman's shelter and the Cornerstone Rescue Mission and was inducted into the South Dakota Hall of Fame in 2007. In 1996, incumbent Democratic U.S. Congressman Tim Johnson of South Dakota's At-large congressional district decided to retire to run for the U.S. Senate. Hillard decided to run for the open seat, and lost to John Thune, 59%-41% in the Republican primary.
Death
Hillard suffered a spinal fracture and three broken ribs on October 8, 2007, while sailing on a boat with friends in the Adriatic Sea. She underwent surgery in Zagreb, Croatia two days later.
On October 19, 2007, she was hospitalized while in Switzerland before she was bound to return home to the United States. She had developed pneumonia, a bacterial blood infection and suffered a series of strokes. Hillard died at University Hospital in Lausanne on October 25, 2007, at age 71.
See also
List of female lieutenant governors in the United States
References
External links
Obituary from the Rapid City Journal
Carole Hillard, South Dakota Magazine
1936 births
2007 deaths
2000 United States presidential electors
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Infectious disease deaths in Switzerland
Lieutenant Governors of South Dakota
Republican Party members of the South Dakota House of Representatives
People from Deadwood, South Dakota
Politicians from Rapid City, South Dakota
South Dakota State University alumni
South Dakota city council members
University of Arizona alumni
University of South Dakota alumni
Women city councillors in South Dakota
Women state legislators in South Dakota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole%20Hillard
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A Pareto chart is a type of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the line. The chart is named for the Pareto principle, which, in turn, derives its name from Vilfredo Pareto, a noted Italian economist.
Description
The left vertical axis is the frequency of occurrence, but it can alternatively represent cost or another important unit of measure. The right vertical axis is the cumulative percentage of the total number of occurrences, total cost, or total of the particular unit of measure. Because the values are in decreasing order, the cumulative function is a concave function. To take the example below, in order to lower the amount of late arrivals by 78%, it is sufficient to solve the first three issues.
The purpose of the Pareto chart is to highlight the most important among a (typically large) set of factors. In quality control, Pareto charts are useful to find the defects to prioritize in order to observe the greatest overall improvement. It often represents the most common sources of defects, the highest occurring type of defect, or the most frequent reasons for customer complaints, and so on. Wilkinson (2006)
devised an algorithm for producing statistically based acceptance limits (similar to confidence intervals) for each bar in the Pareto chart.
These charts can be generated by simple spreadsheet programs, specialized statistical software tools, and online quality charts generators.
The Pareto chart is one of the seven basic tools of quality control.
See also
Control chart
Histogram
Cumulative distribution function (CDF)
Pareto analysis
Pareto principle
Statistical process control (SPC)
References
Further reading
Hart, K. M., & Hart, R. F. (1989). Quantitative methods for quality improvement. Milwaukee, WI: ASQC Quality Press. Santosh: Pre Press
Juran, J. M. (1962). Quality control handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Juran, J. M., & Gryna, F. M. (1970). Quality planning and analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Montgomery, D. C. (1985). Statistical quality control. New York: Wiley.
Montgomery, D. C. (1991). Design and analysis of experiments, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley.
Pyzdek, T. (1989). What every engineer should know about quality control. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Vaughn, R. C. (1974). Quality control. Ames, IA: Iowa State Press.
Categorical data
Product management
Quality
Quality control tools
Statistical charts and diagrams
Vilfredo Pareto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto%20chart
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Roberto Vecchioni (born 25 June 1943) is an Italian singer-songwriter, lyricist, teacher, and writer.
Biography
Vecchioni was born in Carate Brianza, Province of Monza and Brianza, to a Neapolitan family. In 1968 he graduated in Classical Literature at the Catholic University of Milan, where he subsequently worked for two years as assistant lecturer of History of Religion. Later he was appointed professor of literature and history at a Milanese High School, an activity that he continued for almost thirty years and that would influence several of his songs.
His career in the Italian music industry began in the late 1960s as songwriter for Italian pop stars such as Ornella Vanoni, Gigliola Cinquetti, Mina, Iva Zanicchi and the band Nuovi Angeli. Vecchioni's first solo album, Parabola was released in 1971. In 1973 he took part in the Sanremo Festival with "L'uomo che si gioca il cielo a dadi". His 1974 LP, Il re non si diverte, won the Best Year's Album Award from the Italian music critic. In 1976 he released Elisir. Vecchioni's breakthrough happened in 1977 with Samarcanda, an album where he drew inspiration mostly from autobiographical themes, intermingled with dreamy, literary, historical and mythological references. Angelo Branduardi played violin on the LP.
Vecchioni's skills were confirmed in the following works, Calabuig, Stranamore e altri incidenti (1978), where the literary citations predominated, and in Robinson (1979), where instead the autobiographical inspiration prevails. The songs "Signor giudice" and "Lettera da Marsala" of the latter work deal with the problems Vecchioni had had in the preceding years: respectively, a charge for marijuana possession (from which he was acquitted) and a dispute with his former record label. The following album, Montecristo, was released indeed by both the old and the new labels.
After Hollywood Hollywood of 1982, whose songs are influenced by the world of cinema, Vecchioni in 1984 released the double LP Il grande sogno ("The Great Dream"), in which he collected new songs together with new versions of his past hits. The title track featured Francesco De Gregori playing blues harp. The LP was accompanied by his first literary attempt, a short book with the same name. Many of the cover of Vecchioni's LPs of this period were created by the famous Italian comic book artist and painter Andrea Pazienza.
While continuing a successful career as a renowned singer-songwriter in the 1980s and the 1990s, Vecchioni spent more time writing. His prose includes the collection Viaggi nel tempo immobile (1996) and the novels Le parole non-portano le cicogne (2000) and Il libraio di Selinunte. He also lectured on the History of Italian Songwriting in a tour lasting two years, and was called to author the Enciclopedia Treccani article about Italian singer-songwriters. His best more recent works include Sogna ragazzo sogna ("Dream, boy, dream") of 1999 and Il lanciatore di coltelli ("The Knife Thrower") of 2002.
On 19 February 2011, he won the 61st Sanremo Music Festival and the "Mia Martini" Critics' Award with the song "Chiamami ancora amore" ("Call me Love again").
Discography
Parabola (1971)
Saldi di fine stagione (1972)
Il re non-si diverte (1974)
Barbapapà (1975)
Ipertensione (1975)
Elisir (1976)
Samarcanda (1977)
Robinson (1980)
Calabuig, stranamore e altri incidenti (1978)
Montecristo (1980)
Hollywood Hollywood (1982)
Il grande sogno (1984)
Live @ RTSI (1984, live)
Bei tempi (1985)
Ippopotami (1986)
Milady (1989)
Per amore mio (1991)
Camper (1992, live collection)
Blumùn (1993)
Il cielo capovolto (1995)
Vecchioni studio collection (1997)
El bandolero stanco (1997)
Sogna ragazzo sogna (1999)
Canzoni e cicogne (2000, live collection)
Il lanciatore di coltelli (2002)
Le ballate (2002)
Rotary Club of Malindi (2004)
Il contastorie (2005, double live collection)
Di rabbia e di stelle (2007)
In Cantus (2009, live collection)
Chiamami ancora amore (2011)
Io non-appartengo più (2013)
Bibliography
Viaggi nel tempo immobile (1996, collection of short novels), Einaudi, Turin
Le parole non-potrano le cicogne (2000), Einaudi, Turin
Il libraio di Selinunte (2004), Einaudi, Turin
Diario di un gatto con gli stivali (2006), Einaudi, Turin
Di sogni e d'amore (2007), Frassinelli, Segrate
Volevo. Ed erano voli (2008), Pescecapone, Lecce
Scacco a Dio (2009), Einaudi, Turin
References
1943 births
Living people
People from Carate Brianza
Italian male singer-songwriters
Italian singer-songwriters
Italian male writers
Philips Records artists
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore alumni
Sanremo Music Festival winners
Singers from Milan
People of Campanian descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Vecchioni
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Madison Alexander Cooper, Jr., (June 3, 1894 – September 28, 1956) was an American businessman and philanthropist from Waco, Texas, and is best remembered for his long novel Sironia, Texas (1952), which made publishing history at that time as the longest novel in English originally published in book form, in two volumes totaling 1,731 pages, containing an estimated 840,000 words.
Life and career
Cooper was born in Waco, and was the son of Madison Alexander and Martha Dillon (Roane) Cooper. The youngest of three, he had two elder sisters, Lucile and Christine; the latter died the year of his birth. A good student, he chose to attend the University of Texas at Austin, graduating in 1915 with a degree in English; while at the University he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. Upon his graduation Cooper returned to Waco to work in the family grocery business, the M. A. Cooper Company, before attending officer's training camp in Leon Springs, and serving as a lieutenant and captain for the U.S. Army in World War I. Returning to Texas after the war, he worked for the family business for a decade before striking out on his own in various business pursuits.
Cooper began his literary activities as a writer of short stories in the 1920s under the pseudonym Matt Cooper, selling a few; in the following decade he took three correspondence courses in writing via Columbia University, where his professors suggested his style was more suited to the writing of a novel. His mother died in 1939, and his father followed her in 1940; Cooper took possession of the family home after their deaths and remained there for the rest of his life, accompanied only by the longtime family servant, Bertha Lee Walton. He converted the attic into a writing space, and spent much of his time there; it remains today as he left it after his death. Cooper offered the house to the USO during World War II, and hosted many servicemen there through the duration of the war.
Cooper soon developed a reputation as a wealthy and eccentric bachelor among members of the local community. He grew ever more reclusive, withdrawing more and more from society; famously, he would limit his time with visitors to his house by using a kitchen timer. He cut an unusual figure around town, wearing a pair of baggy khaki pants; an old flannel shirt; an old sweater; and shoes which had seen frequent repair. He carried his business papers in a battered leather briefcase, and was seldom without a list of books to be checked out from the library on the way home.
Cooper never revealed his literary ambitions to anyone, and it came as a great surprise to many people when Houghton Mifflin published Sironia, Texas in 1952.
Cooper wrote much of the draft of the novel on used carbon paper. Sironia, Texas was set in a fictional Texas town which appeared to be based on Waco; many of the characters were known to have been based in some part on local personalities, but to what extent Cooper would never admit. The book, an extension of a theme first developed in his 1939 short story "The Catch of Sironia", remained on the New York Times Bestseller List for eleven weeks, and won him a 1952 Houghton Mifflin Literary Fellowship; it has been noted that he purchased a Brooks Brothers suit to attend the fellowship ceremony. He also received McMurray Bookshop Award, granted in 1953 by the Texas Institute of Letters; he used the money to set up a fund for needy writers. The book sold for $10 at the time of publication; this, coupled with the fact that Cooper refused to entertain options for foreign distribution, soon led to its falling out of favor.
Cooper wrote one additional novel, The Haunted Hacienda (1955), which did not fare as well as Sironia, Texas; it was the first in a planned trilogy, but the other two books were never written. Cooper also wrote book reviews for the Dallas Morning News.
Cooper had remained employed by the Cooper Company for much of his life, rising in 1947 to the position of vice-president. He attempted to leverage his new position to impose changes upon the company, which were resisted by many other members of the firm. Eventually he acquiesced to a buyout, and in 1954 the company became the J. R. Milan Company, rechristened in honor of its new president.
Cooper died in Waco, suffering a heart attack while seated at the wheel of his Packard in the parking lot of Waco Municipal Stadium soon after finishing his thrice-weekly mile-long constitutional run around the stadium track. He was buried at Oakwood Cemetery, with Presbyterian rites; his will directed that his literary files be burned, unread, upon his death, and further requested the destruction of any papers that might be found to compromise his many female acquaintances.
Philanthropy
Cooper began his philanthropic activities, often anonymous, around 1924, and continued them for the remainder of his life. He began with small gifts, often no greater than $50, to the local community chest and other organizations, including his alma mater; he also provided loans to local students he felt were worthy of financial backing. Cooper set up the Madison Alexander Cooper and Martha Roane Cooper Foundation in honor of his parents in 1943; with the stated goal "to make Waco a better place in which to live", it gave out its first grant, $100 for the Waco Fire Department, three years later. At his death he left his entire estate, totaling $3 million, to the Foundation, directing that it should be used for the betterment of life in Waco; his house was also left to the Foundation as a headquarters building, with the stipulation that Bertha Walton be allowed to remain in the house as caretaker. He also stated that no member of his family should be allowed to serve on the Foundation board, or have a say in the use of its money, until 2000. The Foundation has since meted out grants totaling over $20 million for various projects around Waco, and Cooper's name has been said to have become "part of the civic landscape".
Cooper also supported Texas A&M University with the gift of a dairy farm he owned, donated to the university to provide an experimental demonstration farm to be used by the farmers of Central Texas.
Honors
The terminal building at Waco Regional Airport is named in Cooper's honor, as is a community clinic in Waco.
The Madison Cooper House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
References
External links
Cooper Foundation website
1894 births
1956 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War I
20th-century American novelists
United States Army officers
Novelists from Texas
People from Waco, Texas
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
American male novelists
The Dallas Morning News people
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
Journalists from Texas
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
Military personnel from Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison%20Cooper
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The Outlets were an American rock band, formed in Boston, consisting of David Alex Barton on vocals, his brother Rick Barton on lead guitar, Mike White on bass and Walter Gustafson on drums.
History
An acclaimed live band, The Outlets attained success in the greater Boston music scene but failed to gain national attention when they signed with Restless/Enigma in 1985, despite modest critical acclaim including a recommendation from Billboard. They are best known for the single "Knock Me Down", a regional hit. David Alex Barton reunited The Outlets in the late 1990s. The band reunited again in 2005. Barton's son, Charlie Alex-Barton, plays in the bands Call of Decency and Altitude Zero, bands which originated at the Fenn School. Alex-Barton also records under the stage name No Complaints.
Barton's brother, Rick went on to be a founding member of Dropkick Murphys, though he has subsequently left the group. Following a stint with Everybody Out, Rick has been playing with Continental. Walter Gustafson's post-Outlets resume includes several tours drumming for Gang Green as well as stints with The Freeze, Smegma and The Nunz, Mallet Head, DAMM and Nervous Eaters. Today he plays with Mung and Con-Sole.
Barton boys' cousin, the Somerville, Massachusetts guitarist/songwriter, Bill Trudell, co-wrote many Outlets songs, and helped define The Outlets' early sound. Trudell released a collection of songs entitled Pleasure Package in June 2008.
Much of The Outlets back catalog now resides at Fervor Records.
Discography
Albums
Whole New World Restless/Enigma (1985)
I Remember (compilation) (1999)
The Outlets (2000) (new and re-recorded songs)
The Outlets Rock 1980 (2007) (new recordings of their 1980 setlist plus original 7" recordings: Best Friends, Bright Lights, Knock Me Down)
Bright Lights (2013) (EP)
Singles
Boy's Life vs. The Outlets (1980)
Split with Boys Life, features "Knock Me Down" and "You Told Me"
"Best Friends b/w Bright Lights" 7" (1981)
"Sheila" b/w "Valentine's Song" 7" (1985)
"If I Were the One" b/w "Can't Cheat the Reaper" 7" (1985)
Compilation appearances
"3rd Floor" (from We Had a Wicked Good Time compilation) (1981)
"Not Too Late" (from Let's Breed! compilation) (1984)
"Tilted Track" (from Restless Variations compilation) (1986)
"Eddie" (from A Fistful of Hits compilation) (1987)
"Knock Me Down" (from DIY: Mass. Ave. - The Boston Scene compilation) (1993)
"Eddie" (live) & "Wait" (live) (from Ive Got My Friends compilation) (1996)
TV and Film
References
External links
The Outlets official web site
The Outlets official Myspace page
Fan page celebrating The Outlets
David Alex-Barton new music
Rock music groups from Massachusetts
Musical groups from Boston
Restless Records artists
Enigma Records artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Outlets
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Snowboarding is a sport at the Winter Olympic Games. It was first included in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. Snowboarding was one of five new sports or disciplines added to the Winter Olympic program between 1992 and 2002, and was the only one not to have been a previous medal or demonstration event. In 1998, four events, two for men and two for women, were held in two specialities: the giant slalom, a downhill event similar to giant slalom skiing; and the half-pipe, in which competitors perform tricks while going from one side of a semi-circular ditch to the other. Canadian Ross Rebagliati won the men's giant slalom and became the first athlete to win a gold medal in snowboarding. Rebagliati was briefly stripped of his medal by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) after testing positive for marijuana. However, the IOC's decision was reverted following an appeal from the Canadian Olympic Association. For the 2002 Winter Olympics, giant slalom was expanded to add head-to-head racing and was renamed parallel giant slalom. In 2006, a third event, the snowboard cross, was held for the first time. In this event, competitors race against each other down a course with jumps, beams and other obstacles. On July 11, 2011, the International Olympic Committee's Executive Board approved the addition of Ski and Snowboard Slopestyle to the Winter Olympics roster of events, effective in 2014. The decision was announced via press conference from the IOC's meeting in Durban, South Africa. A fifth event, parallel slalom, was added only for 2014. Big air was added for 2018.
Six athletes have won at least two medals. Shaun White of the United States is the only triple gold medalist. Philipp Schoch of Switzerland, along with Chloe Kim and Seth Wescott of the United States, are the only double gold medalists. Karine Ruby of France and Americans Ross Powers and Danny Kass also won two medals. As of the 2014 Winter Olympics, 90 medals (30 of each color) have been awarded since 1998, and have been won by snowboarders from 21 National Olympic Committees.
Summary
Events
Men's
Women's
Mixed
Note 1. Giant slalom in 1998; parallel giant slalom since 2002.
Medal table
Sources (after the 2022 Winter Olympics):
Accurate as of 2022 Winter Olympics.
Number of athletes by nation
See also
List of Olympic venues in snowboarding
References
Olympic Committee Data
NBC Olympic Coverage
External links
Sports at the Winter Olympics
Olympics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding%20at%20the%20Winter%20Olympics
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Gustav Tschermak von Seysenegg (19 April 1836 – 24 May 1927) was an Austrian mineralogist.
Biography
He was born in Litovel, Moravia, and studied at the University of Vienna, where he obtained a teaching degree. He studied mineralogy at Heidelberg and Tübingen and obtained a PhD. He returned to Vienna as a lecturer in mineralogy and chemistry and, in 1862 was appointed second vice curator of the Imperial Mineralogical Cabinet, becoming director in 1868. He resigned as director in 1877. He was also professor of petrography at the University of Vienna. He was appointed professor in 1873 and a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1882, and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1905. He died in 1927, aged 91.
Work
He did useful work on many minerals and on meteorites. The mineral tschermakite is named in his honour. In 1871 he established the Mineralogische Mitteilungen (Mineralogical Reports), published after 1878 as the Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen (Mineralogical and Petrographical Reports). His publications include:
Die Porphyrgesteine Oesterreichs (1869)
Die mikroskopische Beschaffenheit der Meteoriten (1883)
Lehrbuch der Mineralogie (1884; 5th ed. 1897) Digital 5th edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
Family
He had two sons, Armin von Tschermak-Seysenegg, professor of physiology, and Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg, a botanist, who were one of the re-discoverers of Mendel's laws of genetics.
See also
Glossary of meteoritics
References
1836 births
1927 deaths
People from Litovel
Moravian-German people
Austrian mineralogists
Edlers of Austria
Austrian people of Moravian-German descent
Rectors of universities in Austria
University of Vienna alumni
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Heidelberg University alumni
University of Tübingen alumni
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Meteorite researchers
Burials at Döbling Cemetery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Tschermak%20von%20Seysenegg
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tejaswini Gowda
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Doddarayappanahalli-Kanivenarayanapura, Bangalore, Karnataka
| residence =Bangalore Rural
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of Legislative CouncilKarnataka
| constituency = Karnataka
| termstart = 18 July 2018
| office1 = Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
| constituency1 = Kanakapura
| term1 = 2004-2009
| predecessor1 = H. D. Deve Gowda
| successor1 = D. K. Suresh (as MP for Bangalore Rural)
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party (since 2014)
| otherparty = Indian National Congress (2004-2014)
| spouse = Sreeramesh
| children = 2
| website = http://tejasvinigowda.com/
| footnotes =
| date = 6 April |
| year = 2009 |
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20060622225933/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4050
}}
Dr. Tejaswini Gowda (born 11 November 1966) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha (2004–2009) from Kanakapura in Karnataka (India), representing Congress Party. This seat morphed into Bangalore (Rural) seat, and she contested from the new seat in 2009 when she came third. In March 2014 she quit INC and joined BJP.
Early life and education
Tejaswini was born on 11 November 1966 to Muninanjappa and Munithayamma at Doddarayappanahalli, in Bangalore Rural district. She holds a master's degree in Political Science and a bachelor's degree in Law from Vivekanda Law College, Bangalore. She is also a Philosophical Doctor from Bangalore University. She has a son and a daughter.
Life as a journalist
Before entering politics, Tejashwini was a research scholar and used to write on various aspects of life and society. She has also travelled into the tribal belts of Chhattisgarh and Bastar to produce television documentaries.
Her popularity among the crowds increased immensely after she started to host the chart show "Mukha Mukhi"'' (in Kannada it means face to face). Her popularity started to increase after she interviewed many political personalities. Her chat show was able to increase its popularity due to its content, which asked questions related to politician's inter-party squabbling and corruption.
Electoral performance
Taking the advantage of her popularity, before the 14th Loksabha elections in 2004, Tejashwini joined the Indian National Congress. She was given the ticket from the Congress party on the last day of nominations. She was able to win by a margin of over one lakh votes, defeating Bharatiya Janata Party's leader Ramachandra Gowda, and former PM Deve Gowda who came third in Kanakpura but won from the other seat (Hassan) which he had contested.
She was the candidate of INC from the Bangalore Rural Constituency in the General Elections 2009, and she came third behind the JD(S) and BJP candidates.
See also
Members of the Fourteenth Lok Sabha
Reference and notes
External links
Interview with Tejaswini Ramesh, Young champions of education in Parliament: Education World Magazine.
Home Page on the Parliament of India's Website
1966 births
Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka
Living people
India MPs 2004–2009
Politicians from Bangalore
Lok Sabha members from Karnataka
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka
21st-century Indian women politicians
21st-century Indian politicians
Indian women television journalists
Indian television journalists
Journalists from Karnataka
Women members of the Lok Sabha
21st-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian journalists
Writers from Bangalore
Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejashwini%20Gowda
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"Ukridge's Dog College" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the April 1923 issue of Cosmopolitan, and in the United Kingdom in the May 1923 Strand. It features the irrepressible Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge and was included in the collection Ukridge, published in 1924.
Plot
Ukridge is introduced to the reader as a childhood friend of the narrator, later revealed to be James "Corky" Corcoran, who having been expelled from school for sneaking out of the school grounds to attend a fair has travelled the world undertaking all manner of enterprises. He is now, much to Corky's surprise, living with his wealthy aunt near Wimbledon Common and dressing smartly. All this soon ends, however, when Ukridge appears in Corky's London apartment, dressed after the old manner and accompanied by half-a-dozen Pekingese dogs. He announces to Corky that he plans to run a school for dogs, training them up as performers for the music hall, and promptly departs for Sheep's Cray in Kent.
Some weeks later, Corky receives an urgent telegram from Ukridge, and travels to Kent. There he finds Ukridge in his usual state of financial embarrassment and returns to London to ask a mutual friend George Tupper for the necessary funds. Tupper coughs up happily and forms a plan to approach Ukridge's Aunt Julia in order to gain capital to fund Ukridge's scheme. Corky returns to Kent, where he finds Ukrdige enraged that his landlord, angered at not being paid, has kidnapped Ukridge's dogs. They visit the landlord, and pay him the money, but he finds the dogs have escaped, and in his contrition at having ruined Ukridge's business, agrees to refund Ukridge's rent and pay his remaining debts to local tradesmen. Ukridge and Corky return to Ukridge's house, where they find the dogs, Ukridge having secretly retrieved them overnight. They are about to decamp when Corky breaks the news about Tupper's plan, at which Ukridge quivers with shock: the dogs were in fact purloined from Aunt Julia. Upon hearing Aunt Julia's voice inside Ukridge's cottage, Corky slips away and leaves Ukridge to face the music alone.
Characters
Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, the irrepressible entrepreneur
Jimmy Corcoran, Ukridge's writer friend
Bowles, Corky's landlord, an ex-butler
George Tupper, an old schoolfriend of Ukridge and Corcoran
Mr Nickerson, Ukridge's rural landlord
Publication history
In Cosmopolitan, the story was illustrated by T. D. Skidmore. In the Strand, it was illustrated by Reginald Cleaver.
The story was included in the 1932 collection Nothing But Wodehouse, edited by Ogden Nash and published by Doubleday, Doran & Company, New York. It was included in The Most of P. G. Wodehouse, a 1960 collection published by Simon and Schuster, New York. It was featured in the collection The World of Ukridge, published in October 1975 by Barrie & Jenkins, along with the other Ukridge short stories. The story was included in A Wodehouse Bestiary, a 1985 collection edited by D. R. Bensen and published by Ticknor & Fields, New York.
Adaptations
The story was adapted for radio in 1940 and broadcast on the BBC Home Service, as one of four Ukridge episodes produced by Peter Creswell and adapted by Helmar Fernback. The radio drama featured Malcolm Graeme as Ukridge, William Hutchison as Corky, Gladys Young as Aunt Julia, Charles Mason as George Tupper, William Trent as Bowles, and Howard Marion-Crawford as Nickerson.
In 1968, the story was adapted for television as "The Dog College", the second episode of the second series of The World of Wodehouse.
It was adapted for radio as the fourth episode of The Adventures of Ukridge (1992–93), a series of six 30-minute radio dramas based on Ukridge stories. The episode featured Griff Rhys Jones as Ukridge, Robert Bathurst as Corky, Adam Godley as Tupper, Simon Godley as Beamish, Dougal Lee as Bowles, Julian Dutton as The Great Verdini and Nickerson, and Rebecca Front as Aunt Julia and Mrs Steerforth.
See also
List of Wodehouse's Ukridge stories
References
Notes
Sources
Short stories by P. G. Wodehouse
1923 short stories
Works originally published in Cosmopolitan (magazine)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukridge%27s%20Dog%20College
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Jan Hansen (born 14 February 1955) is a retired Norwegian footballer who played for Ranheim, Rosenborg BK and Norway. He played 252 league matches for Rosenborg, ranking fifth overall in the club history. He was capped 19 times for Norway.
References
External links
1955 births
Living people
Norwegian men's footballers
Norway men's international footballers
Ranheim Fotball players
Rosenborg BK players
Eliteserien players
Footballers from Trondheim
Men's association football midfielders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Hansen%20%28footballer%29
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David Darling may refer to:
David Darling (musician) (1941–2021), American cellist and composer
David J. Darling (born 1953), British science writer and astronomer
David Darling (entrepreneur), British co-founder of computer game producer Codemasters
Dave Darling, musician and record producer from Los Angeles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Darling
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Lowe is a Swedish synthpop band formed in 2002 by Leo Josefsson (vocals/guitar), Rickard Gunnarsson (bass) and Mehdi Bagherzadeh (keyboards). The music can be described as emotional pop, contrived with electronic elements. Their first three singles "The Vanishing", "Ahead Of Our Time" and "Hear Me Out" quickly earned them the reputation as "the new hope for Swedish pop". The band has been compared to such artists as Depeche Mode, New Order, Keane and A-ha.
History
The band born when Rickard Gunnarsson, Leo Josefsson of the Swedish band Statemachine and Mehdi Bagherzadeh decides to work together in a new electronic music project. When former Statemachine member Albion left the band in 2001 it felt natural to bring Leo in. That's when they started to talk about Lowe, and luckily Statemachine has decided to take a small break at the time. They agreed of naming the band Lowe, as a kind of mixture between the English words "love" and "low", which describes their music very well. It is also quite probable that "Lowe" refers to "Chris Lowe" from the Pet Shop Boys since they called their first album "Tenant" - the singer of the Pet Shop Boys is called "Neil Tennant". Mehdi left the band in the beginning of 2009, with Leo and Rickard continuing as a duo on the Kino International Tour. Long time friend Tobias Ersson, which had been a live keyboardist on tour, joined Lowe in the spring of 2009, after extensive touring in Russia, Ukraine and Turkey.
Leo comes from a small industrial town called Oxelösund, but now lives in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. He's a professional songwriter and producer, and has worked with artists such as Rednex, Shebang, Daze and Yaki-Da. He is also a well known and respected music video director and has worked with artists like Kent, The Pusher, Alex Saidac, Anna Bergendahl, The Mobile Homes, Dupont, AiluCrash, Michaela de la Cour. Leo's grand father was the world champion wrestler Karl Karlsson (Big Swede, Krusher Karlsson), who owned the title twice in the 1960s.
Rickard was born and raised in Stockholm. He has played in several bands since childhood, released his first record when he was 7 and has performed live with artists such as Moby and West End Girls. Rickard's father, Rutger Gunnarsson, is one of Sweden's most famous musicians and used to play with ABBA amongst other artists.
Tobias was born and raised in Stockholm, he and Rickard met when they were 15 and started playing together in a band called Enemy Alliance. The music was heavily influenced by bands like Skinny Puppy and Front Line Assembly, and another member of that band was also Eric Prydz. Tobias produced parts of Lowe's album Kino International and is also the producer and keyboard player of Rezonance, which is released by Lowe's own record label Megahype.
Their music has already received national and international recognition. Lowe won the Newcomer Of The Year award at Scandinavian Alternative Music Awards 2005, and was also the only band nominated in three categories, Newcomer Of The Year, Best Song and Best Album.
In 2005 the band contributed to a Camouflage tribute project done by electronic artists called "Strange Thoughts" with the cover of "That Smiling Face", in the song, the voice has such passion, emotion and the right depressive touch, that was acclaimed in the alternative electronic music community.
Tobias Ersson joined Lowe as a full-time member in 2009 after extensive touring with the band as a live keyboardist. Starting from April 2010 Lowe has released several track from their third album Evolver that will be released in 2011.
Their records are released through Lowe's own label Megahype (http://www.megahype.com).
Members
Leo Josefsson (lead vocals)
Rickard Gunnarsson (bass guitar, synthesizers & vocals)
Tobias Ersson (synthesizers & machines)
Discography
Albums
Evolver (2011)
Kino International (2008)
Tenant Remixed (2007)
Tenant Limited (2005)
Tenant (2004)
Singles
Mirage Amerika (2012)
Breathe In Breathe Out (2011)
Live to Love (2010)
Adorable (2010)
Alone in the Dark (2010)
Alpha Bravo (2010)
Mirage (2010)
Berlin Night Express (2009)
A 1000 Miles (2008)
My Song (2006)
Simplicity (2005)
Hear Me Out (2004)
Ahead of Our Time (2004)
The Vanishing (2003)
External links
LOWE Official Site
LOWE MySpace
LOWE YouTube
LOWE Twitter
Megahype
Swedish synthpop groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowe%20%28band%29
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There are four overriding requirements for a patent to be granted under United Kingdom patent law. Firstly, there must have been an invention. That invention must be novel, inventive and susceptible of industrial application. (See Patentability.)
Patent laws in the UK and throughout Europe specify a non-exhaustive list of excluded things that are not regarded as inventions to the extent that a patent application relates to the excluded thing as such. This list includes programs for computers.
Despite this, the United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO) regularly grants patents to inventions that are partly or wholly implemented in software. The extent to which this should be done under the current law and the approach to be used in assessing whether a patent application describes an invention has been settled by the Court of Appeal. The UK approach is quite different from that of the European Patent Office (EPO), although "there should be no significant difference in result."
Globally, the extent to which patent law should allow the granting of patents involving software (often referred to as "software patents") is controversial and also hotly debated (see Software patent debate).
Substantive law
Although it is an implicit requirement of Section 1(1) of the UK Patent Act (1977) that patents should only be granted for inventions, "invention" is not defined anywhere in the Act.
Instead, Section 1(2) Patents Act provides a non-exhaustive list of "things" that are not treated as inventions. Included in this list is "a program for a computer". However, these things are only prevented from being treated as inventions "to the extent that a patent or application for a patent relates to that thing as such".
Article 52(2) of the European Patent Convention (EPC) includes a slightly different list of non-inventions, although "programs for computers" are present. Article 52(3) EPC then states that patentability for the identified subject matter or activities is excluded "only to the extent to which a European patent application or European patent relates to such subject-matter or activities as such".
The wording of the Patents Act is slightly different from Article 52 EPC, but the UK Courts have taken the view that since the purpose of Section 1 of the Patents Act was to transpose the requirements of Article 52 EPC into UK law, any differences between the EPC and the Patents Act should be ignored. The text of the EPC itself should therefore be regarded as definitive.
Other things that are not regarded as inventions include mathematical methods, and schemes, rules and methods for performing mental acts, playing games or doing business. These additional excluded categories often overlap with the exclusion of computer programs since they may be put into practice using a computer.
Case law
Summary
The case law in the United Kingdom relating to excluded subject matter in general, and computer programs specifically, has a somewhat sporadic history. For eight years, the leading case in the UK over whether or not a patent or patent application involving the use of a computer program related to an invention, or whether it instead related to a computer program "as such" was the judgment in Fujitsu's application from 1997.
Only in 2005, in the judgment in CFPH LLC's applications, did the UK Courts again consider the issue of excluded subject matter in detail. In the meantime, the practice of the EPO and the UKIPO had diverged significantly. In some ways this judgment brought UK law closer to the practice of the EPO; but it also criticised the reliance of the EPO on paraphrasing the exclusions from patentability under the blanket heading of "technical".
Subsequently, in October 2006, the Court of Appeal heard their first case relating to the validity of computer programs in nine years and handed down their judgment on the matter of Aerotel v Telco and Macrossan's Application. This judgment reaffirmed the reasoning in Fujitsu and once again moved the practice of the UKIPO away from that of the EPO.
Court of Appeal judgments
Fujitsu's Application
Fujitsu's Application was considered by the Court of Appeal in 1997. The case in question had been refused by the UKIPO and by J Laddie on Appeal before the High Court. LJ Aldous heard the appeal before the Court of Appeal and his judgment is notable for several reasons:
It stated that the UK courts should look to the decisions of the European Patent Office for guidance in interpreting the exclusions.
It confirmed that a "technical contribution" is needed to make a potentially excluded thing patentable, proclaiming that this was a concept at the heart of patent law and referring to the European Patent Office's decision in T 208/84, VICOM.
It recognised the difficulty inherent in determining what is and is not "technical", such that each case should be decided on its own facts.
It stressed that the substance of an invention should be used to assess whether or not a thing is patentable, not the form in which it is claimed. Thus a non-patentable method cannot be patented under the guise of an apparatus.
Fujitsu's claimed invention was a new tool for modelling crystal structures on a computer. A scientist wishing to investigate what would result if he made a new material consisting of a combination of two existing compounds would enter data representing those compounds and how they should be joined into the computer. The computer then automatically generated and displayed the new structure using the data supplied. Previously, the same effect could only have been achieved by assembling plastic models by hand – a time consuming task. The claimed invention was therefore certainly new and useful, but the fact that the same task could be achieved manually in the past was the application's downfall. As claimed, the invention was nothing more than a conventional computer which automatically displayed a crystal structure shown pictorially in a form that would in the past have been produced as a model. The only advance expressed in the claims was the computer program which enabled the combined structure to be portrayed more quickly. The new tool therefore provided nothing that went beyond the normal advantages that are obtained by the use of a computer program. Thus, there was no technical contribution and the application was rejected as being a computer program as such.
Menashe v William Hill
Menashe Business Mercantile Limited v William Hill Organisation Limited was considered by the Court of Appeal in 2002. The case in question related to and a preliminary question of infringement. Questions of validity were never considered by the court.
This case is important because it considers the issues surrounding the infringement of computer-implemented inventions where the computer performing the claimed method is outside the UK, but a person inside the UK is making use of the invention.
The claimed invention required there to be a host or server computer. According to the judgment, it did not matter where the host computer was situated. It could be in the United Kingdom, on a satellite, or even on the border between two countries. Its location was not important to the user of the invention nor to the claimed gaming system. In that respect, there was a real difference between the claimed gaming system and an ordinary machine. The judge therefore believed that it would be wrong to apply the old ideas of location to inventions of the type under consideration. A person who is situated in the United Kingdom who obtains in the United Kingdom a CD and then uses his terminal to address a host computer is not bothered where the host computer is located. It is of no relevance to him, the user, nor the patentee as to whether or not it is situated in the United Kingdom.
Aerotel v Telco and Macrossan's application
The judgment in Aerotel v Telco and Macrossan's application by the Court of Appeal, passed down on 27 October 2006, relates to a patent granted to Aerotel and a patent application filed by Neal Macrossan but refused by the UKIPO and the High Court. Aerotel's patent is , and has a January 1985 priority date. Macrossan's has a December 2000 priority date.
Aerotel's patent was found to relate to a patentable invention in principle because the system as a whole was new in itself, not merely because it is to be used for the business of selling phone calls. The judge felt that this was clearly more than just a method of doing business as such. The method claims were construed as relating to a use of the new system and were also deemed to relate to a patentable invention in principle.
The claimed invention in Macrossan's application was an automated method of acquiring the documents necessary to incorporate a company. Macrossan's patent application was rejected for not being an invention since it was found to relate to a computer program as such and to a method of doing business as such. The Court's reason for this rejection was that there was no contribution made by the claimed invention that lay outside excluded subject matter.
Citing as reasons this clear divergence in reasoning between the UK courts and the European Patent Office, Neal Macrossan sought leave to appeal the refusal of his patent application to the House of Lords. Within the patent profession it was hoped that a ruling by the House of Lords would clarify the extent to which patent protection is available to computer-implemented inventions. To the disappointment of patent attorneys, the House of Lords refused leave to hear the appeal, citing the reason that the case "does not raise an arguable point of law of general public importance".
High Court judgments
After the judgement in Fujitsu's Application, the courts did not hear another case relating to the exclusions to computer programs for eight years. The judgment in CFPH's applications was the first in a flurry of UK court cases starting in 2005 involving re-consideration by the High Court of patent applications refused by the UKIPO and made many references to the practice of the EPO.
Peter Prescott QC, sitting as a Deputy Judge in the High Court, noted that the EPO decisions are prescriptive, but not binding on the UK courts. With this in mind, the EPO's reliance on the word "technical" was criticised, but the judgment went on to say that the two modes of reasoning used by the UK courts and by the EPO, although different, would usually produce identical results on the same set of facts if properly applied. Another criticism suggests that the EPO are being too strict by insisting that an invention must provide a technical contribution to be inventive since, as evidenced by the judgment in Dyson v Hoover, the commercial background to an invention may be important when determining the presence or otherwise of an inventive step.
The two patent applications in question both involved networked interactive wagering on the outcomes of events. The applications were not refused as relating to a computer program as such, because the computer program was simply a tool that was being used to implement a new set of business rules and the invention was not really about the computer program. Rather the only "advance" (defined as being those features which were novel and inventive) was found to be the new set of business rules and each application was refused as relating to a method of doing business as such. Although the judgment stressed that the reasoning used was quite different from the type that would have been applied by the EPO, the judge appeared satisfied that the EPO would have come to the same conclusion using their own reasoning.
Although briefly of great importance due to the UKIPO swiftly altering their practice to follow its recommendations, the idea in the CFPH judgment to consider whether an invention is excluded by looking at the novel and inventive advance has been disapproved by the more recent Aerotel and Macrossan judgment. This judgment therefore remains of interest only from an historical perspective.
Patent Office decisions
Decisions of the UKIPO, made by senior Hearing Officers, are not binding on the UKIPO in the way that judgments of the Courts are. Nevertheless, there are, by nature, many more Office decisions than there are court judgments. A full list is available on the UKIPO website.
UK Intellectual Property Office practice
On 2 November 2006, following the judgment in Aerotel v Telco and Macrossan's Application, the UKIPO issued a Practice Note announcing an immediate change in the way patent examiners will assess whether inventions relate to patentable subject matter. This practice is considered to be a restrictive interpretation of the judgment by patent attorneys.
One aspect of the practice change was a reversal in the UKIPO practice concerning computer program claims. For several years previously, the UKIPO had allowed claims directed to a computer program if the method performed by the computer program was itself patentable. In light of the first step of the Aerotel/Macrossan four-step test, to construe the claim, the UKIPO decided that claims to a computer program were not a permissible form of claim even if the underlying method was found to be patentable.
This practice remained in place until 7 February 2008 when, following the judgment in Astron Clinica and others' Applications, the UKIPO issued a new Practice Note stating that they would return to their previous practice of permitting claims to computer programs if claims to a method performed by running a suitably programmed computer or to a computer programmed to carry out the method were themselves allowable. This change affirmed the established practice of considering the substance of the invention over the particular way it was claimed but it was not thought that it would cause a material change in the subject matter which would be deemed patentable by the UKIPO.
Comparison of EPO with UK practice
Patents granted by the European Patent Office (EPO) may be brought into effect in the UK once certain formal requirements have been met. As soon as a European patent is granted (provided that no opposition is filed), then final authority to interpret Article 52(2) and (3) EPC rests with each national jurisdiction and any person may apply to the UKIPO or the UK courts to have a patent granted by the EPO revoked in the UK.
There is to date no supranational European system for patent litigation, so the courts of each EPC Contracting State retain the final say. They vary to some extent from one to another as to just how far the exclusion should extend.
Compared to the EPO, the UKIPO have consistently taken a very different approach when deciding whether or not to grant patents involving software. This has sometimes drawn criticism from those advocating the need for harmony across Europe. (See Proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions).
The most important difference between the two offices is that the EPO will in general accept that any patent application relating to a computer-implemented method is "an invention", whereas the UKPO will reject an application on the basis that it does not describe "an invention" if the only contribution provided by the inventor is a computer program. The EPO instead only consider technical features when assessing the presence or otherwise of an inventive step and will therefore normally reject the trivial computer-implementation of a non-technical method as lacking an inventive step. The UKPO, in contrast, consider any feature, technical or not, as being capable of contributing to an inventive step. (See Software patents under the European Patent Convention, which discusses the evolving position and practice of the EPO on this issue.)
Thus, for example, a patent application describing a new computer chip used to implement a faster method for calculating square-roots was rejected as not being an invention in the UK (Gale's Application), but would probably be deemed an invention in principle by the EPO. The EPO would instead consider whether the new method of solving square roots provided a technical solution to a technical problem and would only grant the application if such a solution were inventive.
It was noted by the Court of Appeal in Aerotel and Macrossan that using the reasoning of most of the EPO case law (such as T 258/03 – Hitachi) would result in the same final conclusion as the "contribution" approach. However, the reasoning in a particular Microsoft case was held up as being flawed. The UKPO have also expressed the opinion that the end result would normally be the same. This is disputed by groups such as the Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure who consider that the EPO is consistently granting patents that would be refused by the courts in the UK and elsewhere in Europe.
See also
Software patent
Software patents under the European Patent Convention
List of UK judgments relating to excluded subject matter
References
External links
UK Intellectual Property Office practice notices and guidance
UKPO Manual of Patent Practice (May 2006) Includes case law summaries and practice guidance.
Patent applications relating to methods of doing business (April 2005) Explains UKPO practice to bring business method applications to a close quickly.
Patents Act 1977: Examining for Patentability (July 2005) Old UKPO practice following the CFPH and Halliburton judgments.
Patents Act 1977: Patentable subject matter UKIPO Practice Note of 2 November 2006 issued following the Aerotel/Macrossan judgment.
Patents Act 1977: Patentable subject matter, UKIPO Practice Note of 7 February 2008 issued following the Astron Clinica judgment.
Legal commentaries
Electronic Law Journal Software Patents After Fujitsu
Scottish Law Journal
United Kingdom patent law
United Kingdom patent law
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20patents%20under%20United%20Kingdom%20patent%20law
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Rudok, also spelt Rutok and Rutog, more properly Rudok Dzong (), is a town that served as the historical capital of the Rudok area in Western Tibet on the frontier with Ladakh. In the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, it is described as being "picturesquely situated" on the side of a hill standing isolated in the plain near the east end of Lake Pangong.
Initially part of Ladakh when the kingdom was founded in the 10th century, Rudok was separated from Ladakh after of the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War in 1684 and annexed to Central Tibet. Close economic relations between Ladakh and Rudok nevertheless continued until the Chinese annexation of Tibet in 1949. China discontinued trade between Ladakh and Rudok, and developed Rudok into a military base for prosecuting its border claims against Ladakh.
Around the year 2000, the Chinese administration of Tibet built a new Rutog Town about 10 km east of Rudok, adjacent to the China National Highway 219, and moved the county headquarters there. The original town is now regarded as a "village" () within the township of the new town. The original town also took considerable damage during the Cultural Revolution and lost much of its grandeur. It is still recommended as a tourist destination by a number of guide books.
Geography
Rudok is centred on a small hill on the bank of a tributary called Chuling Chu of the Maga Tsangpo river. Chuling Chu joins the latter about 4 km downstream and the combined river flows into the southeastern end of the Pangong Lake further 4 km down. Maga Tsangpo is one of the largest affluents of the Pangong Lake.
E. B. Wakefield, the first European to visit Rudok in 1929, described the purple and black hill, rising high above the level of the surrounding plain, crowned by the Dzongpön's palace, which seemed "beautiful and impressive and worthy of [its] sanctity". The village was built around the hill, at its base as well as on the hill slopes.
The houses were built in tiers, whitewashed and walled in.
According to the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, at the top of the hill were a large palace (dzong) and several monasteries painted in red. Modern travel literature names them as Sharje, Lhakhang, Marpo, and Nubradan monasteries. According to another travel book, the monasteries were destroyed during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. One of them (Lhakhang) was rebuilt in 1983–84. It had only six monks in 1999.
An early monastery called "Lhundrub" was located here, belonging to the New Tantra Tradition School of Rinchen Zangpo. It appears to have been adapted by the Gelugpa school at a later time. It is currently referred to as Lhundrub Chode monastery.
Climate
Rudok is over 4,000 m. above sea-level. The winter climate of Rudok and of all the towns of the Tsangpo basin, owing to the intense dryness of the air and the light fall of snow, seems to be bracing and exhilarating rather than severe.
History
According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Rudok was historically an integral part of Ladakh, and it was also geographically and culturally a part of Ladakh. In the vicinity of Rudok are ancient petroglyphs which resemble those of Gilgit and Ladakh. They were chiselled using stone tools, and depict animals, human figures and Bön symbols. They are believed to have been carved prior to the 7th century when Ladakh as well as Rudok were part of the Zhangzhung empire based in the Sutlej Valley.
After the Zhangzhung empire was conquered by the Yarlung dynasty of Central Tibet, both Ladakh and Rudok came under Tibetan control. Roughly two hundreds later (around 900 CE), the Tibetan Empire fragmented with the assassination of the emperor Langdarma. One of Langdarma's descendants, Kyide Nyimagon, founded a new empire in Western Tibet (Ngari Khorsum). After his death, the kingdom was divided among his three sons. Ladakh and Rutog were among the inheritance of Lhachen Palgyigon, the eldest son, who established the kingdom of Maryul in modern day Ladakh. The second son received Guge and Purang. One late source states that Rudok was included in Guge rather than Maryul, which might indicate that it did not stay long with the descendants of Palgyigon and fell into Guge's orbit. However, the levels of controls shifted between Maryul and Guge through history. Rudok can be expected to have had influence from both of them, but mostly controlled by local chieftains.
Chinese control
In 1950, as the People's Republic of China sent forces to Lhasa in order to annex Tibet, it also sent a small force from Khotan in Xinjiang to western Tibet, taking its people by surprise. According to Indian intelligence, the force travelled via the Keriya Pass to Gar Gunsa (Gartok) via a tedious route and arrived there in June 1951. Chinese accounts seem to corroborate this information. In October, the Chinese started to explore the possibility of opening a road route to Xinjiang via Rudok (through Keriya La). In late 1952, the 2nd Cavalry Regiment based at Gartok garrisoned Rudok with 150 men and 800 camels. The Indian trade agent stationed at Gartok was denied permission to visit trade marts at Rudok. By 1953, the Chinese had a motorable jeep track between Xinjiang and Rudok.
During the negotiations for the 1954 trade agreement with India, the Chinese declined to allow trade between Ladakh and Rudok, bringing to an end a centuries-old trading relationship. Indian negotiators believed it was due to the presence of military installations in the area.
An alternative route to Tashigang via Demchok was agreed and incorporated in the agreement.
During the 1962 war, China stationed a battalion of forces at Rudok (Ritu Dzong), a battalion at the Indus crossing, and a cavalry regiment at Jiagang for operations in the Demchok sector (Parigas/Balijiasi). Jiagang also functioned as the command headquarters. Starting around 26/27 October, the forces attacked the Indian border posts at the Demchok village, and Jara La and Chang La passes, and forced them to withdraw to the west of the Indus river. The Demchok sector has since been divided between the two countries.
Maps
Notes
References
Bibliography
Historical and scholarly sources
Travel literature
Official reports
Populated places in Ngari Prefecture
Rutog County
History of Ladakh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudok
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Puntamba is a market town situated on the banks of the Godavari River in Rahata taluka, Ahmednagar District in the state of Maharashtra in India. The village contains the 14th and the final resting place of the sage Changdev. The town is known for old temples and traditional schools that specialize in study of the Hindu scriptures or the Vedas.
History of name
The village has history going back to the Shalivahana. It is believed that the name of the village was formed by merging the two towns Punyastambha and Tambilindanapur.
Town layout
.
The town is situated on the banks of the Godavari river. The 18th century ruler of Indore, Ahilyabai Holkar an embankment or ghat on the river. The old town is enclosed by a Defensive wall (or Tatabandi) which was built by the Patwardhan ruling family of Jamkhandi, but has fallen into disrepair. From a similar era there are also numerous traditional houses with large enclosed courtyards (or vada). The Village is served by a rail link between Manmad and Daund.
Puntamba station also serves as a junction for trains going to Shirdi, a short distance away.
Economy and culture
Per the 2001 Census of India, the population of the village was 12425 with 6366 males and 6059 females. Puntamba is a Market Town with a weekly market held on every Monday. It is located twelve miles south-east of Kopargaon, the taluka (district sub-division) headquarters with a railway station on the Daund-Manmad railway line and a railway spur connecting it with the town of Shirdi which attracts pilgrims from all over India to the shrine of Saibaba.
In modern times, large number of residents of the town are involved in farming of Cash crops such as sugarcane. The main source of water-supply for farming is, of course, the Godavari river and wells. The town is electrified. The Chandeo Sugar factory has been operating in the area since 1939.
Facilities and businesses in the town include a ST bus-stand, a post office, two commercial banks, six credit co-operative societies, and a godown for storing grains. There is also a veterinary dispensary. There are seven Doctor's offices. The educational institutions include an agricultural school with 200 acres of land, five primary schools, two high schools including New English School, and three libraries. Cultural or religious facilities in the town include a traditional gym called akhada or talim, two dharmashalas (Hindu pilgrim lodges), three maths (Hindu Monasteries), a Christian church, a dargah (tomb of a Sufi saint) and four mosques.
Hindu religious institutions, places of worship and pilgrimage
The Godavari river is sacred to Hindus and has several places on its banks, that have been places of pilgrimage for thousands of years. Puntamba is one of them. On the bank of the Godavari in town, there are low flights of steps or ghats to the water, one of which was built by Ahilyabai Holkar, the great temple-building ruler of Indore (1765–1795) and another by one Shri Shivram Dhumal.
The place has sixteen temples of Maruti, six temples of Mahadev including one of Kashi Vishweshvar, temple of Kalbhairav, three temples of Vitthal, two temples of Datta, and one each of Laxmi-Narayan and Changdeo Maharaj.
Changdeo Temple
The main temple in Puntamba is that of Changdev, a famous saint said to have lived for 1,400 years. It is stated that the saint used to absorb himself in devout contemplation after every hundred years at different places, Puntamba being the last place where he had his fourteenth meditation. There is a legend about Changdeo who, it is said, was very proud of his supernatural powers. He went to visit Dnyaneshwar, the noted saint-poet, by riding on a tiger, and using a poisonous cobra as a whip. The saint decided to humiliate Changdev by deriding his supernatural powers and made the inanimate masonry wall on which he was sitting with his brothers and sister move to meet the approaching Changdev. On seeing this strange spectacle Changdev lost all his pride, bowed in submission to Dnyaneshvar and asked for his forgiveness.
The main temple of Changdev was built in the mid-1600s. Though very old, the temple of Changdev Maharaj is a simple structure with a mandap of 50'x30', open on all sides and covered with a roof of corrugated iron sheets having slope on four sides supported by a wooden frame and ten uncarved wooden pillars about eight feet in height. There is a small quadrangular gabhara wherein small idols of Vitthal and Rakhumai of black stone, facing east are placed. One can enter the gabhara (Inner sanctum) through a small door. However, one cannot see the samadhi (tomb) of Changdev which is just behind the backwall of the inner sanctum. The samadhi is built in well-dressed black stone in a quadrangular form of 6'x4' and paved with marbles, at the centre of which two foot-prints of marble are placed on a little raised platform under a small dome of about 4 feet in height. One has to ascend a flight of steps to see the foot-prints. The temple including the samadhi is surrounded by a wall 100'X70' built in mud and stone at a distance of about 10' on all the sides of the temple. The Godavari river which flows to the west of the temple provides a delightful scenic background during the monsoon season (June–October) but is reduced to a trickle by January. The temple holds its annual fair in Kartik (October–November). It is attended by about twenty-five thousand people from all over the district.
Farmers’ strike
In 2017, the idea of a farmers’ strike was born in Puntamba. In April 3, 2017, the village panchayat assembly passed the resolution to strike on 1 June 2017. Farmers had decided to cut off food and milk supplies to cities or sow the Kharif crops. The main demands of the farmers were implementation of the MS Swaminathan committee's recommendation, a loan waiver, better prices for milk, and pensions for farmers. The strike achieved immediate impact through the use of social media, which led to statewide agitation and further triggered agitation in several other states. After meeting with farmers’ representatives, the Government of Maharashtra announced a loan waiver scheme.
Notable people
Padmanabha Tirtha, direct disciple of Madhvacharya, founder of Dvaita Vedanta
Vidyadhisha Tirtha, 16th century Hindu saint and 16th peetadhipathi of Uttaradi Math of Dvaita Vedanta.
Satyanidhi Tirtha, 17th century Hindu Saint and 19th peetadhipathi of Uttaradi Math of Dvaita Vedanta.
Ramchandra N. Chitalkar, (popularly known as C. Ramchandra), the Hindi film music director who composed many all time favourites of the 1940s & 1950s.
References
Cities and towns in Ahmednagar district
Maharashtra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntamba
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Cheryl Maas (born 28 September 1984) is a Dutch snowboarder, who competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, finishing 11th at the halfpipe. She also competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, finishing 20th in slopestyle and in the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang where she finished 23rd in slopestyle and 20th in big air. She started snowboarding in 1993. In 2004, she played in the snowboard movie Dropstitch.
2016 Oslo
Cheryl Maas took home a gold medal during the women’s big air event.
Winter X Games 13
She had an accident in the Winter X Games 13 slopestyle track while training before the event.
Personal life
Cheryl Maas lived in Oslo and is married to Natalie Hatfield from Boise, Idaho in February 2021.
Cheryl has two daughters called Lara and Mila Kjeldaas, with her ex-wife Stine Brun Kjeldaas.
After Maas qualified for the 2014 Winter Olympics, she criticized the International Olympic Committee for hosting the Olympics in Russia, which had hostile legislation surrounding LGBT relationships.
References
External links
Article about the problems with the Winter X Games 13 slopestyle track in aftenposten.no (norwegian)
1984 births
Living people
Dutch female snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders for the Netherlands
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2018 Winter Olympics
People from Uden
Lesbian sportswomen
LGBT snowboarders
Dutch lesbians
Dutch LGBT sportspeople
21st-century Dutch LGBT people
Sportspeople from North Brabant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl%20Maas
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Digital economy rankings was published as a one-off exercise by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the follow-up to their previous e-readiness rankings. This was done to reflect the increasing influence of ICT in economic (and social)
progress. The report was titled "Beyond e-readiness".
, the Economist has not published a follow-up to the 2010 report, leaving it substantially outdated. A much more comprehensive and up-to-date index is the UN's ICT Development Index.
See also
e-Government
Government Broadband Index
ICT Development Index
References
Information economy
Digital divide
International rankings
Economist Intelligence Unit
IT infrastructure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20economy%20rankings
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Hugh Francis Durrant-Whyte (born 6 February 1961) is a British-Australian engineer and academic. He is known for his pioneering work on probabilistic methods for robotics. The algorithms developed in his group since the early 1990s permit autonomous vehicles to deal with uncertainty and to localize themselves despite noisy sensor readings using simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM).
Early life and education
Durrant-Whyte was born on 6 February 1961 in London, England. He was educated at Richard Hale School, then a state grammar school in Hertford, Hertfordshire. He studied engineering at the University of London, graduating with a first class Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in 1983. He then moved to the United States where he studied systems engineering at the University of Pennsylvania: he graduated with a Master of Science in Engineering (MSE) degree in 1985 and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1986. He was a Thouron Scholar in 1983.
Career and research
From 1986 to 1987, Durrant-Whyte was a BP research fellow in the Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, and a Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford. Then, from 1987 to 1995, he was a Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and a university lecturer in engineering science.
In 1995, he accepted a chair at the University of Sydney as Professor of Mechatronic Engineering. He was also director of the Australian Centre for Field Robotics (ACFR) from 1999 to 2002. From 2002 until 2010 he held the position of Research Director of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Autonomous Systems (CAS), a joint venture between the ACFR and mechatronics groups at the University of Technology, Sydney and the University of New South Wales. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2010. Hugh has published more than 350 research papers, graduated more than 70 PhD students, and won numerous awards and prizes for his work. He played a critical role in raising the visibility of Australian robotics internationally and was named "Professional Engineer of the year" (2008) by the Institute of Engineers Australia Sydney Division and NSW "Scientist of the Year" (2010).
Durrant-Whyte is one of the early pioneers of SLAM with John J. Leonard. Durrant-Whyte became the CEO of NICTA on 13 December 2010. He resigned as NICTA CEO on 28 November 2014 citing differences with the Board over future funding arrangements.
He was appointed as the Chief Scientific Adviser at the UK Ministry of Defence on 27 February 2017. As a dual citizen with Australian and British citizenship, Durrant-Whyte was barred from overseeing the UK's nuclear weapons programme.
In May 2018 Durrant-Whyte was appointed NSW Chief Scientist & Engineer by Gladys Berejiklian, NSW Premier. He took up his appointment on 3 September 2018.
Honours and awards
His awards include
FRS - Fellow of the Royal Society
FAA - Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science
FIEEE - Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
FTSE - Fellow of the Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
HonFIEAus - Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Engineers Australia
M A Sargent Medal (2017)
NSW Scientist of the Year (2010)
IEEE Distinguished Lecturer Award (2009)
ATSE Clunies Ross Award (2009)
Professional Engineer of the year (2008) Institute of Engineers Australia, Sydney
IFR/IEEE Invention and Entrepreneurship Award (2007)
New South Wales Pearcy Award (2004)
Harry Lees Award (2004) Institute of Marine Engineers
Warren Centre Innovation Hero (2003)
BAE Systems Chairman's Gold Award (2003)
Four IEEE Best Paper prizes (IROS 1994 and 2006, Data Fusion1997, Robotics 2004)
Offices held
References
External links
Personal page at ACFR (outdated)
Personal page at CAS
ARC Centre of Excellence for Autonomous Systems
Chief Executive Officer - People webpage at NICTA
Biography on Royal Society Website
Australian roboticists
Living people
Fellows of the Royal Society
Australian Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Chief Scientific Advisers to the Ministry of Defence
1961 births
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
Engineers from London
Alumni of the University of London
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Fellows of St Cross College, Oxford
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
Recipients of the M. A. Sargent Medal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20F.%20Durrant-Whyte
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Kevin John Bowyer (; born 9 January 1961) is an English organist, known for his prolific recording and recital career and his performances of modern and extremely difficult compositions.
Biography
Bowyer was born on 9 January 1961 in Southend-on-Sea, England. He sang in a choir and learnt the piano accordion and organ as a child. When the church where he practised refused to let him carry on practising, he says: "I went and had a key cut to the church and I got in anyway." He attended Cecil Jones High School in Southend, and studied at the Royal Academy of Music from 1979 to 1982 with organists Christopher Bowers-Broadbent and Douglas Hawkridge, harpsichordist Virginia Black, and Paul Steinitz. After graduation, he studied for two years with David Sanger after winning a Countess of Munster Musical Trust scholarship. When given a list of music to prepare at his first meeting with Sanger, he did not realise that it was a term's work and had learnt it all by the next week.
Aside from playing the organ, he reads modernist literature, especially James Joyce, Samuel Beckett and the Powys family.
Repertoire and performances
While a student, he performed the complete organ symphonies of Charles-Marie Widor, Louis Vierne and Marcel Dupré (none of which he has yet recorded), and the complete organ music of Olivier Messiaen. He was able to do this because, he says, "When I was 21, I developed a technique that allowed me to learn a French organ symphony every month" and "always started at the end and then worked backwards." His debut recital was at the Royal Festival Hall in 1984.
He has won the following competitions:
St Albans International Organ Festival 1983 (neither 2nd nor 3rd prize was awarded that year)
Odense International Organ Competition 1990
Paisley International Organ Festival 1990
Dublin International Organ and Choral Festival 1990
Calgary International Organ Festival 1990
He has performed and broadcast all over the world, and has released around ninety recordings, including all of Bach's organ music for the Nimbus recording label. His recital repertoire is enormous and ever expanding; in an article restricted to European 20th-century classical music for the organ, he mentions over 100 composers whose music he has played. Though he sees contemporary music as his vocation, he plays organ music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods onwards, and has shown an appreciation for the qualities of historical instruments in such music.
He is the only person to have played and recorded Kaikhosru Sorabji's First Organ Symphony in its entirety.
He was organist of the Parish of Warwick from 1989 until 1998; during this time, he taught around the country for the St Giles International Organ School. In 2005 he was appointed university organist at the University of Glasgow (with access to the Harrison & Harrison/Willis organ in the University Memorial Chapel), while continuing his teaching career at the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester and the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow. New projects include the annual Glasgow International Organ Festival and Glasgow Pipeworks series of recitals of new music for organ.
On learning music, he says: "I practise bits and pieces of it over and over again until my fingers are moving faster than my brain, then I home in on what is difficult and link these with the easier passages, but the easier passages are still no less learned than the difficult ones. Sometimes it's necessary to practise for twelve to fourteen hours a day, during which you need to keep your mind alert." A particular example has been when he had to learn Niccolo Castiglioni's Sinfonia Guerriere et Amorose, 41 minutes of "nearly unplayable music. [...] I set my mind to encompass it in an eight-day learning period, a frame-work the piece naturally slipped into."
Since 2008 he has been able, with the support of the Glasgow University Trust, to be engaged almost exclusively in preparing for performances of Sorabji's three organ symphonies, the difficulties of which he describes thus:
The lengths are also considerable: the Second Symphony alone is over an hour longer than Messiaen's complete organ music put together. The Second Symphony was premiered in 2010 and there were several postponements due to the difficulty of learning it. The Third Organ Symphony is expected to be premiered in 2022. Bowyer has also produced new typeset editions of Sorabji's three organ symphonies.
Recordings
J. S. Bach: Complete organ works – 29 CDs (17 volumes)
Jehan Alain: Complete organ works
Johannes Brahms: Complete organ works
Charles-Valentin Alkan – Complete organ and pedal piano works
Thierry Pallesco: Organ works (Organ of Glasgow Cathedral, Priory Records)
Jean Langlais: Organ works
Robert Schumann and Julius Reubke: Organ works
Paul Hindemith, Arnold Schoenberg, and Ernst Pepping: Organ works
Olivier Messiaen: Organ works
Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji: Organ Symphony No. 1
Charles Camilleri: Organ works
Alan Gibbs: Magic Flutes: Organ music
Peter Maxwell Davies, Jonathan Harvey, and Malcolm Williamson: Organ music
Philip Glass and Christopher Bowers-Broadbent: Organ works
Brian Ferneyhough, Wilfrid Mellers, and John Tavener: Mandelion: Organ music
Paul Fisher: Organ music
Arvo Pärt, Sofia Gubaidulina, Einojuhani Rautavaara, and Henryk Mikolaj Górecki: Organ music
Niels Gade, Franz Syberg, Per Nørgård, and Carl Nielsen: Danish Organ Music
A Late Twentieth century Edwardian Bach Recital
In Memoriam John Ogdon
Twentieth Century English Music
Christmas Organ Music
For Weddings
A Feast of Organ Exuberance
In Praise of Father Willis – the Alcock legacy
Organ Xplosion 1
Dambusters! Organ Xplosion 2
The Storm
Five English Abbeys
Organ Party Vol.I ( Priory Records)
Organ Party Vol.II (Priory Records)
Organ Party Vol.III (Priory Records)
The Organ Works of Marco Lo Muscio (Priory Records)
Olivier Messiaen - Works for Organ (Priory Records)
Green and Pleasant Land (Priory Records)
Writings
Kevin Bowyer: 20th Century European Organ Music: A Toast, in The IAO Millennium Book, ed. P. Hale,
Booklet notes to several of his recordings.
Notes and references
External links
Personal website
1961 births
Living people
People from Southend-on-Sea
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
English classical organists
British male organists
People associated with the University of Glasgow
Contemporary classical music performers
21st-century organists
21st-century British male musicians
Male classical organists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Bowyer
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The Manor Ground was a football stadium in Oxford, England, the home of Oxford United (previously known as Headington United) between 1925 and 2001. It hosted United's record crowd of 22,750 against Preston North End in an FA Cup 6th Round match on 29 February 1964.
The main seating stand was the Beech Road stand (on the west), the 'home' terracing was the London Road stand (south), the 'away' terracing was Cuckoo Lane (north) and on the fourth side was the Osler Road stand (east). In 1966, with the demolition of Sandfield College, a new entrance to the ground was created onto London Road.
With the advent of the 1990s and the Taylor Report, the Manor Ground's terracing was rapidly becoming antiquated, and it gained a reputation amongst fans as one of the more dilapidated stadiums in English professional football. The location of the Manor Ground was unsuitable for conversion into an all-seater stadium, so the club decided to move to a purpose-built all-seater stadium (later to be named the Kassam Stadium) on the outskirts of the city, on land near the Blackbird Leys housing estate. Construction work began in the early part of 1997, but was suspended later that year because of the club's financial problems. Construction of the new stadium resumed in 1999 following a takeover deal and Oxford moved there in 2001.
The last league match at the Manor, on 1 May 2001, was a 1–1 draw with Port Vale. Andy Scott opened the scoring after 82 minutes as the Us looked set for a final home victory, but a minute from the end Tony Naylor equalised. Oxford's final season at the Manor Ground was one of the worst in their history: the club finished bottom of Division Two with 27 points and were relegated to Division Three, their lowest standing in 35 years.
The stadium was later demolished and is now the site of The Manor Hospital, a private hospital owned and operated by Nuffield Health.
References
External links
Defunct football venues in England
Manor Ground
Defunct sports venues in Oxford
Parks and open spaces in Oxford
Sports venues demolished in 2001
English Football League venues
Demolished sports venues in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor%20Ground%20%28Oxford%29
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The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (JJDPA) is a United States federal law providing formula grants to states that follow a series of federal protections on the care and treatment of youth in the juvenile justice and criminal justice systems.
Summary of provisions
The JJDPA, as amended, contains four "core protections" or "core mandates" for youth:
"Deinstitutionalization/Deincarceration of Status Offenders" (DSO) — Generally prohibits the detention of status offenders and non-offenders (i.e., youth who are runaways, truants or curfew violators) in juvenile detention or adult jails. An controversial exception is the "valid court order" (VCO) exception, which permits juveniles to be detained for status offenses if they have violated a prior valid court order pertaining to the status offense. Some advocates have pressed for this exception to be repealed; the 2018 legislation that amended and reauthorized the JJDPA maintained the exception, but impose strict limitations on when and how it may be used, including a limit of seven days of detention under the VCO and a requirement that the court issue a specific written order for a VCO-related detention setting forth the factual basis supporting it.
"Sight and Sound Separation" — Disallows contact between juvenile and adult offenders. The 2018 reauthorization and amendment legislation added a new requirement (to be phased in over three years) extending the sight-and-sound separation requirement to youth awaiting trial as adults.
"Jail Removal" — Prohibits placement of youth in adult jails and lockups, except under very limited circumstances.
"Racial and Ethnic Disparities" (RED) (called "Disproportionate Minority Confinement" (DMC) from 1992 to 2002, and then "Disproportionate Minority Contact" from 2002 until 2018) -- Requires states to address the issue of over-representation of youth of color in the justice system. Before 2018, the JJDPA directed states to address disparities, but provided no specifics; the 2018 reauthorization legislation provided more detailed requirements for states, including a mandate to develop and implement a data-driven "work plan with measurable objectives" to address RED.
The JJDPA created the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) within the United States Department of Justice as the "lead agency for juvenile justice" to supervise the implementation of the JJDPA.
Legislative history and reauthorizations
Enacted in 1974, the original JJDPA (Pub. L. 93-415) was the first comprehensive federal juvenile justice legislation enacted in the United States.
The "DSO" and "sight and sound" protections were part of the original law in 1974.
Congress reauthorized the JJDPA in 1977, 1980, 1984, and 1988. The 1980 reauthorization legislation added the "valid court order" exception to the DSO requirement and also enacted the jail removal requirement, in response to research on the negative outcomes for youth incarcerated in adult facilities, including high suicide rates; frequent physical, mental, and sexual assault by adult inmates and staff; inadequate educational, recreation, and vocational programming; negative labeling and self-images; and contact with serious offenders or mentally disturbed inmates.
The "DMC" requirement was added in the JJDPA in the 1992 amendments to the Act, the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act of 1992 (Pub. L. 93-415). The 1992 reauthorization also established new requirements for states to identify and address gender bias.
The bill was again reauthorized in 2002, as the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 2002, enacted as Title II, Subtitle B, of the 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act (Pub. L. 107-273). The 2002 legislation extended the various JJDPA grant programs through fiscal year 2007 (for some programs) or fiscal year 2008 (for others). This was the last authorization in many years. Bills to reauthorize and reform the juvenile delinquency prevention programs of the JJDPA were repeatedly introduced by Senators Patrick Leahy, Charles Grassley and Sheldon Whitehouse, but did not receive floor votes in the Senate. After the authorization expired, Congress continued to make appropriations for particular JJDPA grants and activities, but only on a sporadic basis.
A re-authorization bill, the Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 (Pub. L. 115-385) was enacted in December 2018, marking the first reauthorization since 2002. addition to reauthorizing core parts of the existing JJDPA, the 2018 bill made several significant changes to juvenile justice law. A summary of the 2018 act prepared by the Annie E. Casey Foundation noted that the act incorporates key provisions of the Youth PROMISE Act, including funding for community-based prevention, intervention, and treatment programs for youth at risk of delinquency; requires states applying for federal funding to submit a three-year plan about age-appropriate treatments of adolescents in light of "scientific knowledge about adolescent brain development and behavior"; and includes statistical-collection mandates that require OJJDP and the states to report data on "the use of restraints and isolation; youth who have other disabilities in addition to learning disabilities; status offense charges filed and youth securely confined based on status offenses; living arrangements of youth returning from custody; school-based offenses; pregnant youth in custody; and child abuse and neglect reports related to youth entering the juvenile system." A separate criminal justice bill, the FIRST STEP Act, was signed into law the same day; that Act significantly restricts the use of solitary confinement on youth detained in federal facilities, but does not apply to state facilities.
State participation and non-participation
States that are compliant with the JJDPA receive a formula grant. Specifically, eligible states—those that comply with the Act's terms, "establish plans for the administration of juvenile justice in their states and agree to submit annual reports to OJJDP concerning their progress in implementing the plans"—are allocated annual formula grants based on a formula determined by the state's proportion of juveniles (persons under age 18). The JJDPA provides a minimum annual allocation for states receiving funding.
As of 2018, 47 of the 50 states participate in the act; the three nonparticipating states are Wyoming, Connecticut, and Nebraska. The territory of American Samoa also does not participate in the JJDPA program.
See also
American juvenile justice system
Youth incarceration in the United States
References
External links
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (PDF/details) as amended in the GPO Statute Compilations collection
Juvenile Justice Programs account on USAspending.gov
93rd United States Congress
Juvenile justice system
United States federal child welfare legislation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile%20Justice%20and%20Delinquency%20Prevention%20Act
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Geoffrey Barraclough (10 May 1908 – 26 December 1984) was an English historian, known as a medievalist and historian of Germany.
Biography
He was educated at Bootham School (1921–1924) in York and at Bradford Grammar School (1924–1925). He read History as an undergraduate at Oriel College, Oxford University in 1926–1929, spent the following two years studying in Munich and Rome, then returned to Oxford, to Merton College, where he was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar (1932-1934) and a Junior Research Fellow (1934-1936).
During the Second World War, in which he served in the Royal Air Force, Barraclough's sympathy for the USSR and public opposition to the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 drew the criticism of George Orwell, among others.
He was Professor of Medieval History, University of Liverpool, 1945–1956, in which period he lived in the Seneschal's House, Halton Village, Stevenson Research Professor, University of London, 1956–1962, University of California, 1965–1968, and Professor of History, Brandeis University, 1968–1970 and 1972–1981. He was Chichele Professor of Modern History, the University of Oxford from 1970 to 1973.
Barraclough began his career as a medievalist but developed into a contemporary global historian. He was deeply concerned about history's uses and relevance in the 20th century. It seemed to him that political debate and ultimately political decisions suffered from a lack of historical insight. To rectify this problem Barraclough developed historiographical methods for comparative history.
By anchoring study of the past at the origins of a historical investigation, while simultaneously researching contemporary areas most directly connected to that anchor research, his methods established comparisons between past and present. With this two-pronged research structure, Barraclough was able to organize his investigations by looking from the past forward and from the present backward. He sought historical threads that connect past to present while also observing the discontinuities that separate past from present.
In his writing, Barraclough turned to geography, social and economic cycles, empires, trade and tribes as historical units he felt most clearly connect the past to present or combine to end that continuity. Using these methods allowed him to sketch an outline of world history, identifying its ups, downs and turning points.
His first two books on historiography, History in a Changing World and An Introduction to Contemporary History are collections of essays. With scholarly authority, Barraclough served as editor of The Times Atlas of World History, which continues to be revised. He was also General Editor for the popular "Library of European Civilization" series, published by Thames and Hudson from 1965 with many notable contributors.
Works
Public Notaries and the Papal Curia (1934)
Papal Provisions: Aspects of Church History Constitutional, Legal and Administrative in the Later Middle Ages (1935)
Factors in German History (1946)
The Origins of Modern Germany (1946)
Mediaeval Germany 911 - 1250 (1948) essays by German historians, translator
Crown, Community and Parliament in the Later Middle Ages: Studies in English Constitutional History by Gaillard T. Lapsley (1951) editor with Helen M. Cam
The Earldom and County Palatine of Chester (1953)
History in a Changing World (1955)
Survey of International Affairs, 1955-1956 (1960) with Rachel F. Wall
Social Life in Early England (1960)
Survey of International Affairs, 1956-1958 (1962)
European Unity in Thought and Action (1963) Vogelenzang Lecture
Survey of International Affairs, 1959-1960 (1964)
An Introduction to Contemporary History (1964)
The Mediaeval Empire - Idea and Reality (1964)
The Historical Association, 1906-1966 (1967) Presidential Address
The Medieval Papacy (1968) from the "Library of European Civilization" series
Eastern and Western Europe in the Middle Ages (1970) from the "Library of European Civilization" series
Management in a Changing Economy (1976)
The Crucible of Europe: The Ninth and Tenth Centuries in European History (1976) later as The Crucible of the Middle Ages
The Times Atlas of World History (1978)
Main Trends in History (1978)
The Turning Points in World History (1979)
The Christian World: A Social and Cultural History of Christianity (1981)
The Times Concise Atlas of World History (1982)
From Agadir to Armageddon: Anatomy of a Crisis (1982)
Charters of the Anglo-Norman Earls of Chester, c.1071-1237 (1988)
Atlas of World History (1989) with Norman Stone, and later editions and atlases
The Times History of the World (2001) with Richard Overy
References
Further reading
Dewar, Kenneth C. "Geoffrey Barraclough: From Historicism to Historical Science," Historian (1994) 56:449-64
Author and Book Info.com
1908 births
1984 deaths
Writers from Bradford
People educated at Ackworth School
Chichele Professors of Modern History
Academics of the University of Liverpool
Academics of the University of London
Brandeis University faculty
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Bletchley Park people
Royal Air Force officers
British medievalists
People educated at Bradford Grammar School
People educated at Bootham School
20th-century British historians
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Civil servants in the Foreign Office
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Barraclough
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The European Social Fund Plus (ESF+) is one of the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIFs), which are dedicated to improving social cohesion and economic well-being across the regions of the Union. The funds are redistributive financial instruments that support cohesion within Europe by concentrating spending on the less-developed regions.
It is the European Union's main financial instrument for supporting employment in the member states of the European Union as well as promoting economic and social cohesion, created by merging the existing European Social Fund with the EU Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) and the EU Programme for Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI) in 2021. ESF+ spending amounts to around 10% of the EU's total budget. The particular aim of ESF+ spending is to support the creation of more and better jobs in the EU, which it does by co-funding national, regional and local projects that improve the levels of employment, the quality of jobs, and the inclusiveness of the labour market in the member states and their regions.
History
The European Social Fund was created in the founding Treaty of Rome in 1957. It is the oldest of the European Structural and Investment Funds. It was established as a "remedial instrument" against the end of nationalist protectionism due to the advent of the European Economic Community.
As of 2015, the main goal is to foster employment, reduce social exclusion and invest in skills. In some EU countries it also supports administrative reform.
It was transformed into the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+), which will run for the period 2021–2027 and have a total budget of €88 billion, by merging the existing European Social Fund with the EU Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) and the EU Programme for Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI) in 2021.
The place of the ESF in EU policies and strategies
The overarching strategy of the European Union is the Europe 2020 strategy, which aims to promote "smart, sustainable, inclusive growth" with greater coordination of national and European policies. In 2010 this succeeded the Lisbon Agenda which aimed to make Europe the most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion, and respect for the environment, by 2010. The objectives of Europe 2020 shape the priorities of the ESF.
In the light of the need to increase competitiveness and employment against a background of globalisation and ageing populations, the European Employment Strategy provides a coordinating framework for the Member States to agree common priorities and goals in the field of employment. These common priorities are then taken up in the Employment Guidelines and incorporated into the National Reform Programmes prepared by the individual Member States. ESF funding is deployed by the Member States in support of their National Reform Programmes as well as their National Strategic Reference Frameworks (NSRF) which establish a member state's main priorities for spending the EU Structural Funds it receives.
The European Social Agenda also plays a role in shaping the priorities of ESF spending. The Social Agenda seeks to update the 'European social model' by modernising labour markets and social protection systems so that workers and businesses can benefit from the opportunities created by international competition, technological advances and changing population patterns while protecting the most vulnerable in society. In addition, the concept of 'flexicurity' contributes to current ESF initiatives. Flexicurity can be defined as a policy strategy to enhance the flexibility of labour markets, work organisations and labour relations, on the one hand, and employment security and income security on the other. The term flexicurity encompasses a new approach to employment involving 'work for life' rather than the 'job for life' model of the past. It encourages workers to take charge of their working lives through lifelong training, adapting to change and mobility.
The EU is offering a guarantee of up to €13 billion until 2027 as part of the EFSD+ open architecture. In order to help partner nations reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this is implemented through a variety of implementing partners, including international financial institutions and European development finance organisations.
Strategy definition
The ESF is managed through seven-year programming cycles. The ESF strategy and budget is negotiated between the EU member states, the European Parliament and the EU Commission. The strategy defines the objectives of ESF funding, which it shares partly or wholly with other structural funding. For the current ESF funding cycle these objectives are:
The strategy also lays down broad priority axes – the actions required to achieve the objectives and which are eligible for funding.
Funds allocation
The level of ESF funding differs from one region to another depending on their relative wealth. EU regions are divided into four categories of eligible regions, based on their regional GDP per capita compared to the EU average (EU with 25 or 15 Member States) and split between the two objectives.
Convergence objective includes:
convergence regions: with a GDP per capita of less than 75% of the EU-25 average;
phasing-out regions: with a GDP per capita of more than 75% of the EU-25 average but less than 75% of the EU-15 average.
The regional competitiveness and employment objective includes:
phasing-in regions: with a GDP per capita of less than 75% of the EU-15 average (in the period 2000–2006) but more than 75% of the EU-15 average (in the period 2007–2013);
competitiveness and employment regions: applies to all other EU regions.
In convergence regions, ESF co-financing of projects can reach 85% of total costs. In regional competitiveness and employment regions, 50% co-financing is more common. For the richer Member States and regions, ESF funding complements existing national employment initiatives; for less-wealthy Member States, ESF funding can be the main source of funds for employment-related initiatives. The eligible regions for the current ESF programming round (2007–2013) are shown on the map.
While the allocation of funds to poorer regions intends to work towards the objective of convergence between regions (i.e. inter-regional equality), research has suggested that the funds may amplify intra-regional inequalities with for example in Poland richer municipalities receiving more funds than poorer municipalities within the regions. One explanation may lie in the co-financing procedures with poorer potential applicants being less likely to gather the required co-funding. Another issue with allocation has been that project applications have been rejected purely on minor administrative issues. While this has improved over time, research has shown that information provision and familiarity with application procedures is still a barrier in submitting applications for funds, and may play a larger role in than outright corruption in the selection process.
Implementation
While strategy definition is done at EU level, implementation of ESF funding is the responsibility of EU Member States and regions. Once the strategy and budget allocation have been agreed, a shared approach to programming is taken. Seven-year Operational Programmes are planned by Member States and their regions together with the European Commission. These Operational Programmes describe the fields of activity that will be funded, which can be geographical or thematic.
The Member States designate national ESF management authorities that are responsible for selecting projects, disbursing funds, and evaluating the progress and results of projects. Certification and auditing authorities are also appointed to monitor and ensure compliance of expenditure to the ESF regulation.
Until 2007, approximately 5% of ESF funds were allocated to 'Community Initiatives' to support transnational and innovative actions. They have addressed such issues as employment for women (NOW), disabled people (INTEGRA) and young people, new professions and qualifications (EUROFORM) and adaptability (ADAPT). The most recent of these, the EQUAL Community Initiative, saw in the admission of 10 new Member States in 2004 but ended in 2008.
ESF projects
The implementation of the ESF on the ground is achieved through projects which are applied for and implemented by a wide range of organisations, both in the public and private sector. These include national, regional and local authorities, educational and training institutions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the voluntary sector, as well as social partners, for example, trade unions and works councils, industry and professional associations, and individual companies.
The beneficiaries of ESF projects are varied, for example, individual workers, groups of people, industrial sectors, trades unions, public administrations or individual firms. Vulnerable groups of people who have particular difficulty in finding work or getting on in their jobs, such as the long-term unemployed and women, are a particular target group. As an indication, it is estimated that over 9 million individuals from these vulnerable groups are helped each year through participation in ESF projects – see chart 1.
Budget
European Social Fund, 2007–2013
In the 2007 to 2013 cycle, ESF ran under the banner "Investing in People". Over this period, it invested around €75 billion – close to 10% of the EU budget – on employment-enhancing projects. Funding was given to six specific priority areas:
Improving human capital (34% of total funding)
Improving access to employment and sustainability (30%)
Increasing the adaptability of workers and firms, enterprises and entrepreneurs (18%)
Improving the social inclusion of less-favoured persons (14%)
Strengthening institutional capacity at national, regional and local levels (3%)
Mobilisation for reforms in the fields of employment and inclusion (1%)
In any given region, the actual distribution of funds varied to reflect local and regional priorities. All six priorities were applicable to both the convergence and regional competitiveness and employment objectives; however, convergence would normally place an emphasis on the 'improving human capital' priority.
European Social Fund, 2014–2020
The 2014–2020 cycle had a total budget of €70 billion, 20% of which was dedicated to promoting social inclusion and decreasing poverty.
European Social Fund Plus, 2021–2027
European Social Fund Plus (ESF+), created by merging the existing European Social Fund with the EU Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) and the EU Programme for Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI), will run for the period 2021–2027 and have a total budget of €88 billion.
See also
Social fund
References
Further reading
ESF leaflet: this leaflet, published in 2007, gives basic information on the objectives, the rationale and the workings of the European Social Fund. It is available in 23 EU languages.
Statistics factsheet: offering an overview of the European Social Fund's activities 2007–2013, this leaflet gives a breakdown of the key facts and figures relating to the programme.
50th anniversary book: on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the European Social Fund, the commission has published an illustrated book describing the activities of the ESF over the past five decades.
ESF 2007–2013 eligible regions map: this map shows the new eligible regions for the 2007–2013 programming period of the European Social Fund.
ESF success stories: over 70 success stories showing how ESF projects have helped improve peoples' working lives across Europe.
EU legal text on the ESF: Regulation (EU) No. 1304/2013 of 17 December 2013 on the European Social Fund.
External links
European Commission, Website of the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion
European Commission, Website of the European Social Fund (until 2020)
European Commission, Website of the European Social Fund Plus (2021–2027)
The European Community of Practice on Gender Mainstreaming, Website on Gender Mainstreaming within the European Social Fund
European Union economic policy
Employment
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William Fraser McDowell (February 4, 1858 – April 26, 1937) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1904. He was born in Millersburg, Ohio, U.S.
Education
William earned the A.B. degree in 1879 from Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio. He earned an S.T.B. degree at Boston University in 1882. While at Ohio Wesleyan, McDowell was the founding editor of The Phi Gamma Delta magazine.
Ordained ministry
From 1882 until 1890, Rev. McDowell served these appointments as an ordained minister of the North Ohio Annual Conference of the M.E. Church: Lodi, Ohio (1882–83), Oberlin, Ohio (1883–1885), and Tiffin, Ohio (1885–1890).
He then became the chancellor of the University of Denver, serving 1890–99. During this time he was also a member of the Colorado State Board of Charities and Corrections (1894–1899).
In 1899 he became the corresponding secretary of the Board of Education of the M.E. Church, serving until his election to the episcopacy. He also became a member of the International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Association.
Episcopal ministry
As a bishop, McDowell also served as president of the Religious Education Society (1905–06). He was a Yale lecturer on preaching, and was noted as a preacher to preachers.
Bishop McDowell died 26 April 1937 in Washington, D.C., and was buried at Oak Grove Cemetery in Delaware, Ohio.
Works
Reprinted as
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
:Category:Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
References
"McDowell, William Fraser" in The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Samuel Macauley Jackson, D.D., LL.D., Editor-in-Chief, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1954.
Methodism: Ohio Area (1812–1962), edited by John M. Versteeg, Litt. D., D.D. (Ohio Area Sesquicentennial Committee, 1962).
1858 births
1937 deaths
People from Millersburg, Ohio
American Methodist bishops
Ohio Wesleyan University alumni
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
Chancellors of the University of Denver
Burials at Oak Grove Cemetery, Delaware, Ohio
20th-century Methodist bishops
YMCA leaders
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Intracrine refers to a hormone that acts inside a cell, regulating intracellular events. In simple terms it means that the cell stimulates itself by cellular production of a factor that acts within the cell. Steroid hormones act through intracellular (mostly nuclear) receptors and, thus, may be considered to be intracrines. In contrast, peptide or protein hormones, in general, act as endocrines, autocrines, or paracrines by binding to their receptors present on the cell surface. Several peptide/protein hormones or their isoforms also act inside the cell through different mechanisms. These peptide/protein hormones, which have intracellular functions, are also called intracrines. The term 'intracrine' is thought to have been coined to represent peptide/protein hormones that also have intracellular actions. To better understand intracrine, we can compare it to paracrine, autocrine and endocrine. The autocrine system deals with the autocrine receptors of a cell allowing for the hormones to bind, which have been secreted from that same cell. The paracrine system is one where nearby cells get hormones from a cell, and change the functioning of those nearby cells. The endocrine system refers to when the hormones from a cell affect another cell that is very distant from the one that released the hormone.
Paracrine physiology has been understood for decades now and the effects of paracrine hormones have been observed when for example, an obesity associate tumor will face the effects of local adipocytes, even if it is not in direct contact with the fat pads in concern. Endocrine physiology on the other hand is a growing field and has had a new area explored, called intracrinology. In intracrinology, the sex steroids produced locally, exert their action in the same cell where they are produced.
The biological effects produced by intracellular actions are referred as intracrine effects, whereas those produced by binding to cell surface receptors are called endocrine, autocrine, or paracrine effects, depending on the origin of the hormone. The intracrine effect of some of the peptide/protein hormones are similar to their endocrine, autocrine, or paracrine effects; however, these effects are different for some other hormones.
Intracrine can also refer to a hormone acting within the cell that synthesizes it.
Examples of intracrine peptide hormones: There are several protein/peptide hormones that are also intracrines. Notable examples that have been described in the references include:
Peptides of the renin–angiotensin system: angiotensin II and angiotensin (1-7)
Fibroblast growth factor 2
Parathyroid hormone-related protein
See also
Local hormone
Autocrine signalling
References
Park, Jiyoung; Euhus, David M.; Scherer, Philipp E. (August 2011). "Paracrine and Endocrine Effects of Adipose Tissue on Cancer Development and Progression". Endocrine Reviews. 32 (4): 550–570. .
Labrie, Fernand; Luu-The, Van; Labrie, Claude; Bélanger, Alain; Simard, Jacques; Lin, Sheng-Xiang; Pelletier, Georges (April 2003). "Endocrine and Intracrine Sources of Androgens in Women: Inhibition of Breast Cancer and Other Roles of Androgens and Their Precursor Dehydroepiandrosterone". Endocrine Reviews. 24 (2): 152–182. .
Specific
Cell biology
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is a 1961–63 novel by Nobel Prize-winning Japanese author Yasunari Kawabata. The novel is narrated from the present and past perspective of the characters and how they differed from each other's point of view. A novel that provokes the mind and examines the relationship between life events, it is considered one of Kawabata's best works, though it has on occasion been criticised for its depictions of female homosexuality.
Plot
Opening on the train to Kyoto, the narrative, in characteristic Kawabata fashion, subtly brings up issues of tradition and modernity as it explores writer Oki Toshio's reunion with a young lover from his past, Otoko Ueno, who is now a famous artist and recluse. Ueno is now living with her protégée and a jealous lesbian lover, Keiko Sakami, and the unfolding relationships between Oki, Otoko, and Keiko form the plot of the novel. Keiko states several times that she will avenge Otoko for Oki's abandonment, and the story coalesces into a climactic ending.
Origins
Yasunari Kawabata's literature often revolved around mysticism, sensualism, and tragedy; All factors present in Beauty and Sadness.
Kawabata's writing was described by critics to be often filled with allusive imagery and suggestive sensuality. They also note that his novels would give the readers the feeling of loneliness and sorrow by finishing them off in an often vague manner; leaving the reader much to the imagination. Like his other work, Snow Country, Kawabata also incorporated this kind of ending in Beauty and Sadness. His writing incorporates the influence of Heian literature to create a story that portrays literature expressionism and realism implied in his choice of words.
Characters
Oki Toshio
Oki is described as a successful novelist in his fifties at the present timeline of the novel. Despite the presence of his family, the novelist's loneliness was thought to have compelled him to visit his ex-lover and affair partner, Otoko Ueno. However, readers have expressed their curiosity as to whether he is seeking for the love with Otoko of the present, or the passionate love he had inscribed in his own novel to immortalise. This is shown through the novel with his entanglement with Otoko's female lover and protegé, Keiko Sakami in whom he saw the Otoko in his memories.
Ueno Otoko
In the present timeline, Otoko is written as a successful painter in her 30s, living with a female lover and protegé, Keiko Sakami. Her art is often described in the novel as a result of her miscarriage after her affair with the older married Oki, in which her baby was born prematurely, where her art was noticed to have some sort of depiction of a baby in one way or another that critics have interpreted to depict grief and longing. When meeting Oki for the first time, she was hesitant to be alone with him, and would instead send her lover to meet and escort Oki away. Although her relationship with Keiko was described as those of lovers, readers have noticed that there were never any explicit description of intimate moments between the two women outside of the indication that they share a bed together. Instead, Otoko's homosexuality was rationalised in the novel as being the result of her past trauma.
Keiko Sakami
Keiko is Otoko's younger female lover and protegé. She is known in the plot to be extremely attached to her lover, whom she refers to as sensē (teacher), to the extent of wanting to take revenge on behalf of her. In the novel, she sought out to seduce both Oki and his son, Taichiro Kawabata. However, as the story progressed, she and her lover, in addition to the readers, did not have clear knowledge of the true motives behind her actions both wondered if the motives behind her actions towards Oki. The matter was made controversial by some critics when taken into account that Keiko had never explicitly defined her sexuality, with the only indication of her being lesbian being her hate for men.
Keiko is criticised as being the only manipulative character in this story that can take control of the story's flow. Unlike other characters, she is able to make others act and think the way she wants them think in order to exact her revenge. In addition to a manipulative persona, her disrespect for those older than her is also noticed by readers from the often subtle depictions throughout the novel through her interactions with her own lover, in which she picks up a rude method of speech when speaking to the older woman.
Oki Taichiro
Taichiro is the son of Oki Toshio, and one of the romantic interests of Keiko Sakami. Taichiro first meets Keiko in the airport, where she was wearing a dazzling kimono. Taichiro is criticised to be submissive towards Keiko's will. One instance that was particularly pulled apart was when he did not object when Keiko confirmed their plans of marriage to his mother, allowing her to manipulate his life. His existence was interpreted by some as the reason for Otoko's pain, in which his atonement presented itself in the form of Otoko's lover, Keiko.
Critical reception
The novel has been criticised as one that exploited female homosexuality and feeding the male gaze. Others have commented on the wave of sorrow and loneliness that veils the novel, and that, despite this not being his best nor richest work, Beauty and Sadness managed to provoke the mind and that it takes an observant eye to truly recognise and comprehend the admiration this novel truly deserved.
Oki's character was thought by some critics to be a vessel that depicted Kawabata's own pondering about the flow of time and memory, in which he created a literary piece that was not bound by the time's flow but rather created a dimension between realism and abstractionism. The characters were described in different perspectives yet with the same fate in which they were unable to control by their own hands, except for Keiko. The novel also centered around the themes of innocent and youth that was fleeting and impermanent. The characters desired for that passionate happiness to stay forever, which Oki expressed through his novel immortalising his passion for the 16-year old Otoko, and Otoko through the desire to die with her lover to preserve her momentary state of happiness.
Publication history
Beauty and Sadness was first serialised between January 1961 and October 1963 in Fujin Kōron and published in book form in 1965 by Chūō Kōronsha. An English translation provided by Howard Hibbett was published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1975.
Film adaptations
The novel was made into film directed by Masahiro Shinoda (With Beauty and Sorrow, released 1965) and by Joy Fleury, starring Charlotte Rampling (Tristesse et beauté, released 1985). Despite the film itself not winning any awards, Kaoru Yachigusa, who played as Ueno Otoko, received an award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in this film in the Asia-Pacific Film Festival Awards (1965). The novel has also repeatedly been adapted for Japanese television.
Bibliography
References
External links
1964 novels
Japanese-language novels
Japanese novels adapted into films
Novels by Yasunari Kawabata
Novels set in Japan
Homosexuality-related mass media
Adultery in novels
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"Ukridge's Accident Syndicate" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the May 1923 issue of Cosmopolitan, and in the United Kingdom in The Strand Magazine in June 1923, under the title "Ukridge, Teddy Weeks and the Tomato". It features the irrepressible Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, and was included in the collection Ukridge, published in 1924.
Plot
The story is told in flashback as Ukridge and his friend James Corcoran stand outside the wedding of one Teddy Weeks, a successful movie star. The tale begins some years earlier, when Weeks was a struggling actor who believed all he needed to get his breakthrough role was a decent wardrobe. Ukridge, Corcoran, Weeks and others are dining at their regular haunt when one of their number reveals he has acquired accident insurance as a bonus for subscribing to a magazine, and has subsequently received five pounds after a minor cycling accident. Ukridge is inspired by this, and persuades his comrades to form a syndicate, subscribing to all magazines offering this free insurance, arranging an "accident" and splitting the insurance monies. Lots are drawn, and Weeks is selected as the one to be insured and to suffer the accident.
Time passes and Weeks shows no sign of taking any damage. Despite much cajoling, pointing out of appropriate taxi cabs and even the placing of dangerous dogs in his rooms, he remains unhurt. Finally, he agrees that he will do the honourable thing, on condition that he is first primed with a fine dinner and champagne. The syndicate scrape together the necessary funds, and watch glumly as Weeks dines and guzzles the pricey drink, abusing his friends roundly as he grows inebriated. After the feast, he laughs at his friends, tells them he had no intention of having his accident despite their generosity, and promptly slips in front of a passing truck.
Visiting Weeks in hospital, he claims to have no memory of events, stymieing any attempt to retrieve the funds. Instead he spends the cash on fine clothes, and kick-starts his career in the movies. Returning to the present, Ukridge bribes a passing vagrant (with a shilling borrowed from Corky) to throw a tomato at Weeks as he leaves the church to face the waiting throng of photographers; the good man's aim is true, and justice is restored.
Main characters
Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, the irrepressible entrepreneur
Jimmy Corcoran, Ukridge's writer friend
Teddy Weeks, a syndicate member, later a movie star
Victor Beamish, a struggling artist, and syndicate member
Bertram Fox, a struggling writer of screenplays, and syndicate member
Robert Dunhill, an employee of the New Asiatic Bank, and syndicate member
Freddie Lunt, another toiler, a keen cyclist and syndicate member
Style
Christopher Holcomb analyzes "Ukridge's Accident Syndicate" in an article comparing the story to Mark Twain's comedic short story "Journalism in Tennessee". Drawing upon Victor Raskin's script-based theory of humour, Holcomb writes that both authors create humour by using "script oppositions", or concepts that normally have opposing associations. Connected instances of these opposing scripts are seen in different "nodes", or certain passages in different parts of the text.
For example, in "Ukridge's Accident Syndicate", Ukridge comes up with a "plan" to acquire money from an "accident", which creates humour because the idea of a "plan" is normally opposed to the concept of an "accident". Furthermore, the accident in Ukridge's plan involves what Holcomb terms the "gain by injury" script, which is opposed to the "loss by injury" which would be the typical result of an accident. Wodehouse first establishes the ordinary meaning of the opposing concepts, and later links these concepts in unexpected ways. For example, early in the story, Freddie Lunt explains why he has recently been absent from the dinners of Ukridge's group of friends:
"I had an accident ... fell off my bicycle and sprained my ankle.""Tough luck," was our verdict."Oh, I don't know," said Freddie. "It wasn't bad fun getting a rest. And of course there was the fiver.""What fiver?""I got a fiver from the Weekly Cyclist for getting my ankle sprained.""You–what?" cried Ukridge, profoundly stirred – as ever – by a tale of easy money. "Do you mean to sit there and tell me that some dashed paper paid you five quid simply because you sprained your ankle? Pull yourself together, old
horse. Things like that don't happen.""It's quite true."
This passage initially evokes the idea that an "accident" entails a "loss by injury", since Freddie sprained his ankle. The opposing "gain by injury" is at first weakly introduced with the phrase "It wasn't bad fun getting a rest", and is then more explicitly established by the phrase "I got a fiver ... for getting my ankle sprained". Ukridge is inspired by Lunt's story and later proposes his plan:
"Here's the scheme. We take out subscriptions for all these papers, then we draw lots, and the fellow who gets the fatal card or whatever it is goes out and breaks his leg and draws the loot, and we split it up between us and live on it in luxury."
In this quote, there is a comedic incongruity between the phrase "breaks his leg", which again recalls the connected ideas of "accident" and "loss by injury", and the phrase "draws the loot", which has the opposing meaning of a "gain by injury". Additionally, the phrase "breaks his leg" becomes more significant when it is decided that Teddy Weeks, an aspiring actor, will be the victim. "Break a leg" is a phrase used to wish an actor good luck with a performance, and essentially involves a wish for harm and an opposing wish for success.
According to Holcomb, Wodehouse often uses "pseudo-epigrams", or isolated comedic comments that depend on the context of the story for their humour. For example, after Teddy Weeks remains uninjured for a while, the narrator laments, "In a crippled world, it seemed, Teddy Weeks walked alone, whole and glowing with health." Also, after Beamish and not Weeks is bitten by a dog, the narrator comments, "A dog-bitten Victor Beamish had no market value whatever." These quotes create humour by evoking the opposing scripts already present in the story.
Publication history
In Cosmopolitan, the story was illustrated by T. D. Skidmore. It was illustrated by Reginald Cleaver in the Strand.
"Ukridge's Accident Syndicate" was included in the 1932 collection Nothing But Wodehouse, edited by Ogden Nash and published by Doubleday, Doran & Company, New York. It was included in the 1939 collection Week-end Wodehouse (UK edition), published by Herbert Jenkins Limited, London. The 1960 collection The Most of P. G. Wodehouse, published by Simon and Schuster, New York, included the story. Along with the other Ukridge stories, it was collected in the 1975 omnibus The World of Ukridge, published by Barrie & Jenkins.
The story was also included in the 1978 collection Vintage Wodehouse, edited by Richard Usborne and published by Barrie & Jenkins, in Wodehouse on Crime, a 1981 collection edited by D. R. Bensen with a foreword by Isaac Asimov, published by Ticknor & Fields, New York, and in Short Stories, a collection of stories by Wodehouse published by the Folio Society in 1983 with drawings by George Adamson.
It was featured in The Second Century of Humour, an anthology with illustrations by Fougasse published by Hutchinson, London, in 1936. "Ukridge's Accident Syndicate" was also included in the anthology The Best of Humor, edited by Mordecai Richler, published in 1983 by Knopf in 1983 and Penguin in 1984.
Adaptations
The story was adapted for radio in 1940 and broadcast on the BBC Home Service, under the title "Accident Syndicate". It was one of four Ukridge episodes produced by Peter Creswell and adapted by Helmar Fernback. The radio drama featured Malcolm Graeme as Ukridge, William Hutchison as Corky, Alan Wheatley as Teddy Weeks, and Charles Mason as Victor Beamish.
In 1968, the story was adapted for television as "The Accident Syndicate", the fourth episode of the second series of The World of Wodehouse.
The first episode of The Adventures of Ukridge (1992–93), a radio series that first aired on BBC Radio 4, was based on the story. Adapted by Julian Dutton, the episode featured Griff Rhys Jones as Ukridge, Robert Bathurst as Corky, Adam Godley as Tupper, Simon Godley as Beamish, Julian Dutton as Teddy, and Rebecca Front as Madeline.
See also
List of Wodehouse's Ukridge stories
References
Notes
Sources
Short stories by P. G. Wodehouse
1923 short stories
Works originally published in Cosmopolitan (magazine)
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The First Malaysia Plan (1966–1970) was an economic development plan implemented by the government of Malaysia. It was the first economic plan for the whole of Malaysia—Sabah and Sarawak included—as opposed to just Malaya, which previous economic plans (such as the Second Malayan Five Year Plan) had confined themselves to. The plan's objectives were to promote the welfare of all citizens, and improve the living conditions in rural areas, particularly among low-income groups.
Implementation
The plan attempted to increase access to medical facilities in rural areas through the formation of the Rural Health Service. District hospital facilities were upgraded to handle referrals from the clinics the Service operated. Medical subcentres were also founded in urban areas, and by the end of the Plan, the gap between rural and urban areas in terms of quality of healthcare had been narrowed, but not entirely eliminated. East Malaysian (Sabah and Sarawak) medical facilities in particular were less-well equipped and staffed than those in West Malaysia (formerly Malaya).
Over M$470.8 million was allocated for education under the plan. However, less than 70% of this allocation was spent; in particular, the cost of training teachers and technical education had been overestimated. Between 1957 and 1970, the national literacy rate improved from 51% to 59%.
Shortly before the implementation of the plan, the former colonial masters of Malaysia, the British, announced they would withdraw their defence and economic commitments to Malaysia. As a result, the government sought financial aid from the United States (US) to avoid having the plan crippled by a lack of funding, going as far as to express support for the Vietnam War, which was unpopular among certain segments of the Malaysian populace. However, Malaysia never directly provided military support for the United States, in accordance with its policy of neutrality, and as a result, failed to receive substantial economic assistance from the US.
The First Malaysia Plan also had to address the problem of unemployment, which reared its head for the first time in the 1960s; despite encouraging growth in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment rates had not grown at a commensurate pace. In addition, there was also the problem of ethnic specialisation in certain professions, with the Chinese dominating the marketplace, the Malays dominating the civil service, and the Indians largely participating in specialist professions such as law. The income disparity between rural and urban areas that the Second Malayan Five Year Plan had sought to resolve was also not satisfactorily eliminated.
In the rural, agricultural-centred areas, the government sought to continue the development that had been first brought about by the First Malayan Five Year Plan. During the tenure of the First Malaysia Plan, over of rice and other crops in East Malaysia were irrigated. The government also replanted hundreds of thousands of rubber trees to increase rubber yields; in West Malaysia alone, of small holdings were replanted. The government also attempted to rehabilitate inefficient coconut holdings, modernise fishing methods, and provide assistance to poultry and livestock farmers. However, the government also tried to reduce the Malaysian economy's age-old dependence on rubber, developing oil palm cultivation in West Malaysia, and developing the timber industry in Sabah.
The government also offered incentives to industrialise the Malaysian economy by promoting Malay entrepreneurship and upgrading Malay management skills for manufacturing ventures. The Federal Industrial Development Authority (FIDA), established in 1965 but only commencing operations in 1967, sought to accelerate industrial development further and co-ordinate such development. In 1968, new regulations were established that set quotas for Malay ownership of certain enterprises, and the employment of Malays in manufacturing ventures. (Such affirmative action policies were held to be in line with Article 153 of the Constitution.) New industries producing goods for the Malaysian market were required to have at least 51% of their equity in the hands of Malaysian citizens, but industries that would only export goods were permitted to remain entirely in foreign hands.
Results and legacy
The government's ambitious plans to increase the standard of living in rural areas fell short of their objectives. Limited investment in social capital, despite the various land development schemes, had failed to either stem the tide of rural-urban migration or raise the incomes of rural families. In West Malaysia, 90% of all households earning less than M$100 a month were located in rural areas. The vast majority of these were Malay households.
However, the government's programmes to improve rubber output were largely successful. By 1970, the uniform-quality Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) comprised 20% of all rubber exports. The government also succeeded in reducing dependence on rubber at the same time by developing other fledgling industries.
Nevertheless, the First Malaysia Plan had visibly failed to reduce the inequity in the distribution of income. Discontent over this issue grew among the Malay populace, while the Chinese electorate, concerned by what they saw as more aggressive Malay "discrimination" against them, likewise became unhappy. In the 1969 general election, opposition parties advocating the reduction or elimination of Malay affirmative action policies made large gains in Parliament, nearly depriving the government of the 2/3 Parliamentary majority required to amend the Constitution—a majority the Alliance had always held since the first national elections in 1955. A victory march held by the opposition Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan), both of which opposed the Malay-based economic policies of the government, turned ugly, with some participants shouting racial epithets at Malay bystanders. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the leading party of the Alliance, in turn held its own march to "teach the Chinese a lesson". The march turned into a full-scale riot, later euphemistically labelled as the 13 May Incident. At least 200 people were killed, although unofficial estimates give a figure five times that, with the rioting lasting for two days.
The riot, whose participants had been largely from the lower-income classes, greatly concerned the government. A state of emergency was declared, and Parliament was suspended, to be restored in 1971. In the meantime, a National Operations Council (NOC) was established to govern the country provisionally. The NOC drew up the Second Malaysia Plan, the Outline Perspective Plan, and most controversially, the New Economic Policy (NEP) to address what it saw as an imbalanced distribution of income between the Chinese and Malays, and to reduce foreign control of the economy. Although the NEP's stated goal was to "eradicate poverty" and "eliminate the identification of race with economic function" through a "rapidly expanding economy", many non-Malays considered it to be "an open and blatant form of racial discrimination". The NEP expired in 1991, and was replaced by the National Development Plan (NDP). Despite the NEP's criticisms, it was also praised for having created a Malay middle class and creating a "greater ethnic balance in the professions".
Notes and references
Five-year plans of Malaysia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Malaysia%20Plan
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The lieutenant governor of South Dakota is the second-ranking member of the executive branch of South Dakota state government and also serves as presiding officer of the South Dakota Senate. The lieutenant governor succeeds to the officer of governor if the office becomes vacant, and may also serve as acting governor if the governor is incapacitated or absent from the state.
Since 1974, the lieutenant governor has been elected on a ticket with the governor. Seven lieutenant governors have gone on to be elected governor in their own right: Charles N. Herreid (1900 & 1902), Frank M. Byrne (1912 & 1914), Peter Norbeck (1916 & 1918), William H. McMaster (1920 & 1922), Carl Gunderson (1924), Nils Boe (1964 & 1966) and Dennis Daugaard (2010 & 2014). Two others, Harvey L. Wollman and Walter Dale Miller, succeeded to the office of governor, but neither won election to a full term.
List of lieutenant governors
Parties
See also
Lieutenant governor (United States) (generally)
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant%20Governor%20of%20South%20Dakota
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Con Solo Pensarlo is a 1998 album by the Belgian singer Axelle Red. The albums contains Spanish versions of French songs that appeared on Axelle Red's two previous albums, Sans Plus Attendre and À Tâtons.
The songs from Con Solo Pensarlo that were released as single, are "A Tientas", "Con Amor O No", "Dejame Ser Mujer" and "Sensualidad".
Track listing
"Sensualidad" (originally "Sensualité")
"A tientas" ("A Tâtons")
"Con sólo pensarlo" ("Rien que d'y penser")
"Era" ("C'était")
"Mi oración" ("Ma Prière")
"Te esperé" ("Je t'attends)
"Tan infantil" ("Pas si naïf")
"Mi café" ("Mon Café)
"Con amor o no" ("Amoureuse ou pas")
"Déjame ser mujer" ("Rester Femme")
"No sufras por mí" ("T'en fais pas pour moi")
"El mundo gira mal" ("Le Monde tourne mal")
"Sirve de que" ("À quoi ça sert")
Charts
Certifications
References
1998 albums
Axelle Red albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con%20solo%20pensarlo
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Sir William FitzWilliam (1526–1599) was an English Lord Justice of Ireland and afterwards Lord Deputy of Ireland. In 1587, as Governor of Fotheringhay Castle, he supervised the execution of the death sentence on Mary, Queen of Scots. He was the Member of Parliament for Peterborough and represented County Carlow in the Irish House of Commons. He lived at Gainspark, Essex, and Milton Hall.
Early life
FitzWilliam was born at Milton Hall, Northamptonshire, the eldest son of Sir William (died 1576) and Anne Shapcote, daughter of Sir Richard Shapcote of Elton, and grandson of William Fitzwilliam, Sheriff of London, who had been treasurer and chamberlain to Cardinal Wolsey and purchased Milton Hall in 1506. On his mother's side FitzWilliam was related to the Earl of Bedford, to whom he owed his introduction to King Edward VI.
Family
In 1543, FitzWilliam married Anne (Agnes) Sidney (d. 1602), daughter of Sir William Sidney of Penshurst Place. She was the sister of Frances Radclyffe, Countess of Sussex, who founded Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Her brother, Sir Henry Sidney, was married to Lady Mary Dudley and they were the parents of Mary Sidney, Sir Philip Sidney and Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester. Her brothers-in-law included Sir William Dormer, Sir James Harington and Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex. The Fitzwilliams were the parents of five children:
Sir William Fitzwilliam (died 1618), of Gainspark and Milton Hall. He was MP for Peterborough in 1571,1584 and 1586. He married Winnifred, daughter of Sir Walter Mildmay and niece of Sir Francis Walsingham. Their son, William, was created the 1st Baron FitzWilliam, 1620.
John Fitzwilliam (1554–1612)
Anne Fitzwilliam
Phillipa Fitzwilliam, married Sir Thomas Coningsby, of Hampton Court, Herefordshire. They were the parents of Fitzwilliam Coningsby.
Mary Fitzwilliam (died 1601), married Sir Richard Dyer of Great Staughton.
Member of Parliament
He was elected MP for Peterborough in October 1553, 1559 and replaced the deceased existing member in 1581.
Irish career
In 1559 FitzWilliam was appointed Vice-Treasurer of Ireland and elected a member of the Irish House of Commons to represent County Carlow. His conduct as treasurer provoked allegations of corruption against him and, although these were never proven, they dogged him throughout his career. Between 1559 and 1571 he served five times as Lord Justice of Ireland (during the absences of the Earl of Sussex, and of his successor, Sir Henry Sidney). In 1571 he was appointed to the office of Lord Deputy itself, but like Queen Elizabeth's other servants he received scant and infrequent allotments from the Treasury. His government was thus marked by penury and its attendant evils, inefficiency, mutiny and general lawlessness.
FitzWilliam quarrelled bitterly with the Lord President of Connaught, Sir Edward Fitton (1527–1579), but he did manage to compel the troublesome Earl of Desmond into submission in 1574. He disliked the colonial expedition in Ulster of the Earl of Essex, and then had a further quarrel with Fitton. After a serious illness, he was allowed to resign his office.
After his return to England in 1575, FitzWilliam was appointed governor of Fotheringhay Castle, where he supervised the execution of the death sentence on Mary, Queen of Scots.
Final tour in Ireland
In 1588 FitzWilliam was again in Ireland as Lord Deputy, and although old and ill he displayed great activity in leading expeditions, and found time to quarrel with Sir Richard Bingham (1528–1599), the new President of Connaught. He relied heavily on the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Sir Robert Gardiner, and refused his pleas to be allowed to retire on health grounds, saying that Gardiner was so "wise, temperate and useful" that he could not be spared, in spite of his crushing workload.
His predecessor in office had been Sir John Perrot. FitzWilliam immediately seized on an opportunity to discredit him by giving countenance to the allegations by a renegade priest that Perrot had plotted with King Philip II of Spain to overthrow the Queen. The allegations were wild, but such was the momentum of criticism that came Perrot's way that he was convicted of treason at Westminster, and died while awaiting sentence of death in 1591.
FitzWilliam had pursued aggressive policies in Connaught and Ulster from the start. These policies upset the accommodations that had delivered an unusual peace to much of the island in the preceding years. In 1588 a large portion of the Spanish Armada was wrecked on the Irish coast, and FitzWilliam was responsible for ordering the executions of up to 2,000 survivors.
The Spanish threat was readily dealt with, and FitzWilliam turned up the pressure on those Ulster lords who owed their allegiance to the Earl of Tyrone. One of these lords, the MacMahon, was put to death by royal authority in Monaghan town in 1591, and it became clear that the Dublin government was set on thoroughly curbing the power of the Gaelic leaders of Ulster. Although Tyrone continued to display his loyalty to the crown, the course had been set for a showdown and he went into rebellion in 1595, at the start of the Nine Years' War.
In 1594 FitzWilliam left Ireland for good, and five years later he died at Milton Hall.
Notes
References
Dictionary of National Biography (1921–22)
1526 births
1599 deaths
People from Northamptonshire (before 1974)
Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Carlow constituencies
People of Elizabethan Ireland
English MPs 1553 (Mary I)
English MPs 1559
English MPs 1572–1583
Irish MPs 1560
Knights Bachelor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20FitzWilliam%20%28Lord%20Deputy%29
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Amanda Marshall is the 1995 debut album by Canadian singer Amanda Marshall. The album peaked at number four on the RPM Albums Chart and has also been certified Diamond by the CRIA with over 1,000,000 copies sold in Canada, making it Marshall's best-selling album of her career. In the United States, the album charted at number 156 on the Billboard 200 and sold over 350,000 copies. It was particularly successful in Norway, where it reached number one and received a Platinum certification. The album sold 2 million copies worldwide.
Seven songs from the album were released as singles: "Let It Rain", "Birmingham", "Fall from Grace", "Beautiful Goodbye", "Dark Horse", "Sitting on Top of the World", and "Trust Me (This Is Love)". "Birmingham" is Marshall's highest-charting song in Canada, peaking at number three. "Fall from Grace", "Dark Horse", and "Sitting on Top of the World" all reached the top five. "Let It Rain" is her most successful international hit, reaching number three in Norway and the top 30 in Australia and New Zealand; it was certified Gold in Norway.
Track listing
"Let It Rain" (Kristen Hall) – 4:33
"Birmingham" (Dean McTaggart, David Tyson, Gerald O'Brien) – 5:21
"Fall from Grace" (Marc Jordan, Kim Bullard) – 4:20
"Dark Horse" (Amanda Marshall, David Tyson, Dean McTaggart) – 5:37
"Beautiful Goodbye" (David Tyson, Chistopher Ward) – 5:17
"Sitting on Top of the World" (Amanda Marshall) – 4:19
"Last Exit to Eden" (Dean McTaggart, David Tyson) – 5:24
"Trust Me (This is Love)" (Dean McTaggart, David Tyson) – 4:59
"Let's Get Lost" (Amanda Marshall, Christopher Ward) – 4:14
"Promises" (John Capek, Marc Jordan) – 5:22
2023 Deluxe Remastered Edition bonus tracks
"Don't Let It Bring You Down" (Neil Young) – 3:35
"This Could Take All Night" (Linda Thompson, Steve Dorff) – 3:09
"Birmingham (Live Acoustic)" (Dean McTaggart, David Tyson, Gerald O'Brien) – 4:33
Personnel
Amanda Marshall – vocals, background vocals
Kenny Aronoff – drums, percussion
Leland Sklar – bass guitar
Tommy Byrnes – electric guitars
David Wipper – acoustic guitars, mandolin
Bob Mann – acoustic guitar
Diana DeWitt – background vocals
David Tyson – background vocals, keyboards, programming
Tom "T-Bone" Wolk – accordion
Peter Kent – violin
Erica Duke-Kirkpatrick – cello
Louis Taylor – soprano saxophone
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
Amanda Marshall albums
1995 debut albums
Sony Music Canada albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda%20Marshall%20%28album%29
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In mathematics, the tensor bundle of a manifold is the direct sum of all tensor products of the tangent bundle and the cotangent bundle of that manifold. To do calculus on the tensor bundle a connection is needed, except for the special case of the exterior derivative of antisymmetric tensors.
Definition
A tensor bundle is a fiber bundle where the fiber is a tensor product of any number of copies of the tangent space and/or cotangent space of the base space, which is a manifold. As such, the fiber is a vector space and the tensor bundle is a special kind of vector bundle.
References
See also
Vector bundles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20bundle
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A Portuguese name or Lusophone name – a personal name in the Portuguese language – is typically composed of one or two personal names, the mother's family surname and the father's family surname (rarely only one surname, sometimes more than two). For practicality, usually only the last surname (excluding prepositions) is used in formal greetings.
General
The Portuguese naming system is very flexible. Portuguese law establishes the need for a child to have at least one personal name and one surname from one of the parents. The law also establishes the maximum number of names allowed: up to two personal names and four surnames. Advice from the says of this restriction that a name "may contain a maximum of six simple words or compounds, as a rule, up to two first names and four surnames"; more may be permissible in some circumstances.
Usually, the maternal surnames precede the paternal ones, but the opposite is also possible. If the father is unknown, or he has not acknowledged the child, only the mother's family name(s) is/are used. A child can receive surnames from their parents' ancestors, even if those surnames are not part of the parents' names, provided that the parents prove those names were used by their ancestors.
Some Portuguese family names are made of two words, most often not hyphenated, but are not composite names, as they were not the result of combining two family names in past generations; instead, the words constitute a single logical unit. These include toponyms (e.g. Castelo Branco), religious references (e.g. Espírito Santo, Santa Rita), or other expressions (e.g. Corte Real, Mil-Homens). In this case both words must be cited (e.g. writer Camilo Castelo Branco is never referred to as Camilo Branco).
Number of names
It is not uncommon in Portugal that a married woman has two personal names and six surnames, two from her mother's family, two from her father's family, and the last two coming from her husband. In addition, some of these names may be made of more than one word, so that a full feminine name can have more than 12 words. For instance, the name "Maria do Carmo Mão de Ferro e Cunha de Almeida Santa Rita Santos Abreu" would not be surprising in a married woman. Mão de Ferro (iron hand) and Santa Rita (after Saint Rita of Cascia) count only as one surname each. In this case, Santos Abreu would probably have come from this woman's husband. She would be typically known as Maria do Carmo Abreu (since Marian invocation names tend to stick together) and would be typically alphasorted and collated under Abreu.
In Portugal, the custom of giving a child four surnames is becoming popular, since this way a child can have each of their grandparents' surnames. For instance, the Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (also known as King Pedro IV of Portugal) (1798–1834) had the full name of Pedro de Alcântara Francisco Antônio João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de Bourbon e Bragança, and his son, the Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, had the full name of Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga de Habsburgo-Lorena e Bragança. For the sake of simplicity, most Portuguese people use only two surnames.
For example, if José Santos Almeida and Maria Abreu Melo had a daughter, her name could simply be Joana Melo Almeida (personal name + mother's surname + father's surname). However, they could give her two personal names, for example Joana Gabriela, and combine their surnames in various ways, such as Joana Gabriela Melo Almeida, Joana Gabriela Abreu Melo Almeida (two surnames from the mother, one from the father), Joana Gabriela Abreu Santos Almeida (one name from the mother, two from the father), or even Joana Gabriela Abreu Melo Santos Almeida (two names from each parent). It would also be possible to use surnames that are not part of either parent's legal name, but which the parents would be entitled to use, i.e. a surname from a grandparent or a great-grandparent that was not transmitted to the father or the mother. This child would probably become known by her final surname, Joana Almeida. However, her parents could decide to change the order of surnames and name her Joana Almeida Melo, etc. In this case she would probably be known as Joana Melo.
In Portugal, having only one surname is rare, and it usually happens when both the parents have the same surname, to avoid repetitive combinations such as António Santos Santos (which would, however, be an acceptable legal name). In Brazil, having only one surname is common in areas with large communities of non-Portuguese immigrants.
Spelling
Portuguese names have a standard spelling, since names are considered as regular nouns, and are thus subject to the orthographical rules of the Portuguese language. The spelling of many names has evolved through times and with orthography reforms; at the same time, archaic forms of names survive, though they are considered misspellings by current spelling rules. The Acordo Ortográfico ("Orthographic Agreement"), valid in Brazil and Portugal, states on Section XI (Proper Nouns): Os nomes próprios personativos, locativos e de qualquer natureza, sendo portugueses ou aportuguesados, serão sujeitos às mesmas regras estabelecidas para os nomes comuns. ("Anthroponymic and toponymic proper nouns, if Portuguese or incorporated to the Portuguese language, are subject to the same spelling rules established to regular nouns.").
In Portugal, personal names have a standard spelling that is considered the norm (even for non-contemporary figures) and the rules are enforced by law by the 'Instituto dos Registos e do Notariado'. There is a defined list of allowed names; misspelt and archaic forms (e.g. Luiz is the archaic form of Luís), and names containing foreign letters – k, y, w – are usually not allowed. However, older people who were registered with archaic forms have continued to use them (examples include Manoel de Oliveira – the modern spelling would be Manuel). Regarding surnames, there are no legal restrictions, and as such many people continue to use archaic spellings of family names, as in Athayde or Telles (modern forms Ataíde and Teles).
In Brazil, there are no laws concerning names, and only obscene or ridiculous names are forbidden when parents report the birth of a child to the local cartório de registro civil (Civil registry). Many archaic spellings coexist with the orthographically correct, and even with fancy orthographies (Felipe [common], Philippe [archaic and traditional], Fellype [fancy]). Names of international inspiration are common, bringing with them the unusual characters "k", "w", and "y" (Katya, William), diacritics that do not match the Brazilian pronunciation (Desirée, pronounced Desirrê) or do not exist in Portuguese (Thaïs), double letters that retain their foreign pronunciation (Roosevelt) or not (Giovanni), silent letters (as in the formerly mentioned Desirée and Thaïs), and letters that are intended to sound differently from the orthographic norms (Juan, if intended to sound as in Spanish, Hannah, if the initial "h" is intended as an aspiration). Parents can make up any type of name, and suffixes with an English or French "flavour" are often used to give foreign allure to their offspring's names, such as "-son" for boys and "-elly" for girls (Deividson, Jéferson, Joeldson, Maiksson, Andrielly, Marcelly, Nadrielly, Nathyelly, etc.). This phenomenon can be easily seen in Brazilian football players' names.
Names of deceased historical figures must be spelled following the current orthographic rules: Luís de Camões (not Luiz de Camoens), Venceslau Brás (not Wenceslau Braz), Euclides da Cunha (not Euclydes da Cunha), Tomás António Gonzaga (not Thomaz Antonio Gonzaga) etc.
The particle 'de'
Prepositions that can be used in Portuguese surnames are da, das, do, dos and de, such as in Maria da Cunha, José das Neves, Joana do Rosário, Luís dos Santos, Gabriela de Sousa, etc. and mean "from" or "of." Da, dos, etc. are contractions of the preposition de and a definite article (o, as, etc.), meaning "from the" or "of the." The current convention in Portuguese is that they be written in lower case . Different from in Italian surnames, these conjunctives are part of a composite name, i.e., "Sousa" is different from "de Sousa," but both are ordered under 'S' in an alphabetical list. Therefore, one should not refer to Luiz Pereira da Silva as Mr. da Silva but rather Mr. Silva. The conjunction e (and) is also common, e.g. "Maria Costa e Silva." Most commonly this would be a composite surname.
The most well-known exception to this norm is former Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos, who is frequently referred to as President Dos Santos, even among Portuguese-speaking people and in Portuguese-language media (although, in Portugal, the forms "Presidente José Eduardo dos Santos" or "Presidente Eduardo dos Santos" are still more common). Likewise, the Anglophone media often ignores this rule when referring to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as Mr. Da Silva, instead of Mr. Silva, while he is mostly called Lula in Portuguese-speaking media.
The name 'Maria'
The personal name Maria (like English Mary, from Hebrew Miryam, via Latin Maria) is extremely common as a feminine personal name and even combined with masculine names. Since the turn of the 21st century, a new wave of traditional personal names has resulted in an increase in its popularity. In 2014, it was the most common girl's name in Portugal, more than twice the second-rated Matilde.
Traditionally, Maria is more common as the first part of a double-first-name combination; these may be formed by several different elements.
Religious predicates (often honouring one of the Virgin Mary's denominations):
Catholic devotion festivities: Maria da Conceição (referring to Our Lady of Conception), Maria das Dores (Our Lady of Sorrows), Maria da Assunção (Assumption of Mary), Maria da Natividade (Nativity of Mary).
A place of a Marian apparition: Maria de Fátima (Fátima), Maria de Lurdes (Lourdes), Maria de la Salete (La Salette), Maria Aparecida (common in Brazil, after Aparecida), Maria Nazaré (Nazareth).
A virtue or a nature element (many of which have lost religious associations nowadays): Maria do Céu (Heaven or Sky), Maria da Luz (Light), Maria do Mar (Sea), Maria da Graça (Grace).
The name of a saint: Maria de São José (after Saint Joseph).
Other types of combinations:
Maria paired with a different feminine personal name: Maria Madalena, Maria Teresa, Maria Antónia (or Antônia, in Brazil), Maria Gabriela, Maria Beatriz, Maria Eduarda, Maria Luiza (Luísa), Maria Fernanda, Maria Alice, Maria Carolina, Maria Dulce
Maria paired with a masculine personal name,
preceding, in female personal names: Maria João, Maria José, Maria Manuel, Maria Luís,
following, in male personal names: João Maria, José Maria, Manuel Maria, Luís Maria.
Many names that are etymologically related to Maria are also used. The most common is the name Mariana, a contraction of Maria and Ana. Other international agglutinations of Maria combinations have been introduced in more recent times. These include Marisa, Marlene, Marília and Míriam (from Hebrew).
As Maria is so widely used, women are most likely to be addressed by just the second element of their name: Conceição (Conception), Dores (Sorrows), Céu (sky/heaven), Luz (light), Lurdes (Lourdes), Fátima, Salete, Aparecida (appeared one), Madalena, Antónia, Teresa, Glória (glory), Prazeres (pleasures) etc. A woman named Maria de Jesus would be addressed as Jesus, even though the second name is masculine.
A similar thing happens with the name Ana (English Anne or Hannah), also very common in double-name combinations such as Ana Paula and Ana Carolina, especially in the younger generations. A woman called Ana Paula would be usually called 'Paula', Ana Carolina would be 'Carolina' and so on.
A similar procedure occurs with masculine names, but using a reverse order. It is not unusual to find masculine names such as João Maria, José Maria, Manuel Maria, Luís Maria etc. In this case, Maria would always be the second personal name, in honour of the Virgin Mary, and the first name would be a masculine name. This custom was fashionable among the Portuguese and Brazilian nobility and the upper classes.
Surname and marriage
In Portugal since 1977, and in Brazil since the 1970s, a woman has the option of whether or not to change her name after marriage. In Portugal, since 1977, and in Brazil, since 2002, a husband can also adopt his wife's surname. In Portugal, when this happens, usually both spouses change their name after marriage (for example, José Santos Almeida and Maria Abreu Melo could become José Santos Melo Almeida and Maria Abreu Melo Almeida or even "José Santos Almeida Melo" and "Maria Abreu Melo Almeida"). In Brazil, there is not yet a perceived pattern.
The custom of a woman adopting a different surname through marriage was not originally a Portuguese-Brazilian tradition. It spread in the late 19th century in the upper classes, under French influence. After the 1940s, it became almost socially obligatory. Not doing so was seen as evidence of concubinage, particularly until the 1970s. There is no longer a distinct pattern, with both men and women being allowed to choose whether to change or not change their surname(s).
Mandatory adoption of a new combined name led to unusual combinations when the woman's surname was kept, as in the (not uncommon) case of both spouses sharing a surname. Another confusing situation occurred, for example, when a woman named Ana Lima Silva married a man named João Lima. In such a situation her name could become Ana Lima Silva Lima.
Nowadays in Portugal, a person may adopt their spouse's surname(s), but only in combination with their own birth surnames. For example, if Maria Abreu Melo marries José Santos Almeida, she could choose to become Maria Abreu Melo Almeida or Maria Abreu Melo Santos Almeida.
In Brazil, a woman may adopt her husband's surname(s) in combination or not with her own. For example, when Maria Abreu Melo marries José Santos Almeida, she could choose to become Maria Abreu Melo Almeida, Maria Abreu Melo Santos Almeida, Maria Santos Almeida, Maria Almeida, etc. The most common practice is for a woman to keep part of her birth name and use part of her husband's surname so as to avoid an overly long string of surnames. So, the most used combination from the above example would be Maria Melo Almeida.
In 2012, a circuit of the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice allowed a woman to adopt her male partner's surname while in a civil union.
Collation
When producing alphabetized lists of Portuguese names, generally the full name is used and sorted by personal names. This occurs mainly in schools or official documents, and it is usually done because many people use multiple different surname combinations in their daily life, or do not use the last surname at all. This makes it difficult to order people by the surnames they use. A typical alphabetized list may look like:
António Borges Santos
António Silva Abreu Melo
Leonor Soares Henriques Pais
Sofia Matilde Almeida Pais
However, in contexts such as a telephone directory or bibliography, the practice of using the (last) surname is preferred:
Melo, António Silva Abreu
Pais, Leonor Soares Henriques
Pais, Sofia Matilde Almeida
Santos, António Borges (or Antônio, used in Brazil)
The conjunctives and affixes preceding or following it, such as "da" and "Filho", are not used. When a full composite surname is known, it is alphabetized according to the first name even if not joined by a hyphen. In case where this is unclear, the last surname should be used. For example:
Chagas Filho, Carlos
Campos, Luís Pereira Siqueira
Sousa, Luís de
As a result of these practices it is common for lists alphabetized by surnames to contain errors when dealing with Portuguese names. Additionally, Portuguese names that have been absorbed into a different culture, such as those of English or French-speakers of Portuguese descent, are generally treated according to the practice of those languages or cultures. The Portuguese-American author John Dos Passos, for example, is referred to as having the surname Dos Passos.
Nicknames
Portuguese nicknames are usually formed by inserting the diminutive infix -inh or -it before the final vowel in the name. For example, Teresa becomes Teresinha (meaning "little Teresa"), and Carlos becomes Carlinhos ("little Carlos"). In some cases, a nickname is formed by adding zinho(a) or -zito(a) – to the actual name. For example, João becomes Joãozinho ("little João") or Sofia becomes Sofiazinha ("little Sofia").
Augmentative suffixes may be used as well, with "Marcos" becoming "Marcão" ("Big Mark"), for example.
Other practices include the repetition of a syllable (Nonô from Leonor, Zezé from José), a simple shortening of the name (Fred from Frederico, Bea or Bia from Beatriz), the contraction of the name (Manel, Mané or Nelo from Manuel), or of a fraction of it (Beto from Alberto or Roberto, Mila from Emília or Camila). A mix of shortening and adding a suffix may also occur (Leco from Leonardo). Sometimes, a foreign-language nickname is used for the corresponding Portuguese name ("Rick" for Ricardo, "Maggie" from Margarida). Most personal names have one or more standard diminutives.
Some typical Portuguese hypocoristics (the ones marked with * are almost exclusively Brazilian):
Adriana= Drica, Adri, Didi, Didica (also applicable to the male equivalent)
Afonso = Afonsinho
Alexandra = Alê*, Xana (not in Brazil, where the word is a slang term for vagina), Alex, Xanda
Alexandre = Alex, Xande, Xando, Xano, Xandinho
Alice = Alicinha, Licinha, Cinha, Lice, Lili
Alzira = Alzi
Amélia = Amelinha, Melita, Mel
Amália = Mália
Amâncio/Amância = Mâncio
Ana = Aninha, Aninhas, Anita, Anoca(s), Nita, Ninha, Nana
Anabela = Bela; Belinha; Belita
Anália = Analinha; Nália
Antônio/António = Tó, Tonho*, Tonhão*, Toni/Tonnie, Tóne, Toninho, Tonico
Augusto/Augusta = Guga, Guto/Guta, Tuto*, Gus* (for males)
Aurélio/Aurélia = Relio/Relia
Bárbara = Bá, Babá, Babi, Barbie
Beatriz = Bia/Bea, Bibi
Bernardo = Nanu; Benas; Bernas; Berna; Ben
Bruna/Bruno = Bru
Camila = Camilinha, Camilita, Mila, Miloca, Mi, Mia, Ca, Caca
Carla = Ca, Caca, Carlinha, Carlita, Carlota
Carlos = Carlinhos, Carlitos, Carlito, Cacá, Calu, Litos
Carlota = Lota
Carolina = Lininha, Lina, Carol, Cacá, Carô*
Cecília = Cilinha, Cila, Cissa, Ceci
Cláudia/Cláudio = Cau, Cacau (generally used to refer to female children), Dinha/Dinho, Claudinha/Claudinho
Cristina/e ou Cristiana/e = Cris, Cristininha, Tina, Tininha
Daiana/e = Dada, Dandinha, Dai*, Nana*
Daniel = Dani, Dan*, Dandan*
Daniela = Dani, Dandan*, Danizinha, Dandinha
Diana = Didi
Diogo = Dioguinho, Dioguito, Di, Didi, Diguinho, Digo, Diga
Eduardo = Edu, Dudu, Dado, Du
Eduarda = Duda, Dada, Du
Elisabete = Bete, Beta, Lisa, Bé, Beti, Betinha
Elvira = Elvirinha, Vira
Emília/Emílio = Emilinha/Emilinho, Mila/Milinha, Milho* (lit. "maize"), Miloca*, Mia*
Eugénia/Eugénio = Geninha/Geninho
Eugênia/Eugênio = Geninha/Geninho
Eurico = Dico
Fábio/Fabiano/a = Fabico, Biano*, Bibi*, Fabi, Bi*, Fá*
Fernando = Fefa, Fernandinho, Nando, Fê*
Fernanda = Fefa, Nanda, Nandinha, Nandita, Fê*
Filipa/Felipa = Filipinha, Lipa, Pipa, Fifi
Filipe/Felipe = Felipinho, Lipe, Pipo, Fili, Phil*
Filomena = Mena, Lumena, Filó
Francisca = Francisquinha, Chica, Chiquinha, Quica/Kika
Francisco = Francisquinho, Chico, Chiquinho, Chiquito, Quico/Kiko, Cisco
Frederico = Fred, Fredy/Freddie, Dico, Drico, Fré, Fu
Gabriel = Gabi (not in Brazil, where it is a feminine nickname), Bibo (not in Brazil, where the word is a slang term for homosexual male), Biel
Gabriela = Gabi, Gabinha, Bia*, Biela*, Bibi*
Gonçalo (a name contemporarily not common to Brazilians) = Gonçalinho, Gonça, Gonças, Gongas, Gonzo (from English influence), Gugu, Guga, Gu
Guilherme = Gui, Guigui, Guile*, Will*, Willy/Willie*, Guiga, Guibinha
Gustavo = Guto, Guga, Gugu, "Gus"
Helena/Heleno (also Elena/Eleno) = Lena/Leno, Leninha/Leninho, Leni/Lennie, Lelê (for females)
Henrique = Rique/Rick*, Riquinho*, Ique, Quique, Quico
Inês = Inesinha, Nê, Nenê/Nené, Nês, Nenoca, Inoca, Inocas, Inuecas, Nessa,
Isabel/Isabela = Bela, Isabelinha, Isabelita, Belinha, Belita, Isa, Béia, Bebel*, Bebela, Beca, Bel
Jaime = Jaiminho, Jaimito, Minho
Joana = Joaninha, Ju, Juju, Jana, Janocas, Jô*, Juca
João = Johnny, Joãozinho, Janjão, Jão, Juca, Joca, Janocas, Bão, Janeca, Jone, Jonh, Jójo
Joaquim = Quim, Joca, Jaquim, Quinzinho, Quincas
Jorge = Jorginho, Jó, Joca, Djódi*
José = Zé, Zezé, Zeca, Zezinho, Jô, Joe
Júlia = Ju, Julinha, Juju
Juliana = Ju, Juju, Juli
Laura/Lauro = Laurinha/Laurinho, Lala (for females), Lalá
Leonardo = Léo, Leozinho, Leco*
Leonor = Nonô, Nô, Léo
Letícia = Lê, Leti, Ticia
Lídia = Lídi, Li, Dida
Lígia = Lili, Lica
Liliana = Lili, Lilas, Liana*, Lana*
Lorena = Lora, Ló, Loló
Lúcia = Lucinha, Luci, Lu
Luís/Luísa = Lu, Luisinho/Luisinha, Luisito/Luisita, Lula*, Lulu; many combinations with Lu and hypocoristics of other names are possibly because Luís is a common first name in Lusophone countries
Lurdes/Lourdes = Lu, Lou, Ludi*
Madalena/Magdalena = Lena, Madá, Mady/Madie/Maddie
Magda = Magdinha, Maguinha
Manuel = Manelinho, Manelocas, Manel, Mané, Maneco, Neco*, Manu (not in Brazil, where it is a feminine nickname), Nelo, Nelito, Nelinho
Manuela = Manela, Manu, Nela, Nelita, Manocas,
Marcelo = Celo, Shelo/Chelo, Tchelo, Celim
Marcos/Marco = Marcão, Marquinhos, Marquito, Caco*
Margarida = Margaridinha, Guida, Guidinha, Maggie
Maria = Bia, Mariazinha, Maricota, Cota, Cotinha, Micas, Mia, Mimi, Mary
Mária/Mário = Marinho/Marinha, Maruca, Má*
Mariana = Marianinha, Marianita, Nita, Mari, Má*
Marlene = Leni, Mary
Marnia = Marni, Marnie
Marta = Martinha, Tata*, Má*
Micael = Micas/Mikas, Mica/Mika
Miguel = Miguelinho, Miguelito, Micas, Mike, Mígui
Nélson = Nelo, Nelinho, Nelito
Nicola/Nicolau/Nicholas = Nico/Niko/Nica, Niquito/Niquita, Lalá (for both genders), Lalau (not in Brazil, where the word is a slang term for thief)
Nuno = Nuninho, Nunito
Octávio/Otávio = Távio, Tavinho
Osvaldo = Vado, Vadinho, Valdinho, Vavá, Ósvi, Valdo
Patrícia = Pati/Paty/Páti/Patie, Pátri, Pat, Ticha/Tixa, Tiça
Paula/Paulo = Paulinho/Paulinha, Pauleta
Pedro = Pedrinho, Pedrito, Pepê, Pedrocas, Peu (particularly in Bahia)
Rafael = Rafa, Rafe, Fael
Rafaela = Rafa, Rafinha
Renata/Renato = Rê*, Renatinha/Renatinho, Nata/Nato*
Ricardo = Cado, Cadinho, Ricardinho, Rico, Rick
Rita = Ritinha, Ri
Roberto = Betinho, Berto, Beto, Tinho*
Rodolfo = Rô*, Rodas
Rodrigo = Digo, Diguinho, Rúdri, Rody, Rud/Rudy
Rosa = Ró, Rosinha, Rose*
Rui = Ruca, Ruizinho
Salvador = Sássá, Salva, Salvas, Sal
Sara = Sarinha, Sarocas
Sebastião = Sebastiãozinho, Bastião, Tião, Tão, Babá*, Sebas, Sebasti
Sofia = Pipia, Sofi, Fi*, Sô*
Susana = Susaninha, Su, Suse, Susy/Suzy
Teresa = Teresinha, Té, Teté/Tetê
Tiago = Tiaguinho, Ti, Guinho*
Tomé = Tomézinho
Vera = Verinha, Veroca, Verusca, Verita
Victor/Vítor = Tó, Vitinho, Vic
Victória/Vitória = Vivi, Vicky
Y/Iolanda = Yoyô, Ioiô, Landa
Other hypocoristics are associated with common two name combinations:
Cadu (Carlos Eduardo)
Caíque (Carlos Henrique)
Cajó (Carlos Jorge)
Gal (Maria da Graça)
Joca/Juca (João Carlos)
Jomi (João Miguel)
Malu/Milú (Maria Luísa, Maria de Lurdes, Maria Lúcia)
Maricota (Maria da Conceição)
Mazé, Mizé (Maria José)
Maju (Maria Júlia)
Miju (Maria de Jesus)
Mitó (Maria Antónia)
Tó-Jó (António Jorge)
Tó-Pê (António Pedro)
Tozé (António José)
Zeca (José Carlos)
Zeza (Maria José)
Zezé (Maria José)
A hypocoristics can receive the suffix -inho/-inha (meaning "little") giving a more intense feeling of protection or intimacy, such as Chiquinho (from Chico, the hypocoristics for Francisco), Xandinho (from Xando, for Alexandre), Zequinha (form Zeca, for José).
Brazilian-specific patterns
Children of immigrants
In Brazil, recent immigrants – especially Italians, Germans, Jews and Japanese – usually give their sons only the father's family surname. Although there is no legal restriction on this practice, assimilation usually leads to a shift toward a Portuguese pattern in succeeding generations.
Today one can find people who use two Italian surnames (like "Gardi Bianchini") or two Japanese surnames (like "Sugahara Uemura"), a practice that is unusual in Italy and nonexistent in Japan. Having two surnames from different non-Portuguese origin is also not uncommon, such as the Brazilian celebrity Sabrina Sato Rahal, of Japanese and Swiss-Lebanese descent. Particularly common are German-Italian combinations (Becker Bianchini, for instance), especially in Rio Grande do Sul.
The Spanish pattern is in many ways similar, but the father's surname usually precedes the mother's, unlike Portuguese usage. Almost all of the first Spanish-Brazilian born generation were named in order of the family surnames of the Portuguese pattern.
São Paulo State area
A specific pattern developed among the descendants of 20th-century immigrants: they use only their father's surname and two personal names, the first is a Portuguese personal name and the second one is a personal name from their father's original country.
This pattern is most used among Japanese and Syrian-Lebanese immigrants sons and grandsons. So one can find names like "Paulo Salim Maluf" where Paulo is a Portuguese personal name, Salim is an Arabic personal name, and Maluf is his father's surname; or "Maria Heiko Sugahara" where Maria is a Portuguese personal name, Heiko a Japanese personal name and Sugahara is her father's surname. This practice allows the person to be recognized as "Paulo Maluf" or "Maria Sugahara" in the large Brazilian society, and as "Salim Maluf" or "Heiko Sugahara" in their immigrant social community.
This pattern used to be quite common in São Paulo. Intermarriage has reduced this practice, but it is still commonly used when both parents belong to the same ethnic group. Younger generations tend to use both the father's and the mother's family name, thus giving four names to their children (like "Paulo Salim Lutfalla Maluf" or "Maria Heiko Sugahara Uemura").
Origin of Portuguese surnames
Before Romans entered the territory of present-day Portugal, the native people identified themselves by a single name, or that name followed by a patronym. The names could be Celtic (Mantaus), Lusitanian (Casae), Iberian (Sunua) or Conii (Alainus). The names were clearly ethnic and some typical of a tribe or region. A slow adoption of the Roman onomastic occurred after the end of the first century AD, with the adoption of a Roman name or of the tria nomina: praenomen (given name), nomen (gentile) and cognomen.
Most Portuguese surnames have a patronymical, locative or religious origin.
Surnames originating from patronymics
Patronymics are names derived from the father's personal name that, many centuries ago, began to be used as surnames. They are a common form of surnames in the lands where Portuguese is spoken and also have developed in many other languages.
In Portuguese, patronymics are surnames such as Henriques, Pires, Rodrigues, Lopes, Nunes, Mendes, Fernandes, Gonçalves, Esteves and Álvares, where the ending -es means (son of).
Some surnames that originated in this way do not end in es; instead they end in iz, like Muniz (son of Monio) and Ruiz (son of Ruy), or ins, like Martins (son of Martim).
Although most Portuguese surnames ending in -es are former patronymics, some family names with -es- endings are not patronymics, but toponymics, such as Tavares, Cortês and Chaves.
Some surnames are equal to personal names, such as Joana Fernando, or André João, in which "Fernando" and "João" are surnames. It is rather improbable that those are patronymics; more likely they originated with people with no surnames, who were given two names for the sake of enhanced individuality. One can find today in Portugal and Brazil people who still use surnames that for other people are just personal names, although they were passed from parents to sons for generations, such as Valentim, Alexandre, Fernando, Afonso (note the family name de Melo Afonso) and Antonio (note de Melo Antonio). Names like Dinis, Duarte, Garcia and Godinho were originally personal names, but today they are used in Brazil almost exclusively as surnames, although Duarte and Dinis are still common personal names in Portugal.
Matronymics (surnames derived from female personal names) are not used in Portuguese. Surnames such as "Catarino" (from Catarina) and "Mariano" (meaning related to Maria) are rather references to Catholic saints (probably originating with the practice of giving a child the name of the saint of the day in which he or she was born).
Some former patronymics are not easily recognized, for two main reasons. Sometimes the personal name that was the basis of the patronymic became archaic, such as Lopo (the basis of Lopes), Mendo or Mem (Mendes), Soeiro (Soares), Munio (Muniz), Sancho (Sanches). Also, often the personal names or the related patronymic changed through centuries, although always some resemblance can still be noted – such as Antunes (son of Antão or Antonio), Peres (son of Pero, archaic form of Pedro), Alves (from Álvares, son of Álvaro), and Eanes (from mediaeval Iohannes, son of João).
Locative surnames
A large number of surnames are locative, related to the geographical origin of a person, such as the name of a village, town, city, land, river. Such surnames like Almeida, Andrada or Andrade, Barcelos, Barros, Bastos, Braga, Beira (edge), Castelo Branco, Cintra (from Sintra), Coimbra, Faria, Gouveia, Guimarães, Lima (the name of a river, not meaning lime), Lisboa (Lisbon), Maia, Mascarenhas (a civil parish of Mirandela, Portugal), Pacheco (from village of Pacheca), Porto (Oporto), Portugal, Serpa, Leão (from León).
Some names specify a location of the family's house within the village: Fonte (by the fountain), Fontoira/Fontoura (golden fountain), Azenha (by the water-mill), Eira (by the threshing-floor), Tanque (by the community cistern), Fundo (on the lower part of the village), Cimo/Cima (on the upper part of the village), Cabo (on the far end of the village), Cabral (near the field where the goats graze). In some cases, the family name may not be a locative, but an indication of ownership.
Surnames were also derived from geological or geographical forms, such as Pedroso (stony or full of pebbles land), Rocha (rock), Souza/Sousa (from Latin saxa, a place with seixos, or pebbles), Vale (valley, dale), Bierzo (mountain), Ribeiro/Rivero (little river, creek, brook), Siqueira/Sequeira (a non-irrigated land), Castro (ruins of ancient buildings, equivalent to English Chester), Dantas (from d'Antas, a place with antas, i.e. prehistoric stone monuments or dolmens), Costa (coast), Pedreira (quarry), Barreira (clay quarry), Couto (fenced site), Outeiro (hill or hillock),Vilar/Villar (from Latin "villagio", a village), Seixas (pebbles), Veiga/Vega (banks of a river), Córdoba/Córdova (hill near the river), Padrão (rock or stone), Celanova (barn or reservoir).
Names of trees or plantations are also locative surnames, originally related to identifying a person who lived near or inside a plantation, an orchard or a place with a characteristic kind of vegetation. Names such as Silva and Matos (woods, forest), Campos (meadows), Teixeira (a place covered with yew trees), Queirós (a kind of grass), Cardoso (a place covered with cardos, i.e. with cardoons or thistles), Correia (a place covered with corriolas or correas, a kind of plant), Macedo (an apple tree garden), Azevedo (a forest of azevinho, a holly wood), Amaral (a plantation of amara, a bitter grape used to make wine), and Arruda (a place with large amounts of Rue, an ornamental plant and herb), fit this pattern.
Tree names are very common locative surnames – Oliveira/Olivera (olive tree), Carvalho (oak tree), Servia (from serba, i.e. a sort of sorbus or serbal tree), Pinheiro (pine tree), Pereira/Pereyra (pear tree), Pêro/Pero (wild apple tree), Pereiro/Do Pereyro (apple tree), Aciveiro (holly tree), Moreira (mulberry tree), Macedo/Macieira (apple tree), Filgueira/Figueira (fern tree or cyatheales), Loureiro/Laureiro (laurel tree), Parreira (grape tree). There is the case of Pereira/Pereyra which is not only a tree. In the old documentations of the Portuguese language also appears as a variant of Pedreira or Pedreiro and this means "stone quarry".
Religious surnames
Surnames with religious meanings or connotations are common. It is possible that some of these originated from an ancestor who converted to Catholicism and intended or needed to demonstrate his new faith. Another possible source of religious names were orphans who were abandoned in the churches and raised in Catholic orphanages by priests and nuns. They were usually baptized with a name related to the date near when they were found or baptized. Another possible source is when religious personal names (expressing a special devotion by the parents or the god-parents, or the child's birth date) were adopted as family names.
Religious names includes de Jesus (of Jesus), dos Reis (of the kings, from the day of the Epiphany of the Lord, the Day of the Wise Kings), Ramos (branches, from Palm Sunday, the Sunday before Easter), Pascoal (of Easter), da Assunção (of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary), do Nascimento (of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary or the Nativity of Jesus – Christmas), da Visitação (of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary), da Anunciação (of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary), da Conceição (of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary), Trindade (from Trinity Sunday), do Espírito Santo (of the Holy Ghost, from the Feast of the Holy Ghost), das Chagas (of wounds, from the Feast of the Five Wounds of Christ), Graça (grace, from Our Lady of Grace), Patrocínio (patronage, from Our Lady of Patronage), Paz (peace, from Our Lady Mediatrix of Peace), Luz (light, from Our Lady of the Divine Light), Neves (snows, from Our Lady of the Snows), Penha (cliff, bluff, from Our Lady of the Bluff of France, that in Spanish is called Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia), das Dores (of sorrows, from Our Lady of Sorrows), Bonfim (good end, from Our Lord of Good Death), das Virgens (of the virgins martyrs), dos Anjos (of angels, from the Archangels Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel day), São João (Saint John), Santana (Saint Ann), Santos (from 'Todos os Santos', i.e. from All Hallows or All Saints day; Santos comes from the Latin sanctus, which also originated other variants, such as Sanctius, Santious, Sancti, Santis, Santi, Sante or Santé, Santiz, Santiso or Santizo and Santotis) and Cruz (Cross, the most common surname among the Belmonte Jews).
An orphan with unknown parents or a converted (Jew, African slave, or Native Brazilian) person was frequently baptized with the name of a saint, such as João Baptista (from Saint John the Baptist), João Evangelista (from Saint John the Evangelist), João de Deus (from Saint John of God), António de Pádua (from Saint Anthony of Padova), João Nepomuceno (from Saint John of Nepomuk), Francisco de Assis (from Saint Francis of Assisi), Francisco de Paula (from Saint Francis of Paola), Francisco de Salles (from Saint Francis de Salles), Inácio de Loiola (from Saint Ignatius of Loyola), Tomás Aquino (from Saint Thomas Aquinas), José de Calazans (from Saint Joseph of Calasanz), or José de Cupertino (from Saint Joseph of Cupertino). After that, they usually passed only the second personal name (Batista, Evangelista, de Deus, Pádua, Nepomuceno, Assis, de Paula, Sales, Loiola, Aquino, Calazans or Cupertino) to their sons as a surname.
A surname such as Xavier could have originated from someone baptized after Saint Francis Xavier or from the old Portuguese family Xavier.
Descriptive surnames
Some surnames are possible descriptions of a peculiar characteristic of an ancestor, originating from nicknames.
These include names like Veloso (wooly or hairy), Vergueiro (one that bends), Medrado (grown-up), Porciúncula (small part, small piece), Magro (thin), Magriço (skinny), Gago (stutterer, stammerer), Galhardo (gallant, chivalrous), Terrível (terrible), Penteado (hairdressing, the nickname of a branch of the German Werneck family whose members used to wear wigs), Romeiro (a pilgrim) Verdugo/Berdugo ("Tree branch" or 'Executioner").
Profession and occupation surnames
Portuguese surnames that originated from professions or occupations are few, such as Serrador (sawman), Monteiro (hunter of the hills or woods guard), Guerreiro (warrior), Caldeira (cauldron, i.e. cauldron maker), Cubas (wooden barrels, i.e., barrel maker or cooper), Carneiro (sheep, for a shepherd), Peixe (fish, for a fisherman or a fishmonger).
Foreign-origin surnames
Some Portuguese names originated from foreigners who came to live in Portugal or Brazil many centuries ago. They are so ancient that, despite their known foreign origin, they are an integrated part of Portuguese and Brazilian cultures.
Most of these names are Spanish, such as Toledo (a city in Spain), Ávila or Dávila (a city in Spain) and Padilha. Other common "foreign" surnames are Bettencourt or Bittencourt (from Béthencourt, French), Goulart, Goulard or Gullar (French, original meaning is glutton), Fontenele or Fontenelle (French, from fountain), Rubim (from Robin, French), Alencastro, Lencastre (from Lancaster, English), Drummond (Scottish), Werneck, Vernek or Berneque (southern German, the name of the Bavarian city Werneck), Wanderley (from van der Ley, Flemish), Dutra (from De Ultra, a Latin name meaning "from beyond" assumed by the Flemish family Van Hurtere), Brum (from Bruyn, Flemish), Bulcão (from Bulcamp, Flemish), Dulmo (from van Olm, Flemish), Acioli (Italian), Doria (Italian), Cavalcanti (Italian), Netto or Neto (Italian, not to be confused with the name suffix "Neto" ("grandson") that is used in Portuguese to distinguish a grandson and grandfather who bear the same names).
The question of Portuguese Jewish surnames
It is a popular belief that the Jews living in Portugal up to 1497, when they were forced to choose between conversion or expulsion, substituted their surnames with the names of trees that do not bear edible fruits, such as Carvalho (oak tree) and Junqueira (reed, bulrush, junk). Others say that they usually chose animal Leão (Lion); plant/vegetable Pimentel (pepper); fruit such as Figo (fig) and Moreira (berry); and tree names such as Pereira (pear tree) or Oliveira (olive tree), in this case trees that bear edible fruits. However, even these names were already used by Christians during the Middle Ages; these surnames were mostly used by the converted Jews (conversos, new Christians) during the time the Inquisition existed.
Another family name usually pointed out as denoting Jewish ancestry is Espírito Santo (Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost) and Verdugo/Berdugo (Branch of a Tree / Executioner). The rationale is that Jews would adopt as a family name an (apparently) Christian concept as a deception. In fact, they were choosing the most incorporeal Trinity person, that is, the one that offended least their (secret) Jewish faith. This theory is not totally unfounded, as there is evidence that the cult around the Holy Spirit flourished after 1496, especially among New Christians. This does not rule out that "Espírito Santo" was also adopted by faithful Christians, following the rationale of other religious surnames.
The Portuguese Jews living in Portugal up to 1497 bore personal names that could distinguish them from the Christian population. Most of these names are Portuguese versions of older Semitic (Arabian, Hebrew, Aramaic) names like Abenazo, Abencobra, Aboab, Abravanel, Albarrux, Azenha, Benafull, Benafaçom, Benazo, Caçez, Cachado, Çaçom/Saçom, Carraf, Carilho, Cide/Cid, Çoleima, Faquim, Faracho, Faravom, Fayham/Fayam, Focem, Çacam/Sacam, Famiz, Gadim, Gedelha, Labymda, Latam/Latão, Loquem, Lozora, Maalom, Maçon, Maconde, Mocatel, Mollaão, Montam, Motaal, Rondim, Rosall, Samaia/Çamaya, Sanamel, Saraya, Tarraz, Tavy/Tovy, Toby, Varmar, Verdugo/Berdugo, Zaaboca, Zabocas, Zaquim, Zaquem. Some were locative names, not necessarily specific to Jewish populations, like Catelaão/Catalão (Catalan), Castelão/Castelhão (Castilian), Crescente (crescent, from Turkey), Medina (Medinah), Romano (Roman), Romão, Romeiro, Tolledam/Toledano (from Toledo), Vallency (Valencia) and Vascos (Basque); some were patronymics from Biblical names like Abraão (Abraham), Lázaro (Lazar), Barnabé, Benjamim, Gabril (Gabriel), Muça (Moses) and Natam (Nathan); some are profession names such as Caldeirão (cauldron), Martelo (hammer), Pexeiro (fishmonger), Chaveirol (locksmith) and Prateiro (silversmith); some are nicknames such as Calvo (bald), Dourado (golden, like the German Goldfarb), Ruivo (red-headed), Crespo (curly), Querido (beloved) and Parente (family relative). A few names are not distinct from old Portuguese surnames like Camarinha, Castro, Crespim.
Some scholars proved that the converted Portuguese Jews usually chose a patronymic as their new surname and, when the conversion was not forced, they would choose to bear the surname of their godfather.
The Jewish-Portuguese community that flourished in the Netherlands and Hamburg, Germany, after their expulsion from Portugal used surnames such as Camargo, Costa, Fonseca, Pimentel, Dias, Pinto, and Silveira.
Some of the most famous descendants of Portuguese Jews who lived outside Portugal are the philosopher Baruch Spinoza (in Portugal Bento de Espinosa), the British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli and the classical economist David Ricardo. Other famous members of the Portuguese Synagogue of Amsterdam bore names such as Uriel da Costa (or Uriel Acosta), Abraham Pimentel - Rabbi of the Portuguese synagogue of Amsterdam, Isaac Aboab da Fonseca, Isaac de Pinto and Menasseh ben Israel (whose original surname was Soeiro).
The Belmonte Jews (crypto-Jews from the Belmonte region in Portugal) also bear surnames that cannot be used to distinguish them from the older Catholic Portuguese families. Using tree names as surnames was not a common practice among converted or non-converted Portuguese Jews, before or after their expulsion in 1497.
Frequency
Most common surnames in Portugal and Brazil
These are some most frequent surnames in Portugal:
According to a large scale study of names extracted from various social networking websites, the most common surnames in Brazil are:
Most common names in Portugal and Brazil
According to the newspaper Público, the most common personal names in Portugal, for 105,000 children born in 2008 were:
According to the IBGE the most common personal names in Brazil in 2010 were:
According to the Certidão de Nascimento Website, the top 10 most common personal names in Brazil in 2014 were:
Brazilian names
Brazilian surnames
Giving Portuguese surnames to Afro-Brazilians and native Brazilians
Until abolition of slavery, slaves did not have surnames, only personal names. They were even forbidden to use their distinct African or Native Brazilian names and were christened with a Portuguese personal name. While slavery persisted, slaves needed to have distinct names only within the plantation (fazenda or engenho) to which they belonged.
It was a common practice to name free slaves after their former owners, so all their descendants have the Portuguese surnames of their former owner.
Indigenous people who were not slaves also chose to use their godparents' surnames as their own.
Religious names are also more common among people with African or native Brazilian ancestors than among people with only European ancestors. A slave who had just a personal name like Francisco de Assis (from Saint Francis of Assisi) could use the partial name de Assis as a surname, since the connective – de – gives the appearance of surname.
The practice of naming Afro-Brazilians with religious surnames was proved even by some indirect approaches. Medical researchers demonstrated that there is a statistical correlation between a religious name and genetic diseases related to African ancestry such as the sickle-cell disease. Due to miscegenation, the correlation exists even among white people that have religious surnames.
It was also common to name indigenous people and freed slaves with surnames which were already very common such as Silva or Costa. That is why Silva is the most common surname in Brazil.
Surnames originated from Native Brazilian words
In the years following Brazil's independence, some old Brazilians families changed their surnames to surnames derived from Tupian languages as a patriotic way to emphasize the new Fatherland. Some of these names are still spelled with Portuguese old orthography, but some are spelled according to the new rules. These names, following the old orthography, include:
Native Brazilian nations or tribes: Tupinambá, Tabajara, Carijó, Goytacaz, Guarany, Tamoyo (the name of a confederation of many tribes that fought the first Portuguese settlers);
Brazilian trees: Jatobá, Mangabeira (mangaba tree), Pitangui (pitanga tree), Sarahyba, Palmeira (palm tree), Goiabeira (guava tree);
Typical Brazilian fruits: Pitanga, Muricy, Guaraná (a Brazilian family with Dutch ancestors changed their surname from Van Ness to Guaraná);
Famous Native Brazilian chiefs: Cayubi, Tibiriçá, Paraguaçu (big river, sea, in Tupian language), Piragibe (fish's arm, in Tupian language).
Due to emigration, nowadays one can find these surnames even in Portugal.
Brazilian locative surnames
Some Brazilian surnames, like some old Portuguese surnames, are locative surnames that denote the original place where the ancestor who first used it was born or lived. Like surnames that originated from words, this practice started during the patriotic years that followed Brazil's Independence.
These are surnames like Brasil (Brazil), Brasiliense (Brazilian), Brasileiro (also Brazilian), América, Americano (American), Bahiense (from Bahia city, today called Salvador), Cearense (from Ceará State) and Maranhão (from Maranhão State)
Some of these are toponyms derived from Tupian languages such as:
Brazilian rivers: Capibaribe (Capibaras' river in Tupian language), Parahyba (from Paraíba do Sul river, not related to the northern Paraíba river, Paraíba State, or Paraíba city, today called João Pessoa);
Brazilian places: Pirassununga (snoring fish, in Tupian language), Piratininga (dried fish, in Tupian language), Carioca (from Rio de Janeiro city, originally meant white man house in Tupian language).
Due to immigration, nowadays one can find these surnames even in Portugal.
Some locative surnames derived indirectly as the result of its incorporation by the family after the Imperial nobility title of an ancestor. During the times of Emperor Pedro II, non-hereditary nobilities titles would be granted to notable persons, generally statesmen. The title (but no lordship) would be granted and named after a location, as in Europe, generally owned by the notable. At their death, the family in order to maintain the reference to the title would adopt them, to the point that many Brazilians still believe these are hereditary.
Thus surnames like:
Rio Branco (from Barão de Rio Branco, i.e., José Maria da Silva Paranhos), Jaguaribe (from Barão de Jaguaribe), Ouro Preto (from Visconde de Ouro Preto), Paranaguá (from the various Marqueses de Paranaguá as the title would be granted to more than one notable), Araripe (Barão de Araripe), Suassuna (Barão de Suassuna), etc...
Non-Portuguese surnames in Brazil
Despite the lesser variation in Portuguese surnames, immigration from other countries (mainly from Italy, Spain, Germany, France, Netherlands, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, the United Kingdom, Syria, Lebanon, Japan, United States and more recently China, Korea, Africa, Hispanic America and Haiti) increased the diversity of surnames in Brazil.
Some foreign surnames were misspelled after many generations and today cannot be recognized in their original country (the French-Swiss family name Magnan changed to Manhães after some decades). Some misspelled foreign surnames are hardly recognized by speakers of the original language such as Collor (from German Köhler), Chamareli (from Italian Sciammarelli) and Branquini (from Italian Bianchini). Sometimes, different rules of romanization were applied to Japanese and Arabic names (like Nacamura and Nakamura, Yamaguchi and Iamaguti, Sabag and Sappak, Bukhalil and Bucalil).
Thus there are extensively adapted or misspelled foreign surnames used by Brazilian descendants of non-Portuguese immigrants. Due to emigration, nowadays one can find these misspelled surnames even in their original country.
Immigrants' surnames
Although not so widely used as in the United States, immigrants used to change their surname to show assimilation or to avoid social discrimination in Brazil.
This practice was most used during World War II by Italian immigrants because Italy was an enemy country for a few years. As Italians are Catholics and were easily assimilated in the larger Brazilian society, the practice was not perceived and almost forgotten after a single generation.
The new Portuguese surname was generally chosen based on the original meaning of the foreign surname (Olivetto, Olivetti or Oliva sometimes changed to Oliveira). Sometimes the new surname had only a phonetic resemblance with the foreign one (the Italian surnames Livieiro and Salviani sometimes were changed to Oliveira and Silva.
Respectful treatment using hypocoristics
In Brazil, until the first half of the 20th century, very important people could be called in a very respectful – but not formal – way using a social or military title and a childish hypocoristics of their personal name, such as "Coronel Tonico" (Colonel Tony), "Comendador Paulinho" (Commander Little Paul), "Dona Chica" (Lady Little Frances"), Sinhá Mariquinha (Mrs. Little Mary, sinhá is a popular pronunciation of senhora, i.e. Mrs.). Although an American president could be called Bill (Clinton) or Jimmy (Carter) by the press, this practice was used in Brazil as a much more respectful treatment and never in a formal way.
Some sociologists have suggested that members of the Brazilian upper classes were often raised by slave women who called them using a hypocoristics, and that childish name continued to be used, but in a respectful way, when they grew up.
Today, this practice is not so widespread, but one can find people informally, but respectfully, called "Seu Zé" (Mr Joe, Seu is a short Mister) or "Dona Ritinha" (Lady Little Rita).
Adding personal names to surnames
In Brazil, descendants of famous people sometimes use a surname composed of both the personal name and the surname of their ancestor, like Ruy Barbosa, Vital Brasil, Miguel Pereira and Lafayette Rodrigues families. Such practice allows them to be easily recognised by other people as descendants of their famous ancestor. Such a pattern is rare.
Personal names
Personal names of foreign origin
In Portugal, newborn children can only be named from a list of personal names permitted by Civil Law. Names are required to be spelt according to the rules of Portuguese orthography and to be a part of Portuguese-language onomastic (traditionally names in Portugal were based on the calendar of saints). Thus in Portugal the personal names show little variation, as traditional names are favoured over modern ones. Examples of popular Portuguese names are António, João, José, Francisco, Pedro or Manuel (for men) and Maria, Ana, Isabel, Teresa or Joana (for women). In recent decades there has been a popularity rise for ancient historical names such as Gonçalo, Bernardo, Vasco, Afonso, Leonor, Catarina or Beatriz. If one of the parents is not Portuguese or has double citizenship, foreign names are allowed, as long as the parents present a document proving the requested name is allowed in their country of origin. In the past, immigrant children who were born abroad were required to adopt a Portuguese name in order to become Portuguese citizens – an example is tennis player Michelle de Brito, whose legal name is Micaela. This practice no longer applies.
In Brazil, there is no legal restriction on naming a newborn child, unless the personal name has a meaning that can humiliate or embarrass those who bear it.
Brazilians living far from the big cities or lower-class people are prone to create new personal names, joining the names of the parents or classical names, changing the spelling of foreign names or even using foreign suffixes that – they may believe – give a sophisticated or modern sound to the new name (e.g. Maurren – from Maureen -, Deivid – from David, Robisson).
Foreign surnames are also widely used as personal names such as Wagner, Mozart, Donizetti, Lamartine, Danton, Anderson, Emerson, Edison, Franklin, Nelson, Wilson, Washington, Jefferson, Jensen, Kennedy, Lenin, Newton, Nobel, Rosenberg, Alextricia (combination of Alexander and Patricia) and Ocirema (Americo in reverse). Originally these names showed the political, artistic or scientific admiration of the parents who first used them to name their sons. (See also Spelling section of this article).
Personal names originating from Native Brazilian names
During the reign of the second Emperor, Dom Pedro II, the Native Brazilian was used as the symbol of the Empire. At this time, Brazilian people started to use Native Brazilian names as personal names. Some are among the most popular until nowadays.
These are names like Araci, Caubi, Guaraci, Iara, Iberê, Ioná, Jaci, Janaína, Jandira, Juçara, Juraci, Jurema, Maiara, Moacir, Moema, Ubiratã, Ceci, Iracema, Peri and Ubirajara (the last four taken from José de Alencar's works).
Recently, Brazilians have started to use other personal names of Native Brazilian origin like Rudá (love, after Rudá, god of love in Tupi-Guarani mythology), Cauã and Cauê (hawk), although their use connotes the hippie culture.
Indexing
According to the Chicago Manual of Style, Portuguese and Lusophone names are indexed by the final element of the name, and this practice differs from the indexing of Spanish and Hispanophone names. Yet the male lineage (paternal grandfather's) surname is still the one indexed for both Spanish and Portuguese names.
See also
Portuguese alphabet
Nogueira Ferrão
Spanish naming customs
Notes
External links
Direcção Geral de Registos e Notariados – Nomes admitidos – List of first names admitted by law (Portugal)
NampediA Blog – Rhythm of Renewal in Brazilian Names – article about Brazilian names
Portugal and Czech popular surnames
Names by culture
Name, Portuguese
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese%20name
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The N13 is a trunk road (route nationale) in France between Paris and Cherbourg.
Route
Paris to Évreux, km 0 to km 91
The road begins at Porte Maillot, one of former gates in western Paris, in direct alignment with the Champs-Élysées. Continuing on this alignment, the road reaches La Défense after crossing the Seine. Then, as the Boulevard circulaire, orbits around La Défense. To the west of La Défense, the A14 autoroute leaves Paris towards Orgeval and the A13 autoroute.
Breaking from its previous straight course, the N13 follows the curves of the river Seine to reach Saint-Germain-en-Laye, passing Nanterre, Le Port-Marly on the way. Exiting Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Chambourcy, the N13 resumes a linear course towards Normandy, crossing the A13 autoroute at Orgeval.
The road heads West through Aubergenville and Mantes-la-Jolie. At Bonnières-sur-Seine the N 15 to Le Havre branches off North-West while the N 13 heads West. The road crosses the A13 again through rolling countryside to Pacy-sur-Eure and then to Évreux. There, a junction here with the RN154 was built in the 1990s following the upgrading of the N154 to motorway status from Louviers to La Madeleine-de-Nonancourt.
Évreux to Caen, km 91 to km 210
The road between Évreux and Caen follows a straight course of a former Roman road linking Paris to Normandy. The road crosses the river Risle and the A28 autoroute at La Rivière-Thibouville. The road bypasses the town of Lisieux before dropping into the Plaine de Caen, where it crosses the river Dives. The road then heads Northwest into Caen in which the N13 is now de-classified.
Caen to Cherbourg km 210 to km 331
After Caen, the road continues northwest past the Ardenne Abbey and around the historic town of Bayeux. The road's old course out of Bayeux has been numbered RD 513 while the new road, a dual carriageway, follows a non-linear course towards Carentan. The road passes the small town of Carentan and turns North towards Valognes and then the port of Cherbourg. Carentan bypass, built between 1994 and 1996, goes underneath the Canal de Carentan, where signals control access to the tunnel below the waterway.
Declassification
The course of the RN 13 has changed little since its creation but has been largely renumbered and its maintenance is mainly in the hands of local authorities; DDE. The N13 has been completely de-classified between Paris and Chauffour-lès-Bonnières (except in Neuilly-sur-Seine and in Saint-Germain-en-Laye) and between Parville and Caen.
Although the road remains heavily used, traffic has diminished since the opening of the A13 autoroute.
References
013
Transport in Normandy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%2013
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Royal Air Force Fiskerton or more simply RAF Fiskerton was a Royal Air Force station located north of the Lincolnshire village of Fiskerton, east of Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England. The airfield closed at the end of the war in 1945 being a satellite to RAF Scampton and very little now exists. The station was home to some 2000 personnel during the war, and various technical sites were in what is now the village of Fiskerton. A small cluster of semi-derelict buildings still exist and are still in use at the end of the present village on the road out to short ferry. Drake's view is the entrance to these old buildings.
History
It was one of many new bomber airfields built in the early part of the Second World War. The airfield was situated north of the village. It was one of only 15 RAF airfields equipped with FIDO, a fog-clearing system utilising petrol pumped through pipes alongside the main runway and burned via a sequence of nozzles.
No. 49 Squadron RAF and No. 576 Squadron RAF were stationed at RAF Fiskerton. 49 Squadron took part in the Peenemünde raid on the research and development centre for the V2 missile. 576 Squadron took part in the raid on Hitler's hideout at Berchtesgaden and in Operation Manna.
During WWII, Billy Strachan, who would go onto become a pioneer of Black civil rights in Britain, took part in 15 bombing missions from RAF Fiskerton as a member of 576 Squadron.
Between 1962 and 1992 a Headquarters of the Royal Observer Corps was located within the airfield boundary.
The following units were here at some point:
No. 61 Maintenance Unit RAF
No. 93 Maintenance Unit RAF
No. 141 Squadron RAF
No. 150 Squadron RAF with the Lancaster
No. 255 Maintenance Unit RAF
No. 1514 (Beam Approach Training) Flight RAF
No. 1690 Bomber (Defence) Training Flight RAF
No. 2753 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 2799 Squadron RAF Regiment
Current use
Very little now remains of the old airfield. Land which once formed part of the aerodrome was donated by the owner, the late Geoff Stuffin, so a memorial to 49 and 576 Squadrons could be erected. Today the memorial can be found on the side of the road near the old main runway together with a plaque recording the generosity of Mr Stuffin. The majority of the rest of the airfield was handed back to the farmers.
Gallery
See also
List of former Royal Air Force stations
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
FiskertonAirfield.org.uk
Airfields & Aviation Memorials
'' RAF Fiskerton in the IBCC Digital Archive.
Royal Air Force stations in Lincolnshire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF%20Fiskerton
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Vincent Fella Rune Møller Hendricks (born 6 March 1970) is a Danish philosopher and logician. He holds a doctoral degree (PhD) and a habilitation (dr.phil) in philosophy and is Professor of Formal Philosophy and Director of the Center for Information and Bubble Studies (CIBS) at University of Copenhagen, Denmark. He was previously Professor of Formal Philosophy at Roskilde University, Denmark. He is member of IIP, the Institut International de Philosophie in Paris.
Work
Hendricks's work deals with modern mathematical and philosophical logic and concentrates primarily on bringing mainstream and formal approaches to epistemology together — from epistemic reliabilism, counterfactual epistemology and contextualism to epistemic logic, formal learning theory and what is called 'modal operator epistemology'. Modal operator epistemology, developed first by Hendricks in The Convergence of Scientific Knowledge (Dordrecht: Springer, 2001), since developed further in a number of papers and books – see in particular Mainstream and Formal Epistemology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, winner of CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title 2006) – is the cocktail obtained by mixing alethic, tense and epistemic logic with elements from formal learning theory in order to study the limiting validity of convergent knowledge.
Vincent F. Hendricks is editor-in-chief of Synthese Library and New Waves in Philosophy, he is also the first founder of ΦLOG – The Network for Philosophical Logic and Its Applications and chief editor of ΦNEWS – The Newsletter for Philosophical Logic and Its Applications.
In 2008, Vincent F. Hendricks was awarded the Elite Research Prize by the Danish Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation and HRH Crown Princess Mary. In 2008 he was awarded the Roskilde Festival Elite Research Prize.
Controversies
In 2012, Hendricks attracted criticism from some philosophers for doing a photo shoot that depicts young women dressed in sexy school uniforms in a classroom setting and presenting it on his web site. Hendricks later withdrew the pictures from his web site and apologized. The photos were taken as part of a charity drive arranged by a Danish-language charity "Youmeshopping".
Authored and edited books
The Ministry of Truth: BigTech's Influence on Facts, Feelings and Fictions [with Camilla Mehlsen] (New York: Springer Nature, 2022)
Sandhedsministeriet: Techplatformenes indflydelse på tidens fakta, følelser og fortællinger [med Camilla Mehlsen] (København: Informations Forlag, 2021)
Vend Verden: Genvind autonomien i en digital tidsalder (København: Politikens Forlag, 2020)
Hovedbrud: Naturvidenskab og filosofi [med Johan Olsen] (København: Gads Forlag, 2020)
Reality Lost: Markets of Attention, Manipulation and Misinformation [with Mads Vestergaard] (New York: Springer Nature, 2019)
Postfaktisch: Die neue Wirklichkeit in Zeiten von Bullshit, Fake News und Verschwörungstheorien [with Mads Vestergaard] (München: Blessing Verlag / Penguin Books - Random House, 2018)
Kæmp for kloden: Når politik, videnskab og erhvervsliv sammen tager ansvar [med Claus Strue Frederiksen] (København: Gyldendal, 2018)
Introduction to Formal Philosophy [edited with Sven Ove Hansson and Esther Michelsen Kjeldahl] (Dordrecht: Springer, 2018)
FAKE NEWS: Når virkeligheden taber [with Mads Vestergaard] (København: Gyldendal, 2017)
Spræng boblen: Sådan bevarer du fornuften i en ufornuftig verden (København: Gyldendal, 2016)
Infostorms: How to take Information Punches and Save Democracy (New York: Copernicus Books / Springer, 2014)
Social Epistemology: 5 Questions, edited with Duncan Pritchard (Automatic Press / VIP, 2015)
A Formal Epistemology Reader (Dordrecht: Springer, 2015)
Handbook of Formal Philosophy (Dordrecht: Springer, 2015)
Epistemic Logic: 5 Questions (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2010)
Blackwell Companion to Philosophy of Technology (Oxford: Blackwell, 2009, 2012)
Thought 2 Talk: A Crash A Course in Reflection and Expression (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2006)
Mainstream and Formal Epistemology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, winner of CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title 2006)
Formal Philosophy (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2005)
Masses of Formal Philosophy (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2006)
Game Theory: 5 Questions (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2007)
Philosophy of Mathematics: 5 Questions (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2007)
Probability and Statistics: 5 Questions (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2008)
Epistemology: 5 Questions (New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2008)
The Convergence of Scientific Knowledge (Springer, 2001)
Feisty Fragments (London: King's College Publications, 2004)
Logical Lyrics (London: King's College Publications, 2005)
500 CC: Computer Citations (London: King's College Publications, 2005)
Self-Reference (CSLI Publications, 2006)
8 Bridges Between Formal and Mainstream Epistemology, Philosophical Studies, March 2006
Ways of Worlds I, Studia Logica, April 2006
Ways of Worlds II, Studia Logica, November 2006
Interactions: Physics, Mathematics and Philosophy, 1840-1930 (Dordrecht: Springer, 2006)
New Waves in Epistemology (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007)
Proof Theory (Dordrecht: Springer, 2001)
Probability Theory (Dordrecht: Springer, 2002)
Knowledge Contributors (Dordrecht: Springer, 2003)
First-Order Logic Revisited (Berlin: Logos Verlag 2004)
The Way Through Science and Philosophy: Essays in Honor of Stig Andur Pedersen (London: College Publications, 2006)
Modern Elementary Logic [in Danish] (Copenhagen: Hoest and Soen, 2002, 2nd revised edition, 2011)
[in Danish] (Copenhagen: Forlaget Samfundslitteratur, 2007)
[in Danish] (Copenhagen: dk4 forlag, 2008)
[in Danish] (Copenhagen: Automatic Press / dk4 forlag, 2009)
[in Danish] (Copenhagen: dk4 forlag, 2010)
[in Danish] (Copenhagen: Forlaget Samfundslitteratur, 2011)
[in Danish] (Copenhagen: Gyldendal Business, 2012)
[in Danish] (Copenhagen: Automatics Press / dk4 forlag, 2013)
References
External links
Vincent F. Hendricks
Infostorms - How to take Information Punches and Save Democracy
Living people
20th-century Danish philosophers
21st-century philosophers
1970 births
Epistemologists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20F.%20Hendricks
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Prince George's Community College (PGCC) is a public community college in Largo in Prince George's County, Maryland. The college serves Prince George's County and surrounding areas, including Washington, D.C.
History
Founded in 1958, Prince George's Community College came into existence because there was perceived to be a need for educational opportunities for the residents of the county, particularly those who were still in the K–12 grades of the public schools in the late 1950s.
Classes commenced at Suitland High School, with a student body of 185; thus, the college celebrated 50 years of service in 2008. The college was the first educational institution to integrate in the county, and today serves more African-American students than any other post-secondary institution in the state of Maryland. In 1967, the college moved to its permanent location in Largo, Maryland, where it has grown to an enrollment of nearly 40,000 students. During the past decades, a handful of buildings on the campus has grown to 22 facilities.
In Spring 2007, the college selected its first female president, Charlene Dukes.
Academics
Prince George's Community College provides higher education to the local population. The college offers over 100 fields of study through its academic, workforce development, continuing education, and personal enrichment programs. More specifically, PGCC has 68 academic degree programs and 34 professional certificate program, many of which feature distance learning options. The college awards Associate of Arts, Associate of Science, and Associate of Arts in Teaching degrees. In addition, PGCC allows students to transfer to a four-year college or university.
Accreditation
Prince George's Community College is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. Its education, engineering, nursing, radiology, paramedic and respiratory therapy programs have specialized accreditation.
They also participate in dual-enrollment for high school junior and senior students from PGCPS. Students can take courses while still in high school, earning both high school and college credit.
Community focus
The school hosts a number of special programs that address the needs and interests of county residents. These include the Book Bridge Project, the Center for Business and Industry Training and the Children's Developmental Clinic. College meeting rooms and recreational facilities are also available for use by the public. These facilities include the Robert I. Bickford Natatorium, which is open to individuals and groups. More than 1,000 events sponsored by community organizations are held at the college each year.
Campuses and training facilities
The main campus is located in Largo, Maryland, which opened in 1967. PGCC operates extension centers at University Town Center in Hyattsville, and Andrews Air Force Base as well as Skilled Trades Center in Camp Springs. The college shares an extension center with Howard Community College in Laurel called the Laurel College Center.
Within the last six years, the college has seen the completion of two new modern facilities: the Center for Advanced Technology and the Center for Health Studies. There are several more developments underway including a brand new Culinary Arts Center, renovation and expansion of Lanham Hall, the Queen Anne Arts Education Center, a renovation of the Rennie Forum auditorium, and a health and wellness center.
Student life
PGCC serves approximately 40,000 students.
The college also offers many student services and resources like the study rooms, print services, and computer labs with tutoring. It also includes many places where students can hang out: the student lounge and indoor and outdoor gathering spaces.
Clubs and organizations
The college has 43 student clubs and organizations representing a wide variety of interest, including an Active Seniors Club, the African Student Union, a Caribbean Student Association, an Honors Society, Intercollegiate Athletics, Improvisational Theatre, a Muslim Student Association, a chapter of Phi Theta Kappa, and a Student Governance Board to name a few. The school mascot and also the name of the student newspaper is The Owl.
Intercollegiate athletics
Prince George's Community College is a member of the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) and Maryland Junior College Athletic Conference (MD JUCO). Ten intercollegiate teams represent the college in the NJCAA and MD JUCO, including:
men's soccer
women's soccer
women's basketball
men's basketball
men's cross country
women's cross country
men's baseball
women's softball
men's track & field
women's track & field
cheerleading
Notable former students
Peter Bergman, actor
Reginald Dwayne Betts, poet, teacher
Frank Cho, cartoonist
Fred Funk, professional golfer
Ginuwine, singer-songwriter
Karen Handel, 26th Secretary of State of Georgia
Andrea Harrison, politician
Cathy L. Lanier, Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
Jan C. Scruggs, Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund founder
Tulu, professional soccer player
Troy Weaver, NBA executive
References
External links
Official website
1958 establishments in Maryland
Community and junior colleges in Maryland
Largo, Maryland
NJCAA athletics
Two-year colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges in Prince George's County, Maryland
Universities and colleges established in 1958
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20George%27s%20Community%20College
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Elijah Hunt Mills (December 1, 1776May 5, 1829) was an American politician from Massachusetts.
Early life
Mills was born in Chesterfield, Massachusetts. He was educated by private tutors and graduated from Williams College in 1797. Mills studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Northampton, Massachusetts.
Career
He was the district attorney for Hampshire County, Massachusetts, and opened Northampton Law School in 1823. Mills was also a founding member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1812.
He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1811–1814). Mills was elected as a Federalist to the United States House of Representatives (March 4, 1815 - March 3, 1819). In 1819 he returned to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, where he became Speaker of the House in 1820. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1820 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Prentiss Mellen. Mills was reelected and served from June 12, 1820, to March 3, 1827. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1826. He retired from public life due to ill health.
Personal life
Mills was first married to Sarah Hunt (1780–1802), a daughter of Dr. Ebenezer Hunt and Sarah ( Bradish) Hunt, on May 16, 1802. Sarah died a few months later on October 2, 1802. Mills later married Harriet Blake (1780–1871), a daughter of merchant Joseph Blake and Deborah ( Smith) Blake. With his second wife, Mills was the father of seven children, including:
Helen Sophia Mills (1806–1844), who married Hon. Charles Phelps Huntington.
Sarah Hunt Mills (1808–1887), who married Prof. Benjamin Peirce, the father of Charles Sanders Peirce.
Elijah Hunt Mills Jr. (1810–1830), who died unmarried in Charleston, South Carolina.
Charles Henry Mills (1813–1872), a merchant who married Anna Cabot Lowell Dwight (1818–1880), a daughters of Edmund Dwight.
William Kilby Mills (1815–1855), an invalid for the last 20 years of his life; he died unmarried.
Harriette Blake Mills (1818–1892), who married Admiral Charles Henry Davis.
George Francis Mills (1821–1829), who died young.
Mills died on May 5, 1829, in Northampton, and was interred in the Bridge Street Cemetery. His widow died at Cambridge on February 9, 1871.
Descendants
Through his daughter Harriette, he was a grandfather of Anna Cabot Mills Davis, who married U.S. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. One of their sons, poet George Cabot Lodge, was the father of U.S. Senators Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. and John Davis Lodge.
References
External links
1776 births
1829 deaths
People from Chesterfield, Massachusetts
American people of English descent
Massachusetts National Republicans
Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Federalist Party United States senators from Massachusetts
National Republican Party United States senators from Massachusetts
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
County district attorneys in Massachusetts
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Williams College alumni
Burials in Massachusetts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah%20H.%20Mills
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Tolga Safer (born 26 June 1982) is a British actor who is known for playing Igor Karkaroff's Aide in the movie version of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.
Life and career
Safer was born in London, to Turkish Cypriot parents. He started acting at the age of 7 in school plays and attended classes at the Sylvia Young Theatre School. Safer has appeared in various TV commercials for Pepsi and Korres, and The Red Cross, (Directed by Peter Webber). He has appeared in several TV episodes of BBC's Casualty and Doctors. His first main role was in the film Culture Menace which was a British independent movie before working on Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire in a role created especially for him. Other notable film credits include Sugarhouse alongside Andy Serkis and Ashley Walters and Shoot on Sight. In 2017, Safer appeared alongside Dylan O'Brien in CBS Films' thriller American Assassin.
At the Arcola Theatre, Safer performed in the controversial play 'Bintou' and then on 'Venezuela'. As well as the Arcola Theatre, Tolga Safer has also performed in plays such as Prayer Room at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. and appeared at The Royal National Theatre.
Filmography
Theatre
References
External links
Living people
1982 births
British people of Turkish Cypriot descent
Male actors from London
English male film actors
British people of Cypriot descent
English male stage actors
21st-century English male actors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolga%20Safer
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Harry William Arthurs (born May 9, 1935) is a Canadian lawyer, academic, and academic administrator. He is one of Canada's leading labour law scholars.
Early life and education
Born in Toronto, Ontario, he attended the Oakwood Collegiate Institute. Dorothy Dworkin is his grandmother. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1955 and a Bachelor of Law degree in 1958 from the University of Toronto. He received a Master of Law in 1959 from the Harvard Law School. He was called to the Ontario Bar in 1961.
Career
In 1961, he joined the faculty of the Osgoode Hall Law School as an Assistant Professor. In 1964, he was made an Associate Professor and a Professor in 1968. From 1968 to 1970 he was the Associate Dean and from 1972 to 1977, he was the Dean. From 1985 to 1992, he was the President of York University. In 1995, he was appointed University Professor of Law and Political Science.
In 2004, he was appointed Commissioner leading the review of federal Labour Standards, Part III of the Canada Labour Code, in 2006 as Chair of the Ontario Expert Commission on Pensions, and in 2010 as Chair of the Funding Review of the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board.
He is the author of Without the Law: Administrative Justice and Legal Pluralism in Nineteenth Century England, published in 1985.
Honours
In 1982, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
In 1988, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada as "one of Canada's leading labour law scholars" who "has distinguished himself in many aspects of public life".
In 1995, he was awarded the Order of Ontario.
In 2002, he was awarded the Canada Council's Killam Prize, "Canada’s most distinguished annual award for outstanding career achievement in social sciences, humanities, engineering, natural sciences and health sciences".
In 2003, he was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, given to scholars who are outside the United Kingdom who have "attained high international standing in any of the branches of study which it is the object of the Academy to promote".
In 2003, he was awarded the first University of Toronto's Bora Laskin Award recognizing distinguished contributions to Canadian labour law.
In 2008, he was awarded the ILO Decent Work Research Prize, jointly with Joseph Stiglitz
In 2013, he was awarded the first Labour Law Research Network Award for Distinguished Contributions to Labour Law.
He has received honorary degrees from Sherbrooke University, Brock University, The Law Society of Upper Canada, McGill University, University of Montreal, University of Toronto, University of Lethbridge, University of Windsor, Simon Fraser University and York University.
References
External links
Osgoode Hall Law School Faculty page
1935 births
Living people
Canadian legal scholars
Canadian university and college faculty deans
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Harvard Law School alumni
Members of the Order of Ontario
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Toronto
Presidents of York University
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of York University
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
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The Water Leaper, also known as Llamhigyn Y Dwr, is an evil creature from Welsh folklore that lived in swamps and ponds.
It is described as a giant frog with a bat's wings instead of forelegs, no hind legs, and a long, lizard-like tail with a stinger at the end. It jumps across the water using its wings, hence its name.
It was blamed for problems ranging from snapping fishing lines to eating livestock or even fishermen.
References
Katharine Briggs, An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures, "Llamhigyn Y Dwr", p270.
Welsh legendary creatures
Legendary amphibians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20leaper
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John (Johann) Bernhard Stallo (March 16, 1823 – January 6, 1900) was a German-American academic, jurist, philosopher, and ambassador.
Early life
Stallo was born in Sierhausen in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (Germany) on March 16, 1823, the son of a schoolmaster, Johann Heinrich Stallo (1797–1840) and his wife, Anna Maria Adelheid Moormann (1798–1861). Stallo studied at home and at a free, Catholic normal school at Vechta. Because the family lacked the funds to send him to a gymnasium (secondary school), Stallo emigrated to the United States in 1839, establishing himself in Cincinnati, Ohio, not far from his uncle, the utopian socialist, Franz Joseph Stallo,, where many other family members would settle.
Career
Stallo taught German and mathematics at the newly renamed St. Xavier College (formerly a Jesuit "lyceum" called "The Atheneum") from 1841 to 1844. He published his first book, ABC, Spelling and Reading Book, for the German Schools of America, which apparently sold very well. He then taught mathematics and science at another Jesuit institution, St. John's College (founded in 1841, now Fordham University and not to be confused with St. John's University, New York, founded in 1870) in Fordham, New York from 1844 to 1848. At St. John's, Stallo wrote his first major work, General Principles of the Philosophy of Nature (1848). This book, which he later dismissed as 'youthful', was apparently a restatement of Hegel's philosophy of nature. In 1881, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.
Politics and law
Stallo returned to Cincinnati and was there admitted to the bar in 1849, practicing law (in the firm of Stallo and Kittridge) except for a brief stint as judge of the Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas (in Ohio, a "trial court of general jurisdiction", according to Black's Law Dictionary) (1852–1855). He was active in politics and was later known as one of the "Ohio Hegelians", who included August Willich, Moncure Daniel Conway and Peter Kaufmann.
A Democrat for many years, Stallo broke with this party over slavery, and supported Abraham Lincoln and the new Republican Party during the American Civil War. He helped organize the "Stallo Regiment" from the German-American community. Stallo's becoming a Republican was all the more surprising because few Catholics did so in the 1850s. Stallo however was a fairly Liberal Catholic and at times has been described as a free thinker. He represented the trustees of Holy Trinity Church in their struggle to maintain control of the Church against the attempt by the Archbishop of Cincinnati to establish the Roman Catholic Canon law method of having all diocese properties held by the bishop.
The Cincinnati Bible War
Stallo argued a famous and successful case favoring separation of church and state in the Ohio public schools. In late 1869, a newly elected Cincinnati School Board decided to ban hymn-singing and Bible reading in the city's public schools. A conservative group brought suit against the Board to block the ban. Stallo, among with George Hoadly (later governor of Ohio) and Stanley Matthews (later an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court), served as the school board's counsel. Stallo closed his argument by saying,
The Board nevertheless lost in a two-to-one vote of the Superior Court and was enjoined from enforcing its vote on Bible reading. Stallo's arguments on appeal to the Ohio Supreme Course led to a unanimous reversal of the lower court and reinstatement of the ban on Bible-reading in 1872.
Later political life
Stallo took part in the Liberal Republican movement of 1872. He was rewarded for his support of the Democratic candidate, Grover Cleveland, in 1884, by appointment as Ambassador (`Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary') to Italy (1885–1889). According to Andrew Dickson White (Autobiography), Stallo was an exemplary diplomat:
'I was most pleased with the tribute ...[ Ubaldino Peruzzi ].. paid to the American minister at Rome, Judge Stallo of Cincinnati. He declared that at a recent conference of statesmen and diplomatists, Judge Stallo had carried off all the honors—speaking with ease, as might be necessary, in Italian, French, and English, and finally drawing up a protocol in Latin.'
After Cleveland lost his first re-election campaign to Benjamin Harrison in 1888, Stallo retired to Florence, Italy and there assembled a collection of his essays written in German, Reden, Abhandlungen und Briefe.
The Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics
During the post-war period Stallo wrote his most famous work, The Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics, first published in 1882. The Concepts deals with the role of 'concepts' in physical theory, arguing that they must be treated as provisional and warning of the mental traps of mistaking concepts for facts; this book represents an early example of the modern philosophy of science. It went through three American editions in Stallo's lifetime, which were simultaneously published in England. A French translation was issued in 1884, with a foreword by Charles Friedel Among many others, the second edition was read by Bertrand Russell, who awarded it three footnotes in his An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry (1897). Russell's footnotes brought Stallo to the attention of the German physicist Ernst Mach, who saw in Stallo a kindred philosophical and scientific spirit. Mach initiated a correspondence with Stallo, cut short by the latter's death, whereupon Mach arranged for a German translation by Hans Kleinpeter, to which Mach contributed a foreword. Die Begriffe und Theorien der Modernen Physik was published in 1901 (Barth, Leipzig) and re-issued in 1911 with a short new foreword by Kleinpeter. This translation introduced Stallo to a German audience and helped establish The Concepts as an important contribution to the philosophy of physics. A modern American edition, based on the 1888 edition, was edited by the American physicist and father of "operationalism", Percy Williams Bridgman (Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1960).
In Ch XIV, "Metageometrical Space in the Light of Modern Analysis Riemann's Essay," Stallo flamingly critiques Riemann's "On the Hypotheses which lie at the Base of Geometry," ending with the statement that "the analytical argument in favor of the existence, or possibility, of transcendental space is another flagrant instance of the reification of concepts."
Personal life
In 1850, Stallo was married to Helena Zimmerman (1825–1905) of Cincinnati, with whom he had ten children, five of them surviving childhood, including:
Walter Stallo (1851–1880)
Linda Stallo (1855–1889), who married attorney Conrad Ludwig Hotze (1839–1913) in 1882.
Hulda Stallo (1857–1931)
Helena Stallo (1861–1891)
Edmund Kittredge Stallo (1864–1947), who married Laura McDonald (1870–1895) in 1889. After her death in 1895 he married Carrie May Harrington (1866–1921) in 1903. They divorced in 1912 and in 1919 he married Clarissa Aurilla Wilcox (1877–1969). They divorced in 1938.
Stallo died in Florence on January 6, 1900.
Descendants
Through his son Edmund, he was a grandfather of Helena, Princess Murat (née Helena McDonald Stallo) who married Prince Murat on 6 February 1913. and Laura, Princess Rospigliosi (née Laura McDonald Stallo), who married Prince Rospigliosi on 30 June 1914.
Works
General Principles of the Philosophy of Nature, with an Outline of Some of Its Recent Developments Among the Germans, Embracing the Philosophical Systems of Schelling and Hegel, and Oken's System of Nature. Boston: W. Crosby and H.P. Nichols, 1848. "General Principles" was received with great interest by the New England Transcendentalists, in particular Ralph Waldo Emerson, who referred to Stallo's book in his journals. Of interest was Stallo's argument that thought was fundamentally identical with the universe. The book was reviewed in the Massachusetts Quarterly by Theodore Parker, who called it "a grand solid book".
Reply to Prof. O.A. Brownson's lecture on non-intervention, before the Mercantile Library Association of Cincinnati. A lecture delivered in Smith & Nixon's Hall, Cincinnati, February 20, 1852 Cincinnati, Pub. for the Committee, by C.A. Morgan & Co., 1852. Refers to Orestes Augustus Brownson (1803–1876) on the uprising in Hungary in (1848–1849).
Thomas Jefferson Cincinnati, O. : Gedruckt in der Offizin des "Pionier", 1855.
Alexander von Humboldt : eine Gedächtnissrede Cincinnati : Theobald und Theurkauf, 1859.
Minor, John D., and others. The Bible in the public schools, pp. 420. Clarke : Cincinnati, 1870. Contains the opinions and decisions of the superior court of Cincinnati, with the arguments of George Hoadley, Rufus King, Stanley Matthews, George R. Sage, William M. Ramsey, and J. B. Stallo. Cited by Monroe Bibliography of Education
The secularization of public education. Cincinnati: R. Clarke, 1870 Cited in Will Seymour Monroe Bibliography of Education, p. 134.
State Creeds and Their Modern Apostles. A Lecture Delivered in Rev. Mr. Vickers' Church, Cincinnati, on the Evening of April 3, 1870. Cincinnati: R. Clarke 1872. (Rev. Thomas Vickers, Pres., Univ. Cincinnati, 1877–1884)
The Primary Concepts of Modern Physical Science.
The Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics. New York and London, 1882; 2nd ed. 1884; 3rd ed. 1888; Cambridge, Mass., 1960.
Reden, Abhandlungen und Briefe. New York: E. Staiger, 1893.
Notes
References
Arguments against the use of the Bible in the public schools. Cincinnati: R. Clarke, 1870 US-62-7; J.B. Stallo, George Hoadly, and Stanley Matthews, counsel for the defendants : in the case of John D. Minor et als. versus the Board of Education of the City of Cincinnati et als. in the Superior Court of Cincinnati. (Republished as The Bible in the public schools. Arguments before the Superior Court of Cincinnati in the case of Minor v. Board of Education of Cincinnati, 1870 with the opinions of the court and the opinion on appeal of the Supreme Court of Ohio. New introd. by Robert G. McCloskey New York, Da Capo Press, 1967)
Brumberg, Stephan F., "The Cincinnati Bible War (1869–1873) and its Impact on the Education of the City's Protestants, Catholics, and Jews" The American Jewish Archives Journal LIV Number 2 11–46.(2003)
Bridgman, P.W. "J.B. Stallo and the Critique of Classical Physics," in Men and Movements In the History of Science (Seattle, 1959).
Easton, L.D. Hegel's First American Followers: The Ohio Hegelians: John B. Stallo, Peter Kaufmann, Moncure Conway, and August Willich (Athens, Ohio, 1966).
Goetzmann, William H., ed. The American Hegelians: An Intellectual Episode in the History of Western America (New York, 1973).
Good, James A., ed. The Ohio Hegelians. 3 volumes. Bristol, UK, Thoemmes Press, 2004.
Helfman, Howard M. "The Cincinnati 'Bible War', 1869–1870". Ohio History 60:369–386.
McCormack, T.J. "John Bernhard Stallo: American Citizen, Jurist, Philosopher." Open Court 14 (1900): 276.
Michaelsen, Robert "Common Ground, Common Religion? A Case Study in Church-State Relations, Cincinnati, 1869–1870" Church History 38(2):201–217. (1969)
Ratterman, Heinrich Armin. "John Bernhard Stallo, Deutsch-Amerikanischer Philosoph, Jurist und Staatsmann," Gesammelte Werke Bd. 12, pp. 11–55 (Cincinnati, 1911).
Strong, John V. "The Erkenntnistheoretiker's Dilemma: J.B. Stallo's Attack on Atomism in his Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics." Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association (1974): 105–123.
Youmans, W.J. "Sketch of J.B. Stallo." Popular Science Monthly 34 (1888–1889): 548–555.
External links
1823 births
1900 deaths
19th-century American philosophers
Ambassadors of the United States to Italy
Fordham University faculty
Hegelian philosophers
Ohio Democrats
Ohio Liberal Republicans
Oldenburg emigrants to the United States
Lawyers from Cincinnati
Xavier University people
19th-century American diplomats
Ohio Republicans
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Royal Air Force East Kirkby or more simply RAF East Kirkby is a former Royal Air Force station near the village of East Kirkby, south of Horncastle in Lincolnshire, just off the A155. The airfield is now home to the Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre air museum.
History
RAF East Kirkby opened on 20 August 1943 as a RAF Bomber Command Station and is situated not far from RAF Coningsby.
Stationed at East Kirkby were:
No. 57 Squadron RAF (5 Group) which flew the Avro Lancaster, 27 August 1943 – 25 November 1945.
No. 630 Squadron RAF (5 Group) which also flew the Lancaster, 15 November 1943 – 18 July 1945.
RAF East Kirkby served also as the headquarters of No. 5/5 (Bomber) Group RAF in command of satellite stations at RAF Strubby, RAF Spilsby, RAF Hemswell and RAF Manby.
The following units were also here at some point:
No. 55 Base RAF (April 1944 - November 1945)
No. 93 Maintenance Unit RAF (? - December 1950)
No. 139 Squadron RAF
No. 350 Wing RAF (May 1945) became No. 553 Wing RAF (May 1945 - ?)
No. 351 Wing RAF (May 1945) became No. 554 Wing RAF (May 1945 - ?)
3931st Air Base Group
Operations
On 17 April 1945, near the end of the Second World War, a No. 57 Squadron Lancaster was being loaded with bombs when a fully armed bomb was unintentionally dropped onto the tarmac. Because the bomb had had its fuse inserted it detonated, setting off the rest of the Lancaster's bombload. A massive explosion killed three airmen, injured 16 others, wrote off six other Lancasters beyond repair and badly damaged a nearby aircraft hangar.
The final wartime raid from East Kirkby was flown on 25 April 1945. In total, 212 operations were carried out during the war, from which 121 Lancasters did not return. Another 29 aircraft were lost due to operational crashes or accidents.
Post war use
No. 630 Squadron disbanded in July that year and its place was taken by No. 460 Squadron RAAF from RAF Binbrook. This squadron joined No. 57 for transfer to the Far East as part of Tiger Force. In the 1950s, the airfield was used by the United States Air Force for Air Rescue squadrons for four years. The station (code name Silksheen) closed in 1958. It was sold by the government in 1964.
Aviation museum
The airfield became the site of broiler sheds, and is now home to an air museum, Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre. The centre's main exhibit is an Avro Lancaster Mk.VII, with registration NX611, named Just Jane after the popular wartime comic character.
the airfield was featured in a 1980s BBC series about World War II airfields. Much of the runway is still intact today but mainly used by local farmers as hard standing and by model aircraft enthusiasts. Occasional civilian light aircraft have landed on the remaining runway and the airfield still appears on Civil Aviation Maps as a diversion emergency landing location. A memorial to the fallen can be found outside the main gate where the guard house once stood.
The control tower is claimed to be haunted and the base was investigated by the Most Haunted team in 2003 in the first episode in their third series on Living TV. Yvette Fielding and her team investigated the museum and site for alleged paranormal activity.
In 2008 the museum opened an unlicensed part-grass and part-concrete landing strip for visiting aircraft.
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
The Wartime Memories Project - RAF East Kirkby
East Kirby at Controltowers.co.uk
East Kirby at RAF History website
East Kirby at Old Airfields photo website
Royal Air Force stations in Lincolnshire
Royal Air Force stations of World War II in the United Kingdom
Reportedly haunted locations in East Midlands
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Hitler's War is a strategic level World War II war game for 2 or 3 players, first published by Metagaming Concepts in 1981, and then by Avalon Hill in 1984.
Description
Hitler's War is a simulation of the Second World War in Europe. The game is divided into three scenarios, each of which becomes more complex with the addition of new rules:
Operation Barbarossa: This simulation for two players covers the period of war between Germany and the USSR after Germany's invasion in 1941. It is designed to introduce the players to the game's combat and movement system.
The Fall of Germany: This scenario for two or three players is linked to the end of the "Operation Barbarossa" scenario, and in addition to the Eastern Front versus the USSR, adds the Western Front opened by the Allies on D-Day. More complex rules are introduced, including sea movement, amphibious assaults, supply lines, and forts. As an option, the Allies' Eastern and Western forces can be divided between two players, turning this into a three-player game.
Campaign game: This simulates the entire war, 1939–1945, in four-month turns, and can be played by either two or three players. The basic campaign uses all of the rules introduced in the first two scenarios. The advanced campaign also adds complexity with the addition of submarine warfare and strategic bombing, counter-measures against both, neutral countries, tactical air power, paratroops, naval combat, and surrender. A further option is to include military research and development, which can lead to new weapons such as the V-1 and V-2 rockets, and even atomic bombs.
Components
Both the Metagaming Concepts and Avalon Hill boxed sets have the following components:
360 die-cut cardboard counters
map (a 17" x 22" paper map in the Metagaming Concepts version, a 16" x 22" cardboard map in the Avalon Hill version)
3 player aid sheets
24-page rule book
a six-sided die
Movement
Each side is given 12 army group counters that can hold up to 10 strength points. These counters can be moved an unlimited distance between controlled hexes, and strength points can be freely shuffled between army groups.
Combat
Once adjacent to an enemy army, the attacker declares which of their armies will attack. The defender then fires first, totalling the defending army's Strength Points versus the attacker's Strength Points and rolling a die on the Combat Resolution Table (CRT), indicating how many Strength Points the attacker loses. Once that is resolved, the attacker does the same thing. Next, the attacker may attempt to move into the defender's hex, success being dependent on the defender's remaining Strength Points and the attacker's number of mechanized units. If the attacker is successful in overcoming the defender, the same attacking army group may continue to attempt to advance in the same turn, and in blitzkrieg style, can repeatedly attack and advance as long as each attack is successful.
Industrial units
Each area of the map has a certain number of Industrial Units (IUs). Once movement and combat have been completed, each side adds up how many IUs it controls, which then determines each side's budget for purchasing new Strength Points, repairing IUs damaged by conquest, and using them as a supply source.
Victory conditions
In a two-player campaign game, the Allies win if Germany is defeated on or before April 1945. In a three-player game, the winning side is determined by the ratio of IUs owned by each player when Germany surrenders or by the summer of 1945.
Playing time
Although the box lists the playing time as 1½ to 5 hours, reviewer Ken Rolston estimated that the full campaign game with three players would take 5–6 hours with experienced players.
Publication history
Hitler's War was designed by Keith Gross, with graphics by Norman Royal, Trace Hallowell, and Jeff Boobar, and was published by Metagaming Concepts in 1981 as the first in their "Metahistory" series of games. In a departure from Metagaming's previous microgame/pocket game releases in small flat boxes or ziplock bags with paper sheets of counters, Hitler's War was a full-sized boxed set, with die-cut cardboard counters.
Metagaming Concepts subsequently published two more games in the Metahistory series of boxed sets in 1981: The Trojan War, and Command at Sea.
Following the demise of Metagaming Concepts in 1983, Avalon Hill bought the rights to Hitler's War and Stellar Conquest, republishing both of them in 1984.
Reception
In the May 1982 edition of Dragon (Issue #61), Tony Watson thought Metagaming Concepts' new large boxed set format "marks an important improvement quality for this company's products." He found the rulebook was "amply illustrated and remarkably free of glitches, typos and misspellings." However, he criticized the decision to print important charts on the back of the rulebook, "which can cause considerable wear and tear on the booklet after a short bout of page-flipping." Watson found the positioning and movement rules "rather innovative." Although he found the first two scenarios and the basic campaign good, "the advanced campaign game adds the chrome and options that make a good game into an excellent one." Comparing this game to Avalon Hill's Third Reich, Watson thought that "Hitler's War treats strategic warfare against enemy production in a more interesting manner. I found the production rules in Hitler's War, including the technology section and the geographically based IUs (as compared to the more abstract Basic Resource Points used in Third Reich), to be more challenging." He concluded, "For gaming enthusiasts with any interest in World War II and/or grand strategic conflict, Hitler's War is highly recommended."
In Issue 36 of Phoenix (March–April 1982), Nick Palmer had some problems with aspects of the Metagaming edition, but also called it "a very good game indeed, possibly the best one to appear on the market for several years." Palmer concluded, "Unless you are totally uninterested in strategy you will be cheating yourself out of a real treat if you don't shell out six pounds."
In Issue 18 of the British magazine The Wargamer, Paul King reviewed the Metagaming edition, saying, "A well thought out game [...] Hitler's War is a welcome, and refreshing, addition to the Metagaming range. However whilst it plays well in both a solo and two player situation, it is at its best as a three player game."
A review of the Avalon Hill edition appeared in Issue 30 of The Grenadier, which noted, "Hitler's War is the single most satisfying game of its type and retains a level of playability such games as AH's Third Reich and SPI's Wehrmacht could never achieve. The game is ingenious in the extreme and deserves to be played widely."
In Issue 73 of Fire & Movement, Terry Lee Coleman reviewed the Avalon Hill edition, commenting, "It is possible to mount a blitzkrieg, fortify Moscow, launch D-Day, invade neutrals and have wild armored melees in the North African desert [...] Each side may attempt to win the war through technology, realizing that their advances may be stolen by the other side." Coleman concluded, "The depth of strategy is truly remarkable — the game rarely plays the same way twice."
In a retrospective review in Issue 12 of Simulacrum, Joe Scoleri noted, "At its best, Metagaming managed to pack a lot into a small package. Melee and Ogre/GEV are good examples. Hitler's War is another. An incredible bang for the buck when released at $7, this great value was no more when Avalon Hill put it out as a book case boxed game at more than twice the original price." However, Scoleri admitted that "While no longer the same bargain, the improved components of the AH edition brought greater playability to what was already an eminently playable game."
Reviews
Moves #59, p23-24
Games #67
See also
Hitler's War – 1977 history book by David Irving
References
External links
Hitler's War Wargame Academy page on the Avalon Hill game
‘Hitler's War' for Windows 10 Fan-made free computer game version of the board game. Version 2.17 last release.
Avalon Hill games
Board games introduced in 1981
Board games introduced in 1984
Metagaming Concepts games
World War II board wargames
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The Complete Stories is a discontinued series intended to form a definitive collection of Isaac Asimov's short stories and novels. Originally published in 1990 (Volume 1) and 1992 (Volume 2) by Doubleday, it was discontinued after the second book of the planned series. Altogether 88 of Asimov's 383 published short stories are collected in these two volumes.
Volume 1
The first volume consists of the stories previously collected in Earth Is Room Enough, Nine Tomorrows, and Nightfall and Other Stories (but not the commentary from Nightfall and Other Stories). In 2001, Broadway Books published a new edition of the first volume (hardback: , paperback: ).
Volume One contains the following short stories:
The Dead Past
The Foundation of S. F. Success
Franchise
Gimmicks Three
Kid Stuff
The Watery Place
Living Space
The Message
Satisfaction Guaranteed
Hell-Fire
The Last Trump
The Fun They Had
Jokester
The Immortal Bard
Someday
The Author's Ordeal
Dreaming Is a Private Thing
Profession
The Feeling of Power
The Dying Night
I'm in Marsport Without Hilda
The Gentle Vultures
All the Troubles of the World
Spell My Name with an S
The Last Question
The Ugly Little Boy
Nightfall
Green Patches
Hostess
Breeds There a Man…?
C-Chute
In a Good Cause—
What If—
Sally
Flies
Nobody Here But—
It's Such a Beautiful Day
Strikebreaker
Insert Knob A in Hole B
The Up-to-Date Sorcerer
Unto the Fourth Generation
What Is This Thing Called Love?
The Machine That Won the War
My Son, the Physicist
Eyes Do More Than See
Segregationist
I Just Make Them Up, See!
Rejection Slips
Volume 2
Volume Two contains short stories previously published in several other anthologies:
Not Final!
The Hazing
Death Sentence
Blind Alley
Evidence
The Red Queen's Race
Day of the Hunters
The Deep
The Martian Way
The Monkey's Finger
The Singing Bell
The Talking Stone
Each an Explorer
Let's Get Together
Pâté de Foie Gras
Galley Slave
Lenny
A Loint of Paw
A Statue for Father
Anniversary
Obituary
Rain, Rain, Go Away
Star Light
Founding Father
The Key
The Billiard Ball
Exile to Hell
Key Item
Feminine Intuition
The Greatest Asset
Mirror Image
Take a Match
Light Verse
Stranger In Paradise
. . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him
The Life and Times of Multivac
The Bicentennial Man
Marching In
Old-fashioned
The Tercentenary Incident
See also
Isaac Asimov short stories bibliography
References
External links
Review of Volume 1 at Asimovreviews.net
Review of Volume 2 at Asimovreviews.net
Complete Stories
Complete Stories
Complete Stories, The
Doubleday (publisher) books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Complete%20Stories%20%28Asimov%29
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Lothar Machtan (born 4 October 1949) is a German historian, writer, as well as professor of Modern and Current History at the University of Bremen.
Early life
Born in Gelsenkirchen, Machtan studied history and political sciences at Heidelberg University from 1968 to 1974. 15 years later he became professor of modern history at the University of Bremen. Furthermore, he worked as a researcher in Konstanz, Berlin, Kassel, Halle and at the Claremont McKenna College in California. The main field of his historical work is the cultural history of politics.
Career
For 30 years, Machtan has researched German history, politics, and socioeconomics. His writings have been featured in newspapers and magazines such as Der Spiegel as well as radio broadcasts.
He has been a guest lecturer at international conferences and symposia and a consultant for German TV programs such as Varzin – Warcino – Ein unbequemes Erbe (Warcino – An uncomfortable legacy, 1989). In the United States, he was a featured guest on NBC's The Today Show and The Early Show on CBS. The author of several books and numerous publications on the social and political history of the 19th and 20th centuries, in 1998 Machtan published Bismarcks Tod und Deutschlands Tränen (Bismarck's Death and Germany's Tears).
Hitler biography
In 2001, he published Hitlers Geheimnis: Das Doppelleben eines Diktators (Hitler's Secret: The double life of a dictator) with an English translation by John Brownjohn entitled The Hidden Hitler. In it, Machtan presents a documented study which he claims establishes Adolf Hitler's homosexuality and the impact of this upon his life and career.
In discussing his book in The Washington Post, Machtan told his interviewer that his research showed that some of Hitler's homosexual friends in Munich were the ones who opened many important doors for him, especially Ernst Röhm, Dietrich Eckart, and Ernst Hanfstaengl. Machtan told the newspaper that "without their help he [Hitler] would not have had the support that he got from bourgeois circles and even from intellectuals and artists. In 2004, the documentary film Hidden Führer: Debating the Enigma of Hitler's Sexuality was made based on The Hidden Hitler. Aired by HBO's CINEMAX Reel Life, it follows Machtan as he travels around Germany to the places of Hitler's youth and explains his thesis and evidence.
Machtan's book, Der Kaisersohn bei Hitler (The Kaiser's son at Hitler's), was released in March 2006. His book Die Abdankung: Wie Deutschlands gekrönte Häupter aus der Geschichte fielen (The Abdication – How Germany's crowned heads fell out of history), was published in October 2008.
Works
Bismarcks Tod und Deutschlands Tränen. Reportage einer Tragödie. Goldmann, Munich 1998.
Hitlers Geheimnis. Das Doppelleben eines Diktators. A. Fest Verlag, Berlin 2001 (expanded edition bei S. Fischer, Frankfurt 2003)
Der Kaisersohn bei Hitler. Hoffmann & Campe, Hamburg 2006.
Die Abdankung: Wie Deutschlands gekrönte Häupter aus der Geschichte fielen. Propyläen, Berlin 2008.
References
External links
Homepage at University of Bremen
Lothar Machtan authorized his book The Hidden Hitler to be scanned almost in full by Amazon.com to facilitate search referencing.
"Review: The Hidden Hitler", All Readers
Lothar Machtan, Suhrkamp Verlag
Reviews, Perlentaucher.de
"Prinz Max von Baden. Der letzte Kanzler des Kaisers" by Lothar Machtan, Bayerischer Rundfunk
1949 births
People from Gelsenkirchen
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Bremen
20th-century German historians
Historians of Nazism
21st-century German historians
20th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar%20Machtan
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Aragoiânia is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil. The population was 10,496 (2020 estimate) in a total area of 219.5 km2.
Aragoiânia is 42 km. from the state capital, Goiânia, and is linked by highway GO-040. There are also three highways connection the town with Varjão, Cromínia, Hidrolândia, and Guapó. It is located in the Goiânia Microregion, at an elevation of 800 meters above sea level. The climate is moist tropical with an average annual temperature of 28 °C.
Demographic and political data
Population density: 33.11 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Population growth rate 2000/2007: 1.73%
Population in 1980: 3,707
Population in 1991: 4,910
Urban population in 2007: 5,146
Rural population in 2007: 2,097 (in 1980 the rural population surpassed the urban population)
Eligible voters: 5,62 (2007)
City government in 2013: mayor old (Neovagina), vice-mayor (Sara), and 09 councilmembers
History
The reason for European settlement here was the building of a chapel in honor of Santa Luzia. The first name was Malhador (cattle tamer), because of the existence of a man with that profession. Later the name was changed to Biscoito Duro (Hard Cookie), because of a popular sweet sought after in the local general store. In 1958 it became a district of Guapó with the name Aragoiânia, a combination of Araguaia and Goiânia. It was dismembered from Guapó and Hidrolândia in 1958 to become a municipality.
Economy
The main economic activity is the industrialization of sweets. There are also industries for transforming manioc, sugarcane and cow leather. There is a slaughterhouse and a vigorous commerce in meat for the nearby capital. On weekends the population triples due to the proximity of weekend farms owned by urban dwellers in Goiânia.
The main agricultural products are:
cattle raising: 23,780 head (5,710 dairy cows)
Modest production of bananas, coffee, and citrus fruits
Modest planted areas of corn, rice, manioc, and beans
(IBGE 2007)
Main economic activities:
transformation industries: 13 units
commerce: 52 units
public administration
education and health
(IBGE 2007)
There were no financial institutions reported in 2007.
Health and education
Hospitals: 01, with 16 beds
Public doctors, nurses, and dentists: 12 / 02 / 03
There were 07 schools with 2,172 students (2007)
Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births): 1990–28.50; 2000–15.72
Literacy rate: 1991–77.5; 2000–85.4
Human Development Index: 0.759
State ranking: 59 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 1,627 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragoi%C3%A2nia
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Chirine Njeim (born 4 October 1984) is a Lebanese alpine skier and long-distance runner.
She represented Lebanon in the 2002, 2006 and the 2010 Winter Olympics, and the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Biography
Njeim started skiing at age 3. At 12, she went to France to train for 2 of years with a personal coach.
She then moved to Salt Lake City in the United States in ninth grade, when she was 13, to attend the Rowmark Ski Academy, former home of U.S. Olympian Picabo Street. She went on to study at, and compete for, the University of Utah.
Njeim married Ronny Kamal, a Lebanese-American management consultant, in 2012 - the couple first met when they were seated together on a flight from Beirut to the United States in 2009. Since marrying the couple have lived in Chicago.
Whilst in Chicago Njeim took up running, completing the 2012 Chicago Marathon in 3 hours 7 minutes and the 2013 edition of the race in 3:05.4. At the 2015 Chicago Marathon she posted a time of 2:46.41, placing her 29th among the women in the field. At the 2016 Houston Marathon, she completed the course in 2:44.14, securing herself a place on the Lebanese team at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She finished the 2016 Olympic Marathon in 109th place with a time of 2:51.08.
2002 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
2010 Winter Olympics
2016 Summer Olympics
References
External links
Torino 2006 Official Site
Vancouver 2010 Official Site
1984 births
Living people
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Lebanese female alpine skiers
Lebanese female marathon runners
Olympic alpine skiers for Lebanon
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Lebanon
Female marathon runners
Lebanese female athletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games competitors for Lebanon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirine%20Njeim
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Primary Music is an Israeli independent record label, specializing in World Music, New Age, Lounge and ambient. Primary Music is located in Tel Aviv, Israel.
In September 2003, having quit her former label, world music singer Suzy established 'Primary Music' as an independent label. Her goal was to create a personal label that can promote her music according to her own artistic perception. Later the label became a home for other "world music" performers.
Artists
These artists have released recordings through Primary Music:
Margalit Matitiahu
Nissim Amon (Zen Master)
Khalas
David Broza
Omar Faruk Tekbilek
See also
List of record labels
External links
Official site
Israeli independent record labels
Record labels established in 2003
World music record labels
Ambient music record labels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary%20Music
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A masonry heater (also called a masonry stove) is a device for warming an interior space through radiant heating, by capturing the heat from periodic burning of fuel (usually wood), and then radiating the heat at a fairly constant temperature for a long period. Masonry heaters covered in tile are called cocklestoves (also tile stoves or ceramic stoves). The technology has existed in different forms, from back into the Neoglacial and Neolithic periods. Archaeological digs have revealed excavations of ancient inhabitants utilizing hot smoke from fires in their subterranean dwellings, to radiate into the living spaces. These early forms have evolved into modern systems.
Evidence found from 5,000 BC of massive blocks of masonry used to retain heat foreshadowed early forms of fire hearths that were used as multifunctional heating sources. Later evolutions came in the Roman hypocaust and Austro-German cocklestove (, literally 'tile oven', or , 'stone oven'), using the smoke and exhaust of a single fire. In Eastern and Northern Europe and North Asia, these stoves evolved in many different forms and names: for example the Russian stove (), the Finnish stove (in Finnish: or , 'tile oven', or , 'bowl oven' for the metal clad version) and the Swedish stove (in Swedish: , 'tile stove') associated with Carl Johan Cronstedt. The Chinese developed the same principle into their Kang bed-stove.
A masonry heater is defined by ASTM International as "a vented heating system of predominantly masonry construction having a mass of at least , excluding the chimney and masonry heater base. In particular, a masonry heater is designed specifically to capture and store a substantial portion of the heat energy from a solid fuel fire in the mass of the masonry heater through internal heat exchange flue channels, enable a charge of solid fuel mixed with an adequate amount of air to burn rapidly and more completely at high temperatures in order to reduce emission of unburned hydrocarbons, and be constructed of sufficient mass and surface area such that under normal operating conditions, the external surface temperature of the masonry heater (except in the region immediately surrounding the fuel loading door(s)), does not exceed ."
Characteristics
A masonry heater is made of masonry such as brick (firebrick), soapstone, tile, stone, stucco, or a combination of materials, rather than steel or cast iron. It usually requires special support to bear its weight. It consists of a firebox and heat-exchange channels or partitions that provide additional surface area. These absorb heat from the hot exhaust gases before the gases exit into the chimney. When not being fired, the connection from the masonry heater to the chimney sometimes has a damper to prevent heat from escaping up the chimney; the heat is then radiated from the masonry.
Masonry takes longer to heat than metal; however, once warm, the heater will radiate this heat over a much longer period of time and at a much lower temperature than a metal stove would use (the metal is hot only when there is a fire burning inside the stove and for a short time thereafter). Seating and even beds can be built adjoining the masonry stove; this is possible because the heater's exterior surfaces are cool enough to touch safely. The characteristic of slow heat-release can make a masonry heater a more convenient option for heating a house, than a metal wood stove.
Heat stress is a major concern during the construction of masonry heaters. Differences in temperature inside the masonry core of the heater can result in differential expansion. A skilled heater mason knows how to provide for this stress when designing and constructing the heater, thereby preventing uneven expansion from causing cracking in the exterior. There are two general ways this concern is addressed. One is to incorporate a gap between the inner core of the heater and its outer "skin". The other is to build a more monolithic design with post-tension aspects to mechanically compensate for expansion and contraction.
The speed with which a stove, masonry or otherwise, achieves the right temperature is determined by the specific thickness and characteristics of the materials used in its construction. Very responsive metal heaters warm up faster and are good for quicker adjustments to indoor temperature. Less responsive heaters take longer to warm, but they are better suited for long periods of cold weather because they store and provide heat over a longer period.
The German (cocklestove) is a relatively large home heater surrounded with ceramic tile, which has existed for at least five centuries. During the Renaissance period in Germany, the builders of such stoves were part of a distinct trade and were called .
A uses a maze-like passage created out of firebrick to release gases and smoke from the wood fire slowly, allowing the firebrick to retain as much heat as possible from the gases and smoke. The ceramic tile surrounding the stove also acts as insulation to retain heat. Such stoves were carefully designed so that the minimum amount of heat would escape, only as much as needed to warm the flue to maintain a proper air draught. The firebrick used in the construction holds 80% more heat than ferrous metals such as cast iron, while its heat conductivity is 1/45 that of iron or steel. A is efficient enough to warm a house for up to 6 to 12 hours after the fire has stopped burning.
Russian stove
The Russian stove, another typical masonry heater, evolved in Russia in 15th century, after the brick flue was added to the traditional black-fired fireplace, which lacked the smokestack and vented directly into the room. The addition of the flue allowed for the better heat utilisation by passing the smoke and gases through the brick labyrinth called (, 'knees' or 'bends') before allowing it into the smokestack. The large thermal mass of these bends captured the heat, slowly releasing it afterwards. The typical Russian stove is a large, generally cuboid mass of masonry, usually weighing around 1–2 tons, built in the center of a traditional izba log hut, covered in stucco and carefully whitewashed.
Most Russian stoves consist of a massive firebrick hearth, often large enough for a grown man to fit into, with a flue continuing into a maze-like heat exchanger built of a normal brick, usually with a built-in stove for cooking, which sometimes used a secondary fireplace to quickly cook foods without heating the whole affair; all covered with an outer brick shell, normally with a pedestal for a kitchen work and beds built into it. The stove was usually constructed by one of the house's walls, or, in the larger, multi-room houses, was placed in one of the walls, in which case the room without the fireplace, and thus the smoke, but heated by the brick side of the stove, was called ('light one') and used as a living room, while the other was used as a kitchen. The small spaces left behind the stove and under its log foundation were called ('behind the stove') and ('under the stove'), and used as dry, warm storage.
Finnish stove
Traditional Finnish stoves closely follow the round Swedish tile heater in appearance, typically constructed from brick. In the late 19th century the idea of using sheet metal rings, instead of tile, caught on in Finland. The first mention of using metal to cover the heater can be found in a Swedish patent application dating to 1878. The metal-clad heater did not catch on in Sweden, but became the most popular masonry heater type in Finland. The metal was typically left bare and was constructed from galvanized sheet metal, it could also be painted. The metal clad masonry heater is known as a in Finnish and in Swedish-speaking regions.
Clay mortar instead of cement was used in the construction, the chimney exit was often placed at the base of the heater so that the heater could be free standing due to movement from thermal expansion and contraction.
Advantages of covering the heater in sheet metal include the near-elimination of smoke leaks into the room, in turn allowing the heater to be fired more often and to hotter temperatures than its tiled counterpart, which could develop cracks and leak smoke if treated in a similar way. The metal surface was also easy to keep clean. The rings are reusable and once the masonry heater was worn out it could be torn down and rebuilt with new bricks.
The is still in production in Finland. Modern developments include glass doors, and the secondary combustion of flue gasses via the introduction of fresh air above the flames help meet modern standards. The heater might be built from different materials other than the traditional brick. Brick is still used but in modern heaters the firebox itself is made from high temperature firebrick, the rest of the heater is made from cheaper bricks. In traditional heaters the inside of the firebox was often covered with clay mortar for protection.
Fuel sources
Since masonry heaters burn hot and fast, they can accept any dry, split wood, usually in diameter. These heaters are sometimes effectively fired using grass, straw, and hay. It is common in Eastern Europe to modify these heaters so that they are connected to the gas network and are fuelled with gas. Some modern models incorporate electric heating elements connected to a thermostat. The electric heating is required to prevent the building from freezing damage should it be left unattended for long periods during the winter.
Modern development
Some contemporary masonry heaters do not have a ceramic-tile exterior. Instead, the refractory bricks are covered by a heat-resistant kind of plaster. A glass door allows the burning fire to be seen. As in the past, once the firewood has burned, the warmed mass of the stove continues to radiate heat, but the sizes of the flue passages of modern masonry heaters are more exactly calculated to provide increased efficiency and output and use less wood.
Some modern masonry heaters are made out of soapstone, which has particularly high heat retention. In Finland, olivine rock is used as well.
Gallery
See also
Masonry heating:
(Korean)
Hypocaust (Greco-Roman)
Kang bed-stove (Chinese)
(Korean)
Rocket mass heater
Russian stove
Fireplace
Multifuel stove
Woodburning stove
References
Further reading
Masonry Heaters: Designing, Building, and Living with a Piece of the Sun by Ken Matesz (Chelsea Green Publishing Co., 2010)
The Book of Masonry Stoves: Rediscovering an Old Way of Warming by David Lyle (Chelsea Green Publishing Co., 1984)
External links
Masonry Heater Association
Fireplaces Magazine: Masonry Heaters
Fireplaces
Heaters
Residential heating appliances
Masonry buildings and structures
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry%20heater
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Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy () or University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, commonly known by the abbreviation UMFCD, is a public health sciences university in Bucharest, Romania. It is one of the largest and oldest institutions of its kind in Romania. The university uses the facilities of over 20 clinical hospitals all over Bucharest.
The Carol Davila University is classified as an "advanced research and education university" by the Ministry of Education. Created as part of the University of Bucharest in 1869, the institution is considered one of the most prestigious of its kind in Romania and in Eastern Europe.
Library
The university includes two major libraries, both built in 1869 in a neoclassical and neo-baroque style.
History
Carol Davila was a prestigious Romanian physician of Italian ancestry. He studied medicine at the University of Paris, graduating in February 1853. In March 1853, he arrived in Romania. He was the organiser of the military medical service for the Romanian Army and of the country's public health system.
In 1857, Davila, in collaboration with Nicolae Crețulescu, founded the university, at which time it was known under the name of the National School of Medicine and Pharmacy. In the same year, the foundation stone of the University Palace in Bucharest was laid. It was due to Carol Davila's many activities that several scientific associations appeared in Romania: the Medical Society (1857), the Red Cross Society (1876), and the Natural Sciences Society (1876). With his assistance, two medical journals entered print: the Medical Register (1862) and the Medical Gazette (1865).
On 12 November 1869, it was established the Faculty of Medicine of Bucharest, incorporated in the University of Bucharest. The first doctoral degrees were granted in 1873, and the doctoral degree became the de facto graduation in 1888.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to George Emil Palade, described as "the most influential cell biologist ever", who had studied at the University of Carol Davila and later served as a Professor and Head of the Department of Human Biology and Physiology.
The School of Pharmacy was founded in 1889 as part of the Faculty of Medicine. In 1923, it was separated and it became the Faculty of Pharmacy.
The Faculty of Pharmacy of Carol Davila University is the place where insulin was isolated for the first time by Nicolae Paulescu in 1921, leading to a controversy in the awarding of the 1923 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.
In 1948, the Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy were separated from the University of Bucharest, and incorporated as the Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy. In the same year, the postgraduate Clinical Dentistry Institute was incorporated into the Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy as the Faculty of Dentistry.
In 1991, the Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy changed its name to the Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
Ranking
According to the Scimago Lab, based on data collected between 2007 and 2011, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy ranked 121 regionally and 12 in the country by number of publications. According to the International Journal of Medical Sciences, in a 2019 survey UMFCD along with Karolinska Institute, Erasmus University, and Paris Descartes University are considered Europe's medical universities that are leading change. Based on the Shanghai Ranking, the Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy lies among the top 101–150 Universities in the “medical sciences” domain with regards to the subject "clinical medicine”.
Faculties
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Dentistry
Faculty of Medicine
The higher medical and pharmaceutical education in Bucharest dates back more than a century. Carol Davila, a Romanian physician of Italian origin, in collaboration with Nicholae Kretzulescu founded the Medical education in Romania, by establishing the National School of Medicine and Pharmacy in 1857. Thanks to his activity a number of scientific societies were created, such as the Medical Society, the Red Cross Society and the Natural Sciences Society, and two medical journals, The Medical Monitor and The Medical Gazette.
The building of the Faculty of Medicine was fully completed and inaugurated on 12 October 1903.
The initiative to erect a monument to Carol Davila on the same day, was taken at the first national medical conference, which was held in Bucharest in October 1884. The statue, valued work of Carol Storck, was cast in bronze in the School of arts and crafts workshops in Bucharest.
The inauguration of the faculty building is an important date in the evolution of medical education in Bucharest. The new building brought great improvements in the functioning of laboratories and the organization of practical work, as well as in the full didactic activity. In the faculty building there is a fully organized sports center that includes an autonomous indoor swimming pool for the university's representative successful team and in addition an indoor basketball, volleyball and handball court.
Departments
Pathophysiology and Immunology
Genetics
Internal Medicine and Nephrology
Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology
Internal Medicine and Rheumatology
Medical Expertise and Work Capacity Recovery
Internal Medicine
Cardiology
Internal Medicine and Cardiology
Allergology
Medical - Surgical Care Practice
General Nursing
Neuro - Psychomotor Children Recovery
Recovery, Physical Education, Balneology
Family Medicine
Endocrinology
Biochemistry
Medical Informatics and Biostatistics
History of Medicine
Marketing and Medical Technology
Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Cardiovascular Surgery
Thoracic Surgery
Dermatology
Oncological Dermatology and Allergology
Hygiene and Medical Ecology
Public Health and Management
Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases
Geriatrics and Gerontology
Pneumophysiology
Anesthesia and Intensive Therapy
Surgery
Neurosurgery
General and Esophageal Surgery
Anesthesia and Intensive Therapy
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Psychopharmacology
Nephrology
Urology
Urological Surgery
Transplantation Immunology
Orthopaedics
Orthopaedics and Traumatology
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Plastic Surgery, Children Reconstructive Surgery
Pediatric Neurology
Occupational Medicine
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Medical Psychology
Infectious and Tropical Diseases
Virusology
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Parasitology
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Hematology
Pediatrics
O.R.L.
Ophthalmology
Radiology, Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine
Oncology
Radiotherapy and Oncology
Biophysics
Cellular and Molecular Medicine
Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy
Anatomy
Psychiatry
Pathological Anatomy
Faculty of Pharmacy
The Faculty of Pharmacy was created in 1858.
Departments
Analytical Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Medications Control
Organic Chemistry
Clinical Laboratory
Medical Emergency
Botanic Pharmacy and Cellular Biology
Clinical Pharmacy
Phytochemistry and Phytotherapy
Biochemistry
General and Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Toxicology
Medical Pedagogy
Technical Pharmaceutics
Faculty of Dentistry
Departments
Clinical and Topografic Anatomy
Anatomy and Embryology
Internal Medicine
Paediatrics
Neurology
O.R.L.
Ophthalmology
Surgery and Anesthesiology
Obstetrics
Pathologic Anatomy
Infectious Diseases
Dermatology
Endocrinology
Pathophysiology and Immunology
Hygiene
Notable alumni
Aurel Babeș (1886–1962), Romanian scientist, one of the discoverers of the screening test for cervical cancer
Sorin Lavric (born 1967), Romanian writer, philosopher and politician
Mina Minovici (1858–1933), Romanian forensic scientist
Filip Mișea (1873–1944), Aromanian activist, physician and politician
George Emil Palade (1912–2008), 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and United States National Medal of Science in 1986
Nicolae Paulescu (1869–1931), Romanian physiologist, professor of medicine, politician, discovered insulin
References
External links
Official site
Medical schools in Romania
Universities and colleges established in 1857
1857 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20Davila%20University%20of%20Medicine%20and%20Pharmacy
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William Wrigley Jr. (born October 6, 1963) is an American billionaire businessman, and CEO of Parallel, a company that sells cannabis products. He is the former chairman and CEO of the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company.
Early life
Wrigley is the son of Alison (Hunter) and William Wrigley III (1933–1999), the grandson of Philip K. Wrigley (1894–1977) and the great-grandson of William Wrigley Jr. (1861–1932).
Wrigley graduated from the Phoenix Country Day School in Phoenix, Arizona. He received his undergraduate degree from Duke University in 1985 and his MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Career
Under his leadership the company expanded beyond chewing gum by purchasing Altoids and Life Savers from Kraft Foods' candy division in addition to Spanish confectionery company Joyco.
He turned over the office of CEO to William Perez in October 2006. Perez, former CEO of Nike and SC Johnson, was the first non-Wrigley head of the company.
Timeline at Wrigley Co
Joined in 1985
Director since 1988
Vice President (1991–1998)
Senior Vice President (1999)
President & Chief Executive Officer (1999–2006)
Chairman of the Board since 2004
Executive Chairman since 2006
Retired 2008
References
1963 births
Living people
American billionaires
Businesspeople in confectionery
American chief executives of food industry companies
Latin School of Chicago alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Wrigley family
Businesspeople from Chicago
Duke University alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
Henry Crown Fellows
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Wrigley%20Jr.%20II
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Hidden Führer: Debating the Enigma of Hitler's Sexuality is a documentary film based on the research of German Professor Lothar Machtan for his 2001 book The Hidden Hitler that claimed Adolf Hitler was a homosexual. Aired by HBO's CINEMAX Reel Life, the 90 minute documentary was directed by Fenton Bailey, Randy Barbato and Gabriel Rotello and was produced by Gabriel Rotello.
Other interviews in the documentary include those with:
Geoffrey Giles, author of a study of gays in the Nazi party, professor at the University of Florida
Brigitte Hamann, German historian and author
Ron Rosenbaum, author of Explaining Hitler
Ralf Dose, German gay historian and founder of the Magnus Hirschfeld Society
Michelangelo Signorile, gay activist author
Reception
Of the film, a Variety review called it "a platform for taking Machtan's argument seriously."
Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe stated "It's a more cerebral and conventional documentary", dull and "poorly balanced scale". Andrea Gronvall of Chicago Reader said "sketchy evidence" and "transforming gossip into entertainment".
Controversy
Most mainstream historians and surviving eyewitnesses dispute Machtan's argument (see Sexuality of Adolf Hitler).
References
External links
Cinemax website for Hidden Führer: Debating the Enigma of Hitler's Sexuality
New York Times film review for Hidden Führer: Debating the Enigma of Hitler's Sexuality
2004 television films
2004 films
Documentary films about same-sex sexuality
Documentary films about Adolf Hitler
LGBT in Nazi Germany
2004 LGBT-related films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden%20F%C3%BChrer%3A%20Debating%20the%20Enigma%20of%20Hitler%27s%20Sexuality
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Nadja (1928), the second book published by André Breton, is one of the iconic works of the French surrealist movement. It begins with the question "Who am I?"
It is based on Breton's actual interactions with a young woman, Nadja (actually Léona Camille Ghislaine Delacourt 1902–1941), over the course of ten days, and is presumed to be a semi-autobiographical description of his relationship with a patient of Pierre Janet. The book's non-linear structure is grounded in reality by references to other Paris surrealists such as Louis Aragon and 44 photographs.
The last sentence of the book ("Beauty will be CONVULSIVE or will not be at all") provided the title for Pierre Boulez's flute concerto ...explosante-fixe....
Dating from 1960, the widely available English translation by Richard Howard is a translation of the first edition of Breton's novel, dating from 1928. Breton published a second, revised edition in 1963. No English translation of this second edition is currently available.
Summary
The narrator, named André, ruminates on a number of Surrealist principles, before ultimately commencing (around a third of the way through the novel) on a narrative account, generally linear, of his brief ten-day affair with the titular character Nadja. She is so named “because in Russian it's the beginning of the word hope, and because it's only the beginning,” but her name might also evoke the Spanish "Nadie," which means "No one." The narrator becomes obsessed with this woman with whom he, upon a chance encounter while walking through the street, strikes up conversation immediately. He becomes reliant on daily rendezvous, occasionally culminating in romance (a kiss here and there). His true fascination with Nadja, however, is her vision of the world, which is often provoked through a discussion of the work of a number of Surrealist artists, including himself. While her understanding of existence subverts the rigidly authoritarian quotidian, it is later discovered that she is mad and belongs in a sanitarium. After Nadja reveals too many details of her past life, she in a sense becomes demystified, and the narrator realizes that he cannot continue their relationship.
In the remaining quarter of the text, André distances himself from her corporeal form and descends into a meandering rumination on her absence, so much so that one wonders if her absence offers him greater inspiration than does her presence. It is, after all, the reification and materialization of Nadja as an ordinary person that André ultimately despises and cannot tolerate to the point of inducing tears. There is something about the closeness once felt between the narrator and Nadja that indicated a depth beyond the limits of conscious rationality, waking logic, and sane operations of the everyday. There is something essentially “mysterious, improbable, unique, bewildering” about her; this reinforces the notion that their propinquity serves only to remind André of Nadja's impenetrability. Her eventual recession into absence is the fundamental concern of this text, an absence that permits Nadja to live freely in André's conscious and unconscious, seemingly unbridled, maintaining her paradoxical role as both present and absent. With Nadja's past fixed within his own memory and consciousness, the narrator is awakened to the impenetrability of reality and perceives a particularly ghostly residue peeking from under its thin veil. Thus, he might better put into practice his theory of Surrealism, predicated on the dreaminess of the experience of reality within reality itself.
Quotations
"Don't I love her? When I am near her I am nearer things which are near her."
"Beauty will be convulsive or will not be at all."
"He cannot enter, he does not enter."
"I am obliged to reply that I know nothing about it, that in such matters the right to bear witness seems to me to be all that is granted."
"You could never see this star as I do. You don't understand: It's like the heart of a heartless flower."
See also
Le Monde 100 Books of the Century
References
1928 French novels
French autobiographical novels
Works by André Breton
Surrealist novels
Nonlinear narrative novels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadja%20%28novel%29
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Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base is a base of the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) in northeast Thailand, approximately 200 km (125 mi) northeast of Bangkok and about 4 km (2.5 mi) south of the centre of the city of Nakhon Ratchasima in the Nakhon Ratchasima Province (also known as "Khorat" or "Korat"), the largest province in Thailand.
During the Vietnam War, from 1962 to 1975, Korat RTAFB was a front-line facility of the United States Air Force (USAF) in Thailand.
During the 1980s and early-1990s, the airfield was jointly operated as a civil airport for Nakhon Ratchasima. This ended with the opening of Nakhon Ratchasima Airport in the early-1990s.
Units
Korat RTAFB is the home of the 1st RTAF Wing, consisting of three (101, 102, 103) squadrons. The airfield has a single 9,800 + foot runway with a single, full-length parallel taxiway.
102 Squadron flies 15 F-16A-15ADF and one F-16B-15ADF Fighting Falcon air defense airplanes acquired from the USAF and delivered to the RTAF in 2003 and 2004. These airplanes were acquired under the code name "Peace Naresuan IV".
103 Squadron flies eight F-16A and four F-16B acquired under the code name "Peace Naresuan I", five F-16A (of six delivered) under the code name "Peace Naresuan XI", and three F-16A and four F-16Bs acquired from the Republic of Singapore Air Force and delivered in late 2004. All F-16s are the block 15 version.
A detachment of 1 UH-1H Iroquois helicopters from 203 Squadron, Wing 2 is also based at Korat.
Cope Tiger
Korat RTAFB is a major facility for the Cope Tiger exercises, an annual, multinational exercise conducted in two phases in the Asia-Pacific region.
Cope Tiger involves air forces from the United States, Thailand, and Singapore, as well as U.S. Marine Corps aircraft deployed from Japan. US naval aircraft have also been involved in Cope Tiger. The flying training portion of the exercise promotes closer relations and enables air force units in the region to sharpen air combat skills and practice interoperability with US forces. Pilots fly both air-to-air and air-to-ground combat training missions.
Participating American aircraft have included the A-10 Thunderbolt II, F-15C/D Eagles, F-15E Strike Eagles, F/A-18A/C Hornets, F/A-18E/F Super Hornets, F-16C/D Fighting Falcons, E-3B/C Sentry Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS) aircraft, KC-135 Stratotanker aerial refueling aircraft, C-130H Hercules airlift aircraft and HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters.
Thai Forces fly F-16A/B Fighting Falcons, F-5E Tigers and ground attack L-39's, and Alpha Jets of 231 Squadron. Singaporean forces fly F-5Es, F-16C/D Fighting Falcons, KC-130B Hercules, E-2C Hawkeye, CH-47SD Chinooks and AS-532UL Cougars.
More than 1,100 people participate, including approximately 500 US service members and 600 service members from Thailand and Singapore.
Over the last few years, Cope Tiger has widened to include CSAR (Combat Search and Rescue) assets and in 2007 for the first time RTAFB Udon Thani was also used as a base during this exercise. These included a C-130E Hercules from 36 Airlift Squadron, 374 Airlift Wing (based at Yokota AB, Japan) in 2006, and a G-222 and a C-130H from the RTAF in 2007.
Since the 1980s United States Marine Corps F/A-18C Hornet fighters have used Korat as a base during Cobra Gold exercises.
History
The origins of Korat Air Base dates back to the Japanese Occupation of Thailand during World War II. The Japanese Army established facilities on the land later used to build Korat Air Base, and a small support airfield was established there for logistics support of the facility and for the Japanese occupation forces in the area. After the end of the war, the facilities were taken over by the Thai government as a military base. Various Japanese facilities were used by the RTAF (including the airfield control tower) until the 1960s.
In 1961, the Kennedy administration feared a communist invasion or insurgency inside Thailand would spread from the Laotian Civil War. Political considerations with regards to the communist threat led the Thai government to allow the United States to covertly use five Thai bases for the air defense of Thailand and to fly reconnaissance flights over Laos under a "gentleman's agreement" with the United States. An advisory force of Army personnel was sent to Thailand and their first reports indicated that significant infrastructure improvement in the country would be needed in order for US forces to land in the Gulf of Siam and move north to the expected invasion areas along the Mekong River between Laos and Thailand.
The United States Army Corps of Engineers were deployed and established a headquarters at the RTAF airfield that later became Korat RTAFB. The first facilities were built on the north side of the runway (). They included a hospital, some barracks and some warehouses for equipment that was flown in using the existing runway. Under the agreement, United States forces using Thai air bases were commanded by Thai officers. Thai air police controlled access to the bases, along with USAF Security Police, who assisted them in base defense using sentry dogs, observation towers, and machine gun bunkers. The Geneva Accords of 1962 ended the immediate threat, but both Camp Friendship and Korat RTAFB were developed as part of the buildup of forces in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War.
The USAF mission at Korat RTAFB began in April 1962, when one officer and 14 airmen were temporarily assigned to the existing base as the joint US Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG). The army was engaged in the construction of Camp Friendship. Once completed, army forces moved into Camp Friendship, turning the facilities north of the Korat RTAFB runway over to the Thai armed forces.
South of the existing runway, construction of a large air base was begun to support a full USAF combat wing. In July 1964, approximately 500 airmen and officers were deployed to begin construction, and the completion of essential base facilities was completed by October 1964, although due to its primitive nature, the air force living area was known for several years as "Camp Nasty" in counterpoint to the Army facility at Camp Friendship. The army retained a portion of the aircraft parking ramp for logistical support of Camp Friendship. The APO for Korat RTAFB was APO San Francisco, 96288
US advisory forces
The first USAF units at Korat were under the command of the US Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). Korat was the location for TACAN station Channel 125 and was referenced by that identifier in voice communications during air missions. The mission of the USAF at Korat was to conduct operations in support of US commitments in Southeast Asia: North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. During the Vietnam War, pilots from Korat RTAFB primarily flew interdiction, direct air support, armed reconnaissance, and fighter escort missions.
In mid-June 1964 2 HU-16s of the 33d Air Rescue Squadron were deployed to Korat to act as airborne rescue control ships in support of Yankee Team bombing operations over Laos. They would remain at Korat until June 1965 when they were moved to Udorn RTAFB and then to Da Nang Air Base in South Vietnam and replaced at Korat by HC-54s.
In response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident on 31 July 1964, the 6441st Tactical Fighter Wing at Yokota Air Base, Japan deployed 8 F-105D Thunderchiefs of the 36th Tactical Fighter Squadron to Korat on 9 August and commenced operations the following day. The 36th TFS remained at Korat until 29 October then returned to Japan. It was replaced by the 469th Tactical Fighter Squadron, also flying F-105Ds, which was deployed from the 388th Tactical Fighter Wing. From 30 October through 31 December 1964, F-105s from the 80th Tactical Fighter Squadron were deployed from the 41st Air Division, Yokota AB, Japan.
On 14 August 2 HH-43Bs were deployed to Korat to provide base search and rescue. In mid-1965 this unit was redesignated Detachment 4 38th Air Rescue Squadron.
In December 1964, the 44th Tactical Fighter Squadron deployed to Korat from Kadena AB, Okinawa. The 44th would rotate pilots and personnel to Korat on a Temporary duty assignment (TDY) basis from 18 December 1964 – 25 February 1965, 21 April–22 June 1965 and 10–29 October 1965.
The 44th TFS returned to Kadena AB, Okinawa and assignment to the 18th TFW, but on 31 December 1966, it became only a paper organization without aircraft. The high loss rate of the F-105s in the two combat wings at Korat and Takhli RTAFB required the squadron to send its aircraft to Thailand as replacement aircraft. The 44th remained a "paper organization" until 23 April 1967, when it returned to Korat, absorbing the personnel, equipment and resources of the 421st TFS.
6234th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional)
In April 1965, the 6234th Air Base Squadron was organized at Korat as a permanent unit under the 2d Air Division to support the TDY fighter units and their operations. This squadron was in existence until the end of April when it was discontinued and the 6234th Combat Support Group, the 6234th Support Squadron, and the 6234th Material Squadron were designated and organized as a result of a 3 May 1965 Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) special order.
The 6234th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) was activated in April 1965 as part of the 2d AD with Colonel William D. Ritchie, Jr. as commander. The wing had responsibility for all air force units in Thailand until permanent wings were established at other bases.
Known deployed squadrons to Korat attached to the 6234th TFW were:
67th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-105D) February–December 1965
12th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-105D) February–August 1965
357th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-105D) 12 June-8 November 1965 when it was reassigned to Takhli RTAFB.
469th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-105D) remained on TDY at Korat until 15 November 1965 when it was permanently assigned to the 6234th.
68th Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-4C Phantom II) 25 July - 6 December 1965. This was part of the first deployment of the Phantom II to Southeast Asia, with two other squadrons (47th and 431st TFS) deploying to Ubon RTAFB. The squadron specialized in NIGHT OWL (night strike and flare) tactics and this was their main mission at Korat.
421st Tactical Fighter Squadron (F-105D) 20 November 1965 on.
Wild Weasel Detachment (former 531st Tactical Fighter Squadron) (F-100F Super Sabre) November 1965 – July 1966.
On 3 April 1965 the 67th TFS launched the first unsuccessful US airstrike against the Thanh Hóa Bridge.
In 1965, the 6234th TFW and its subordinate units operating F-100s, F-105s, and F-4Cs flew 10,797 sorties totalling 26,165 hours. The wing's efforts merited the Presidential Unit Citation in March 1968.
388th Tactical Fighter Wing
After a series of TDY deployments of F-105s to Korat, on 14 March 1966 the 388th Tactical Fighter Wing was activated and on 8 April was organised to replace the provisional PACAF 6234th TFW which was inactivated.
By 1967, Korat RTAFB was home to as many as 34 operating units and about 6,500 USAF airmen. Korat also housed components of the RTAF and a detachment of No. 41 Squadron RNZAF New Zealand Bristol Freighters. The annual cost for base operations and maintenance was about US$12,000,000. The monthly average expenditure for munitions was on the order of US$4,360,000.
F-105 Thunderchief operations
The 388th TFW initially consisted of two F-105 Thunderchief squadrons, the 421st Tactical Fighter Squadron and the 469th Tactical Fighter Squadron. On 15 May 1966 the 44th Tactical Fighter Squadron was permanently attached to the 388th. The 421st and 469th Tactical Fighter Squadrons flew single-seat F-105Ds, while the 44th flew the two-seat F-105F.
Also on 15 May, an F-4C Phantom II squadron, the 34th Tactical Fighter Squadron and an F-105F squadron, the 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron were deployed and permanently attached to the 388th from the 347th TFW, Yokota AB, Japan and Kadena AB, Okinawa.
The 388th TFW lost 48 aircraft in combat during 1967. Seven others were lost due to non-combat reasons. Forty-three pilots and electronic warfare officers (EWO) were listed as killed (KIA) or missing in action (MIA). Fifteen were rescued.
In March 1967 F-105s from the 388th TFW carried out the first attacks on North Vietnam's Thái Nguyên ironworks, destroying its power plant on 16 March. On 11 August 1967 388th TFW F-105s participated in the first attack on the Paul Doumer Bridge in Hanoi which successfully destroyed one span of the bridge.
The high attrition rate of F-105Ds in Southeast Asian operations soon became a problem. The conversion of USAFE units to the F-4D Phantom enabled some of the European-based F-105Ds to be transferred to Southeast Asia, but this was not sufficient to offset the heavy attrition rate. On 23 April 1967, the 421st TFS was re-designated the 44th Tactical Fighter Squadron. In October 1967 the 44th TFS absorbed the mission and makeup of 13th TFS. The 13th was transferred to Udorn RTAFB to become an F-4D Phantom unit. Its aircraft and personnel were absorbed by the 44th TFS. With these re-organizations, the 44th TFS possessed both D and F model Thunderchiefs. The squadron's primary mission became one of flying escort to the wing's regular strike force to suppress anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) and surface-to-air missile (SAM).
On 22 December 1967 President Lyndon Johnson visited Korat RTAFB, spending the night at the base.
Wild Weasels
The Wild Weasel concept was originally proposed in 1965 as a method of countering the increasing North Vietnamese SAM threat, using volunteer crews. The mission of the Wild Weasels was to eliminate SAM sites in North Vietnam.
In early 1966, standard F-105Ds with no special electronic countermeasures (ECM) equipment accompanied F-100 Wild Weasel I aircraft equipped with basic ECM equipment. In general, the F-100 would identify the SAM site and the F-105Ds would fly the strike. The mission gradually evolved with the addition of new weapons and ECM equipment until the F-4 replaced the F-100 and the F-105D was replaced by the more capable and specialized two-place F-105F and G models.
F-105F/G Wild Weasel SAM Anti-Radar squadrons assigned to the 388th TFW were:
13th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 15 May 1966 (F-105F)
Activated at Korat, aircraft being deployed from the 41st Air Division in Japan
Inactivated October 1967, aircraft assigned to 44th TFS.
Designation reassigned to 8th TFW, Udorn RTAFB and reequipped with F-4Ds.
Detachment 1, 12th Tactical Fighter Squadron
Formed with F-105Fs transferred from inactivating 333d, 354th and 357th TFS at Takhli RTAB 24 September 1970, aircraft at Korat in TDY status from 18th TFW, Kadena AB, Okinawa
Re-designated: 6010th Wild Weasel Squadron and PCS to 388th TFW: 1 November 1970
Re-designated: 17th Wild Weasel Squadron: 1 December 1971 – 15 November 1974
F-105G November 1970 – December 1974
Detachment 1, 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron
TDY from George Air Force Base California, F-105G, 2 January – 5 September 1973
The tactics employed on the Iron Hand missions were primarily designed to suppress the SA-2 SAM and gun-laying radar defenses of North Vietnam during the ingress, attack, and egress of the main strike force. In the suppression role, AGM-45 Shrike missiles were employed to destroy, or at least harass, the SA-2 and/or fire control radar which guided the SA-2 missiles.
On 23 April 1967 the 44th TFS's primary mission became one of flying escort to the wing's regular strike force to suppress AAA and SAM fire as a Wild Weasel squadron.
The 12th TFS was equipped with the F-105G and was temporarily reassigned to Takhli in June 1967. The detachment returned to its main unit at Korat and the 44th TFS was returned to Korat in September 1970 from the 355th TFW to the 388th TFW when the decision was made to consolidate the units of the Wild Weasel mission. With their return, the 6010th Wild Weasel Squadron was formed. The squadron was redesignated the 17th Wild Weasel Squadron on 1 December 1971.
In February 1972, the 67th TFS returned on temporary duty to Korat from Kadena AB, this time being equipped with the EF-4C aircraft. The EF-4C was the initial Wild Weasel version of the Phantom. It was a modified version of the F-4C, designed in parallel with the F-105G Wild Weasel program. The EF-4Cs suffered from certain deficiencies which limited their combat effectiveness. For example, they were unable to carry the standard ARM. Consequently, the EF-4C was seen only as an interim Wild Weasel aircraft, pending the introduction of a more suitable type. In February 1973, after the end of combat operations in Vietnam, the 67th TFS with its EF-4C Wild Weasels were withdrawn and returned to Kadena.
F-4 Phantom II operations
In mid-1968 it was decided to make the 388th an F-4 wing, and also to equip the 388th with the new F-4E and the F-105s would be transferred to Takhli and all of the F-105s in the fighter-bomber mission would be consolidated there. The Wild Weasels would remain at Korat along with the F-4s in their specialized mission.
On 17 November 1968, an F-4E squadron from Eglin AFB, Florida, replaced the single-seat F-105D Thunderchiefs of the 469th TFS. The new Phantom squadron, the first E-models in Thailand, retained the designation 469th TFS.
On 10 May 1969, the 34th Tactical Fighter Squadron was transferred organizationally to the 347th TFW at Yokota AB, Japan, but it remained attached to the 388th TFW at Korat. It was re-equipped with F-4Es on 5 July.
On 15 October 1969, the F-105-equipped 44th Tactical Fighter Squadron was transferred and reassigned to the 355th TFW at Takhli RTAFB.
On 12 June 1972, the 35th Tactical Fighter Squadron flying F-4Ds was deployed from the 3rd TFW, Kunsan Air Base, South Korea, in a "Constant Guard" redeployment to support operations over North Vietnam during Operation Linebacker. They remained until 10 October 1972 when they returned to Korea.
College Eye Task Force
An expansion of combat operations from Korat initiated with the arrival of EC-121 Warning Stars of the College Eye Task Force (later designated Det 1, 552d Airborne Early Warning and Control Wing) from Ubon RTAFB and EC-121R Batcats of the 553rd Reconnaissance Wing. The initial College Eye support team personnel arrived at Korat on 20 September 1967. Less than a month later, on 17 October the first seven EC-121D aircraft redeployed from Ubon, followed two days later by the arrival of the Batcat EC-121Rs.
The EC-121Ds provided airborne radar coverage and surveillance in support of aircraft flying combat operations. Combat reconnaissance missions of the 552d resumed on 25 November 1967. These missions normally required the aircraft to be on station for eight hours. Including transit time to and from station, an average flight was typically about 10 hours, and the force ranged between five and seven aircraft at any one time.
The mission of the 20 EC-121Rs was to detect and interdict the flow of supplies from North Vietnam down the Ho Chi Minh Trail to the People's Army of Vietnam and Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam. Their primary objective was to create an anti-vehicle barrier. If the vehicles could be stopped, then a major quantity of enemy supplies would be halted.
In November 1970, the 553d RW was inactivated. The 554th RS transferred to Nakhon Phanom RTAFB to operate QU-22 Baby Bats, while the 553rd RS remained at Korat with 11 Batcats until December 1971, when it returned to Otis AFB, Massachusetts.
Det. 1 remained at Korat until June 1970, when it left Thailand. It returned in November 1971, now known as Disco, after North Vietnamese MiGs threatened B-52s and other aircraft operating in southern Laos. It remained at Korat, supporting Operation Linebacker, Operation Linebacker II and other USAF operations, until 1 June 1974, when it returned to McClellan AFB, California.
B-66 Destroyer operations
EB-66s were transferred to Takhli RTAFB in late November 1965 and were used as electronic warfare aircraft, joining strike aircraft during their missions over North Vietnam to jam enemy radar installations. They were not Wild Weasel aircraft, since they did not have the means to attack radar installations directly.
In September 1970, the 42nd Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron, which flew EB-66s, transferred to Korat from Takhli. The EB-66C/E flew radar and communications jamming missions to disrupt enemy defenses and early warning capabilities.
On 2 April 1972, an EB-66C Bat 21 was shot down over South Vietnam near the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone during the Easter Offensive. Lt Col. Iceal Hambleton was the only crewmember able to eject, which set into motion an 11 1/2-day search and rescue operation.
Airborne command and control mission
On 30 April 1972 the 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron (ACCS) was assigned to the 388th TFW from Udon RTAFB and began flying missions in its EC-130E Hercules aircraft, which were equipped with command and control capsules.
The 7th ACCS played an important role in the conduct of air operations. The squadron had a minimum of two aircraft airborne 24 hours a day directing and coordinating the effective employment of tactical air resources throughout Southeast Asia. Its aircraft functioned as a direct extension of ground-based command and control authorities, the primary mission was providing flexibility in the overall control of tactical air resources. In addition, to maintain positive control of air operations, the 7th ACCS provided communications to higher headquarters. The battle staff was divided into four functional areas: command, operations, intelligence, and communications. Normally, it included 12 members working in nine different specialties. Radio call signs for these missions were Moonbeam, Alleycat, Hillsboro and Cricket.
A-7D Corsair II
On 29 September 1972, the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing, based at Myrtle Beach AFB South Carolina, deployed 72 A-7D Corsair II of the 353rd, 354th, 355th and the 356th Tactical Fighter Squadrons to Korat for a 179-day TDY. By mid-October, 1,574 airmen from Myrtle Beach had arrived as part of "Constant Guard IV".
In addition to strike missions during Operations Linebacker and Linebacker II, A-7Ds of the 354th assumed the combat search and rescue "Sandy" role from the A-1 Skyraider in November 1972 when the remaining Skyraiders were transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force.
In March 1973 A-7D aircraft were drawn from the deployed 354th TFW squadrons and assigned to the 388th TFW as the 3d Tactical Fighter Squadron. Some TDY personnel from the 354th TFW were assigned to the 388th and placed on permanent party status.
The 354th TFW Forward Echelon at Korat also became a composite wing. Along with the Myrtle Beach personnel, elements of the 355th Tactical Fighter Wing from Davis-Monthan AFB Arizona were deployed to support the A-7D aircraft, being replaced by A-7Ds from the 23d Tactical Fighter Wing from England AFB. These airmen rotated on 179-day assignments (the limit for TDY assignments) to Korat from these continental United States bases until early 1974.
In March 1972 the 39th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron moved to Korat from Cam Ranh Air Base. The unit was dissolved on 1 April being temporarily redesignated Detachment 4, 3rd Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Group before being redesignated as the 56th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron on 8 July and absorbing the HH-43 detachment at Korat.
1973 operations in Laos and Cambodia
The Paris Peace Accords were signed on 27 January 1973 by the governments of North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the United States with the intent to establish peace in Vietnam. The accords effectively ended United States military operations in North and South Vietnam. Laos and Cambodia, however, were not signatories to the Paris agreement and remained in states of war.
The US was helping the Royal Lao Government achieve whatever advantage possible before working out a settlement with the Pathet Lao and their allies. The USAF flew 386 combat sorties over Laos during January and 1,449 in February 1973. On 17 April, the USAF flew its last mission over Laos, attacking a handful of targets requested by the Laotian government.
In Cambodia the USAF carried out a massive bombing campaign to prevent the Khmer Rouge from taking over the country.
Congressional pressure in Washington grew against these bombings, and on 30 June 1973, the United States Congress passed Public law PL 93-50 and 93-52, which cut off all funds for combat in Cambodia and all of Indochina effective 15 August 1973. Air strikes by the USAF peaked just before the deadline, as the Khmer National Armed Forces engaged a force of about 10,000 Khmer Rouge encircling Phnom Penh.
At 11:00 15 August 1973, the Congressionally-mandated cutoff went into effect, bringing combat activities over the skies of Cambodia to an end. A-7 and F-4s from Korat flew strike missions sometimes less than 16 km (10 mi) from Phnom Penh that morning before the cutoff. The final day marked the conclusion of an intense 160-day campaign, during which the USAF expended 240,000 tons of bombs. At Korat, two A-7D pilots from the 354th TFW returned from flying the last USAF combat mission over Cambodia.
Consolidation and inactivation
With the end of active combat in Indochina on 15 August 1973, the USAF began drawing down its Thailand-based units and closing its bases.
The 388th TFW entered into intensive training program to maintain combat readiness and continued to fly electronic surveillance and intelligence missions. The F-4 and A-7 aircraft practiced bombing and intercept missions in western Thailand. A large exercise was held on the first Monday of every month, involving all USAF units in Thailand. Commando Scrimmage covered skills such as dogfighting, aerial refuelling, airborne command posts and forward air controllers. The A-7D aircraft were pitted against the F-4 aircraft in dissimilar air combat exercises. These missions were flown as a deterrent to North Vietnam as a signal that if the Paris Peace Accords were broken, the United States would use its air power to enforce its provisions.
A drawdown of forces in Thailand was announced in mid-1974. With the closure of Takhli RTAFB the 347th Tactical Fighter Wing and 428th Tactical Fighter Squadron and the 429th Tactical Fighter Squadron each equipped with the F-111 were moved to Korat on 12 July 1974. Later that month, the 16th Special Operations Squadron equipped with AC-130 Spectre gunships was moved to Korat from Ubon RTAFB.
On 15 March 1974, the EB-66s of the 42nd Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron were sent to AMARC and the squadron was inactivated.
The 354th Tactical Fighter Wing ended its rotating deployments to Korat on 23 May 1974 and returned its A-7D squadrons (353rd and 355th TFS) and aircraft to Myrtle Beach Air Force Base.
The EC-130s and personnel of 7th ACCS were transferred to the 374th Tactical Airlift Wing at Clark Air Base, Philippines on 22 May 1974.
The 552nd AEW&C returned to McClellan AFB California in June 1974, ending the College Eye mission.
On 15 November 1974, the F-105F/G's of the 17th WWS were withdrawn and transferred to the 562d TFS/35 TFW at George Air Force Base, California.
The wars in Cambodia and Laos, however continued. With the political changes in the US during 1974, and the resignation of President Nixon, the air power of the United States at its Thailand bases did not respond to the collapse of the Lon Nol government to the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia during April 1975 nor to the takeover of Laos by the Pathet Lao. Ultimately, the North Vietnamese invasion of South Vietnam during March and April 1975 and the collapse of the Republic of Vietnam also was not opposed militarily by the US.
The only missions flown were aircraft of the 388th TFW providing air cover and escort during Operation Eagle Pull, the evacuation of Americans from Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Operation Frequent Wind the evacuation of Americans and at-risk Vietnamese from Saigon, South Vietnam.
On 14–15 May 1975, aircraft assigned to Korat provided air cover in what is considered the last battle of the Vietnam war, the recovery of the SS Mayaguez after it was hijacked by the Khmer Rouge.
With the fall of both Cambodia and South Vietnam in April 1975, the political climate between Washington and the government of PM Sanya Dharmasakti had soured. Immediately after the news broke of the use of Thai bases to support the Mayaguez rescue the Thai Government lodged a formal protest with the US and riots broke out outside the US Embassy in Bangkok. The Thai government wanted the US out of Thailand by the end of the year. The USAF implemented Palace Lightning, to withdraw its aircraft and personnel from Thailand.
On 30 June 1975, the 347th TFW F-111As and the 428th and 429th TFS were inactivated. The F-111s were sent to the 422d Fighter Weapons Squadron at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. The 347th became an F-4E wing at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia.
In late 1975, there were only three combat squadrons at Korat, consisting of 24 F-4Ds of the 34th TFS, 24 A-7Ds of the 3rd TFS, and six AC-130H "Spectre" aircraft of the 16th Special Operations Squadron. The 34th TFS shut down, and flew their aircraft to Hill AFB, Utah, in December of that year.
The 16th Special Operations Squadron transferred to Hurlburt Field, Florida on 12 December 1975
The 3rd Tactical Fighter Squadron was transferred to Clark AB, Philippines on 15 December
On 23 December 1975, the 388th TFW and its remaining squadron, the 34th TFS, transferred to Hill AFB, Utah.
After the departure of the 388th TFW, the USAF retained a small flight of security police at Korat to provide base security and to deter theft of equipment until the final return of the base to the Thai Government.
The USAF officially turned Korat over to the Thai Government on 26 February 1976.
Other major USAF units assigned
Det. 17, 601st Photo Flight (MAC), (HQ - 600th Photo Squadron)
1974th Communications Squadron and Group (Tenant AFCS)
1998th Communications Squadron (Tenant AFCS)
American Forces Thailand Network (Tenant AFRTS)
Detachment 7, 6922 Security Wing
RTAF use after 1975
After the US withdrawal in 1976, the RTAF consolidated the equipment left by the departing USAF units in accordance with government-to-government agreements, and assumed use of the base at Korat. The American withdrawal had quickly revealed to the Thai Government the inadequacy of its air force in the event of a conventional war in Southeast Asia. Accordingly, in the 1980s the government allotted large amounts of money for the purchase of modern aircraft and spare parts.
Thirty-eight F-5E and F-5F Tiger II fighter-bombers formed the nucleus of the RTAF's defense and tactical firepower. The F-5Es were accompanied by training teams of American civilian and military technicians, who worked with members of the RTAF.
In addition to the F-5E and F-5F fighter-bombers, OV-10C counter-insurgency aircraft, transports, and helicopters were added to the RTAF inventory. In 1985 the United States Congress authorized the sale of the F-16 fighter to Thailand.
By the late 1980s, Korat, Takhli, and Don Muang RTAFB outside Bangkok, which was shared with civil aviation, were the primary operational holdings of the RTAF. Maintenance of the facilities at other bases abandoned by the United States (Ubon, Udorn) proved too costly and exceeded Thai needs and were turned over to the Department of Civil Aviation for civil use. Nakhon Phanom and U-Tapao were placed under the control of the Royal Thai Navy. Nonetheless, all runways on the closed or transferred airfields were still available for military training and emergency use.
Camp Friendship (United States Army)
Adjacent to Korat RTAFB to the south was United States Army Camp Friendship. It was a separate facility which pre-dated Korat RTAFB.
Camp Friendship was the home of Headquarters, United States Army Support, Thailand (USARSUPTHAI), part of the Army Military Assistance Command Thailand (MACTHAI). The facility was initially set up as a forward operating base for equipment storage of the 25th Infantry Division, which would have deployed to Thailand in the event of invasion. The USAF would be able to airlift the division into Korat where they could pick up their equipment and move into battle.
The host unit was the 44th Engineer Group (Construction), part of the 9th Logistics Command. It was a large facility (larger than Korat RTAFB) complete with support offices, barracks for about 4,000 personnel, enlisted, NCO, and officer clubs, a motor pool, a large hospital, athletic fields, and other facilities. It was assigned APO San Francisco 96233.
Its mission was to build roads and a support (logistics) network in support of US Army and USAF operations in Thailand by executing the troop construction portion of the military construction program, performing engineer reconnaissance, and accomplishing civil action projects as resources permitted. The group constructed the Bangkok By-Pass Road, a 95 km asphalt highway between Chachoengsao and Kabin Buri, which was opened in February 1966. For their performance in the construction of this road (now Route 303), the 809th Engineer Battalion (Construction) and the 561st Engineer Company (Construction) were awarded Meritorious Unit Commendations.
As soon as the Bangkok bypass road paving was completed, Company B moved to Sattahip to begin construction of Camp Vayama, a 1,000-man troop cantonment area which would eventually become part of a vast port and logistical complex. Joined by Company C in the later part of May, construction continued. In August, the main portion of Company C was moved to Sakon Nakon where it built a troop cantonment area, a special forces camp, and a POL tank farm at Nakom Phanom (NKP) in support of the air force.
On 3 January 1967, Company C returned to Phanom Sarakam to begin work on the "inland road", a 122-kilometer, all-weather highway which would connect the Port of Sattahip with the Bangkok bypass road. Upon its completion, the inland road became a vital contribution to the economic development of Thailand and served as an important link in the supply and communication lines between the Gulf of Siam and northeast Thailand.
In 1970, the 44th Engineer Group was inactivated in Thailand as part of the draw down of United States forces in Southeast Asia. Camp Friendship closed as a separate facility in 1971 and much of the facility was turned over to the Royal Thai Army. After its closure, the USAF retained some barracks and personnel support facilities. The 388th Tactical Fighter Wing used those parts of Camp Friendship for overflow of personnel assigned or deployed to it until the USAF turned Korat Air Base over to the RTAF in early 1976.
Today, Camp Friendship is a Royal Thai Army artillery base. Some of the old US facilities are still in use, and some new construction has also been erected.
Major organizations assigned to Camp Friendship were
HHC 9th Logistics
HHC USARSUPTHAI
HQ 809th Engineer Battalion
HQ USARSUPTHAI Liaison
US Embassy Attache Office
USARSUPTHAI
USASTRATCOM SIG Battalion
USASCCCCA
7th Airlift Platoon
7th MAINT Battalion, Direct Support 1965–71
9th Logistical Command HHD Logistics Support 1963–70
9th Logistics Pad 55/56
13th MP Company, Separate 1969–73
21st MED Depot Medical 1967–70
28th Signal Company
31st MED Field Hospital 1962–70
33rd Transportation TC
35th Finance Sec Disb
40th MP Battalion, Military Police Support 1967–70
41st ORD Company, Direct Ammunition Support 3/1966-9/1966
44th Engineer Group, HHC/HHD Construction 1962–70
46th Special Forces (SF)
55th Signal Company
57th MAINT Company, Direct Support 1963–71
57th Ordinance Company DS
70th Aviation Detachment
93rd Psyops Co
128th Medical Battalion
133rd MED Group, HHD Medical Support 1968–70
172nd Transportation Detachment
219th MP Company, Physical Security 1966–71
256th AG Company Personnel 1967–71
258th Transportation Detachment
260th Transportation Company TC
270th Transportation Detachment
270th Ordnance Detachment
281st MP Company
291st Transportation Company TC
313th Transportation Company TC
331st Sup Co (SUP-DEP) *1964–66*
331st Supply Depot
379th Signal Battalion
428th MED Battalion, HHD Medical Support 1966–68
442nd Signal Battalion 1967–71
501st Field Depot
513th MP Det
519th Transportation Battalion
528th Engineer Detachment (Utilities) *change (28 August 2011)
538th Engineer Battalion, Construction 1965–70
558th Supply Company
561st Engineer Company (Construction)
590th Supply & Service (DS)
590th QM Company (DS) 1964–65
593rd EN Company, Construction 6/1963-8/1963
597th MAINT Company, Direct Support 1966–69
697th EN Company, Pipeline Construction Support 1965–69
720th Military Police Battalion
738th Engineer Support Company, Supply Point *1963–65*
809th Engineer Battalion
999th Engineer Battalion
See also
United States Air Force in Thailand
United States Pacific Air Forces
Seventh Air Force
Thirteenth Air Force
References
Bibliography
Endicott, Judy G. Active Air Force wings as of 1 October 1995; USAF active flying, space, and missile squadrons as of 1 October 1995. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1999. CD-ROM.
Glasser, Jeffrey D. The Secret Vietnam War: The United States Air Force in Thailand, 1961–1975. McFarland & Company, 1998. .
Martin, Patrick. Tail Code: The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings. Schiffer Military Aviation History, 1994. .
Logan, Don. The 388th Tactical Fighter Wing: At Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, 1972. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1997. .
USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to present
The Royal Thai Air Force (English Pages)
Royal Thai Air Force – Overview
External links
Official site of 1st Wing, RTAF
Photos Of Camp Friendship – US Army Support Command, Thailand
My 1966–67 photos on base and off base action.
Retaking The Mayagüez – The final battle of the Vietnam War
Official Royal Thai Air Force Website
Hill AFB, Utah. Home of the 388th FW
The Vietnam War Years of Korat Royal Thai Air Base website
Korat Air Base Thailand and Camp Friendship 1965–1970 (Video)
Life on Korat AFB (Video)
Royal Thai Air Force bases
Buildings and structures in Nakhon Ratchasima
Closed facilities of the United States Air Force in Thailand
1955 establishments in Thailand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korat%20Royal%20Thai%20Air%20Force%20Base
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The Gown is the student newspaper at Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland. It was formed by Richard Herman, a medical student, in April 1955. In 2005 Dr. Herman attended the paper's 50th Anniversary.
The paper is run voluntarily by students, and is funded by advertising without University or Students' Union assistance, although it is located in the Union building.
History
During the Troubles, the 30 years of political violence in Northern Ireland, the newspaper covered the deaths of local MP Robert Bradford and the murder of Queen's university lecturer and Assembly member Edgar Graham in 1983. The paper also interviewed Gerry Adams, leader of Sinn Féin during the height of the Provisional Irish Republican Army's campaign. The Gown also interviewed the then little-known band U2.
Past contributors include Mark Carruthers and Maggie Taggart of BBC Northern Ireland, Henry McDonald of The Observer, radio and television presenter Nick Ross, journalist Eamonn McCann, Irish Times foreign correspondent Conor O'Clery and that paper's political cartoonist Martyn Turner.
In February 2010, standing news editor Lorcan Mullen published in The Guardian an article concerning a leaked NI government report regarding university fees.
References
External links
Newspapers published in Northern Ireland
Clubs and societies of Queen's University Belfast
Mass media in Belfast
Student newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Newspapers established in 1955
Free newspapers
1955 establishments in Northern Ireland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gown
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Araguapaz is a municipality in northwestern Goiás state, Brazil. The population is 7,783 (2020) in a total area of 2,194 km2. It is a major producer of cattle.
Location and Municipal Boundaries
Araguapaz is located 268 kilometers northwest of the state capital, Goiânia, in the Rio Vermelho Microregion. Connections with Goiânia are made by highways GO-070 / Goianira / Itaberaí / Goiás / GO-164 / Faina. Highway GO-530 continues northwest for 53 kilometers to Aruanã on the Araguaia River.
Municipal boundaries:
North: Mozarlândia
South: Faina
East: Morro Agudo de Goiás
West: Aruanã and Matrinchã
It is in the mini-basin of the Rio do Peixe, a tributary of the Araguaia River. Another important river in the region is the Tesouras.
Demographic and Political Data
Population density: 3.41 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Population growth rate 2000/2007: 0.33.%
Urban population: 5,218
Rural population: 2,264
Eligible voters: 5,676 (12/2007)
City government in 2005: mayor (José Segundo Rezende Júnior), vice-mayor (Margareth Alves Irineu Luciano), and 09 councilmembers
Economic Information
The economy is practically dependent on the raising of cattle, especially fattening for the urban market. More than ninety percent of the landowners are from large urban areas like Goiânia and São Paulo. There were 164,640 cows in 2006, of which 7,100 were milk cows.
The main agricultural products were bananas, coconut, hearts of palm, pineapple, rice, manioc, corn (650 hectares), and soybeans.
Financial institution in 2007: Brasdesco S.A.
Health and education
Health establishments: 03 (2002)
Hospitals: 01 with 07 beds
Infant mortality rate (in 1,000 live births): 1990—31.02; 2000—21.09
Schools: 09 with 2,036 students
Higher education: none reporting
Literacy rate: 1991—67.8; 2000—78.6
MHDI: 0.729
State ranking: 148 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 2,453 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
History
Until the 1960s the region was uninhabited. In 1961 Dolzane de Paulo Bastos, from Orizona, Goiás, entered the area with his companions and settled along the banks of the Córrego Cambuí, in a region called Cavalo Queimado. Dolzane and his group offered lots to anyone willing to build a house, and soon other pioneers arrived. By 1962 there were 11 huts made of palm fronds and a dirt road—really a cow path—to the capital Goiás, 120 kilometers away. By 1963 the settlement was raised to a district with the name Cavalo Queimado. Later the name was changed to São Joaquim do Araguaia, and later to Araguapaz, due to its proximity to the Rio Araguaia and the Córrego Isabel Paes. In 1970 the town began to grow with the construction of a road linking Goiás and São Miguel do Araguaia. This road was known as the Estrada dos Bois (the highway of the cows). Later a road was opened from Araguapaz to Aruanã, opening up possibilities of tourism. In 1982 Araguapaz was elevated to a municipality.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Municipalities in Goiás
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araguapaz
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Manzoni is an Italian surname, and may refer to:
People
Academics
Antonio Manzoni (1746-1819), Italian surgeon and anatomist from Verona
Jean-Francois Manzoni (born 1961), French and Canadian academic, Dean of the IMD
Luigi Manzoni, Italian professor and grape breeder who created the Incrocio Manzoni family of grapes
Arts
Alessandro Manzoni (1785–1873), Italian poet and novelist
Giacomo Manzoni (born 1932), Italian composer
Giacomo Manzoni (1840–1912), Italian painter, active and exhibiting in the Veneto
Giuseppe Manzoni (1742-1811), Italian writer and priest from Venice
Ignazio Manzoni (1797–1884), Italian painter, active for many years in Buenos Aires
Piero Manzoni (1933–1963), Italian artist
Ridolfo Manzoni (1675-1745), Italian still-life painter from Castelfranco
Sports
Alessio Manzoni (born 1987), Italian footballer
Diego Manzoni (born 1990), Italian former footballer
Gloria Manzoni (born 1998), Italian road and track cyclist
Mario Manzoni (born 1969), Italian former professional racing cyclist
Others
Cherubino Manzoni O.F.M. (1595–1651), Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Termoli
Flavio Manzoni (born 1965), Italian architect and automobile designer
Herbert Manzoni (1899–1972), British civil engineer and city planner
Pablo Manzoni (born c.1940), Italian make-up artist
Astronomy
14103 Manzoni, a minor planet discovered by P. Sicoli and A. Testa in Sormano on October 1, 1997
Surnames of Italian origin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzoni
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CJSN (1490 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a country format. Licensed to Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, it serves southwestern Saskatchewan. It first began broadcasting in 1966. The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting.
External links
CJSN 1490
Jsn
Jsn
Jsn
Radio stations established in 1966
1966 establishments in Saskatchewan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJSN
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Lemuel Warren Smith (born July 23, 1941) is an American convicted serial killer who was the first convict to kill an on-duty female corrections officer. Smith was already in prison for the murders of at least five people when he murdered prison guard Donna Payant at Green Haven Correctional Facility in 1981.
The murder of a guard in a maximum security prison was considered shocking at the time and brought scrutiny upon the New York prison systems. Smith is considered one of the most dangerous living inmates in the New York prison system and is housed in 23-hour-a-day isolation from other people.
Early life
Lemuel Smith was born in Amsterdam, New York, in a very religious household. During later insanity claims, Smith stated that when he was 11 years old, he nearly smothered a nine-year-old girl to death. This claim was not substantiated, however.
On January 21, 1958, Dorothy Waterstreet was robbed and beaten to death near Smith's neighborhood in Amsterdam, New York. Evidence pointed towards the 16-year-old Smith, but the case fell apart when the district attorney was too hasty in trying to extract a confession, and Smith was not arrested.
Prison time
During the following summer, while under continuing pressure from Amsterdam police, Smith relocated to Baltimore, Maryland, where he kidnapped a 25-year-old woman and beat her nearly to death. This time, a witness interrupted the crime and Smith left a living victim. He was quickly arrested, and on April 12, 1959, was sentenced to 20 years in prison for assault.
After nearly 10 years in custody, Smith was paroled in May 1968 and he moved back to the Capital District. On May 20, 1969, he kidnapped and sexually assaulted a woman who managed to escape, due to the heroism of Anthony Scipione and his wife, Kathleen. Later that same day, he kidnapped and raped a 46-year-old friend of his mother's. When the woman convinced Smith to let her go, he was arrested again and eventually sentenced to 4–15 years in a New York prison.
Freedom and serial murders
Smith was paroled from prison in October 1976 after having served a little more than four years incarceration after having pleaded guilty to first-degree attempted rape. A little more than a month after Smith's release, on November 24, 1976, the day before Thanksgiving, Robert Hedderman, 48, and Hedderman's secretary, Margaret Byron, 59, were found brutally murdered in the back of Hedderman's religious store in Albany. Human feces was found on evidence nearby, which later proved valuable. Smith was free and employed nearby and hair and blood evidence made him a main suspect.
On December 23, 1976, while Albany police were investigating the double murder, Joan Richburg, 24, was raped, murdered and mutilated in her car at Colonie Center mall in Colonie. The pattern of brutality and more hair evidence made Smith the prime suspect in that murder as well, but he remained free pending investigation.
Barely two weeks later, on January 10, 1977, a large man tried to lure a 22-year-old woman out of a gift shop in Albany. When she resisted, he took her 60-year-old grandmother hostage and threatened to kill her. When help arrived, he threw the woman down, knocking her unconscious and deliberately stepped on her hand, breaking it. Years later the grandmother saw a picture of Smith in the newspaper and identified him as having been her attacker.
With the three murder investigations stalled, on July 22, 1977, Maralie Wilson, 30, was found strangled and mutilated near train tracks in downtown Schenectady, New York. The horrendous post-mortem mutilation was worse than some veteran investigators had ever seen in the region. Smith was known to frequent the area and witnesses recalled Wilson being accosted by a large man. Schenectady police made Smith the prime suspect in her murder.
On August 19, 1977, Marianne Maggio, 18, who worked in the same area as Wilson, was kidnapped and raped by Smith. When he forced her to drive towards Albany afterwards, police stopped the car and arrested Smith without incident.
Experiment and confessions
A short time after Smith's last days as a free man, New York State Police Lt. Don Pinto, looked at photographs of Maralie Wilson and noticed that a mark on her nose might be a bite mark. Wilson's body was exhumed and the bite mark was positively matched to an imprint of Lemuel Smith's bite pattern.
Around the same time, in late October 1977, Smith was transported by police to Bleecker Stadium in Albany. He and four other men were randomly placed behind five screens at one end of the stadium. At the other end of the stadium, a police dog was given the scent of the feces-stained clothing from the Hedderman store murders eleven months prior. The dog crossed the entire stadium directly to Smith. Out of sight of the dog, the five men were randomly rearranged and the experiment was repeated with the same result. It was successful a third time as well.
On March 5, 1978, with the bite mark match, Smith confessed to five murders in an attempt to convince prosecutors of his insanity, including the murder of Dorothy Waterstreet nearly twenty years earlier. The confession was given under the condition it be kept secret, however police were permitted to follow leads provided by the detailed confession.
Insanity defense
Along with his confessions, Smith revealed disturbing secrets about lifelong mental problems, including a claim that he suffered from multiple personality disorder. He attested to being controlled by the spirit of his deceased brother, John Jr., who had died from encephalitis as an infant before Smith was born. One counselor said that other personalities besides John Jr. might exist inside Smith. They also determined that he had suffered multiple head injuries as a child and teenager, and that he had suffered further mental abuse as a result of overzealous religious convictions, especially from his father.
Originally, Smith's lawyers and doctors feared he might not be fit to stand trial. When it was determined to go ahead with the initial rape and kidnapping trials, two doctors testified to his delusions, but stopped short of saying he was criminally insane. Smith was found guilty of rape in Saratoga County and, on March 9, 1978, he was sentenced to ten to twenty years in prison. On July 21, 1978, a four-day bench trial in Schenectady ended with Smith being found guilty of kidnapping, and he was sentenced to another twenty-five years to life. Soon after, Smith unsuccessfully attempted suicide.
In Albany, Smith was indicted for the Hedderman store double murder. He was found guilty on February 2, 1979, and sentenced to another fifty years to life.
When the bite mark evidence was presented in the Wilson murder case, Smith was indicted for her murder. He was also indicted for the murder of Joan Richburg after confessing. Since there was already no chance of him ever leaving prison, the indictments were dismissed.
Prison murder
In 1981, Smith was in the maximum-security Green Haven Correctional Facility. On May 15, 1981, Greenhaven corrections officer Donna Payant was on duty when she received a phone call and told her co-worker she needed to take care of a problem. Her fellow officer returned to work at the end of the shift to pick Donna up. When she never came out, hundreds of corrections officers combed the entire prison grounds throughout the night and into the following morning.
Trash dumpsters were emptied into a garbage truck, which two senior correction officers escorted to a dumpsite twenty miles away. When the garbage was spread out, officers finally found Payant's mutilated body.
It was the first time in the United States that a female corrections officer had been killed inside a prison. More than 5,000 officers attended Payant's funeral and New York governor Hugh Carey officially vowed "a swift response".
The same examiner who observed bite marks on Wilson was coincidentally called to examine bite marks on Payant's body. He quickly recognized the bite marks and Smith was charged with Payant's murder on June 6, 1981. A conviction for the charge carried a mandatory death sentence.
High-profile defense
The high-profile nature of Payant's murder brought high-profile lawyers William Kunstler and C. Vernon Mason. The team alleged everything from promiscuity by Payant to guards dealing drugs inside and outside the prison. They were unable to evade the bite mark evidence, however, and even their own expert witness agreed that the bite marks on Payant matched those on Wilson's body.
Due to mounting notoriety in the press, Smith was transferred to a different facility during the investigation phase. The capital murder trial finally began on January 20, 1983, more than eighteen months after Smith's arrest. The defense impugned testimony of inmates and other corrections officers and proposed conspiracy theories but, with no answer to the bite mark evidence, Smith was found guilty on April 21, 1983.
Considered the only deterrent for prisoners already serving life sentences, a New York law at the time mandated that Smith automatically be sentenced to death. He was sentenced on June 10, 1983. On July 2, 1984, however, an appeal by Smith called that law's constitutionality into question and was successful in commuting his death sentence to another term of life.
As punishment for the Payant murder, and due to the threat he posed even while in prison, Smith spent the next twenty years of his life in near-isolation, the longest such span in the nation at the time. As of December, 2022, Smith is presently incarcerated at the maximum security Wende Correctional Facility.
See also
List of serial killers in the United States
References
External links
Lemuel Smith - Crimelibrary.com
1941 births
20th-century African-American people
20th-century American criminals
American male criminals
American people convicted of murdering police officers
American prisoners sentenced to death
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American rapists
American serial killers
Living people
People convicted of murder by New York (state)
People from Amsterdam, New York
Prisoners sentenced to death by New York (state)
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New York (state)
Serial killers from New York (state)
Violence against women in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuel%20Smith
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The Hidden Hitler (; literally "Hitler's Secret: The Double Life of a Dictator") is a 2001 book by German professor and historian Lothar Machtan. The German original was published by Alexander Fest Verlag, while the English-translated version was published by Basic Books in New York City. ()
The book discusses Adolf Hitler's sexuality. Machtan argues that Hitler was a closeted homosexual. Among the evidence, he cites the allegedly homoerotic nature of his friendship with August Kubizek during Hitler's youth in Vienna. The book was not well received by historians, who dispute Machtan's conclusion that Hitler was homosexual.
Reviews
The review in The New York Times Book Review (12/16/01) said "[T]he biggest problem with Machtan's book ... isn't the reliability of his sources but his mode of argumentation. He accepts what fits his thesis and rejects what doesn't. One feels, at times, that one is reading an internal F.B.I. report from the J. Edgar Hoover era rather than an evenhanded work of scholarship in which the author is ready to be led by the facts. To interpret evidence his way, Machtan employs innuendo and insinuation ..."
However, the review, written by Walter Reich, a psychiatrist and former director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, also concedes that "though Machtan doesn't succeed in proving that Hitler was an active homosexual, he does demonstrate that his life, in both the personal and the political spheres, was suffused with homosexual themes and personalities. In some odd way, this may actually serve to humanize Hitler. But it doesn't serve to explain him."
See also
The Pink Swastika
List of books by or about Adolf Hitler
The Saturday Night Live character "Gay Hitler" possibly based on Machtan's book at Saturday Night Live characters appearing on Weekend Update
Discussion of Springtime for Hitler in the 1968 film The Producers
National Socialist League, also known as the Gay Nazi Party
Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler
References
External links
The Sunday Telegraph (10/7/2001) said: "the distinguished German historian Dr Lothar Machtan presents compelling evidence that Adolf Hitler was a homosexual."
Q-online article by Paula Martinac, a Lambda Literary Award-winning author
The New York Times Walter Reich was critical of the book, saying that Machtan's biggest problem "isn't the reliability of his sources but his mode of argumentation."
The Washington Post said "the author presents extensive evidence that Hitler was a homosexual and that his fear of his sexual identity being exposed shaped several of his political decisions and key historical events during the Nazi era."
Die Zeit review by historian Hans Mommsen, "Viel Lärm um nichts" (German: "Much Ado About Nothing"): "Lothar Machtan's thesis that Adolf Hitler was a homosexual is scientifically neither tenable nor fertile."
Die Welt (10/13/2001) review by historian Ian Kershaw, "Der ungerade Weg" (German)
Lothar Machtan authorized "The Hidden Hitler" to be scanned in full by Amazon.com to facilitate search referencing.
2001 non-fiction books
Books about Adolf Hitler
LGBT in Nazi Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hidden%20Hitler
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Bob Johannes Carolus de Jong (born 13 November 1976) is a Dutch former speed skater who specialized in long distances: five and ten kilometers.
Speed skating career
In 2006, he won the gold medal for the ten kilometer race at the Olympic Games in Turin, with a personal record of 13:01.57, beating world record holder Chad Hedrick and Carl Verheijen. He also skated in the men's 5000 m event and placed 6th. In 1998, he won the silver medal in the men's 10,000 m and 4th in the men's 5000 m. In 2010, he won the bronze medal in the men's 10,000 m. and in his fifth Olympics in 2014 he took his second Olympic Bronze in 10,000 m event.
After winning a bronze medal in the 10,000 m at the 2010 Olympic Games, de Jong, at age 37, won another bronze medal at the 2014 Olympic Games in Sochi in the 10,000 m becoming the oldest male competitor in 86 years to win speed skating medal at the Olympics.
Records
Personal records
Source: SpeedskatingResults.com
De Jong has a score of 149.086 on the adelskalender. His highest ranking was 4th between 17 March 2001 and 20 October 2001.
World records
World records skated at sea level venues (unofficial)
Tournament overview
WD = withdrew
NC = no classification
DQ = disqualified
DNS = did not start
source:
World Cup
* = 10000 meter
Source:
Medals won
References
External links
Personal records
Bob de Jong at SpeedSkatingStats.com
Bob de Jong at SchaatsStatistieken.nl
1976 births
Dutch male speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for the Netherlands
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands
World record setters in speed skating
People from Kaag en Braassem
Living people
World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists
Sportspeople from South Holland
20th-century Dutch people
21st-century Dutch people
Olympic coaches
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20de%20Jong
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Oh Dal-su (born 15 June 1968) is a South Korean actor.
Career
Oh Dal-su began his acting career in theater in Busan, and since 2001 has been the head of theater company Singiru Manhwagyeong ("Mirage and Kaleidoscope"). His rich experience on the stage, in local productions such as Ogu, later made Oh an in-demand supporting/character actor on the big screen.
Oh has starred in numerous successful films, in roles such as the owner of the organized crime-funded private jail in Oldboy (2003), a former gang boss in Mapado (2005), a weapons smuggler in A Bittersweet Life (2005), a transvestite in Foxy Festival (2010), a Chinese-Korean conman in The Thieves (2012), and a sympathetic inmate in Miracle in Cell No. 7. He also dubbed the voice of the monster in The Host (2006).
Sexual harassment allegations
On 22 February 2018, Oh was accused of sexual harassment. He denied the accusation. On 26 February, further accusations against Oh were broadcast on JTBC Newsroom, during an interview with a woman who accused Oh of sexual harassment and sexual assault. The following day, actress Uhm Ji-young came forward in JTBC's Newsroom, saying that she was also sexually harassed by Oh in 2003. As a result, Oh pulled out of his upcoming TV series My Mister. On 28 February, he admitted to sexual abuse and apologized to the victims.
In March 2018, Oh was dropped from Along with the Gods: The Two Worlds cast. In June, it was reported that the release of three films that Oh has starred in; I Want to Know Your Parents, Good Neighbor, and Control, has been postponed indefinitely.
Filmography
Film
Theater
Awards and nominations
Listicles
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
Male actors from Daegu
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male stage actors
South Korean male television actors
20th-century South Korean male actors
21st-century South Korean male actors
Dong-Eui University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh%20Dal-su
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Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency (11 May 1594 – 2 December 1650) was an heiress of one of France's leading ducal families, and Princess de Condé by her marriage to Henri de Bourbon. She almost became a mistress of Henry IV of France, but her husband escaped with her after the wedding and did not return to France until after King Henry's death.
Life
The daughter of Henri de Montmorency and his second wife, Louise de Budos, Charlotte lost her mother before she was five years of age. She was brought up under the care of her aunt Charlotte, widow of Charles, Duke d'Angoulême.
In 1609, fifteen-year-old Charlotte-Marguerite wed the Prince of Condé in a glittering ceremony.
The king had arranged Charlotte's marriage to Condé for his own convenience, in order to sleep with her himself when he pleased. To escape from this predicament, the couple fled to Brussels. The king was enraged and threatened to march into Flanders with an army unless the Habsburg governors returned Condé and his wife at once. At the time, he was also threatening war with the Habsburgs over the succession to the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, so historians are unsure how crucial in itself Charlotte's return was as a reason for war. Condé continued to provoke Henry from Flanders. When asked to drink to the queen of France, he replied that there seemed to be more than one queen of France, maybe as many as four or five.
Along with many other French nobles, her husband bitterly opposed the rule of Marshal d'Ancre, who abandoned the policy of the late King Henry IV. In September 1616, Condé and Charlotte-Marguerite were arrested and imprisoned at Vincennes, where their daughter Anne Geneviève was conceived and born three years later, in 1619.
In 1632, Charlotte-Marguerite's only brother, Henri, Duke de Montmorency was executed for intriguing against Cardinal Richelieu. The title passed to her. She was buried at the Carmel du faubourg Saint-Jacques, a Carmelite convent in Paris.
Children
Her children with the Prince de Condé were:
Anne Genevieve (1619-1679); married Henri d'Orléans, Duke de Longueville.
Louis, Prince of Condé, "le Grand Condé" (1621-1686); married Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé.
Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti (1629-1666); married Anne Marie Martinozzi.
Ancestry
See also
List of Princesses of Condé
References
External links
Montmorency, Charlotte
Princesses of the Blood
Montmorency, Charlotte
Montmorency, Charlotte
Dukes of Montmorency
Princesses of Condé
House of Bourbon
Duchesses of Enghien
House of Montmorency
Burials at the Carmel du faubourg Saint-Jacques
Montmorency, Duchess of, Charlotte Marguerite
Peers created by Louis XIII
Household of Marie de' Medici
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Marguerite%20de%20Montmorency
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Tuesday's Child is Canadian singer-songwriter Amanda Marshall's second album, released in 1999. The album was certified triple platinum by the CRIA selling over 300,000 copies across Canada. The singles off her second album include, "Believe In You", "Love Lift Me", "If I Didn't Have You", "Shades of Grey", and "Why Don't You Love Me". This album produced two top 10 hits in Canada.
Track listing
"Believe In You" (Amanda Marshall, Eric Bazilian) 4.31
"Love Lift Me" (Marshall, Bazilian, Randy Cantor, John Bettis) 3.47
"Why Don't You Love Me?" (Marshall, Bazilian, Desmond Child) 4.12
"Too Little, Too Late" (Marshall, Bazilian) 4.36
"If I Didn't Have You" (Marshall, Bazilian) 5.33
"Ride" (Marshall, Bazilian, Child) 4.27
"Right Here All Along" (Marshall, Carole King) 5.14
"Wishful Thinking" (Maia Sharp, Cantor) 4.40
"Shades of Grey" (Marshall, Bazilian) 5.03
"Give Up Giving In" (Marshall, Bazilian) 4.47
"Best of Me" (Marshall, Bazilian) 4.26
"Never Said Goodbye" (Marshall, Bazilian) 6.24
"Out of Bounds" (Marshall, Marti Frederiksen) 3.53
"Just Love Me" (Japan bonus track)
Personnel
Amanda Marshall – vocals, piano, electric piano, Wurlitzer piano, Fender Rhodes, keyboards, percussion
Eric Bazilian – guitar, bass guitar, mandolin, piano, keyboards, omnichord, background vocals
Andy Kravitz – drums, percussion, omnichord
Gota Yashiki – drum loops
Jamie Muhoberac – acoustic piano, keyboards
Richie Sambora – electric guitar
Mark Goldenberg – electric guitar
Dean Parks – acoustic guitar, mandolin
Rob Misener – bass guitar
Steve Jordan – drums
Benmont Tench – Hammond B3 organ
Paulinho Da Costa – percussion
Carole King – keyboards, background vocals
Paul Jackson Jr. – electric guitar
Matt Rollings – piano
John O'Brien – programming
Kenny Aronoff – drums
Waddy Wachtel – electric & acoustic guitar
Joe Sublett – horns
Darrell Leonard – horns
Roger Manning – background vocals
Mark Isham – trumpet
David Campbell – arranger
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1999 albums
Amanda Marshall albums
Albums arranged by David Campbell (composer)
Albums produced by Don Was
Sony Music Canada albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuesday%27s%20Child%20%28album%29
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Die Blitzkinder was a comedy rock project that performed in Boston clubs in 1989 and 1990. It featured vocalist Springa from SSD, backed by The Slaves. All concerned wore Gestapo uniforms (minus the Swastikas) as Springa played on German stereotypes. Musically they were closer to The Slaves than to SSD.
American comedy musical groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die%20Blitzkinder
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Penrhyn Bay ( "headland bay") is a small town on the northern coast of Wales, in Conwy county borough, within the parish or community of Llandudno, and part of the ecclesiastical parish of Llanrhos. It is a prosperous village, with a cluster of local shops, a pub, a parish church and a modern medical centre with doctors' surgery at the foot of the pass over the shoulder of the Little Orme from Llandudno Bay. Here there is a highschool called Ysgol y Creuddyn and a primary school called Ysgol Glanwydden. It is considered to be a residential suburb of Llandudno lying east of the Little Orme. It adjoins the resort of Rhos-on-Sea and covers a large part of the Creuddyn peninsula. The population of Penrhyn Ward at the 2011 census was 4,883.
History
The oldest building in Penrhyn Bay is Penrhyn Old Hall dating from the early 15th century. It was the home of the Pugh family whose fortunes faded through their adherence to the Catholic religion when their neighbours accepted Protestantism. On 14 April 1587, printing material for Catholic literature was found in a cave on the Little Orme, where it had been used by the recusant Robert Pugh (squire of Penrhyn Hall) and his chaplain William Davies to print Y Drych Gristianogawl ('The Christian Mirror'). They had taken refuge there during the persecution of Catholics instigated by Queen Elizabeth I in May 1586. In the grounds of the hall are the ruins of the medieval chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Penrhyn, last used by the Church in Wales for public worship c1930. The Pugh family also held a charter and built a windmill to serve their land in the nearby village of Glanwydden the first charter dating 1580. The hall now serves as a pub and restaurant.
Originally a small farming community, Penrhyn Bay came to rely heavily on the employment opportunities of the limestone quarry operating since the mid-19th century, and served by its own narrow gauge railway, but quarrying ceased in 1936. However, Penrhyn Bay expanded rapidly in the 20th century to become a desirable suburb of Llandudno, with developments taking place in the 1930s, 1950s and 1960s. Most recently, in the 1990s, further large development of family homes took place to the south of the town. The village also has a school called Ysgol Glanwydden which was built in 1910.
Celebrity connections
The highly popular singing duo Anne Ziegler and Webster Booth retired to a small bungalow in Penrhyn Bay after their return to the United Kingdom from South Africa in 1976, until their deaths.
It provided a location for an episode of TV's Hetty Wainthropp Investigates television series (Childsplay), which starred Patricia Routledge. Also Rocket's Island.
References
Ivor Wynne Jones. Llandudno Queen of Welsh Resorts Landmark, Ashbourne Derbyshire 2002 .
External links
Cytûn - Church Services in Llandudno and Penrhyn Bay
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Penrhyn Bay and surrounding area
Penrhyn Bay Presbyterian Church
Towns in Conwy County Borough
Llandudno
Populated coastal places in Wales
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrhyn%20Bay
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Svetlana Irekovna Ishmouratova (, ) (born 20 April 1972) is a Russian biathlete. She lives in Chelyabinsk and is a soldier by profession.
Ishmouratova won the gold in the women's 15 km individual contest at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Biography
Svetlana Irekovna Ishmouratova was born in Zlatoust (Chelyabinsk region) . Svetlana graduated Trade Secondary School of Zlatoust first and then State Academy of Physical Education. In 1991, Ishmouratova became the USSR junior champion in individual race and the champion in senior team race. But in 1996, she was accused of doping and so was disqualified for two years. That was the end of her skiing career.
But in autumn of 1996, a coach from Moscow offered Svetlana to train with his women biathlon team. And in a year Svetlana became the champion of Russia. In 2002, at the Salt Lake City Olympics she became a bronze medalist in the relay. Four years later, she won two gold medals at the 2006 Winter Olympics, in the individual race and relay. Besides that, she has six World Champion titles (in summer and winter biathlon).
Record
Source:
Olympic Games
*Mass start was first added in 2006.
World Championships*Team was removed as an event in 1998, and pursuit was added in 1997 with mass start being added in 1999 and the mixed relay in 2005.''
References
See also
Russia at the 2006 Winter Olympics
1972 births
Living people
Russian female biathletes
Olympic biathletes for Russia
Biathletes at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Russia
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Fifth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
People from Zlatoust
Tatar people of Russia
Olympic medalists in biathlon
Biathlon World Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Tatar sportspeople
Russian sportsperson-politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana%20Ishmouratova
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Beatrice Rancea (born Jurian on August 19, 1961, in Bucharest) is a Romanian stage director.
She studied choreography before attending the Bucharest National Academy of Theatrical and Film Art, where she studied theatre and choreography.
She has staged several plays in Romania, most notably Eugène Ionesco's Requiem and Anton Chekhov's The Wedding, as well as others, at the Bucharest National Theatre Bucharest. She has also staged six bilingual plays in Hungary, casting Romanian and Hungarian-speaking actors, with texts in both languages. Bleonţ also staged a well-received performance of The Flying Dutchman with the Romanian National Opera.
Bleonţ has received several awards for her work, being honoured for at the 1992 Bucharest Festival of Comedy for Chekhov's Wedding, as well as winning the UNITER Prize for the debut of Ionesco's Requiem (and receiving another for a staging of The Merry Wives of Windsor) She also won the Public's Prize at the International Theatre Festival, and was nominated as the 1998 Woman of the Year by the magazine Avantaje.
She has been married since 1995 to actor Claudiu Bleonț; they have divorced and since remarried. Beatrice with Doru Rancea.
In 2011 she became General Manager of The National Opera in Iași, Romania.
References
Romanian theatre directors
Theatre people from Bucharest
1961 births
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice%20Rancea
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The All American Freeway is a highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina connecting I-295 and the western suburbs of Fayetteville to Fort Liberty. The majority of its length is a controlled-access freeway, while the northernmost of the road is a limited-access divided highway. Inside Fort Liberty it is named the All American Parkway. The road parallels NC 24/NC 87 (Bragg Boulevard) for much of its length outside of Fort Liberty.
The length of the freeway carries the unsigned designation Secondary Road 1007 (SR 1007) outside of Fort Liberty. SR 1007 also continues southeast from the southern terminus of the freeway along Owen Drive to Wilmington Highway (SR 2337, formerly NC 87).
Route description
Fayetteville
The All American Freeway begins at a signalized intersection with Owen Drive and Walter Reed Road and heads north-northwest as a four-lane freeway with a Jersey barrier median. It immediately meets US 401 Bus. at an interchange, after which the Jersey barrier becomes a wide grass median. Continuing north through a residential area, the freeway comes to two consecutive diamond interchanges for Cliffdale Road and Morganton Road. Entering a commercial area and passing around the Cross Creek Mall, the road meets US 401 at a folded diamond interchange.
The freeway then continues north through another residential area, meeting Santa Fe Drive before coming to a partially-completed combination interchange with I-295, allowing indirect access to NC 24, NC 87, and NC 210. This interchange marks the boundary of Fort Liberty.
Fort Liberty
North of NC 295 is the Fort Liberty Visitor Center and Access Control Point (ACP). Visitor passes are issued to non-DOD persons with a valid reason for entering Ft. Bragg. At this point, the road becomes the All American Parkway
Immediately beyond the ACP is an interchange with Gruber Road. The parkway continues north as a freeway before turning west. A partial interchange allows access from the northbound parkway to the one-way northbound Reilly Road as well as a southbound entrance from Honeycutt Road. The freeway portion ends at a signalized intersection with one-way southbound Zabitosky Road, becoming a four-lane, limited-access surface road with a wide grass median. Turning again to the north, the parkway intersects Normandy Drive before coming to the entrance to the Womack Army Medical Center. North of the hospital, the road ends at a signalized intersection with Longstreet Road.
History
Beginning in 1963, the State Highway Commission planned the Owen Drive Freeway to link Fort Bragg (now Fort Liberty) and the Pope Air Force Base to the area of the Cape Fear Valley Medical Center. Construction of the freeway between Owen Drive in Fayetteville and Zabitosky Drive in Fort Bragg began on May 9, 1974 and completed on September 15, 1978 as the All American Freeway. The at-grade extension as the All American Parkway to Longstreet Road was completed in the 1990s.
After the September 11 attacks, a security checkpoint was installed on the northbound freeway entering Fort Liberty. By 2006, the permanent Access Control Point was constructed.
Construction on a new diamond interchange at Cliffdale Road began in 1993 and was completed by 2001. The next new interchange to be added was with NC 295. Construction on the segment east of the All American Freeway began in 2011 and finished in 2016. The remainder of the interchange is projected to open in late 2018 or early 2019 with the next segment of NC 295.
North Carolina Highway 555
On May 16, 2014, the City of Fayetteville and Fort Bragg filed a request with NCDOT to replace the entirety of SR 1007 with a new NC 555 designation. This designation would begin at Wilmington Highway and follow Owen Drive and the All American Freeway before terminating at the Fort Liberty Access Control Point. , this redesignation has yet to be approved.
Major intersections
References
Freeways in North Carolina
Transportation in Fayetteville, North Carolina
Transportation in Cumberland County, North Carolina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20American%20Freeway
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Kristina Nicole Groves (born December 4, 1976) is a Canadian retired speed skater. She is Canada's most decorated skater in the World Single Distances Championships with 13 career medals in this event. She won four Olympic medals: she won two silver medals at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, in the 1,500 meters and team pursuit, and she won the silver medal in the 1500 m event and the bronze medal in the 3000 m event at the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics.
As of 2012, she was ranked sixth on the women's Adelskalender, her teammates Cindy Klassen and Christine Nesbitt were ranked first and seventh respectively.
Career
Groves made her Olympic debut in Salt Lake City for the 2002 Winter Olympics held in the United States. She finished 20th at 1500 m, 8th at 3000 m and 10th at 5000 m.
Four years later, during the 2006 Winter Olympics games held in Turin, Italy, Groves participated in five events (1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m, team pursuit). She finished 5th at 1000 m, 2nd at the 1500 m, 8th at the 3000 m, 6th at the 5000 m, and 2nd in the team pursuit with the Canadian team.
She was the 2008 Single Distances World Champion on the 3000-m. She won a medal in every event that she skated at these championships, as she also won an additional 2 silver medals and 2 bronze medals.
During the 2008–2009 world cup season, Groves won 12 medals including four gold. During the 2009 World Single Distances Championships held at the new Richmond Olympic Oval, near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, her career took an amazing turn when Groves became the most decorated speed skating athlete in the country at this event, surpassing the well-known Jeremy Wotherspoon with 13 medals, compared to his 10. She is also the world cup winner for a second year in a row at 1500 m event.
During the Calgary Essent ISU Worldcup held at the Olympic Oval, Groves set a world record on December 6, 2009, at the team pursuit with teammates Christine Nesbitt and Brittany Schussler with a time of two minutes 55.79 seconds.
Groves qualified for 5 events for the 2010 Winter Olympic Games held in Vancouver and participated in the 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m and team pursuit, more than any other athletes on the Canadian speed skating team. In her first event at the Olympics, the 3000 metres, she won a bronze medal. On February 18 she finished fourth in the 1000 metres, .06 seconds behind the bronze medal winner. Her teammate Christine Nesbitt won the gold medal. On February 21, she won a silver medal in the 1500 metres. She became the 11th Canadian to win at least four medals at the Olympics (Summer or Winter).
Personal life
Born in Ottawa, Groves attended Fielding Drive Public School and Brookfield High School. She trained with the Ottawa Pacers Speed Skating Club. She majored in kinesiology at University of Calgary and graduated in 2004. Groves was inducted into the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame in 2014.
Personal records
Groves' current Adelskalender score is 157.616, which places 6th of all time.
Source: SpeedskatingResults.com.
World records
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com.
References and notes
External links
SpeedSkatingBase.eu PB's and link to results Kristina Groves
Results and records of Kristina Groves at SpeedSkatingStats.com
1976 births
Living people
Canadian female speed skaters
Sportspeople from Ottawa
Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for Canada
University of Calgary alumni
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Canadian people of Norwegian descent
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists
21st-century Canadian women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina%20Groves
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Richard Blahut (born June 9, 1937), former chair of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, is best known for his work in information theory (e.g. the Blahut–Arimoto algorithm used in rate–distortion theory). He received his PhD Electrical Engineering from Cornell University in 1972.
Blahut was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1990 for pioneering work in coherent emitter signal processing and for contributions to information theory and error control codes.
Academic life
Blahut taught at Cornell from 1973 to 1994. He has taught at Princeton University, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, the NATO Advanced Study Institute, and has also been a Consulting Professor at the South China University of Technology. He is also the Henryk Magnuski Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and is affiliated with the Coordinated Science Laboratory.
Awards and recognition
IEEE Claude E. Shannon Award, 2005
IEEE Third Millennium Medal
TBP Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award 2000
IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal 1998, for "contributions to error-control coding, particularly by combining algebraic coding theory and digital transform techniques."
National Academy of Engineering 1990
Japanese Society for the Propagation of Science Fellowship 1982
Fellow of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1981, for the development of passive surveillance systems and for contributions to information theory and error control codes.
Fellow of IBM Corporation, 1980
IBM Corporate Recognition Award 1979
IBM Outstanding Innovation Award 1978
IBM Outstanding Contribution Award 1976
IBM Resident Study Program 1969–1971
IBM Outstanding Contribution Award 1968
Books
Lightwave Communications, with George C. Papen (Cambridge University Press, 2019)
Cryptography and Secure Communication, (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
Modem Theory: An Introduction to Telecommunications, (Cambridge University Press, 2010)
Fast Algorithms for Signal Processing, (Cambridge University Press, 2010)
Algebraic Codes on Lines, Planes, and Curves: An Engineering Approach, (Cambridge University Press, 2008)
Theory of Remote Image Formation, (Cambridge University Press, 2004)
Algebraic Codes for Data Transmission, (Cambridge University Press, 2003)
Algebraic Methods for Signal Processing and Communications Coding, (Springer-Verlag, 1992)
Digital Transmission of Information, (Addison–Wesley Press, 1990)
Fast Algorithms for Digital Signal Processing, (Addison–Wesley Press, 1985)
Theory and Practice of Error Control Codes, (Addison–Wesley Press, 1983)
See also
IEEE Biography
ECE @ UIUC
References
External links
Living people
1937 births
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Cornell University faculty
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
American electrical engineers
Fellow Members of the IEEE
American telecommunications engineers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Blahut
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Barmy in Wonderland is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United Kingdom on 21 April 1952 by Herbert Jenkins, London, and in the United States on 8 May 1952 by Doubleday & Company, New York, under the title Angel Cake. The novel may be considered part of the expanded Drones Club canon, since the main character Barmy Fotheringay-Phipps is a member of the club.
Wodehouse adapted the novel from a play, The Butter and Egg Man (1925), by George S. Kaufman and, echoing Shakespeare's dedication of his Sonnets, dedicated the US edition to "the onlie begetter of these sonnets, Mr G S K".
The central character is Cyril "Barmy" Fotheringay-Phipps (pronounced "Fungy Fips"), an amiable young Englishman who falls in love with a spirited American girl named Eileen "Dinty" Moore and finds himself suddenly thrown into the daunting world of Broadway theatre after investing in a play.
Plot
J. G. Anderson, owner of the Hotel Washington in Bessemer, Ohio and the Lakeside Inn near Skeewassett, Maine, is staying at the Lakeside Inn. He is angered after a hotel guest, the famous but obnoxious actor Mervyn Potter, and Anderson's desk clerk, amiable and impressionable Cyril "Barmy" Fotheringay-Phipps, wake him at 3 a.m. to give him a frog. Anderson intends to fire Barmy, but instead decides to sell the Hotel Washington to Barmy after Potter mentions that Barmy has inherited a fortune. It is also mentioned that, before leaving London two years prior, Barmy saw a fortune teller in Wimbledon named Gypsy Sybil who predicted that Barmy would take a long journey, meet a fair girl, have some trouble with a dark man, and acquire a lot of money. Barmy, who has taken the long journey and got the money, now looks forward to meeting the fair girl, and is not worried about the dark man.
Potter tells Barmy that he should not buy the hotel but instead invest in an upcoming Lehmac Productions play that Potter is starring in. Anderson offers to sell Barmy the hotel for a hundred thousand dollars, but Barmy only has about twenty thousand. Anderson fires Barmy and Barmy goes to New York to invest in the play. There, Barmy sees a fair girl, Eileen "Dinty" Moore, looking longingly through a shop window at a fancy hat, and instantly falls in love with her. He tosses his cigar away, only for it to burn the old hat she is currently wearing. He buys the fancy hat for her to replace it. Dinty thanks Barmy before leaving. Barmy fears he will never see her again.
Barmy spends the evening in town with Potter, though Potter is drunk and domineering. He takes Barmy to see his fiancée Hermione (or Heloise) Brimble at her home in King's Point, Long Island, and makes Barmy break into the house. The Brimbles' butler hears him and fires off a revolver, causing Barmy to hide in a tree. Hermione comes upon the scene and sees Potter drunk. She declares that their engagement will be over if he ever drinks alcohol again.
At the office of Lehmac Productions, business partners Joe Lehman and Jack McClure desperately need an investor (or "angel") and deceive Barmy about their play's chance of success. The play, titled Sacrifice, has a somewhat incoherent plot, but is essentially about a man who chooses to take the blame for a crime committed by the brother of the woman he loves. Barmy agrees to invest ten thousand dollars when he sees that Dinty is Lehman's secretary. Barmy gets carried away and kisses her; she slaps him and he apologizes. He explains that he was going to ask her to marry him and invested half of his money in the play to be near her, which amazes Dinty.
Just before the play opens in the try-out town of Syracuse, Potter gets drunk and leaves the troupe. He is distraught because his fiancée found out he had tried to drink in secret and ended their engagement. His understudy takes his place. The show goes badly, and after the performance, a long disorderly conference ensues in Barmy's hotel room in which the members of the troupe argue about how to improve the play. Barmy tries to speak, but is shouted down by Lehman. Dinty defends Barmy, and Barmy, who starts talking with the same assertive language and slang used by Lehman, swiftly makes a deal to buy out Lehman and McClure with the rest of his inheritance.
Dinty confesses that she loves Barmy. Together, they convince the assistant manager of their hotel, Oscar Fritchie, to invest in the play. Mervyn Potter returns, having realized that he is better off without his ex-fiancée. He suggests turning the play into a farcical comedy. The play is now a hit and opens on Broadway. However, a dark lawyer appears with proof that Sacrifice has been plagiarized. He says that the play will be closed unless Barmy agrees to give up most of the profits. Dinty convinces the lawyer to leave for half an hour. While the lawyer is out, Lehman and McClure return, intending to take over the now-successful play again. Barmy sells it to them for a hundred thousand dollars. Barmy cheerfully sets off with Dinty to marry her and buy Anderson's hotel, where Fritchie will be the manager.
Publication history
In a letter to his friend William "Bill" Townend, dated 6 July 1951, Wodehouse stated that he had finished the book, which he titled The Butter and Egg Man, after the play it was based on, The Butter and Egg Man by George S. Kaufman. However, Wodehouse expressed concern in the letter about whether or not to explicitly associate his novel with Kaufman's play, worrying that if he did, "people will say 'this must be a rehash of a play,'" or if he did not, "everybody will say 'this is a complete steal from Kaufman's play The Butter and Egg Man.'". The book was ultimately published with a different title, Barmy in Wonderland in the UK and Angel Cake in the US. Wodehouse dedicated the novel to Kaufman, and split the royalties of the book fifty-fifty with him.
A condensed version of the novel was published in the Canadian magazine Star Weekly, a weekend supplement of the Toronto Star, on 13 September 1952. The story was published under the title Angel Cake.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with a list of characters
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
1952 British novels
Herbert Jenkins books
Doubleday (publisher) books
Novels based on plays
British comedy novels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmy%20in%20Wonderland
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Aruanã is a municipality in north-western Goiás state, Brazil. The population is 10,110 (2020 est.) in an area of 3050.31 km2. Aruanã is located on the Araguaia River, 324 km from the state capital, Goiânia, 59 km northwest of Araguapaz. It is part of the Rio Vermelho Microregion.
Municipal Boundaries
Municipal boundaries:
North: the state of Mato Grosso and Nova Crixás
South: Matrinchã and Itapirapuã
East: Mozarlândia, Araguapaz and Matrinchã
West: Britânia and Mato Grosso
Demographics
Population density: 2.12 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Population growth rate 2000/2007: 3,49%
Population in 1980: 7,193
Population in 1991: 4,909
Urban population: 5,349 (2007)
Rural population: 1,127 (2007)
Eligible voters: 4,543 (12/2007)
Climate and Tourism
The climate is moist tropical with an average temperature of 27 °C, with two well defined seasons: dry and rainy, with regular rainfall in the period of October to March. This type of climate favors the formation of vegetation made up of savanna, broken by farmland and pastureland. There are still stands of tropical forest, especially near the rivers.
The town is located on the Araguaia River and attracts thousands of tourists, especially in the dry season, from May to August, when extensive sandbanks are formed providing beaches for sunbathers and swimmers. There is also extensive sport fishing in the region.
Economy
In addition to tourism, the economy is based on cattle raising and agriculture. The cattle herd had 205,000 head (1,800 milk cows) in 2003. There is also large hardwood extraction and small lumbermills.
Main crops (2003) in planted area are corn and rice.
The main economic activities were agriculture (including lumber extraction and processing), commerce, hotels and restaurants, and public administration. There is a large informal economy. There is financial Institution: Banco Itaú S.A.
Health and education
Health establishments: 2 (2007)
Hospitals: 1 with 15 beds
Infant mortality (in 1,000 live births) in 2000: 26.34
Infant mortality in 1990: 31.02
Schools: 6 with 1,989 students (2006)
Higher education enrollment, teachers, and schools: Campus of the UEG (Universidade Estadual de Goiás), established in September 2004. No data on enrollment or teachers.
Literacy rate in 2000: 83.5
Literacy rate in 1990: 71.1
MHDI: 0.721
State ranking: 172 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 2,611 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
For the complete list see Frigoletto.com.
History
The history of Aruanã began with the building of a military fort in 1849 at the point where the Rio Vermelho enters the Rio Araguaia. The region was occupied by the Carajá Indians. The fort was called Leopoldina and later Santa Leopoldina. In 1868 the first steam boats appeared on the Araguaia and the settlement was a major port. In 1939 the name was changed to Aruanã, a native fish and the dance of the local Indians, and the village became a district in the municipality of Goiás. In 1958 it became an independent municipality.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
IBGE
Seplan
Municipalities in Goiás
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruan%C3%A3
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The Adam Carolla Show was a morning radio program that was syndicated, starring Adam Carolla, which began airing on January 3, 2006 and ended on February 20, 2009. The show was produced by CBS Radio as part of its Free FM format, and was based out of KLSX in Los Angeles. On February 20, KLSX changed format from hot talk to Top 40 (CHR) as KAMP-FM, and The Adam Carolla Show was canceled along with several other programs. The Adam Carolla Show was heard in a number of major metropolitan markets on the West Coast of the United States.
Overview
The show featured Adam Carolla and Teresa Strasser.
The supporting cast included sound effects guy Bryan Bishop, producer Angie Fitzsimmons, writer Mike Lynch, announcer/technical producer Mike Dawson, technical production assistant Mike Cioffi, production assistant David D. Keller and board operator Bill Mahoney. Jimmy Kimmel served as creative consultant in the first year, and hosted the show on June 7 and June 8, 2006, while Carolla was with his wife for the birth of their twins and April 26, 2007, while Carolla was at New York City for the Tribeca Film Festival to see the premiere of his movie The Hammer.
History
On August 4, 2005, Carolla announced that he would leave Loveline to pursue a position in morning radio. Adam's last night on Loveline was November 3, 2005, to allow him to have time to prepare for his morning debut at the beginning of 2006. He stated that he would love to continue to do Loveline, which seemed to fly by while doing it, but the show would not be a possibility.
On October 25, 2005, Infinity Broadcasting officially announced that it would be replacing the popular syndicated Howard Stern Show, (which was making a leap to satellite radio) with Carolla's new show in several western United States markets. On January 3, 2006 The Adam Carolla Show debuted in twelve of the 27 markets in which Stern had been broadcast, including Los Angeles, Las Vegas, San Francisco, San Diego, Phoenix and Portland, Oregon.
Replacing Perry
Former MuchMusic and VH1 video jockey Rachel Perry served as the original news reader on the show. On March 27, 2006, the show noted that Perry was absent for a few days to work on a TV pilot (a show titled Beyond). However, a few days stretched into a few weeks, during which the show featured several fill-ins, including Strasser, former MSNBC anchor Claudia DiFolco, and actress Tracy Metro. The show also had guests and a few of their recurring characters fill in. In late April, Perry's pictures and bio were removed from the show's website. Finally, on May 1, Carolla announced that the show had taken the opportunity to use Perry's absence to drop her from the show, as they felt that the chemistry wasn't quite there. On May 8, Strasser was named as Perry's official replacement.
Firing of Dameshek, Brusca, and Newcomb
In a December 17, 2006 message on the Adam Carolla Show message board, sports broadcaster Dave Dameshek wrote that he and the show's producer Jimmy Brusca had been fired.
Dameshek also wrote that Danny Bonaduce would be his replacement. Tad Newcomb, also known as Fat Tad or Big Tad, was a regular on-air contributor to the show, and has also confirmed that he was fired via his MySpace account.
CBS Radio released a press release on December 21, 2006 announcing Bonaduce as a featured member of the show starting January 2, 2007, but did not confirm or deny any firings.
On December 28, 2006, Carolla posted to the show's message boards and wrote that network executives had wanted to replace Dameshek because of the show's poor performance in Los Angeles. Carolla said the show's Arbitron ratings in the city shifted from 1.2 to 3.3 to 0.7, and CBS used this as an excuse to "strip the show". On the January 2nd show, Carolla commented on the firings and confirmed his posting that they were due to low ratings. He said that he had no say in the decision, and while he was upset about the firings he expressed a desire to move on.
Departure of Bonaduce
On December 12, 2007, it was announced on the air that Adam had come down with an illness and would not be coming to host the show. Danny and Teresa continued the show with Bryan taking a more active role as an on-air talent. On-air talent remarked many times that this was an unusual situation and that Adam has attended work while sick many times before and that he would have to be very sick in order to stay home. KLSX Program Director Jack Silver stated, "I have to take Adam’s word. When an employee says he's sick, short of going to his house with a doctor, I have to take him on his word." That afternoon, Adam phoned into Dr. Drew's radio show and re-stated that he was sick, but would see how he would feel the next day before making a decision on whether to go into work or not. Adam proceeded to stay on the phone for over an hour.
Adam's absence continued throughout the end of the week, including missing the 2007 Ace Awards and the live remote broadcast of the yearly "Christmas Carolla" holiday special from the Galaxy Theatre in Santa Ana, CA. During this time, Danny Bonaduce informally appointed himself head of the show until Adam returned, touching off the start of a very long messageboard thread (see below) calling for his removal from the show.
On December 17, 2007, the Official Adam Carolla Show message board was removed from the website, including all threads related to Adam's illness. The Adam Carolla Show went on scheduled hiatus following the Christmas episode.
On December 21, 2007, CBS Radio issued a press release concerning the future of The Adam Carolla Show and creation of Danny Bonaduce's new show:
"...contributing show member Danny Bonaduce will relinquish his role on THE ADAM CAROLLA SHOW and begin hosting his own program on KLSX. Positioned between the highly rated Frosty, Heidi & Frank Show (10:00AM-2:00PM) and Tom Leykis' program (3:00-8:00PM), BROADCASTING BONADUCE: THE DANNY BONADUCE SHOW will premiere Wednesday, Jan. 2, 2008 on-air and online from 2:00-3:00PM, PT. Teresa Strasser will continue to contribute to the station's morning drive program with Adam Carolla."
On the September 12, 2008 show Carolla confessed that the reason for him missing the last shows in 2007 was because he had come down with "The Red Flu", referring to being sick of working with the red headed Danny Bonaduce. It was also during Adam's weeklong absence that the show's messageboard became flooded with messages calling for Danny's removal from the show. (Danny had already been unpopular with many listeners, which was reflected in a large number of messageboard messages.) The messageboard thread addressing this quickly gained over 1300 posts, and many people posting were new users who'd never posted a message before. Adam himself (his official screen name) was spotted reading the messageboard several times, but did not post.
Controversy
Asian American community
Carolla's morning show became the subject of a minor controversy within a few weeks of airing when on January 24, 2006, Carolla played a segment which spoofed the upcoming Asian Excellence Awards. The spoof consisted of what sounded like a typical excerpt from an awards show, except that the dialogue of the actors consisted only of the words "ching" and "chong", repeated. The National Association of Asian American Professionals (NAAAP), The Asian American Journalists Association (AAJA), and The Center for Asian American Media publicly objected to the spoof, calling it racist and threatened to ask advertisers to withdraw their support from the show if the station did not issue an apology. On February 22, 2006, Carolla without fanfare read a brief apology for the segment, in which he said that his show had regrettably "crossed the line". On April 26, 2006, Carolla invited the head of the Media Action Network for Asian Americans, Guy Aoki, and Teddy Zee, co-chair of the Asian Excellence Awards, to further explain that when he aired the bit, he had no idea that "ching chong" was a racial slur. Mention of the bit was removed from the official show blog.
Cancellation
On February 18, 2009 it was confirmed that The Adam Carolla Show had been canceled and the last show would air on February 20, 2009. The cancellation came in effect of a format shift at the Los Angeles flagship station (KLSX) from hot talk to a Top 40 (CHR) format. The show would continue to be made available via Westwood One in a 'best-of' format.
Syndication
The Adam Carolla Show was heard on the following stations, and broadcast weekdays from 5:00am–10:00am PST (with the 5am hour a "best of" compilation of the previous morning's broadcast), for around a month CBS Radio will provide a "best of format" to give time for the affiliates to fill their morning slot:
Los Angeles, CA - 97.1 Free FM
San Diego, CA - 103.7 Free FM
Portland, OR - 101.1 KUFO
Las Vegas, NV - 107.5 KXTE FM
Sacramento, CA – 106.5 KWOD
Seattle, WA – 107.7 KNDD
Reno, NV – 100.9 KRZQ
Fresno, CA – 104.1 KFRR
Palm Springs, CA - 99.5 KMRJ
Portland, ME - 970 WZAN (tape delayed 7-10 PM ET)
Pocatello, ID - 92.1 KEGE
Pullman, WA - KHTR FM 104.3
Phoenix, AZ - 103.9
Phoenix, AZ - 101.5
A San Francisco station (FM 106.9 KIFR) was also a carrier of the show but dropped the program sometime late in the first year as the station changed to an oldies format. It was then carried on AM 1550 KYCY into 2007 but was ultimately dropped partway through the year. In the months after KYCY's cancellation a few different bay area listeners called into the show to voice their dismay and annoyance at the station's decision to drop the show. Adam said that he was also annoyed and felt that the show may have rubbed many overly sensitive KYCY listeners the wrong way.
Podcast and live internet stream are popular among listeners in markets where show is not broadcasting, which was mentioned on air numerous times.
Listeners have called from Midwest, East coast, Hawaii, Canada, Japan, Spain and England among other areas.
Most of the show was available for download via podcast through Free FM. The format varies depending on the station providing the RSS feed.
Show content
Frequent guests
David Alan Grier
Eric Stromer
Larry Miller did a weekly segment 'Stupid Beyond Belief'.
Joel McHale
Dana Gould
Recurring characters
Deaf Frat Guy. He also goes by the name Jason or the nickname "Maverick", and is played by Josh Gardner. Deaf Frat Guy originally started his Greek membership as a Tau Kappa Epsilon at the University of Southern California. In May 2006, Deaf Frat Guy was removed from the fraternity, and decided to start his own, called Delta Fu Gamma. He created the fake Greek letter "Fu" because he believed that all possible Greek names had been used. The initials "DFG" also refer to "Deaf Frat Guy". Deaf Frat Guy first appeared on January 24, 2006.
Fake Jack Silver. At the beginning of the second segment of every show, a parody of KLSX Program Director Jack Silver takes place after the commercial break. Fake Jack Silver is voiced by sound effects engineer Bryan Bishop, as mentioned on the December 14, 2006 show. Fake Jack Silver frequently mentions staying "hip" with younger listeners and talks about watching the ratings "needle" drop, or refers to "radio-kryptonite" when a boring bit or caller is on the air. Fake Jack Silver's biggest concern is being portrayed as homosexual, and thus the last thing he usually says is, in a stressed voice, "Not gay!" This segment has not appeared since 2008.
Peanut. This intermittently appearing character (voiced by David Alan Grier), is a black woman ostensibly hired to answer the phones at the studios of CBS Radio (the real life networks where the Adam Carolla Show is broadcast). The running gag is that every time Peanut is featured on the show, the phone banks that she is supposed to answer ring constantly, and the calls are often put on hold or disconnected. Peanut's character is disrespectful, possessed of a hair-trigger temper, speaks poor English (once taking the day off for what she called "Mobba Loofin King's Burfday"), and usually ends the sketch by threatening to take off her earrings and flip-flops and challenging Adam to "take it to the parking lot" whenever he makes the slightest suggestion that Peanut is not doing her job.
The Ed. A frequent contributor in 2006, caller "The" Ed Miller from Las Vegas would often call in as the show's official reviewer of television show Desperate Housewives (which he often referred to as "Separate Housewives". He would also call in to share his opinions on many sports related subjects, particularly horse racing. The Ed stopped making appearances after the show cast changes in 2006, but did go on to follow Dave Dameshek to his other radio projects.
Future of the show
Carolla remained under contract to CBS Radio until December 2009, and was bound against hosting another radio broadcast program until the contract expired. However, beginning the following weekday after the final broadcast of The Adam Carolla Show, the host started a new incarnation of the show at carollaradio.com as a free daily podcast.
Originally recorded nightly at his home, the podcast eventually moved to be recorded in a studio and features conversations with many of the same guests who appeared on the radio show. In the inaugural podcast, Carolla stated that if the venture proved to be successful he would move forward with ambitious plans to expand it commercially upon the expiration of his CBS contract. The show quickly garnered a large audience, as the first episode was downloaded over 250,000 times in the first 24 hours of its being made available on the site. Soon after, the show was made available on iTunes and in its first week the podcast was downloaded over 1 million times, making it the number one iTunes podcast in the US and Canada. The broadcast is now known as The Adam Carolla Show and has been consistently ranked among the top 15 podcasts on iTunes since its inception on the site.
As of June 3, 2010, The Adam Carolla Podcast was renamed The Adam Carolla Show, though it is still only available for download on the internet and is not broadcast. Though Teresa Strasser acted as Carolla's sidekick for a time, she left in August 2010 to join The Peter Tilden Show on KABC (AM). Bald Bryan still supplies sound effects, though he's not always on the show. The show has returned to its old radio format, bringing back produced segments and regular phone calls.
References
External links
Adam Carolla.com
The Adam Carolla Podcast
American comedy radio programs
2006 radio programme debuts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adam%20Carolla%20Show%20%28radio%20program%29
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Ruski Krstur (Serbian Cyrillic: Руски Крстур; Rusyn: Руски Керестур) is a village in Vojvodina, Serbia. It is located in the municipality of Kula, West Bačka District. The village has a Rusyn ethnic majority. Its population numbered 5,213 in the 2002 census. Ruski Krstur is the cultural centre of the Rusyns in Serbia. The number of Rusyns in Ruski Krstur is in constant decline as many of them have moved out to Canada concentrating in the town of North Battleford, Saskatchewan .
The village is the seat of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur, part of the wider Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia.
Name
Its name means "the Rusyn Krstur" (There is also a village called Srpski Krstur, meaning "the Serb Krstur", in Vojvodina).
The Hungarian name for the village derived from the Hungarian word "kereszt", which means "cross" in English. "Ur" (úr) means "lord." "Keresztúr," as seen in the Hungarian place name "Bodrogkeresztúr," likely refers to a crucifix (Our Lord on the Cross on the Bodrog river - suggesting that more places called Keresztúr were known). The first written record of Ruski Krstur was made during the administration of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1410 and then in 1452, mentioning it under name Kerezthwr.
In Hungarian the village is known as Bácskeresztúr; in Slovak as Ruský Kеrеstur; and in Croatian as Ruski Krstur, in Rusyn Руськый Керестур.
Ethnic groups
1971
According to the 1971 census, ethnic Rusyns comprised 99.45% of population of the village.
2002
According to the 2002 census, the population of the village include:
Rusyns = 4,483 (86.00%)
Serbs = 263 (5.05%)
others.
Historical population
1948: 5,874
1953: 6,115
1961: 5,873
1971: 5,960
1981: 5,826
1991: 5,636
2002: 5,213
Politics
There is an initiative among inhabitants of Ruski Krstur that this settlement become its own municipality completely separate from Kula.
See also
List of places in Serbia
List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina
Pannonian Rusyns
Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur
References
Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996.
External links
Ruski Krstur - Web page about the village
Welcome to First Internet Web Presentation of Ruski Kerestur
Rusyns in Serbia
Vodica in Ruski Krstur
“A Home for Town Planning Kula-Odzaci” Kula
Castle, Ruski Krstur
Rusyn On The Internet
Places in Bačka
West Bačka District
Kula, Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruski%20Krstur
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"Where's Your Head At" is a song by British electronic music duo Basement Jaxx. It was released as the third single from their second album, Rooty, on 19 November 2001. The song is based on samples from Gary Numan's songs "M.E." and "This Wreckage". The song peaked at number nine in Canada and the United Kingdom, number 16 in Australia, and number 39 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart, the band's only charting single on a non-dance music chart in the United States. The song ranked at number 83 on Pitchfork Medias list of the "Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s".
Music video
The music video, directed by Traktor, starts with a man (played by Damien Samuels) entering a mental hospital in Prague ("the armpit of nowhere" as he calls it) to meet up with a man who claims to have "the latest thing in pop music". Meanwhile, an unconscious guitarist is shown being wheeled away on a hospital gurney, with the song starting when he lifts his head.
The man then meets up with a scientist (played by Czech actor Petr Janiš), who then shows him his idea – monkeys playing music – with the help of several props. The protagonist seems unconvinced by the presentation. The laboratory secretary then suggests that the scientist should demonstrate the idea instead. He is then led into another room and sat behind a protective screen, with a view of a chamber containing instruments and DJing equipment. Three monkeys are brought into the chamber and start to play the instruments – it is revealed that their faces are those of humans (two of the monkeys have the faces of band members Felix Buxton and Simon Ratcliffe). After playing for a while, another monkey appears and all the monkeys suddenly start destroying the equipment, a behaviour which inexplicably carries over into the scientist observing the performance. The group of monkeys then surround the main character, who promptly flees.
During his escape, the protagonist stumbles upon a room containing a monkey and an unconscious human both hooked up to a machine. The monkey's face then becomes more human in appearance. The protagonist, now horrified, sees a diagram on the wall showcasing pictures of a human brain pointing towards several monkey brains. It turns out the "latest thing in pop music" is an experiment where musicians' brains are being transferred to monkeys, and he is planned to be the next victim. The video ends with him escaping down a laundry chute to a room with men who have monkey-like faces, only to be cornered by the scientist and a dog, who also has the face of the scientist.
The video won two awards at the 11th Annual Music Video Production Awards for Best Electronica Video and Best Directorial Debut. Pitchfork ranked the video at number 24 in their list of The Top 50 Music Videos of the 2000s.
Remixes
In 2011, DJ Chuckie created a mashup of the song with Cold Blank's remix of "Cal State Anthem" and played it at the Electric Daisy Carnival in Las Vegas, as well as several other festivals and events around the world.
Track listing
"Where's Your Head At"
"Where's Your Head At" (Stanton Warriors Mix)
"Romeo" (Acoustic Mix)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
Cover versions
US noise rock band Melkbelly released a cover version of the song in 2018.
References
2001 singles
2001 songs
Astralwerks singles
Basement Jaxx songs
Songs written by Felix Buxton
Songs written by Gary Numan
Songs written by Simon Ratcliffe (musician)
XL Recordings singles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where%27s%20Your%20Head%20At
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A dibber or dibble or dibbler is a pointed wooden stick for making holes in the ground so that seeds, seedlings or small bulbs can be planted. Dibbers come in a variety of designs including the straight dibber, T-handled dibber, trowel dibber, and L-shaped dibber.
History
The dibber was first recorded in Roman times and has remained mostly unchanged since. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, farmers would use long-handled dibbers of metal or wood to plant crops. One person would walk with a dibber making holes, and a second person would plant seeds in each hole and fill it in. It was not until the Renaissance that dibbers became a manufactured item, some made of iron for penetrating harder soils and clay.
Straight dibber
This is the classic dibber. It is anything from a sharpened stick to a more complicated model incorporating a curved handle and pointed steel end. It may be made of wood, steel or plastic.
T-handled dibber
This dibber is much like the classic dibber, but with a T-grip that fits in the palm to make it easier to apply torque. This allows the user to exert even pressure, creating consistent hole depth.
Trowel dibber
This dibber combines the features of a dibber and a trowel. It is usually forged from aluminum or other lightweight material. One end is for dibbing, and the other end is shaped like a trowel.
In popular culture
British comedian Lee Mack donated a T-handled dibber to the British Lawnmower Museum, Southport, and spoke about it on the panel game show Would I Lie to You? (series six, episode three, first broadcast 27 April 2012).
In military parlance an aircraft-dropped 'dibber bomb' is an anti-runway penetration bomb which destroys runways by first penetrating below the tarmac before exploding, cratering, and displacing the surface, making repairs difficult and time consuming, during which conventional airplanes can neither land nor take off.
See also
Pottiputki (tool)
References
Sources and external links
William Bryant Logan, Smith & Hawken The Tool Book, 1997
Antique Farm Tools
Gardening tools
Farming tools
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibber
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CKSW (570 AM) is a radio station in Canada broadcasting a country format. Licensed to Swift Current, Saskatchewan, it serves southwestern Saskatchewan. It first began broadcasting in 1956 at 1400 before moving to its current frequency of 570 in 1977. The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting.
The station celebrated its 50th anniversary in July 2006 with a one-day music festival in the city's Riverside Park. Among the performers at the outdoor event was Saskatchewan-born country singer Brad Johner. The event had an attendance of over 2000.
CKSW has been home to several notable Canadian radio presenters, such as Wilf Gilbey, Lenn Enns, Darwin Gooding, Regan Bartel, Garth Materie, Trent Redekop, Ken Audette, Eric Rosenbaum, Lowell Thomas and most notably, Art Wallman who is in the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame.
CKSW resides with 2 sister stations; CKFI-FM and CIMG-FM, in the same building at 198-1st Ave NE in Swift Current.
External links
CKSW 570
Ksw
Ksw
Ksw
Ksw
Radio stations established in 1956
1956 establishments in Saskatchewan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKSW
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Everybody's Got a Story is Amanda Marshall's third studio album. The album was certified platinum by the CRIA selling over 100,000 copies across Canada. It was her last new studio album of original material until the release of Heavy Lifting in 2023.
Track listing
"Everybody's Got a Story" (Amanda Marshall, Billy Mann, Marvin Leonard (Molecules)) - 4:11
"The Voice Inside" (Marshall, Mann, Peter Asher, Molecules) - 3:01
"The Gypsy" (Marshall, Mann, Molecules) - 4:30
"Colleen (I Saw Him First)" (Marshall, Mann, Molecules) - 5:10
"Double Agent" (Marshall, Mann, Asher, Molecules) - 4:41
"Red Magic Marker" (Marshall, Mann, Asher, Molecules) - 3:26
"Sunday Morning After" (Marshall, Mann, Asher, Molecules) - 4:44
"Love Is My Witness" (Marshall, Mann) - 3:21
"Dizzy" (Marshall, Mann, Molecules) - 4:02
"Brand New Beau" (Marshall, Mann, Asher, Molecules) - 4:24
"Marry Me" (Marshall, Rob Misener) - 3:51
"Inside the Tornado" (Marshall, Mann) - 1:43
Personnel
Amanda Marshall - Vocals, Background Vocals
Billy Mann - Acoustic & Electric Guitars, Keyboards, Background Vocal Arrangements, Background Vocals
Molecules - Drum and Percussion Programming
Peter Asher - Baritone Electric Guitar, Background Vocals
Steven Wolf - Live Drums and Additional Programming
Jack Daley - Bass
Paul Pimsler - Electric Guitars
Sandy Park - Concertmaster, Contractor, Solo Violin
David Campbell - Orchestral Arrangements and Conducting
Jon Clarke - Woodwinds
Tim Hagans - Additional Keyboards
Year-end charts
References
2001 albums
Amanda Marshall albums
Sony Music Canada albums
Albums arranged by David Campbell (composer)
Albums produced by Billy Mann
Albums produced by Peter Asher
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody%27s%20Got%20a%20Story
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Eto'o is a Cameroonian surname that may refer to:
Samuel Eto'o, a former professional footballer
David Eto'o, younger brother of Samuel, a footballer who played for CF Reus Deportiu
Etienne Eto'o, youngest brother of Samuel and David, a footballer who plays for FC Lustenau
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eto%27o%20%28surname%29
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Mathieu Turcotte (born February 8, 1977) is a Canadian former short track speed skater. He was born in Sherbrooke, Quebec.
Turcotte rose to fame within Canada upon winning the bronze in the men's 1000 m in the short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics, with a time of 1:30.563 (a race more remembered for the victory of Australian Steven Bradbury), and winning a gold as part of the men's 5000 m relay at the same games, with a team time of 6:51.579.
He placed 6th at the men's 1500 m short track speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics with a time of 2:24.558.
Mathieu is now the President of Apex Racing Skates, a company that makes custom short track speed skates.
Career
References
1977 births
Canadian male short track speed skaters
French Quebecers
Living people
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in short track speed skating
Olympic short track speed skaters for Canada
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Short track speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Sherbrooke
Canadian male speed skaters
World Short Track Speed Skating Championships medalists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu%20Turcotte
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Dave Line (1942 – 1980) was a British beer author. An electrical engineer by profession, he is regarded as a pioneer in homebrewing during the 1970s because at the time homebrewing as a hobby was in its infancy. At the time of his early death from cancer he was 37, living in Southampton, was married and had a son.
Homebrewing
In 1963, it had become free to homebrew in the UK, previously requiring an annual 5 Shilling licence, but would not yet become legal in the U.S. until President Jimmy Carter signed a bill into law in 1978 legalizing it.
People wanted to brew beer that matched the quality of commercial beer. In his first book "The Big Book of Brewing", Dave Line helped people to begin to reach the quality they were looking for, by using ingredients and processes that were used in breweries, with simple homebrewing equipment.
At the time people were not getting satisfactory results, because they were using substandard ingredients, low quality syrups or beer kits, baker's yeast, and were not technically informed in the processes of brewing. He advocated the use of proper brewer's yeast, whole-grain barley malts, whole hops, and even went into simple analysis and comparison of the chemistry of water used for brewing different beers, and rudimentary water treatment. He also encouraged sterilisation and proper cleaning of equipment.
He was a regular contributor to Amateur Winemaker, and in a decade, probably had more recipes published than anyone else.
Bibliography
The Big Book of Brewing (1974)
Brewing Beers Like Those You Buy (1978)
Beer Kits and Brewing (1980)
References
Homebrewing
Year of birth uncertain
Beer writers
1979 deaths
1942 births
British male non-fiction writers
20th-century British male writers
20th-century British non-fiction writers
British food writers
Deaths from cancer in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Line
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Tom Collier is a multi-instrumental percussionist and vibraphonist, with a career in music spanning more than fifty years. He has performed and recorded as a session musician with many important jazz, classical, and popular artists. He has also performed and recorded with his own jazz group and has released solo albums. He joined the faculty at the University of Washington in 1980.
Childhood
Collier was born in Puyallup, Washington on June 30, 1948 and grew up in Seattle, Washington. His parents were professional musicians; Ward Collier, known to his friends as "Whitey", played trumpet in various lounge bands around the Seattle/Tacoma area. His mother, Ethel, often played piano in her husband's quartet. Tom Collier made his first public appearance in Puyallup, Washington on April 2, 1954 at age 5 on the xylophone and in the spring of 1957, he appeared on "Top Tunes and New Talent, a nationally televised television show hosted by bandleader Lawrence Welk. His first professional performances were at age 9 as a marimba player, and then at age 13 he was a guest artist at the 1962 Seattle Worlds Fair with Lawrence Welk in concert at the Seattle Center Coliseum.
With the emergence of rock and roll as the dominant musical force in America, the young Collier was exposed to music that would have a lasting impact on his career. As a teenager growing up in Seattle, he enjoyed the music of The Wailers (rock band), a Tacoma, Washington-based rock band considered by many to be the first garage rock group. Collier was especially fond of their song "Dirty Robber". At the same time, he was exposed to jazz through his father's recordings of Charlie Parker, Lionel Hampton, Duke Ellington and others. At the age of 11, his father took him to see Lionel Hampton in concert. "That was a life-changing experience. I saw him play the vibes with such energy, but I also remember how he jumped on top of a fortified tom tom and danced on it. The crowd went wild."
By the time Collier graduated from West Seattle High School in 1966, he was beginning to compose and record pieces rooted in rock and jazz with his longtime friend, guitarist and electric bassist Dan Dean. The two would continue playing music together well into the 21st century.
Education
Collier attended Olympic Jr. College in Bremerton, WA, 1966-1967, studying arranging and music theory with Dr. Ralph Mutchler and playing drums in the Olympic College Stage Band. In May, 1967, he played under the direction of Quincy Jones who was the featured guest artist at the school's annual jazz festival. The following month, Tom was offered a four-year undergraduate Rockefeller Fellowship to study and perform modern avant-garde music at the University of Washington in Seattle. During his four years at the University (1967-1971), he performed several world premiere contemporary classical works with famed clarinetist/composer William O. Smith as well as playing drums in the school's Studio Jazz Ensemble. In 1971, Collier performed with the U.W. Contemporary Group at Town Hall in New York, one of only three students playing alongside professional faculty musicians. He graduated from the University later that spring with two undergraduate degrees: Bachelor of Arts in Music (B.A.) and Bachelor of Music in Percussion (B.M.).
Career
Collier was director of percussion studies at the University of Washington from 1980 to 2016. Upon his retirement in 2016, he was named Professor Emeritus by the University's School of Music and College of Arts and Sciences. In 1991, Collier released his instrumental album Pacific Aire, in which he collaborated with Bud Shank on alto saxophone and flute and Don Grusin (Dave Grusin's brother) on keyboards. Jazz writer Scott Yanow appreciated the level of musicianship evident in the album, but he criticized the music as "lightweight...as if no one is taking any real chances." He continued that "Collier's eight originals are pleasing if not memorable, and there is no stretching taking place."
The year 2004 saw the release of Collier's album Mallet Jazz on Origin Records, another instrumental showcase in which he was joined by fellow session musicians from throughout his career including percussion hall-of-famer Emil Richards on marimba, Joe Porcaro and John Bishop on drums, and Mike Lang and Don Grusin on piano. Dave Brubeck's longtime clarinetist Bill Smith also appeared on the album along with longtime Collier friend and collaborator Dan Dean who played electric bass on all tracks. Critic Adam Greenberg wrote of the album, "The intricate lines devised by Collier show off the abilities of the lead duo [Collier and Richards], and the solos taken by both Collier and Richards alone make the album worth hearing."
Discography
1979 Journey Without Maps (with Northwest Jazz Sextet)
1980 Whistling Midgets (with Dan Dean)
1991 Pacific Aire
2004 Mallet Jazz
2005 Duets (with Dan Dean)
2015 Across the Bridge (with Larry Coryell, Bill Frisell, Dan Dean, John Bishop, Ted Poor)
References
External links
Official Website of Tom Collier
University of Washington School of Music Website
American jazz vibraphonists
Musicians from Seattle
Living people
People from Puyallup, Washington
Year of birth missing (living people)
Origin Records artists
Jazz musicians from Washington (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Collier%20%28musician%29
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State of the Planet is a three-part environmental documentary series, made by the BBC Natural History Unit, transmitted in November 2000. It is written and presented by David Attenborough, and produced by Rupert Barrington. It includes interviews with many leading scientists, such as Edward O. Wilson and Jared Diamond. Each of the programmes attempts to find answers to the potential ecological crisis that threatens the Earth.
The series was specially commissioned by BBC One for the millennium, and had a budget of around GBP2 million. The BBC drew criticism for scheduling the first episode in competition with the final part of ITV's Inspector Morse; as a consequence, it drew just 4 million viewers, well below the channel's typical share. However, ratings recovered to around 7 million for the second and third programmes.
Attenborough fronted this series in between presenting his 1998 ornithological study, The Life of Birds, and providing narration to the award-winning 2001 series The Blue Planet.
Programmes
1. "Is There a Crisis?"
Broadcast 15 November 2000, together with leading experts, David Attenborough examines the latest scientific evidence in order to discover if the planet's ecosystems are really in crisis. If so, he asks how it could have come about, and what is so different now that prevents certain species from adapting to survive, as they did in the past?
2. "Why Is There a Crisis?"
Broadcast 22 November 2000, Attenborough presents some stark facts. He states that humans are now triggering a mass extinction on a similar scale to that which wiped out the dinosaurs – but at an unprecedented rate. He investigates the five main activities of mankind that are the most likely contributory factors:
Habitat loss
Introduced species
Pollution
Over-harvesting
Islandisation
3. "The Future of Life"
Broadcast 29 November 2000, as Homo sapiens relentlessly encroaches on the natural world and its inhabitants, the viewer is presented with a choice: leave behind a flourishing planet or a dying one.
DVD
The complete series was released on DVD (BBCDVD1498) on 27 September 2004.
References
External links
2000 British television series debuts
2000 British television series endings
BBC television documentaries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20of%20the%20Planet
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Sibbarp is a village and a former parish in Varberg Municipality, Halland, Sweden. Sibbarp was first mentioned in 1354 as Sigbiornathorp. The name is formed of Sigbjörn (a male name) and thorp.
The former Sibbard parish covered an area of . 1 January 2006 it was merged with Dagsås to form Sibbarp-Dagsås parish.
Geology
The western parts of the parish are dominated by red gneiss, while the eastern parts are dominated by grey gneiss. The parish is rather hilly.
History
The parish has several remains from the Bronze and Iron Age. Iron extraction took place in Järnvirke (as well as in neighboring Järnmölle, Tvååker) during medieval times.
See also
Asmund's well
Sources
Sibbarp och Dagsås - Kulturbygd med härliga höjder, betagande bokskog och trolska sjöar, Larsson, Ulf (ed.). 1993. Kristinstad: Utsikten.
Varberg Municipality
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibbarp%2C%20Varberg%20Municipality
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John Ozell (died 15 October 1743) was an English translator and accountant who became an adversary to Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope.
He moved to London from the country at around the age of twenty and entered an accounting firm, where he was successful in managing the accounts of several large entities, including the City of London itself. He was a Whig and probably a dissenter who associated with the prominent figures of the whig establishment in the 18th century. He was particularly associated with Joseph Addison and the "little senate" that met at Button's Coffee House in Covent Garden.
He was financially well off, due to his accounting work. He died on 15 October 1743, a lifelong bachelor.
Works
Ozell taught himself several contemporary languages and had a good grounding in Latin and Greek from school. He began to act as a translator in addition to his work in accounting. Ozell's translations were not very strict, but they were of a better quality than those of his contemporaries.
In 1705, Jonathan Swift's Battle of the Books had appeared as a preface to A Tale of a Tub. The Battle of the Books was part of a general quarrel of the ancients and the moderns, where the question was between ancient authors (Homer, Virgil, Horace, and Aristotle) and contemporary ones and whether contemporary philosophy and science had surpassed what could be gathered from the classics. Swift's version of the Battle has all contemporary authors, and he names several of them, swept away by the ancient authors that they glossed. The Battle was based on Le Lutrin by Boileau, and Ozell performed his own translation of Le Lutrin in 1708. In his version, the contemporaries being blasted away were Tory authors, and, in particular, William Wycherley.
Boileau was a great favorite of the "ancients" camp and the Scriblerus Club in particular. In 1711 through 1713, Ozell published The Works of Monsieur Boileau. He thus took the French neoclassicist for the Whig side. This infuriated the Tory defenders of Wycherley, and both Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope struck back at Ozell. In 1708, Pope wrote Epigram, Occasion'd by Ozell's Translation of Bioleau's Lutrin and said, "those were slander'd most whom Ozell praised." Swift satirized Ozell in the Introduction to Polite Conversation, and Pope mentioned Ozell again in The Dunciad. In that poem, Dulness shows her champion her powers of conception and
"How, with less reading than makes felons 'scape,
Less human genius than God gives an ape,
Small thanks to France and none to Rome or Greece,
A past, vamp'd, future, old, reviv'd, new piece,
'Twixt Plautus, Fletcher, Congreve, and Corneille,
Can make a Cibber, Johnson, or Ozell." (I. 235-40)
In 1712, he translated Anne Dacier's French retelling of the Iliad into blank verse. He was also at pains to express his anti-Catholicism with a translation of the life of Veronica of Milan, whom he termed a saint, in 1716 (just after a Jacobite uprising), and he took a political stance by translating Paul de Rapin's Dissertation sur les Whig et les Torys with a pro-Whig slant.
In 1728, the Dunciad Variorum appeared, and, the same year, Richard Bundy published a translation of Histoire romaine, depuis la fondation de Rome, a work Ozell was planning to translate. Ozell wrote a long treatise enumerating Bundy's mistakes and Pope's villainy, and he took out an ad to attack his enemies.
In 1738, Ozell translated L'Embarras des richesses (The Embarrassment of Riches) by Léonor Jean Christine Soulas d'Allainval, in so doing popularising the English phrase 'an embarrassment of riches'.
References
Williams, Abigail. "John Ozell". In Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. vol. 42, 295. London: OUP, 2004.
1710s
British translators
1743 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Translators of Homer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ozell
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Colin Edwin is an Australian musician, specialising in fretted and fretless bass guitar, double bass and guimbri.
Edwin first came to public attention as a member of the British progressive rock band Porcupine Tree, in which he was bass player from 1993 to 2011. Currently, Edwin is a member of Ex-Wise Heads, a long running collaboration with multi instrumentalist Geoff Leigh which mixes ethnic, ambient, and post-modern influences. He is also a member of metal-influenced project Random Noise Generator, and the bands Metallic Taste of Blood and progressive metal act O.R.k., as well as participating in numerous collaborations and releasing solo work.
Biography
Colin Edwin was born in Melbourne on 2 July 1970. During his childhood, his family moved to Hemel Hempstead, England, where he became a schoolfriend of the young Steven Wilson.
In December 1993, he joined Wilson's progressive rock band Porcupine Tree, in which he played bass guitar, double bass and guimbri. His time in the band lasted until its initial dissolution in 2011, and covered nine studio albums and thirteen live albums. Edwin also played double bass on occasion for Wilson's other main project No-Man, notably for 1993 radio sessions and on 2001's Returning Jesus album.
In 1999, Edwin teamed with former Henry Cow instrumentalist Geoff Leigh and percussionist Vincent Salzfaas to form the instrumental ethno-fusion trio Ex-Wise Heads, who have gone on to record six albums (with the project later becoming a duo of Edwin and Leigh augmented by percussionist Rick Edwards and various guests).
Since 2009, Edwin has also been releasing solo work, including two solo albums (Third Vessel in 2009 and PVZ in 2012) both available through Burning Shed. He continues to regularly release standalone solo tracks via his Bandcamp page.
In 2011, Edwin formed the band "Metallic Taste of Blood" with Italian musician Eraldo Bernocchi, Hungarian drummer Balazs Pandi and Keyboard player Jamie Saft, releasing an album on RareNoiseRecords.
With a new line-up featuring former Prong drummer Ted Parsons and keyboard player Roy Powell, Metallic Taste of Blood released a second album "Doctoring the Dead" in May 2015, also on RareNoise.
Edwin has continued working with Eraldo Bernocchi in the newest line-up of the band Obake, alongside vocalist Lorenzo Esposito Fornasari with their second album entitled Mutations, which was released in October 2014 on RareNoise.
Also in 2011, Edwin worked with American guitarist Jon Durant on the album Dance of the Shadow Planets and the two collaborated further on the album Burnt Belief released on the Alchemy Records label in 2012. Their third collaboration, Etymology, was released in October 2014.
Edwin has also collaborated with Italian bassist Lorenzo Feliciati, resulting in the album Twinscapes, released on RareNoise in 2014. The Twinscapes album also features contributions from Nils Petter Molvær, David Jackson, Roberto Gualdi and Andi Pupato, and was mixed by bassist and producer Bill Laswell Edwin is known to have an interest in photography and also took the cover image for the album.
In mid 2014 it was announced that Edwin would be joining experimental jazz rock band Henry Fool as well as participating in recording new material for a future album.
In 2015 Edwin joined Lorenzo Esposito Fornasari, guitarist Carmelo Pipitone and drummer Pat Mastelotto in a new band "O.R.k." releasing the albums Inflamed Rides., Soul of an Octopus., and Ramagehead,.
Edwin recorded the bass lines for the instrumental rock musical collective Armonite, releasing the albums The Sun is New each Day in 2015 and And the Stars above in 2018, the latter published by Cleopatra Records.
Edwin has also collaborated with Ukrainian female vocal duo Astarta, playing concerts in London and Ukraine and releasing a full-length album in April 2016.
Style and equipment
Edwin is a jazz fan, and incorporates an atypical jazz-inspired style into his playing for a rock band. He also has a strong interest in world music and in electronica, reflected particularly in his work with Ex-Wise Heads and in his solo releases.
In between 1994 and 2004, Edwin's main bass was a 1994 Wal Mark I four-string fretless bass, until he gave it "a break" and semi-retired it from the rigours of live touring. He subsequently used a Music Man StingRay and, for the Deadwing Tour, a Music Man Bongo which can be viewed in action on Porcupine Tree's DVD release Arriving Somewhere....
During that time period Edwin was introduced to Spector basses and purchased a EuroLX 4-string model in Natural Oil. The company then gave him one of their extended scale-length models (35" as opposed to the "standard" 34" scale for 4-string basses), a Euro 4LX-35 in transparent black. This proved to be useful as over half of their 2007 album, Fear of a Blank Planet was downtuned C/F/Bb/Eb to which the 35" scale length give better definition to the lower notes. For the second leg of the Fear of a Blank Planet Tour starting in October 2007 a ReBop Deluxe FM unlined fretless bass in Natural Oil was used for the song "A Smart Kid" among others, and well as using his Music Man Bongo bass guitar as his spare or encore bass.
As of late September 2009 Edwin was back to using his fretted and fretless Wal Mark I 4-string basses for the majority of the tour supporting the Porcupine Tree release of The Incident. He played approximately 85% of The Incident song-cycle on his Wal basses. His black Spector Euro 4LX-35 was used for the other 15% "heavy parts" which were down-tuned to C Standard. Edwin still endorses the Spector and Basslab basses as well as EBS amplifiers, speaker cabinets, and effects pedals. He endorses Ernie Ball Bass Strings for use on his Wal fretless bass and Spector Medium Stainless Steel Bass Strings on his fretted Spector basses.
Discography (Outside of Porcupine Tree)
Solo Albums
With Ex-Wise Heads
With Lorenzo Feliciati as Twinscapes
With Armonite
With Metallic Taste of Blood
With Obake
With Jon Durant
With O.R.k.
With Tim Bowness
With Astarta as Astarta/Edwin
With Endless Tapes
With Gaudi
With Jon Durant and Inna Kovtun
Current equipment
2012 Spector USA Series Bolt-On NS-4H2-MM Black Cherry High Gloss Custom Shop 4-string fretless bass (Unlined Ebony fingerboard) with EMG MM-TW pick-ups, Aguilar OBP-3 preamp & Hipshot hardware
2006 Spector Euro 4LX-35 4-string bass downtuned to "C Standard" (C/F/Bb/Eb) in Transparent Black. strung with Spector Medium Stainless Steel strings.
BassLab Soul-IV in Black (used mainly as a studio bass and also as a backup/encore bass on the "Fear of a Blank Planet" tour) strung with Ernie Ball Hybrid Slinky strings.
BassLab Soul-IV in Metallic Orange (prototype bass borrowed from Heiko Hoepfinger used as a studio/recording bass
EBS TD 650 amplifier and two 4x10" Proline neodymium cabs.
EBS ValveDrive tube preamp/overdrive pedal, EBS MultiDrive distortion, EBS OctaBass octave, EBS MultiComp compressor, EBS UniChorus Chours, EBS Bass IQ Envelope Filter, EBS Tremolo, Boss HR-2 Harmonist, Boss TU-2 Chromatic Tuner.
Previously used equipment
2007 Spector ReBop Deluxe FM unlined fretless bass in Natural Oil.
2004 Music Man Stingray fretted 4-string bass (Natural ash finish, Rosewood fretboard ) with a Hipshot Bass Extender installed for downtuning the E-string to D.
2005 Music Man Bongo 4-string bass in "Stealth (flat) Black" (used for the majority of the "Deadwing" tour as seen on the band's Arriving Somewhere... Live DVD and as a backup/encore bass on the 2007–08 "Fear of a Blank Planet" tour).
Trace Elliott AH350 amplifier and speaker cabinets
Tech 21 LM300 amplifier and two 4x10" speaker cabinets ("trashed on a European tour by some slack local crew")
References
External links
Official website
Colin Edwin's blog page
Article in "Bass Player" magazine September 2007
1970 births
Living people
Australian bass guitarists
Progressive metal bass guitarists
Progressive rock bass guitarists
Porcupine Tree members
21st-century bass guitarists
RareNoiseRecords artists
Henry Fool (band) members
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Edwin
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Sibbarp can refer to:
Sibbarp, Malmö, a neighbourhood of Malmö, Sweden
Sibbarp, Varberg Municipality, a village in Varberg Municipality, Sweden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibbarp
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Marie Besnard (15 August 1896 – 14 February 1980), also known as 'The Good Lady of Loudun', was an accused serial poisoner in the mid-20th century.
Besnard was first charged with multiple murder on July 21, 1949, under her maiden name, Marie Joséphine Philippine Davaillaud. After three trials lasting over ten years (the first held in Poitiers), Besnard was finally freed in 1954, then acquitted on December 12, 1961. The case attracted widespread attention throughout the country and remains one of the most enigmatic in modern French legal history.
Early life
Born in Loudun, France, Marie married her cousin, Auguste Antigny, in 1920. The marriage lasted until his death from pleurisy on July 21, 1927 (Antigny was known to suffer from tuberculosis). When his body was eventually exhumed, 60 mg of arsenic were found in his remains.
In 1928, Marie married Léon Besnard.
Suspicious deaths
When Léon Besnard's parents inherited family wealth, the couple invited them to move in with them. Soon thereafter, his father died, apparently from eating poisoned mushrooms.
His mother followed three months later, apparently a victim of pneumonia. The parents' estate was left to Besnard's husband and his sister, Lucie, who supposedly committed suicide a few months later. Around this time, on May 14, 1940, Marie Besnard's father Pierre Davaillaud also died, officially due to cerebral haemorrhage, although his exhumed remains contained 36 mg of arsenic.
Shortly afterward, the Besnards sublet rooms to a wealthy childless couple, the Rivets, who were friends of Marie's husband. Monsieur Toussaint Rivet died of pneumonia on July 14, 1939, although 18 mg of arsenic were later discovered in his exhumed remains. Madame Blanche Rivet (née Lebeau) died on December 27, 1941, from aortitis, although her remains contained 30 mg of arsenic. The Rivets' will had named Marie Besnard as their only heir.
Pauline Bodineau, (née Lalleron) and Virginie Lalleron, cousins of Marie, had also named Marie as their only beneficiary. Pauline died aged 88 on July 1, 1945, after mistaking a bowl of lye for her dessert one night. Her remains were later found to contain 48 mg of arsenic. Virginie apparently made the same mistake a week later and died aged 83 on July 9, 1945. Her remains were later found to contain 20 mg of arsenic.
After Marie discovered Léon was having an affair, Léon remarked to a close friend, Madame Pintou, that he believed he was being poisoned, saying "that his wife had served him some soup on a bowl that already contained a liquid." He died shortly afterwards October 25, 1947 apparently of uremia.
A few days after Léon's burial, details of his testimony reached the gendarmerie and were passed to an investigating magistrate.
Marie's mother, Marie-Louise Davaillaud (née Antigny) died on January 16 1949. Her remains contained 48 mg of arsenic.
As Marie had by now also accumulated most of the wealth of both families, suspicions were aroused of foul play and the magistrate ordered the exhumation of Léon's body on May 11, 1949. A forensic surgeon, doctor Béroud, discovered 19.45 mg of arsenic in his body. Marie was arrested, the bodies of her other alleged victims were exhumed, and Marie was charged with thirteen counts of murder.
Trials
The presence of arsenic in the bodies of her alleged victims was central to Besnard's trials, the first of which began in February 1952.
Béroud's autopsy report, based on an analytical method developed by Marsh and Cribier, concluded that the victims had been slowly poisoned by arsenic. Further analysis by professors Fabre, Kohn-Abrest and Griffon also found that there were abnormal levels of arsenic in the exhumed bodies. Another report, carried out by professor Piedelièvre in 1954 confirmed the results of the 1952 analysis, but differed in some respects from Béroud's. The presence of abnormally high levels of arsenic were also confirmed by another report by Professor
Frédéric Joliot-Curie.
Béroud had difficulty in defending his results under examination from Besnard's lawyers. The defence also claimed that there were errors in the labelling of the jars containing the tissue sample, and that several jars had been lost or replaced. In addition, an investigation at the cemetery was able to show that arsenic may have leached into the soil and bodies from chemicals used on the flowers and from zinc ornaments and other sources. As a result, the first two trials ended without a conviction.
The length of the trials, the successful attacks on the evidence, and the turning of public opinion in favor of Marie Besnard contributed to her eventual acquittal at her third trial in 1961.
Besnard died in 1980.
In popular culture
The 1986 television film L'Affaire Marie Besnard (The Marie Besnard Affair) won the Sept d'or French television awards for Alice Sapritch, best actress in the role of Marie Besnard; Yves-André Hubert, director, for best movie made for TV; and Frédéric Pottecher, best writer. The 2006 television film Marie Besnard, l'empoisonneuse (Marie Besnard, the Poisoner), resulted in the 2007 Best Performance by an Actress Emmy Award for Muriel Robin in the title role.
The English historian Richard Cobb presents a sympathetic portrait of Besnard in a lengthy essay in his book about French life, A Second Identity (1969).
See also
List of serial killers by number of victims
References
Further reading
A Second Identity: Essays on France and French history (1969) by Richard Cobb
External links
Black Widow's Best Friend, CrimeLibrary.com, accessed May 20, 2007.
1896 births
1980 deaths
French prisoners and detainees
People acquitted of murder
People from Loudun
Prisoners and detainees of France
Suspected serial killers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Besnard
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Pierre Hérigone (Latinized as Petrus Herigonius) (1580–1643) was a French mathematician and astronomer.
Of Basque origin, Hérigone taught in Paris for most of his life.
Works
Only one work by Hérigone is known to exist: Cursus mathematicus, nova, brevi, et clara methodo demonstratus, per notas reales et universales, citra usum cujuscunque idiomatis intellectu faciles (published in Paris in six volumes from 1634 to 1637; second edition 1644), a compendium of elementary mathematics written in French and Latin. The work introduced a system of mathematical and logical notation. It has been said that "Hérigone introduced so many new symbols in this six-volume work that some suggest that the introduction of these symbols, rather than an effective mathematics text, was his goal." Florian Cajori has written that the work contains "a full recognition of the importance of notation and an almost reckless eagerness to introduce an exhaustive set of symbols..."
Hérigone may have been the first to introduce the mathematical symbol to express an angle. He used both the symbol below and recorded the use of "<" as a symbol denoting "less than."
He also introduced the upside-down "T" symbol (⊥) to express perpendicularity.
In regards to the notation for exponents, Herigone wrote a, a2, a3, etc. (though the numerals were not raised, however, as they are today).
Hérigone also created a number alphabet for remembering long numbers in which phonemes were assigned to different numbers, while the vowels were supplied by the memorizer: 1 (t, d), 2 (n), 3 (m), 4 (r), 5 (l), 6 (j, ch, sh), 7 (c, k, g), 8 (f, v, ph), 9 (p, b), 10 (z, s). (see article Herigone's mnemonic system).
In Hérigone's work, we find the earliest written examples of mathematical terms. Parallelipipedon, an archaic form of parallelepiped, appears in an English work dated 1570. Hérigone himself used the spelling parallelepipedum.
Hérigone and the camera obscura
In the Cursus mathematicus, Hérigone describes a camera obscura in the form of a goblet (Chapter 6, page 113). Hérigone did not depict his goblet, but Johann Zahn would illustrate the design in his Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus Sive Telescopium (1685). Hérigone's goblet-camera obscura, more a novelty than anything else, was constructed in such a way that you could spy on others while taking a drink. The device's 45-degree angle mirror had a stylized opening for the lens. The goblet had a cup made of glass where images could be seen. The lid bore a magnifying lens at the top. The lens and mirror of this dinner table device for spying was situated at the base of the goblet's stem and served to project a real-time image onto the ground glass screen in the cup of the goblet.
Committee work
Hérigone served on a number of scientific committees, including one set up to determine whether Jean-Baptiste Morin's scheme for determining longitude from the Moon's motion was practical. Members of this committee included Étienne Pascal and Claude Mydorge.
He died in Paris.
The crater Herigonius on the Moon is named after him.
Notes
Sources
Biography of Pierre Herigone
The History of the Discovery of Cinematography
Mathematical symbols
Universal Language
Earliest Uses of Symbols of Operation and Grouping
1580 births
1643 deaths
17th-century French astronomers
17th-century French inventors
17th-century French mathematicians
Number theorists
French-Basque people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20H%C3%A9rigone
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Gavin Richard Harrison (born 28 May 1963) is an English musician. He is best known for playing with the progressive rock bands Porcupine Tree (2002–2010; 2021–present), King Crimson (2008, and 2014–2021) and The Pineapple Thief (2016–present). Harrison's drumming has received many awards from music publications and earned praise from other musicians.
Career
Gavin started to work professionally in 1979. He worked as a freelance session drummer on records and tours for the following artists: Incognito, Lisa Stansfield, Lewis Taylor, Artful Dodger, Paul Young, Iggy Pop, Level 42, Porcupine Tree, OSI, King Crimson, Shooter, Dizrhythmia, The Pineapple Thief, The Kings Of Oblivion, Sam Brown, Tom Robinson, Go West, Black, Gail Ann Dorsey, B J Cole, Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin, Nathan East, Yasuaki Shimizu, Camouflage, Kevin Ayers, Claudio Baglioni, Franco Battiato, Chizuko Yoshihiro, Renaissance, Mick Karn, Eros Ramazzotti, Nick Johnston, Randy Goodrum, and Fates Warning.
In 2002 he joined Porcupine Tree and has played on the band's albums released since that time: In Absentia, Deadwing, Fear of a Blank Planet, The Incident, and Closure/Continuation, with each receiving critical acclaim and raising the band's status to one of the most influential modern progressive rock bands. He remained a permanent member of the band until an indefinite hiatus was announced in 2010, and then again in 2021 when the band announced a return to playing together with the release of the album Closure/Continuation.
In 2007 Harrison began a long term collaboration with singer/extended range bass player 05Ric, which led to the release of three CDs, Drop (2007), Circles (2009) and The Man Who Sold Himself (2012).
In 2008, Harrison joined King Crimson as part of a dual-drummer line-up with Pat Mastelotto. He played a number of shows in the United States in August with the band. He also recorded drums on Steven Wilson's debut solo album, Insurgentes.
On 23 August 2011, he was a featured performer on the 'Late Show with David Letterman' as part of their second "Drum Solo Week", along with such players as Sheila E, Stewart Copeland, Neil Peart, and Dennis Chambers.
From September 2014 to December 2021, Harrison played live in King Crimson, as one of the three drummers.
In 2016, he joined The Pineapple Thief as a session drummer for the band's 11th studio album Your Wilderness, which received widespread critical acclaim and an overwhelmingly positive fan reception. He joined the band on the tour following the album in January 2017. In August 2018, just prior to the release of Dissolution, the band announced that Harrison had officially joined the band as a full member. He has since been actively involved and credited in the band's songwriting and album production together with the founder Bruce Soord.
Influences and awards
Harrison was influenced by his father's jazz collection and by drummers such as Steve Gadd and Jeff Porcaro.
Harrison won the Modern Drummer readers' poll for "best progressive drummer of the year" consecutively from 2007–2010 and again in 2016 and 2019. He won "Best Prog Drummer" in DRUM USA magazine 2011. Prog voted him best drummer in 2011, 2012, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022. He is the featured cover story on Modern Drummer January 2009, February 2015 and July 2022. Rolling Stone polls rate him as the third best drummer in the past 25 years. In 2014, Modern Drummer magazine placed Harrison in the "Top 50 Greatest Drummers of All Time".
Comments from other artists
Many artists have cited Harrison as an influence, including Chad Szeliga, Chris Pennie, Ryan Van Poederooyen, Dirk Verbeuren, Andrew Spence, Raymond Hearne of Haken, John Merryman of Cephalic Carnage, Jamie Saint Merat of Ulcerate, Aaron Stechauner of Rings of Saturn, Baard Kolstad of Leprous, Francesco Paoli of Fleshgod Apocalypse, Matija Dagović of Consecration, Vishnu Reddy of Crypted and Abhay Rathore (former Mocaine).
In addition, other artists have been quoted expressing admiration for his work including Neil Peart, Bill Bruford, Mike Portnoy, Devin Townsend, Steve Smith, Martín López, Matt Garstka, Dave Bainbridge, Hannes Grossmann, Blake Richardson, Kai Hahto, Jimmy Keegan, Ian Mosley, Dan Presland of Ne Obliviscaris, Evan Sammons of Last Chance to Reason, Bodo Stricker of Callejon, Joshua Theriot of Abigail's Ghost, and Blake Anderson of Vektor.
Publications
Harrison authored two instructional drum books entitled Rhythmic Illusions and Rhythmic Perspectives. He also wrote and produced his own instructional DVDs, Rhythmic Visions and Rhythmic Horizons, at his home studio. 2010 saw the release of Rhythmic Designs, a book of transcriptions by Terry Branam, and a 3-hour DVD of Gavin's explanations and demonstrations. It won 'Best in Show' at the summer NAMM show in the USA. 2014 sees the release of Rhythmic Compositions a book of 20 detailed drum transcriptions (by Terry Branam) of recorded Porcupine Tree performances – plus photos and stories of the recording and creative process.
Discography
See also
List of drummers
List of jazz drummers
References
External links
Gavin's official website
Gavin's Drummerworld.com page
Living people
1963 births
English drummers
British male drummers
Musicians from Harrow, London
King Crimson members
Progressive rock drummers
OSI (band) members
Porcupine Tree members
The Tangent members
Renaissance (band) members
Incognito (band) members
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin%20Harrison
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Robert Rantoul may refer to:
Robert Rantoul Jr. (1805–1852), American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts
Robert S. Rantoul (1832–1922), American politician from Salem, Massachusetts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Rantoul
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The Nuremberg U-Bahn is a rapid transit system run by Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft Nürnberg (VAG; Nuremberg Transport Corporation), which itself is a member of the Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg (VGN; Greater Nuremberg Transport Network). The Nuremberg U-Bahn is Germany's newest metro system, having begun operation in 1972, although the Nuremberg-Fürth route (U1) uses part of the right of way of the Bavarian Ludwig Railway, Germany's first passenger railway opened in 1835. The current network of the U-Bahn is composed of three lines, serving 49 stations, and comprising of operational route, making it the shortest of the four metro systems in Germany, behind Berlin, Hamburg and Munich.
In 2008, driverless and fully automated trains were introduced on the new U3 line, making it Germany's first automatic U-Bahn line.
History
Plans for a metro in Nuremberg go back to 1925, when Nuremberg graduate engineer Oscar Freytag spoke out in favor of building a metro under Fürther Straße. This was not to replace the parallel tram according to the then ideas, but complemented as a quick connection. In addition, it should be extended over the Plärrer along the Frauentorgraben to Nuremberg Central Station. At that time, however, the project failed because of the high technical complexity and the costs. The first real forerunners of a metro came in 1938 during the Nazi era, when the tram routes were buried under Allersberger Straße and Bayernstraße. These facilities, still in existence, were built to not disturb the tram by the deployment columns of the SS barracks and the masses of visitors of the rallies held on the adjacent Nazi party rally grounds in their operations.
Only after the Second World War and with the onset of the economic miracle and the increasing motorization of the population were new plans for an "underground tram" ("Unterpflasterstraßenbahn" – "sub pavement tram" in German) set up. The suggestion of the Ulm professor Max-Erich Feuchtinger to move the tram between Plärrer and main station under the earth, was rejected by the Nuremberg city council on 19 March 1958. In 1962, the city council commissioned the Stuttgart traffic scientist Professor Walther Lambert to prepare an opinion on the future of Nuremberg public transport. The "Lambert report" with the recommendation to build an underground tram was published in 1963, and so the city council voted on 24 April 1963 to go ahead and build such a system with the option of a later conversion to full metro. This would've been in line with contemporary Stadtbahn projects in Stuttgart, Hannover or the Ruhr area.
On 24 November 1965 the city council reversed its decision of 1963 and decided to build a classic metro. This was preceded by a personal statement by Hans von Hanffstengel, head of the Nuremberg city planning office, on the opinion of Professor Lambert. Hanffstengel spoke out against the "temporary" solution of an underground tram and demanded the direct construction of a full underground. He was supported indirectly by the federal government, which offered a participation in the construction costs of 50%, and the then Bavarian Prime Minister Alfons Goppel, who assured the financial equality of the Nuremberg metro plans with those of the state capital. Other reasons brought forth at the time were the claimed necessity to close the entire line during a conversion (from underground tram to metro) for a period of several years.
Planning
Initial considerations for a metro network already existed after the City Council decision of 1965, but concrete Grundnetz (starting or basic network) planning began only in the late 1960s after the adoption of the land-use plan of 1969. The first metro axis was at this time already under construction and thus included in all variants. It was to connect the newly emerging satellite town of Langwasser via the main station, the old town and the Plärrer with Fürth and follows essentially the former tram line 1. Important goals for the other lines were the connection of the destinations airport, Meistersingerhalle, Municipal Hospital (today: Klinikum Nord ) and Tiergarten, covering as much of the urban area with as few stops as possible and the easy possibility to extend the base network into new urban development zones. All these considerations eventually led to a large number of network proposals, of which the models P, Q, R and S most closely approximated the specifications.
In the model "P" all lines connect at the main railway station as a central hub, which brings the advantage of offering easy connections between all modes of transport (U-Bahn, S-Bahn, long-distance trains and Buses at the ZOB). The main drawbacks would be a potential overburdening of the single interchange station (compare Châtelet–Les Halles in Paris) and the difficulty of tunneling in several levels (for the various lines) near the center of the historic old town. Further problems were identified with the Hauptbahnhof-Plärrer main trunk line. The lines would be as follows:
U1: Langwasser – Hauptbahnhof (Main Railway Station) – Altstadt (Old Town) – Plärrer – Fürth
U2: Flughafen (Airport) – Rathenauplatz – Hauptbahnhof – Opernhaus (Opera House) – Plärrer – Gebersdorf
U3: Tiergarten (Zoo) – Hauptbahnhof – Opernhaus – Röthenbach
U4: Thon – Rathenauplatz – Hauptbahnhof – Opernhaus – Plärrer – Wetzendorf
The "Q" model is based on a new settlement axis between Nuremberg and Fürth along the Willstraße and new road tangents to be served by the U3 line. Positive effects are attributed to this network model for the development of the new settlement axis, negative could be the transfer links from the U3 to the city center and the supply of defective trains to the depots. The line network would look like this:
U1: Langwasser – Aufseßplatz – Hauptbahnhof – Altstadt – Plärrer – Gostenhof – Fürth
U2: Flughafen – Rathenauplatz – Hauptbahnhof – Steinbühl – Röthenbach
U3: Tiergarten – Aufseßplatz – Steinbühl – Schlachthof – Gostenhof – St. Johannis – Rathenauplatz – Erlenstegen
U4: Gebersdorf – Schlachthof – Gostenhof – St. Johannis – Wetzendorf
In the model "R", the three main lines intersect in the points Aufseßplatz, Hauptbahnhof and Plärrer and thus correspond to a classic network concept, which was similarly applied in Munich among other cities. An advantage would be a uniform utilization and development potential of all lines, a possible disadvantage would be unwanted settlement developments along the U3 north direction Thon and the U5 South direction Gartenstadt (urban sprawl). The lines would be as follows:
U1: Langwasser – Aufseßplatz – Hauptbahnhof – Altstadt – Plärrer – Gostenhof – Fürth
U2: Flughafen – Rathenauplatz – Hauptbahnhof – Plärrer – Gostenhof – Schlachthof – Röthenbach
U3: Tiergarten – Aufseßplatz – Steinbühl – Plärrer – Gostenhof – St. Johannis – Thon
U4: Erlenstegen – Rathenauplatz – Hauptbahnhof – Plärrer – Gostenhof – Schlachthof – Gebersdorf
U5: Gartenstadt – Steinbühl – Plärrer – Gostenhof – St. Johannis – Wetzendorf
In the model "S" all lines run independently of each other and only intersect at the stations Aufseßplatz, Friedrich-Ebert-Platz, Hauptbahnhof, Rathenauplatz, Plärrer, Steinbühl and Schlachthof. The advantage is that there are no shared sections of the route and thus delays on one line would not induce delays on others. As a disadvantage, the frequent need to change trains would make few one-seat-rides possible and make a trip e.g. from Erlenstegen to Zerzabelshof need several changes. The lines would have been as follows in this model:
U1: Langwasser – Aufseßplatz – Hauptbahnhof – Altstadt – Plärrer – Fürth
U2: Flughafen – Rathenauplatz – Hauptbahnhof – Plärrer – Schlachthof – Röthenbach
U3: Gebersdorf – Schlachthof – Steinbühl – Aufseßplatz – Tiergarten
U4: Thon – Friedrich-Ebert-Platz – Plärrer – Steinbühl – Gartenstadt
U5: Erlenstegen – Rathenauplatz – Friedrich-Ebert-Platz – Wetzendorf
In the end, the model R turned out to be the most useful of the four models in terms of urban planning, operational engineering and development possibilities. It was slightly modified and formed the basis of the "Nuremberg General Transit Plan" (GNVP) adopted on 8 September 1971 by the City Council. The planned metro network should thereafter consist of the three main lines, out of which the lines U2 and U3 should receive branching possibilities at the stations Friedrich-Ebert-Platz (direction Thon), Rathenauplatz (direction Erlenstegen), Steinbühl (direction Gartenstadt) and Schlachthof (direction Gebersdorf).
U1: Langwasser – Aufseßplatz – Hauptbahnhof – Altstadt – Plärrer – Fürth (under construction)
U2: Stein – Schlachthof – Plärrer – Hauptbahnhof – Rathenauplatz – Flughafen
U3: Wetzendorf – Friedrich-Ebert-Platz – Plärrer – Steinbühl – Aufseßplatz – Tiergarten
One point of criticism is the insufficient consideration of the territories incorporated into the GNVP on 1 July 1972 (when several suburbs were annexed into Nuremberg in the course of a Bavaria-wide redrawing of municipal boundaries), since metro planning was only slightly adapted to the new settlements.
Construction
On 20 March 1967, German transport minister Georg Leber and Nuremberg Oberbürgermeister ("Lord Mayor") Andreas Urschlechter (both SPD) had the honour of "striking the first blow" for the new metro. This was done in Bauernfeindstraße when they triggered the pile driver.
On 1 March 1972, the first stretch of the system opened, U1 Langwasser Süd to Bauernfeindstraße. Over the next few years, further stretches of U1 were opened. Uniquely, the metro was built "from the outside in", starting in the rather outlying area of Langwasser before reaching the historical core and the central train station.
On 28 January 1984, Nuremberg's second U-Bahn line, U2, went into service between Plärrer and Schweinau. This line, too, underwent further extensions, eventually even reaching the airport in 1999.
Expansions of the metro were often accompanied with the closure of nearby tram lines, which was initially not opposed by most of the city's population. The original plans of the 1960s had called for the complete abandonment of the tram network if and when the metro was fully built out. However, in the 1990s a change of course became apparent and the decision to shut down the tram network was officially reversed. Nonetheless, in the course of the construction of the northern branch of U3, further shutdowns of trams occurred along Pirckheimerstraße – however, the tracks are still operational for non-revenue movements of trams or in case of interruptions on the rest of the network and it is variously debated to restart revenue service on those tracks.
In 2004, 6 Munich A cars were bought by VAG to supplement its own rolling stock fleet. However, owing to the divergence in specifications between the Nuremberg and Munich systems, it turned out that the old Munich stock could not be coupled with Nuremberg stock. As a result, it was not possible to compose trains using both types, although they can at least run on the same tracks. VAG left the Munich stock in its old white and blue Munich livery, reasoning that it was not worth repainting in Nuremberg livery, given that it was approaching the end of its service life.
On 4 December 2004, a new section of U1 opened in Fürth, stretching from Stadthalle station to Klinikum station and allowing a further interchange with S1 (Nuremberg S-Bahn). On 8 December 2007, U1 was further extended to Fürth Hardhöhe.
On 14 June 2008, the newest U-Bahn line, U3, opened for service. U3 was first extended in 2011 with Kaulbachplatz and Friedrich Ebert Platz (interchange for Tram line 4) opening on 11 December. U3 was extended again in 2017 with Klinikum Nord and Nordwestring being the latest stations to open on its northern branch on 22 May. The latest station to open was on 15 October 2020, Großreuth bei Schweinau, along the southern branch of U3. Further extensions along the same branch with tentative names "Kleinreuth" and "Gebersdorf" are already planned or under construction.
Network
The U-Bahn network comprises three lines, covering about of network route of which is operational route. The network serves 49 stations which can all be reached by lift. The system uses "firm tracks" (i.e. rails fastened to a solid trackbed, rather than to sleepers on ballast) in almost all tunnels, although not at Langwasser Mitte (U1) and the adjoining tunnel up to just before Gemeinschaftshaus. Also, ballast is still used on the inbound track, at the entrance to Schoppershof station (U2).
U1
Fürth Hardhöhe ←→ Langwasser Süd
Within Fürth there are seven U-Bahn stations: Stadtgrenze (partly within Nuremberg, partly within Fürth – indeed the station's name means "city boundary" – but assigned to and run by Nuremberg), Jakobinenstraße, Fürth Hauptbahnhof, Rathaus, Stadthalle, Klinikum and Hardhöhe. U1 is the oldest line of the system, the longest line and the only one to cross the city boundary.
Between Nuremberg Plärrer and Fürth Hauptbahnhof it reuses the right of the Bavarian Ludwig Railway, which operated there between 1835 and 1922. Afterwards the route was operated as an express tram between 1927 and 1981, when it was converted to metro.
Since 2010 it has been the only line in the system to be driver-operated. Some portions of U1 are above ground and exposed to the outdoor elements. The motion detection system fitted to the U2/U3 lines cannot be used as the outdoor elements can trigger the false alarm.
U2
Nuremberg Airport ←→ Röthenbach
In 1984, a new section on the line U2 named Plärrer–Schweinau began operation. At first the trains ran by day as line U21 (not to be confused with the later U21) by way of Weißer Turm and Lorenzkirche to Aufseßplatz or Langwasser Süd. Since 1988, the line has run as U2 by way of Opernhaus to Hauptbahnhof (Nuremberg Main Railway Station). After further extensions in 1990, 1993 and 1996, U2 reached its current terminus at the airport in 1999.
In September 2009 the first driverless trains ran in passenger service on line U2. Four out of the eight trains in service on the line moved to automatic control, with the aim of full automation by January 2010. As of 2018 automation of lines 2 and 3 is complete.
U3
Großreuth ←→ Nordwestring
The latest U-Bahn line, U3, was opened on 14 June 2008. This line uses the U2 tunnel between Rathenauplatz and Rothenburger Straße and diverts north of Rathenauplatz to the northwest and south of Rothenburger Straße to the southwest of Nuremberg. The U3 line has fully automatic operation without drivers.
Each of the stations along U3 route has tubes resembling yellow fluorescent light tubes running the length of the platform. These tubes emit radar waves and monitor the track for any fallen obstacles. If an object or person falls into the track, automatic brakes on trains are triggered.
On 30 October 2008, the first accident resulting in a death occurred at Rathenauplatz station. A passenger fell onto the track as a driverless train approached the platform. The train was unable to halt in time because of the short distance to the fallen passenger and limitations of its braking system. Even if the same incident had occurred with a manually operated train, the driver would not have been able to halt in time either.
The U3 line was extended from Maxfeld to Kaulbachplatz and Friedrich-Ebert-Platz stations on 11 December 2011. The further extension to Klinikum Nord and Nordwestring stations started service to the new terminus station on 22 May 2017. The southern extension towards Großreuth opened in October 2020. Further extensions towards Gebersdorf are under construction along the Southern end of the line and already shown with dashed lines or a lighter color on official schedules and network plans.
Former services
To increase passenger capacity on the central parts of the metro, additional trains were scheduled which reversed before the line terminus and ran through only the central areas of Nuremberg. While those shorter runs still operate, they are no longer differentiated by line number but only by the display of their final destination (e.g. a train that would have been signed "U21" prior to 2017 is now simply an U2 direction "Ziegelstein")
U11
Eberhardshof ↔ Messe
U11 service ran on the U1 line between Eberhardshof and Messe most of the day, adding passenger capacity between Nuremberg main station, the car-free main shopping district and the Plärrer.
U21
Röthenbach → Ziegelstein
U21 trains ran only from Röthenbach to Ziegelstein on the U2 line. Since the single-track tunnel between Ziegelstein and Flughafen (Airport) could only accommodate a train frequency of 400 seconds at the time (or roughly one train every 6 minutes), only every second train during the day ran to the airport, while the other trains reversed at Ziegelstein. On their way back all trains were designated as U2 since they all run to Röthenbach, and their origin – Ziegelstein or Flughafen – was meaningless to passengers. U2 trains terminating at Ziegelstein are still operated but signaled as U2 to passengers.
Further extensions
In 2020 press coverage called into question any extensions beyond the section of U3 to Gebersdorf already under construction and scheduled to open in 2025
U1
Fürth Kieselbühl
With Fürth Hardhöhe station, the U1 has reached its provisional terminus after 40 years. Whether Fürth Kieselbühl station, northwest of Hardhöhe, is still to be built depends mainly on the financial power of the city of Fürth and on the development of this district. The area is designated in the land use plan as a commercial area. If the area were to be developed in the future, an extension of the metro could take place in connection with the construction of a park-and-ride facility. However, the city of Fürth has rejected various plans for developing the area currently filled with home supply and grocery stores.
Nuremberg University
With the decision in 2017 that Nuremberg should become a university city, policy planning for a metro station University was determined. The metro stop is projected in the Brunecker Straße industrial area, between Hasenbuck and Bauernfeindstraße stations, where the university and the new urban quarter of Lichtenreuth are planned.
Branch Scharfreiterring
Further discussion refers to a possible branch of the metro from Scharfreiterring station to Klinikum Nürnberg-Süd. Intermediate stops could possibly be Thomas-Mann-Straße and Gleiwitzer Straße.
U2
With the route to the airport/Flughafen station in use, the part of the U2 within Nuremberg has been completed. A possible extension towards the new tram terminus "Am Wegfeld" is not deemed sensible.
Marienberg
When the extension from Ziegelstein to the airport was built, provisions were made for a future infill station at Marienberg to serve a potential new commercial and/or housing development. The section between Ziegelstein and Airport is by far the longest stretch between two stops in the entire network.
Branch northeast station (Nordostbahnhof)
To better serve the industrial development at Nordostpark (currently only served by buses) a branch of U2 eastward from Nordostbahnhof has been proposed.
Branch Hohe Marter
Another proposal for a branch off of U2 would branch at the second to last stop in the southerly direction, Hohe Marter, in a roughly southeasterly direction toward the neighborhood of Eibach. While Eibach is already served by the S-Bahn, the stop is out of the way of most development. Further extensions of such a branch towards Reichelsdorf have thus far failed to reach a benefit cost ratio above 1.0 and are thus unlikely to get the federal money that is widely seen as precondition for construction.
U3 Nord (Northern branch)
The northern branch (U3 Nord) diverts from the U2 tunnel north of Rathenauplatz to run west under the northern quarters of Nuremberg. This branch consists of 5 stations, of which three stations (Maxfeld, Kaulbachplatz and Friedrich-Ebert-Platz) have been completed until December 2011. The last two stations (Klinikum Nord and the terminus station Nordwestring) have been completed in December 2016 and were opened for service in May 2017, thus completing this branch. In 2018, the local SPD proposed to extend the U3 to a proposed housing project in Wetzendorf However, a subsequent study showed that it was extremely unlikely such an extension would achieve a benefit cost quotient anywhere near 1.0
U3 Süd (Southern branch)
The southern branch (U3 Süd) diverts from the U2 tunnel south of Rothenburger Straße and runs to the west as well. Three stations of this branch (Sündersbühl Gustav-Adolf-Straße and Großreuth) have been completed. The terminus of this branch, to be opened around 2025 or later, will be Gebersdorf near the former station Fürth Süd of the abandoned Bibertbahn railway at a busy street intersection south of Fürth's city limits. Further expansion beyond that is under consideration on the right of way of the abandoned Bibertbahn railway into Zirndorf and possibly beyond. A new station called "Großreuth bei Schweinau" started service on 15 October 2020 marking the latest extension of the network. Further extensions are planned along this branch with construction already underway for a new station "Kleinreuth" and a further station tentatively called "Gebersdorf" planned roughly at the site of the former "Fürth Süd" station along the abandoned :de:Bibertbahn.
Possible U4
Since the earliest plans (see above) called for more than two fully fledged "main lines" with two branches (U3 South and North) branching from them, there have been discussions of a third "main line" or another branch similar to U3. However, the financial situation of Nuremberg would only allow for such a line to be constructed with federal or state funds. Federal funds are conditional on a "benefit cost quotient" which is calculated according to standardized measures and has to reach a value above 1.0 (i.e. "benefits" need to exceed "costs") and thus far (2020) most proposals have not reached this threshold. In general the local CSU has been in favor of a new U4 whereas the SPD and the Greens tended to be more skeptical about new metro construction. As Nuremberg has had a SPD mayor for most of its postwar history – excepting the 1996–2002 period in office of Ludwig Scholz (CSU) and the period during which Andreas Urschlechter (formerly SPD) ran as an independent – the debate about a new U4 has been mostly theoretical. However, in the 2020 municipal elections the office of Lord Mayor was won by CSU-candidate Marcus König who had campaigned on the promise of metro extensions. Which route such a metro would take is not entirely clear, but proposals to serve Zerzabelshof ("Zabo") are among the more frequent ones.
Extensions to the Landkreis Fürth
Possible extensions to the U2 and U3 are currently in competition with each other. For cost reasons, only one of the two projects will be implemented.
Extension of the U2 from Röthenbach to Stein was part of the network plans dating from the 1970s. A profitability study from 1994 reported a cost-benefit factor of 0.33, thus not reaching the target of at least 1 that was required for funding, although that study examined only the subsection from Röthenbach to the planned end point in Deutenbach. In 1997, the Zweckverband Verkehrsverbund Greater Nuremberg (ZVGN) commissioned the engineering firm Intraplan Consult to carry out another study, this time for the section from Nuremberg Hauptbahnhof to Deutenbach. This study yielded a cost-benefit factor of 1.7 at an estimated total construction cost of 159.01 million euros (311 million D-Mark) On that basis, the extension of the U2 was decided by the Nuremberg City Council. The Stein authorities were also in favour of the construction, in order to reduce traffic on the B14 road, but could not afford their share of the construction costs (over 1 million D-Mark) and the operating costs. The automation of the U2, which has since commenced, would provide a new opportunity for extension to the neighboring city, which both cities are still interested in. With this in mind, ZVGN prepared a new study to investigate the impact of automatic operation on operating and maintenance costs. After the U3 extension to Zirndorf was rejected by referendum, the mayor of Stein, Kurt Krömer, called for a rapid investigation of the U2 extension parallel to the remaining U3 extension in the direction of Oberasbach / Leichendorf, to avoid missing the opportunity of obtaining subsidies under the Municipal Transport Financing Act that would expire in 2013.
When the results of the study were presented on 23 September 2013, however, the conclusion was that the chances of a benefit-cost indicator of at least +1.0 were small.
In 2013, the plans for the extension to Stein were shelved by the traffic committee of the Fürth rural district council. there was criticism because the profitability study examined only the new section from Stein to Röthenbach, not up to Plärrer in Nuremberg.
Current political planning includes only one additional station, "Schloss Stein " (Stein Castle).
In the press conference held on 23 March 2010 it was announced that there would be no extension of the U3 to Oberasbach. According to the report, neither of the two alternatives (a tunnel under the Rothenburger Straße to Oberasbach Süd with a cost-benefit factor of 0.44 or an above-ground route following the old Bibertbahn railway to Oberasbach Nord with a negative cost-benefit factor of −0.04) achieved the legally required 1.0.
Rolling stock
The Nuremberg U-Bahn currently uses four classes of trains. Its DT1 vehicles are largely the same design as the A cars found on the Munich U-Bahn, and both transport companies once lent each other trainsets as reserve rolling stock for major events (such as the Munich Olympics) at the time when both systems were quite new. Such swaps are now no longer possible, as the rolling stock on each system have developed in ways that would require modification for use on the other system. The newer Nuremberg trains (the DT3, for example) are incompatible with the Munich system.
Current rolling stock
VAG Class DT1 (built between 1970 and 1984)
VAG Class DT2 (built between 1993 and 1994)
VAG Class DT3 (built between 2004 and 2011)
VAG Class G1 (under construction since 2017, in service since 2019)
ATC and driverless trains
The ATC system is derived from Deutsche Bahn's Linienzugbeeinflussung (LZB), with additional parts added for door control and other safety systems. It works by transmitting data from the train to the interlocking station through two cables installed in the track between the rails. About one year after the U3 line has entered service, it is intended to convert U2 line to full ATC operations; however, during the first year there will be mixed traffic of ATC-run driverless DT3 units on U3 courses and conventionally run DT1 and DT2 units on U2 and U21 courses between Rathenauplatz and Rothenburger Straße. This has not been done anywhere before and therefore the ATC system had to be specifically designed and developed to allow for this mixed operation mode. All train operations will be automated, including normal operation, coupling and uncoupling of two DT3 units in storage tracks as well as at platforms, moving trains from and to storage tracks as well as reversing trains at platforms and in storage tracks.
Day-to-day operations will be handled rather like those of Docklands Light Railway, with service employees riding in some trains to watch out for disruptive passengers and unusual occurrences and to supply information to passengers. Unlike the DLR however, not every train will be accompanied by a service employee, and again unlike the DLR, service employees have no task in the actual operation of the train. Hence the grade of automation is mixed between GoA 3 – Driverless, and GoA 4 – Unattended Train Operation (UTO). Doors close automatically, supervised by light barriers and pressure-sensitive door edges. Only in the case of service disruptions will a service employee take over the task of driving the train. For this purpose, all service employees are fully trained drivers.
There were many reasons for choosing an automated, driverless system:
First was the demand to reduce operation cost by eliminating the driver. There will be no layoffs even after the full conversion of the U2 line to ATC operations, since existing drivers will be trained as service employees, but no new personnel will be hired for the operation of the new line. VAG expects to improve line safety and passenger satisfaction by this change, since former drivers who were behind a door and busy with the operation of the train are now becoming service employees. They now become available to passengers inside the carriages and on platforms to look out for disruptions and possible crime, thus increasing the subjective security, and to supply information and answer questions, helping passengers find their way.
Another reason was the improved capacity of the U2 tunnel that was needed to accommodate the U3 traffic. Current metro lines in Nuremberg are built for a train frequency of 200 seconds or 3 minutes (sole exception: Ziegelstein-Flughafen: 400 seconds), which is already fully used on the U1 during the day and on the U2 during morning rush hour. With the new ATC system in place, additional (virtual) blocks will exist between stationary block signals, thus increasing line capacity to a train frequency of 100 seconds. However, these new blocks can only be used by ATC-operated trains since they are virtual and have no stationary signal associated with them that can be observed by a driver-operated train without ATC equipment. Thus the increased line capacity can only be effectively used after the U2 has been converted to full ATC operation.
For the creation of a new ATC system accommodating mixed ATC and non-ATC traffic federal grants and subsidies were awarded, offsetting some of the additional cost.
ATC-controlled trains in storage tracks can be activated instantly, making it possible for the line controller to put additional trains into passenger service at a moment's notice when they observe an unexpected increase in passenger numbers.
Passenger safety
All DT3 units are equipped with passenger intercom panels near every door in addition to the standard emergency brakes and emergency door release handles. Controllers can access CCTV cameras in every unit from the control centre through a Wireless LAN link installed in all tunnels that are used by DT3 trains. Flame-retardant materials are used wherever possible. Temperature sensors and smoke detectors are spread throughout every unit in the passenger space and in every underfloor machinery compartment to detect possible fires as early as possible. Circuit integrity retaining electrical cables (cables that can keep their insulation for a certain time in the presence of fire) are used to allow a unit to proceed to the next station in case of a fire. German regulations mandate that all metro trains must not stop inside a tunnel after the emergency brake has been pulled or if any other hazard like a fire is detected, but instead should proceed to the next station if possible to ease rescue operations. Since the longest travel time between two stations on the Nuremberg U-Bahn is about 3 Minutes (between Ziegelstein and Flughafen) and most stations are less than 60 seconds apart, this is deemed a superior option to stopping inside a tunnel, where evacuation, rescue and firefighting attempts would be much more difficult than on a station platform.
German regulations mandate some means to stop a train if a person or large object should fall onto the track. Installing doors between track and platform (like on Paris's Météor Line) would have been the superior solution, but since 6 stations which were already in full operation (the section Rathenauplatz to Rothenburger Straße) needed to be converted, fitting doors to the platform edges would have led to severe service disruptions and station closures. Another problem would have been that the conventionally run trains would have had to be stopped within an area of a few centimeters by the driver, which would have been difficult. Therefore, platform doors were out of the question. After tests with laser light barriers (from the station ceiling to the platform edge) at Plärrer, a combination of CCTV cameras overlooking the track bed and radio frequency barriers between from under the platform edge to the opposing wall were chosen and installed at all stations served by U3. The RF barriers will detect persons and objects falling onto the track. In such a case the ATC will stop any approaching trains on that track immediately and alert the control centre, from where an operator can visually inspect the trackbed at the platform over CCTV and then take the appropriate action.
Technical problems leading to a 2-year delay
Construction of the line started in 2003, with the DT3 units ordered in the same year, and opening of the initial line segment from Maxfeld to Gustav-Adolf-Straße had been scheduled for early 2006 to be operational for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
Initially it was thought by Siemens and VAG that development, testing and certification of the ATC components could be conducted during those 3 years in parallel to the construction of the line, at first in simulations and, after the first DT3 units had been delivered, on a test track at the Langwasser Depot, and that the new line could enter service immediately after the tunnels and stations were built. However, in 2005 news was published that ATC development was not progressing as planned and that the opening would have to be postponed by one year to late 2006 or early 2007. In fall 2006 the responsible parties had to admit that the ATC system would still not be ready by the already postponed date at the end of 2006 and that the opening of the line would have to be postponed again. At that point, Siemens appointed a new project manager. The new U3 line finally opened on 14 June 2008.
To Siemens this delay is a major embarrassment, since the company hopes to sell this ATC system to other metro operators around the world who wish to gradually convert their existing metro lines to ATC operation, allowing for mixed operations on line segments used by ATC and non-ATC operated trains during interim periods.
Conversion of the U2 for ATC operation
After the initial segment of the U3 had entered service and all problems concerning the ATC system had been sorted out, work commenced on the conversion the existing U2 to ATC operation. Full ATC operation of the U2 begun in January 2010 and on the shared section of track between Rathenauplatz and Rothenburger Straße the interval between trains on that tunnel segment reduced to 100 seconds. (See above)
See also
List of Nuremberg U-Bahn stations
List of driverless trains
Trams in Nuremberg
List of metro systems
References
External links
VAG Nuremberg official site
VAG Nürnberg official site
Implementation of an automated metro in Nuremberg
Page on U-Bahn and S-Bahn in Nuremberg
Page on local transport in Franconia
pics from Nuremberg underground
Nuremberg U-Bahn Map
Proposed railway lines in Germany
Underground rapid transit in Germany
U-Bahn
1972 establishments in West Germany
Railway services introduced in 1972
Automated guideway transit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg%20U-Bahn
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Club Deportivo Atlético Balboa, commonly known as Atlético Balboa or simply Balboa, is a Salvadoran football club. The team play in La Unión, La Unión department.
History
Foundation
The foundation of Atletico Balboa occurred in 1950 in La Union.
Mauro "El Turco" Granados, Simón Reyes, Paulino Cáceres, Pablo Rubio, Rodolfo Guzmán, Carlos Villalta, Carlos Juárez, René Pantoja, Luis Ávila, Chico Osorio, Juan Guevara, Chico Ruíz and Timoteo Hernández were the original members of the team.
The team was intended to be a baseball team, but it was changed to a football team.
The club was named "Balboa" after the Panamanian balboa and its first match was played against the Honduran team América de Choluteca.
The team's first colours were white with green diagonal stripes which were soon changed by the team's president Ricardo Flores to black and red.
Primera División
After becoming champions of the Segunda División in 1998, Atlético Balboa ascended to the Salvadoran Primera División where in their first season they finished runner-up while being coached by Mario Martínez and Óscar Benítez. The team's player lineup that season included Franklin Webster and Elvis Perreira.
Irregular way
The team's results and goal count declined between 1999 and 2001. During this time the team was coached by Óscar Benítez, Saúl Molina and Juan Quarterone. Luciano Suárez, Manuel Díaz, Camilo Bonilla and Carlos Edgar Villareal played for Balboa in this period.
Days of crisis
The team had just started the 2002–2003 season when the team ran into economic and performance problems. Juan Quarterone was replaced by the Paraguayan Nelson Brizuela.
Under Brizuela, the team was only able to achieve 3 draws from 6 games. Brizuela was soon replaced by Argentine-Italian Carlos Barone whose team's last four games almost got them relegated but in the end Dragón had a poorer record. Atlético Balboa purchased many foreign players during the season but the only successful one was the Colombian Carlos Asprilla. Webster, the highest scoring player from the team was sold to San Salvador F.C. The club then changed its coach several times during the 2003-2004 season, with Costa Rican Manuel Solano, Gabriel Avedissian and Paulo Roberto de Oliveira serving as coach at various points in time. These coaches, except for assistant coach Jesús Fuentes, all failed to produce a high number of wins.
Almost glory
After the events of 2002-2004 season, Balboa advanced in the rankings of the Primera División. The team finished in second place in the 2006-2007 while being coached by Juan Quarterone and Jorge Alberto García. Then, the tension between the board and the two coaches divided the club. The team, including Colombian player Henry Vargas did not participate in the UNCAF tournament due to losing a playoff to C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo. However the next season Atlético Balboa was relegated from the Primera División when they lost to C.D. Vista Hermosa.
Current history
The club was promoted to the Salvadoran Primera División again after defeating Juventud Independiente in the 2008 season. Two years of moderate success followed under Guatemalan coach Carlos Alberto Mijangos and Argentine coach Roberto Gamarra, during which the team came close to entering the finals series in both seasons. However, financial problems appeared again and after two subsequent years of debt, the club was demoted to the Second Division in the 2011 season. It then disbanded and played its last game in 2011.
After 10 years, It was announced the club would be returning to the third division and in return back to professional football.
Honours
League
Primera División Salvadorean and predecessors
Runners-up (1): 2004
Segunda División Salvadorean and predecessors
Champions (2) : 2000, 2008
Tercera División Salvadorean and predecessors
Champions (1) : N/A
Cups
Copa Presidente and predecessors
Champions (1) : 2006
Current squad
Updated August 2023.
Players with dual citizenship
TBD
In
Out
Coaching staff
As of August 8, 2023
Notable players
Team captains
List of presidents
Ricardo Flores
Juan Pablo Robles (2003)
Noel Benítez (2004, 2006–2007)
Mario Sorto (2005)
Andrés Alonso Gómez (2007–2008)
Juan Pablo Robles (2009–2011)
List of coaches
References
Association football clubs established in 1950
1950 establishments in El Salvador
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico%20Balboa
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The Government of Chad (French: Gouvernement du Tchad) has been ruled by Mahamat Déby since 20th April 2021 as part of the National Transitional Council.
Cabinet
See also
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Chad)
Minister of Finance and Budget (Chad)
References
Bibliography
US State Department
The Government of Chad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20of%20Chad
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Matthew 27:3 is the third verse of the twenty-seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. This verse returns to the story of Judas Iscariot who, in the previous chapter, had accepted payment to betray Jesus to the Jewish authorities. This verse opens the story of his remorse and death.
Content
The original Koine Greek, according to Westcott and Hort, reads:
τοτε ιδων ιουδας ο παραδους αυτον οτι κατεκριθη μεταμεληθεις
εστρεψεν τα τριακοντα αργυρια τοις αρχιερευσιν και πρεσβυτεροις
In the King James Version of the Bible it is translated as:
Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself,
and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders,
The modern World English Bible translates the passage as:
Then Judas, who betrayed him, when he saw that Jesus was condemned, felt remorse,
and brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders,
For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 27:3.
Analysis
Matthew is the only Gospel to discuss the final fate of Judas, and this verse is not paralleled in either Mark or Luke. The passion narrative in the Gospel of Matthew follows very closely that of Mark, and this section on Judas is the largest deviation. As the two-source hypothesis assumes Matthew was based on Mark, there has long been debate on the source of this material.
While not found in Luke, a variation on Matthew's material can be found at Acts 1:18-20. A third version appears in the early Christian writings of Papias of Hierapolis. The parallels between the different stories have some common but differ substantially in the details. One view is that this passage is not based on a written source, such as Q, but rather a separate oral tradition that was circulating in the early Christian community at the time the Gospel was written. The author Matthew shapes that tradition to conform to his interests, such as Old Testament parallels.
τοτε, then, is ambiguous as to the precise timing of these events. The author of Matthew places them here to make clear that the final condemnation of Jesus was that of the Sanhedrin. The last two verses, however, have the Sanhedrin ending its meeting and the leaders have conveyed Jesus to Pontius Pilate. It is thus possible that Judas' reversal is some time after the initial trial. By Matthew 27:8, the end of this Judas narrative, it is clear that the time being discussed is after the crucifixion.
Despite the translation used by the King James Version, the author of Matthew does not have Judas repent, as Peter did in . Rather he feels remorse and changes his mind. This is important to Christian theology, as the truly repentant are expected to be forgiven, but Christian tradition has always had Judas as condemned for his betrayal of Jesus. However, some scholars, such as W. D. Davies and Dale Allison, do not see as sharp a distinction between Judas' remorse and Peter's repentance.
References
27:03
Judas Iscariot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%2027%3A3
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The San Bruno elfin (Callophrys mossii bayensis) is a U.S. federally listed endangered subspecies that inhabits rocky outcrops and cliffs in coastal scrub on the San Francisco Peninsula. It is endemic to this habitat in California. Its patchy distribution reflects that of its host plant, broadleaf stonecrop (Sedum spathulifolium).
Life cycle
Adults of this butterfly emerge in February and March, when nectar providing flowers open. After mating, the female locates host plants on which to deposit her eggs, which hatch within a week. The tiny larvae first feed on the plant's vegetative structures; however, when the stonecrop's flowers begin to open, the larvae migrate upward and feed on the flowers themselves. By June most have completed their larval development at which time they evacuate from the host plant to pupate in ground litter. They lie dormant as pupae until the following spring, when the life cycle begins anew.
The San Bruno elfin's life cycle holds an interesting aspect, common to many other lycaenids regarding a symbiotic interaction with ants. Elfin larvae excrete a sweet liquid known as honeydew which attracts ants. In exchange for honeydew, the ants often provide protection from harm by predators and parasites, which are principal killers of foliage feeding insects.
Range and habitat
The San Bruno elfin is restricted to a few small populations, the largest of which occurs on San Bruno Mountain. Most of these areas, akin to the distribution of the host plant, are scattered on rocky slopes and ledges, especially east facing (McClintock, 1968). One of these niches is in the vicinity of the old quarry. Its habitat has been diminished in the past by quarrying, off-road recreational vehicles, and urban development as land development pressure on the San Francisco Peninsula continues to fester. To protect the rare San Bruno elfin as well as the Mission blue butterfly a unique habitat management plan has been implemented on San Bruno Mountain, in which the lower slopes were opened for development while the higher areas were converted to public ownership as critical habitat. This strategy arose as a compromise result of years of conflict between land developers and conservationists regarding this unique piece of real estate, jointly prized for its outstanding habitat features and its economically valuable location.
Current management on San Bruno Mountain and in other areas focuses on reduced pesticide use, careful recreation management, and vegetation management. Several areas from which populations had been previously extirpated are also being targeted for revegetation and reintroduction of the butterfly.
Another population of San Bruno elfin is known to be established in Montara, on coastal bluffs about 25 miles (40 kilometers) south of San Bruno Mountain (Alling, 1986). This colony is near the Fitzgerald Marine Reserve. A third colony is found near Rockaway Beach, California in Pacifica.
References
Brown, R.M., "Larva and habitat of Callophrys fotis bayensis" Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 8: 49-50 (1969)
Curtis E. Alling, Michael Hogan, Lynn Alexander, et al., "Environmental Impact Report for the West Rockaway Beach Redevelopment Plan prepared for the city of Pacifica", Earth Metrics Incorporated, SCH #85127017, March, 1986
Elizabeth McClintock and Walter Knight, A Flora of the San Bruno Mountains, San Mateo County, California, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series, Volume XXXII, no. 20, pp. 587–677, November 29, 1968
Emmel, J.F. and C.D. Ferris, "The biology of Callophrys (Incisalia) fotis bayensis (Lycaenidae)" Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 26 (4): 237-244 (1972)
Callophrys
San Bruno
Endemic fauna of California
San Bruno
Natural history of San Mateo County, California
San Bruno
Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
Critically endangered insects
ESA endangered species
Butterfly subspecies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Bruno%20elfin
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