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Villa Cañás is a small city in the south of the , some 370 km from the provincial capital and not far from Venado Tuerto. It has about 9,400 inhabitants as per the .
The city was founded in 1902 by Juan Cañás, and acknowledged as a comuna (a minor municipality) on 1903-03-07.
People
Legrand sisters - film star twin actresses and TV personalities
José A. Martínez Suárez, film director
References
In Spanish.
La Página de Villa Cañás - Portal of the city.
Populated places in Santa Fe Province
Cities in Argentina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa%20Ca%C3%B1%C3%A1s |
Succoth-benoth or Succoth Benoth (, Booths of Daughters) was a Babylonian deity, one of the deities brought to the former kingdom of Samaria by the men of Babylon. In the ninth year of Hoshea, "the king of Assyria took Samaria, and carried Israel away into Assyria, and placed them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes", resettling large numbers of population. (2 Kings 17:6)
The "men" from each of these five cities ("national groups" - NIV) made its own gods and set them up in the shrines of the land, mixing it with the worship of Jehovah. "The men of Babylon made Succoth Benoth, the men of Cuthah made Nergal, the men of Hamath made Ashima, the Avvites made Nibhaz and Tartak, and the Sepharvites ... Adrammelech and Anamelech." (2 Kings 17:30-31) The Bible says that these deities were idols, although the Samaritans were not punished because they worshipped the God of the Israelites as well. Like Ashima, the identity of Succoth-benoth is unknown. Hayim Tawil noted that Bànitu (Akkadian: 𒁀𒉌𒌈 Ba.ni.TUM, "the creaturess") was an epithet of Ishtar in Nineveh, and postulated the name "Succoth-benoth" was a Hebrew rendition of a Neo-Babylonian or Neo-Assyrian divine name meaning "the image of Bànitu".
According to b. Sanhedrin, Succoth Benoth was a Hen; according to y. Avoda Zara, a Hen and her Chicks; thus associating this god with the astrological constellation Pleiades. According to commentators, either sukkot is a foreign word for "hen" and the phrase means "hen of chicks" or the entire phrase is a foreign word for "hen". Marcus Jastrow proposed that the phrase is native to Hebrew and should be read "covering the young".
References
Deities in the Hebrew Bible
Mesopotamian deities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succoth-benoth |
The King of Fighters Neowave (KOF Neowave, or KOF NW) is a 2D fighting game produced by SNK Playmore and released as a coin-operated arcade game for Sammys Atomiswave hardware in 2004. It was the first game SNK Playmore produced for the Atomiswave. This is a remake of The King of Fighters 2002 with a major change of roster and stages, the game was also made on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. The PS2 version was released only in Japan and the PAL region, the Xbox version was released both in Japan and North America. The North American version was released on April 18, 2006. In 2020, a Dreamcast homebrew adaptation of the arcade version was also made possible due to the Dreamcast sharing almost identical hardware with its Atomiswave cousin. The character artwork was done by Tomokazu Nakano (of Power Instinct fame). In Japan, it was the last game to be released for the Xbox.
Gameplay
The game reverts to the 3-character elimination system from KOF '94 to KOF '98, ignoring gameplay features from later games such as the "Striker" system used from KOF '99 through KOF 2001 and tag team system in KOF 2003. The PlayStation 2 and XBOX versions of the games graphics consist of polygonal 3D backgrounds overlaid with 2D character sprites (similar to the 3D stages featured in the console versions of previous games in the series such as the Dreamcast versions of KOF '98 and KOF '99), whereas the Arcade version has 2D backgrounds.
With the change of hardware from Neo Geo to Atomiswave, the number of buttons is now increased to five. In addition to the standard four attack buttons used in the previous games, a fifth button is now added which is used to activate the Heat Mode. Heat Mode will cause the character to blink red and increase their offensive strength, with the side effect being that the character's health will begin to drain. The player will return to normal after getting hit by the opponent or by pressing Heat Mode button again to deactivate it, and the player must wait until you lose a round to activate it again. The player cannot use Heat Mode when the life gauge is low.
The player can select their own playing style similar to KOF '97 and KOF '98, from three different styles, which affects the techniques available to the player and the length of their Power Gauge.
In Super Cancel Mode (SC Mode), the player has a three stock Power Gauge. The player can use Super Special Moves (which requires one Power Gauge stock) and MAX Super Special Moves (which requires two). With one Power stock, the player can cancel a regular move into a Special or Super Special move, and a regular Special into a Super Special. The player can also use one Power stock to cancel a guard into a Knockdown Blow or an Emergency Escape, or do a Quick Emergency Escape during a normal or command move.
In Guard Break Mode (GB Mode), the player has a two stock Power Gauge. Like in SC Mode, the player can perform Super Special (one stock) and MAX Super Special Moves (two stock). The player can parry an opponent's attack using the "Just Defend" technique, guarding against an opponent's attacks at the precise moment it makes contact with the character, allowing the player to follow it up with a counterattack. Using one Power stock, the player can guard cancel into an Emergency Escape or do a Quick Emergency Escape. The player can also perform a Guard Break attack with one Power stock, which is an unblockable version of a character's Knockdown Attack.
In MAX2 Mode (M2 Mode), the player has a single stock Power Gauge. The player can perform Super Special Moves with one stock, as well as MAX Super Special Moves. However, MAX moves can only be performed when the player has 25% or less of their life gauge remaining. Additionally, an exclusive MAX2 move can be performed under these conditions as well. In M2 Mode, the player can guard cancel into a Knockdown Attack.
Characters
Like KOF '98 and KOF 2002, Neowave has no actual storyline, but is instead a "Dream Match" which gathers numerous characters from various past KOF games, regardless of their status in the overarching storyline. The character roster of the arcade version is similar to the Neo Geo version of KOF 2002, with a few differences in the team placement. The KOF 2000 Team and the KOF 2001 Team are eliminated from the lineup, and a Mixed Team is introduced, composed of Saisyu Kusanagi, Kula Diamond, and Shingo Yabuki from both KOF '98 and KOF '99. Vanessa and Ramón, are still featured in the arcade version as hidden characters, along with the Orochi versions of the Orochi Team. Geese Howard appears in the game as the main boss character, with this incarnation of the character being based on his younger self from Art of Fighting 2.
The PlayStation 2 version of the game brings back five characters from KOF 2002: Seth, May Lee, Angel, the Kusanagi clone, and Omega Rugal (with K9999 being the only character from KOF 2002 missing in this version). The Xbox version, due to licensing issues with Eolith, includes all the characters from the PS2 version with the exception of Ángel and May Lee.
Japan Team
Kyo Kusanagi
Benimaru Nikaido
Goro Daimon
K′ Team
K'
Maxima
Whip
Iori Team
Iori Yagami
Mature
Vice
Orochi Team / Awakened Orochi Team
Yashiro Nanakase / Orochi Yashiro
Shermie / Orochi Shermie
Chris / Orochi Chris
Fatal Fury Team
Terry Bogard
Andy Bogard
Joe Higashi
Psycho Soldier Team
Athena Asamiya
Sie Kensou
Chin Gentsai
Outlaw Team AKA 97 Special Team
Ryuji Yamazaki
Blue Mary
Billy Kane
Art of Fighting Team
Ryo Sakazaki
Robert Garcia
Takuma Sakazaki
Ikari Team
Leona
Ralf Jones
Clark Still
Rival Team
Kula Diamond
Saisyu Kusanagi
Shingo Yabuki
Korea Team
Jhun Hoon
Choi Bounge
Chang Koehan
Women Fighters Team
Mai Shiranui
Yuri Sakazaki
King
Hidden single entry characters
Ángel
Geese Howard
Kim Kaphwan
Kusanagi
May Lee
Omega Rugal
Ramón
Seth
Vanessa
Development
By the mid-2000s, SNK's in-house Neo-Geo hardware had become quite dated. After The King of Fighters 2003, SNK Playmore looked for newer substitute platforms for future development. The Atomiswave, a cartridge-based multi-arcade system like the Neo-Geo and based on Sega's Dreamcast hardware, with which SNK was already familiar, was an obvious candidate. Rather than commit a new major game blindly, SNK instead chose to "test the waters" with a remix of The King of Fighters 2002, tweaking the game's systems; reskinning the game with high-resolution backgrounds, character art, and interface elements to take advantage of the more advanced hardware; and removing characters originating with the Eolith-developed KOF2001 and KOF2002, replacing them with other SNK-originated characters.
Reception
The King of Fighters: Neowave met with mixed reviews upon release. Reviewers noted the updated graphics and traditionally solid mechanics, and were pleased with online play in the console versions. They also commented on the game's drab presentation and overly familiar design. Charles Onyett wrote for IGN, "Sure it's got updated graphics, a few different styles of play, and a huge roster of fighters, but it does little to entice any non-KoF fans into the mix, something this genre desperately needs." For GameSpot, Greg Casavin wrote that the game "still packs some good stuff for hardcore fans, but the touched-up paint job doesn't make this feel like a whole new game. In fact, in some ways it feels like a step backward from The King of Fighters 2002."
Notes
References
External links
2004 video games
2D fighting games
Arcade video games
SNK Playmore games
The King of Fighters games
Fighting games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
Xbox games
Fighting games used at the Super Battle Opera tournament
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in New York City
Video games set in Indonesia
UTV Ignition Games games
Multiplayer and single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%20of%20Fighters%20Neowave |
Samurai Shodown VI, known as in Japan, is the tenth iteration in the Samurai Shodown series.
On December 17, 2014, the game was released as a PS2 Classic for the PlayStation 3 through the PlayStation Network, although only on the Japanese Store. On November 22, 2016, the game was released for the PlayStation 4 in North America through the PlayStation Network, with enhanced features such as trophy support and uprendered resolution.
Gameplay
The game features new backgrounds with 2D and 3D elements, as well as a returning cast of all 28 characters from Samurai Shodown V Special, 2 sub-bosses from Samurai Shodown V, as well as all 7 characters from Samurai Shodown and Samurai Shodown II that didn't appear in later games, and 4 new characters. It also features a "spirit select" system, which allows players to choose between six different fighting styles based on all previous installments.
Characters
Release
Despite normal Samurai Shodown releases and distribution outside Japan, the game has been released outside the country on the Atomiswave system, published in the United States by Sega. The game was released for the PlayStation 2 in Japan on January 25, 2006. The American and European home versions were released respectively on March 24 and March 29, 2009, on the PS2, PSP and Wii as part of the compilation Samurai Shodown Anthology. The PS2 release added even more playable characters, and three more spirit select systems to go along with them. With the PS2 release, virtually every character to have ever appeared in the Neo Geo games including the referee, Kuroko, and the animal characters, are all playable. The Samurai Shodown Anthology version is similar to the PS2 version except that everything is unlocked at the start. In 2020, a homebrew conversion was released for the Dreamcast.
Reception
References
External links
Samurai Shodown VI at the official website of Sega
Iroha game listed in SNK-Playmore DS schedule
2005 video games
2D fighting games
Arcade video games
Examu games
Fighting games used at the Super Battle Opera tournament
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
Samurai Shodown video games
SNK Playmore games
Video games about samurai
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in China
Video games set in Ireland
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Peru
Video games set in Tanzania
Video games set in the Caribbean
Video games set in the United States
Wii games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai%20Shodown%20VI |
Steve The Second was a four-part comedy series that was broadcast Saturday mornings on CBC Radio One, running from 11:30 - 12:00pm (half an hour later in Newfoundland). The successor series to Steve, The First, this bleak comedy was set 25 years after the original story. Set in a post-apocalyptic future, it details the story of the son of the original Steve as he is sent for by his mother to save the city of Orontonto (a thinly disguised Toronto) as it is besieged by the Dark Alliance.
Steve The Second was written by Matt Watts, who also starred in the episodes.
It was succeeded in its time slot by High Definition.
Crew
Tom Anniko directed all four episodes. Joe Mahoney recorded and mixed every episode and also served as the series story editor.
Anton Szabo performed all the sound effects.
Tom Anniko was also the Executive Producer.
References
External links
Steve The Second Home Page
Interview with Matt Watts Gloryosky
CBC Radio One programs
Canadian comedy radio programs
Canadian radio dramas
Canadian science fiction radio programs
2000s Canadian radio programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%2C%20The%20Second |
In mathematics, the vertical bundle and the horizontal bundle are vector bundles associated to a smooth fiber bundle. More precisely, given a smooth fiber bundle , the vertical bundle and horizontal bundle are subbundles of the tangent bundle of whose Whitney sum satisfies . This means that, over each point , the fibers and form complementary subspaces of the tangent space . The vertical bundle consists of all vectors that are tangent to the fibers, while the horizontal bundle requires some choice of complementary subbundle.
To make this precise, define the vertical space at to be . That is, the differential (where ) is a linear surjection whose kernel has the same dimension as the fibers of . If we write , then consists of exactly the vectors in which are also tangent to . The name is motivated by low-dimensional examples like the trivial line bundle over a circle, which is sometimes depicted as a vertical cylinder projecting to a horizontal circle. A subspace of is called a horizontal space if is the direct sum of and .
The disjoint union of the vertical spaces VeE for each e in E is the subbundle VE of TE; this is the vertical bundle of E. Likewise, provided the horizontal spaces vary smoothly with e, their disjoint union is a horizontal bundle. The use of the words "the" and "a" here is intentional: each vertical subspace is unique, defined explicitly by . Excluding trivial cases, there are an infinite number of horizontal subspaces at each point. Also note that arbitrary choices of horizontal space at each point will not, in general, form a smooth vector bundle; they must also vary in an appropriately smooth way.
The horizontal bundle is one way to formulate the notion of an Ehresmann connection on a fiber bundle. Thus, for example, if E is a principal G-bundle, then the horizontal bundle is usually required to be G-invariant: such a choice is equivalent to a connection on the principal bundle. This notably occurs when E is the frame bundle associated to some vector bundle, which is a principal bundle.
Formal definition
Let π:E→B be a smooth fiber bundle over a smooth manifold B. The vertical bundle is the kernel VE := ker(dπ) of the tangent map dπ : TE → TB.
Since dπe is surjective at each point e, it yields a regular subbundle of TE. Furthermore, the vertical bundle VE is also integrable.
An Ehresmann connection on E is a choice of a complementary subbundle HE to VE in TE, called the horizontal bundle of the connection. At each point e in E, the two subspaces form a direct sum, such that
TeE = VeE ⊕ HeE.
Example
A simple example of a smooth fiber bundle is a Cartesian product of two manifolds. Consider the bundle B1 := (M × N, pr1) with bundle projection pr1 : M × N → M : (x, y) → x. Applying the definition in the paragraph above to find the vertical bundle, we consider first a point (m,n) in M × N. Then the image of this point under pr1 is m. The preimage of m under this same pr1 is {m} × N, so that T(m,n) ({m} × N) = {m} × TN. The vertical bundle is then VB1 = M × TN, which is a subbundle of T(M ×N). If we take the other projection pr2 : M × N → N : (x, y) → y to define the fiber bundle B2 := (M × N, pr2) then the vertical bundle will be VB2 = TM × N.
In both cases, the product structure gives a natural choice of horizontal bundle, and hence an Ehresmann connection: the horizontal bundle of B1 is the vertical bundle of B2 and vice versa.
Properties
Various important tensors and differential forms from differential geometry take on specific properties on the vertical and horizontal bundles, or even can be defined in terms of them. Some of these are:
A vertical vector field is a vector field that is in the vertical bundle. That is, for each point e of E, one chooses a vector where is the vertical vector space at e.
A differentiable r-form on E is said to be a horizontal form if whenever at least one of the vectors is vertical.
The connection form vanishes on the horizontal bundle, and is non-zero only on the vertical bundle. In this way, the connection form can be used to define the horizontal bundle: The horizontal bundle is the kernel of the connection form.
The solder form or tautological one-form vanishes on the vertical bundle and is non-zero only on the horizontal bundle. By definition, the solder form takes its values entirely in the horizontal bundle.
For the case of a frame bundle, the torsion form vanishes on the vertical bundle, and can be used to define exactly that part that needs to be added to an arbitrary connection to turn it into a Levi-Civita connection, i.e. to make a connection be torsionless. Indeed, if one writes θ for the solder form, then the torsion tensor Θ is given by Θ = D θ (with D the exterior covariant derivative). For any given connection ω, there is a unique one-form σ on TE, called the contorsion tensor, that is vanishing in the vertical bundle, and is such that ω+σ is another connection 1-form that is torsion-free. The resulting one-form ω+σ is nothing other than the Levi-Civita connection. One can take this as a definition: since the torsion is given by , the vanishing of the torsion is equivalent to having , and it is not hard to show that σ must vanish on the vertical bundle, and that σ must be G-invariant on each fibre (more precisely, that σ transforms in the adjoint representation of G). Note that this defines the Levi-Civita connection without making any explicit reference to any metric tensor (although the metric tensor can be understood to be a special case of a solder form, as it establishes a mapping between the tangent and cotangent bundles of the base space, i.e. between the horizontal and vertical subspaces of the frame bundle).
In the case where E is a principal bundle, then the fundamental vector field must necessarily live in the vertical bundle, and vanish in any horizontal bundle.
Notes
References
Differential topology
Fiber bundles
Connection (mathematics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical%20and%20horizontal%20bundles |
Hugh May (1621 – 21 February 1684) was an English architect in the period after the Restoration of King Charles II. He worked in the era which fell between the first introduction of Palladianism into England by Inigo Jones, and the full flowering of English Baroque under John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor. His own work was influenced by both Jones' work, and by Dutch architecture. Although May's only surviving works are Eltham Lodge, and the east front, stables and chapel at Cornbury House, his designs were influential. Together with his contemporary, Sir Roger Pratt, May was responsible for introducing and popularising an Anglo-Dutch type of house, which was widely imitated.
Biography
Hugh May was the seventh son of John May of Rawmere, in Mid Lavant, West Sussex, by his wife, Elizabeth Hill, and was baptised on 2 October 1621. He was a first cousin of Baptist May, Charles II's Keeper of the Privy Purse. As a member of a Royalist family, Hugh May spent the years of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth in the service of the Duke of Buckingham. May arranged the transport of artworks from the Duke's York House to Holland, where the Duke was in exile. Here, May was exposed to recent developments in Dutch Classical architecture, and the simple but refined brick-built houses designed by Jacob van Campen and Pieter Post. May was a friend of the painter Peter Lely, and in 1656 the two of them travelled to Charles II's court in exile. Besides Lely, May's circle included Samuel Pepys, who called May a "very ingenious man", Roger North and John Evelyn, whom May assisted in translating Roland Fréart's Parallel of Architecture. No drawings by May survive, and he perhaps relied on draughtsmen instead. He died at the age of 63, and was buried in the church at Mid Lavant.
Houses
At the Restoration of Charles II, May was rewarded for his loyalty by being appointed Paymaster of the King's Works on 29 June 1660. His architectural commissions came from Court acquaintances, and his first completed work was Eltham Lodge, Kent (1663–1664), for Sir John Shaw, 1st Baronet. Built in brick, with a stone pediment and Ionic pilasters, the double-pile house reflected Dutch influence. Cornbury House, Oxfordshire (1663–1668), was built in a similar style, but with a Corinthian pediment, for Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. May's most prominent house was Berkeley House, on Piccadilly, London (1664–1666, demolished 1733), for Lord Berkeley. It was again in the same style, but with the addition of quadrant colonnades, a feature derived from Palladio, and which was again much imitated. At Cassiobury, Hertfordshire (1674, demolished 1922), May added wings to the home of the Earl of Essex, and redesigned some of the interiors, giving the woodcarver Grinling Gibbons his first major commission. It is possible that May was the architect of the first Burlington House, for Sir John Denham, and he certainly advised the Earl of Burlington after he purchased the house in 1667. He was also involved in construction or alterations at Chilton Lodge, Berkshire (1666, rebuilt), Holme Lacy, Herefordshire (1673–1674), and Moor Park, Hertfordshire (1679–1684, rebuilt).
May's houses drew on contemporary Dutch classicism, as exemplified by the Mauritshuis (1636–1641), and introduced an economical, yet classically refined, style of house into England. Simpler than the work of Jones, or Pratt, the style was widely imitated, for example at Melton Constable, Norfolk (1665), or Ramsbury Manor, Wiltshire (1681–1686). May's and Pratt's developments of Inigo Jones' works influenced their contemporary Sir Christopher Wren, and spread to Scotland in the work of Sir William Bruce.
Rebuilding London
Following the Great Fire of London, in September 1666, May was one of the three "Commissioners for Rebuilding the City of London", appointed by Charles II. The others were Roger Pratt and Christopher Wren, and along with three representatives of the City of London, Robert Hooke, Edward Jerman and Peter Mills, they were charged with surveying the damage, and promoting methods of rebuilding. The commissioners' work led to two Parliamentary acts for rebuilding, in 1666 and 1670, although May's role in the reconstruction work was limited.
Windsor Castle
In June 1668, May was promoted to Comptroller of the King's Works, and was also appointed Clerk to the Recognizances, an office of the Court of Common Pleas. In November 1673, he was further appointed Comptroller of the Works at Windsor Castle, where, from 1675, he remodelled the upper ward, adding to the apartments of Queen Catherine of Braganza, and built St George's Hall and the Royal Chapel. Again working with Gibbons, and the painter Antonio Verrio, May created a series of baroque interiors, the grandest of which, St George's Hall, served as a model for Wren's Great Hall at Greenwich Palace. The hall was demolished in 1826, when Sir Jeffry Wyatville remodelled the castle for King George IV, although the Queen's Audience Chamber and Presence Chamber survive in altered form.
References
Bibliography
1621 births
1684 deaths
17th-century English architects
People from Lavant, West Sussex
Architects from Sussex | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20May |
Berkeley House may refer to:
Berkeley House, London, a classical mansion in London that was destroyed by fire in 1733 and replaced by Devonshire House
Berkeley House, York, Upper Canada, a large home occupied by two Clerks of the Executive Council
Berkeley House is an alternate name for the Whitehall Museum House, in Rhode Island, which is on the USA's National Register of Historic Places
See also
Berkeley (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley%20House |
Chemman Chaalai (The Gravel Road) is a 2005 Malaysian family drama film directed by Indian-Malaysian director Deepak Kumaran Menon. This film is notable as being one of the first Malaysian feature films to be made almost entirely in Tamil.
Plot
Set in the late 1960s, the film is about Shantha, an impoverished Malaysian Tamil girl, and her family. They all live together on a family estate, in an area where higher education for women is almost impossible. Shantha, a girl of many aspirations, wants to leave the estate and further her studies, however the financial hardships that will result make her dreams nearly impossible to achieve.
Production
The story is inspired by real events, related to the director's mother.
The film is director Deepak Kumaran Menon's first feature-length film. It was funded entirely by his father, Shanker Menon, the film's executive producer, and shot in digital video.
Reception
The film "struck a deep chord with the ethnic Indian community" in Malaysia. To see the film, "they came by bus, they took the train, but they all wanted to tell their stories."
The film has met with a strong reception since its release, and has been shown at a number of film festivals across the world including the 2005 International Film Festival Rotterdam, the 2005 San Francisco International Film Festival, the 2005 Pusan International Film Festival, Korea; the Barcelona Asian Film Festival, Spain; the Nantes Festival 3 Continents, France and the Fukuoka International Film Festival, Japan among others. In February 2006, it was selected as an official entry to the Bangkok International Film Festival.
Awards
Best Alternative Film, Anugerah Skrin TV3
Special Jury Award, Nantes Festival 3 Continents (2005), France
Opening Film, Asian Film Symposium, Singapore
In Competition, Bangkok Int. Film Festival
References
External links
2005 drama films
2005 films
Tamil-language Malaysian films
2000s Tamil-language films
Films produced by Tan Chui Mui
Malaysian drama films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemman%20Chaalai |
SG Wannabe () is a South Korean vocal group consisting of members Kim Yong-jun, Kim Jin-ho and Lee Seok-hoon. The group debuted in January 2004 with the single, "Timeless", from the album SG Wanna Be+, and won Best New Artist at the Golden Disc Awards, Seoul Music Awards, and SBS Gayo Daejeon. The group's second album, Saldaga, was the best-selling album of 2005 in South Korea and won Album of the Year at the Golden Disc Awards. Their next two albums, The 3rd Masterpiece (2006) and The Sentimental Chord (2007) were also commercial and critical successes.
In 2008, original member Chae Dong-ha left the group, and Lee Seok-hoon joined as a new member. The group released the albums My Friend (2008), Gift from SG Wannabe (2009), SG Wannabe by SG Wannabe 7 Part.I (2010) and SG Wannabe by SG Wannabe 7 Part.II (2011) before going on hiatus while the members served their mandatory military service and focused on their solo careers.
In 2015, the group released their first album in four years with the extended play The Voice, which they followed in 2016 with Our Days.
History
2004–2005: Debut with SG Wannabe+ and second album Saldaga
SG Wannabe debuted in 2004 with their first album, SG Wanna Be+. It was produced by Lee Kyung-sub and Park Keun-tae and famous music producers in Korea. The title track's music video for the album attracted media attention, as it featured top actors such as Sol Kyung-gu and Kim Nam-jin, and actresses Yunjin Kim, Kang Hye-jung, and Seo Sung-min. The production costs were reportedly about 2 billion won. The group gained a reputation for being quite mysterious because they did not show their faces and did not star in any of their music videos. Nevertheless, their vocal abilities attracted a wide demographic of fans, and the album was an instant hit with pre-sales of 90,000 copies. Later in 2004, the group was recognized for their vocal ability with numerous awards, including nominations for Best Newcomer at the Golden Disc Awards and the Seoul Popular Music Awards.
On March 29, 2005, SG Wannabe released their second album. It included the two #1 hits "Sin & Punishment (죄와벌)", which received numerous awards both for the music video and for the song itself, and "살다가 (While You Live)". Like its predecessor, "Saldaga" was able to attract media attention for the group's vocal ability, thus SG Wannabe became the only artist in 2005 to sell more than 400,000 copies of their album. On September 14, 2005, the group released the "Classic Odyssey", their 2.5 album. 1 billion Won (₩1,000,000,000) budget went into SG Wannabe's new remake album. It included hits such as "My Heart's Treasure Box" (내 마음의 보석상자). To top off the success of their 2nd album, SG Wannabe was awarded the prestigious Daesang (the "Artist Of The Year") from the Golden Disc award. When 2005 was over, SG Wannabe were ranked at #1, with over 400,000 copies sold of their 2nd album, and 12th, with 147,047 copies sold of their remake album on the year-end chart. Their songs also became popular with noraebang goers and topped the noraebang chart compiled by company TJ Media based on the number of times specific songs were selected.
2006–2007: The 3rd Masterpiece, The Sentimental Chord and Chae Dong-ha's departure
On April 11, 2006, the trio released their third album, called The 3rd Masterpiece. Just like what they did in the second album (the music video had two parts; the first part was with the song "Crime and Punishment" (죄와벌), while the second part was with the song "As We Live" (살다가)), their third album also contained two-part music videos. The first part was with their new title song, "Partner for Life" (내 사람) starring Shinhwa's Kim Dong-wan and also featuring Jeong So-Young, and the second part was released with "Slowpoke" (느림보). Once again, the album manage to chart high, reaching #1 on numerous charts.
On November 18, 2006, they released a greatest hits compilation entitled SG Wannabe Best Album - The Precious History. It was a collection of their favorite songs from the past three albums and also included three new songs. They also released a music video for those songs which was called "Song of Love" (사랑가), "Even If I Could See You (그저 바라볼 수만 있어도)", and "Ordinary People" featuring Hoo Ni-Hoon, Min Kyung-Hoon, Jang Hye-Jin. However, despite having high sales and topping the charts, they did not win another, though the group was nominated for the Grand Prize (Daesang).
In January 2007, the group took part in the Hallyu Festival in Osaka which also featured Jun Jin and Lee Min-woo of Shinhwa, Kangta of H.O.T and actor Song Seung-heon at the Osaka Dome.
Their highly anticipated 4th album, The Sentimental Chord, was released on April 6, 2007, almost a year after their 3rd album. Again, they amazed the audience with their new title song "Arirang" (아리랑), which had Korean traditional instruments playing as the background music. With the release of their 4th album and their title song, they went as the #1 in the Bugs Chart as well as the Korea monthly chart. The album was also number one on the "Top 20 Album Sales (May 2007)" with 44,618 copies sold in May and 125,450 sold altogether. They also released two special albums, "SG Wanna Be+" and "Story In New York." Both the special album manage to be successful as well, continuing SG Wannabe's popularity and success. Towards the end of the year, SG Wannabe was awarded their second daesang from the Golden Disk Awards, reigning as the top artist of the year. Selling almost 200,000 copies, The Sentimental Chord was the best-selling album of 2007 in Korea. In addition, several changes also occurred within the band, with member Chae Dong-ha leaving the group in order to focus on a solo career.
2008–2014: My Friend, Gift from SG Wannabe and hiatus
As of April 23, 2008, SG Wannabe's fifth album had 85,000 pre-orders and counting; it was released with a Japanese version of "I Miss You" (보고싶어). Both versions of that song were recorded with their former member Chae Dong-ha, and new member Lee Seok-hoon made his debut performance on April 24 on M Countdown, having been selected through an audition and officially revealed in the news as the new member in late March. Lee recorded the rest of the tracks in the new album, including the promoted track, "Lalala". In 2009, SG Wannabe released Gift From SG Wannabe. They also released the song "운명을 거슬러" ("Fate Reverse", also translated as "Against Destiny"), featuring Kim Jong-wook, which was the soundtrack for the critically-acclaimed MBC drama East of Eden.
Chae committed suicide on May 27, 2011, having battled depression since his SG Wannabe days. After the loss of their friend and former member, coupled by Kim Yong-jun's involvement in a hit-and-run incident and his and Lee's impending enlistment, the members decided to temporarily stop promoting as a group and focused on their solo careers. Kim Yong-jun enlisted in February 2012, followed by Lee in January 2013. Kim Jin-ho continued to release music and occasionally perform on music variety programs but largely shied away from the public eye.
2015–2018: Return from hiatus
In January 2015, SG Wannabe signed a new group contract with CJ E&M, having chosen not to extend their group contract with the previous management, and announced the end of their 4-year hiatus. Several months later, in August, they announced the release of a new album. On August 19, 2015, The Voice was released. The EP peaked at number 5 on the Gaon Album Chart and sold over 10,000 physical copies. Songs from the album dominated major online music sites such as Melon, Bugs and Naver Music for the entire week. TenAsia commented in a positive review that the trio had returned with a more mature sound compared to pre-hiatus.
On March 31, 2016, SG Wannabe participated in the OST of the drama Descendants of the Sun, starring Song Joong-ki and Song Hye-kyo. The song is titled "Let's Love" and it is the theme song of the drama's second couple, played by Jin Goo and Kim Ji-won.
On November 19, 2016, the group released another EP, entitled Our Days. The EP peaked at number 17 on the Gaon Album Chart and sold over 3,500 physical copies in its first month.
The group took a break during 2017 as Lee focused on his solo activities. In late August 2018 they announced plans for a reunion and returned with the single "Let's Meet Up Now" (만나자), which was released on September 6. Instead of promoting on music shows, they only appeared on You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook and performed live in four different open-air venues around Seoul from noon until 10pm on September 7.
2021–present: Hangout with Yoo and new single
On March 27, 2021, the group appeared on Hangout with Yoo, marking the first time that the members had a live performance together as SG Wannabe since 2018. In the episode aired on April 17, the trio performed four of their most notable hit songs on the show. The songs that were performed live on the show gained surges in popularity and rose to the top of real-time domestic online music charts and charted in the Billboard K-pop Hot 100. The videos of their performance were uploaded on YouTube and garnered several million views within days. The group became a trending topic on YouTube and social media within South Korea and videos of their past performances, both as a group and as solo artists, began garnering more views. In the Korean Business Research Institute's monthly "Brand Reputation" rankings, SG Wannabe placed 5th for the month of April despite being out of the spotlight for several years and the members mostly concentrating on solo activities prior to their appearance on Hangout with Yoo. In May several of the songs performed on Hangout with Yoo climbed the rankings on Inkigayo and Music Bank. In the following months, the songs performed on Hangout with Yoo continued to stay in the online and noraebang charts. The group's "second heyday" has been attributed to a domestic "retro" wave that has been going on for the past several years, as interest and awareness of older songs among the internet-savvy younger generation increased due to social media and online sharing platforms.
On May 5, the group's former management MBK Entertainment, through their subsidiary PocketDol Studio, announced that it would release some of the recordings of their 2006 nationwide tour as a repackaged DVD entitled Do You Remember?. All three members, although now with different managements, immediately responded with a joint statement that none of them had been consulted on the matter, leading to accusations that MBK Entertainment was trying to profit from the group's renewed popularity.
On July 16, the group released the single "You're The Best of Me" (넌 좋은 사람), which is their first new release after three years. Despite minimal promotion, the single remained in the Gaon Digital Chart for nine weeks.
Members
Current
Lee Seok-hoon (Hangul: 이석훈) (2008–2011, 2015–present)
Kim Yong-jun (Hangul: 김용준) (2004–2011, 2015–present)
Kim Jin-ho (Hangul: 김진호) (2004–2011, 2015–present)
Former
Chae Dong-ha (Hangul: 채동하) (2004–2008)
Artistry
From the beginning, SG Wannabe was known for being a group focused on lyrical content and singing ability rather than following the kkonminam trend that was popular at that time. Kim Yong-jun and Kim Jin-ho later revealed in SG Wannabe's 2021 appearance on You Quiz on the Block that they were initially meant to debut as "faceless singers", an industry colloquialism for singers who are skilled vocalists and would release music but refrain from appearing on television as they do not meet South Korean societal standards for physical attractiveness. The subject matter of their early albums were largely heavy, with the power ballad "As We Live" (살다가) being a notable example. Initially known as a R&B group, after Lee's addition in 2008, they began diversifying and later releases incorporated elements from different genres ranging from electropop to trot; for example, the instrumental accompaniment to "Arirang" features Korean traditional instruments and "La La La" is in a distinctly country style. While the songs may differ in stylistic arrangement and genre, a key characteristic is the medium-speed tempo and distinct rhythm. They have been credited by domestic pop culture and industry commentators with popularizing the medium-tempo ballad centered on an emotional climatic refrain, which became a trend during the mid-2000's.
Early in their career, they drew comparisons to Vibe for their focus on the R&B genre. They also gained notice from industry veterans and commentators for their more mature vocal styles despite being only in their twenties: Chae's deep husky voice complemented Kim Jin-ho's higher-register belting style and Kim Yong-jun's clear tenor voice. When Lee joined the group, he provided an equally powerful singing style, albeit in the baritone range. Unlike many groups which debuted around the same time, there was no strict distinction between their lead and sub-vocals; instead whenever one member sang his line, the other two would harmonize or provide backing vocals.
Within the industry, SG Wannabe have also gained a reputation as highly consistent live performers, with critics noting that their live voices sound nearly identical to that in their albums. The members themselves have stated that they preferred to sing live whenever possible and avoid lip syncing to a guide track. After several controversies involving notable idol groups and artists lip syncing their performances, especially during the high-profile 2006 Mnet Km Music Festival, SG Wannabe themselves came under scrutiny for a period of time. In November 2010, the group were guests on Park Kyung-lim's radio show and, after they had performed a song, listeners wrote on the program's live message board, questioning whether their performance was pre-recorded since it sounded almost exactly like the CD. In response, the members agreed to add a narration and additional harmonies while performing "Winter Tree" (겨울 나무) to prove that they were indeed performing live. Kim Yong-jun unexpectedly coughed towards the end of his part and the other two members began laughing while singing their respective parts. The incident was dubbed "Coughing Tree" by netizens and the video of the studio feed went viral on the internet and social media, dispelling doubts about their live singing abilities.
Discography
Albums
SG Wanna Be+ (2004)
Saldaga (2005)
The 3rd Masterpiece (2006)
The Sentimental Chord (2007)
My Friend (2008)
Rainbow (2009)
Gift From SG Wannabe (2009)
SG Wannabe by SG Wannabe 7 Part.I (2010)
SG Wannabe by SG Wannabe 7 Part.II (2011)
Concert
SG Wannabe Concert: Our Song (2023)
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Official Japanese website
Grand Prize Golden Disc Award recipients
Golden Disc Award winners
K-pop music groups
MBK Entertainment artists
South Korean contemporary R&B musical groups
Musical groups established in 2004
Musical groups from Seoul
MAMA Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG%20Wannabe |
"The Debut of Battling Billson" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the June 1923 issue of Cosmopolitan and in the United Kingdom in the July 1923 Strand. It features the irrepressible Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, and was included in the collection Ukridge, published in 1924.
Plot
Ukridge, observing the wealth displayed by a prominent boxing manager, resolves to get in on the game himself, and thus make his fortune. By good fortune, an old acquaintance of his from his world-roaming days, an enormous and powerful sailor named Billson, famed for his ability to mop up stevedores by the dozen in bar fights, has landed in England and is looking for shore work, having fallen for a barmaid named Flossie. Ukridge scoops him up, and the two visit James Corcoran prior to heading to the training ground.
Arriving at his first fight, Billson (now dubbed "Battling Billson") meets his opponent, and is touched by the man's life story. In the ring, this sentimentality affects his performance, until a few strong blows enrage him; he is, however, hesitant, and is knocked out when distracted.
Ukridge hears that the champion, Tod Bingham, is offering substantial prizes to anyone who can go two rounds with him; he puts his man forward. To ensure Billson's fighting instinct is not weakened by the man's reputation for kindness to his mother, Ukridge persuades Ukridge's girl Flossie to write a letter claiming she has been wooed away from him by the other fighter. This entails taking the girl out for dinner, on their friend George Tupper, who is mortified by the girl's plebeian dress and manners.
When the day of the prize bout arrives, Corky and Ukridge stand in the crowd, excitedly awaiting Billson's fight. However, the compere announces that the champ has been hit by a truck and will be unable to fight, to the disgust of all. Outside the hall, they encounter a bystander, who describes the "truck" that hit Bingham as an enormous, red-headed man in full rage - if only he'd thought to save his fighting for the ring, says the man, he could have made a tidy sum.
Billson would return in several other Ukridge stories.
Main characters
Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, the irrepressible entrepreneur
Jimmy Corcoran, Ukridge's writer friend
Bowles, Corky's landlord, an ex-butler
George Tupper, an old schoolfriend of Ukridge and Corcoran
"Battling" Billson, an enormous sailor, friend of Ukridge
Flossie, Bilson's girl, a barmaid
Tod Bingham, middle-weight boxing champion
Publication history
The story was illustrated by T. D. Skidmore in Cosmopolitan, and by Reginald Cleaver in The Strand Magazine.
It was included in The World of Ukridge, a collection of Ukridge stories published in October 1975 by Barrie & Jenkins.
Adaptations
The story was adapted for radio in 1940 and broadcast on the BBC Home Service, with Malcolm Graeme as Ukridge, Noel Dryden as Corky, William Trent as Bowles, Charles Mason as George Tupper, Philip Wade as Wilberforce Billson, Vivienne Chatterton as Florence Burns, and Geoffrey Wincott as Professor Devine.
It was adapted for television in 1968 as the third episode of the second series of The World of Wodehouse.
The second episode of The Adventures of Ukridge (1992–93), a radio series that first aired on BBC Radio 4, was based on the story. The stories were adapted by Julian Dutton. The cast of "The Debut of Battling Billson" included Griff Rhys Jones as Ukridge, Robert Bathurst as Corky, Adam Godley as Tupper, Simon Godley as Beamish, Dougal Lee as Bowles and Billson, Rebecca Front as Millie and Flossie, and Julian Dutton as Professor Devine.
See also
List of Wodehouse's Ukridge stories
References
Notes
Sources
Short stories by P. G. Wodehouse
1923 short stories
Works originally published in Cosmopolitan (magazine) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Debut%20of%20Battling%20Billson |
The Torsa River (also spelt Torsha and also known as Kambu Maqu, Machu and Amo Chhu) rises from the Chumbi Valley in Tibet, China, where it is known as Machu. Its course continues into Bhutan, India, and Bangladesh before joining the Brahmaputra River into the Bay of Bengal.
Course
From Tibet, Torsa flows into Bhutan, where it is known as the Amo Chu. It has a length of before entering India, of which are in Tibet and in Bhutan. After entering West Bengal in India, it is known as Torsa. In Bangladesh too, it is known by the same name. It is also known as: Chumbi, Am-Chu, Jaldhaka.
Afterwards, the river flows past the border towns of Phuntsholing (in Bhutan) and Jaigaon, and Hasimara (in India) and past the tea estate of Dalsingpara and the Jaldapara National Park. Ghargharia river meets with Torsa in the Tufanganj subdivision, near Deocharai and Balarampur. Torsa meets with Kaljani and then flows into Bangladesh by the name of Kaljani and meets with Brahmaputra in BD. A distributary known as Buri Torsa meets Jaldhaka.
Ghargharia river meets with Torsa in the Tufanganj subdivision, near Deocharai and Balarampur Torsa meets with Kaljani and it then flows into Bangladesh by the name of Kaljani and meets with the Jamuna there.
Major towns and cities
The major towns along the river's banks are:
Phuntsholing, in Bhutan
Jaigaon in India
Hasimara in India
Cooch Behar, in India
Torsa Strict Nature Reserve, upstream in Bhutan
Hydro projects
Amo chu Hydro Power Project, By NTPC Limited
Floods
The Torsha River, along with the Jaldhaka River and Teesta River, has created major flooding multiple times in Bangladesh during the monsoon season between June and September.
References
Further reading
Rivers of Bhutan
Rivers of West Bengal
Rivers of Tibet
Rivers of Bangladesh
International rivers of Asia
Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsa%20River |
The Suba of Tanzania are a community of people in Rorya District, Mara Region, Tanzania speaking mutually intelligible varieties of the Suba language. They are mainly located in Nyancha, Luo-Imbo and Suba Divisions of Rorya District. The groups commonly listed as being part of the Suba community are the Hacha, Kine, Rieri, Simbiti, Surwa and Sweta. There are a total of around 80,000 ethnic Suba living in Tanzania, most of whom are still speaking the Suba language although some, particularly the Rieri, have started to speak Luo .
The language spoken by the Suba of Tanzania is very close to the Kisuba language spoken by the Suna Girango(Abagirango) people of Migori County of Kenya and Kuria language spoken by the Kuria people. The language spoken by the Suba of Tanzania is distinct from the Olosuba language spoken by the Suba people of Homa Bay County of Kenya and some islands of Lake Victoria.
Ethnic groups in Tanzania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suba%20people%20%28Tanzania%29 |
The Movie Monster Game is a computer game released by Epyx for the Apple II and Commodore 64 in 1986. The game offers a variety of scenarios, playable monsters, and cities to demolish (complete with famous landmarks, such as Tokyo Tower, Eiffel Tower, Statue of Liberty, Golden Gate Bridge, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Big Ben). The monsters are based on popular movie monsters such as The Blob, Mothra, the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man, and the Transformers, and Epyx was able to officially license Godzilla.
Gameplay
The gameplay is depicted on a movie screen in front of a movie theater crowd simulating an actual monster movie. Each scenario even starts off with an advertisement, (for popcorn and "Gummi Glogs"; in the Apple II version "Godzilla Mouthwash" is also featured), and other attractions, (such as promotions for Epyx's own Summer Games) before the "Feature Presentation" of the game begins.
The game includes 5 different scenarios for the player to play through:
Berserk. The player must accumulate a certain number of points by destroying as many buildings and vehicles as possible.
Escape. The player must flee the city before being killed by the military.
Search. The player must use the monster to rescue its offspring hidden in a building. Godzilla's son is depicted as Minilla.
Destroy Landmark. The player must destroy a specific landmark within the city such as the Statue of Liberty in New York City, the Tokyo Tower in Tokyo, Big Ben in London, etc.
Lunch. The player must satisfy the monster's hunger by eating vehicles and civilians until the monster's hunger meter is depleted.
The monsters are Godzilla, Sphectra (a giant wasp), The Glog (a huge green blob with red eyes), Tarantus (a giant Tarantula), Mr. Meringue (a knock-off of the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man), and Mechatron (a knock-off of Topspin from Transformers).
The cities featured in the game are New York City, San Francisco, London, Tokyo, Moscow, and Paris.
Reception
In Dragon #114's "The Role of Computers" column, reviewers Hartley and Pattie Lesser stated that "This is a game that is a great deal of fun to play!"
Computer Gaming World said that The Movie Monster Game "gets a little tedious after a while".
Reviews
Zzap! (Dec, 1986)
Happy Computer (Dec, 1986)
Commodore User (Dec, 1986)
Computer Gamer (Jan, 1987)
See also
Crush, Crumble and Chomp!
References
External links
1986 video games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
Epyx games
Godzilla games
Kaiju video games
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Movie%20Monster%20Game |
Damian is the name of a Christian saint formerly included in the Roman Martyrology under 12 February. The saint was removed when the Martyrology was revised in 2004. It appears that two early martyrs—one a soldier killed in Alexandria or Roman Africa, the other one whose relics were found in the catacomb of Callixtus—were conflated at some point. The relics from the catacomb were later translated to Salamanca.
References
Christian saints in unknown century
Martyred groups
Christian martyrs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian%20%28martyrs%2C%20February%2012%29 |
Ron Steward is a filming TV critic and film reviewer, who started his career in the industry in the 1940s, and he packed films on trains going out to Paramount Pictures, he retired from this role in 1999.
Steward went on to make regular appearance's Rove Live presenting a movie review segment. in 2005 and 2006
References
Possibly living people
Australian film critics
Australian television presenters
Year of birth missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Steward |
In England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, the Diploma in Digital Applications (DiDA) was an optional information and communication technology (ICT) course, usually studied by Key Stage 4 or equivalent school students (aged 14–16). DiDA was introduced in 2005 (after a pilot starting in 2004) as a creation of the Edexcel examination board. DiDA was notable for its time in that it consisted entirely of coursework, completed on-computer; all work relating to the DiDA course was created, stored, assessed and moderated digitally. In the late 2000s it was generally taught as a replacement for GCSE ICT, and the GNVQ which had been withdrawn in 2007. DiDA faced controversy in its lifetime, particularly after the Wolf report found that it was primarily being taught by schools because it was the equivalent of studying four GCSEs at once, which had a major impact on league table scores. From 2012 a revised DiDA and CiDA were taught by a smaller number of centres, with the original qualification removed from league table consideration in 2014. The revised version was ultimately discontinued in 2020. At the scheme's launch, 200,000 students were enrolled on the qualification; this had declined to 6,000 on the revised version in 2016 and to 1,400 students by the time of the final report in 2020.
Course
The course consists of five units. Using ICT is a compulsory unit. The other four units, Multimedia, Graphics, ICT in Enterprise and Computer Games Authoring were optional. Students who completed the Using ICT module alone received an Award in Digital Applications (AiDA), which was equivalent to one GCSE or Standard Grade. Those who completed the Using ICT unit and any one of the other four units received a Certificate in Digital Applications (CiDA), which was equivalent to two GCSEs or Standard Grades. Students who completed four modules in total received the full Diploma in Digital Applications (DiDA), which was equivalent to four GCSEs or Standard Grades. Edexcel also made it possible for candidates to achieve a Certificate in Digital Applications Plus (CiDA+), equivalent to three GCSEs or Standard Grades, upon completion of Using ICT and another two units.
The original 2004 pilot included three moderation windows; this was extended to four in the 2005 launch to give students one additional chance for a resit if they failed.
Levelling & qualifications
The qualification was available either as the equivalent of one, two, or four GCSEs as AiDA, CiDA or DiDA respectively.
Adobe Associate Certificates
Students who successfully completed DiDA units D202 and D203 were eligible to claim Adobe Systems Associate Certification, provided they attained a merit or distinction grade along with other requirements. There were three different types:
Web Media using Dreamweaver - Multimedia
Multimedia using Flash - Multimedia
Web Graphics using Fireworks - Graphics
The Adobe certification scheme was not widely adopted by schools, as most did not have the teacher expertise required for its delivery. While the original DiDA specification was approved for use until 2014, Adobe discontinued Fireworks in 2013.
Criticism
Use in league table score inflation
The qualification was initially designed in response to concerns that schools were using the older GNVQ as a way to inflate their league table performance in the mid 2000s, as it counted as four GCSEs but could be studied in the time of one. Academies in particular relied on DiDA in the same way during the late 2000s, with one study discovering that hypothetically excluding DiDA from rankings caused the score of an academy to drop 21%. DiDA faced criticism from some IT experts early in its development, describing it as a "soft option". The Thomas Telford School, which built the online platform for the GNVQ found that DiDA was "not a suitable alternative" (to the GNVQ). Ofsted was similarly critical of the qualification, describing it as "of doubtful value". Like many other qualifications DiDA was revised in 2012 to meet changing specifications from government, amid concerns that it offered "no basis for progression to further study or to meaningful employment", and was being taught in order to inflate league table scores at the expense of other qualifications. As a result of these changes the original qualification was removed from league table consideration in 2014. For 2015, the revised version was counted as a single qualification rather than four, and saw significantly less widespread adoption by schools.
Format and difficulty
Lewisham City Learning Centre was concerned about the volume of assessment evidence, with students required to create a large amount of documentation. Grading of these documents was determined by the structure, composition and language used, and not the merit of the projects they were related to. Schools were forced to spend the majority of lesson time on these documents rather than "higher level ICT skills", and avoided creative projects and professional software because of the time requirement. Few schools adopted the Adobe Associate Certification because of the issue. Teachers described the qualification as "very, very challenging" to teach, and many teachers were unsure of what students actually needed to do in order to pass. Speaking to The Guardian, the ICT head of Moor End Technology College commented of the pilot scheme: "Students who were able to get through GNVQ will struggle with Dida. It will be very difficult for us to match the kind of results we have achieved with GNVQ. To get four full A-Cs you have to complete four Dida units. In the pilot some of my students struggled to complete one". Many other schools ultimately found it too difficult for low achievers. Edexcel significantly lowered the grade boundaries for the 2006 academic year, with the pass threshold set at 36% due to these concerns. For 2007, 700 schools which had previously offered the diploma switched instead to the equivalent OCR Nationals. The scheme also faced organisational issues, with some centres continuing to teach using the 2005 version (discontinued in 2014) as late as 2018, by which point Pearson considered it "no longer fit for purpose".
References
External links
DiDA SPB (Using ICT from 2006)
DiDA SPB (Multimedia from 2006)
(Graphics from 2011)
DiDA SPB (ICT in Enterprise from 2006)
DiDA ePortfolio-builder
Website dedicated to the DiDA course
Requirements for Adobe certification
Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom
Information technology in the United Kingdom
Information technology qualifications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploma%20in%20Digital%20Applications |
Middle () is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man.
It is located on the east of the island (part of the traditional South Side division) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan, Marown, Onchan and Santon. Historically, from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba, and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff.
In addition to the current districts listed above, the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas, the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man.
Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick, Strang, Tromode and Union Mills (all in the parish of Braddan), Braaid, Crosby and Glen Vine (all in the parish of Marown), and Newtown in the parish of Santon.
MHKs & Elections
It is also a House of Keys constituency. Originally, in the 19th century, the constituency included the whole of the sheading (excluding Douglas), and elected 3 members. In the more recent period up to 2011 it elected one MHK, but the constituency excluded Santan, which was in the Malew & Santon constituency. In 2016 the constituency included Santan, and elected two MHKs.
This information is incomplete.
See also
Local government in the Isle of Man
References
External links
Constituency maps and general election results
Sheadings of the Isle of Man
Constituencies of the Isle of Man | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20%28sheading%29 |
Jamie Haskell (née Johnson; born July 18, 1980) is an American curler. Haskell was born in Bemidji, Minnesota. She was a member of the United States women's curling team at the 2006 Winter Olympics and is the older sister of skip Cassandra Potter.
Career
Haskell usually plays third on her sister's team, and together they have won the silver medal at the 2005 World Championships, the championship at the United States Olympic Trials in February 2005, and the gold medal at the 2002 World Junior Championships.
As a junior curler Haskell competed at the United States Junior Championships six times, earning a medal every time. She finally achieved the gold medal her last year, 2002, playing on her sister's team. As US Junior Champion Haskell represented the United States at the 2002 World Junior Championships where they won the gold medal.
In 2002 Haskell also made her debut appearance at the United States Women's Championship, a championship she would return to 11 more times in the next 12 years. At her 12 appearances at the US Championship she won five medals, gold in 2005 (which was also the Olympic Trials), silver in 2007 and 2012, and bronze in 2011 and 2014.
Winning the US Championship in 2005 earned Haskell a spot at the 2005 World Championship as well as the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. Team USA earned the silver medal at World's, losing in the final to Team Sweden, skipped by Anette Norberg. Coming off of the successful World Championship, Haskell and her teammates' trip to the Winter Olympics did not go as well, as the team finished second-to-last with just 2 wins. The team was the youngest ever to represent the United States in curling at the elite level, with an average age of 22.
Haskell, with her husband Nate Haskell, won the first United States Mixed Doubles Championship in 2008. This earned them a spot at the first World Mixed Doubles Championship, held in Vierumäki, Finland. At World's they failed to make the playoffs, finishing the round robin with a record of 3-4. Haskell and her husband returned to the US Mixed Doubles Championship in 2009 and made it to the final, only to lose to Brady and Cristin Clark, whom they had defeated in the semifinals the previous year.
Personal life
The Johnson sisters were born into a curling family, their grandparents and great-grandparents were curlers and their parents, Tim and Liz Johnson, have won the U.S. National Mixed Curling title four times.
Like her sister, Haskell studied Design Technology at Bemidji State University, but her emphasis was in exhibit design while Cassie specialized in graphic design. Haskell finished her degree in 2005.
Jamie is married to Nate Haskell.
Teams
Women's
Mixed doubles
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
People from Bemidji, Minnesota
Olympic curlers for the United States
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
American female curlers
American curling champions
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie%20Haskell |
Sierra Point is an elevated viewpoint on a rocky outcropping of Yosemite National Park, at the eastern end of the valley, below Grizzly Peak, which was accessible through a now-closed trail.
History
The trail used to be quite popular, but was closed after a rock slide in the 1970s. This was John Muir's favorite trail. It is popular in part because it is the only point in the valley from which four major waterfalls can be seen from one vantage point: Vernal Fall, Nevada Fall, Yosemite Falls, and Illilouette Fall.
Following the rock slide, a portion of the trail approximately mid-way to Sierra Point is missing, although it is still possible to reach the point by scrambling over loose ground. Although the trail is only long and about off the valley floor, this hike should not be attempted by beginning hikers due to the difficulty of the missing portions of the trail. In fact, the National Park Service does not recommend that anyone take this trail. Despite this warning, many people still reach the point each year as it is easily accessible from the Vernal Fall trail in Happy Isles, and still has the original railing at the top.
References
External links
Old map showing the Sierra Point Trail
Finding Yosemite's Sierra Point
Images of the point and the trail
Images of the point
Images of the point
Yosemite topo with the point labeled
Landforms of Yosemite National Park
Landforms of Mariposa County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra%20Point%20%28Yosemite%29 |
Heritage Institute of Technology, popularly known as HITK or HIT is a self-financed institute in the state of the West Bengal. The campus is situated on the southern fringes of Kolkata. It is affiliated with Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Kolkata.
History
Heritage Institute of Technology was set up on the eastern fringes of Kolkata in 2001 by a group of industrialists hailing from the flourishing information technology, electronics, and related industries around Kolkata, and some public figures. The foundation behind the growth of HITK is the Kalyan Bharti Trust. To meet the demand for technical manpower and in view of fiscal constraints at the governmental level, the Kalyan Bharti Trust supplemented the state government's efforts in setting up new engineering colleges by establishing the Heritage Institute of Technology in September 2000.
Departments in Faculty of Technology and Management
The institute offers one undergraduate course (B. Tech.) and three graduate courses (M. Tech., MBA, and MCA). All courses are approved by the All India Council for Technical Education AICTE, Government of India, and the Department of Higher Education, Government of West Bengal. Since its inception, it has been affiliated to the West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata.
The institute offers undergraduate B. Tech. course in the following engineering disciplines:
Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
Biotechnology
Chemical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Computer Science and Business Systems
Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science)
Computer Science and Engineering (Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning)
Computer Science and Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Information Technology
Mechanical Engineering
The graduate school offers full-time two-year Master of Technology (M. Tech.) degree in the following disciplines:
Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
Computer Science and Engineering
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Biotechnology
VLSI
Renewable Energy
The institute also offers full-time two-year Master of Computer Application degree.
Admission to the undergraduate B.Tech. courses are done through the West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination (WBJEE) and Joint Entrance Examination – Main (JEE-MAIN).
Campus
Facilities and Infrastructure
Postal Facilities
Sports Facilities
Banking Facilities
Healthcare
Fire Safety
Transportation
Cafeteria
Student Accommodation
Student Life
Cultural and Non-Academic Activities
Student Exchange
The institute signed an MoU with the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) for a student exchange programme
It has signed an MoU with the College of Natural Science, Sungkyunkwan University.
References
External links
Business schools in Kolkata
Educational institutions established in 2001
Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology
Engineering colleges in Kolkata
2001 establishments in West Bengal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage%20Institute%20of%20Technology%2C%20Kolkata |
Martina of Rome, a patron saint of Rome, was martyred in 226, according to some authorities, more probably in 228, under the pontificate of Pope Urban I, according to others. Her feast day is January 30.
Biography
The daughter of an ex-consul and orphaned at an early age, she was described as a noble and beautiful virgin. She so openly testified to her Christian faith that she could not escape the persecutions under Severus Alexander. Arrested and commanded to return to idolatry, she refused, whereupon she was subjected to various tortures and was finally beheaded.
These tortures according to her vita include being scourged. She was condemned to be devoured by wild beasts in the amphitheater but was miraculously untouched by them. She was then thrown onto a burning pyre, from which she also escaped unhurt, and was finally beheaded. Her hagiography asserts that some of her executioners also converted to Christianity and were themselves beheaded.
Veneration
Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, was the scene of her martyrdom; but her body was transported to Rome, where a church near the Mamertine Prison, Santi Luca e Martina, was later dedicated in her honour.
On October 25, 1634, during restoration of the crypt, as was common at this time in Rome, buried remains were found by the painter Pietro da Cortona, president of the Accademia di San Luca, and were attributed to the martyred Saint Martina. No doubt it was hoped that this would precipitate an influx of funds to shelter the relics in a new church. Pope Urban VIII, who occupied the Holy See at that time, had the church repaired and, it would seem, composed the hymns which are sung at her office.
References
External links
Catholic Forum: St. Martina
Martina at Lives of the Saints
Italian Roman Catholic saints
3rd-century Christian saints
228 deaths
Year of birth unknown
3rd-century Romans
3rd-century Roman women
Christian martyrs
Virgin martyrs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina%20of%20Rome |
Prospero Farinacci (1 November 1554 – 31 December 1618) was an Italian Renaissance jurist, lawyer and judge. His Praxis et Theorica Criminalis (Practice and Theory of Criminal Law) was the strongest influence on criminal law in Civil law countries until the Age of Enlightenment. Farinacci defended Beatrice Cenci who was accused of killing her father in the most famous criminal case of the time. As a judge he was known for his harsh sentencing.
Biography
The son of a Capitoline notary, Farinacci was born in Rome in 1554. He studied law at La Sapienza in Rome, receiving his doctorate in 1567 at the early age of twenty-three. Prospero soon earned himself the reputation as an able advocate. In 1567 he became the general commissioner in the service of the Orsini family of Bracciano. He reached the height of his professional career as the Papal Datario (the officer of the Roman Curia who investigates candidates for papal benefices) under Pope Clement VIII (1592–1605). He went on to become Giureconsulto e Procuratore Fiscale della Camera Apostolica (Consulting Jurist and Tax Attorney for the papal Treasury) under Pope Paul V.
Along with this eminence, he was also a notoriously difficult character with quite a checkered private life. In 1570 he was imprisoned for an unknown crime. In 1582 he was stabbed in the face in a street fight, leaving him with a diagonal scar on the left cheek and a blind left eye. In 1584 he was jailed for the serious crime of bearing arms in public. Whilst he was a staunch prosecutor of sodomites, in 1595 he was himself accused of sodomy with Bernardino Rocchi, a sixteen-year-old page in the Palazzo Altemps, the house of his benefactor. He was excused of the crime by Pope Clement VIII, who famously made a pun on Farinacci's name (which alludes to "flour" in Italian) by claiming that "The flour is good, it's the bag that's bad."
Farinacci was perhaps most famous as the advocate in the scandalous trial for murder, actually patricide, of Beatrice Cenci and her relatives (1599), which ended in their gruesome public beheadings. He played a major role in the defense and although he was not able to save the girl, he did convince the pope to allow the youngest brother, Bernardo, to survive, invoking both the boy's young age and temporary mental infirmity as mitigating factors.
In 1600 Farinacci had a son with a prostitute called Cleria. Ludovico later joined the clergy and in the end became his father's sole heir. Prospero's portrait by Giuseppe Cesari can be found in the Museo nazionale di Castel Sant'Angelo.
Works
Prospero Farinacci was best known for his legal decisions and opinions which he published in four massive tomes and many editions. His most important works are:
Praxis et theorica criminalis, 1594–1614. Farinacci's Praxis et Theorica Criminalis exerted a very considerable influence on Western legal culture and became a fundamental reference point in Civil law countries in the modern era. The Praxis was also well known in customary law countries: Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, writing in Scotland in 1678, drew extensively on Farinacci. The Praxis is most noteworthy as the definitive work on the jurisprudence of torture. Farinacci devoted considerable attention to the use of torture in criminal trials and in general placed severe restrictions on its use.
Notes
Further reading
Graziosi, Marina, 'Women and Criminal Law: the Notion of Diminished Responsibility in Prospero Farinacci and other Renaissance Jurists', in Women in Italian Renaissance Culture and Society, L. Panizza, ed., Oxford (EHRC), 2000, pp. 166–181.
Marchisello, Andrea, “Alieni thori violatio”: l'adulterio come delitto carnale in Prospero Farinacci (1544–1618). In Seidel Menchi, Silvana, and Quaglioni, Diego (eds.), Trasgressioni. Seduzione, concubinato, adulterio, bigamia (XIV–XVIII secolo), Bologna: il Mulino, 2004, pp. 133–183.
External links
1554 births
1618 deaths
Lawyers from Rome
Scholars of criminal law
16th-century Italian jurists
17th-century Italian jurists
Writers from Rome
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
University of Perugia alumni
Judges from Rome
17th-century Italian lawyers
Italian legal scholars
Italian criminologists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospero%20Farinacci |
Oscar Fredrik Church () is a church in Olivedal in Gothenburg, Sweden. It was drawn by Helgo Zetterwall and erected in the 1890s. Belonging to the Gothenburg Oscar Fredrik Parish of the Church of Sweden (Swedish: Svenska Kyrkan), it was opened on Easter Sunday 1893. The style is Neo Gothic, but the influence is not the Nordic gothic style but rather the style one can find in the large cathedrals in continental Europe. The church and the parish got its name from king Oscar II (Oscar Fredrik being his full name).
References
External links
Churches in Gothenburg
19th-century Church of Sweden church buildings
Churches completed in 1893
Churches in the Diocese of Gothenburg
Gothic Revival church buildings in Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Fredrik%20Church |
Fatal Fury: King of Fighters, known as in Japan, is a 1991 head-to-head fighting game released by SNK for the Neo Geo arcade and home platforms. Fatal Fury was SNK's first fighting game for the Neo Geo system and served as the inaugural game in their Fatal Fury series, as well as the first game to depict the fictional "King of Fighters" tournament, which became the basis for the later The King of Fighters games.
The game was designed by former Capcom employee Takashi Nishiyama, the creator of the original Street Fighter (1987). Many of SNK's mainstay characters, including the Bogard brothers Terry and Andy, friend Joe Higashi, and their nemesis Geese Howard, made their debut in this game.
Gameplay
The gameplay follows the typical formula of most fighting games: the player competes against their opponent in best two-out-of-three matches. The play controls consist of an eight directional joystick and three attack buttons: punch, kick and throw. Each of the playable characters has special techniques that are performed by inputting specific commands in combination with the joystick and buttons. The input methods for special moves are shown to the player during the course of the game (after every bonus round), as opposed to being given in an instruction card in the game's cabinet.
The most novel aspect of Fatal Fury was the addition of two-lane battles. Many stages featured two rows, a background row, and a foreground row. Players can change between rows at any time other than in the Single Player Mode, where they have to wait for the CPU opponent to change rows before they can in almost every stage. The player is not required, however, to do so. When a second player joins during the middle of a one-player fight, instead of postponing the current battle for a match between the two players, the game will make both players team up against the current CPU opponent in a two-on-one match before their battle takes place. After every other match in the single-player tournament, the player will participate in a bonus round mini-game involving an arm wrestling match against a machine. The player must tap the A button rapidly to win these mini-games.
Development
The game was designed by Takashi Nishiyama, the creator of the original Street Fighter (1987) at Capcom. After leaving Capcom for SNK, Nishiyama wanted to create a fighting game with a storyline and characters that were easier to empathize with, something he wasn’t able to achieve with Street Fighter. Fatal Fury, which Nishiyama envisioned as a spiritual successor to Street Fighter, was developed around the same time as Street Fighter II (1991). While Street Fighter II placed more emphasis on combos, Fatal Fury placed more emphasis on the timing of special moves as well as storytelling, which are two features that he failed on during the original Street Fighter.
Plot
Terry and his younger brother Andy were orphans who raised themselves on the streets of South Town. They were soon adopted by Jeff Bogard, a master martial artist. A few years after being adopted by Jeff, both Terry and Andy witnessed the brutal murder of their adoptive father at the hands of Geese Howard: a ruthless businessman and expert martial artist who rules South Town's criminal underworld as a merciless crime boss. Geese, who was once Jeff's rival, had murdered Jeff when the latter had tried to expose Geese's criminal activities to the public. Knowing that they weren't strong enough and needed more training to confront Geese, the brothers made an oath to spend a decade to fine tune their martial arts before trying to avenge their adoptive father. Terry chose to wander in his home country, combining his self-taught street fighting techniques with the Hakkyokuseiken fighting skills he learned from both his adoptive father and his mentor, Tung Fu Rue who is the shih-fu of both the art of Hakkyokuseiken and the art of Bajiquan. Andy decided to perfect his own martial arts style in Japan to differentiate himself from his older brother by being taught the Shiranui-ryū Ninjutsu (Shiranui Style Ninja Technique) and a form of empty-handed combat called Koppōken.
A decade later into the present, Geese Howard has organized a fighting tournament, dubbed "The King of Fighters". Terry reunites with Andy after the latter returns to South Town from Japan. After the Bogard brothers pay respects to Jeff's grave, they encounter and befriend a Japanese Muay Thai champion named Joe Higashi from Thailand and learn about the KOF tournament hosted by Geese. Determined to avenge their adoptive father's death, Terry and Andy enter KOF alongside Joe and fought against many competitors, including Tung Fu Rue who had wanted to test the brothers out in making sure they were ready for their potential battle against Geese. Despite their best effort, both Andy and Joe were badly injured after defeating two of Geese's fighters, Raiden and Hwa Jai respectively, leaving Terry to continue on alone and facing off against Geese's right-hand man Billy Kane within the final match of the tournament. Although Terry succeeds in defeating Billy and winning the tournament, he is suddenly captured by two of Geese's henchmen and sent to Geese's personal tower by force, leading to a one-on-one showdown against the crime boss himself. Geese was a formidable opponent for Terry, but the latter gained the upper hand during their battle and defeated the former with a powerful jump kick, causing Geese to fall from his tower and plummet to his death. As Terry, who had finally avenged his adoptive father's death left the tournament victorious, Andy felt a mixed sense of closure and returned to Japan to continue his martial arts training while Joe, who had said his goodbye to the brothers after the tournament's conclusion, traveled back to Thailand in order to continue his Muay Thai training.
Characters
At the beginning of the game, the player is given the option to select one fighter which is either Terry, Andy, or Joe. The player is then given the next option to select from one of four fighters as their first opponent: Duck King, Richard Meyer, Michael Max, and Tung Fu Rue. After defeating their first opponent, the player faces the other three opponents in the following order: Richard, Michael, Duck, Tung. The cycle begins at whichever opponent the player has selected. The three bosses before the final boss Geese Howard are fought in the following order: Hwa Jai, Raiden and Billy Kane.
Competitors
Terry Bogard - an American martial arts expert seeking to avenge his father's death.
Andy Bogard - Terry's younger brother, who learned Koppōjutsu in Japan.
Joe Higashi - a Japanese Muay Thai master and a friend to the Bogard brothers.
Challengers
Duck King - a street dancing talent who uses a "rhythmical" fighting style.
Richard Meyer - a capoeira master with numerous kick techniques.
Michael Max - a Catholic boxer who has a projectile attack called the Tornado Upper (similar to Joe's Hurricane Upper). He is based on Mike Tyson.
Tung Fu Rue - a Bajiquan master who is elderly and meek. Taking enough damage results in him focusing his inner energy in order to transform into a musclebound version of himself, complete with a discus clothesline called the Senpuu Gouken (旋風剛拳; lit. "Whirlwind Strong Fist") and a projectile-emitting kick called the Shou Ha Senpuu Kyaku (衝波旋風脚; lit. "Power Wave Whirlwind Kick").
Bosses
Hwa Jai - a Muay Thai master from Thailand who gains his strength from drinking an unknown liquor. His special technique is a flying knee kick called the Dragon Kick (มังกรเตะ, Mạngkr Tea), similar to Joe's Tiger Kick.
Raiden - a professional heel known for his ruthlessness in the ring. He is very strong and is known to manhandle his opponents. He moved to South Town to get involved with strong fights. He was hired by Geese Howard as one of his henchmen. He has a special technique called Vapor Breath.
Billy Kane - a Bōjutsu master who serves as the tournament's undefeated champion. His signature move involves him throwing his staff in front of his opponent, then cowers in a defensive position until Geese's bodyguard Ripper tosses Kane a spare.
Final boss
Geese Howard - the final boss of the game. An underworld crime boss and the sponsor of the "King of Fighters" tournament. After defeating Billy, the player's character is kidnapped by Geese's men and taken to his building, Geese Tower, for the game's final battle. His fighting style is aikido and has a projectile attack similar to Terry's Power Wave called the Reppuken (烈風拳 / れっぷうけん; lit. "Gale Fist"). He can also slam his opponent after blocking a close-range attack, this technique is called the Atemi Nage (当身投 / あて身なげ; lit. "Hit Throw"). When the player loses to Geese, instead of the standard continue screen, they witness their character falling off from Geese Tower. However, if the player wins, their character will knock off Geese from his building, seemingly killing him.
Console versions
The Super NES version of Fatal Fury, published by Takara and developed by Nova, was published in Japan in 1992 and in North America during the following year. This version discards the two-lane system in favor of a more conventional one-lane plane. The two-on-one battles are gone and the arm wrestling bonus rounds are replaced by new bonus rounds involving the main character punching flying tires. In the game's Versus Mode, all of the CPU-controlled characters are playable, albeit only on the second player's side. Players can also pick the same main character (in an alternate color).
The Mega Drive/Genesis version was released in 1993, published by Sega in Japan and by Takara in North America. This version removes the characters of Hwa Jai and Billy Kane from the roster, relegating them to background cameos. Instead, the player faces against the other two main characters during the course of the single-player mode. This version allows both players to play as the CPU-controlled characters in the game's Versus Mode (with Geese Howard available via a cheat code).
An X68000 version produced by Mahou Kabushikigaisha (Magical Company) was released in Japan only on May 21, 1993.
An emulation of the original Neo Geo game is included along with its sequels Fatal Fury 2, Fatal Fury Special and Fatal Fury 3, in the compilation Fatal Fury: Battle Archives Vol. 1 for the PlayStation 2. This version includes an option for the original arcade soundtrack or an arranged soundtrack composed specifically for the compilation.
The Neo Geo version of Fatal Fury has been released by D4 Enterprise as part of the Virtual Console downloadable lineup for the Wii. Later it became available on the Nintendo Switch's eShop.
The original Fatal Fury is also included in SNK Arcade Classics Vol. 1, released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, and Wii.
The Neo Geo version was available on PlayStation Network as part of SNK's Neo Geo Station lineup.
Reception
Commercial
In Japan, Game Machine listed Fatal Fury: King of Fighters on their January 1, 1992 issue as being the third most-successful table arcade unit of the month. It went on to be Japan's fourth highest-grossing arcade game of 1992, below Street Fighter II (two versions) and Captain Commando. In North America, RePlay reported Fatal Fury to be the second most-popular arcade game in February 1992.
Critical
Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games called Fatal Fury one of the best Neo Geo games available in 1992 and compared it favorably with Street Fighter II, stating Fatal Fury was a "brilliant feast of fighting" with "huge and excellently drawn" character sprites, great animation, and unique special attacks "giving the game more variety."
In a retrospective review, Maximum commented in 1996 that the game failed to offer any real competition for Street Fighter II in either playability or character selection. They concluded, "The only main point in this game's favor is that two of the characters may team together to take on a computer opponent in a three-player frenzy, and the game also tries to offer something else new with a two-tier playing arena, but the slow action and the disgracefully difficult fireball motions make special moves something of a rare occurrence." In 2018, Complex rated the game 74th on their "The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time". They praised the combat and the ability to jump in and out of the backgrounds concluding: "One of the best fighters on the SNES, by far."
References
External links
Fatal Fury: King of Fighters at GameFAQs
Fatal Fury: King of Fighters at Giant Bomb
Fatal Fury: King of Fighters at the Killer List of Videogames
Fatal Fury: King of Fighters at MobyGames
1991 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
Cooperative video games
D4 Enterprise games
Fatal Fury
Fighting games
Magical Company games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
Sega Genesis games
X68000 games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
Tag team videogames
Virtual Console games
Video games developed in Japan
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal%20Fury%3A%20King%20of%20Fighters |
Art of Fighting 2 is fighting game developed and released by SNK in 1994. It is a direct sequel to Art of Fighting involving both new and returning characters fighting each other in the King of Fighters tournament.
Gameplay
The second installment in the Art of Fighting series added the "rage gauge"; similar to the "spirit system" of its predecessor, it limited the use and effectiveness of special attacks. This time the bonus stages are reworked: to increase the rage gauge, the player's character has to chop down a tree with one punch, to increase the maximum health meter, the player's character must defeat a number of punks under a certain time limit, and the Initiate Super Death Blow stage has now been adapted for each character's super special move. In single player mode, the player has now access to ten more characters besides Ryo and Robert and can choose their first foe. The final boss by default is Mr. Big, though it is possible to fight Geese Howard as a secret boss if the player meets specific requirements in single player mode; Geese is not a playable character, however, with the exception of the VS mode in the SNES version.
Plot
The game's story is set a year after the original in 1979. Geese Howard, a rising star in South Town's criminal underworld, summons all 12 fighters both veterans and newcomers to the city for a martial arts tournament, "The King of Fighters". Geese was the final boss and series original antagonist of SNK's other related fighting game franchise Fatal Fury, whose story took place two years after the events of Art of Fighting 2 where the late Jeff Bogard had been murdered by the hands of his former Hakkyokuseiken sparring partner Geese, which sparks the revenge of Jeff's adoptive sons Terry Bogard and Andy Bogard to fight in Geese's next King of Fighters tournament which takes place a decade later in 1991. The events of all three Art of Fighting sagas is canonically a prequel trilogy to the Fatal Fury series.
Production
Development of the game took a year. For the new characters, SNK were unable to connect them to the story, so that meant they had more freedom in designing them. The idea was making clashy and cool designs like Kisaragai, and Temjin. They wanted to rival King of Fighters in that way. Balancing them was the most difficult task. As the first game the staff were trying to pursue an interesting story, which necessarily meant more emphasis on the CPU battles. Art of Fighting 2 was meant to be more of a The King of Fighters-style, “fighting tournament” game. To that end, they intended for the vs. play to be more important this time. Geese Howard's popularity in Fatal Fury and his younger look from the first original video animation influenced his appearance in Art of Fighting 2 as a hidden boss.
Reception
The game was praised by both GamePro and Electronic Gaming Monthly for having far better graphics, sound, character selection and gameplay technique than the original Art of Fighting, though three of EGMs four reviewers complained that in single player mode the opponent AI is "incredibly cheap". GamePro gave it ratings (out of 5) of 5 for graphics, 5 for sound, 4.5 for controls, and 4.5 for fun factor. Electronic Gaming Monthlys four reviewers gave it ratings (out of 10) of 8, 8, 6, and 8. Computer and Video Games gave it a 95% score, calling it "easily the best beat-'em up to appear in recent years", comparing it favorably with recent Street Fighter II incarnations but criticizing its high £150-175 cost. Nintendo Life found the game superior to the first one due to its improved single player mode as well as system though he still had mixed feeling about the enjoyment the fighting system can give. Pocket Gamer found the fighting system too simplistic in comparison to other SNK works like KOF. Despite praising the improvements, Hardcore Gaming felt that the gameplay was too similar to its predecessor. The Super Nintendo port was panned as the "version is nothing short of a disaster, with horribly inaccurate visuals, atrocious controls, and slaughtered game physics" IGN agreed, finding the AI too challenging while the visuals instead feel like a stepdown, ruining SNK's attempts to improve the formula they established.
Art of Fighting 2 was re-released for the Wii's Virtual Console in North America on 28 July 2008 and Nintendo Switch's ACA Neo Geo worldwide on 11 January 2018.
References
Art of Fighting
1994 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
D4 Enterprise games
Fighting games
2D fighting games
Hamster Corporation games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
Saurus games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
Video game prequels
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual Console games
Windows games
Xbox One games
Multiplayer and single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%20of%20Fighting%202 |
The King of Fighters '94 (KOF 94) is a fighting game released by SNK for the Neo Geo MVS arcade system in 1994, as the first in The King of Fighters series. The game was also released for the Neo Geo home console systems, including the Neo Geo AES and Neo Geo CD. In 2008, KOF 94 was one of sixteen games included in SNK Arcade Classics Vol. 1 for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and Wii.
KOF '94 is a crossover featuring characters from SNK's fighting game properties Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting. It also includes revised versions of characters from their pre-Neo Geo games Ikari Warriors and Psycho Soldier, as well as original characters created specifically for the game. The plot features the creation of a new King of Fighters tournament created by the criminal Rugal Bernstein and is the only game to take place during the pre-Orochi Saga of the series.
SNK developed KOF '94 with the initial idea of using several games from the company in order to attract gamers who played these games. The characters' designs, as well as its innovative gameplay system based on using teams of three members, were both well received. The success of the game allowed SNK to produce a series of sequels in The King of Fighters series and the series itself eventually became the flagship series of SNK.
In 2004, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the series, SNK released a remake titled The King of Fighters '94 Re-Bout. It features the original game and a new version with higher resolution graphics and 3D environments.
Gameplay
The basic gameplay system of KOF '94 is similar to SNK's previous games like the Fatal Fury series, Art of Fighting and Samurai Shodown. The game uses a four attack button configuration similar to Fatal Fury 2 and Fatal Fury Special, that consists of light punch, light kick, strong punch and strong kick. Like in Fatal Fury 2, specialized techniques are performed by pressing combinations of buttons, allowing the player to dodge an opponent's attack or to launch a character's powerful knockdown attack. As with most other fighting games, each character has a set of basic, unique, and special moves that can be performed by the player with a specific series of joystick and button inputs.
Each player has a power gauge at the bottom of the screen which charges when the character is blocking or taking attacks. It can also be filled manually, although it leaves the character vulnerable to an attack, by pressing and holding three buttons at the same time. Once the power gauge is filled, the players basic attacks become stronger for a short period. When the characters are in this state, their players can also perform the character's Super Move, which immediately consumes the entire power gauge. The players can also access their character's Super Move when the life gauge is 75% empty and flashing red like in Fatal Fury 2. Taunting an opponent can reduce their power gauge, slow down their manual charging, and stop them from reaching the maximum level.
KOF 94 innovated the genre by replacing a traditional round-based format used in preceding fighting games with a format consisting of 3-on-3 team-based matches dubbed the Team Battle System. Instead of choosing a single character, the player selects from one of eight available teams, each consisting of three members. Before each match, the player chooses the order in which their team members enter the battle. When the match begins, the members chosen to go first on their respective teams will fight. When one character is defeated, the following member of the same team will take his or her place, while the character on the other team will have a small portion of their life restored (if energy was lost during the previous round). If a character is losing a match against the opponent, then the player can call one of the remaining teammates standing on the sidelines to jump in and perform a support attack. The match ends when all three members of either team lose.
Plot
Rugal Bernstein, a notorious and ruthless but skilled and influential black market weapons and drugs dealer bored of the lack of competition, he decides to host a new King of Fighters tournament after the previous K.O.F. announcements. Rugal sent out 24 invitations to certain individuals around the world. Unlike the previous three K.O.F. tournaments depicted in Art of Fighting 2, Fatal Fury: King of Fighters, and Fatal Fury 2; the new King of Fighters is a team tournament, with eight teams of three, each representing a different nationality.
At the tournament's conclusion, Mature, Rugal's personal secretary, invited the Japan team to fight their final match within Black Noah. It is there when Rugal revealed the true purpose of his tournament: defeat the winning team and add them to his grisly collection of previous challengers who were turned into statues. Kyo sees his defeated father there and decides to avenge him. As Rugal is finally beaten, he triggers the self-destruct mechanism on his ship. The team escapes and reflects on their victory.
Characters
The game has 24 playable characters, consisting of eight teams of three fighters. The final boss is not a part of any of the teams, is unplayable and fights the player's team alone. Five teams consist of characters from other SNK series while the rest consist mostly of KoF originals. Each team represents a different country, though this only affects the stage on which the team is fought and the characters in many cases don't share nationalities with the country they represent. Unlike later games in the series, the player cannot freely build a team and must choose one of the eight preset teams. Teams include:
Team Japan (Team Hero):
Kyo Kusanagi, a highschool student whose family possesses an ancient pyrokinetic abilities. He fights using Kenpo.
Benimaru Nikaido, a model who fights with shootboxing and also has electrokinetic abilities.
Goro Daimon, a large judoka who has geokinetic abilities.
Team Fatal Fury:
Terry Bogard, protagonist of the Fatal Fury series who has been trained in various fighting styles such as Karate, Kickboxing and Kung Fu. He can also attack with ki-based techniques he learned from his master, Tung Fu Rue.
Andy Bogard, brother of Terry, who is trained in Koppojutsu and Shiranui-Ryu Ninjutsu. He also has ki-based techniques he learned from Tung Fu Rue.
Joe Higashi, a Muay Thai fighter with aerokinetic abilities.
Team Art of Fighting:
Ryo Sakazaki, protagonist of the Art of Fighting series and the first champion of KoF tournament who practices Kyokugenryu Karate, which is similar to Kyokushin Karate but also contains ki-based techniques. He fights with a traditional version of Kyokugenryu.
Robert Garcia, Ryo's best friend and friendly rival who fights using a kick-heavy version of Kyokugenryu Karate.
Takuma Sakazaki, Ryo's father and a master of Kyokugenryu Karate, the only one who can perform the most advanced techniques of the style.
Team Women Fighters:
Mai Shiranui, a kunoichi who practices her family's own martial art, Shiranui-Ryu Ninjutsu.
Yuri Sakazaki, younger sister of Ryo, who fights with an unorthodox take on Kyokugenryu Karate.
King, a bar owner who fights with her own kick-heavy take on Muay Thai. Can also throw ki-based attacks with her kicks.
Team Ikari Warriors:
Ralf Jones, protagonist of the Ikari Warriors series. A mercenary whose fighting style is based on hard punches.
Clark Still, Ralf's best friend and the other protagonist of the Ikari Warriors series. He fights with a wrestling-based fighting style.
Heidern, the commander of the Ikari Warriors mercenary unit whose hands can cut like knives and he can also throw slashes as projectiles.
Team Korea Justice:
Kim Kaphwan, a Taekwondo-master with a strong sense of justice who is trying to rehabilitate the two criminals in his team.
Chang Koehan, A very large criminal who fights with a large metal ball attached to a chain.
Choi Bounge A very small criminal who fights with Freddy Krueger-esque claws.
Team Psycho Soldier:
Athena Asamiya, the protagonist of Psycho Soldier and an idol with psychokinetic abilities and Kung Fu training, though her fighting style emphasizes the former.
Sie Kensou, the self-proclaimed love interest of Athena. He has the same psychokinetic abilities as Athena, though his fighting style emphasizes his Kung Fu.
Chin Gentsai, master of Athena and Sie and a master of various styles of Kung Fu, though he fights primarily with Drunken Boxing.
Team American Sports:
Heavy D!, a professional boxer who was banned from regular competition after severely injuring his opponent.
Lucky Glauber, a former professional basketball player and a Karate champion with a penchant for street fighting.
Brian Battler, an American football player who also makes use of wrestling.
Final Boss:
Rugal Bernstein An arms dealer and the organizer of The King of Fighters tournament. He is capable of copying any technique after seeing it performed once and he makes heavy use of Geese Howard's Reppuuken (which would later also used by Geese's biological son and Kain R. Heinlein's nephew Rock Howard along with Rugal's son Adelheid Bernstein) and Wolfgang Krauser's Kaiser Wave ki-attacks. He also has techniques of his own, such as a slashing kick named Genocide Cutter.
Development
According to an interview with veteran designers of The King of Fighters series, the prototype version of the game was a Double Dragon-style side-scrolling beat 'em up, titled Survivor. It would only use core characters from the Art of Fighting and Fatal Fury series, specifically allowing players to play Robert Garcia and Terry Bogard for location testing. However, the idea was eventually abandoned. Since SNK were attached to the idea of the two-series crossover, they eventually agreed to make their idea into an all-star fighting game. Vintage characters from Ikari Warriors and Psycho Soldier were also added to the roster. The concept of a three-man team was one of the ideas kept from the side-scrolling version. The title "The King of Fighters" was re-used from the subtitle of the first Fatal Fury game, Fatal Fury: King of Fighters.
The King of Fighters series director Toyohisa Tanabe asserted that the Art of Fighting and Fatal Fury fighters were added specifically for adults, and the newer KOF characters were aimed to appeal to younger and newer audiences. Characters such as Benimaru Nikaido and Chang Koehan were added to have an off-beat variety to the cast, which he has previously deemed to be too serious. SNK artist C.A.C Yamasaki commented that although the lead programmer thought the game would not sell well, he believed it would eventually become popular. Ten people arrived at the first location test, but larger numbers came to subsequent tests. The SNK staff also had troubles with advertising the game due to a lack of money and some of their ads were noted to be of a poor quality.
Designers wanted a new, "snazzy" lead character who would easily fight Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting characters. He was named Kyo Kusanagi in order to relate him with the Yamata no Orochi legend. The boss character, Rugal Bernstein, was developed to be "the mightiest (most violent) and most evil boss character ever". The game was developed to have a "Fugitive Team" composed of Chang, Choi, and an unknown criminal, but Kim Kaphwan was placed in their team. The English Team was composed of King from Art of Fighting along with Billy Kane and Big Bear from the first and second Fatal Fury games. Designers had several problems with Big Bear concerning capacity and the Art of Fighting staff insisted on adding Yuri Sakazaki to KOF. Yuri replaced Billy Kane, and later Mai Shiranui took Big Bear's place to form the England Team (later known as Women Fighters in the following games).
Most of the characters from other games were meant to have some of their moves changed or removed in order to balance them with KOF's new characters. However, designers focused on adjusting the imbalance of certain characters without removing any move. In the end, creators of the series noted that the Art of Fighting characters were the strongest ones in the game. Nevertheless, other characters such as Terry and Andy Bogard became the ones who got the designers' utmost attention and were given new moves.
Release
The King of Fighters '94 was released in Japanese arcades on August 25, 1994. Home versions of the game were released later that same year for the Neo Geo AES on October 1 and for the Neo Geo CD on November 2. The home version was censored outside Japan in two ways, removing Mai's breasts bouncing animations and blood effects (the blood also could have been disabled by arcade operators).
On November 6, 2007, the Neo Geo AES version was emulated and made available for download on the Wii's Virtual Console download service, for a price of 900 Wii Points. The North American and European releases followed on November 23, 2007 and January 7, 2008, respectively. Another emulated version of the game is included in the compilations SNK Arcade Classics Vol. 1 and The King of Fighters Collection: The Orochi Saga, both released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and Wii. The game was also emulated and released by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable on December 21, 2010, as one of the first games in the NEOGEO Station line-up. In 2012, KOF '94 was announced to be included in the set of twenty pre-loaded games being shipped with SNK Playmore's new handheld game console Neo Geo X, but it was ultimately replaced by The King of Fighters '95. The arcade version was emulated and released as part of the ACA Neo Geo series for the PlayStation 4 on October 27, 2016 with releases for Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, iOS and Android following afterwards.
Remake
A remake, titled The King of Fighters '94 Re-Bout, was released for the PlayStation 2 in Japan only on December 28, 2004, commemorating the tenth anniversary of the franchise. Re-Bout features the original 1994 game and an enhanced version featuring higher resolution graphics, a Team Edit option feature similar to the later KOF games, the ability to play as Saisyu Kusanagi and Rugal Bernstein, arranged music, new stages and an online versus mode. SNK Playmore commented that they received negative fan feedback regarding the game's simple upscaling and smoothing of character sprites, so they decided to create brand new high resolution sprites for the following games in the series.
A North American version was meant to be released for the Xbox. It was completed and even reviewed by some publications, but was canceled on March 23, 2006 for an undisclosed reason. In Japan, the game sold 28,482 units.
Related media
The game received a variety of licensed media released in Japan in 1994–1995:
The original soundtrack The King of Fighters '94 (PCCB-00162) and the arranged soundtrack The King of Fighters '94 Arrange Sound Trax (PCCB-00165), both released by Pony Canyon.
The art book The King of Fighters '94 (GMC-2) published as part of the Gamest Mook series by Shinseisha.
The Laser Disc audio and video release The King of Fighters '94 (PCLP-00539) by Pony Canyon LD.
Several manga published in the Gamest Comics collection by Shinseisha:
A yonkoma manga by various artists, titled The King of Fighters '94 4-Koma Ketteiban ().
A selection of illustrations and short strips by various artists, titled The King of Fighters '94 Comic Anthology ().
Ryo Takamisaki's six-volume adaptation series titled The King of Fighters '94 Gaiden (beginning with ).
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed The King of Fighters '94 on their October 1, 1994 issue as being the second most popular arcade game at the time. In North America, RePlay reported King of Fighters '94 to be the third most-popular arcade game at the time. Play Meter also listed the title to be the thirty-second most-popular arcade game at the time. The game was well received, with reviews generally praising the deep combat system and the matching up of fighters from different SNK franchises, though the inability to choose team lineups in Team Battle Mode was a near-universal complaint among critics.
A reviewer for Next Generation argued that King of Fighters '94 was a particularly worthwhile arcade game, since the three-character teams meant the player would effectively get three lives for each credit, providing a high value per quarter at a time when most arcade games were much more expensive than they had been in the past. Reviewing the Neo Geo home version, GamePro remarked that the character selection is massive, but very unbalanced, and that most of the new characters are "goofy looking" and underpowered compared to the other fighters. They nonetheless concluded that "The King of Fighters is the very best non-Shodown game available for the Neo Geo, and it's one of the most playable fighting games ever", citing enjoyable gameplay additions such as the dodge move and juggle combos.
In a review of the Virtual Console release, Lucas M. Thomas of IGN praised KOF '94 for its graphics, including fluid animation and vibrant colors, but concluded that buyers might be better off waiting for the improved sequels to arrive on the Virtual Console. According to IGN's Jeremy Dunham, the game "was essentially a cross between Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting," with a faster control response. He added commented that the creation of three-on-three battles was an advanced feature for a game from 1994 and the idea of 'borrowing' characters from other games from the company was also innovative. Reviewing the Virtual Console release, Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer identified the use of characters from multiple franchises and the Team Battle Mode as the most distinctive points. He concluded the game to be "a solid, technical fighting game that, like most SNK outings, skews more towards the hardcore player than the casual punching aficionado." According to Kyle Knight of Allgame, the graphics and sounds, while better than most games of the time, were subpar by SNK standards. He concluded The King of Fighters '94 is "a very good fighting game, but it lacks some refinements that would have made it great."
Electronic Gaming Monthly gave KOF '94 its Game of the Year awards in the categories "Best Fighting Game" and "Best Neo-Geo Game" of 1994; additionally, Mai Shiranui was awarded the title of "Hottest Game Babe" of the year. In Japan, the game was awarded the title of "Best Game of 1994" in the Eighth Annual Grand Prize by the arcade magazine Gamest, also placing first in the categories of "Best Competitive Fighting Game" and "Best Direction", fifth in "Best Graphics", and third in "Best VGM" (several characters from the game were also featured in their list of 1994's top 50, including Athena at #3, Kyo at #4, Yuri at #7, King at #8 and Mai at #10).
The game was acclaimed in a number of retrospective articles and top lists by several publications. G4 noted that The King of Fighters '94 was regarded by some fans as the "Street Fighter beater" and was unique due to its team system. Maximum similarly called it "the first beat-em-up to offer more than the Street Fighter series" and said that the game "helped spearhead the SNK renaissance". 1UP.com lauded the game for its large and well-balanced cast of characters, calling it "a hell of a cast in 1994". In 2010, UGO.com listed it among the Top 25 Fighting Games of All Time, while GamePlayBook ranked it as the seventh best 2D fighting game ever made. Complex writers ranked it as the eighth best fighting game of all time in 2011, as well as the eleventh all-time best SNK fighting game in 2012, commenting that "the unique team selection and elimination style matches of the series made their origin in this great '90s fighter."
Next Generation reviewed the Neo-Geo version of the game, and stated that "Every fighting fan should take a look at this one either in the arcades or in the home."
References
External links
Entry on The King of Fighters 10th anniversary official website
The King of Fighters '94: Re-bout official website
The King of Fighters '94 Virtual Console edition official website
1994 video games
2D fighting games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
Neo Geo games
Cancelled Xbox games
Censored video games
Neo Geo CD games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Network games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
The King of Fighters games
Video games scored by Masahiko Hataya
Video games set in China
Video games set in Brazil
Video games set in England
Video games set in Italy
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Korea
Video games set in Mexico
Video games set in the United States
Virtual Console games
Xbox One games
D4 Enterprise games
Video games developed in Japan
Hamster Corporation games
Multiplayer and single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%20of%20Fighters%20%2794 |
is a 1994 fighting arcade game developed and published by ADK with the assistance of SNK. It was originally released for the Neo Geo MVS arcade cabinet on April 26, 1994. It is the sequel to the 1993 fighting arcade game World Heroes 2, as well as the third title of the World Heroes series.
It was followed by a sequel released over a year later titled World Heroes Perfect.
Gameplay
World Heroes 2 Jet shares many elements with its predecessor, such as the same three out of four button layout ("A" to punch, "B" to kick, and "C" to either throw or "Challenge", which is taunting), movements and motion commands performed using an 8-way joystick. New additions include three new characters and new and modified moves and fighting statistics added to the playable characters returning from the first two World Heroes titles. Also, the word "Jet" in the title not only refers to faster movement, but also the ability to perform forward and backward dashing. Another new addition is when two attacks hit each other, they will rebound. The "Normal Game" and "Death Match" modes are replaced by "Entry to the tournament" and "The FORGING OF WARRIORS":
In "Entry to the tournament", the objective is to first face four groups that have three opponents per group, and defeat at least two out of three opponents per group. Second, the player must defeat Captain Kidd in at least two of three rounds. Third, the player must defeat Hanzou the same way. Finally, the player must defeat Zeus' henchmen Jack and Ryofu before defeating Zeus himself.
In "The FORGING OF WARRIORS", the player selects an opponent to fight against. Each battle against a character, like in most fighting games at the time of its release, requires the player to win two out of three rounds to completely win against the opponent. If the timer runs out before anyone is knocked out, the competitor with fuller lifebars wins. Once the player wins or loses, the player returns to the "Player Select" and "Enemy Select" screens. However, after winning against four opponents in a row, the game ends. This is the only mode in which two players can play against each other. Depending on what CPU-controlled opponent or second player's character is chosen, the stage both players will fight on will be the second character's stage from World Heroes 2; however, for characters introduced in World Heroes 2 Jet, the battle would take place on their stages exclusively shown in this mode.
Plot
After the defeat of both Dio and Neo Geegus at the end of World Heroes 2, the world was saved from the threatening danger and that the 14 fighters who had participated in the World Heroes tournament had returned to their own respective time periods. However, one year later, the 14 fighters had received invitations to a new fighting tournament known as the World Heroes Battle Fest and that this tournament would take place over the next five days in different parts of the world, being watched by millions of fighting fans. Surprisingly, the 14 fighters learn that Dr. Brown is not the one who is sponsoring the tournament, but rather, a mysterious millionaire who is known simply as Mr. Z to the public. As the 14 fighters prepare themselves for the World Heroes Battle Fest, all of them have no clue or idea that Mr. Z has his own callous ambition for world domination and with the assistance of his two loyal servants, he vows to eliminate anyone who dares to get in his ruthless way.
Characters
New characters are marked below in bold:
Ports and related releases
World Heroes 2 Jet was later ported to the Neo Geo AES in both Japan and North America on June 10, 1994, which is the same as the Neo Geo MVS version like nearly every AES versions of Neo Geo titles. World Heroes 2 Jet was later ported to the Neo Geo CD exclusively in Japan by ADK on November 11, 1994. Outside of SNK's platforms, it became the first and only title of the series to receive a port on a handheld, which was reprogrammed by Betop and published by Takara for the Nintendo Game Boy with Super Game Boy features added to it, as well as characters being super deformed due to the handheld platform's screen being small. This port was first released in Japan as on February 24, 1995, as part of Takara's series of Game Boy conversions of arcade fighting games that mostly include Neo-Geo fighting games and Battle Arena Toshinden. The Game Boy port was later released in North America by Playmates Interactive the same year in August, but without "Nettou" added to the title.
On October 18, 2007, SNK Playmore added it along with its predecessors and successor to the arcade game compilation in Japan for the PlayStation 2. It was later published in North America on March 11, 2008, and in Europe on November 7, 2008, both titled as World Heroes Anthology. This compilation was reprinted as part of a series of best-sellers subtitled "The Best" in Japan on June 18, 2009. It was also released in the Wii Virtual Console.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed World Heroes 2 Jet on their June 1, 1994 issue as being the third most-successful table arcade unit of the month. In North America, RePlay reported World Heroes 2 Jet to be the fifth most-popular arcade game at the time. Play Meter also listed the game to be the twenty-eighth most-popular arcade game at the time.
On release, Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Neo Geo version their "Game of the Month" and "Editors' Choice Gold" awards, citing the sharp graphics, stereo sound, improved controls, and large number of added features. Reviewing the Neo Geo version, GamePro praised the added tournament mode and new moves but criticized the absence of death match mode and the slow-paced gameplay, concluding that "Even though Jet has more depth than previous Heroes, it's still missing the defining elements of an SF II-quality game, such as a true four-button configuration, ... tightly balanced game play, and extremely likable characters."
Electronic Gaming Monthly and GamePro both gave the Game Boy version rave reviews, with EGM reviewer Sushi-X commenting, "I could not believe a fighting game would ever work for the portables, but this one does." Both magazines cited the sounds as the one weak point, and particularly applauded the inclusion of all the characters, the attractiveness of the graphics, and the responsiveness of the controls.
Notes
References
External links
Official sites
World Heroes at SNK Playmore
World Heroes series at NBC Museum of SNK Playmore
General resources
World Heroes 2 Jet at arcade-history
World Heroes 2 Jet at Jap-Sai
1994 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
ADK (company) games
Arcade video games
D4 Enterprise games
Fighting games
2D fighting games
Game Boy games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
Playmates Interactive games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Network games
SNK Playmore games
Takara video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Hideki Yamamoto
Video games scored by Hiroaki Shimizu
Video games scored by Yuka Watanabe
Video games set in Germany
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Korea
Video games set in Spain
Video games set in the United States
Virtual Console games
Windows games
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Heroes%202%20Jet |
Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory is a 1995 head-to-head fighting game released by SNK for the Neo-Geo arcade and home platforms. It is the fourth game in the Fatal Fury series after Fatal Fury Special (which was an updated version of Fatal Fury 2). Console versions of Fatal Fury 3 were released for the Neo Geo CD, Sega Saturn, Windows-based computers and on the Wii Virtual Console. The game is also included in the compilation Fatal Fury Battle Archives Volume 1 for the PlayStation 2.
Gameplay
Fatal Fury 3 retains the format and controls of the previous game in the series, Fatal Fury Special. However, the two-plane battle stages have been revamped into a three-plane format known as the Oversway System. The player fights primarily in the middle plane or the main plane, but can move or "oversway" into either of the sway lines at the background (LP+LK) or foreground (LK+HP). When the player performs an attack in a sway plane (or an Oversway Attack), their character will return to the main plane. Likewise, the player can attack an opponent who is in a Sway Plane with an Anti-Oversway Attack. The player can also do a "Quick Sway" to avoid an attack, leaving the opponent vulnerable to a regular attack.
Other new techniques introduced in this installment includes controlling the height of the character's jump, block an opponent's attack at mid-air (Air Guard), and a new type of combo techniques known as Combination Arts, allowing the player to cancel a specific series (which varies between characters) of regular attacks from one to the other. In addition to the regular Special Moves, and the Super Special Moves which can only be performed when the life gauge is flashing red, each character also has a "Hidden Ability", which is a stronger version of a Super Special Move. A Hidden Ability occurs once in every 1024 chances whenever the player inputs the command for the character's Super Special Move. A Hidden Ability can also be used by activating "Super Mode" before a match using a secret code. The player then enters a specific command for the Hidden Ability when the life gauge is flashing red. Unlike Super Special Moves, a Hidden Ability can only be used once per round.
Fatal Fury 3 also features a Fighting Level system when fighting against the computer. When the player completes a round, their performance is graded from E to S. The final opponents the player faces at the end of the Single Player Mode is determined then by the player's average.
The player will have a choice among four characters as their first opponent (Joe, Mary, Bob, and Franco). After the first four opponents are defeated, the player will fight against Ryuji Yamazaki for a plot-based match in which the player must win only one round. The player will then proceed to fight against Mai, Andy, Hon-Fu, Sokaku, Terry, and Geese, in that order, before fighting Yamazaki again for a full match. Depending on the grade average, the game will either end against Yamazaki, or the player will fight against either, or both, of the Jin twins, starting with Chon Shu and ending with Chon Rei.
Plot
Three years have passed since Terry Bogard had defeated Wolfgang Krauser and won the second "King of Fighters" tournament. Ever since then, Terry has traveled throughout the world, meeting new friends and battling many opponents along the way. Upon returning home to South Town, Terry rendezvouses with his young brother Andy and his good friends Joe and Mai at the grand opening of the Pao Pao Cafe 2 that's being headed by Richard Meyer and his capoeira apprentice Bob Wilson. During the opening, Joe explains to Terry a disturbing rumor that he had gotten from Cheng Sinzan via a private message in that Geese Howard is supposedly alive, having survived his fatal fall from his personal tower four years prior and faking his death to the public so that he could slowly recover in secret and plan his revenge against Terry, who had defeated him in the first "King of Fighters" tournament. Upon hearing and learning of this, Terry and his friends set out to confirm on whether or not Geese is still alive, not knowing that their personal investigation is only a small part of a bigger threat which involves a dangerous Japanese criminal, two young Chinese orphans, and three sacred scrolls that could easily endanger South Town and the rest of the world.
Fighters
Returning fighters:
Terry Bogard (v.b. Satoshi Hashimoto)
Andy Bogard (v.b. Keiichi Nanba)
Joe Higashi (v.b. Nobuyuki Hiyama)
Mai Shiranui (v.b. Akoya Sogi)
Geese Howard (v.b. Kong Kuwata)
New fighters:
Sokaku Mochizuki (v.b. Kōji Ishii) - a Japanese Buddhist monk whose clan are the sworn enemies of the Shiranui school.
Bob Wilson (v.b. Toshiyuki Morikawa) - a capoeira master from Brazil who is employed as a waiter by Richard Meyer.
Hon-Fu (v.b. Toshiyuki Morikawa) - a nunchaku-wielding cop from Hong Kong who has come to South Town in order to find and arrest Yamazaki.
Blue Mary (v.b. Harumi Ikoma) - a blonde-haired female agent who uses combat sambo and is Terry's love interest.
Franco Bash (v.b. B. J. Love) - an Italian American kickboxer who is fighting to rescue and save his kidnapped young son from Yamazaki.
Bosses:
Ryuji Yamazaki (v.b. Kōji Ishii) - a dangerous Japanese criminal who fights with one hand in his pocket.
Jin Chonshu (v.b. by Kappei Yamaguchi) - a young Chinese orphan boy who is seeking the Sacred Scrolls of the Jin.
Jin Chonrei (v.b. Kappei Yamaguchi) - Chonshu's elder twin brother, who aids and assists his young twin brother as both his personal protector and bodyguard.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory on their May 1, 1995 issue as being the second most-popular arcade game at the time. According to Famitsu, the AES version sold over 34,810 copies in its first week on the market.
On release, Famicom Tsūshin scored the Neo Geo version of the game a 32 out of 40. The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly scored it a 7.675 out of 10. They had widely varied reactions to the game, and two of them remarked that it lacked the "feel" of a Fatal Fury game, but all four rated it as a very playable fighting game which is worth at least trying in the arcade. While acknowledging that Fatal Fury fans might be disappointed by the reduced roster of fighters, GamePro praised the new third fighting plane and ranking system, and concluded that "Instead of simply adding more fighters, FF3 does more with fewer fighters (hidden moves and so on) and a unique method of gameplay." They gave the Neo Geo CD a generally positive review as well, remarking that Bob and Franco are "uninteresting" new characters but praising the detailed stages, the controls, and the modifications to Mai's Swan Dive attack.
In a retrospective review, Maximum highly praised the game's adaptation of combos and special moves, and argued that if it were not for the difficulty in executing super power moves, Fatal Fury 3 would have become the leading action game in the arcades. They gave it 4 out of 5 stars.
Next Generation reviewed the Neo-Geo version of the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "The players are all able, even if just for a few seconds, to slip out of the line of fire either to avoid enemy attack or to set up for an offensive move. Beyond this feature the game is standard fare."
Notes
References
External links
GAMEBANK page
Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory at GameFAQs
Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory at Giant Bomb
Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory at Killer List of Videogames
Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory at MobyGames
1995 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
D4 Enterprise games
Fatal Fury
Fighting games
Kinesoft games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
Nintendo Switch games
NuFX games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Network games
Sega Saturn games
SIMS Co., Ltd. games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
Video games scored by Masahiko Hataya
Virtual Console games
Windows games
Video games developed in Japan
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games
CyberFront games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal%20Fury%203%3A%20Road%20to%20the%20Final%20Victory |
The Last Blade 2 is a video game developed and released by SNK in 1998. Like its predecessor, The Last Blade, it is a weapons-based versus fighting game originally released to arcades via the Neo Geo MVS arcade system, although it has since been released for various other platforms.
Gameplay
Gameplay elements remain the same as their predecessor with some minor adjustments. An "EX" mode was added to play, which is a combination of "Speed" and "Power". The mood is grimmer than its predecessor through the introduction to the game. The characters are colored slightly darker, and the game's cut-scenes are made longer to emphasize the importance of the plot. Characters are no longer equal, hosting greater differences in strengths and weaknesses than before.
Plot
The game is set one year after the events of the first game. Long before humanity existed, death was an unknown, equally distant concept. The "Messenger from Afar" was born when death first came to the world. With time, the Sealing Rite was held to seal Death behind Hell's Gate. At that time, two worlds were born, one near and one far, beginning the history of life and death. Half a year has passed since Suzaku's madness, and the underworld is still linked by a great portal. Our world has been called upon. Legends of long ago told of the sealing of the boundary between the two worlds. The Sealing Rite would be necessary to hold back the spirits of that far away world.
Characters
Three new characters were introduced:
Hibiki Takane: daughter of a famed swordsmith, she is searching for the silver-haired man that requested the final blade her father would ever make.
Setsuna: a being believed to be the "Messenger from Afar", he requested a blade to be forged by Hibiki's father and is out to slay the Sealing Maiden.
Kojiroh Sanada: Shinsengumi captain of Unit Zero; investigating the Hell's Portal. Kojiroh is actually Kaori, his sister, who assumed his identity after his death to carry on his work.
Home versions
The Last Blade 2 was made available for various consoles, including SNK's own Neo Geo AES and Neo Geo CD. The Neo Geo CD version includes an extra quiz mode, voiced cutscenes, and a gallery section featuring art from both Last Blade titles. Most of these additional features were also included with the Dreamcast port titled The Last Blade 2: Heart of the Samurai, released in 2001. The Neo Geo CD and Dreamcast versions added an additional character named Musashi Akatsuki, the sub-boss from the first game.
The Last Blade 2 was subsequently bundled with the original Last Blade for a PlayStation 2 compilation released only in Japan; both games are arcade perfect emulations of the original games and do not contain additions from the other console versions. At PlayStation Experience 2015, SNK Playmore announced PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita versions of The Last Blade 2 developed by Code Mystics.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed The Last Blade 2 on their December 15, 1998 issue as being the second most popular arcade game at the time. According to Famitsu, the Neo Geo CD sold over 9,379 copies in its first week on the market. Blake Fischer reviewed the Dreamcast version of the game for Next Generation, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "A unique 2D fighter for Dreamcast which is a welcome break from the plethora of Street Fighter variants we've seen in the States. Too bad you'll have to track down an import to play." In 2012, GamesRadar+ included Last Blade 2 among the little-known classic fighting games that deserve HD remakes, calling it "one of the Neo Geo’s prettiest, deepest fighters."
Notes
References
External links
The Last Blade 2 at GameFAQs
The Last Blade 2 at Giant Bomb
The Last Blade 2 at Killer List of Videogames
The Last Blade 2 at MobyGames
1998 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
Dreamcast games
D4 Enterprise games
Neo Geo CD games
Neo Geo games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
Fighting games
2D fighting games
Video game sequels
Video games with cross-platform play
Virtual Console games
Windows games
Xbox One games
Video games developed in Japan
Code Mystics games
Hamster Corporation games
Agetec games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20Blade%202 |
Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers (リアルバウト餓狼伝説2 THE NEWCOMERS) is a 1998 fighting game developed by SNK for the Neo Geo platform. It is the seventh game in the Fatal Fury series and the third game in the Real Bout sub-series, following Real Bout Fatal Fury and Real Bout Fatal Fury Special. The game uses the same graphics as Real Bout Special, but returns to the same fighting system from the original Real Bout. It was later included in Fatal Fury Battle Archives Vol. 2, a compilation released for the PlayStation 2. In March 2017, this compilation was re-released in the PlayStation Store on PlayStation 4
Gameplay
Real Bout 2 revamps the two-line battle system from Real Bout Special. Instead of fighting in either two lines, the player is now forced to fight in a main line, while the second line is a "sway line" used to avoid attacks (similar to the original Real Bout). The one-line trap stages, last seen in Fatal Fury Special, also return.
Characters
The character roster from Real Bout Special returns, including Geese Howard, who is now a normally selectable character, and serves as one of the standard final bosses, alternating with Wolfgang Krauser. However, the extra versions of Andy, Billy, Mary, and Tung are gone. Two new characters are introduced: Li Xiangfei, a Chinese American waitress; and Rick Strowd, a Native American boxer. The game also features biplane pilot Alfred (who would later be the protagonist from Real Bout Fatal Fury Special: Dominated Mind, the PlayStation version of Real Bout Special) as a secret final boss.
Development
Release
Neo-Geo version was released on April 29, 1998 in Japan and North America, while the Neo-Geo CD port was released only in Japan a couple of months later (July 23).
Real Bout 2 is also included in the compilation Fatal Fury: Battle Archives Vol. 2 for the PlayStation 2 2007年2月22日発売. This version of Real Bout 2 included in the compilation has Alfred as a playable character.
The Neo-Geo version was ported to the Wii Virtual Console in Japan on June 19, 2012 and in Europe on October 4. In North America, Nintendo accidentally set the release date of March 27, 2008 on the official game page at the Nintendo site when the game was released on September 27.
Fatal Fury: First Contact, a game loosely based on Real Bout 2, was released for the Neo Geo Pocket Color in 1999. This version adds a new character named Lao, who is only playable in the game's Versus mode, while removing a number of characters from the arcade.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers on their May 1, 1998 issue as being the most-popular arcade game at the time. According to Famitsu, the Neo Geo CD version sold over 11,821 copies in its first week on the market.
Notes
References
External links
Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers at GameFAQs
Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers at Giant Bomb
Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers at Killer List of Videogames
Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers at MobyGames
1998 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
D4 Enterprise games
Fatal Fury
Fighting games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
Video games set in Thailand
Virtual Console games
Windows games
Video games set in the United States
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in South Korea
Video games set in China
Video games set in Hong Kong
Video games set in Germany
Video games developed in Japan
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games
ja:リアルバウト餓狼伝説#リアルバウト餓狼伝説2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20Bout%20Fatal%20Fury%202%3A%20The%20Newcomers |
Samurai Shodown V Special is the ninth entry in SNK's Samurai Shodown series of fighting games. It is an upgraded version of the game Samurai Shodown V and is the last official game for the Neo Geo platform. A further upgraded version of the game called Samurai Shodown V Perfect was location-tested in late 2004, but not officially released until it was included in the Samurai Shodown NeoGeo Collection in 2020.
Gameplay
The essential mechanics remained largely unchanged from previous games, with the update being directed towards graphical and audio changes. The updated visuals include portraits by artist Satoshi Ito, which convey a dark atmosphere similar to that of Samurai Shodown III.
A significant number of changes exist between Samurai Shodown V and Samurai Shodown V Special. Among them, the characters Sankuro and Yumeji were replaced with Samurai Shodown boss, Amakusa Shiro Tokisada, and Samurai Shodown III boss, Zankuro Minazuki. Also, the hidden character Poppy was replaced with Samurai Shodown II boss, Mizuki Rashojin, and was playable without the need of a hidden code. In addition to the roster change, many graphics and sound changes were made to give the game a fresh feel, even though most of the returning characters used their old voices, dating from Samurai Shodown IV. Existing Samurai Shodown V character stages were modified, and new stages were made for the arrival of Amakusa, Zankuro, and Mizuki.
This game also received many gameplay tweaks, making this version much more balanced than its predecessor. However, the biggest gameplay change was the introduction of the Zetsumei Ougi, or the Overkill Move. When performed correctly, it instantly ends the match for its victim, regardless of how much life he/she has remaining. This concept is similar to that of the Guilty Gear series, except that the conditions for the move are much stricter. The character must be in a rage, and the opponent's life must be below the point where they could have entered Concentration One, introduced in Samurai Shodown V as a special slow-motion mode powered up by meditating (holding D while standing still). The start-up motion is the same for each character, but if it hits the attacking character, it can finish off their victim in their own unique fashion.
In addition to the overkill moves, generic fatality effects from Samurai Shodown IV were brought back for this game, such as being slashed in half horizontally. New fatality effects were also added, such as being split in half vertically with the victim drenching their opponent in blood. In addition, Nakoruru and Rimururu, who were both made "immune" to fatal effects in Samurai Shodown III and Samurai Shodown IV, are able to experience these fatal effects at the end of the match, and in some situations, they scream violently.
This combination of violent acts in Samurai Shodown V Special generated much controversy and resulted in SNKP censoring the Neo Geo AES cartridge shortly after the Sasebo slashing.
Plot
An ordained meeting of 28 fierce warriors begins, to precede a series of duels to the death. These individuals entrust their fates to their skill and their weapons. For those not up to the task, a cherished end in battle is their only hope.
The twenty-eight Samurai characters clash in one epic title.
Release
As the AES version of the game was approaching its release date on July 8, 2004, it was mysteriously delayed a week, moving its release date to the 15th. When it came out, the generic fatalities were removed and the Zetsumei Ougi was watered down to a loosely based version of the issen for the characters. This act of censorship affected the entire worldwide release, not just the non-Japanese speaking audience. Not only did these modifications censor the game, but the censorship also created bugs, such as that of the AES's exclusive training mode, and upon hearing fan outcry, SNK did a cart recall shortly after that which fixed the bugs brought about by the censoring acts, and also to partially restore the character specific Zetsumei Ougis. The acts of body splitting were still completely gone. This meant some of the Zetsumei Ougis made no sense. However, some of the more violent content still remained, such as the more violent death screams and being able to be smashed into a wall. The only way for players outside of an arcade to experience the Zetsumei Ougis was either through emulation or to get an unfixed version of the game and apply Razoola's Universe Bios to it, which allows access to the uncensored versions of the moves and fixes the bugs that the censorship created.
Over a decade later, the game was released by SNK and Code Mystics for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita on September 12, 2017. The game is fully intact with the uncensored content in addition to settings to change the violence and blood in the Options mode. Unlike the previous Samurai Shodown V that receives a "T" rating, the upgraded version receives an "M" rating by the ESRB in North America. It also included online multiplayer modes, a Gallery mode featuring the artwork of the characters, trophies and ranking modes. It was released on PC on January 9, 2016 and Xbox One and Nintendo Switch
on April 18, 2019 through ACA NeoGeo series.
Samurai Shodown V Perfect featured a non-canon storyline that would tie in with Samurai Shodown VI, a dream match. Like the uncensored V Special, V Perfect retained the Zetsumei Ougis but removed the resulting body dismemberment and mutilations.
Notes
References
External links
Samurai Shodown V Special at GameFAQs
Samurai Shodown V Special at Giant Bomb
Samurai Shodown V Special at Killer List of Videogames
Samurai Shodown V Special at MobyGames
2004 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
Cancelled Xbox games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
Samurai Shodown video games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
2D fighting games
Video games about samurai
Video games set in the 18th century
Windows games
Xbox One games
Video games developed in Japan
Hamster Corporation games
Code Mystics games
Examu games
Dotemu games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai%20Shodown%20V%20Special |
Lyndall Ryan, (born 1943) is an Australian academic and historian. She has held positions in Australian studies and women's studies at Griffith University and Flinders University and was the foundation professor of Australian studies and head of the School of Humanities at the University of Newcastle from 1998 to 2005. She is currently a conjoint professor in the Centre for the History of Violence at the University of Newcastle.
Academic career
Ryan completed a PhD at Macquarie University in 1975, her thesis was titled "Aborigines in Tasmania, 1800–1974 and their problems with the Europeans".
Ryan's book The Aboriginal Tasmanians, first published in 1981, presented an interpretation of the early relations between Tasmanian Aborigines and white settlers in Tasmania. A second edition, published by Allen & Unwin in 1996, brought the story of the Tasmanian Aborigines in the 20th century up to date. Her work was later criticised by Keith Windschuttle who suggested there were discrepancies between Ryan's claims and her supporting evidence, thus drawing her into the "history wars". Ryan contested Windschuttle's claims in an essay entitled 'Who is the fabricator?' in Robert Manne's Whitewash: On Keith Windschuttle Fabrication of Aboriginal History published in 2003 and further addressed them in her book, Tasmanian Aborigines: A History Since 1803, published in 2012.
Colonial frontier massacres project
In 2017, Ryan and her team at the University of Newcastle released an on-line map showing more than 150 massacre sites in Eastern Australia. Within 6 months, the site was accessed more than sixty thousand times and has received coverage in Australia and also internationally. The on-line tool provides approximate locations, dates and other details of claimed massacres and provides corroborating sources. , the project claimed at least 270 frontier massacres had occurred over a period of 140 years starting in 1794. Ryan has suggested the map is an important step in acknowledging the extensive violence used against indigenous people in Australia's history.
Recognition
Ryan was awarded the 2018 Annual History Citation by the History Council of NSW for "her research and teaching in women's and Indigenous history, and her service to the profession in contributing to the development of Australian Studies and Women's Studies". She was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in November 2018, and appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the 2019 Australia Day Honours in recognition of her "significant service to higher education, particularly to Indigenous history and women's studies."
Bibliography
Books
Edited books
Reports
References
External links
Ryan, Lyndall (1943–, Australian Women's Register
'Colonial Frontier Massacres in Central and Eastern Australia 1788-1930' project and map
1943 births
Living people
20th-century Australian historians
20th-century Australian women writers
Australian women historians
Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
Academic staff of Flinders University
Academic staff of Griffith University
Historians of Australia
History of Indigenous Australians
Macquarie University alumni
Members of the Order of Australia
Academic staff of the University of Newcastle (Australia)
University of Sydney alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndall%20Ryan |
Charles A. Hepburn (1891 – 16 July 1971) was a Scottish businessman, a joint founder, along with Herbert Ross, of the Hepburn and Ross whisky blending company, which was the first to blend the popular Red Hackle whisky (blended today by Lang Brothers). The prosperity that Hepburn and Ross' enterprise brought Charles Hepburn allowed him to become a well known Glasgow patron of the arts, with him amassing a large collection of literature and books in particular. He also collected various paintings, furniture, arms and armour, as well as oriental rugs.
He became a benefactor to the University of Glasgow, for which he was given an honorary doctorate in law in 1964. He was also involved with the Glasgow Zoo (as was his colleague Herbert Ross), of which he became president. He is widely credited for reviving the fortunes of the zoo in the late 1950s and early 1960s by renovating it and donating some of his own money to this end.
Hepburn died on 16 July 1971. He bequeathed to Glasgow University a large number of books and manuscripts, some 300 in total, which are now held there as the Hepburn Bequest. He also left a house to the university, which is now known as Hepburn House, and fittingly, given Hepburn's commitment to the arts, houses the university's History of Art Department.
External links
Glasgow University Library on Hepburn and his donations to the library
Scottish philanthropists
20th-century Scottish businesspeople
People associated with Glasgow
1891 births
1971 deaths
Scottish art collectors
Scottish book and manuscript collectors
People associated with the University of Glasgow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20A.%20Hepburn |
Rebecca Ann Quinn Dussault (born November 14, 1980) is an American cross-country skier who was born and raised in Gunnison, Colorado. She is married with five children. She participated in the 2006 Winter Olympics and was featured on EWTN's Life on the Rock Catholic TV show for her zeal of her faith and her active Catholic lifestyle.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
World Championship results
World Cup
Season standings
References
External links
Dussault Skis Website
Rebecca's U.S. Olympic Team bio
Rebecca's Life on the Rock Interview (Audio Stream)
1980 births
Living people
People from Gunnison, Colorado
American female cross-country skiers
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic cross-country skiers for the United States
Catholics from Colorado
21st-century American sportswomen
20th-century American sportswomen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca%20Dussault |
Rushen ( ; ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man.
It is located in the south of the island (part of the traditional South Side division) and consists of the three historic parishes of Arbory, Malew and (Kirk Christ) Rushen.
Administratively, the sheading of Rushen also includes the town of Castletown and the village districts of Port Erin and Port St Mary.
Other settlements in the sheading include Ballabeg, Colby and Ronague (all in the parish of Arbory), Ballasalla, Derbyhaven and St Mark's (all in the parish of Malew), and Cregneash in the parish of Rushen.
MHKs and elections
Since 2016, when it was reduced from a three-member seat to a two-member seat, the House of Keys constituency of Rushen covers the historical parish of Rushen (as above) with some minor departures from the historical parish boundary.
See also
Local government in the Isle of Man
Sheadings of the Isle of Man | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushen%20%28sheading%29 |
Jill Bakken (born January 25, 1977) is an American Olympic bobsledder who has competed since 1994. As the driver, she and partner Vonetta Flowers won the gold medal in Bobsleigh at the 2002 Winter Olympics for the U.S. Bakken's best Bobsleigh World Cup season finish was second in the two-woman event in 1999–2000. Bakken was a Specialist in the Utah Army National Guard and sponsored by the Army World Class Athlete Program at the time she won gold.
Bakken is a graduate of Lake Washington High School and an alumna of Eastern Washington University, transferring there in 2005. She has also attended the University of Utah and Oregon State University, playing one season of soccer as a defender at the latter.
Bakken is now a driving coach for the Canadian bobsleigh team and is married to Florian Linder who is also a coach for the Canadian bobsled team.
References
External links
Bobsleigh two-woman Olympic medalists since 2002
CNNSi.com February 20, 2002 article on Bakken and Flowers victory in the two-woman event.
ESPN.com February 19, 2002 article on Bakken's gold.
FIBT profile
1977 births
Living people
American female bobsledders
American military Olympians
Bobsledders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Eastern Washington University alumni
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in bobsleigh
Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon
United States Army soldiers
University of Utah alumni
Utah National Guard personnel
Sportspeople from Kirkland, Washington
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
American women's soccer players
Soccer players from Oregon
Women's association football defenders
Oregon State Beavers women's soccer players
U.S. Army World Class Athlete Program | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill%20Bakken |
Rodolfo Fernandez (December 5, 1947 – January 2, 2022), commonly known as Rudy and referred to as the "Iron Man of Asia", was a multi-awarded, one-legged Filipino triathlete from Iloilo who had finished a degree in Physical Education at the University of Baguio.
Sports career
Fernandez competed in running, swimming, and cycling and was a member of the national team for running from 1972 to 1976. After his leg amputation in 1978, Fernandez continued to join triathlon competitions. He prided himself in always finishing the race despite the obvious handicap and won numerous medals in national and international competitions. He was also a participant in an athletic competition in early 2005 held in Singapore.
In 1996, Fernandez attracted attention by swimming the 28-mile Iloilo Strait from Guimaras to Iloilo in eight hours, beating Terry Fox's record who swam across the English Channel, which earned him the moniker "The Iron Man of Asia".
Also in 1996, Reader’s Digest dubbed him as one of Asia's "Heroes of Today".
Fernandez became a torchbearer for two multi-sport events: the 2001 SEA Games, and the Palarong Pambansa 2005 (Philippine National Games). He was also active in philanthropy and was supporting a charity that aids youth, especially those with physical disabilities and the differently-abled. This became his motivation in joining Pinoy Big Brother.
Pinoy Big Brother
Fernandez was a housemate of ABS-CBN's Pinoy Big Brother (PBB): Celebrity Edition 1 with Good Shepherd's Fold Academy Orphanage as his chosen charity. His fellow housemates initially thought he was physically weak due to the amputation. However, they were not aware that he was given a clean bill of health by the show's doctors prior to entering the house. At 58 years old, his blood pressure was still at 120/80.
He was called "Tatay Rudy" by the housemates as he was the father figure of the other housemates. Big Brother and the fans refer to him as "Mang Rudy," out of their respect for his status and age. He was the oldest contestant, both in the Celebrity edition and in Pinoy Big Brother history. He was the first housemate to be officially evicted from the house on Day 21 (February 25, 2006). When he left, he gave away key chains to his fellow housemates as tokens of remembrance.
While in the house, the housemate he was most comfortable with was Gretchen Malalad and Mich Dulce. Fellow housemate Zanjoe Marudo had made a trademark quote on him saying, "Ang Iron Man, nag-joke na naman" ("The Iron Man is joking again") because of the corny jokes Fernandez cracks while laughing to himself. Fernandez had also given good advice to the other housemates before he left the house.
Post PBB and later activities
Fernandez was still active in triathlon competitions after his stint in Pinoy Big Brother and even won a number of awards including the 2nd Capiz International Triathlon (TriAksyon) in 2018.
Personal life
Fernandez was born in the town of Ajuy, Iloilo and raised in the premises of Good Shepherd's Fold Academy at Buenavista, Guimaras where he was once nicknamed "Dingky" as a child.
He had an amputation at the thigh of his right leg. The amputation was due to a grenade explosion at the former Alegro Theater in Iloilo City in July 1978 which also cost the life of his then 16-year-old brother-in-law who was sitting next to him at the movie theater. He began using a mechanical hydraulic prosthetic leg in the 1980s.
Fernandez was married to a midwife named Melba, with whom he had three sons, with the first names all ending in "itz" (Spitz, Fritz, and Ritz). He taught physical education at the Western Institute of Technology in Iloilo City. Biking was still part of his daily routine when he had no schedule for competition or whenever he was in his hometown.
Death
Fernandez died on January 2, 2022, at Western Visayas Medical Center in Iloilo City, aged 74, due to natural causes. He was reportedly hospitalized on December 29, 2021, when he was not able to fully recuperate after he suffered a mild stroke while cycling at Zarraga, Iloilo on December 26, 2021. His remains were laid to rest at White Haven Memorial Park in the town of Zarraga on January 8, 2022. The Iloilo provincial government later gave a "posthumous plaque of recognition" to Fernandez which was received by his son Fritz.
References
External links
Mang Rudy... A Hero, A Celebrity, Our very own
Rudy Fernandez: An inspiration to athletes
Filipino amputees
Filipino male triathletes
Amputee category Paralympic competitors
Sportspeople from Iloilo
Pinoy Big Brother contestants
University of Baguio alumni
Visayan people
1947 births
2022 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy%20Fernandez%20%28triathlete%29 |
Amy Lee Nixon (born September 29, 1977) is a Canadian retired curler and lawyer from Calgary, Alberta. She was a member of the bronze medal-winning 2006 Winter Olympic women's curling team, skipped by Shannon Kleibrink. Nixon was also the chair of the board of governors of Curling Canada from 2021 to 2022.
Curling career
Nixon began curling competitively at fourteen. Her first notable success was being a gold medal-winning skip at the Saskatchewan Winter Games in 1994, which she followed up with a 10th-place finish at the 1995 Canada Games. She would later move to Alberta, where she was the runner-up at the 1998 provincial junior championship, losing the Alberta final to Bronwen Saunders.
Nixon was a member of the Shannon Kleibrink mixed curling team that represented Alberta at the 2003 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship. It was the first time ever that a woman (Kleibrink) skipped a team at the Canadian Mixed. The team had Nixon (who threw second stones), hold the broom for Kleibrink's shots, allowing both male team members to sweep Kleibrink's stones, a unique advantage for the team. At the 2003 Mixed, the team made it to the final, where they lost to Nova Scotia's Paul Flemming rink.
Nixon joined Kleibrink's women's team in 2003. The team found success in their first season together, winning the Alberta Hearts, and representing Alberta at the 2004 Scott Tournament of Hearts, where they went 6–5.
As a third for Kleibrink, Nixon shared in several successes in the women's game, including winning the Canada Cup in 2005 and 2009, and the 2005 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials. The team represented Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, where they won the bronze medal. In addition to the 2004 Hearts, the team also represented Alberta at the 2008 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, where they were runners-up and at the 2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, finishing with a 6–5 record.
After the Kleibrink rink lost in the B final of the 2012 Alberta Scotties Tournament of Hearts, Nixon was added as the alternate on the winning Heather Nedohin team after the event. The team represented Alberta at the 2012 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, which they won. They then went on to represent Canada at the 2012 World Women's Curling Championship, where they won the bronze medal. At the end of the 2011–2012 curling season, Nixon announced she would leave team Kleibrink, effective at the end of the 2012 Pomeroy Inn & Suites Prairie Showdown, to form her own team.
After a few seasons skipping her own team, and one season playing for Nedohin, Nixon joined the Chelsea Carey rink in 2015. The team won the 2016 Alberta Hearts and the 2016 Scotties Tournament of Hearts for Alberta. They then represented Canada at the 2016 World Women's Curling Championship, where they finished in 4th place. As defending champions, they represented Team Canada at the 2017 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. There, they ended up finishing third. After the event, Nixon announced her retirement from competitive curling.
Personal life
At the age of four she moved with her family to Regina, Saskatchewan, where she grew up. She moved to Calgary in 1995, where she now resides. Nixon is an alumnus of the University of Calgary with three degrees in kinesiology, women's studies and law. She was admitted to the Alberta bar in November 2006. Nixon has been employed at Mount Royal University since 2011, and has been a university solicitor there since 2017. She is married to Mike Westlund and has one child. Nixon's father, Daryl, was the coach of the 2006 Olympic women's curling team.
Nixon was elected as Chair of Curling Canada's Board of Governors in June 2021, replacing Mitch Minken who stepped down for personal reasons. She was re-elected a few months later to begin a full two-year term.
Grand Slam record
Former events
Teams
Notes
References
http://thechronicleherald.ca/sports/1196435-truro-s-iskiw-taking-year-off-curling
http://www.curling.ca/blog/2012/01/16/featured-curling-athlete-amy-nixon/
External links
1977 births
Living people
Curlers from Calgary
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Canadian women curlers
Lawyers in Alberta
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Olympic curlers for Canada
Olympic medalists in curling
Curlers from Saskatoon
Curlers from Regina, Saskatchewan
Canadian women lawyers
Canadian women's curling champions
Continental Cup of Curling participants
Canada Cup (curling) participants
Curling Canada presidents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy%20Nixon |
Ned Dixon "Dickie" Hemric (August 29, 1933 – August 3, 2017) was an American collegiate and professional basketball player for Wake Forest University (1952–1955) and the NBA's Boston Celtics (1955–1957).
Hemric played the first two college years at Wake Forest when the school was a member of the Southern Conference. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) Male Athlete of the Year was created at the start of the 1954 season, and he played his last two seasons in the ACC, setting conference records for scoring and rebounding that were untouched for the first 50 years of the conference's existence. He was honored as the second recipient of the ACC Athlete of the Year in 1955. In 2002 Hemric was selected to the ACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball team, honoring the 50 greatest players in ACC history.
Hemric's ACC scoring record of 2,587 points was untouched from 1956 until it was finally broken in 2006 by Duke University's JJ Redick and in 2009 by Tyler Hansbrough of the University of North Carolina. Hemric held the NCAA record for free throws made in a career with 905 for 54 years until it was passed by Hansbrough. Hemric still holds the Division I record for most free throw attempts (1,359) in a career.
Hemric's ACC record of 1,802 career rebounds may never face a serious challenge - for four decades the nearest runner-up was his contemporary Ronnie Shavlik who is now third on the list with 1,567 rebounds from 1954 to 1956. Second is legendary NBA power forward Tim Duncan, who pulled down 1,570 rebounds at Wake Forest from 1994 to 1997. With most of today's elite ACC players leaving for the NBA before completing four seasons, it is difficult to project a scenario in which Hemric's record could ever be broken. Nationally Hemric is still fifth all-time in Division I career rebounds.
Hemric died on August 3, 2017, at his home in North Canton, Ohio, nearly four weeks shy of his 84th birthday.
Career statistics
NBA
Source
Regular season
Playoffs
See also
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career free throw scoring leaders
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career rebounding leaders
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 2000 points and 1000 rebounds
References
1933 births
2017 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from North Carolina
Boston Celtics draft picks
Boston Celtics players
People from Jonesville, North Carolina
People from North Canton, Ohio
Sportspeople from Stark County, Ohio
Power forwards (basketball)
Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickie%20Hemric |
The following is a list of Australians who have attained general officer rank within the Australian Army; that is, officers who have held the rank of field marshal (five-star rank), general (four-star rank), lieutenant general (three-star rank), major general (two-star rank) or brigadier general (one-star rank).
Ranks
The senior Australian Army ranks are:
Senior Officer: brigadier.
General: brigadier general, major general, lieutenant general, general.
Marshal: field marshal.
Field marshals
Generals
The rank of general is the most senior active rank in the Australian Army. Only the five-star rank of field marshal is higher, but it is reserved for exceptional circumstances and only Sir Thomas Blamey (1951) has attained the rank in a non-ceremonial capacity. There are currently no appointments in the Australian Defence Force (ADF) at the five-star level. With the current structure of the ADF, the rank of general is held only when an officer of the Australian Army is appointed as Chief of the Defence Force.
Generals of the Australian Army are as follows:
Lieutenant generals
Lieutenant general is the highest permanent rank in the Australian Army. The rank of lieutenant general is always held by the Chief of Army, though is also held when an Australian Army officer is appointed as Vice Chief of the Defence Force, Chief of Joint Operations, Chief of Joint Capabilities, Chief of Defence Intelligence, Chief of Personnel or an equivalent position.
Lieutenant generals of the Australian Army are as follows:
Major generals and brigadier generals
See also
List of Royal Australian Navy admirals
List of Royal Australian Air Force air marshals
References
Footnotes
Citations
External links
General Officers of the First AIF at www.aif.adfa.edu.au
Australian Generals of WWII at www.generals.dk
Australian WWI 1st Div.
Australian Army
Australian generals
Generals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Australian%20Army%20generals |
Police misconduct is inappropriate conduct and illegal actions taken by police officers in connection with their official duties. Types of misconduct include among others: sexual offences, coerced false confession, intimidation, false arrest, false imprisonment, falsification of evidence, spoliation of evidence, police perjury, witness tampering, police brutality, police corruption, racial profiling, unwarranted surveillance, unwarranted searches, and unwarranted seizure of property.
Types of police misconduct
Types of police misconduct include:
Bribing or lobbying legislators to pass or maintain laws that give police excessive power or status
Similarly, bribing or lobbying city council members to pass or maintain municipal laws that make victimless acts ticket-able (e.g. bicycling on the sidewalk), so as to get more money
Selective enforcement ("throwing the book at" people who one dislikes; this is often related to racial discrimination)
Sexual misconduct
Off-duty misconduct
Killing of dogs unjustly
Noble cause corruption, where the officer believes the good outcomes justify bad behavior
Using badge or other ID to gain entry into concerts, to get discounts, etc.
Influence of drugs or alcohol while on duty
Violations by officers of police procedural policies
Abusive police procedures
Police officers often share what is known in the United States as a "blue code of silence" which means that they do not turn each other in for misconduct. While some officers have called this code a myth, a 2005 survey found evidence that it exists. A 2019 study in the journal Nature found that misconduct by one police officer substantially increased the likelihood that peer officers would also engage in misconduct. In addition to the blue code of silence, police misconduct also can lead to a miscarriage of justice and sometimes the obstruction of justice. At least 85,000 officers in the US have been investigated for misconduct, and some are constantly under investigation; nearly 2,500 have been investigated on 10 or more charges.
In an effort to control police misconduct, there is an accelerating trend for civilian agencies to engage directly in investigations and to have greater inputs into disciplinary decisions. Additionally, individuals and groups are now filming police activities in an effort to make them accountable for their actions. With the proliferation of smart devices capable of high-quality video recording, instances of police misconduct and abuse are gaining attention on social media platforms and video-hosting sites such as YouTube. To protect their interests, some officers have resorted to verbal intimidation as well as physical violence against civilians attempting to record their misdeeds. In other circumstances, police will illegally seize, destroy or delete evidence recorded by civilians, in spite of laws that make it a crime to destroy evidence of a crime being committed.
Contributors and prediction
Police misconduct is sometimes associated with conscious or unconscious discrimination. Misconduct has been shown to be related to personality and correlated to education, but it can also be significantly affected by the culture of the police agency. Education is negatively correlated to misconduct, with better-educated officers receiving fewer complaints on average.
Some analyses have found that changes in structural disadvantage, population mobility, and immigrant population have been associated with changes in police misconduct. Social disorganization may create a context for police misconduct because residents may not have in place the social networks necessary to organize against police malpractice. The fact that most police officers enjoy broad discretion and minimal supervision has been cited as increasing opportunities for police misconduct.
Video and audio recording
Many police cars are now equipped with recording systems, which can deter, document or rebut police misconduct during traffic stops. Usually, the recordings have rebutted claims of police misconduct according to a 2004 study by the International Association of Chiefs of Police and Community Oriented Policing Service; future innovations in recording equipment could allow an officer's entire workday to be recorded. Some transparency advocates believe that such cameras should be installed in all police cruisers to ensure accountability. Some police departments have experimented with Taser cameras that automatically begin recording when the Taser is deployed. The Cato Institute recommends that police record all no-knock raids. In recent times, police departments have been trying to implement the body camera as a step to fixing misconduct. The police departments in Pittsburgh have been trying body cameras on their officers to see both the positive and negative aspects of using body cameras.
Recording by witnesses has made a significant impact on the notability and handling of police incidence, such as the Rodney King beating.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Body Worn Cameras - Police Misconduct
Although body worn cameras(BWCs) can record several situations involving law enforcement misbehavior, the key question is whether they're able to also prevent it. In an effort to enhance interactions between the police and the community, several police departments are beginning to use BWCs. Which agencies are implementing them and which police agencies are not? In this article, the authors highlight how not all police departments around the nation are utilizing video recording technology. Law enforcement agencies who do not believe the new technology is necessary, who indicate a lack of support for BWC adoption from the agency's leadership and from patrol personnel, and who have privacy and cost-related concerns, report resistance to the use of BWCs. Police departments that registered a higher percentage of complaints for the excessive use of physical force are significantly more likely to be against the adoption of BWCs, even though the authors' discussion of the perceived lack of public support for the adoption of BWCs does not distinguish between agencies that intend to acquire BWCs and agencies that do not. Police agencies who have already purchased other types of recording technology have a substantially higher level of support for the use of BWCs. Results showed that law enforcement agencies located in US states with strong police unions are more likely to show resistance to the adoption of BWCs soon, even though recent state level legislative changes related to BWCs do not have a significant impact on BWC adoption decisions at the organization level.
Studies on BWC toward police misconduct
Some studies suggest that body-worn cameras may offer benefits while others show either no impact or possible negative effects when it comes to police misbehavior and many police agencies choosing whether to use BWCs in hopes of reducing police misconduct or strengthen the police and community ties. As an example, some studies have examined the claimed benefits of BWCs, including the ability to reduce citizen complaints and police use of force. Early research claimed that using BWCs lowered both outcomes significantly, but several subsequent investigations have failed to find similar results. for example, one study based on data from a randomized controlled trial conducted by the Spokane (WA) Police Department in which BWCs were issued to about 82 patrol officers in May and the remaining officers in November of the same year. This research evaluates the influence of BWCs on use of force, complaints against police, and officer injuries using more than three years' worth of official department data, both before and after the deployment of BWCs.
Another study examines how BWCs are marketed as a technological improvement that will result in more pleasant interactions between police and residents. There have been attempts to explain how BWCs impact various policing outcomes, but little research has been done on how BWCs influence assaults on police. In this current study is limited to a few jurisdictions and has minimal relevance to a broader spectrum of police organizations. This study explores the relationship between BWCs and police victimization by focusing on total assaults and attacks with guns against police officers using data from a sample of 516 police organizations. The data show that BWC usage is negatively associated with police victimization. The study concludes that BWCs can help prevent the occurrence of both moderate and severe violence against police in a variety of circumstances and among a wide spectrum of law enforcement organizations.
Although there are many studies on why implementing BWCs in the hope of reducing police misconduct and the use of force by law enforcement toward citizens, there are many studies that also show the challenges that come with implementing BWCs. Techno-fixes by themselves will not resolve underlying issues of fractured community–police relations, including ongoing issues of racial and ethnic antagonism and colonialism, and may even exacerbate these tensions. True reform requires establishing bonds of trust between communities and police that acknowledge the importance of procedural treatment, which may be supported by but are not dependent on BWCs.
Mobile devices
As digital recording technology usage has increased, especially using cell phones, there have been more cases of civilians capturing video of alleged police misconduct. In response, members of law enforcement have begun using eavesdropping and wiretapping laws to charge civilians who record police without their knowledge. Some police organizations such as the Fraternal Order of Police support the prosecutions. In Illinois, from 1994 to 2014, recording police without consent was a class 1 felony that could carry a prison term of 15 years. In a May 2012 ruling, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 that the statute "likely violates the First Amendment's free-speech and free-press guarantees". On 30 December 2014, then-Governor Pat Quinn signed into law an amendment to the Statute, PA 98–1142, which decriminalized the recording of law enforcement officers in the performance of their duties in public places or in circumstances in which the officers have no reasonable expectation of privacy.
Most charges involving recording police are dropped or dismissed as courts have ruled on-duty police officers in public have no reasonable expectation of privacy. However, police "can use vaguer charges, such as interfering with a police officer, refusing to obey a lawful order, obstructing an arrest or police action, or disorderly conduct". Perjury put along with this is lying under oath and giving false charges. Arrests for these charges are more common, as are incidents of police illegally confiscating cameras, deleting evidence or misinforming citizens they cannot film. This video evidence has played a key role in raising public awareness of police misconduct during and after an incident such as the BART Police shooting of Oscar Grant, Death of Ian Tomlinson, Robert Dziekański death.
Noted cases
Australia
In 1987, the Fitzgerald Inquiry was launched in response to allegations of misconduct within the Queensland Police Service, before later being expanded to investigate allegations of corruption within the Queensland Government. At the conclusion of the inquiry, several senior police figures and government ministers were charged and jailed for various corruption offences. The inquiry led to the resignation of then Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen, who was later charged with perjury before the case was abandoned due to a hung jury.
In the mid-1990s, a Royal Commission was established to investigate allegations of corruption and misconduct within the New South Wales Police Service (later changed to New South Wales Police Force). The commission found that there was “systematic and entrenched” corruption within the organization, with adverse findings being made against 284 officers, seven of whom were jailed for various offences.
In 2001, New South Wales Police were given the power to deploy drug detection dogs at certain public locations across the state – namely at major events, train stations and licensed venues. More recently, the practice has been criticized due to reports of officers routinely using indications from drug detection dogs as a justification for conducting strip searches, particularly at major public events such as music festivals (see New South Wales Police Force Strip Search Scandal). In 2018, an inquiry was launched by the state’s police watchdog, who found that in several cases, officers had acted unlawfully. In 2022, a class action pertaining to strip searches conducted at music festivals from July 2016 onward was filed in the state’s Supreme Court.
Bahrain
During Bahraini uprising of 2011, the police forces of Bahrain were known for their heavy handedness. Many protesters and even medical staff who attended to the injured, were arrested.
Brazil
Around 6,175 people were killed by police in 2018 and 6,416 in 2020, totaling 37,029 deaths since 2013.
Canada
In October 2007, there was an incident at Vancouver International Airport involving new Polish immigrant Robert Dziekański. Dziekański was tasered five times during the arrest, became unresponsive and died. The incident was video recorded by a civilian who turned it over to police, then sued to get it back for release to news outlets. The official inquiry found the RCMP were not justified deploying the taser and that the officers deliberately misrepresented their actions to investigators. The incident affected taser use in Canada and relations with Poland.
During the 2010 G-20 Toronto summit protests, police enacted regulations the Ombudsman found contributed to "massive violations of civil rights". One regulation made the security zone public works and police interpreted this to permit them to arrest anyone not providing identification within five-metres of the temporary fence. There were 1,118 arrests with 800 released without charge, Police Chief Blair conceded later no five-metre rule existed in law and Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty was criticized for allowing this misinterpretation. In September 2011, officers who removed their name tags during the G-20 protests were refused promotion.
Security officers in Metrotown, Burnaby mall demanded pictures taken of an arrest be deleted from a teen's camera. This led to a verbal confrontation and the RCMP handcuffing the teen and cutting off his backpack to search it. While the mall supports its officers actions according to the teen's lawyer: "private mall security guards and police have no right to try to seize someone's camera or demand that photos be deleted – even on private property."
China
The collusion between local gangs and police officers is a serious problem in many Chinese cities. Local gang bosses make use of personal networks to bribe police officers, and police officers seek corrupt benefits by safeguarding their illegal businesses. A widely publicized case is the Wen Qiang Case. Wen Qiang a deputy police chief, along with family members, were arrested as part of a massive crackdown on corruption of the People's Armed Police and organized crime in Chongqing in late 2009. His crimes included bribes, rape and failing to account for assets. Wen was executed in July 2010. The trials highlighted the continued use of torture by police to obtain confessions, despite laws implemented in June 2010 excluding tortured confessions from being used in trials.
Egypt
A high profile rape case was reported in Egypt by a woman in 2014, who as of 8 February 2021 still seeks justice. In addition, the key witness who offered to help his friend, Seif Bedour, was subjected to torture while in pretrial custody. Bedour has been put through extreme forms of police misconduct and reportedly subjected to virginity tests via forced anal examination and drug tests. His family has been subjected to public humiliation and trauma following his misconduct in the custody. Meanwhile, the lack of adequate investigation into the 2014 Fairmont Hotel rape case has caused an unusual delay in serving justice to the victim.
France
Recent social movements ("Gilets jaunes", 2019-2020 strikes against the pension system reform) brought to light a certain culture of violence ingrained within French police, particularly CRS. Although French President Emmanuel Macron denied police brutality and the use of this term, he acknowledged that there have been some "individual errors" that shouldn't tarnish the police corps as a whole.
A French newspaper has tracked various serious injuries that occurred during the yellow vests movement. The death of a French deliveryman from a heart attack in January 2020 in Paris, after police restraining him in a prone position following a traffic stop, prompted a debate in France over controversial restraint techniques used by police.
Police interventions are mostly to prevent violent actions from members of radical and anarchists groups ("black blocs"), but an important number of bystanders, journalists, and firefighters have also been targeted by the police.
United Nations High Commissioner on Human rights Michelle Bachelet compared the use of force in France to that seen in protests in Sudan and Haiti; in March 2019, the UN opened a formal inquiry into the use of police violence against France.
The right to film police was made known when the "Sécurité Globale" (Global security) law was put under review by the French Parliament.
Hong Kong
India
It is believed that corruption among the Indian Police Service is pervasive and goes up to the top brass. Reform has been made difficult with honest officers pressured by powerful local officials and suffer punitive transfers and threats while corrupt officers receive promotions. An example is the transfer of Kiran Bedi for giving a parking ticket to the Prime Ministers car.
A number of officers face charges in Central Bureau of Investigation cases and disciplinary proceedings but it is alleged that no notable action under the penal provisions is taken. With citizens who are not aware of laws of India, police of Andhra pradesh can shout, swear and be verbally abusive. They are also corrupted by organized crime groups called "factionalists" in Rayalaseema. Some of the past scandals include murder, sexual harassment, sex-on-tape scandal, dowry harassment, fraud and fake killing encounter.
Iran
After the 1979 revolution, the police have become more corrupt. A British-Australian doctor, Dr Kylie Moore-Gilbert endured months of torture after she was arrested by Iranian police.
Norway
Police misconduct has become an issue of high media attention in Norway. The death of Eugene Ejike Obiora, a naturalized Norwegian of Nigerian origin in September 2006 stirred an uproar that has caused the authorities to announce significant changes to the way charges of police brutality and other forms of police misconduct, including corruption, involving the Norwegian police will be handled in the future. As a consequence of the Obiora case, training at the Norwegian Police Academy has undergone changes and national police director Ingelin Killengreen has instigated a thorough review of police methods in general.
One officer employed in Oslo Police District was sentenced in 2006 to two years in prison for human trafficking, embezzlement of money and weapons, as well as theft of emergency passports. Two cases were from Follo Police District. One officer was accused of having felt up a number of women during interrogations. He was acquitted on almost all charges by the regional court. Another officer had been accused of abuse of power during an arrest. The Supreme Court of Norway ordered the case to be retried in the regional court after the acquittal was appealed. Another case involves a female officer from Telemark Police District who was issued a fine of 10.000 kroner and the loss of her employment for a period of five years for embezzlement and breach of confidentiality, among other issues.
A prominent case of intentional miscarriage of justice was against Fritz Moen. In the case, several officers appear to have manipulated timelines, threatened the accused and witnesses, and made false statements to close the case.
According to a 2012 official report, 18 police officers have lost their jobs as result of misconduct since 2005.
On May 21, 2013, the owner of Circus Bazaar Magazine recorded on video two Norwegian plain-clothed police hold a handcuffed African migrant man on the ground and force multiple police batons his mouth under suspicion of concealing drugs. The man was then driven a significant distance outside the capital city of Oslo and left in an unknown location. The recording of the initial incident resulted in extensive investigations by multiple authorities in Norway, including Police internal affairs and the Norwegian Anti Discrimination Ombud. Although the police officers concerned were not charged, the investigations led to Oslo Police District being fined 80,000 Norwegian Kroner and receiving an organizational charge of "Gross misconduct".
The event also resulted in significant media attention, with the Director of the Department of Public and International Law at the University of Oslo, Aslak Syse stating that "It may appear as if both the law against degrading and inhumane treatment (UCHR art. 3), and the law against the violation of a person's privacy, have been violated." A Norwegian news agency also attracted significant attention by controversially running the headline "Even shit-bags should be treated decently by police". The headline was derived from a quote on the incident by the former head of Norwegian Police Security Service (PST) Ellen Holager Andenæs.
The incident also led to the production of the documentary film The Serpent in Paradise.
Poland
The Ministry of Public Security (MBP) was a Polish communist secret police service operating from 1945 to 1954 under Jakub Berman. The MBP carried out brutal pacification of civilians, mass arrests, makeshift executions such as the Mokotów Prison murder and 1946 public execution in Dębica, and secret assassinations.
Individual law enforcement officers noted for torture and terror include Anatol Fejgin (1909–2002) and his deputy Józef Światło (1915–1994), in charge of the MBP's notorious Special Bureau; Salomon Morel (1919–2007), commander of the Zgoda labour camp; Stanisław Radkiewicz (1903–1987), head of the MBP's Department of Security (UB) 1944–1954; and Józef Różański (1907–1981), colonel in the MBP.
After the fall of communism the instances of police brutality are still noted in relation to policing sports matches, mostly football; the 1998 Słupsk riots and 2015 Knurów riots were the result of the killing a fan by the police each time.
Russia
Police corruption and brutality is rampant in Russia as it is common for officers to be hired as private security on the side by businessmen and Russian mafia. This leads to conflicts of interest as business and political rivals are jailed with selective enforcement of laws and trumped-up charges, or kidnapped for ransom. These tactics are believed to have been used against billionaire Mikhail Khodorkovsky to "weaken an outspoken political opponent, to intimidate other wealthy individuals and to regain control of strategic economic assets". Meanwhile, bureaucrats who are found guilty of significant crimes get away with light sentences. Intimidation and violence against journalists and whistle blowers is high as Russia remains one of the worst countries at solving their murders. It is widely believed the Federal Security Service (successor to the KGB) remain in control using the police as foot soldiers, and are unaccountable with connections to organized crime and the Russian leadership.
South Africa
At least 25 people were killed after South African police opened fire on a crowd of about 3,000 striking miners, in Rustenburg, 100 km northwest of Johannesburg, on 16 August 2012. The police were armed with automatic rifles and pistols. Workers at a platinum mine were asking for better wages.
Saudi Arabia
Jamal Khashoggi was a critic of Saudi Arabia who was tortured and murdered by Saudi law enforcement officials. He was invited to the Saudi embassy in Turkey and was kidnapped there. In 2011, Saudi Arabia also sent law enforcement to next door Bahrain to put down protesters.
United Arab Emirates
Police in the UAE have abused those in their custody and sometimes this abuse has led to death. The Abu Dhabi Police allegedly assisted Sheikh Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan in a 2009 torture incident. The Police are also alleged to have used excessive force on critics and protesters.
United Kingdom
Police misconduct/negligence in the UK has been altered numerous times due to the influx in claims in negligence against the police. The case of Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire initially provided that police could not be liable in negligence since when investigating crime, the police owe no duty of care in tort to individual citizens. This was widely adopted by the courts, but there was backlash since it granted the police 'blanket immunity' essentially meaning they could not be liable in claims of negligence. This was demonstrated in the cases of Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire, Van Colle v Chief Constable of Hertfordshire and Smith v Chief Constable of South Wales Police.
This was later overruled in the case of Robinson v Chief constable of West Yorkshire in which the courts held the police could be liable for harm caused to a claimant as a result of their direct actions. It was still acknowledged that similar to the general public, they do not have a duty of care to warn, protect or rescue an individual from harm caused by a third party of external factor.
United States
The Chicago Police Department in August 1968 initiated a "police riot" according to the Walker Report which gathered testimony on the violence surrounding the 1968 Democratic National Convention and Anti-Vietnam War protests. Years later, the Chicago Police Department would deal with even more scandal involving the now infamous crooked cop Lt. Jon Burge and the torture cases that came out of his district. The New York Police Department (NYPD) had a prominent case of two detectives working for the Mafia during the 1980s. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in the late 1990s had a large incident of misconduct with the Rampart scandal implicating 70 officers of an anti-gang unit called C.R.A.S.H. This resulted in a US$70 million in lawsuit settlement payouts, dissolving of the unit and the LAPD entering into a consent decree with the U.S. Department of Justice on comprehensive reforms.
During the 1990s the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD) also came under the scrutiny of the Justice Department when a series of crimes, including murders, by officers prompted attempts at reform by then Police Chief Richard Pennington. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina there was a spike in allegations of misconduct and in March 2011 the Justice Department published a 158-page report that found "systemic violations of civil rights" by a NOPD that routinely failed to discipline officers involved. Six cases stemming from Katrina have been investigated and followed closely by ProPublica, one being the Danziger Bridge shootings that resulted in two civilian deaths and four wounded. In August 2011, four officers were convicted of unlawfully firing on citizens then trying to cover it up with the assistance of a fifth investigating officer.
In a number of jurisdictions, police officers have been accused of ticket fixing.
Police lying under oath, particularly in drug crimes, is allegedly commonplace in certain areas; some federal grant programs such as Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant Program are tied to numbers, and police officers may also feel pressured to prove their productivity.
The New York State Police Troop C scandal involved the fabrication of evidence used to convict suspects in New York by the New York State Police.
Police Misconduct in Chicago's Police Department (CPD)
Investigations have found that there is little to no accountability within the CPD. The department has neglected to investigate a majority of case complaints regarding police brutality. Investigations that were made were carried out poorly. Civilian and officer witnesses are often not interviewed, investigators ignored the potential for witness coaching and inappropriate coordination of testimony. Questioning of officers often aim to elicit favorable statements from them, often ignoring inconsistencies and unreasonable explanations when recounting events.
Cost of police misconduct
United States
The United States has lost millions to police misconduct:
In 2015, the Wall Street Journal reported that during a five-year period the 10 United States cities with the largest police departments had spent over $1.4 billion on police misconduct settlements. In between the years of 2010 and 2014 the total annual cost of police misconduct settlements increased, declining only in 2012, and then followed by the highest total in 2014 of $248.7 million.
Largest police misconduct settlements
With the rise of body worn cameras by police departments, settlements have also increased in both the size of the settlement and frequency of settlements. In 2015, Eric Garner's family settled with New York City, and was awarded $5.9 million in a wrongful death suit at the hands of a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer. While Garner's case was more recent, and perhaps more known to the general public, it was not New York City's most expensive individual settlement due to police misconduct. Abner Louima was abused by NYPD personnel while in custody in 1997 and settled in 2001 with the city of New York for $8.75 million.
Perhaps the most costly individual settlement ever due to police misconduct occurred in Chicago when Christina Eilman suffered from a bipolar episode at Midway Airport and was arrested. Eilman was then released in a high-crime neighborhood at night in Chicago without any assistance or follow-up on her well-being. Eilman fell from a 7th-story window after being raped and suffered permanent brain damage. Eilman received $22.5 million in a settlement with the city of Chicago.
The most expensive group police misconduct settlement case in New York, and possibly the most expensive group police misconduct settlement case ever, was awarded to the Central Park Five. These five men were victims to police torture that eventually resulted in false confessions and convictions. These men settled for $41 million.
Other notable police misconduct settlements
Jon Burge, a former Chicago Police Department Commander is estimated to have cost Chicago, the state of Illinois, and the county of Cook $132 million in over 20 different cases. Burge was known to torture, beat, electrically shock, suffocate, and play games of Russian roulette to force confessions. As part of a reparations package to victims of Burge and his team, Chicago opened the Chicago Torture Justice Center in Englewood to provide services such as counseling to those who have been victim of police misconduct.
In 2000, Prince Jones, a student at Howard University, was followed by an unmarked police car; fearing for his safety he exited the car to confront the man following him who proceeded to flash a gun. Jones entered his car and put his truck into reverse, hitting the officer twice. The officer fired 16 shots into Jones' car, killing him. This incident received national news coverage and was featured in Ta-Nehisi Coates' book Between the World and Me. Jones' family received a settlement from Prince Georges county of $3.7 million.
Settling for Misconduct
The Chicago Reporter created a database titled "Settling for Misconduct" to track civil suits against the Chicago Police Department (CPD) with the intent of bringing awareness to the fact that a lawsuit against CPD is settled, on average, every other day. The website lists cases such as the murder of Laquan McDonald by Jason Van Dyke which gained national attention and resulted in a $5 million settlement for McDonald's family. The database also shows less-known cases such as an older settlement for $100,000 in which Jason Van Dyke was named for excessive force. The database even includes a false arrest settlement for $1.00 against CPD officer Luis Luarenzana.
Canada
Canada has also lost millions of dollars to police misconduct settlements. Toronto, in particular, has paid $27 million in settlements for actions of police dogs, use of force, false arrests, and car chases. The biggest settlement was for $2 million when a taxi driver, Ali Adaba Ghomi, was hit by a car fleeing from police and was taken to the hospital in critical condition. In October 2007 members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) tased Robert Dziekanski, ultimately killing him. The settlement in Dziekanski's case was confidential, although it was revealed that the RCMP in addition to the cost of the settlement also donated $20,000 for a scholarship.
South Africa
In 2011, Nathi Mthethwa, the South African Police Minister disclosed that across the country more than R106m ($7,153,276) was paid in police misconduct settlements due to actions of the South African Police Service (SAPS) in the 2010-2011 fiscal year. According to financial statements of SAPS, the financial balance of civil claims against the South African Police at the conclusion of the 2012 fiscal year totaled R14.8 billion ($998,651,608). In one of the more notable cases, Mido Macia was dragged by a police van, and assaulted by police in 2013 in Daveyton, South Africa, the event was caught on camera, and Macia later died while in the custody of police. On 21 November 2018, his family received R6.5m ($439,110.75) in a lawsuit settlement.
Russia
The cost of police misconduct in Russia comes in the form of bribery. In 2015, Russia Police reported the average amount per bribe had reached 654,000 rubles (US$9,105.18). Russia has attempted to crack down on the situation, in 2015, between January and September, Russian President Vladimir Putin reported that 8,800 people were convicted of corruption. On a 5,000 kilometer route, truck drivers can expect to pay anywhere from 50,000 ($786) to 70,000 rubles ($1,101.45) on bribes to police officers.
Oversight
Hong Kong and New York City
The Hong Kong and New York City police departments, both of which have had issues with police misconduct and corruption, have approached the problem in different ways. For corruption, Hong Kong created an external agency which investigates corruption, while New York reviews corruption through an internal department, although the information is reported to a monitoring commission. New York also uses "integrity checks" in which an officer's integrity is tested through an opportunity for corruption. For misconduct, Hong Kong reviews complaints internally with a monitoring commission while New York has created the New York City Civilian Complaint Review Board (NYCCCRB) which investigates and makes a formal recommendation to the commissioner.
Norway
The Special Unit for Police Affairs (SUPA) was established on 1 January 2005. In 2006 the unit received 904 complaints, of which 101 led to indictment. Of these 26 ended with the issuance of a fine, 8 cases criminal charges were brought, 64 went to trial, and 3 cases were given "påtaleunnlatelse" (no charges despite misconduct likely took place). Four police officers alone were responsible for 63 of the 101 cases. In September 2007, Jan Egil Presthus, Director of SUPA, stated to the Oslo newspaper Dagsavisen that investigations of police conduct involving death are going to be posted on the Internet. He states that total openness will strengthen the publics confidence in the unit's integrity and impartiality. This came following Dagsavisen in June 2007 publishing an overview of police cases with a deadly outcome. The article showed that in the ten most serious cases after the establishment of the SUPA all charges against the police were eventually dropped.
A media discourse focusing on deaths incurred during police arrests and transports continued in Norway throughout 2007, and Presthus counts this as one factor triggering the initiative to publish ongoing investigations on the Internet. The cases will be presented on the web pages of SUPA, in a way that preserves the anonymity of officers and other parties involved where deemed necessary.
United States
The U.S. government does not regularly collect data on police misconduct. One attempt to track misconduct is the Cato Institute's National Police Misconduct Reporting Project, which estimates misconduct rates using newspaper reports. The project's data suggest that police are more likely than the average person to commit a number of crimes including assault, sexual assault, and murder, but less likely to commit robbery. The NPMSRP projects that roughly 1 in 4.7 officers will be implicated in an act of misconduct during the course of their career. In the United States, the exclusionary rule means that evidence gathered through misconduct is sometimes inadmissible in court.
The Black Panther Party sought to oppose police brutality through neighborhood patrols. Police officers were often followed by armed Black Panthers, who at times came to aid African-Americans who were victims of brutality and racial prejudice. Groups like Copwatch continue to use the patrol method in communities, often using video cameras to document them.
In a 2004 United States survey of the public's opinions on accountability in reforming police, most members of the public wanted an "early warning system" that flags officers who have received many complaints, video cameras on police cars, detailed records of police stops, and citizen review boards. Citizen review of police has been an issue, with law enforcement concerned that citizens reviewing their actions do not understand the procedures they operate by and the citizen review board advocates arguing that the law enforcement "code of silence" requires that they have input into the disciplinary action. As of 2003, three-fourths of the United States' largest cities had citizen review boards. Early warning systems are procedures designed to identify and address issues of problem officers, as around 10% of officers are theorized to cause 90% of the problems. Early warning systems were recommended by the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights in 1981, and by 1999 an estimated 27% of police agencies serving populations of over 50,000 people had implemented these programs. The systems collect data such as complaints, which triggers an intervention at a certain point. After the intervention, the officer is monitored as a follow-up.
It had been argued that civil liability could create new deterrents to police misconduct. Following major liability settlements in the Breonna Taylor and George Floyd cases insurance companies began to significantly raise rates for liability insurance. Insurance companies also began to inquire about the practices of the law enforcement agencies requesting insurance and requiring modification of their practices as a condition of obtaining coverage. Police commissioners and citizen review boards have been cited as institutions that can help reduce police misconduct. There is some variation as to how much access the civilian reviewers are given to internal police documents and personnel files. Decertification of police has been cited as another possible remedy. Surveys suggest that officers are aware of the detrimental impacts of police misconduct and hold strong opinions as to what strategies are preferable. The exclusionary rule has been one classic deterrent to obtaining evidence through police misconduct, but it is proposed that it be replaced with restitution to victims of misconduct.
United Kingdom
England and Wales
The Police Complaints Board was founded in 1977 to oversee the handling of complaints. This was succeeded by the Police Complaints Authority and the Independent Police Complaints Commission. The current police misconduct authority is the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC), which was created in 2018. The IOPC investigate only the most serious matters, with the majority of complaints and misconduct cases handled internally by the respective force. In the 2018/19 financial year, 31,097 complaint cases were recorded by police forces in England and Wales.
Northern Ireland
Complaints about the Police Service of Northern Ireland are handled by the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland.
Scotland
The Scottish Police Investigations and Review Commissioner oversees complaints about Police Scotland.
See also
Contempt of cop
Gypsy cop
Lists of killings by law enforcement officers
Mass arrest as a war crime
Photography Is Not a Crime (weblog)
Presumption of guilt
Prisoner abuse
Professional courtesy in law enforcement
Individuals
H. Rap Brown
Antonio Buehler
Patricia Feerick
Rodney King
Epaminondas Korkoneas
Abner Louima
Cory Maye
Whistleblowers
Adrian Schoolcraft
Frank Serpico
Accused
Richard Cain
Lon Horiuchi
Bernard Kerik
Stacey Koon and Laurence Powell
Johannes Mehserle
Patrick Pogan
Salvatore Rivieri
Roger Rogerson
Justin Volpe
Incidents
39th District corruption scandal
Conflicts involving Critical Mass
Death of Jean Charles de Menezes
Death of Harry Stanley
Death of Otto Zehm
Knapp Commission
The Los Angeles May Day Mêlée
Mafia cops
MOVE Organization
NYPD subway sodomy incident
Rampart Scandal
Shooting of Sean Bell
Shooting of Oscar Grant
Shooting of Corey Jackson
Shooting of Kathryn Johnston
Wickersham report
Organizations
Christopher Commission
COINTELPRO
FBI
Internal affairs
Newham Monitoring Project
People's Law Office
References
Further reading
Wang, Peng (2017). The Chinese Mafia: Organized Crime, Corruption, and Extra-Legal Protection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
External links
Police brutality archive worldwide evidence
CBC - The Secret Policeman - with link to article by Mark Daly
Police Misconduct News - Daily News on Police Misconduct in United Kingdom
Fatal Encounters - Database of killings by police in the United States
Misconduct
Police corruption | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20misconduct |
Ayre ( ; ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man.
It is located in the north of the island (part of the traditional North Side division) and consists of the three historic parishes of Andreas, Bride and (Kirk Christ) Lezayre.
The town of Ramsey, which is administered separately, covers areas of two historic parishes (Lezayre, and Maughold in the sheading of Garff). It is treated as part of Garff for some purposes, e.g. the coroner.
Other settlements in the sheading include Glen Auldyn and Sulby (both in the parish of Lezayre).
Etymology
The derivation of the word ayre is from Old Norse "eyrr", meaning a shingle beach. It refers to a storm beach forming a narrow spit of shingle or sand cutting across the landward and seaward ends of a shallow bay. This may partly cut off a sheltered stretch of water from the sea to form a shallow freshwater loch. This word is still in use for the particular landform in the Northern Isles of Scotland.
MHKs and elections
Before the 2016 elections, Ayre was one of the House of Keys constituencies. It is now part of the Ayre & Michael constituency.
See also
Local government in the Isle of Man
References
External links
Constituency maps and general election results
Sheadings of the Isle of Man
Constituencies of the Isle of Man | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayre |
is a run and gun arcade game developed by Saurus and published by SNK in 1998 for the Neo-Geo arcade and home platform. It has no connection with the first Shock Troopers game. 2nd Squad was re-released for the Wii's Virtual Console service in the North American region in 2012. SNK Playmore released it for iOS, Linux and Windows via Humble Bundle and Steam in 2016.
Gameplay
The gameplay system has been drastically changed because only four characters are selectable and there is no team mode from the first Shock Troopers. The graphics use pre-rendered sprites and the action is more violent. A major new feature is an ability to ride some vehicles, as in the Metal Slug games.
Synopsis
Development and release
Reception
Shock Troopers: 2nd Squad for the Neo Geo was given a positive review by Classic Game Room despite being considered not as good as its predecessor. According to Hardcore Gaming 101, "Shock Troopers: 2nd Squad is often viewed as a disappointing follow up the original. Just like with Gunstar Super Heroes, Shock Troopers: 2nd Squad really only makes the mistake of sharing its name with a superior game. If judged by itself, it is really a great game and if it had been released as a stand alone with a different name, it would be recognized as such, rather than as an inferior sequel." The Virtual Console release of the game received a score of 7/10 from Nintendo Life.
Notes
References
External links
Shock Troopers: 2nd Squad at GameFAQs
Shock Troopers: 2nd Squad at Giant Bomb
Shock Troopers: 2nd Squad at Killer List of Videogames
Shock Troopers: 2nd Squad at MobyGames
1998 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
Cooperative video games
D4 Enterprise games
MacOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
Run and gun games
Saurus games
SNK Playmore games
Video games about terrorism
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games scored by Masaki Kase
Virtual Console games
Windows games
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games
Dotemu games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20Troopers%3A%202nd%20Squad |
Glenfaba ( ; ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man.
It is located on the west of the island (part of the traditional North Side division) and consists of the two historic parishes of German and Patrick. Historically, from 1796 until some time in the twentieth century (1986) it also included the parish of Marown.
Geographically, the sheading of Glenfaba also includes the town of Peel.
Other settlements in the sheading include St John's in the parish of German (home of the Tynwald Day ceremony), and Dalby, Foxdale, Glen Maye and Niarbyl (all in the parish of Patrick).
Etymology
The first mention of Glenfaba may be in a bull of Pope Gregory IX in 1231. The origin of the name is not known, but may be connected with that of the river Neb.
MHKs and elections
Until 2016, Glenfaba was also a House of Keys constituency, electing one MHK. From 2016 it is part of the Glenfaba & Peel constituency.
In 2016 the constituency was abolished.
See also
Local government in the Isle of Man
References
External links
Constituency maps and general election results
Sheadings of the Isle of Man
Constituencies of the Isle of Man | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenfaba |
Garff () is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man.
It is located on the east of the island (part of the traditional South Side division) and consists of the two historic parishes of Lonan and Maughold. Before 1796 it also included the parish of Onchan.
Administratively, since May 2016 the sheading of Garff has been covered by a single Garff local authority, a parish district, formed by merging the former village district of Laxey with the parish districts of Lonan and Maughold.
The town of Ramsey, which is administered separately, covers areas of two historic parishes (Maughold, and Lezayre in the sheading of Ayre). It is treated as part of Garff for some purposes, e.g. the coroner.
Other settlements in the sheading include Baldrine and Ballabeg (both in the parish of Lonan), and Ballure in the parish of Maughold.
Etymology
The origin of the name is uncertain. Kneen (1925) suggests that it derives from the Norse gröf (N.B. not grðf, which is a typo there), meaning a pit or ravine (cognate with "grave").
MHKs and elections
Garff is also a House of Keys constituency (excluding (most of) Onchan). It was originally a three-seat constituency, but this was reduced to two seats in 1893 and one seat in 1986. Until 2016 it was heavily under-represented by having only a single MHK. However in the 2016 general election it elected 2 MHKs (the new constituency also includes the (sparsely populated) parish of Onchan, i.e. excluding the village of Onchan).
See also
Local government in the Isle of Man
Laxey Bay
Ramsey Bay
References
External links
Constituency maps and general election results
Sheadings of the Isle of Man
Constituencies of the Isle of Man | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garff |
Unseen Terror was a British extreme metal band formed by Mitch Dickinson (Heresy) and Shane Embury (later of Napalm Death), and played extreme metal with a technical edge along with elements of hardcore punk. Their most notable feat took place in March 1988, when they recorded tracks for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 program.
History
The band formed after the demise of Warhammer, which consisted of Wayne Aston, Mike Clarke, Mitch Dickinson and Shane Embury.
Unseen Terror was named after Dickinson was listening to Septic Death. The song "Terrorain" by Septic Death has the lyric "Unseen Death - Terrorain". The Chernobyl disaster was fresh in the minds of many at the time, and Dickinson thought of the term "Unseen Terror", as the radiation in the air around the area of the disaster was invisible. The band was founded in early 1986 by singer/guitarist Dickinson and Embury. The duo wrote many songs together as a two piece band during mid 1986 - mid 1987. These tracks were recorded on to cassette during rehearsals. These rehearsal tapes were subsequently distributed on an international level via the tape trading network of the time. These tapes caught the attention of Digby Pearson who had recently founded Earache Records.
A few months into 1987 the band were invited to contribute two tracks to the compilation LP Diminished Responsibility (1987), and the group landed a record contract at Earache Records.
Just after the recording of the tracks for this compilation LP, the band recruited Pete Giles as their bass player. This line up did not last very long. Earache Records booked the recording studio for the recording of Human Error during a time when there were various difficulties occurring (both logistically and personally) for the band. These unchangeable dates in September 1987 for the recording ultimately meant that Dickinson and Embury had no choice but to fulfil the agreement with Earache as a 2 piece band. The original album back cover photographs were taken on location in Broseley, Shropshire, England (by Pearson).
After their debut album, Napalm Death drummer Mick Harris joined the band as singer. The band were invited by John Walters to a recording session for BBC Radio One. A one-off performance in Nottingham with bassist Aston (Ex-Warhammer) took place prior to the recording of the session, but Wayne did not go on to appear on the Peel sessions recordings. The BBC session saw Dickinson and Harris share vocal duties on different songs during the session.
The Peel sessions were released as a limited 12" EP in the UK and a CD (with uncommissioned artwork) in the US. These original releases are now regarded as collectors items.
After the BBC session, the band reverted to the original line up of Dickinson and Embury. This line up was bolstered in early 1989 by the addition of Carl Stokes (Cancer) who joined on bass guitar. This was to be the last line up of the band. The band finally broke up later that year.
More recently, re-releases of the BBC session occurred on the Earache compilation Grind Madness at the BBC.
Band members
Constant
Mitch Dickinson - vocals, guitar (1986–1990)
Shane Embury - drums (1987–1990)
Others
Carl Stokes - bass (1989)
Wayne Aston - bass (1988)
Pete Giles - bass (1987)
Mick Harris - vocals (1988)
Discography
Rehearsal demo tape (1987)
Diminished Responsibility (comp LP), 1987
Human Error (album, Earache Records, 1987)
Hardcore Holocaust, 1989
Hardcore Holocaust II, 1989
The Peel Sessions (12", Strange Fruit Records, 1989)
21 Years of Alternative Radio One, 1989
Grindcrusher (compilation album, (Earache Records, 1990)
Human Error CD Reissue (with bonus tracks), 2001
Grind Madness at the BBC (3 CD Compilation), 2010
References
External links
Earache Records
Coverage in the book "Global Metal Music and Culture"
Metal Underground
Crossover (music)
Heavy metal duos
British musical trios
English grindcore musical groups
Earache Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unseen%20Terror |
Ken Novack, a graduate of Dartmouth College and Harvard Law School, is an American lawyer who currently sits on the board of BBN Technologies and is a special advisor to General Catalyst Partners. From 1998 until 2003, he served as Vice Chairman for America Online and then Time-Warner after the two companies merged. Early in his career, from 1966 to 1998, Novack served as an attorney with the firm of Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, and Popeo, PC ("Mintz"). Recently, however, Novack rejoined Mintz as Senior Counsel.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Lawyers from Boston
Dartmouth College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
American businesspeople
Mintz Levin people
Warner Bros. Discovery people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Novack |
Higher Education GAA is the governing body overseeing the Gaelic games of hurling, camogie and Gaelic football at third level institutions. The body coordinates competitions in both Ireland and Britain, and is a part of the parent organisation, the Gaelic Athletic Association. The main competitions are the Fitzgibbon Cup for hurling and Sigerson Cup for football.
Hurling
Fitzgibbon Cup
The Fitzgibbon Cup is named after Edwin Fitzgibbon, a Capuchin friar and, from 1911 to 1936, a professor of philosophy at University College Cork.
In 1912 Fitzgibbon donated most of his annual salary to purchase the trophy. For the first 30 years, the cup was dominated by UCC and UCD, with UCG winning occasionally. Queen's University Belfast first took part in 1946, and won their only title in 1953.
The popularity of the championship grew, and, in the 1960s and 1970s three more colleges entered: Trinity College, Dublin, UU Coleraine and NUI Maynooth. In the late 1980s, all teams in Division One of the Higher Education League were admitted. Since the event went open, in the 1990s, several newer third level institutions from Limerick and Waterford entered and quickly dominated the competition. Waterford IT won the title four times in six years, but UCC are the leaders in the roll of honour, with 39 titles, the last in 1998.
Gaelic football
Sigerson Cup
In 1911, the Sigerson Cup was first presented by George Sigerson to foster unity amongst the constituent colleges of the National Universities of Ireland, which was won for the first time by UCD. The competition has since broadened its membership with teams representing a wider variety of Universities and College.
Gaelic games in British universities
Gaelic football
Gaelic football is organised at about 40 different universities in Britain from the strongest teams - JMU and St. Mary's - down to newer and weaker teams such as Worcester and Lincoln. The ancient universities of Cambridge and Oxford also compete in an annual Varsity Match. Since 2003 the main competition - the University Championships - have been recognised by the British Universities Sports Association.
Hurling
Hurling - although at a smaller level - is also growing the UK. Nine teams took part in the most recent British University Hurling Championship. A select team play annually against the Scottish Universities Shinty team.
Ladies' Gaelic football
A championship also exists for Ladies' Gaelic football - the British University Ladies' Gaelic football Championship. The current holders are Liverpool Hope University College.
References
External links
Higher Education Draws for 2007
Sigerson Cup (football)
Fitzgibbon Cup (hurling)
BU GAA Website
Gaelic games governing bodies in Ireland
Gaelic games governing bodies in the United Kingdom
Student sport in the United Kingdom
Student sports governing bodies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher%20Education%20GAA |
The Singapore Indian Fine Arts Society (Abbreviation: SIFAS) is an organisation that teaches Indian classical arts, including Indian classical music, in Singapore.
Founding history
Founded in 1949 with a small group of dedicated music lovers from India, Malaysia and Singapore, SIFAS has now grown into an internationally recognised institution of Indian classical music and dance employing renowned music and dance exponents from India to conduct and facilitate courses ranging from classical dance, instrumental music and vocal music in both Hindustani and Carnatic music categories. It also conducts drawing and painting classes for both enthusiasts and serious students regardless of age.
Organisation
The society itself is divided into three schools of instruction, the Academy, the Performing Arts Company and the Visual Arts School. The highly skilled staff employed in the organisation not only teach but perform regularly in Singapore and abroad to keep their performing standards and passing the fresh experience to their students. Most of such concerts performed by the staff and are supported by the public. As the emphasis on the standard and quality of music is given prime importance in the method of instruction, dedicated students of SIFAS ace in performing arts locally and internationally.
The eighth-year music diploma issued by the Academy is accredited by the University of Madras as an entry qualification for its Master's in Music degree.
Management
The institution itself is a non-profit organisation, and which is run by private funding from public and is a member of the National Arts Council in Singapore. Currently at the helm of the institution is Mr Shankar Rajan who has been appointed as Principal from 2017. The faculty of twenty-two and the management committee actively review and improvise learning techniques methods as well as organising cultural activities in Singapore.
Student atmosphere
Students of all races come and study in the institution and the bulk of them are of Indian origin. Some of them, being already artistes enrol themselves in the institution to acquire advanced schooling in music and dance. Age is no barrier to learning the arts and SIFAS has not restricted anybody regardless of age as long as they sincerely put interest for the arts.
The society's philosophy is described in Sanskrit in its logo, which reads: "Kala Samskrithi Lakshanam—Art Characterises Civilisation."
References
External links
The Singapore Indian Fine Arts Society
Art schools in Singapore
Music schools in Singapore
Singaporean music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20Indian%20Fine%20Arts%20Society |
In numerical linear algebra, the tridiagonal matrix algorithm, also known as the Thomas algorithm (named after Llewellyn Thomas), is a simplified form of Gaussian elimination that can be used to solve tridiagonal systems of equations. A tridiagonal system for n unknowns may be written as
where and .
For such systems, the solution can be obtained in operations instead of required by Gaussian elimination. A first sweep eliminates the 's, and then an (abbreviated) backward substitution produces the solution. Examples of such matrices commonly arise from the discretization of 1D Poisson equation and natural cubic spline interpolation.
Thomas' algorithm is not stable in general, but is so in several special cases, such as when the matrix is diagonally dominant (either by rows or columns) or symmetric positive definite; for a more precise characterization of stability of Thomas' algorithm, see Higham Theorem 9.12. If stability is required in the general case, Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting (GEPP) is recommended instead.
Method
The forward sweep consists of the computation of new coefficients as follows, denoting the new coefficients with primes:
and
The solution is then obtained by back substitution:
The method above does not modify the original coefficient vectors, but must also keep track of the new coefficients. If the coefficient vectors may be modified, then an algorithm with less bookkeeping is:
For do
followed by the back substitution
The implementation in a VBA subroutine without preserving the coefficient vectors:
Sub TriDiagonal_Matrix_Algorithm(N%, A#(), B#(), C#(), D#(), X#())
Dim i%, W#
For i = 2 To N
W = A(i) / B(i - 1)
B(i) = B(i) - W * C(i - 1)
D(i) = D(i) - W * D(i - 1)
Next i
X(N) = D(N) / B(N)
For i = N - 1 To 1 Step -1
X(i) = (D(i) - C(i) * X(i + 1)) / B(i)
Next i
End Sub
Derivation
The derivation of the tridiagonal matrix algorithm is a special case of Gaussian elimination.
Suppose that the unknowns are , and that the equations to be solved are:
Consider modifying the second () equation with the first equation as follows:
which would give:
Note that has been eliminated from the second equation. Using a similar tactic with the modified second equation on the third equation yields:
This time was eliminated. If this procedure is repeated until the row; the (modified) equation will involve only one unknown, . This may be solved for and then used to solve the equation, and so on until all of the unknowns are solved for.
Clearly, the coefficients on the modified equations get more and more complicated if stated explicitly. By examining the procedure, the modified coefficients (notated with tildes) may instead be defined recursively:
To further hasten the solution process, may be divided out (if there's no division by zero risk), the newer modified coefficients, each notated with a prime, will be:
This gives the following system with the same unknowns and coefficients defined in terms of the original ones above:
The last equation involves only one unknown. Solving it in turn reduces the next last equation to one unknown, so that this backward substitution can be used to find all of the unknowns:
Variants
In some situations, particularly those involving periodic boundary conditions, a slightly perturbed form of the tridiagonal system may need to be solved:
In this case, we can make use of the Sherman–Morrison formula to avoid the additional operations of Gaussian elimination and still use the Thomas algorithm. The method requires solving a modified non-cyclic version of the system for both the input and a sparse corrective vector, and then combining the solutions. This can be done efficiently if both solutions are computed at once, as the forward portion of the pure tridiagonal matrix algorithm can be shared.
If we indicate by:
Then the system to be solved is:
In this case the coefficients and are, generally speaking, non-zero, so their presence does not allow to apply the Thomas algorithm directly. We can therefore consider and as following:
Where is a parameter to be chosen. The matrix can be reconstructed as . The solution is then obtained in the following way: first we solve two tridiagonal systems of equations applying the Thomas algorithm:
Then we reconstruct the solution using the Shermann-Morrison formula:
The implementation in C without preserving the coefficient vectors:
typedef struct{
double A[n+2];
double B[n+2];
double C[n+2];
double D[n+2];
} COEFFICIENTS;
//Apply Thomas Alg., unknowns x[1],...,x[n]
void ThomasAlg(double x[n+1], COEFFICIENTS* coeff){
double u[n+1]={},v[n+1]={};
double y[n+1]={},q[n+1]={};
double* A=coeff->A, *B=coeff->B,*C=coeff->C,*D=coeff->D;
double value=0;
double w;
int i;
u[1]=gamma;
u[n]=C[n];
v[1]=1;
v[n]=A[1]/gamma;
//create matrix B
A[1]=0;
B[1]=B[1]-gamma;
B[n]=B[n]-(C[n]*A[n])/gamma;
C[n]=0;
for(i=2;i<n+1;i++){
w=A[i]/B[i-1];
B[i]=B[i]-w*C[i-1];
D[i]=D[i]-w*D[i-1];
u[i]=u[i]-w*u[i-1];
}
y[n]=D[n]/B[n];
q[n]=u[n]/B[n];
for(i=n-1;i>0;i--){
y[i]=(D[i]-C[i]*y[i+1])/B[i];
q[i]=(u[i]-C[i]*q[i+1])/B[i];
}
value=(v[1]*y[1]+v[n]*y[n])/(1+v[1]*q[1]+v[n]*q[n]);
for(i=1;i<n+1;i++){
x[i]=y[i]-q[i]*value;
}
}
There is also another way to solve the slightly perturbed form of the tridiagonal system considered above. Let us consider two auxiliary linear systems of dimension :
For convenience, we additionally define and . We can now find the solutions and applying Thomas algorithm to the two auxiliary tridiagonal system.
The solution can be then represented in the form:
Indeed, multiplying each equation of the second auxiliary system by , adding with the corresponding equation of the first auxiliary system and using the representation , we immediately see that equations number through of the original system are satisfied; it only remains to satisfy equation number . To do so, consider formula for and and substitute and into the first equation of the original system. This yields one scalar equation for :
As such, we find:
The implementation in Dev-C++ without preserving the coefficient vectors:
typedef struct{
double A[n+2];
double B[n+2];
double C[n+2];
double D[n+2];
} COEFFICIENTS;
//Apply Thomas Alg., unknowns x[1],...,x[n]
void ThomasAlg(double x[n+1],COEFFICIENTS* coeff){
double u[n+1]={},v[n+1]={};
double* A=coeff->A, *B=coeff->B,*C=coeff->C,*D=coeff->D;
double w,F[n+1]={};
F[2]=-A[2];
F[n]=-C[n];
int i;
u[1]=0;
v[1]=1;
for(i=3;i<n+1;i++){
w=A[i]/B[i-1];
B[i]=B[i]-w*C[i-1];
D[i]=D[i]-w*D[i-1];
F[i]=F[i]-w*F[i-1];
}
u[n]=D[n]/B[n];
v[n]=F[n]/B[n];
for(i=n-1;i>1;i--){
u[i]=(D[i]-C[i]*u[i+1])/B[i];
v[i]=(F[i]-C[i]*v[i+1])/B[i];
}
x[1]=(D[1]-A[1]*u[n]-C[1]*u[2])/(B[1]+A[1]*v[n]+C[1]*v[2]);
for(i=2;i<n+1;i++){
x[i]=u[i]+x[1]*v[i];
}
}
In both cases the auxiliary systems to be solved are genuinely tri-diagonal, so the overall computational complexity of solving system remains linear with the respect to the dimension of the system , that is arithmetic operations.
In other situations, the system of equations may be block tridiagonal (see block matrix), with smaller submatrices arranged as the individual elements in the above matrix system (e.g., the 2D Poisson problem). Simplified forms of Gaussian elimination have been developed for these situations.
The textbook Numerical Mathematics by Alfio Quarteroni, Sacco and Saleri, lists a modified version of the algorithm which avoids some of the divisions (using instead multiplications), which is beneficial on some computer architectures.
Parallel tridiagonal solvers have been published for many vector and parallel architectures, including GPUs
For an extensive treatment of parallel tridiagonal and block tridiagonal solvers see
References
Numerical linear algebra
Articles with example BASIC code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridiagonal%20matrix%20algorithm |
Siobhán Hoey (born 17 July 1970) is an Irish sportswoman from Portarlington, County Laois. She has competed in both track and field and bobsleigh.
Athletics career
Hoey's junior athletics career saw her focus on sprinting and long jumping. As a senior athlete she was national junior long jump champion and record holder both indoor and outdoor. From 1993 to 2000, she was national champion in the triple jump, and also national indoor champion (1993, 1996–1999). Hoey was national long jump champion in 1989. She was the first Irish record holder for the women's triple jump. In inter-varsity competition competing for University College Dublin (UCD), she won golds in the long jump, triple jump, high jump and the two sprint relays. In 1992–1993 Hoey captained the UCD women's squad both in Ireland and at events in Belgium and America. She was also selected captain of the Irish women's Europa Cup team.
Bobsleigh career
In 1999, Hoey and sister, Aoife, were selected for Ireland's first women's bobsleigh team however as she was under-age, Aoife couldn't compete. Hoey became the first Irish woman to drive a bobsleigh at bob school in Lillehammer, Norway. As brake athlete, she competed in European Cup events with sled pilot Audrey Garland (winner of the famed British Gladiator competition) in Lillehammer and Igls, Austria (2000). Sheesley Fitzgerald were the first Irish women to compete at the FIBT World Championships, doing so at Calgary, Canada in 2001. She, Lesley and Aoife competed in European Cup and World Cup events in their bid to qualify for the Salt Lake City Games in 2002. In 2001–2002 she took a year off from being a teacher in Dublin while Aoife took a study break. The sisters received partial funding from the Olympic Council of Ireland but no commercial sponsorship.
Following the Games in 2002, the Hoey sisters teamed up; Aoife in the driving seat and Siobhain as brake athlete. Together the sisters contested European Cup and World Cup events, and the European and World Championships. The sisters placed 13th in the FIBT World Championships in Koenigssee, Germany and placed among the medals in European start championships. Their bid for qualification for the 2006 games got off to a disastrous start when Siobhán was badly injured in a freak accident in the ice house at Calgary, Canada. Mid-training, her heel was hit by the sled runner and cut right through to the Achilles tendon. She had to compete in both the Calgary and Lake Placid events with her foot stitched. The remaining events of the World Cup circuit went well, however the team missed qualification for the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Following the last qualification event in Koenigssee, Germany in January 2006, Hoey retired from the sport. As an officer of the IBSA she has worked with young athletes. Recruiting David Connolly who qualified in the skeleton event for the Torino Games 2006 and Patrick Shannon who qualified in Skeleton for the Vancouver Games 2010. Recruiting and coaching Jennifer Corcoran, who medalled with Aoife Hoey in the bobsleigh World Junior Championships, and Claire Bergin who partnered Aoife for the Vancouver Games 2010. In acknowledgement of her contribution to Irish winter sport, Siobhán was appointed chef de mission for the Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, Canada 2010 (Siobhán was the first Irish woman to be given this role at either a Winter or Summer Games).
References
External links
Athlete profile at IAAF Athletics
1970 births
Living people
Irish female bobsledders
Irish female triple jumpers
Irish female long jumpers
Athletes from County Laois
People from Portarlington, County Laois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siobh%C3%A1n%20Hoey |
PFC Slavia Sofia 1913 () is a Bulgarian professional association football club based in Sofia, which currently competes in the top tier of the Bulgarian football league system, the First League. Slavia's home ground is the Stadion Aleksandar Shalamanov in Ovcha kupel with a capacity of 25,556. The team's colours are white and black. Established on 10 April 1913, Slavia is currently the oldest sports club in Sofia.
Slavia is one of only two Bulgarian football clubs that have never been relegated (the other being Levski Sofia), although the club has been divided into two separate clubs and one of them that carries Slavia records and statistics (Udarnik Sofia) had been expelled to the Second Division, which continued for a season (1951), for no other reason, but politically arranged football reform. The other separate entity (Stroitel Sofia) which is now defunct and regarded as a different club had remained in First Division. Later on the two clubs reunited again.
Domestically, the club has won the Bulgarian Championship seven times and the Bulgarian Cup eight times. They have also been runners-up in the championship ten times and have reached the cup final on three additional occasions. Among the team's international successes are a European Cup Winners' Cup semi-final in 1967 and a quarter-final in 1981, as well as two consecutive Balkans Cup trophies in 1986 and 1988.
Slavia have a rivalry with fellow Sofia-based club Levski Sofia. Matches between the two teams are known as the Oldest capital derby, due to the fact that Slavia and Levski are the oldest, continuously-existing football teams from Sofia. They used to compete regularly for trophies before 1945. More recently, their current main rivals are Lokomotiv Sofia, called the Little capital derby, as well as a rivalry with the city's other club CSKA.
History
On 10 April 1913, a group of young people living near a Russian Monument in Sofia and representatives of the local capital clubs Botev and Razvitie, in a coffee-house – Alabin str. in Sofia, decided to establish an incorporated sports club, the first organized sport club in Sofia. The new incorporated club was named Slavia. Dimitar Blagoev – Palio, a 21-year-old student, was elected as the first president of the club. As members of the first club administrative council were elected Emanuil Geshev, Ferdinand Mihaylov, Tsvyatko Velichkov, Georgi Grigorov and Todor Kalkandzhiev.
A few days later, was elected the first football team of the club – Stefan Lalov, Ilia Georgiev, Emanuil Geshev, Todor Kalkandzhiev, Stefan Chumpalov, Dimitar Blagoev – Palio (all of them from Botev) and Pavel Grozdanov, Ferdinand Mihaylov, Boris Sharankov, Asen Bramchev, Dimitar Cvetkov (all of them from Razvitie). The first sport dresses of the club were white shirts and black shorts. Since 1924, the team has played with white shirts and white shorts and up to present days it is popular as the "White pride". On 11 August 1913, Slavia played its first match, against local club Savata, and won 1–0.
After World War I, Slavia began to become more successful. On 5 June 1928, the club won its first champion title, winning 4–0 in the final match against Vladislav Varna. Slavia won the title five more times until 1946, in 1930, 1936, 1938–39, 1941 and 1943.
Slavia won its first Bulgarian Cup in 1952. By winning the 1963 Bulgarian Cup Final, Slavia qualified for the European Cup Winners' Cup, the club's first appearance in European competition. They were drawn against Hungarian club MTK Budapest in the first round. Slavia were eliminated from the competition 2–1 on aggregate. Its most important achievements in Europe during 1966–67 Cup Winners' Cup campaign when Slavia eliminated Swansea City, Strasbourg and Servette, before being eliminated by Rangers in the semi-finals. The team consisted of great players such as goalkeeper Simeon Simeonov, Ivan Davidov, Aleksandar Shalamanov, Dimitar Largov, Dimitar Kostov and Aleksandar Vasilev.
In 1969, Slavia was merged with Lokomotiv Sofia under the name ZhSK Slavia. Two years later, the two clubs split again after a split was supported by 100,000 fans.
In the 1980–81 season, led by Chavdar Tsvetkov and Andrey Zhelyazkov, Slavia reached the quarter-finals of the Cup Winners' Cup before losing 6–3 on aggregate to Feyenoord. In 1986, Slavia won Balkans Cup, defeating Greek side Panionios 5–3 on aggregate in the final. In 1988, Slavia won the Balkans Cup for the second time.
In 1994, Stoyan Kotsev, the former Slavia midfielder, was appointed as the club's new manager. After finishing fourth in 1995, they went on to win the A PFG title in 1995–96. Slavia finished with five points more than second-placed Levski Sofia. This marked Slavia's first Bulgarian title since 1943. In the 2010–11 season, Slavia reached the Bulgarian Cup final, defeating Ludogorets Razgrad, Etar 1924, Chernomorets Burgas and Pirin Blagoevgrad en route. However, they lost the final 1–0 to CSKA Sofia.
In 2018, Slavia won the Bulgarian Cup for the eight time in its history, defeating rivals Levski Sofia at the Vasil Levski National Stadium after a penalty shootout. This enabled the team to play in the 2018-19 UEFA Europa League second qualifying round. In the second qualifying round, Slavia eliminated Finnish side FC Ilves. However, in the third qualifying round, they lost to Hajduk Split of Croatia, thus being eliminated.
The 2019–20 season was very successful for Slavia. The team finished in third place, qualifying for the Europa League playoff. Slavia clinched the third place in the last round of the season, defeating champions Ludogorets 3–1 at home, while Levski Sofia lost 1–2 to Lokomotiv Plovdiv, thus making Slavia third. This was Slavia’s best placement since the 1996–97 season.
League positions
Players
Current squad
For recent transfers, see Transfers summer 2023.
Foreign players
Up to twenty foreign nationals can be registered and given a squad number for the first team in the Bulgarian First League, however only five non-EU nationals can be used during a match day. Those non-EU nationals with European ancestry can claim citizenship from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim Bulgarian citizenship after playing in Bulgaria for 5 years.
EU Nationals
EU Nationals (Dual citizenship)
Veljko Jelenković
Ludovic Soares
Supporters
There is one remaining ultras group called Boys Sofia, a name referring to the fact the traditional support is from the south of the city; in the past there were multiple other groups. They have a long standing friendship with BSC Young Boys. The traditional rivalry has been with Levski Sofia, also known as Oldest capital derby, however in recent decades Lokomotiv Sofia has become the major rival. The derby between them is called Little capital derby. The other city rivalry is with CSKA Sofia.
Stadium
In the first ten years after Slavia was founded, the club played in the stadium of his predecessor SC Razvitie. On 3 October 1923, Slavia became the owner of land to the Russian Monument in Sofia, where was the first ground of the club. They played their home games there for the next few decades, until they moved to southwest Sofia in the 1960s.
On 12 March 1958, started the construction of Slavia Stadium. Mayor of the sixth area in Sofia and president of the Slavia women's basketball team, Dimitar Tinev, presided at the laying in place of the first stone. The stadium is built in a residential area Ovcha Kupel, served by regular bus services 6 km from Sofia city centre. Slavia Stadium has undergone many changes over the years and it presently has a capacity of 25,556.
Honours
National
Bulgarian State Football Championship / First League:
Winners (7): 1928, 1930, 1936, 1939, 1941, 1943, 1995–96
Runners-up (10): 1926, 1932, 1934, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1958–59, 1966–67, 1979–80, 1989–90
Third place (13): 1939–40, 1942, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1969–70, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1981–82, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1996–97, 2019–20
Bulgarian Cup:
Winners (8): 1952, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1974–75, 1979–80, 1995–96, 2017–18
Runners-up (3): 1954, 1971–72, 2010–11
European
Balkans Cup
Winners: 1986, 1987–88
Cup Winners Cup
Semi-finals: 1966–67
UEFA Intertoto Cup
First place in group four: 1977
Board of directors
Technical staff
Notable stats
Managerial history
This is a list of the last Slavia managers:
References
External links
Official website
Association football clubs established in 1913
1913 establishments in Bulgaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC%20Slavia%20Sofia |
Elsevier Weekblad, abbreviated to EW, still known as Elsevier, is a Dutch weekly news magazine. With a circulation of over 68,000 copies as of 2018, it is the Netherlands' most popular news magazine.
Elsevier Weekblad focuses mainly on politics, international affairs and business. In terms of scope of articles it is most comparable to Germany's Focus, Belgium's Knack or America's Time. Like Time, Elsevier Weekblad runs a yearly cover story about a Person of the Year. The magazine is, together with de Volkskrant and NRC Handelsblad, conventionally considered to be one of the most influential written media in the Dutch language. Views expressed are generally conservative right wing.
History and profile
The predecessor of the magazine, Elsevier's Geïllustreerd Maandschrift (Elsevier's Illustrated Monthly), was first issued in January 1891 and was modelled after Harper's Magazine. It was published by J.G. Robbers and his Elsevier company, which had been founded in 1880 and took its name from the famous (but unrelated) Elzevir family of the 16th to 18th centuries. In 1940, the magazine was prohibited by the German authorities, who occupied the Netherlands at the time, and the last issue of the magazine was issued in December that year.
Henk Lunshof, a journalist of De Telegraaf, had thought of establishing a new news magazine since 1940. He was approached by Jan Pieter Klautz, director of the publishing company Elsevier, and the two secretly started preparing the establishment of the magazine. They were assisted by G.B.J. Hiltermann, another former journalist of De Telegraaf. The magazine was finally introduced as Elseviers Weekblad ("Elsevier's Weekly") on 27 October 1945, and Lunshof became its editor. Its aim was to take an independent position, not linked to any political party or association. By the end of the 1940s, however, EW adopted a clear position against the independence of Indonesia, after which it developed a socially conservative and economically liberal signature, closely linked to the liberals of the VVD and the Catholics of the KVP.
The magazine was an instant success and very profitable. The expansion of Elsevier in the scientific field after 1945 was funded with the profits of the newsweekly.
Communists would later become enemies with Elsevier Weekblad. This and the increasingly old-fashioned image of the magazine sparked the demand for a new leadership and a new formula. The new editor in chief, André Spoor, formerly editor in chief of NRC Handelsblad, renewed the redaction, changed the layout and shortened the name to Elsevier. In the following years, the magazine lost its literary character and started focusing on journalism. It claims that while opinion pieces remained, it became less ideological and more factual.
The magazine has several supplements, one of which is Elsevier Weekblad Juist, a monthly lifestyle and business magazine.
Reed Business Information sold a majority stake in Elsevier to New Skool Media in 2016; the two companies created the joint venture ONE Business.
Circulation
In 2001 Elsevier Weekblad had a circulation of 129,000 copies. In 2010 the circulation of the magazine was 135,838 copies. It was 62,458 copies in 2018.
References
External links
1945 establishments in the Netherlands
Dutch-language magazines
Elsevier
Magazines established in 1945
Magazines published in Amsterdam
News magazines published in Europe
Political magazines published in the Netherlands
Weekly magazines published in the Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier%20Weekblad |
United Sports Club Slavia () is a multi-sports club from Sofia, Bulgaria, founded in 1913. It has sections for football, ice hockey and basketball.
Departments
HC Slavia Sofia, ice hockey team
PFC Slavia Sofia, football team
WBC Slavia Sofia, women's basketball team
References
External links
Multi-sport clubs in Bulgaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavia%20Sofia%20%28sports%20club%29 |
Moor End Academy is a converter academy school located in Crosland Moor, Huddersfield in England. It educates students in ages 11–16. The school is operated by South Pennine Academies. The school is rated as 'Outstanding' by Ofsted.
History
The school, that opened in Easter 1972, was originally known as Moor End High School. It became a Technology College, as part of the specialist schools programme, in 1999 and it was renamed to Moor End Technology College. Moor End converted into an academy as a part of the free schools programme, and was renamed again to Moor End Academy in September 2011.
Louise Couzens-Abbot resigned as Chair of Governors, in March 2013, when it was revealed that she was a vice girl.
The controlling body, Moor End Academies Trust, changed its name to South Pennine Academies in July 2017. This was due to the building of a new primary school on Moor End grounds, it was opened in 2016.
Kash Rafiq, a former pupil at the school, was appointed Principal in April 2018, and become 'Executive Principal' after gaining the role of Principal at other schools.
In July 2022, the start time of the school was pushed back by 10 minutes to 8:30, this was in line with Government guidelines set out in the government white paper, Opportunity for All. It was later pushed back to 8:25 in September 2023, although the rule is loosely enforced.
Organisation
The school previously had a system of four houses: Beaumont, Castle, Emley, Greenhead (although the website states it is being reworked, it has most likely been abandoned due to the span of time since its deprecation). The roles of Head Boy and Head Girl were introduced in the year 2013–14, but were replaced by "Head Student" in 2022.
Academic standards
The latest Ofsted report, following an inspection in June 2012, rated the academy as 'Outstanding', grade 1 of four grades, for 'overall effectiveness' and for each of the four component measures. The report says "High aspirations, outstanding teaching and the rich curriculum result in outstanding achievement. Achievement is outstanding because students consistently make significantly more progress than students nationally in English, science and mathematics."
Following the previous inspection, in September/October 2009, the school was also assessed as being 'Outstanding'.
Notable former student
Clare Taylor (born 1965), English sportswoman
Notes
External links
Schools in Huddersfield
Academies in Kirklees
Secondary schools in Kirklees
Educational institutions established in 1972
1972 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moor%20End%20Academy |
Oslov is a municipality and village in Písek District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Tukleky and the hamlet of Svatá Anna are administrative parts of Oslov.
Etymology
The village was named after its founder, who was a noble named Osel. The name Osel literally means 'donkey' in Czech.
Geography
Oslov is located about north of Písek and north of České Budějovice. It lies in the Tábor Uplands. The highest point is at above sea level. The municipality is situated on an elevated plateau between the Vltava and Otava rivers, on the shores of the Orlík Reservoir, which is built on both the rivers.
History
The first written mention of Oslov is from 1167, when the village was donated to the convent in Doksany. Later it belonged to the Zvíkov estate.
Demographics
Transport
The railway from Písek to Milevsko passes through the outlying part of the municipal territory, but there is no train station. The municipality is served by the train station in neighbouring Vlastec.
Sights
The main landmark of Oslov is the Church of Saint Leonard of Noblac. Originally a Gothic church, it was first documented in 1384. It was completely rebuilt into its current form in 1788.
The Červená Railway Bridge is located on the municipal border. It was built over the Orlík Reservoir in 1886–1889. It is a valuable technical monument.
Notable people
Martin Josef Říha (1839–1907), Bishop of České Budějovice
References
External links
Villages in Písek District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslov |
Carl August Walther Sommerlath (22 January 1901 – 21 October 1990) was a German businessman and the father of Queen Silvia, consort of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.
After World War II, Sommerlath served as president of a Brazilian subsidiary of the Swedish steel-parts manufacturer Uddeholm Tooling.
Early life
Sommerlath was born and raised in Heidelberg, Grand Duchy of Baden in the German Empire (now Baden-Württemberg, Germany). His parents were Louis Carl Moritz Sommerlath (1860–1930), who was born in Chicago, in the United States, and Erna Sophie Christine Waldau (1864–1944). In the mid-1920s, Walther Sommerlath moved to São Paulo, Brazil, where he worked for the steel company Açus Roechling Boulerus do Brasil, a subsidiary in the German steel group Röchling.
Marriage
Sommerlath became involved with a Brazilian woman, Alice Soares de Toledo (1906–1997). She was the daughter of Arthur Floriano de Toledo and his wife Elisa de Novaes Soares. On 10 December 1925, in Santa Cecília, São Paulo, the couple married, eventually having four children:
Ralf Sommerlath (born 26 November 1929)
Walther Ludwig Sommerlath (1934–2020)
Hans Jörg Sommerlath (1941–2006)
Silvia Renate Sommerlath (born 23 December 1943), married in 1976 to King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
Life in Germany
In 1938, Walther Sommerlath left Brazil and returned to Heidelberg. In 1939, he moved to the German capital Berlin. Between 1939 and 1943, Sommerlath ran a company in Berlin that the Nazis had seized from its Jewish owners. This company manufactured arms used in World War II. In 1943, Sommerlath’s plant was destroyed by Allied bombs. Later that year, the Sommerlath family returned to Heidelberg.
After the war, in 1947 the Sommerlath family returned to Brazil, where Walther Sommerlath worked as the president of the Brazilian subsidiary of the Swedish steel-parts manufacturer Uddeholm. The family finally moved back to Heidelberg in 1957, and Sommerlath died in Heidelberg in October 1990.
Membership of the Nazi Party
Not much is publicly known about Sommerlath's Nazi affiliations. Living as a German citizen in São Paulo, Brazil, Sommerlath joined the German National Socialist Worker's Party (NSDAP/AO) as an expatriate member on 1 December 1934. His member number was 3592030. His brother Paul Sommerlath had joined the Party in 1933. Most Germans in Brazil chose not to be members in the party. Thus, Brazil's president, Getúlio Vargas, found no real opposition when he decided to outlaw the party in 1938. The Sommerlath brothers remained members of the Nazi party until the party was banned and dissolved by the Allies in 1945.
In 1976, when Silvia was about to marry King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, the Swedish daily Expressen interviewed Sommerlath about his Nazi background. In the interview, Sommerlath denied that he had any connections with the Nazi Party, saying that his only participation in the war was his work at the arms factory in Berlin.
The Swedish royal family has declined to comment on the Queen's father's role in the war or reveal other facts about his company. But on 16 May 2011, in reaction to a Swedish TV news magazine, Queen Silvia announced that she would probe her father's alleged Nazi ties.
In 2020, a group of researchers announced newly discovered diaries and notes that indicate Walther Sommerlath participated in organizing the rescue of German, anti-Hitler resistance members and Jewish people during the war. After Claus von Stauffenberg had failed in his attempt to assassinate Hitler on 20 July 1944, fifteen resistance members, along with a number of Jewish people, were smuggled to Sweden by train. Walther Sommerlath's name appears in documents originally held by German resistance member Otto Wegner. The train left some hundred kilometers southeast from Berlin containing furniture. When it arrived in Berlin, the furniture was removed, and the people loaded in, along with some concrete pillars to make up for the weight difference. The train arrived in Trelleborg in southern Sweden safely. Swedish diplomats, members of the Swedish church in Berlin and a few Germans are said to have been involved in the planning.
References
External links
Rosvall, Ted, Bernadotteättlingar, Falköping: Rosvall Royal Books, 1992,
Ancestry of Queen Silvia of Sweden
Queen Silvia's father saved Jews from Nazism
1901 births
1990 deaths
Businesspeople from Heidelberg
German people of American descent
German emigrants to Brazil
Nazi Party members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Sommerlath |
Ulysses Bloodstone is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is an immortal monster-hunter.
Ulysses Bloodstone appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe / Disney+ television special Werewolf by Night, voiced by Richard Dixon.
Publication history
Ulysses Bloodstone first appeared in Marvel Presents #1 (Oct 1975) and was created by Len Wein, Marv Wolfman, and John Warner.
John Warner has explained the development of Ulysses Bloodstone: "Len Wein and Marv Wolfman came up with the spark that would become Bloodstone—the premise of a man who fights monsters—and together he and I began to develop a series idea to take up ten pages of Where Monsters Dwell." Mike Vosburg was the artist assigned to the first installment, and then Pat Boyette was to do the rest of the series. Warner developed ideas for the ongoing story, describing the planned ideas as "grand and epic and sweeping in scope" and "very cosmic and complex."
Where Monsters Dwell was cancelled at the same time as The Living Mummy, another title on which Warner was working. However, he was informed that he would get the chance to run part of the story in the first two issues of a new title, Marvel Presents. The first two parts were finished, and they would run in issue one; Warner had to draw everything to a satisfactory close in the second issue. He says, "In the first two episodes I had laid the groundwork for this grand sweeping epic ... and all of a sudden I had to tie it off in eighteen pages." This left a lot of the story untold, and he could only introduce two of the characters he wanted to bring in, Brad Carter and P.D.Q. Warner. Due to the delays Boyette was unavailable for the second issue, whose artwork Sonny Trinidad drew instead.
Most of the rest of the planned stories would appear in the back-up story in The Rampaging Hulk (1977) which led up to Bloodstone's death. This was told in #8, after the feature was replaced in #7 by an unrelated feature, and now written by Steve Gerber rather than Warner. Other parts of his history would be told through flashbacks in titles like Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty (1999), and more of the background to his death was filled-in by The Bloodstone Hunt storyline in the regular Captain America comic (1989). His adventures with the Monster Hunters were told in Marvel Universe (1998) and Marvel: The Lost Generation (2000).
Fictional character biography
In the Hyborian Age, a meteorite landed on Earth in Northern Vanaheim on the European continent, circa 8250 B.C. It was controlled by an evil extra-dimensional entity called the Hellfire Helix, which wanted to conquer the world. To that end, it sent its agent, Ulluxy’l Kwan Tae Syn, to get the meteorite and find a host for it. However, a local human hunter/gatherer found the rock, and fought Ulluxy’l Kwan Tae Syn. In the fight, the meteor was smashed, a part of it (also called the Bloodgem) was imbedded in the human's chest, and the explosion killed the human's tribe. The human vowed revenge on Ulluxy’l Kwan Tae Syn. Because of the gem in his chest, he became immortal, and later became known as Ulysses Bloodstone.
Ulysses Bloodstone was one of the most successful mercenaries in the world. His long life allowed him to assemble a vast fortune, which he used to set up a series of outposts, fully staffed and equipped, in various corners of the world. He gained mastery of most of the world's weaponry, and a large portion of the world's martial arts and languages.
Over the next 10,000 years, Bloodstone would travel all over the world, looking for Ulluxy’l Kwan Tae Syn. As a result, by the 20th Century, he had become immensely wealthy, and could speak most of the world's languages. In his hunt for Ulluxy'l Kwan Tae Syn, he had become a mercenary, adventurer, and soldier-of-fortune, proficient with most of the world's weaponry. Due to Ulluxy’l Kwan Tae Syn's ability to summon monsters from another dimension, which Ulluxy’l did specifically to keep Bloodstone away from him, Bloodstone gained a reputation as a monster hunter.
Sometime in the 1930s, he battled Nosferatu and his clan of vampires. In 1933, he gained a sidekick: Fat Cobra, who later became one of the Immortal Weapons. He embarked on a series of adventures with him that took them to the far corners of the globe, traveling to the Savage Land and Monster Island and fighting Mole People as well as Fin Fang Foom. In the 1950s, he became a member of the Monster Hunters, of whom he remained a member until they disbanded.
Bloodstone met two future allies, Brad Carter and P.D.Q. Warner, who sought giant humanoid monsters to battle. A fight between Possessor and Bloodstone occurred during this time in which he was able to defeat his foe with the help of the Bloodgem. He battled the giant undersea humanoid monster Goram while seeking another Bloodstone fragment. Goram was subdued by the technology of Bloodstone Island, and then Ulysses Bloodstone fought Killer Shrike. Bloodstone met Iron Man, then battled Goram and his master Centurius. Bloodstone then met Ulluxy’l Kwan Tae Syn on the astral plane. Bloodstone petitioned the United Nations to recognize the sovereignty of Bloodstone Island, and then battled Sharzan the Elemental.
Bloodstone's vendetta against the Hellfire Helix ended when the truth came out: the Hellfire Helix had needed a host, and had chosen Bloodstone. As Bloodstone and Ulluxy’l Kwan Tae Syn had fought, the Helix had assembled a group called "The Conspiracy," which had five members, to reassemble the meteorite and gain control of Bloodstone. Bloodstone faced off against the Conspirators, but they defeated him. The life-sustaining gem fragment was surgically removed from his chest by one Conspirator, the surgeon Dr. Juden Bardham. The Conspirators thought they would become immortal, but instead, the evil Helix killed all five of them to reassemble the gem. Bloodstone's body managed to kill the gem-monster Ulluxy’l Kwan Tae Syn and prevent the Helix from coming to Earth by vanquishing the Hellfire Helix on the astral plane. His body then withered and died.
Bloodstone's skeleton was later revealed to be in the possession of the American Museum of Natural History. The Hellfire Helix was later revealed to have resurrected itself, and it possessed the corpse of the first Baron Zemo, which disappeared down an inactive volcano in Japan.
The Bloodstone restored the Punisher, who had been resurrected as a Frankenstein's monster-like entity derisively nicknamed "Franken-Castle," to normal after a damaging fight with Daken and Wolverine. The Punisher discarded the Bloodstone when Ulysses Bloodstone's daughter Elsa and the Legion of Monsters made him realize that it was beginning to affect his judgement, causing him to consider killing those who might commit crimes rather than allowing him to retain his resolve to only kill the guilty.
Powers and abilities
The mystic Bloodstone fragment embedded in Ulysses Bloodstone's chest emanated magical energy which increased his physical strength, speed, stamina, agility, reflexes, and senses to superhuman levels. The Bloodstone also provided vast regenerative capabilities that enabled his rapid regeneration of injured or missing body tissue with much greater speed and efficiency than an ordinary human. The more extensive the injury, the longer it would take for him to heal it fully. Bloodstone's healing ability was sufficiently developed for him to be able to regenerate severed limbs, which he did at least once. On this occasion, Bloodstone entered a state of self-induced hibernation which could last for years. Aside from his greatly enhanced healing, the Bloodgem rendered Bloodstone virtually immortal in the sense that he was immune to the effects of aging and to all known diseases. Bloodstone's life was dependent upon the presence of the fragment and, as a result, he had ceased to require food, water, or air to survive. However, if he was forcefully separated from the gem, then that forceful separation would kill him; indeed, when Dr. Bardham removed the fragment from his chest, it did kill him.
Aside from his physical attributes, the Bloodstone provided certain psionic abilities to Ulysses Bloodstone. He possessed a kind of invisible third eye on his forehead that allowed him to see human auras, which enabled him to see people even in total darkness, and the ability to travel mentally onto any one of the various astral planes of existence. Bloodstone also possessed some degree of psychokinesis, the limits of which were never discovered, but which also enabled him to detonate certain explosives by means of such psychokinesis.
Bloodstone's greatly extended lifespan afforded him many lifetimes' worth of time to study virtually anything he wished to learn. Thus, he had acquired a high degree in expertise in virtually all forms of armed and unarmed combat. In the modern era, he used a variety of different weapons, including high-caliber firearms, swords, and knives. He carried a specially-designed sawed-off shotgun whose shells he could detonate mentally, as well as a stainless steel Bowie knife and .45 caliber semi-automatic handguns. He wore a flak jacket with storage pouches for a variety of weapons and ammunition.
Children
Elsa Bloodstone
Elsa Bloodstone is the daughter of Ulysses Bloodstone. She was the star of her own mini-series simply titled Bloodstone.
Cullen Bloodstone
Cullen Bloodstone is the son of Ulysses Bloodstone and a student at the Braddock Academy. He was among the 16 teenagers who were captured by Arcade and brought to Murderworld so that Arcade could have the teenagers fight to the death.
Other versions
Earth X
In the alternate future of Earth X, in the afterlife Ulysses joins with dozens of other deceased heroes in attempt to stop the genocidal plans of Mephisto and Thanos.
Nextwave
Ulysses Bloodstone also appeared in Nextwave in many flashbacks relating to his daughter's training and is shown acting out of character - for example, Ulysses creates a robot tutor for Elsa that uses torture to teach her. In another incident, Ulysses throws a baby Elsa into battle against a monster. In 2006 Marvel Editor-in-Chief Joe Quesada stated that "for the time being" Nextwave was to be considered set in a universe separate from the main Marvel continuity. More recently Nextwave has been partially integrated with the Marvel Universe when someone dressed like the Nextwave version of Monica Rambeau was seen being deported back to Earth-A, from where people had been arriving on superhero vacation packages. Furthermore, several characters in the Nextwave book, not including Elsa herself, appeared in other books, referring to some events of the series as actually canon. Civil War: Battle Damage Report suggests that Nextwave adventures actually happened, but due to mental conditions and drug treatments given to the main characters, they were in a constant delusional state, accounting for the weird memories Elsa displays of her father.
Collected editions
In other media
A Bloodstone TV series was considered for development in 2001.
Ulysses Bloodstone's corpse appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe / Disney+ special Werewolf by Night, performed by Erik Beck and voiced by Richard Dixon. Following his death prior to the special, Ulysses' corpse is automated so his wife Verussa Bloodstone can deliver his last will and testament to his fellow hunters and choose a successor. It is later destroyed by Man-Thing after he incinerates Verussa and tosses her at it.
Notes
References
External links
Ulysses Bloodstone at the Marvel Universe
Characters created by Len Wein
Characters created by Marv Wolfman
Comics characters introduced in 1975
Fictional actors
Fictional monster hunters
Fictional pirates
Fictional soldiers
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters who use magic
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with immortality
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman senses
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics male superheroes
Marvel Comics martial artists
Marvel Comics mutates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses%20Bloodstone |
Ruth Wendy Holmes (née Langsford; born 17 March 1960) is an English television presenter. She has presented various television shows, including This Morning (1999–2022), in which she is the longest-serving presenter, Gift Wrapped (2014), How the Other Half Lives (2015–present), and Ruth Langsford’s Fashion Edit (2017–present). Since 1999, Langsford has been a regular panellist on the ITV talk show Loose Women, becoming a presenter in 2013. In 2017, she took part in the fifteenth series of Strictly Come Dancing, in which she finished in ninth place.
Early life
Ruth Langsford was born in what was then the State of Singapore, to Dennis and Joan Langsford. She lived in five countries before the age of ten, including West Germany and four countries in North Africa. Langsford attended Saltash School in Cornwall from 1977 to 1978.
Career
Television
Langsford began her career as a continuity announcer and newscaster with ITV regional station Television South West (TSW) in Plymouth, England. She left TSW when Westcountry Television took over the franchise on 1 January 1993, closing down the station with fellow announcer, Ian Stirling.
From 1999 until 2002, Langsford was a regular panellist on ITV's daytime chat show Loose Women. In 2010, she returned to the show as a stand-in anchor until 2013. Langsford rejoined Loose Women on 8 January 2014 as a regular anchor. She anchors the show in rotation with Jane Moore, Charlene White, Christine Lampard and Kaye Adams.
In 2000, Langsford became a guest presenter on This Morning, and was made a regular presenter in 2006 where she co-hosted alongside Phillip Schofield, making her the longest serving presenter of the programme. Later that year, the show introduced Eamonn Holmes to co-host with Langsford every Friday.
Langsford was one of the main presenters on the now defunct TV Travel Shop which was on air from April 1998 until March 2005. She also hosted The Answer Lies in the Soil (1999), The Great British Garden Show, Langsford Late (1999), The Really Useful Show (1997), Mysterious West (1995) and Gardens of the Millennium (1999).
In 2004, Langsford narrated the television series Zoo Story set at Paignton Zoo. She guest presented five episodes of GMTV with Lorraine in 2010. Langsford was a contestant on Marco's Kitchen Burnout in 2010 and competed in Born to Shine in 2011.
In 2014, Langsford and Eamonn Holmes co-hosted ten episodes of the ITV teatime quiz show Gift Wrapped.
Since 2015, Langsford and Holmes have presented Channel 5 series How the Other Half Lives, and a third in 2017.
In February 2017, Langsford began co-presenting Ruth Langsford's Fashion Edit alongside Jackie Kabler for QVC.
On 9 August 2017, Langsford was the third celebrity announced to be taking part in the fifteenth series of Strictly Come Dancing. Her professional partner was Anton du Beke. She was the seventh celebrity to be eliminated, and left the show on 12 November.
From March 2018, Langsford co-presented Do the Right Thing with Eamonn Holmes on Channel 5.
In 2019 and again in 2020, Langsford co-presented the Channel 5 dieting series Lose a Stone in Four Weeks for Summer, alongside GP Amir Khan.
Other work
In September 2010, Langsford co-hosted the breakfast show on BBC London 94.9 alongside Paul Ross.
In 2011, Langsford became the brand ambassador for Playtex.
In 2013, Langsford became brand ambassador for Clarivu refractive lens exchange procedure sold by Optegra.
Langsford has written columns for Woman Magazine and Tesco Magazine. She was an ambassador for two Tesco food campaigns.
She was on the judging panel for the Pride of Britain Awards in 2016.
Personal life
In 1996, Langsford began dating Eamonn Holmes, though the two kept their relationship secret for years out of respect for Holmes' first wife, Gabrielle, from whom he was separated at the time. In 2002, Langsford gave birth to their son, Jack Alexander Holmes. They got married at Elvetham Hall in Hampshire on 26 June 2010. The couple live in Weybridge, Surrey.
Filmography
Television
See also
List of Strictly Come Dancing contestants
References
External links
Official website
Ruth Langsford at James Grant Media
1960 births
Living people
English television presenters
English game show hosts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Langsford |
The history of Jews in Ohio dates back to 1817, when Joseph Jonas, a pioneer, came from England and made his home in Cincinnati. He drew after him a number of English Jews, who held Orthodox-style divine service for the first time in Ohio in 1819, and, as the community grew, organized themselves in 1824 into the first Jewish congregation of the Ohio Valley, the B'ne Israel. This English immigration was followed in the next two decades by the coming of German immigrants who, in contrast, were mostly Reform Jews. A Bavarian, Simson Thorman, settled in 1837 in Cleveland, then a considerable town, which thus became the second place in the state where Jews settled. Thorman was soon followed by countrymen of his, who in 1839 organized themselves into a congregation (the first in Cleveland, and the second in Ohio) called the Israelitish Society. The same decade saw an influx of German Jews into Cincinnati, and these in 1841 founded the Bene Yeshurun congregation. To these two communities the Jewish history of Ohio was confined for the first half of the 19th century. In 1850 Ohio had six congregations: four in Cincinnati and two in Cleveland.
As of 2012, Ohio has a Jewish population of 148,680, about 1.3% of the state.
Population growth
After the middle of the 19th century, congregations sprang up throughout the state. In the statistics published by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations in September 1880, Ohio was credited with a Jewish population of 6,581, which seems to be too low an estimate. The number of Jews in Ohio in 1904 was supposed to be about 50,000. This estimate made the Jewish community of Ohio one of the largest in the country, surpassed in numerical strength only by New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Massachusetts. The Jews of Ohio formed a little over 1 percent of the total population, which was 4,157,545.
Distinguished Jews in 19th century Ohio
The Jews of Ohio have taken a significant part in the public life of the state. In the American Civil War, 1,004 Jews were enrolled from Ohio, a number exceeded only by the Jewish contingent of New York. This fact points also to the relative size of the Jewish community in Ohio at that time. One of these soldiers, Marcus M. Spiegel, rose from the ranks to a colonel, and but for his untimely death would have become a brigadier general, for which rank he had been recommended. Two others—David Orbansky, Abraham Greenawalt, received the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration for gallantry in action.
In political life also the Jews have been active. Joseph Jonas, Jacob Wolf, William Bloch, Daniel Wolf, Caspar Lowenstein, Harry M. Hoffheimer, Fred A. Johnson, Frederick S. Spiegel, Charles Fleischmann, Henry Mack, Alfred M. Cohen, and Max Silverberg have served in the state legislature. Julius Freiburg was a member of the convention to change the constitution.
Jews have filled also many local offices, judicial and administrative, both through election and appointment. Of federal office-holders may be mentioned: Nathaniel Newburgh, appointed by President Cleveland as appraiser of merchandise, and Bernhard Bettman, appointed by President McKinley as collector of internal revenue.
Jewish communities in Ohio at the turn of the 20th century
According to the American Jewish Year Book of 5662 (1902), almost every town of importance had some Jewish organization. The two largest communities now had 12 congregations in Cincinnati and 14 in Cleveland. In 1901 18 cities and towns had one or more Jewish institutions, 16 of them having 50 regularly organized congregations. The following cities also had Jewish organizations as of 1902:
Akron has the Akron Hebrew Congregation, organized in 1865 (rabbi, Isador Philo). It has also the Francis Joseph Society, a charitable organization, and an Orthodox congregation.
Bellaire has three congregations, Agudath Achim founded in 1850 (rabbi, Becker), Moses Montefiore, and Sons of Israel, the last-named organized in 1896. It has further a Young Men's Hebrew Association, and a Ladies' Auxiliary Society.
Canton has a congregation and a Hebrew Ladies' Aid Society.
Chillicothe has a Jewish Relief Society. Religious services were also organized in town.
Circleville has a congregation, Children of Israel.
Columbus, the capital of the state, had in 1902 a Reform congregation, Temple Israel; and two Orthodox congregations, Agudas Achim (which became a Conservative congregation in the 21st century) and Beth Jacob.
Dayton is also the seat of a considerable Jewish community. It has three congregations, Bnai Yeshurun, founded in 1854 (rabbi, David Lefkowitz), and two orthodox congregations, one of which, the House of Jacob (Rabbi Hillel Fox), was founded in 1886.
Fremont, Ohio had a congregation known as the Fremont Hebrew Temple. By 1942 this congregation had merged with Beth Israel, a newer Jewish group.
Hamilton's Congregation B'nai Israel (rabbi, L. Liebman) was founded in 1866.
Ironton and Mansfield have each a congregation. In Mansfield, a Jewish presence can be dated to the 1840s.
Lancaster was home to a Congregation called B'nai Israel, which purchased a permanent building in 1926.
Lima has had an active Jewish population for over 150 years. It is home to Temple Beth Israel-Shaare Zedek. The congregation is composed of the previous Reform and Conservative congregations which merged in 1961. The Temple currently holds regular bi-monthly services and educational programs under the direction of Rabbi Jonathan Jackson.
Marion has a Jewish Aid Society and a Hebrew Sabbath-school.
Piqua's congregation, Anshe Emeth, was founded in 1858.
Portsmouth's Congregation Bench Abraham (rabbi, Louis Kuppin), was organized in 1858 and included a Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Society.
Sandusky has one congregation, Temple Oheb Shalom
Springfield has two congregations, Chesed Shel Emeth (rabbi, H. Arnofsky) and Ohev Zedakah (founded in 1866).
Steubenville was the site of two congregations in 1900. By 1902, these two congregations merged under the name B'nai Israel.
Toledo has one of the largest Jewish communities in Ohio. Its oldest religious institution is a chevra kadisha, Beni Israel, founded in 1867. It has three congregations, Bnai Israel (rabbi, Joseph Levin), Bnai Jacob (rabbi, Herz Benowitz); founded in 1870), and Shomer Emonim (rabbi, Charles Freund; founded in 1870, dissolved in 1874, and reorganized in 1884).
Youngstown has two congregations, Children of Israel (rabbi, J. Friedman) and Rodef Sholem (rabbi, J. B. Grossman; organized in 1867). Youngstown has also a Ladies' Aid Society and a Hebrew Charity Society.
Zanesville has two congregations, Beth Abraham and K'neseth Israel. Beth Abraham traced its history to 1874 and K'neseth Israel was formed in 1868.
High holiday services are held in Bowling Green, East Liverpool, Findlay and Marion. In addition, five cities have sections of the Council of Jewish Women, four have nine Zionist societies, and eight have fifty-two lodges (comp. "American Jewish Year Book," 5662, p. 146).
Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Columbus
Today, roughly nine out of ten Ohio Jews live in the metropolitan areas of Cleveland, Cincinnati and Columbus, with community population estimates of 80,000 for Cleveland (as of 1996); 27,000 for Cincinnati (as of 2008); and 25,500 for Columbus (as of 2013).
These three cities are not only the most important numerically; they are the seats of the most prominent Jewish educational and charitable organizations and of the Jewish press of the state. Cleveland is home to the first Telshe Yeshiva in the United States, established in 1941 after the school was relocated out of Lithuania. In Cincinnati, the activity of Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise and the founding of the Hebrew Union College there, as well as of the other major institutions of Reform Judaism such as the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, the Central Conference of American Rabbis, the Hebrew Sabbath-School Union, and the National Jewish Charities, made Ohio prominent in Jewish affairs nationally in the latter half of the 19th century. By the early 20th century, Cleveland, with its larger population swelled by immigration from eastern Europe, became the most prominent center for Jewish activities in the state. All of Ohio's statewide-elected Jewish politicians, most prominently U.S. Sen. Howard Metzenbaum, have hailed from the Cleveland area. By the end of the 20th century, Columbus was an increasingly important center of national Jewish prominence, driven by its population growth and by educational and cultural institutions such as Ohio State University's Melton Center and the Wexner Foundation.
See Jewish history in Cincinnati, Jews and Judaism in Cleveland and History of the Jews in Greater Columbus for further details.
References
External links
Cleveland Jewish History
Cleveland Jewish Directory
Ohio-Israel Cooperation at the Jewish Virtual Library
Central Ohio Histories at The Columbus Jewish Historical Society
The History of Jewish Cleveland – Teaching Cleveland Digital
Jstyle - Jewish Entertainment, Fashion, Lifestyle & News for Northeast Ohio's Jewish community
Jewish
Ohio
Jews and Judaism in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Ohio |
Telford Town Park is a park and Local Nature Reserve in Telford in Shropshire. In 2015, it was voted "UK's Best Park" in the inaugural public competition organised by Fields in Trust
History
The Anglo-Saxon period saw the first real changes made to the area later to become Telford Town Park. Early settlers cleared woodland to create land suitable for farming. These became the starting points for places like Dawley, Stirchley and Malinslee, the key catchment areas that surround Telford Town Park ('Ley' is an Anglo-Saxon word meaning a clearing in the wood). In the 13th century much of the land around Stirchley was given to the Cistercian monks of Buildwas Abbey. It was these monks who built the original Grange at Stirchley and farmed the surrounding land until the 1530s. The relatively peaceful scene of small farmsteads separated by hedges and woodlands continued until the dramatic changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution. Valuable raw materials such as coal and ironstone were mined, and this produced enormous amounts of waste which created the pit mounds seen in the Park today. The Shropshire Canal ran through the Park and new industries grew up alongside the canal – iron furnaces, foundries and forges at Hinkshay and on the Stirchley Chimney site. Most of the industries belonged to the Old Park Company, set up by Isaac Hawkins Browne who lived at Stirchley Grange.
The Wellington Iron and Coal Company built the Stirchley Chimney in 1873; however, due to bankruptcy in 1877, the furnace seen today was never fired. This site was bought by the Wrekin Chemical Company in 1886 and used to manufacture naphtha charcoal and lime salts until the locals complained about the smell. The last mine, Grange Pit, closed in 1894; however, new industries soon arrived to produce kerbstones and paving slabs. By the 1960s industries had moved from the area leaving behind a trail of derelict remains soon to be reclaimed by nature. Despite all this industrial activity, plants and animals soon returned and as you follow the paths you will find mining and factory remains amongst the trees and meadows. The pit mounds evolved into small heathland and woodlands and hedgerows grew alongside the old canal and railway tracks and the quarries became pools.
More recently during the 1970s, Telford Development Corporation (TDC) developed what is today known as Telford Town Park. TDC's remit was to provide a 'Green Lung' for the people of the New Town and by 1984 the 170 hectare Town Park evolved. In 1992 the Park was handed over to what was then Wrekin Council which in 1998 became the new Unitary Authority the Borough of Telford & Wrekin, (recently changed to Telford and Wrekin Council). The original concept of the Park was to provide an area of green open space right in the heart of the new industrial town and with its central locality the Park is well served by a road infrastructure designed in the 1970s.
The London and North Western Railway's Coalport Branch Line ran through the park to Coalport via Stirchley & Madeley Market after the failure of the Shropshire Canal. This became the Silkin Way some years after the closure of the railway (then British Railways under nationalisation) to passengers in 1952 and to goods on 5 December 1960. On 9 April 1980 the gauge Telford Town Tramway was opened by the Reverend W. Awdry on the trackbed of the Coalport branch alongside Randlay Pool in the Park. The tramway only lasted a few years before it closed in the mid-1980s. The tram has since been preserved by the Telford Steam Railway running on its own circular track by Horsehay Pool. As well as the LNWR Coalport branch, a freight-only Great Western Railway branch from Hollinswood Junction on the Wolverhampton-Shrewsbury line just east of the present day Telford Central station, ran south through the park on the east side of what is now Randlay Pool, terminating near the Stirchley chimney. Opened in 1908, this short lived line was closed on 2 February 1959. A footpath runs parallel to, and partly on, the alignment of this branch on the east side of Randlay Lake.
Parks for People
The Parks for People funding programme is a joint initiative between the Heritage Lottery Fund and Big Lottery Fund,
offering grants for projects that regenerate public parks of national, regional or local heritage value. Telford and Wrekin Council were recently advised of their Stage 2 approval and now move into the first year of the projects five-year delivery programme.
This 5-year Project kicked off in 2011 with the first contract to deliver the Park's Master Plan starting on site Summer/Autumn. Plans included a new Teenage Activity Area, new learning zones and picnic areas throughout the wider Park, and the restoration of key historic features. Work was due for completion Summer 2012.
The majority of works took place in the central and southern area of the park therefore disruption was deemed minimal to the majority of Park visitors. The remaining Master Plan work will follow and includes improved pathways, the creation of a Nature and Heritage Trail, new gateways, signage and interpretation of the Parks history and wildlife.
Additional benefits delivered by the Project including an enhanced events and activities programme, and additional maintenance and management activities, will become prominent from 2012.
The Park is located off Junction 5 of the M54, is within 10 minutes walk of Telford's main bus station, 5 minutes drive time from Telford Central railway station.
Telford parkrun
Telford parkrun is a weekly 5 km event for runners of all standards, which takes place every Saturday and has become extremely popular with people of all ages and abilities. On average 600 runners, joggers and walkers per week participate with help from volunteers.
Memorials
In the park is a memorial, unveiled in May 2010, to residents of the Telford and Wrekin borough area who died serving their country in all spheres since World War I. Sculpted by Malcolm Sear, whose workshops were at Jackfield, it incorporates a central ironwork poppy. The inscription, "Honouring those of this borough who served and sacrificed for us all", is shared between two pieces of Kilkenny stone.
A memorial to commemorate the Holocaust was unveiled on Holocaust Memorial Day on 27 January 2014 by David Wright MP and Dr Eve Clevenger.
Flora & Fauna
The 62 hectare Local Nature Reserve hosts woodland, heathland, grassland and pools that have developed as a result of the Park's industrial past.
Flora
The industrial history of the site is reflected in the habitats and wildlife that it now supports. Historically, the Park would have predominantly been broadleaved woodland. Due to the activities of Saxon land clearance and subsequent land management through the medieval ages, this would have been converted to a patchwork of arable farmland, grassland and copses. By the Industrial Revolution, much of the Park area would have contained spoil mounds and quarry pits with isolated remnants of woodland and grassland habitats. Since the abandonment of industry, the pit mounds and surrounding areas have reverted to heathland and extensive areas of grassland; the quarried areas have become lakes and ponds; and woodland, scrub and hedges have established elsewhere, including alongside the old canal and railway. This mosaic of different habitats now support a variety of wildlife including birds, invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, bats and other mammals. In recognition of the educational and amenity value of this biodiversity resource, a significant proportion of the Park has been designated as a statutory Local Nature Reserve (LNR) (Figure 1.1).
Fauna
There are currently a number of endangered species in and around the park which have been discovered through previous surveys. These studies have shown that there are currently two out of Britain's sixteen species of bat currently nesting in the park. To protect these whilst work is going on in the park bat boxes have been put up around the area to house these.
The most noticeable mammal in the park is the grey squirrel in the wooded area, other mammals likely to be present are small rodents such as voles, shrews and mice, although there is no confirmed data of these species being present.
Four out of five of Britain's amphibian species currently reside within the park including the smooth and great crested newt. The only native species not recorded is the palmate newt. Amongst these newts the common frog and toad are also present.
Due to the mixed woodland, scrub, water and grassland habitats within the park provides a range of suitable conditions for a good variety of birds. There are currently 60+ recorded species which do not include many common species such as herons and the black-headed gull.
References
External links
Telford Town Park website
Telford & Wrekin Council Voluntary Service
Friends of Telford Town Park
Telford
Parks and open spaces in Shropshire
Local Nature Reserves in Shropshire
Urban public parks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telford%20Town%20Park |
A royal governor is a gubernatorial official, appointed by a king or other monarch, and may refer to:
Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies
Governor
Governor-General
Viceroy
During the Kingdom of Hawaii:
Royal Governor of Oahu
Royal Governor of Kauai
Royal Governor of Maui
Royal Governor of Hawaii | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20governor |
Kim Yong-suk (born June 12, 1979, in Pyongyang, North Korea) is a North Korean figure skater. She earned fourth place at the 2003 Winter Asian Games. She represented North Korea at the 2006 Winter Olympics, where she finished 27th.
Results
External links
The People's Korea article
Torino2006 profile
1979 births
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for North Korea
North Korean female single skaters
Living people
Sportspeople from Pyongyang
Figure skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Figure skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Yong-suk |
William Peters Hepburn (November 4, 1833 – February 7, 1916) was an American Civil War officer and an eleven-term Republican congressman from Iowa's now-obsolete 8th congressional district, serving from 1881 to 1887, and from 1893 to 1909. According to historian Edmund Morris, "Hepburn was the House's best debater, admired for his strength of character and legal acumen." As chair of one of the most powerful committees in Congress, he guided or sponsored many statutes regulating businesses, including most notably the Hepburn Act of 1906. The Hepburn Act authorized the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission to require railroads to charge "just and reasonable" rates.
Background
Hepburn was born in Wellsville, Ohio and raised from the age of seven in Iowa City, Iowa. His schooling was limited to a few months in an Iowa City academy. The great-grandson of Revolutionary War officer, printer, and congressman Matthew Lyon, and the great-great-grandson of Thomas Chittenden, the first Governor of Vermont, he was first engaged as an apprentice printer, before studying law. He became prosecuting attorney of Marshall County in 1856 as well as serving as district attorney for the eleventh judicial district from 1856 to 1861. He was also the clerk to the Iowa House of Representatives.
In May 1860, Hepburn was one of two delegates representing counties in the eleventh judicial district at the 1860 Republican National Convention, where Abraham Lincoln was nominated. The following March, when serving a brief term as a lobbyist for those counties in Washington D.C., Hepburn attended Lincoln's presidential inauguration.
Civil War service
During the Civil War, he served as an officer in the 2nd Regiment Iowa Volunteer Cavalry. He was promoted from captain of Company B to major of the First Battalion on September 13, 1861, then to lieutenant colonel in 1862. He participated in the final stage of the Battle of Island Number Ten near New Madrid, Missouri, and saw combat during the Siege of Corinth, the Battle of Iuka in northeastern Mississippi, and the Battle of Collierville, Tennessee. From time to time he was also assigned as an inspector of cavalry for the Army of the Cumberland and, due to his legal experience, served as an acting inspector general and court martial president or judge advocate for troops in the lower Mississippi River theater.
He was mustered out on October 3, 1864, upon the expiration of his term of service. He moved his family to Memphis, Tennessee before returning to Iowa in 1867, to a home in Clarinda. In 1886, he joined the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS), through that organization's District of Columbia Commandery, as Companion #04476. The MOLLUS was the first post-Civil War veterans' organization, founded by and for those who served as commissioned officers in the Union army and navy.
First service in Congress
Soon after Hepburn established his legal practice in Clarinda, Iowa, he again became active in Republican politics. In 1880, Hepburn was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives from Iowa's 8th congressional district, after defeating incumbent William F. Sapp in the district convention on the 346th ballot. He was re-elected in 1882 and 1884, but was defeated in the 1886 general election by Independent Republican Albert R. Anderson. Anderson, a former state railroad commissioner, had run on an anti-monopolist, anti-corporate platform, and "specialized in the unfairness and excesses of the prevailing railroad rates." Historians have viewed Hepburn's defeat as a catalyst for authorization of a federal Interstate Commerce Commission, which became a higher priority for other congressman who hoped to avoid Hepburn's fate.
In 1888, two years after his defeat, he was the principal opponent to James F. Wilson for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate. However, when it became apparent that he lacked the votes among the Iowa General Assembly to defeat Wilson, his supporters withdrew his name from consideration.
After the election of President Benjamin Harrison returned the White House to Republican hands in 1889, Hepburn served as Solicitor of the Treasury.
Return to Congress
In 1892, after three terms away from Congress, Hepburn ran again for his former seat after Anderson's successor, Republican James Patton Flick, declined to run for a third term. Hepburn won his party's nomination and the general election, and was re-elected seven more times. During this period he served as Chairman of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.
In 1894, Hepburn finished a distant second in the Republican caucus to nominate a successor to retiring U.S. Senator Wilson.
In 1899, Hepburn briefly became a candidate for election as Speaker of the House, but soon deferred to the successful candidacy of fellow Iowan and Civil War veteran David B. Henderson. Hepburn became notorious for his disdainful treatment on the House floor of newer members, prompting the New York Times to refer to him as the "House Terror." However, Hepburn was also an enduring but outspoken advocate to reform House rules that vested autocratic powers in Speakers of the House.
Even before the publication of Upton Sinclair's expose The Jungle, Hepburn led efforts to adopt federal laws regulating food quality. In 1902 the Hepburn Pure Food Act passed the House (but not the Senate). When such a bill finally passed both houses as the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 (following the publication of Sinclair's book), Hepburn was the bill's floor manager.
Hepburn was also instrumental in appropriating funds for a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Hepburn initially preferred a route through Nicaragua over a route through Panama, but ultimately became a key House sponsor of appropriations measures necessary for completion of the canal through Panama.
Hepburn Act of 1906
He also sponsored the Hepburn Act of 1906, a major priority in the second term of President Theodore Roosevelt. The Act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers. Scholars consider the Hepburn Act the most important piece of legislation regarding railroads in the first half of the 20th century, while economists debate whether it went too far, and if its passage contributed to the Panic of 1907.
Surprise defeat, and success at House reform
When running for his twelfth term in 1908, Hepburn was upset in the general election by his Democratic opponent, William D. Jamieson. In a year of strong Republican victories in Iowa (led by Presidential candidate William Howard Taft), Jamieson won majorities in eight of the district's eleven counties. Hepburn's loss was attributed to "purely local conditions and local strife," such as anger over bank failures and Hepburn's choices for local postmasters.
After his defeat but before his final term ended, he became the chairman of a 25-member group seeking once again to reform House rules that allowed Speaker Joe Cannon to amass even greater powers. This time, Hepburn's reform efforts succeeded; Speaker Cannon was forced to surrender the power to block bills he did not like from coming to the floor once they received committee support.
After Congress
Hepburn returned to the practice of law, first in Washington, D.C., then in Clarinda. He died on February 7, 1916.
Honors
The small town of Hepburn, Iowa, a few miles north of Clarinda, was named in his honor.
His home in Clarinda, known as the William P. Hepburn House, is a National Historic Landmark.
References
Retrieved on 2009-05-06
1833 births
1916 deaths
People from Wellsville, Ohio
Politicians from Iowa City, Iowa
Iowa lawyers
People of Iowa in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
People from Clarinda, Iowa
Progressive Era in the United States
Washington, D.C., Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
Chittenden family
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20P.%20Hepburn |
Punnathurkotta is a fort and former palace located in Kottapadi, about 3 km from the Guruvayoor Sree Krishna Temple, in Thrissur District of Kerala State in South India.
Description
Punnathurkotta was once the palace of a local ruler, but the palace grounds are now used to house the elephants belonging to the Guruvayoor temple, and has been renamed Anakkotta (meaning "Elephant Fort"). There were 86 elephants housed there, but currently there are about 59 elephants. The elephants are ritual offerings made by the devotees of Lord Guruvayurappa.
Described as a 'Palace for Elephants,' this facility is also used to train the elephants to serve Lord Krishna as well as to participate in many festivals that occur throughout the year. The oldest elephant is around 82 years of age and is called 'Ramachandran'. The rituals of Gajapooja (Worshipping Elephants) and Anayoottu (Feeding Elephants) are observed here, as an offering to Lord Ganesha. The legendary elephant "Guruvayur Keshavan" was housed here.
The compound also has a naalu kettu, a traditional rectangular home with a central courtyard, which belonged to the Punnathur Raja. It presently houses a training school for Papans (Mahout).
This complex also contains a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and Bhagavathy. Some scenes in the famous Malayalam movie "Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha" (starring Mammooty) were filmed at this location. The visiting hours are 9.00 AM to 5.00 PM. The entry fee is ₹ 20.00 per adult. An extra Rs 25 is charged for to use a camera inside the complex. Nowadays camera usage is not allowed in Punnathurkotta.
Elephant Camp at Punnathurkotta
The Elephant Camp is located in Punnathur Kotta, at a distance of 3 km from the Guruvayur Temple. This Elephant Camp houses 58 elephants in 11.5 acres of land and is home to the largest number of captive elephants. During the month July elephants are given special ayurvedic treatment. But this practice has been criticized by the Animal Welfare Board of India in a study commissioned on the welfare of the elephants. This study also found many glaring issues on the treatment of elephants and suggested remedial measures many of which has not been implemented.
See also
Elephants in Kerala culture
Guruvayur Keshavan
Guruvayoorappan
Guruvayoor Temple
Temple elephant
References
History of Thrissur district
Palaces in Thrissur
Tourist attractions in Thrissur
Royal residences in India
Archaeological sites in Kerala
Elephant reserves of India
Guruvayur
Buildings and structures in Thrissur district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnathurkotta |
The Welsh Language Act 1967 () was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which gave some rights to use the Welsh language in legal proceedings in Wales (including Monmouthshire) and gave the relevant Minister the right to authorise the production of a Welsh version of any documents required or allowed by the Act. The act repealed a part of the Wales and Berwick Act 1746, which defined England as including Wales.
Passed in July 1967, the act was based on the 1965 Hughes Parry Report and campaigns by the Welsh Language Society and members of Plaid Cymru, although following its passing some campaigners argued it did not go far enough. The act was the first act to significantly improve the rights to use Welsh in legal proceedings and started to remove the ban imposed on the language in law courts and other public administration since the 16th century in favour of English.
The act was superseded by the Welsh Language Act 1993.
Act
The Welsh Language Act 1967 allowed the Welsh language to be used in legal proceeding in Wales, which had previously been banned for centuries. The act allowed government ministers to authorise Welsh translations of any documents required by the act. Although the act gave the Welsh language equal status, it did not give it official status.
The act also repealed a part of the Wales and Berwick Act 1746, that had previously defined "England" to include Wales. The legal definition of the territory of Wales was later defined by the combined area of Welsh counties under section 20 of Local Government Act 1972. The counties were reorganised by the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 but the territorial definition of Wales remained unchanged.
History
The Welsh Language Act 1967 was partly based on the Hughes Parry Report of 1965, although the act did not include all of the recommendations of the report. The report supported equal importance and significance of Welsh and English in the courts in Wales verbally and in writing.
The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 had made English the only language of the law courts and other aspects of public administration in Wales. This disregarded the majority Welsh-speaking population of Wales in the 16th and 17th centuries, only a few in Wales could fully understand English. It was not until industralisation, which was described to have led to a system discouraging the use of Welsh as "their natural and native tongue", did the situation change.
While the Welsh Courts Act 1942 was the first legislation that allowed some rights to Welsh in legal proceedings since the 16th century, such rights were only exercised if it was proved using English would be disadvantageous, and depended on the availability of a sufficiently fluent Welsh-speaking judge or magistrate. The 1967 Act was the first act to remove restrictions on the Welsh language, and was a response to campaigns by members of Plaid Cymru and the Welsh Language Society. Following its passing, some "more militant" Welsh language campaigners were not pleased with the act, describing it as "toothless", with some launching an "aggressive and virulent campaign of protest", leading to the burning of cottages and the defacing of English language signage with paint.
The 1967 act was superseded by the Welsh Language Act 1993, which introduced equal treatment of Welsh and English in "public business and the administration of justice in Wales".
See also
Welsh Courts Act 1942
Welsh Language Act 1993
National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012
Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011
References
Legal history of Wales
Constitutional laws of Wales
1967
1967
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Wales
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1967
History of Monmouthshire
Language policy in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh%20Language%20Act%201967 |
Ri Hyang-mi (born August 15, 1985) is a North Korean short track speed skater. She won an individual bronze medal at short track at the 2003 Winter Asian Games. She was a competitor at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino.
External links
1985 births
Living people
North Korean female short track speed skaters
Olympic short track speed skaters for North Korea
Short track speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in short track speed skating
Asian Games silver medalists for North Korea
Asian Games bronze medalists for North Korea
Short track speed skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Short track speed skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
21st-century North Korean women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%20Hyang-mi |
Olga Horak (born 1926; née Rosenberger) is a Czechoslovakian-born Australian author and Holocaust survivor.
Born in 1926 in Bratislava in what was then Czechoslovakia to Piroska (née Weiss; 1905–1945) and Hugo Rosenberger (1894–1944), she was transported by the Nazis to Auschwitz in 1944 and later, in early January 1945, aged 17, to Bergen-Belsen. She was the sole survivor of her family. Her sister, Judith (1925–1942) was murdered in Auschwitz in 1942. Her father was transported to Auschwitz in 1944 and her mother died the day after Belsen was liberated by the British on 15 April 1945. She and her husband John Horak emigrated to Australia in 1949 and established Hibodress, a garment business. In 2000, she published her memoir, Auschwitz to Australia.
1939–1942
Olga Rosenberger was born in Czechoslovakia and lived in Bratislava with her family for her first 15 years. In 1939, the Nuremberg Laws were passed in Slovakia and the Second World War started. She and her older sister, Judith, were unable to continue their schooling at Zivnodom, a German high school. She was forced to wear the Star of David on her chest. She says, "I was not ashamed to wear the star ... I was endangered on the street where some people abused me with foul language and bodily harm."
On 21 March 1942, the Germans ordered all Bratislava's single Jews born before 1925 to report to the local train station to 'finally do some work'. Olga's sister Judith boarded a train with 999 other Jewish teenagers, and was taken to Auschwitz, where she was murdered two weeks before her 17th birthday. After living under increasing hardship and with the constant fear of being deported, Horak's parents made the decision to escape from Slovakia and go to Hungary.
Hungary
Horak and her family left Bratislava with other relatives. Left with an overnight bag and no documents, Horak, 16 at the time, worried about looking fat in the numerous layers in which her mother had clothed her. These were the only clothes she would have for the next year and a half. They boarded the train in two groups and travelled to Hegyeshalom, a village on the Hungarian border. There, they met a guide who took them across the border. They would walk all night before finally reaching a small Hungarian village at dawn. They sought rest at a small cottage before catching a train to Budapest. They found a small room to rent under the supervision of another Jewish family, the Königs. They never found out about Olga's true heritage, as the family always used the excuse that Hugo Rosenberger needed medical treatment in Budapest. Olga slept on a stretcher on the floor.
Return to Bratislava
As the situation in Hungary worsened, Horak's father began making arrangements to return to Bratislava. They had the same guide as in 1942 and took roughly the same route. They took the train and stopped at the same little Hungarian border village. On the way out of the station, Hungarian gendarmes were positioned to verify papers and travel documents. Horak and her parents got through safely. Her Aunt Aranka and Uncle Jacob did not; they were deported to Auschwitz while their 15-year-old son, Thomas, kept walking. He never saw his parents again.
In late August 1944, the Germans invaded Slovakia. Olga's cousin Eugene, a young solicitor who worked with the Underground, was pushed from the third story of a building in broad daylight. With the invasion of the Germans came more deportations to death camps. In early August 1944, Horak and her family were told to go to Marianka, another area outside of Bratislava. After two weeks, a group of SS guards and Hlinka Guards surrounded the building.
Auschwitz
Olga was transported to Sereď, a collection point for Slovakian Jews located northeast of Bratislava. There the commander, Alois Brunner, would entertain himself by shooting prisoners at random. Olga, her parents, her grandmother, and about 120 other people, were shoved into a cattle car that normally would have held eight horses. Horak does not know how long she was in the train to Auschwitz but says:
Horak had arrived at Auschwitz, where she underwent Selektion. Horak was separated from her father after they came off the train. She never saw him again. Olga, her mother, and the remaining female members of her family who were at Sered, were forced to strip and to pass an inspection done by the infamous Mengele. Horak and her mother were sent to the right; the ones sent to the left were killed. She was at Auschwitz until October 1944. One morning, after Appell (roll call), Olga and some 1,000 other female prisoners were told not to return to the barracks. She feared the worst, but as she puts it, "At this point, I didn’t care anymore. They could have done what they liked."
Kurzbach
Horak and her mother were sent to Kurzbach, a small German village with only a few, small, low-built houses and a newly built straw barn. Kurzbach was cold, and she was given only a paper bag and a grey blanket to keep warm during the cold winter. Every day, they went into the woods and picked logs for the soldiers to cover up their hideout. Horak recalls: "... I prayed that help would come, either from heaven or from the Allies". During one roll call, late in December 1944, the prisoners were ordered to form columns, five abreast, and to start marching. It would be a long time before they stopped.
Death march
Horak was still with her mother. They walked the same route they took every morning to the forest but, instead of turning right at the end of the village, they kept going. They could hear gunfire and could see an airplane above them—the Allied forces were near. The SS guards pushed them, even though they were visibly weak. The soldiers said, "Anyone who stops will be shot". So everyone marched. Horak's cousins, Lilly and Trude, were at the end of their strength. Lilly was suffering from a severe cold, high temperature and a bad earache. They fell out of the column and sat by the road. Horak and her mother tried, in vain, to get them up but they would not move. Horak says, “They had taken enough and were beyond caring what happened to them.” So they kept walking, fearing the worst. An hour later, Russian forces found them by the side of the road.
Horak and her mother had marched for nearly 375 kilometres before arriving in Dresden. There they were shoved, once again, into open cattle cars. Before the train left, they were caught up in one of the three air raids by the British Royal Air Force over Dresden. "During the raid, we watched as the bombs fell like manna from heaven. We were not scared, even as shrapnel flew around us..." Within a few minutes of the raid's end, the train was moving again. They were on their way to Bergen-Belsen, with no food or water for the long journey.
Bergen-Belsen
Inside Bergen-Belsen the camp were many rows of primitive barracks along the camp roads. Rations were just some black water, a small slice of black bread, and sometimes a watery soup after night roll call. The roll call continued even though the remaining prisoners had been left for dead. In the last weeks before they were liberated, conditions became even worse. Their bread ration was reduced to less than a slice per day, and then was stopped completely. Then, for the last week, their water stopped. There were still 60,000 inmates in the camp.
On 15 April 1945, Bergen-Belsen’s inmates lined up for roll call; nobody came. Suddenly, they became aware of the situation around them, hearing the noise of tanks. There were no SS guards in sight. As the hum got closer they realised that the noise was of British tanks and Canadian forces. Within hours of securing the camp, they brought in DDT to delouse the survivors. They also brought in food and left it outside the barracks. But after years of enforced starvation, survivors were physically incapable of eating even the most basic foodstuffs without repercussions. After the food was distributed, the British started up a registry to take an accounting of the survivors. Horak and her mother were issued with 'Displaced Persons' cards and registered as survivors. Shortly after exiting the tent, Olga's mother collapsed. "My mother had survived Auschwitz, a death march from Kurzbach to Dresden, the journey to Belsen and four months in that cesspool, only to die moments after being registered as a survivor".
Post war
Olga survived the Holocaust, but lost her family. Her mother, father, sister and grandmothers were all murdered. After her mother died, Olga was taken to the camp's sickbay. From there, she was transferred to the town hospital in Celle, but was transferred back because the German nurses would not attend to a Jewish patient. When a Catholic priest from the British Army came and wanted to administer the last rites, she asked him to desist as she "was not a Catholic" and "was not dying". At her request, the priest, with a rabbi, arranged for her to be transferred back to the sickbay at Bergen-Belsen. She stayed there until the camp was burned to the ground. She was then transferred by military Hospital train to the State Hospital in Pilsen.
Olga Rosenberger stayed in Pilsen until she was healthy enough to return to Bratislava, where she encountered her cousin Thomas, also an orphan. She stayed with relatives, the Bardos family. Zsuzsi, her cousin, offered to set Horak up with her friend's brother, John Horak. Olga and John married on 9 February 1947. John and Olga were determined to start a life outside Europe and away from the horrors they had suffered. They applied through regular channels and were eventually granted Landing Permits, which allowed them to travel to Australia. Travelling on the Greek ship Cyrenia, they left in August 1949, disembarking in Melbourne on 16 September 1949. From Melbourne, they traveled immediately to Sydney. Two weeks after arriving, John and Olga established the Hibodress garment factory. Horak lives in Sydney, and is a volunteer guide at the Sydney Jewish Museum. She has donated several of her artifacts to the museum.
References
Sources
Auschwitz to Australia – A Holocaust Survivor's Memoir, Simon & Schuster, Sydney: 2000;
1926 births
Living people
Jewish Australian writers
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Czechoslovak emigrants to Australia
Writers from Sydney
Writers from Bratislava
Date of birth missing (living people)
Jewish women writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Horak |
In numerical linear algebra, the method of successive over-relaxation (SOR) is a variant of the Gauss–Seidel method for solving a linear system of equations, resulting in faster convergence. A similar method can be used for any slowly converging iterative process.
It was devised simultaneously by David M. Young Jr. and by Stanley P. Frankel in 1950 for the purpose of automatically solving linear systems on digital computers. Over-relaxation methods had been used before the work of Young and Frankel. An example is the method of Lewis Fry Richardson, and the methods developed by R. V. Southwell. However, these methods were designed for computation by human calculators, requiring some expertise to ensure convergence to the solution which made them inapplicable for programming on digital computers. These aspects are discussed in the thesis of David M. Young Jr.
Formulation
Given a square system of n linear equations with unknown x:
where:
Then A can be decomposed into a diagonal component D, and strictly lower and upper triangular components L and U:
where
The system of linear equations may be rewritten as:
for a constant ω > 1, called the relaxation factor.
The method of successive over-relaxation is an iterative technique that solves the left hand side of this expression for x, using the previous value for x on the right hand side. Analytically, this may be written as:
where is the kth approximation or iteration of and is the next or k + 1 iteration of .
However, by taking advantage of the triangular form of (D+ωL), the elements of x(k+1) can be computed sequentially using forward substitution:
Convergence
The choice of relaxation factor ω is not necessarily easy, and depends upon the properties of the coefficient matrix.
In 1947, Ostrowski proved that if is symmetric and positive-definite then for .
Thus, convergence of the iteration process follows, but we are generally interested in faster convergence rather than just convergence.
Convergence Rate
The convergence rate for the SOR method can be analytically derived.
One needs to assume the following
the relaxation parameter is appropriate:
Jacobi's iteration matrix has only real eigenvalues
Jacobi's method is convergent:
the matrix decomposition satisfies the property that for any and .
Then the convergence rate can be expressed as
where the optimal relaxation parameter is given by
In particular, for (Gauss-Seidel) it holds that .
For the optimal we get , which shows SOR is roughly four times more efficient than Gauss–Seidel.
The last assumption is satisfied for tridiagonal matrices since for diagonal with entries and .
Algorithm
Since elements can be overwritten as they are computed in this algorithm, only one storage vector is needed, and vector indexing is omitted. The algorithm goes as follows:
Inputs: , ,
Output:
Choose an initial guess to the solution
repeat until convergence
for from 1 until do
set to 0
for from 1 until do
if ≠ then
set to
end if
end (-loop)
set to
end (-loop)
check if convergence is reached
end (repeat)
Note can also be written , thus saving one multiplication in each iteration of the outer for-loop.
Example
We are presented the linear system
To solve the equations, we choose a relaxation factor and an initial guess vector . According to the successive over-relaxation algorithm, the following table is obtained, representing an exemplary iteration with approximations, which ideally, but not necessarily, finds the exact solution, , in 38 steps.
A simple implementation of the algorithm in Common Lisp is offered below.
;; Set the default floating-point format to "long-float" in order to
;; ensure correct operation on a wider range of numbers.
(setf *read-default-float-format* 'long-float)
(defparameter +MAXIMUM-NUMBER-OF-ITERATIONS+ 100
"The number of iterations beyond which the algorithm should cease its
operation, regardless of its current solution. A higher number of
iterations might provide a more accurate result, but imposes higher
performance requirements.")
(declaim (type (integer 0 *) +MAXIMUM-NUMBER-OF-ITERATIONS+))
(defun get-errors (computed-solution exact-solution)
"For each component of the COMPUTED-SOLUTION vector, retrieves its
error with respect to the expected EXACT-SOLUTION vector, returning a
vector of error values.
---
While both input vectors should be equal in size, this condition is
not checked and the shortest of the twain determines the output
vector's number of elements.
---
The established formula is the following:
Let resultVectorSize = min(computedSolution.length, exactSolution.length)
Let resultVector = new vector of resultVectorSize
For i from 0 to (resultVectorSize - 1)
resultVector[i] = exactSolution[i] - computedSolution[i]
Return resultVector"
(declare (type (vector number *) computed-solution))
(declare (type (vector number *) exact-solution))
(map '(vector number *) #'- exact-solution computed-solution))
(defun is-convergent (errors &key (error-tolerance 0.001))
"Checks whether the convergence is reached with respect to the
ERRORS vector which registers the discrepancy betwixt the computed
and the exact solution vector.
---
The convergence is fulfilled if and only if each absolute error
component is less than or equal to the ERROR-TOLERANCE, that is:
For all e in ERRORS, it holds: abs(e) <= errorTolerance."
(declare (type (vector number *) errors))
(declare (type number error-tolerance))
(flet ((error-is-acceptable (error)
(declare (type number error))
(<= (abs error) error-tolerance)))
(every #'error-is-acceptable errors)))
(defun make-zero-vector (size)
"Creates and returns a vector of the SIZE with all elements set to 0."
(declare (type (integer 0 *) size))
(make-array size :initial-element 0.0 :element-type 'number))
(defun successive-over-relaxation (A b omega
&key (phi (make-zero-vector (length b)))
(convergence-check
#'(lambda (iteration phi)
(declare (ignore phi))
(>= iteration +MAXIMUM-NUMBER-OF-ITERATIONS+))))
"Implements the successive over-relaxation (SOR) method, applied upon
the linear equations defined by the matrix A and the right-hand side
vector B, employing the relaxation factor OMEGA, returning the
calculated solution vector.
---
The first algorithm step, the choice of an initial guess PHI, is
represented by the optional keyword parameter PHI, which defaults
to a zero-vector of the same structure as B. If supplied, this
vector will be destructively modified. In any case, the PHI vector
constitutes the function's result value.
---
The terminating condition is implemented by the CONVERGENCE-CHECK,
an optional predicate
lambda(iteration phi) => generalized-boolean
which returns T, signifying the immediate termination, upon achieving
convergence, or NIL, signaling continuant operation, otherwise. In
its default configuration, the CONVERGENCE-CHECK simply abides the
iteration's ascension to the ``+MAXIMUM-NUMBER-OF-ITERATIONS+'',
ignoring the achieved accuracy of the vector PHI."
(declare (type (array number (* *)) A))
(declare (type (vector number *) b))
(declare (type number omega))
(declare (type (vector number *) phi))
(declare (type (function ((integer 1 *)
(vector number *))
*)
convergence-check))
(let ((n (array-dimension A 0)))
(declare (type (integer 0 *) n))
(loop for iteration from 1 by 1 do
(loop for i from 0 below n by 1 do
(let ((rho 0))
(declare (type number rho))
(loop for j from 0 below n by 1 do
(when (/= j i)
(let ((a[ij] (aref A i j))
(phi[j] (aref phi j)))
(incf rho (* a[ij] phi[j])))))
(setf (aref phi i)
(+ (* (- 1 omega)
(aref phi i))
(* (/ omega (aref A i i))
(- (aref b i) rho))))))
(format T "~&~d. solution = ~a" iteration phi)
;; Check if convergence is reached.
(when (funcall convergence-check iteration phi)
(return))))
(the (vector number *) phi))
;; Summon the function with the exemplary parameters.
(let ((A (make-array (list 4 4)
:initial-contents
'(( 4 -1 -6 0 )
( -5 -4 10 8 )
( 0 9 4 -2 )
( 1 0 -7 5 ))))
(b (vector 2 21 -12 -6))
(omega 0.5)
(exact-solution (vector 3 -2 2 1)))
(successive-over-relaxation
A b omega
:convergence-check
#'(lambda (iteration phi)
(declare (type (integer 0 *) iteration))
(declare (type (vector number *) phi))
(let ((errors (get-errors phi exact-solution)))
(declare (type (vector number *) errors))
(format T "~&~d. errors = ~a" iteration errors)
(or (is-convergent errors :error-tolerance 0.0)
(>= iteration +MAXIMUM-NUMBER-OF-ITERATIONS+))))))
A simple Python implementation of the pseudo-code provided above.
import numpy as np
from scipy import linalg
def sor_solver(A, b, omega, initial_guess, convergence_criteria):
"""
This is an implementation of the pseudo-code provided in the Wikipedia article.
Arguments:
A: nxn numpy matrix.
b: n dimensional numpy vector.
omega: relaxation factor.
initial_guess: An initial solution guess for the solver to start with.
convergence_criteria: The maximum discrepancy acceptable to regard the current solution as fitting.
Returns:
phi: solution vector of dimension n.
"""
step = 0
phi = initial_guess[:]
residual = linalg.norm(A @ phi - b) # Initial residual
while residual > convergence_criteria:
for i in range(A.shape[0]):
sigma = 0
for j in range(A.shape[1]):
if j != i:
sigma += A[i, j] * phi[j]
phi[i] = (1 - omega) * phi[i] + (omega / A[i, i]) * (b[i] - sigma)
residual = linalg.norm(A @ phi - b)
step += 1
print("Step {} Residual: {:10.6g}".format(step, residual))
return phi
# An example case that mirrors the one in the Wikipedia article
residual_convergence = 1e-8
omega = 0.5 # Relaxation factor
A = np.array([[4, -1, -6, 0],
[-5, -4, 10, 8],
[0, 9, 4, -2],
[1, 0, -7, 5]])
b = np.array([2, 21, -12, -6])
initial_guess = np.zeros(4)
phi = sor_solver(A, b, omega, initial_guess, residual_convergence)
print(phi)
Symmetric successive over-relaxation
The version for symmetric matrices A, in which
is referred to as Symmetric Successive Over-Relaxation, or (SSOR), in which
and the iterative method is
The SOR and SSOR methods are credited to David M. Young Jr.
Other applications of the method
A similar technique can be used for any iterative method. If the original iteration had the form
then the modified version would use
However, the formulation presented above, used for solving systems of linear equations, is not a special case of this formulation if is considered to be the complete vector. If this formulation is used instead, the equation for calculating the next vector will look like
where . Values of are used to speed up convergence of a slow-converging process, while values of are often used to help establish convergence of a diverging iterative process or speed up the convergence of an overshooting process.
There are various methods that adaptively set the relaxation parameter based on the observed behavior of the converging process. Usually they help to reach a super-linear convergence for some problems but fail for the others.
See also
Jacobi method
Gaussian Belief Propagation
Matrix splitting
Notes
References
Abraham Berman, Robert J. Plemmons, Nonnegative Matrices in the Mathematical Sciences, 1994, SIAM. .
A. Hadjidimos, Successive overrelaxation (SOR) and related methods, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 123 (2000), 177–199.
Yousef Saad, Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems, 1st edition, PWS, 1996.
Netlib's copy of "Templates for the Solution of Linear Systems", by Barrett et al.
Richard S. Varga 2002 Matrix Iterative Analysis, Second ed. (of 1962 Prentice Hall edition), Springer-Verlag.
David M. Young Jr. Iterative Solution of Large Linear Systems, Academic Press, 1971. (reprinted by Dover, 2003)
External links
Module for the SOR Method
Tridiagonal linear system solver based on SOR, in C++
Numerical linear algebra
Articles with example pseudocode
Articles with example Python (programming language) code
Relaxation (iterative methods) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successive%20over-relaxation |
Sir William Turner Thiselton-Dyer (28 July 1843 – 23 December 1928) was a leading British botanist, and the third director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Life and career
Thiselton-Dyer was born in Westminster, London. He was a son of William George Thiselton-Dyer (1812-1868), physician and Catherine Jane, née Firminger (1815-1897), botanist. He was educated at King's College School where he was first mathematical scholar, and later proceeded to the medical department of King's College London, where he remained until 1863 when he proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford. Initially studying mathematics at Christ Church, Oxford, he graduated in natural science in 1867. He became Professor of Natural History at the Royal Agricultural College in Cirencester and then Professor of Botany at the Royal College of Science for Ireland in Dublin. In 1872, he became professor at the Royal Horticultural Society in London, being recommended by Joseph Dalton Hooker.
Then in 1875, Thiselton-Dyer was appointed Assistant Director at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, under Hooker, where he was to stay for thirty years. Thiselton-Dyer spent considerable time working for the benefit of the British colonies. He introduced rubber plantations to Sri Lanka and Malaya, and introduced cacao from Trinidad to plantations in Sri Lanka. In 1877, he was given charge of an international research laboratory, established at Kew with private funding, which became known as one of the best laboratories in Europe. Thiselton-Dyer also designed a new rock garden, after a bequest to Kew in 1881 of a large collection of Alpine plants.
Thiselton-Dyer was elected FRS in 1880. His proposers included Charles Darwin and George Bentham, but not Joseph Dalton Hooker, whose daughter Dyer had already married. From 1885 to 1905, after the retirement of Hooker, he was director of the Royal Botanic Gardens.
As Director, in 1896 Dyer appointed the first women gardeners at Kew, Annie Gulvin and Alice Hutchins.
Thiselton-Dyer was a fellow of the University of London from 1887 to 1890, Royal Commissioner to the Paris International Exhibition (1900) and to the St. Louis Exposition (1904), botanical adviser to the Secretary of State for the Colonies (1902–1906), and became a member of the court of the University of Bristol in 1909. His principal works are an English edition of Sachs Text-Book of Botany (1875), editions of the Flora Capensis and of the Flora of Tropical Africa, and Index Kewensis (1905).
With his former school-friend Henry Trimen he published The Flora of Middlesex (1869).
He married the botanical illustrator Harriet Anne Hooker, daughter of Joseph Dalton Hooker, in 1877; they had one son and one daughter. Harriet Anne Dyer (née Hooker) lived at Kew from birth until old age, surviving her husband and dying in 1946 aged 91, in her house near Bere Alston. Thiselton-Dyer was appointed in 1899, and awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1892. He died at The Ferns (now Crickley Court), Witcombe, a village near Gloucester, and is buried in the churchyard of St Peter's, Bentham.
References
William Turner Thiselton-Dyer (1843–1928) at Royal Botanic gardens, Kew
External links
Correspondence to William Thiselton-Dyer as Director of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is being made available online through the Directors' Correspondence Project.
English botanists
English horticulturists
1843 births
1928 deaths
Botanists active in Kew Gardens
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Academics of the Royal Agricultural University
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Alumni of King's College London
Fellows of King's College London
People educated at King's College School, London
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
People from Westminster
19th-century British botanists
20th-century British botanists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Turner%20Thiselton-Dyer |
Lakshmi Narayanan (born 1953) is the ex-vice chairman and ex-CEO of Cognizant and former Chairman of ICT Academy. He was the CEO and president of Cognizant until 2006.
Biography
He has played a leading role in the global information technology industry for more than 25 years, managing divisions and business units in Europe, India and the United States. Since joining Cognizant Technologies in 1994, he has been instrumental in formulating the company's strategy and building and managing the organization's development centers in India, where he is based. A member of Cognizant's Board of Directors, Narayanan spends time traveling extensively in the U.S. and Europe to meet clients.
He also served as Chairman on NASSCOM (National Association of Software and Service Companies) in 2007–08.
Narayanan began his career at Tata Consultancy Services, growing through the ranks from developer, to technologist, to program manager, to business leader. He was a regional head of Tata Consultancy Services in India when he joined Cognizant as CTO. He holds a BSc and MS in science and electronics from Bangalore University (University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering) and an PG Diploma from the PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore. He was also on the board of the National Skill Development Corporation, as a representative of NASSCOM.
Narayanan was awarded the Dataquest IT Person of the Year 2008 by the CyberMedia group's IT publication, Dataquest.
References
Living people
1953 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi%20Narayanan |
Live in America is an album by Victor Wooten, released in 2001. The double disc contains highlights of the Yin-Yang tour.
Track listing
Disc one
"Are You Ready, Baby?" – 2:24 w/Bootsy Collins
"What Did He Say?" – 6:54
"Hormones In The Headphones" – 6:46
"Nobody Knows My Name" – 4:50
"Hero" – 5:06
"Yinin' And Yangin'/Hey Girl" – 12:36
"Sacred Silence/The Jam Man" – 5:46
"Tappin' And Thumpin'/Born In The Dark/I Can't Make You Love Me" – 5:31
"James Brown!/Iron Man" – 7:46
Disc two
"Miller Time" – 10:41
"Good People" – 7:52
"Imagine This" – 8:39
"I Dream In Color" – 4:18
"My Life" – 4:18
"U Can't Hold No Groove..." – 5:24
"Me And My Bass Guitar" – 4:40
"Pretty Little Lady" – 4:37
"If You Want Me To Stay/Thank You (Fallentin Me Be Mice Elf Agin)" – 9:47
Personnel
Victor Wooten
Regi Wooten
J.D. Blair
Bootsy Collins
Marcus Miller
Divinity Roxx
References
Victor Wooten albums
2001 live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20in%20America%20%28Victor%20Wooten%20album%29 |
Todd Alan Pratt (born February 9, 1967) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) catcher, playing from 1992 to 2006. He primarily served as a back-up catcher for most of his career.
Pratt was the head baseball coach and athletic director at West Georgia Technical College (West Georgia Tech), a member of the Georgia Collegiate Athletic Association from 2011 to 2016 and the owner/head coach of the Carrollton Clippers (formerly known as Douglasville Bulls), a summer wooden-bat collegiate team playing in the Sunbelt Baseball League from 2009 to 2016. While the Board of Directors of the Sunbelt Baseball League appointed Todd Pratt to serve as the Commissioner of the Sunbelt League from 2014 to 2016 before going to coach in the minors. As of at least 2022 he has been an advisor and special consultant to the GM of a team in a MLB partnered independent professional baseball league named Glacier Range Riders. He was a manager in the Miami Marlins organization for three seasons (Greensboro Grasshoppers (2017–18) and Jupiter Hammerheads (2019)). In January 2020, he was named commissioner of the Sunbelt Baseball League in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia.
Professional career
Boston Red Sox
Pratt was drafted during the 6th round of the 1985 amateur draft. Considered a good prospect, Pratt skipped the entry-level Rookie League and instead was catapulted into the New York–Penn League, where Pratt, barely 18 and out of high school, spent most of his time facing Latin American players with years of professional baseball experience and older American players drafted out of premier universities. This appeared to be a mistake for Pratt, who batted .134 in his first professional appearance and was occasionally pinch-hit for with pitchers (who do not bat in the NY-PL), although he displayed outstanding defense.
The Red Sox refused to admit their mistake and have Pratt repeat the level in 1986, and instead promoted him to the full-season South Atlantic League. Pratt improved, however, and was easily the best catcher on the team, the Greensboro Hornets. He again played excellent defense and was a favorite receiver of Greensboro pitchers, and although his hitting had improved greatly from his debut season, he was still overmatched at the plate, batting .241 and striking out 114 times with only 30 extra-base hits.
He was again promoted in 1987, this time to the Florida State League, where he enjoyed the first full-success of his career. He received a lot of playing time in Spring Training with the Boston Red Sox and was again the best catcher for their A-ball affiliate Winter Haven Red Sox. At Winter Haven, Pratt batted a more-impressive .258 and lowered his strikeout total while continuing to play excellent defense.
Cleveland Indians
Pratt was assigned to Winter Haven during the 1987 season by Boston to make room for another player on the 40-man roster and was never placed on the 40-man roster by December. Pratt had played three seasons in the minor leagues without being on a Major League 40-man roster. This made him eligible for the annual Rule V Draft, where he was selected by the Cleveland Indians. Rule V players have to remain on the selecting team's Major League roster all season or be offered back to the original team in lieu of cash. Pratt played well in Spring Training and competed for a spot as the backup to Andy Allanson, but was beat out for the job by Chris Bando. Pratt was returned to Boston at the end of Spring Training.
Return to Boston
Pratt was assigned to the Eastern League upon his return to the Boston organization in 1988. His struggles at the plate returned at the AA-level, with his batting average dropping to .225 with 110 strikeouts to go along with only 25 extra-base hits. His defense was still sharp and he was still the best catcher for the New Britain Red Sox, though it was beginning to become clear that Pratt's days in professional baseball were numbered.
Finally admitting that they had made a mistake by having Pratt skip a level upon drafting him and that it had affected his development as a hitter, Boston officials decided to have him repeat the AA-level again. He returned to New Britain but fared no better, seeing his batting average finish at .228.
By 1990 the Red Sox had all but given up on Pratt. It was his last year under contract and he'd had a lot of upside but almost no success as a hitter. His prospect status long-gone, he received a lot of playing time in Spring Training with no chance of making the team, making it obvious that the Red Sox were showcasing Pratt for trading partners to move him out of the organization. There were no takers. The Red Sox considered releasing Pratt, but instead decided to send him back to New Britain to serve as a backup catcher and player/coach to tutor prospects Don Florence, Josias Manzanillo, Kevin Morton, Jeff Plympton, Paul Quantrill, and Scott Taylor.
Pratt became a six-year minor league free agent following the 1990 season, although he quickly signed a minor league contract with an invitation to Spring Training to return to Boston. The Red Sox sent Pratt to the International League to serve once again as a player/coach, this time working with Gar Finnvold, Mike Gardiner, Peter Hoy, Ken Ryan, and once again Manzanillo, Morton, Plympton, Quantrill, and Taylor. As the pitchers began reaching the Major Leagues, leaving the organization, or losing their prospect status, the need for a player-coach in Pratt's vein dissipated. He became a six-year minor league free agent at the end of the 1991 season and this time left the Boston organization for good.
Baltimore Orioles
Pratt signed a minor league contract with an invitation to Spring Training with the Baltimore Orioles on November 13, 1991.
Philadelphia Phillies
Pratt was not on Baltimore's 40-man roster and was instead assigned to the roster of the Rochester Red Wings. Given his years of experience in the minor leagues without being on a Major League 40-man roster Pratt was still eligible for the Rule V Draft and was taken by the Philadelphia Phillies. Pratt played in Spring Training in 1992 and was competing for a job as the backup to Darren Daulton, but lost out to Steve Lake. Pratt had signed with Baltimore on November 13, 1991, to provide depth at the catching position and nothing more, while the 1991 Rule V Draft took place on December 9, 1991, making Pratt a signee of little importance who'd only been in the Baltimore organization for a little more than three weeks during the off-season. When Philadelphia cut Pratt they offered him back to Baltimore but the Orioles organization showed little interest in re-acquiring the minor league veteran. Philadelphia considered releasing Pratt, but still felt he had a lot of upside and decided that too much catching was not a bad thing. Being thin at the AA level, the Phillies sent Pratt to the Eastern League to serve as the everyday catcher. Pratt finally managed to find his swing after his eighth season in the minors, however, batting .333 with a .530 slugging percentage. This performance earned him a promotion to the International League at the midway point of the season, where he finished out the minor league campaign by hitting .320 with a .576 slugging percentage, giving him combined season totals of a .327 batting average and a .553 slugging percentage. When rosters were expanded in September Pratt's contract was purchased by the Phillies, finally allowing him to reach the major leagues after eight seasons in the minors. Pratt played 16 games as the third catcher for the Phillies in September and batted .283.
Pratt won a job on Philadelphia's roster in Spring Training of 1993 as the backup to Daulton. He played 33 games and batted .287 in 1993, helping the Phillies win the National League East and topple the Atlanta Braves in the NLCS to take home the NL pennant, though they lost in six games to the reigning Toronto Blue Jays in the World Series.
Pratt served as Philadelphia's backup to Daulton again in 1994 and had played in 25 games when players struck in August. Pratt's performance was poor however, batting only .196 in limited action. The Phillies were not playing well at the time of the strike and hoped to improve after playing resumed. The strike, however, dragged on and the rest of the season, the postseason, and eventually the World Series were all cancelled. The Phillies decided to make several changes in the off-season as the strike dragged on, and Pratt was non-tendered, making him a free agent.
Chicago Cubs
The strike continued into 1995, with Spring Training being cancelled and no apparent progress being made, and the lack of an agreement left free agents like Pratt in limbo. After MLB owners threatened to use replacement players to begin the season and several minor leaguers and former Major League players crossed the picket line and began participating in Spring Training both sides quickly began rushing to an agreement. The strike finally ended in late March and Spring Training officially began in April. After these developments Pratt finally signed a minor league contract with an invitation to Spring Training with the Chicago Cubs on April 8, 1995. Pratt competed for a job as the backup to Scott Servais but lost out to Rick Wilkins. The Cubs decided to keep Pratt in the organization and assigned him to the American Association. Pratt batted .308 in 25 games and was called up to replace Wilkins, who was batting well-below .200 at the midway point of the season. Pratt, however, was even worse, batting only .133 in the second half and once again being pinch hit for with pitchers. After Wilkins was recalled again in September the two split backup catching duties depending on the situation. Pratt was non-tendered at the end of the season and became a free agent.
Seattle Mariners
Pratt signed a minor league contract with an invitation to Spring Training with the Seattle Mariners on January 25, 1996. Pratt was brought into Spring Training by Seattle as catching depth and had no chance of making the team, being cut late in Spring Training. The Mariners decided not to keep him in the organization and released him on March 27, 1996.
Domino's
Pratt went unsigned for the rest of 1996 and worked part-time delivering pizzas for Domino's and as an instructor at Bucky Dent's baseball school.
New York Mets
Pratt signed a minor league contract with an invitation to Spring Training with the New York Mets on December 23, 1996. Pratt was competing for a job as the backup to Todd Hundley but lost out to Alberto Castillo. The Mets optioned Pratt to the Norfolk Tides to be their everyday catcher, where he batted .301 in 59 games. With Castillo struggling at the Major League level, Pratt was recalled in the second half of the season and hit a game-tying home run in his first at-bat with the Mets. Pratt played 39 games with the Mets and batted .283. The Mets surged to 88 wins in the second half of 1997 with Pratt as their backup catcher but finished in third place and missed the playoffs by a wide margin.
The Mets brought Pratt back in 1998. With Hundley injured and unable to play and unable to catch for all of 1998 (although he did find his way behind the plate for two games in September), Pratt competed for jobs in Spring Training as both New York's starting catcher or its backup. However, he lost out on both jobs to Castillo and Tim Spehr. After Spehr was injured there was a chance that Pratt could be recalled, but the Mets instead stunned the National League and acquired Mike Piazza from the Florida Marlins in exchange for a host of prospects, relegating Castillo to a more familiar backup role and leaving Pratt at Norfolk. Pratt batted .366 in the minor leagues while Castillo's hitting hadn't come around after parts of two seasons in the catching mix for the Mets, however, and Pratt was once again recalled in the second half, playing in 41 games and batting .275. The Mets won 88 games again but missed out on the playoffs by losing to the Atlanta Braves on the last day of the season. Pratt became a free agent at the end of the year.
Piazza was signed to a long-term deal, Hundley finally became healthy enough to catch again and was packaged in a three-team deal that netted the Mets Armando Benitez and Roger Cedeno, Castillo was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals to serve as a part-time starter behind the plate, and the Mets re-signed Pratt to a minor league contract with an invitation to Spring Training. Without anyone else in his way, Pratt easily won the backup job to Piazza. He played in 71 games and batted .293. The Mets finished the season with 96 wins, behind the Braves but tied with the Cincinnati Reds in the Wild Card race. The two teams played a one-game playoff which the Mets won on the strength of a complete game, two-hit shutout by Al Leiter, allowing the Mets to win the National League Wild Card. Piazza injured his thumb in the NLDS against the Arizona Diamondbacks, pressing Pratt into starting duty for the final two games of the series. The Mets won game three behind Rick Reed, and Pratt came up big in game four, hitting a walk-off solo homer against Matt Mantei in extra innings to clinch the series for the Mets and send them to the NLCS. In game five of the NLCS, Robin Ventura hit what appeared to be a game-winning grand slam in the 16th inning that would have sent the series back to Atlanta. Pratt (who was supposed to be running the bases) was the first Met to embrace Ventura. Since Ventura only touched first base, he was officially credited with a single, referred to jokingly as a "Grand Slam Single". The Mets, however, lost the NLCS to the Braves in six games. Pratt became a free agent at the end of the year.
The Mets re-signed Pratt to a minor league contract and he once again won the role of Piazza's backup in Spring Training. Pratt played in 80 games and batted .275. The Mets won 94 games and emerged as Wild Card winners once again. The Mets toppled the San Francisco Giants in the NLDS and took down the Cardinals in the NLCS, sending them to the World Series against their crosstown rivals, the New York Yankees. Pratt started game one of the series in Yankee Stadium as Piazza was penciled into the lineup as the DH against southpaw Andy Pettitte, a game-time decision as manager Bobby Valentine had considered starting Bubba Trammell against the lefty. The Mets lost in extra innings. Lenny Harris started game two at DH against Roger Clemens and Piazza returned to catching, while Pratt did not start another game in the series. The Mets lost in five games. Pratt became a free agent at the end of the season.
The Mets re-signed Pratt to a minor league contract and he won the backup job to Piazza again, although it had become obvious that longtime Mets farmhand Vance Wilson, never a prospect, had emerged as a more capable backup than Pratt. Pratt played in 45 games for the Mets but only batted .163, being traded mid-season to the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for Gary Bennett. Bennett got a hit in his only at-bat as a Met and was also traded out of the organization, allowing Wilson to be recalled and serve as Piazza's backup.
Return to Philadelphia
Pratt played in 35 games for the Phillies for the remainder of the 2001 season in a backup role to Johnny Estrada and batted .204, raising his season average to .185.
Despite the poor performance in 2001, the Phillies re-signed Pratt to a minor league contract in 2002 to serve as the backup to Mike Lieberthal. Pratt played in 39 games and batted .311.
Returning to Philadelphia on another minor league contract in 2003, Pratt played in 43 games and batted .272 as Lieberthal's backup.
Pratt signed another minor league deal with the Phillies in 2004 and played in 45 games and batted .258 as Lieberthal's backup.
The Phillies brought Pratt back again on a minor league deal in 2005 and he played in 60 games and batted .251 as Lieberthal's backup. Pratt became a free agent at the end of the year and, this time, the Phillies opted to part ways with the veteran backup.
Atlanta Braves
Pratt signed a minor league contract with an invitation to Spring Training with the Braves on December 13, 2005. Pratt won a job in Spring Training as the backup to Brian McCann. Pratt played in 62 games and batted .207. Pratt became a free agent at the end of the season.
New York Yankees
Pratt signed a minor league contract with an invitation to Spring Training with the Yankees on January 12, 2007, although the terms of the deal were unclear, with some sources speculating that Pratt would return to the minor leagues as a player/coach to tutor young Yankees pitchers, a role he'd filled years before with the Boston Red Sox organization. The Yankees had a dearth of backup catchers in spring training and it was unclear what Pratt's role was, though he appeared to be the frontrunner to win the job as the backup to Jorge Posada. However, he lost out on the job to Wil Nieves. The Yankees offered Pratt a position in the organization to tutor some of their pitchers in the minor leagues, though Pratt declined and decided to retire.
As Coach
Pratt was named as the manager for the Jupiter Hammerheads of the Miami Marlins organization for the 2019 season.
Mitchell Report
After his retirement, Pratt was named in the Mitchell Report as a user of performance-enhancing drugs.
Personal life
Pratt and his wife Tracy, along with their four children, Quade, Jake, Kolby and Kamille, currently reside just outside Atlanta, in Douglasville, Georgia.
He is currently the head coach of the South East Canes prospect team.
Pratt served as the head coach of the West Georgia Technical College baseball team until the programs end in 2019.
Pratt was also a notable player of the online video game Ultima Online, and even appeared on the box of Ultima Online: Renaissance for marketing purposes.
He also has been an actor in the movie Taking Out The Trash as Scott.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report
References
External links
Todd Pratt at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Todd Pratt at Baseball Almanac
Todd Pratt at Baseball Library
Todd Pratt at Ultimate Mets Database
Todd Pratt at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)
1967 births
Living people
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball coaches from Nebraska
Baseball players from Nebraska
Caribes de Oriente players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Chicago Cubs players
Elmira Pioneers players
Greensboro Hornets players
Iowa Cubs players
Major League Baseball catchers
Minor league baseball managers
New Britain Red Sox players
New York Mets players
Norfolk Tides players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
People from Bellevue, Nebraska
Philadelphia Phillies players
Reading Phillies players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players
St. Lucie Mets players
Baseball players from Chula Vista, California
Winter Haven Red Sox players
Hilltop High School (Chula Vista, California) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%20Pratt |
The ATEX directives are two EU directives describing the minimum safety requirements for workplaces and equipment used in explosive atmospheres. The name is an initialization of the term "Appareils destinés à être utilisés en Atmosphere Explosive" (French for "Equipment intended for use in explosive atmospheres").
Directives
Organizations in the EU must follow Directives to protect employees from explosion risk in areas with an explosive atmosphere.
There are two ATEX Directives (one for the manufacturer and one for the user of the equipment):
The ATEX 114 "equipment" Directive 2014/34/EU - Equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
The ATEX 153 "workplace" Directive 1999/92/EC - Minimum requirements for improving the safety and health protection of workers potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres.
Note: The ATEX 95 "equipment" Directive 94/9/EC, was withdrawn on 20 April 2016 when it was replaced by ATEX 114 Directive 2014/34/EU. ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU is mandatory for manufacturers as of 20 April 2016 as stated in article 44 of the Directive.
ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU was published on 29 March 2014, by the European Parliament. It refers to the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres.
Regarding ATEX 99/92/EC Directive, the requirement is that Employers must classify areas where potentially explosive atmospheres may occur, into zones. The classification given to a particular zone, and its size and location, depends on the likelihood of an explosive atmosphere occurring and its persistence if it does.
Equipment in use before July 2003 is allowed to be used indefinitely provided a risk assessment shows it is safe to do so.
The aim of Directive 2014/34/EU is to allow the free trade of ‘ATEX’ equipment and protective systems within the EU by removing the need for separate testing and documentation for each member state.
The regulations apply to all equipment intended for use in explosive atmospheres, whether electrical or mechanical, including protective systems. There are two categories of equipment: 'I' for mining and 'II' for surface industries. Manufacturers who apply its provisions and affix the CE marking and the Ex marking are able to sell their equipment anywhere within the European Union without any further requirements with respect to the risks covered being applied. The directive covers a large range of equipment, potentially including equipment used on fixed offshore platforms, in petrochemical plants, mines, flour mills, and other areas where a potentially explosive atmosphere may be present.
In very broad terms, there are three preconditions for the directive to apply: the equipment must (a) have its own effective source of ignition, (b) be intended for use in a potentially explosive atmosphere (air mixtures), and (c) be under normal atmospheric conditions.
The directive also covers components essential for the safe use and safety devices directly contributing to the safe use of the equipment in scope. These latter devices may be outside the potentially explosive environment.
Manufacturers/suppliers (or importers, if the manufacturers are outside the EU) must ensure that their products meet essential health and safety requirements and undergo appropriate conformity procedures. This usually involves testing and certification by a ‘third-party’ certification body (known as a Notified Body e.g. UL, Vinçotte, Intertek, Sira, Baseefa, Lloyd's, TUV ICQC) but manufacturers/suppliers can ‘self-certify’ Category 3 equipment (technical dossier including drawings, hazard analysis and users manual in the local language) and Category 2 non-electrical equipment. Still, for Category 2 the technical dossier must be lodged with a notified body. Once certified, the equipment is marked by the ‘CE’ (meaning it complies with ATEX and all other relevant directives) and the ‘Ex’ symbol to identify it as approved under the ATEX directive. The technical dossier must be kept for a period of 10 years.
Certification ensures that the equipment or protective system is fit for its intended purpose and that adequate information is supplied with it to ensure that it can be used safely. There are four ATEX classifications to ensure that a specific piece of equipment or protective system is appropriate and can be safely used in a particular application:
1. Industrial or Mining Application;
2. Equipment Category;
3. Atmosphere; and
4. Temperature.
The ATEX as an EU directive finds its US equivalent under the HAZLOC standard. This standard given by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration defines and classifies hazardous locations such as explosive atmospheres.
Explosive atmospheres
In DSEAR, an explosive atmosphere is defined as a mixture of dangerous substances under certain atmospheric conditions that are part of the air. They are in the form of gases or airborne particulates, in which, after ignition has occurred, combustion will spread to the entire mixture.
The aforementioned atmospheric conditions are temperatures of −20 to 40°C, and pressures of 0.8 to 1.1 bar.
Zone classification
The ATEX Directive covers explosions from flammable gas/vapors and combustible dust/fibers (which, contrary to common belief, can lead to hazardous explosions).
The following are classifications for zones that can produce explosive atmospheres.
Gas/Vapor/Mist:
The following zones are each defined as a place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture of air or dangerous substances in the form of gas, vapor, or mist...
Zone 0 – ...is present continuously or for long periods or frequently.
Zone 1 – ...is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally.
Zone 2 – ...is not likely to occur in normal operation, and if it does occur, will persist for a short period only.
Dust/Fibers:
These are defined as a place in which an explosive atmosphere is in the form of a cloud of combustible dust in the air...
Zone 20 – ...is present continuously, or for long periods or frequently.
Zone 21 – ...is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally.
Zone 22 – ...is not likely to occur in normal operation but, if it does occur, will persist for a short period only.
Effective ignition source
"Effective ignition source" is a term defined in the European ATEX directive as an event that, in combination with sufficient oxygen and fuel, can cause an explosion. Methane, hydrogen, and coal dust are good examples of possible fuels.
Effective ignition sources are:
Lightning strikes
Stray currents
Static electricity
Some frequencies of electromagnetic waves (Light waves)
Ultrasound (Any sound waves of higher frequency than what humans can hear; generally considered to be from ~20Hz to ~20kHz)
Electrical switches (Toggling an electrical switch (particularly turning it off) can cause arcing inside the switch)
Open flames (This may range from a lit cigarette to welding activity)
Hot gasses (This can include a gas that just has hot particulates in it)
Mechanically generated impact spark (For example, a hammer blow on a rusty steel surface compared to a hammer blow on a flint stone. The speed and impact angle (between surface and hammer) are important; a 90-degree blow on a surface is relatively harmless)
Mechanically generated friction sparks (The combination of materials and speed determine the effectiveness of the ignition source. For example, 4.5 m/s steel-steel friction with a force greater than 2 kN is an effective ignition source. The combination of aluminum and rust is also notoriously dangerous. More than one red hot spark is often necessary in order to have an effective ignition source)
Electric sparks (For example, a bad electrical connection or a faulty pressure transmitter)
Electrostatic discharge (Static electricity can be generated by air sliding over a wing, or a non-conductive liquid flowing through a filter screen)
Ionizing radiation
Hot surfaces
Exothermic reactions (A chemical reaction that expels heat from the involved substances, into the surrounding area)
Adiabatic compression (When air is pushed through a narrow passage quickly, causing the passage's surface to heat up)
See also
Electrical equipment in hazardous areas
Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 (UK implementation of ATEX 137)
References
External links
EPS Regulations 2016 (UK implementation of ATEX 114)
IECEx IECEx website
ATEX Directive 1999/92/EC
ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU
ATEX Guidelines (First edition – April 2016)
The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 (UK)
Equipment and Protective Systems Intended for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2016 (UK)
European Union directives
Explosion protection
Electrical safety
Certification marks
Natural gas safety | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATEX%20directive |
Charles Wesley Flint was an American bishop in the Methodist Church, elected in 1936.
Prior to his election to the episcopacy, he was involved in educational work. He was the president of Cornell College in Iowa (1915–22), then was the fifth chancellor of Syracuse University from 1922 until his election as a bishop. During his time as chancellor, he served as an advisor to the Alpha Phi Omega chapter at Syracuse University.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060222055724/http://www.cornellcollege.edu/150/timeline.shtml%23
https://web.archive.org/web/20080917074745/http://www.syr.edu/aboutsu/chronology/1906.html
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
American Methodist bishops
Presidents of Syracuse University
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
20th-century Methodist bishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Wesley%20Flint |
Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (26 June 1575 – 8 April 1612) was Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1597 to 1612 as the first spouse of King Christian IV of Denmark.
Life
Anne Catherine was born in Halle (Saale) and raised in Wolmirstedt. Her parents were Joachim Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg and his first wife Catherine of Brandenburg-Küstrin. Christian met her on his journey in Germany in 1595 and decided to marry her. In 1596, Anne Catherine and her parents were present at his coronation, and the next year, the marriage was arranged.
Her personal motto - which can be seen on top of the gate to the court yard of Frederiksborg Castle - was: "Rege me Jehova spirito sanctu tuo" ("Guide me, Jehovah, with your holy spirit.")
Anne Catherine became Queen of Denmark on 27 November 1597 when she was married to Christian IV. The wedding took place in the castle of Haderslevhus in South Jutland the year after the coronation of Christian IV. She was crowned queen in 1598. She was given Beate Huitfeldt as the head of her ladies-in-waiting. She had six children, among them Christian, the Prince-Elect, who died a year before his father, and Frederik III who introduced absolute monarchy in Denmark. Her son, Ulrik, was murdered in 1633. Their two daughters, Sophia and Elisabeth, and the elder son, Frederick, died at a very young age.
Queen Anne Catherine does not seem to have had much political influence. She often accompanied King Christian on his travels. In her time, she was praised for her modesty and deep religious feelings. There is no mention as to whether the marriage was happy or not, but her spouse took mistresses at the end of their marriage, notably with Kirsten Madsdatter. The building of the Rosenborg Castle began while she was queen, but the extent of her influence on the building and its interior is not known. Despite her good relationship with the Lutheran bishop, she called upon a Calvinist vicar to give her the last sacrament on her death bed.
She died in Copenhagen and was buried in the Roskilde Cathedral.
Issue
Stillborn son (1598).
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark (15 August 1599 – 9 September 1599) died in infancy.
Christian, Hereditary Prince of Denmark (10 April 1603 – 2 June 1647) married Magdalene Sibylle of Saxony.
Princess Sophie (4 January 1605 – 7 September 1605) died in infancy.
Princess Elisabeth (16 March 1606 – 24 October 1608) died in infancy.
Frederick III (18 March 1609 – 9 February 1670) married Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg and had issue.
Ulrik, Prince-Bishop of Schwerin (2 February 1611 – 12 August 1633) died unmarried.
Ancestry
References
Article in the Dansk biografisk Lexikon
External links
Queen Anna Cathrine at the website of the Royal Danish Collection
1575 births
1612 deaths
People from Halle (Saale)
Danish royal consorts
Norwegian royal consorts
House of Hohenzollern
People from Denmark–Norway
Burials at Roskilde Cathedral
Christian IV of Denmark
Emigrants from the Holy Roman Empire to Denmark-Norway
Daughters of monarchs
Women who experienced pregnancy loss | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Catherine%20of%20Brandenburg |
Nigel Irens RDI is a leading yacht designer. Amongst his designs are the Adventurer, a 35m trimaran motor yacht which completed a record-breaking circumnavigation in 1998, and a 23 m sailing trimaran used by Ellen MacArthur to break the world record for solo circumnavigation in 2005.
His design portfolio is wide-ranging, from record-breaking yachts to innovative cruising designs such as Roxane, and other sailing designs of traditional appearance such as the Westernman cutters – designed in association with the late Ed Burnett – or the launch Rangeboat, a 12m power craft also of traditional appearance. Typically, Irens' designs synthesise traditional forms with modern materials and methods of construction, with Carbon fibre masts, laminated frames, and epoxied strip wood strongly in evidence.
For a while, when beginning his career as a yacht designer, Ed Burnett worked for Irens, and that led to a number of successful collaborations. They worked together on designs such as Zinnia, a 30ft gaff cutter, Kilrush Nomad II, a 43ft gaff cutter, and the King Alfred dinghy to be built by King Alfred School in London. By 2012, the school had built three, and use them to introduce students to dinghy cruising.
Irens is perhaps particularly noteworthy for the simplicity, efficiency, and, essential elegance of his design.
References
External links
Official site
British yacht designers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Multihull designers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Irens |
Lindsay Perigo (born 14 December 1951) is a New Zealand former television and radio broadcasting personality, founding member and first leader of the Libertarianz political party and an Objectivist organisation called Sense of Life Objectivists (SOLO).
In 1993 he quit television work, in the process denouncing TVNZ news and current affairs as "brain dead". Thereafter he returned to radio for several years, with a libertarian show on Radio Pacific and on the now defunct Radio Liberty.
Perigo is former editor of the Free Radical, a libertarian/Objectivist magazine founded by him with backing from David Henderson in 1994. Deborah Coddington, former Free Radical assistant editor, wrote a biography of Perigo entitled Politically Incorrect in 1999, which was published by Radio Pacific.
He is a noted fan of singer Mario Lanza, and in August 2013 a collection of his writings on Lanza's life and work was released called The One Tenor. He also wrote the foreword for Armando Cesari's Lanza biography, Mario Lanza: An American Tragedy. He has interviewed José Carreras and Luciano Pavarotti, and appeared with Dame Malvina Major in a television tribute to Pavarotti in September 2007.
A collection of his cultural and political commentaries was released in September 2012 titled The Total Passion for the Total Height.
See also
List of New Zealand television personalities
References
External links
Lindsay Perigo's C.V.
Libertarianz Party website
SOLO website
Free Radical magazine website
New Zealand television presenters
New Zealand radio presenters
Leaders of political parties in New Zealand
Objectivists
1951 births
Living people
Libertarianz politicians
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1996 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1999 New Zealand general election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay%20Perigo |
FC Etar Veliko Tarnovo () is a former Bulgarian professional football club based in Veliko Tarnovo. They were last competing in the 2012–13 season of the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group, the top tier of professional football in Bulgaria. The club replaced the old FC Etar (Veliko Tarnovo), which won the Bulgarian championship in 1991.
The club's home ground has been Ivaylo Stadium since 1958, and their main nicknames are the Bolyars and the Violets, the latter in reference to the colour of their home kit, which is often mistaken for purple.
The club folded following the end of the 2012–13 A PFG due to financial difficulties. Etar Veliko Tarnovo acquired the license of Botev Debelets and played in the Bulgarian V AFG in the 2013/14 season.
Honours
Domestic
Bulgarian East B PFG
Winners (1): 2011–12
Bulgarian North-West V AFG
Winners (1): 2002–03
History
The club was founded as Etar 1924 in 2002, following severe financial problems plaguing the historical FC Etar, which folded in 2003. In their first season, they were promoted to B PFG as champions of the North-West V AFG.
In the 2004–05 season, Etar had their best Bulgarian Cup run, beating Dorostol Silistra and Slavia Sofia before losing to Levski Sofia in the Round of 16.
In September 2010, Velin Kefalov had been appointed as a manager of Etar 1924. He led the team to the third place in the West B PFG. Because Chernomorets Pomorie did not receive a licence to play in the A PFG, Etar competed in the promotion playoff, but lost 3–1 to Svetkavitsa Targovishte.
In June 2011, Kefalov left the club and was replaced by Georgi Todorov in the role of head coach. Todorov resigned after the first half of the 2011–12 season and was replaced by Tsanko Tsvetanov. А streak of good form in the second half of the season ensured promotion to the A PFG on 23 May 2012 with 1–0 home win against Nesebar.
The team finished the autumn part of the 2012-2013 A PFG in last place of the standings. As a result, the second half of the 2012-13 A PFG season saw a huge turnover in player and managerial personnel (Tsvetanov had already been replaced by Serdar Dayat). Despite a bright start to the spring season, the increasing financial uncertainty continued to plague the team and Etar relocated to Sliven, in part due to a conflict of interest with the Veliko Tarnovo supporter groups and the municipality, which contributed to the club remaining in the relegation zone. In May 2013, the team was practically dissolved and Etar's remaining A PFG opponents were awarded 3:0 wins by default until the end of the season.
The legacy of the club was succeeded by SFC Etar Veliko Tarnovo, which was established shortly after Etar 1924 folded.
Last squad
Foreign players
Up to three non-EU nationals can be registered and given a squad number for the first team in the A PFG. Those non-EU nationals with European ancestry can claim citizenship from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim Bulgarian citizenship after playing in Bulgaria for 5 years.
Managerial history
This is a list of the last seven Etar managers:
As of 8 May 2013
References
External links
Official Website
Website of the Etar supporters
News about the team and sport in Veliko Tarnovo region
Etar 1924 Veliko Tarnovo
Association football clubs established in 2002
2002 establishments in Bulgaria
Etar 1924 Veliko Tarnovo
Football clubs in Veliko Tarnovo
2013 disestablishments in Bulgaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Etar%201924%20Veliko%20Tarnovo |
Robert Wilks (c. 1665 – 27 September 1732) was a British actor and theatrical manager who was one of the leading managers of Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in its heyday of the 1710s. He was, with Colley Cibber and Thomas Doggett, one of the "triumvirate" of actor-managers that was denounced by Alexander Pope and caricatured by William Hogarth as leaders of the decline in theatrical standards and degradation of the stage's literary tradition.
The family was based for many generations in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. His great-uncle, Judge Wilks, had served Charles I of England during the English Civil War, for whom he raised a troop at his own expense. After Oliver Cromwell won the civil war, Wilks' father moved to Dublin, where Robert Wilks was born.
He was a clerk to Robert Southwell until he joined the Williamite army. As soon as he was discharged from the army, he worked in the Smock Alley Theatre in Dublin from 1691 to 1693. According to Wilks's version of the story, he had first acted when his army company put on an amateur Othello, and he was so successful that he took up acting as a career. In 1693, Christopher Rich, manager of Drury Lane, hired him to work in London. The same year, he married Elizabeth Knapton.
In 1698, he was back in Dublin to perform in George Etherege plays, and he was so popular that he, according to his story, had to escape to London, and the next year he began his collaboration of George Farquhar. Farquhar and Wilks were close friends, and the two traveled from Dublin to London together. In 1699, Wilks appeared in Farquhar's The Constant Couple as Harry Wildair. It was a role that became Wilks's signature, and it made him a heartthrob among the young ladies of London. For the rest of his life Harry Wildair would be Wilks's alter ego, and Wilks would appear in the starring roles in Farquhar plays.
At Drury Lane, Christopher Rich ruled the theater with a Machiavellian hand. In 1702, Rich had to choose between Wilks and George Powell, the director of rehearsals. The power struggle went Wilks's way, and Powell left for Lincoln's Inn Fields while Wilks was promoted to director of rehearsals. This put Wilks in a powerful position within the theater, and when the actor's strike occurred in 1706, Wilks was well placed to win. Rich was accused of taking one third of all the actors' profits, and the leading actors walked out for the Queen's Theatre at the Haymarket (now Her Majesty's Theatre). Rich, and his son, John Rich, responded by staging opera and pantomime.
At the Haymarket, Wilks was a star. He took the major roles in 1 Henry IV, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, and The Way of the World. He also debuted Farquhar's The Beaux' Stratagem and Nicholas Rowe's The Royal Convert. In 1709, Wilks, with Cibber, Thomas Doggett, and Anne Oldfield joined Owen Swiny in managing the Haymarket. The next year, the group won their struggle and was brought back to Drury Lane, and in 1711 they became the actor-managers of Drury Lane. Thomas Doggett, according to Colley Cibber's somewhat unreliable memoir, forbade any woman being part of the group of managers, and Owen Swiny decided to return to the Haymarket, and so the remaining actor managers formed a "triumvirate." These three managers had profitable and difficult positions, and it is likely that from 1711 to 1714 the shares of the triumvirate never made less than the fantastic sum of £1,000 a year.
In 1713, Barton Booth replaced Doggett as actor-manager, and in 1714 Richard Steele joined them and got the theatre a royal patent. This patent allowed the company to present Charles Johnson's The Country Lasses without a license in 1715, and from then on the patent itself was an extremely valuable commodity. Upon Steele's death in 1729, the three current members of the triumvirate got a one-third share in the patent.
The managers were very busy with the details of production, but they were as busy as actors. Wilks acted one hundred and forty performances in the 1721–2 season, for example, and Wilks rarely toured out of London (with the exception of a single trip to Dublin in 1711). Wilks was one of the mainstays of Drury Lane, both as a manager and, even more, as an attractive male lead. Colley Cibber, whose autobiography portrays himself as a voice of reason and calm, paints Wilks as a vain and tempestuous personality, and it is possible to believe Cibber's complaints about others without believing his praise of himself. Alexander Pope satirized Wilks, along with Cibber and Doggett, in The Dunciad, both versions. William Hogarth depicted Wilks as a man busy making a pantomime play of a jail break while using scripts for Hamlet as toilet paper. The actor managers responded to the increasing move for "spectacle" plays (see Augustan drama for context) and quick productions with low costs, and thus the triumvirate, in particular, was frequently satirized for cheapening the stage.
He died in 1732 in London and was buried in St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden. He had made an exceptional amount of money in his life, but, upon his death, he left his second wife virtually nothing except a share in the Drury Lane patent.
Although married at the time, in the 1690s he had relationship with the actress Jane Rogers which led to the birth of a daughter of the same name Jane Rogers, who appeared as an actress at Linclon's Inn Field and Covent Garden during the eighteenth century.
Selected roles
Sir Harry Wildair in The Constant Couple by George Farquhar (1699)
Carlos in Love Makes a Man by Colley Cibber (1700)
Duke of Lorraine in The Unhappy Penitent by Catharine Trotter (1701)
Almerick in The Generous Conqueror by Bevil Higgons (1701)
Paris in The Virgin Prophetess by Elkanah Settle (1701)
Sir Harry Wildair in Sir Harry Wildair by George Farquhar (1701)
Lionel in The Modish Husband by William Burnaby (1702)
Don Pedro in The False Friend by John Vanbrugh (1702)
Woodvil in All for the Better by Francis Manning (1702)
Woudbee in The Twin Rivals by George Farquhar (1702)
Reynard in Tunbridge Walks by Thomas Baker (1703)
Bellmie in Love's Contrivance by Susanna Centlivre (1703)
Frederick in The Old Mode and the New by Thomas d'Urfey (1703)
Wilding in Vice Reclaimed by Richard Wilkinson (1703)
Young Bookwit in The Lying Lover by Richard Steele (1703)
Abinomin in The Faithful Bride of Granada by William Taverner (1704)
Sir Charles Easy in The Careless Husband by Colley Cibber (1704)
Bloom in Hampstead Heath by Thomas Baker (1705)
Captain Plume in The Recruiting Officer by George Farquhar (1706)
Captain Beaumont in The Platonick Lady by Susanna Centlivre (1706)
Archer in The Beaux' Stratagem by George Farquhar (1707)
Careless in The Double Gallant by Colley Cibber (1707)
Aribert in The Royal Convert by Nicholas Rowe (1707)
Brigadier Blenheim in The Fine Lady's Airs by Thomas Baker (1708)
Artaban in The Persian Princess by Lewis Theobald (1708)
Ziphares in Mithridates, King of Pontus by Nathaniel Lee (1708)
Sir George Airy in The Busie Body by Susanna Centlivre (1709)
Icilius in Appius and Virginia by John Dennis (1709)
Young Outwit in The Rival Fools by Colley Cibber (1709)
Volatil in The Wife's Relief by Charles Johnson (1711)
Aranes in The Successful Pyrate by Charles Johnson (1712)
Juba in Cato by Joseph Addison (1713)
Chaucer in The Wife of Bath by John Gay (1713)
Dumont in Jane Shore by Nicholas Rowe (1714)
Agamemnon in The Victim by Charles Johnson (1714)
Modely in The Country Lasses by Charles Johnson (1715)
Sir George Trueman in The Drummer by Joseph Addison (1716)
Agonistus in The Cruel Gift by Susanna Centlivre (1716)
Hearty in The Non-Juror by Colley Cibber (1717)
Memnon in Busiris, King of Egypt by Edward Young (1719)
Eurytion in The Spartan Dame by Thomas Southerne (1719)
Sir George Jealous in The Masquerade by Charles Johnson (1719)
Eumanes in The Siege of Damascus by John Hughes (1720)
Frankly in The Refusal by Colley Cibber (1721)
Don Carlos in The Revenge by Edward Young (1721)
Sir John Freeman in The Artifice by Susanna Centlivre (1722)
Ivor in The Briton by Ambrose Philips (1722)
Mrytle in The Conscious Lovers by Richard Steele (1722)
Orlando in Love in a Forest by Charles Johnson (1723)
Antony in Caesar in Egypt by Colley Cibber (1724)
Phraortes, King of Media in The Captives by John Gay (1724)
Henriquez in Double Falsehood by Lewis Theobald (1727)
Ballamine in The Rival Modes by James Moore Smythe (1727)
Merital in Love in Several Masques by Henry Fielding (1728)
Lord Townly in The Provoked Husband by Colley Cibber (1728)
Jason in Medea by Charles Johnson (1730)
Gainlove in The Humours of Oxford by James Miller (1730)
Masinissa in Sophonisba by James Thomson (1730)
Bellamant in The Modern Husband by Henry Fielding (1732)
Lord Modely in The Modish Couple by James Miller (1732)
References
Murfin, Miriam G. "Robert Wilks". In Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. vol. 59. 4–5. London: OUP, 2004.
1660s births
1732 deaths
English male stage actors
Clerks
People from Bromsgrove
Actor-managers
17th-century English male actors
18th-century English male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Wilks |
Short Bull may refer to:
Arnold Short Bull (c. 1845 -1915), Sicangu Lakota (or Brulé) leader, associated with Ghost Dance
Grant Short Bull (c. 1852 -1935), Oglala Lakota leader
A fictional US tank from Panzer Front.
Surnames of Native American origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short%20Bull |
The Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi is a palace in Rome, Italy. It was built by the Borghese family on the Quirinal Hill; its footprint occupies the site where the ruins of the baths of Constantine stood, whose remains still are part of the basement of the main building, the Casino dell'Aurora. Its first inhabitant was the famed art collector Cardinal Scipione Borghese, the nephew of Pope Paul V, who wanted to be housed near the large papal Palazzo Quirinale. The palace and garden of the Pallavicini-Rospigliosi were the product of the accumulated sites and were designed by Giovanni Vasanzio and Carlo Maderno in 1611–16. Scipione owned this site for less than a decade, 1610–16, and commissioned the construction and decoration of the casino and pergolata, facing the garden of Montecavallo. The Roman palace of this name should not be mistaken for the panoramic Villa Pallavicino on the shores of Lake Como in Lombardy.
The Palace has also been the scene of important cultural and religious events.
On June 6, 1977 Princess Elvina Pallavicini invited in Palazzo Pallavicini Rospigliosi the archbishop monsignor Marcel Lefebvre for a conference on the Second Vatican Council and for the celebration of a Traditiona Mass, under the careful direction of the marquis Roberto Malvezzi, and Frigate Captain marquis Luigi Coda Nunziante di San Ferdinando. Many members of Alleanza Cattolica , the baron Roberto de Mattei, the pharmacologist Giulio Soldani, the sociologist Massimo Introvigne, the psychiatrist Mario Di Fiorino and Attilio Tamburrini (who will manage, together with Alfredo Mantovano, the Pontifical Foundation of the Catholic Church “Aid to the Church in Need”) and his brother Renato Tamburrini took part to the event.
The Casino dell'Aurora and L'Aurora fresco by Guido Reni
The palace's main attraction, beside the art gallery, is the Casino dell'Aurora. The casino was designed by Vasanzio is located overlooking the Piazza del Quirinale. On the walls are four frescoes of the Seasons by Paul Bril, and two Triumphs by Antonio Tempesta. Its ceiling displays what is considered the Bolognese painter Guido Reni's fresco masterpiece (1614), commonly called L'Aurora. It is surrounded by a painted frame or quadro riportato and depicts Apollo in his Chariot preceded by Dawn (Aurora) bringing light to the world. The incorporated heraldic symbols were meant to link Scipione with Apollo. The work is classically restrained and mimics poses from ancient Roman sarcophagi, many of which are part of the museum's collection. The chariot procession, which recalls the Annibale Carracci paintings in the Farnese Gallery in the Farnese Palace, shows even more restraint. There is little concession to perspective, and if anything the vibrantly colored style is an affront to the tenebrism of Caravaggio's followers, despite this being a pavilion commissioned by one of Caravaggio's early patrons, Scipione Borghese. The pergolata is decorated by Paul Bril.
The architect Vasanzio succeeded in achieving a perfect balance between the architectural structure and the lavish decoration of the façade. It is characterised by slabs from Roman sarcophagi of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, which recount ancient mythological tales linked to the subject of love-death and the immortality of the soul. The central part of the façade is enhanced by big windows, which create charming transparency between outdoors and indoors and open onto the big central hall with its ceiling decorated with the Aurora fresco.
The same room holds other beautiful frescoes: the Triumph of Fame and the Triumph of Love by Antonio Tempesta, the Cardinal's coat of arms and Cherubino Alberti's putti, the Four Seasons by Paul Bril, 17th-century marble busts and sculptures from the Roman era, including the famous Artemis the Huntress and the Rospigliosi Athena. The ceilings of the two side halls are frescoed by Domenico Passignano with the Battle between Rinaldo and Armida and Giovanni Baglione with the Tale of Armida and some paintings from the Pallavicini Collection are still kept there.
Later the site was sold to Giovanni Angelo Altemps for the sum of 115,000 scudi with the Reni Aurora fresco valued at 200 scudi. It was then sold to the Bentivoglio family, followed by the Lante family, and then to Cardinal G. Mazarini. It is during the ownership by these families and individuals that the main building of the palace took its final shape.
The palace served as the French embassy in Rome prior before it moved to its more spacious current accommodation at the Palazzo Farnese. In 1704, the palace became a property of the Rospigliosi-Pallavicini family, who still own it and who enriched its decoration and completed its present art gallery.
The casino is rented out for meetings.
Art gallery
The art gallery, the Galleria Pallavicini, was begun by Cardinal Lazzaro Pallavicini, and includes more than 540 paintings, designs and sculptures. Aside from the collections of the Doria-Pamphili and Colonna families, this is the largest private collection in Rome. The rooms are frescoed by Paul Bril, and a loggia in a garden is decorated with frescoes by Orazio Gentileschi and Agostino Tassi. Among the paintings that remain in the collection, following some sales and losses in previous centuries, are works by artists such as:
Botticelli
Johann van Bloemen with a veduta of the Colosseum.
Paul Bril with veduta of coast.
Abraham Brueghel III with a Still life with apples, pomegranate, grapes and a man.
Annibale Carracci
Giuseppe Chiari with Flight from Egypt.
Sebastiano Conca with a Holy Family.
Pietro da Cortona
Jacques Courtois with two battle paintings.
Domenichino, Anthony van Dyck with a Santa Rosalia.
Ludovico Gimignani with an “Ester who faints in front of Assuero” and another completed with help by David de Coninck: Boy with greyhound .
Luca Giordano with Helen's escape.
Guercino has eight paintings including San Francis praying, Fruit-seller and child and Flora.
Lorenzo Lotto: Madonna with Child and Saints Jerome and Nicholas of Tolentino.
Benedetto Luti with a portrait of Cardinal Fabroni.
Simone Pignoni has an attributed a Cefalo and Procris.
Poussin
Mattia Preti with a Christ before Pontius Pilate.
Reni
Rubens: Thirteen portraits of Jesus Christ and The Twelve Apostles
Sacchi with the Drunkedness of Noah.
Luca Signorelli
Ferdinand Voet with a portrait of Vincenzo Rospigliosi.
See also
Palais Pallavicini in Vienna
There is also a Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi in Pistoia.
References
External links
Official website
A Brief Guide to Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi
Satellite photo- The Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi, Casino dell'Aurora, and the gardens are located obliquely south of Piazza Quirinale and the massive Palazzo Quirinale. It is adjacent to a nearly triangular building. The casino overlooks the street.
Houses completed in 1616
Pallavicini-Rospigliosi
Borghese residences
Renaissance architecture in Rome
Private collections in Italy
Rome R. I Monti
1616 establishments in the Papal States
1616 establishments in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo%20Pallavicini-Rospigliosi |
State Route 153 (SR 153) is a very short state highway in the U.S. state of California in El Dorado County. It extends only from the junction of Cold Springs Road and SR 49, in the town of Coloma in the heart of California's Gold Country, to the monument marking the grave of James Marshall, whose finding of gold along the American River, January 24, 1848 sparked the California Gold Rush. The exact routing is from SR 49 south on Cold Springs Road then west on Monument Road in Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park to the monument.
Although the California Department of Transportation has posted a sign indicating that SR 153 is "California's shortest state highway", it is not: SR 77, SR 265, SR 283, and SR 275 are all shorter. However, these highways are merely short connectors between other highways.
Route description
The route connects SR 49 in Coloma with the monument to James Marshall in Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park, via south on Cold Springs Road then west on Monument Road. SR 153 is neither signed at the SR 49/Cold Springs Road intersection nor at the Cold Springs/Monument Road junction. The only SR 153 marker is on Monument Road with another sign below it claiming that the route is "California's shortest state highway".
The Monument Road portion of the highway is quite narrow, and appears to end at a park employee residence. There is an easily overlooked sign which indicates that the road continues across, as a very narrow one way road, in front of the yard of the residence. There is a parking lot on the right just before the park employee residence, but there is also a smaller parking area closer to the monument on the loop road that circles it. The highway officially terminates at the monument, but since the last short segment is one way, one cannot legally retrace one's route if they drive all the way to the monument. The one lane, one way road continues on past its junction with the loop road, down the hill and passes Marshall's cabin, ending at the junction of Church and High streets. One can then use Church Street to get back to SR 49 and SR 153. According to the park, the narrow one way portion of the road is unsuitable for buses and large vehicles.
SR 153 is not part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
California Highways: Route 153
California @ AARoads.com - State Route 153
153
State Route 153
State highways in the United States shorter than one mile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20State%20Route%20153 |
This is an incomplete list of Acts of Tynwald, made by Tynwald, the parliament of the Isle of Man.
15th century
Customary Laws Act 1417 (I p. 3)
Customary Laws Act 1422 (I p. 8)
16th century
Churchwardens Ordinance 1577 (I p. 40)
Customary Laws Act 1577 (I p. 47)
Treasure Trove Act 1586 (I p. 60)
17th century
Land Law Act 1645 (I p. 100)
18th century
Convocations Ordinance 1703 (I p. 155)
Act of Settlement 1704 (I p. 161)
Act of Settlement (Further Provisions) Act 1704 (I p. 172)
Trespass Act 1705 (I p. 215)
Criminal Law Act 1736 (I p. 213)
Markets Act 1736 (I p. 215)
Fraudulent Assignments Act 1736 (I p. 215)
Gregorian Calendar Act 1753 (I p. 258)
Trespass Act 1753 (I p. 277)
Common Law Courts Act 1796 (I p. 349)
19th century
Overseas Debts Act 1814 (I p. 371)
Bankers' Notes Act 1817 (repealed)
Debtors Act 1820 (I p. 414)
Bankers' Notes (Amendment) Act 1836 (repealed)
St. Jude's Chapel Act 1839 (II p. 124)
Ecclesiastical Persons Act 1843 (II p. 149)
Newspapers Act 1846 (II p. 159)
Boundary Walls Act 1851 (II p. 279)
Dogs Act 1851 (repealed)
1880s
Game Act 1882
Bills of Exchange Act 1883 (V p. 310)
Judicature Act 1883
1890s
Bankruptcy Code 1892 (VI p. 312)
20th century
1900s
Preferential Payments Act 1908 (VIII p. 143)
1910s
Local Government Consolidation Act 1916 (X p. 57)
Judicature (Amendment) Act 1918
1920s
Census Act 1929
Judicature (Amendment) Act 1921
Highway Act 1927
Petty Sessions and Summary Jurisdiction Act 1927
1930s
Trade Disputes (Regulation) Act 1936 (XIV p. 402)
Emergency Powers Act 1936 (XIV p. 404)
Judicature (Reports of Judicial Proceedings) Act 1938 (XV p. 107)
1940s
Local Government Act 1946 (XVI p. 344)
Disabled Persons (Employment) Act 1946 (XVI p. 362)
Witnesses' Allowances Act 1947 (XVI p. 554) (formerly the Constables' Fees and Witnesses' Allowances Act 1947)
Firearms Act 1947 (XVI p. 586)
Aliens Restriction Act 1948 (XVII p. 185)
Local Government Act 1949 (XVII p. 444)
1950s
Local Government Act 1950 (XVII p. 829)
Douglas Extension of Boundaries Act 1952 (XVIII p. 34)
Agricultural Wages Act 1952 (XVIII p. 38)
Bail Act 1952 (XVIII p. 78)
Rating and Valuation Act 1953 (XVIII p. 258)
Dogs (Protection of Livestock) Act 1953 (repealed)
Highways Act 1954 (repealed)
Currency and Bank Notes (Legal Tender) Act 1955 (repealed)
Finance Act 1958
Game Act 1958 (repealed)
1960s
Isle of Man Constitution Act 1961 (XIX p. 586)
Isle of Man Government Notes Act 1961 (repealed)
Criminal Justice Act 1963 (XIX p. 975)
Food and Drugs Act 1963
Constitution (Amendment) Act 1965
Gold Coinage Act 1965 (repealed)
Castletown Town Act 1966 (XX p. 36)
Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) (Isle of Man) Act 1968 (XX p. 452)
Firearms Act 1968 (XX p. 464)
Manx Time Act 1968 (XX p. 525)
Decimal Currency (Isle of Man) Act 1968 (repealed)
1970s
Income Tax Act 1970 (c.3)
Metal Coins Act 1970 (repealed)
Manx Decimal Coins Act 1970 (repealed)
Decimal Currency (Isle of Man) Act 1970 (repealed)
Litter Act 1972 (c.14)
Fees, Charges Etc. Enabling Act 1972
European Communities (Isle of Man) Act 1973 (c.14)
Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1974 (c.15)
Estate Agents Act 1975 (c.6)
Control of Employment Act 1975 (c.25)
Constitution (Amendment) Act 1975
Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976 (c.6)
Judicature (Matrimonial Causes) Act 1976 (c.14)
Interpretation Act 1976 (c.20)
Advocates Act 1976 (c.27)
Governor's Financial and Judicial Functions (Transfer) Act 1976 (c.29)
Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976
Animal Offences Act 1976
Constitution (Amendment) Act 1978 (c.1)
Church (Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction) Act 1978 (c.3)
Church (Application of General Synod Measures) Act 1979
1980s
1980
Jury Act 1980 (c. 9)
1981
Administration of Justice Act 1981 (c.8)
Fatal Accidents Act 1981 (c.13)
Criminal Law Act 1981 (c.20)
Theft Act 1981 (c.21)
Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1981 (c.36)
Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1981
Animals Act 1981
1982
Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1982 (c.8)
1983
Coroners Act 1983 (c.4)
Domestic Proceedings Act 1983 (c.13)
Arbitration (International Investment Disputes) Act 1983 (c.16)
Administration of Justice Act 1983 (c.25)
1984
Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1984 (c.5)
Superannuation Act 1984 (c.8)
Gaming (Amendment) Act 1984 (c.17)
Civil Registration Act 1984
1985
Merchant Shipping Act 1985 (c. 3)
Douglas Extension of Boundaries Act 1985 (c.6)
Collection of Fines etc. Act 1985 (c.7)
Trade Disputes Act 1985 (c.18)
Road Traffic Regulation Act 1985 (c.20)
Licensing and Registration of Vehicles Act 1985 (c.21)
Road Traffic Act 1985 (c.23)
Local Government Act 1985 (c.24)
Treasury Act 1985
1986
Onchan District Act 1986 (c.8)
Local Elections Act 1986 (c.10)
Legal Practitioners Registration Act 1986 (c.15)
Casino Act 1986 (c.16)
Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1986 (c.22)
Legal Aid Act 1986 (c.23)
Data Protection Act 1986 (c.31)
Food (Emergency Provisions) Act 1986 (c.33)
Fines Act 1986
1987
Coroners of Inquests Act 1987 (c.6)
Government Departments Act 1987 (c.13)
1988
Mental Health Act 1998 (c.3)
Promulgation Act 1988 (c.3)
Gaming, Betting and Lotteries Act 1988 (c.17)
Interception of Communications Act 1988 (c.18)
1989
Payment of Members' Expenses Act 1989 (c. 4)
Bank Holidays Act 1989 (c.5)
Fees and Duties Act 1989 (c.12)
Summary Jurisdiction Act 1989 (c.15)
Emergency Powers (Amendment) Act 1989
Summary Jurisdiction Act 1989
1990s
1990
Council of Ministers Act 1990 (c.3)
Constitution Act 1990 (c.6)
Civil Service Act 1990 (c. 8)
Dogs Act 1990 (c.16)
Administration of Estates Act 1990 (c.17)
Redundancy Payments Act 1990 (c.18)
1991
Family Law Act 1991 (c.3)
Road Traffic (Amendment) Act 1991 (c.5)
High Court Act 1991 (c.12)
Merchant Shipping Registration Act 1991 (c.15)
Employment Act 1991 (c.19)
Trade Unions Act 1991 (c.20)
Building Control Act 1991 (c.21)
Merchant Shipping Registration Act 1991
Sexual Offences Act 1992
1992
Contracts (Applicable Law) Act 1992 (c.2)
Transfer of Governor's Functions Act 1992 (c.10)
1993
Ramsey (Boundary Extension) Act 1993 (c.2)
Police Act 1993 (c.11)
Broadcasting Act 1993 (c.12)
Church Legislation Procedure Act 1993
Post Office Act 1993
1995
Custody Act 1995 (c. 1)
Licensing Act 1995 (c. 8)
Maintenance Orders (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1995
1996
Food Act 1996 (c.8)
Electricity Act 1996 (c.14)
Employment (Amendment) Act 1996 (c.18)
Limited Liability Companies Act 1996 (c.19)
1997
Law Reform Act 1997 (c.1)
1998
Recreation and Leisure Act 1998 (c.1)
Police Powers and Procedures Act 1998 (c.9)
1999
Town and Country Planning Act 1999 (c.9)
21st century
2000s
2000
Shops Act 2000 (c.7)
Corporate Service Providers Act 2000 (c.13)
Employment (Sex Discrimination) Act 2000 (c.16)
2001
Human Rights Act 2001 (c.1)
Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 2001 (c.2)
Adoption (Amendment) Act 2001 (c.3)
Criminal Justice Act 2001 (c.4)
Matrimonial Proceedings Act 2001 (c.5)
Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 2001 (c.6)
Residence Act 2001 (c.7)
Betting Offices Act 2001(c.8)
Food (Emergency Provisions) (Amendment) Act 2001 (c.9)
Online Gambling Regulation Act 2001 (c.10)
Halifax International Act 2001 (c.11)
Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2001 (c.12)
Genetically Modified Organisms Act 2001 (c.13)
National Health Service Act 2001 (c.14)
Income Tax Act 2001 (c.15)
Road Races (Temporary Amendment) Act 2001 (c.16)
Licensing (Amendment) Act 2001 (c.17)
Trustee Act 2001 (c.18)
Airports and Civil Aviation Act 2001 (c.19)
Children and Young Persons Act 2001 (c.20)
Electricity (Amendment) Act 2001 (c.21)
Gaming, Betting and Lotteries (Amendment) Act 2001 (c.22)
Interception of Communications Act 2001 (c.23)
Mental Health (Amendment) Act 2001 (c.24)
Minimum Wage Act 2001 (c.25)
Fair Trading (Amendment) Act 2001 (c.26)
Road Transport Act 2001 (c.27)
Civil Jurisdiction Act 2001 (c.28)
Statutory Boards (Amendment) Act 2001 (c.29)
Royal Bank of Scotland International Act 2001 (c.30)
Customs and Excise etc. (Amendment) Act 2001 (c.31)
Road Traffic (Amendment) Act 2001 (c.32)
Education Act 2001 (c.33)
2002
Barclays Private Clients International Act 2002 (c.1)
Data Protection Act 2002 (c.2)
2003
Transfer of Deemsters' Functions Act 2003 (c.1)
Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2003 (c.2)
Property Service Charges (Amendment) Act 2003 (c.3)
Medicines Act 2003 (c.4)
Submarine Cables Act 2003 (c.5)
Anti-Terrorism and Crime Act 2003 (c.6)
Matrimonial Proceedings Act 2003 (c.7)
Inquiries (Evidence) Act 2003 (c.8)
International Criminal Court Act 2003 (c.9)
European Communities (Amendment) Act 2003 (c.10)
Income Tax Act 2003 (c. 11)
Gas and Electricity Act 2003 (c.12)
Litter (Amendment) Act 2003 (c.13)
Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2003 (c.14)
Heath Burning Act 2003 (c.15)
Companies, etc. (Amendment) Act 2003 (c.16)
2004
Protected Cell Companies Act 2004 (c.1)
Construction Contracts Act 2004 (c.2)
Insurance (Amendment) Act 2004 (c.3)
Criminal Justice (Arrestable Offences) Act 2004 (c.4)
Income Tax (Amendment) Act 2004 (c.5)
Race Relations Act 2004 (c.6)
Representation of the People (Amendment) Act 2004 (c.7)
European Union (Accessions) Act 2004 (c.8)
Fireworks Act 2004 (c.9)
2005
Veterinary Surgeons Act 2005 (c.1)
Constitution (Amendment) Act 2005 (c.2)
Trees and High Hedges Act 2005 (c.3)
Housing (Multi-Occupancy) Act 2005 (c.4)
Fiduciary Services Act 2005 (c.5)
Coastline Management Act 2005 (c.6)
2006
Tribunals Act 2006 (c.1)
Mental Health (Amendment) Act 2006 (c.2)
Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2006 (c.3)
Income Tax (Amendment) Act 2006 (c.4)
Representation of the People (Amendment) Act 2006 (c.5)
Noise Act 2006 (c.6)
Minerals (Amendment) Act 2006 (c.7)
Income Tax (Corporate Taxpayers) Act 2006 (c.8)
Dogs (Amendment) Act 2006 (c.9)
Small Claims Arbitration (Personal Representation) Act 2006 (c.10)
Insurance Companies (Amalgamations) Act 2006 (c.11)
Registration of Electors Act 2006 (c.12)
Companies Act 2006 (c.13)
Agricultural Marketing (Amendment) Act 2006 (c.14)
Audit Act 2006 (c.15)
Constitution Act 2006 (c.16)
Disability Discrimination Act 2006 (c.17)
Local Government Act 2006 (c.18)
Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2006 (c.19)
Sex Offenders Act 2006 (c.20)
Employment Act 2006 (c.21)
Gambling (Amendment) Act 2006 (c.22)
Regulation of Surveillance etc. Act 2006 (c.23)
Road Traffic (Amendment) Act 2006 (c.24)
2007
Road Races (Temporary Modification) Act 2007 (c.1)
Civil Service (Amendment) Act 2007 (c.2)
Criminal Justice, Police and Courts Act 2007 (c.3)
Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act 2007 (c.4)
Broadcasting (c.5)
European Communities (Amendment) Act 2007 (c.6)
Personal Liability (Ministers, Members and Officers) Act 2007 (c.7)
Education (Amendment) Act 2007 (c.8)
2008
Prisoner Escorts Act 2008 (c.1)
Onchan District (Amendment) Act 2008 (c.2)
Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs (Amendment) Act 2008 (c.3)
Income Tax (Amendment) Act 2008 (c.4)
Presiding Officers Act 2008 (c.5)
Income Tax (Pensions) Act 2008 (c.6)
Collective Investment Schemes Act 2008 (c.7)
Financial Services Act 2008 (c.8)
Constitution (Amendment) Act 2008 (c.9)
Corruption Act 2008 (c.10)
Agricultural (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008 (c.11)
Town and Country Planning (Amendment) Act 2008 (c.12)
Proceeds of Crime Act 2008 (c.13)
Administration of Justice Act 2008 (c.14)
Agricultural Tenancies Act 2008 (c.15)
Insurance Act 2008 (c.16)
Enterprise Act 2008 (c.17)
2009
Value Added Tax (Amendment) Act 2009 (c.1)
Income Tax Act 2009 (c.2)
Education (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2009 (c.3)
Company Officers (Disqualification) Act 2009 (c.4)
Tree Preservation (Amendment) Act 2009 (c.5)
Fees and Duties (Amendment) Act 2009 (c.6)
Companies (Amendment) Act 2009 (c.7)
Terrorism (Finance) Act 2009 (c.8)
Animal Health (Amendment) Act 2009 (c.9)
Social Security (Amendment) Act 2009 (c.10)
Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11)
2010s
2010
Advocates (Amendment) Act 2010 (2010 c. 1)
Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act 2010 (2010 c. 2)
Payment of Members Expenses (Amendment) Act 2010 (2010 c. 3)
Lloyds TSB Offshore Limited Banking Business Act 2010 (2010 c. 4)
Human Rights (Amendment) Act 2010 (2010 c. 5)
Organised and International Crime Act 2010 (2010 c. 6)
Endangered Species Act 2010 (2010 c. 7)
Gambling Supervision Act 2010 (2010 c. 8)
Harbours Act 2010 (2010 c. 9)
Electricity (Amendment) Act 2010 (2010 c. 10)
Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Act 2010 (2010 c. 11)
Income Tax Act 2010 (2010 c. 12)
Incorporated Cell Companies Act 2010 (2010 c. 13)
2011
Criminal Justice (Witness Anonymity) Act 2011 (2011 c. 1)
Civil Partnership Act 2011 (2011 c. 2)
Marriage and Civil Registration (Amendment) Act 2011 (2011 c. 3)
Children and Young Persons (Amendment) Act 2011 (2011 c. 4)
Sewerage (Amendment) Act 2011 (2011 c. 5)
Anti-Terrorism and Crime (Amendment) Act 2011 (2011 c. 6)
Criminal Justice Acts Amendment Act 2011 (2011 c. 7)
Companies (Prohibition of Bearer Shares) Act 2011 (2011 c. 8)
Limited Partnership (Legal Personality) Act 2011 (2011 c. 9)
Income Tax Act 2011 (2011 c. 10)
European Union (Amendment) Act 2011 (2011 c. 11)
Tynwald Auditor General Act 2011 (2011 c. 12)
Tynwald Commissioner for Administration Act 2011 (2011 c. 13)
Building Control (Amendment) Act 2011 (2011 c. 14)
Broadway Baptist Church Act 2011 (2011 c. 15)
Manx Museum and National Trust (Amendment) Act 2011 (2011 c. 16)
Foundations Act 2011 (2011 c. 17)
Public Sector Pensions Act 2011 (2011 c. 18)
Housing (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2011 (2011 c. 19)
Breastfeeding Act 2011 (2011 c. 20)
Financial Provisions and Currency Act 2011 (2011 c. 21)
Social Services Act 2011 (2011 c. 22)
2012
Debt Recovery and Enforcement Act 2012 (2012 c. 1)
Dogs (Amendment) Act 2012 (2012 c. 2)
Road Traffic and Highways (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 2012 (2012 c. 3)
Casino (Amendment) Act 2012 (2012 c. 4)
Fisheries Act 2012 (2012 c. 5)
Gambling Duty Act 2012 (2012 c. 6)
Legal Aid (Amendment) Act 2012 (2012 c. 7)
Partnership (Amendment) Act 2012 (2012 c. 8)
Companies (Beneficial Ownership) Act 2012 (2012 c. 9)
Company and Business Names etc Act 2012 (2012 c. 10)
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (Limitation on Debt Recovery) Act 2012 (2012 c. 11)
Town and Country Planning (Amendment) Act 2012 (2012 c. 12)
Moneylenders (Amendment) Act 2012 (2012 c. 13)
2013
Law Officers Act 2013 (2013 c. 1)
Income Tax Act 2013 (2013 c. 2)
Cash in Postal Packets Act 2013 (2013 c. 3)
Licensing (Amendment) Act 2013 (2013 c. 4)
Financial Services (MIscellaneous Amendments) Act 2013 (2013 c.5)
Children and Young Persons (Amendment) Act 2013 (2013 c. 6)
Bribery Act 2013 (2013 c. 7)
Fisheries (Amendment) Act 2013 (2013 c. 8)
Weeds (Amendment) Act 2013 (2013 c. 9)
Regulation of Care Act 2013 (2013 c. 10)
Sunbeds Act 2013 (2013 c. 11)
Flood Risk Management Act 2013 (2013 c. 12)
Summary Jurisdiction and Miscellaneous Amendments Act 2013 (2013 c. 13)
Custody (Amendment) Act 2013 (2013 c. 14)
2014
Income Tax (Amendment) Act 2014 (2014 c. 1)
Public Health (Amendment) Act 2014 (2014 c. 2)
Foreign Companies Act 2014 (2014 c. 3)
External links
Isle of Man Government Infocentre – Legislation database
Law of the Isle of Man
Tynwald
Isle of Man-related lists
Tynwald | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Acts%20of%20Tynwald |
Gwardamanġa (English: Guardamangia or sometimes incorrectly written as Gwarda Mangia) is a hamlet in Pietà, Malta. Gwardamanġa is the home of St. Luke's Hospital, Malta's former general public hospital, and Villa Guardamangia, the former home of Queen Elizabeth II. It is also the location where the Rediffusion House is found.
Overview
At Gwardamanġa one can find the Villa Guardamangia, a large two-storey building, best known for its elaborate porch which is reached by a flight of steps from each side. The first has a convex configuration over which is a wide elliptical arch. Scroll corbels support the lintels of the sides, while a square-headed doorway is set in an elliptical arched recess. On top of the porch are a series of segmentally arched, louvred windows. Other features include semi-circular wrought iron balconies on each side of the porch, louvred windows and a 'remissa' doorway. The façade lacks decoration, apart from a balustraded parapet wall.
The villa was leased by Lord Louis Mountbatten around 1929. At various times between 1946 and 1953, Queen Elizabeth II stayed at the villa as both Princess and then Queen while her fiancé, and later husband, The Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. Philip and Elizabeth lived in Malta for a period between 1949 and 1951, which made Malta the only foreign country in which the Queen ever resided. It has been speculated that her son Charles was conceived here. The Queen re-visited the villa during her state visit to Malta in 1992.
References
Sources
Coordinates:
Populated places in Malta
Pietà, Malta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwardaman%C4%A1a |
"Renegades of Funk" is a song written by Afrika Bambaataa, Arthur Baker, John Miller & John Robie and recorded by Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force. Released in 1983 as a single on the Tommy Boy label, it was also included on the 1986 album Planet Rock: The Album. The song is an eclectic fusion of electronic music and heavy percussion, with politically fused hip hop lyrics that draw a connection between past revolutionaries and bohemians to present-day street artists. It was produced and mixed by Arthur Baker and John Robie. Mastering was by Herb Powers Jr..
The song was used by the Toronto Raptors as its entrance song during home games in 2006. It is also featured as a track on the radio in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories. In 1985, the song was used in "The Maze", an episode in the first season of the television police drama Miami Vice. It was remade by Rage Against the Machine and released as a single in 2001. "Weird Al" Yankovic included Rage Against the Machine's version in his polka medley "Angry White Boy Polka" from his 2003 album Poodle Hat.
Track listing
Artist - Afrika Bambaataa & Soul Sonic Force
12" Single (1983) – Tommy Boy (TB 839)
A1 - "Renegades Of Funk" (Vocal) – 6:44
A2 - "Renegades Chant" - 7:40
B1 - "Renegades Of Funk" (Instrumental) – 6:20
CD Maxi-Single (1993) – Tommy Boy (TBCD 839)
1 - "Renegades Of Funk" (Vocal) – 6:44
2 - "Renegades Chant" - 7:40
3 - "Renegades Of Funk" (Instrumental) – 6:20
Rage Against the Machine cover
In 2000, American rock band Rage Against the Machine recorded the song for their cover album Renegades. In addition to lyrics by Afrika Bambaataa, it features a percussion interpolation of the Incredible Bongo Band's piece "Apache" and riffs from the Cheap Trick song "Gonna Raise Hell".
The group played the song live for the first time at its reunion show at Coachella 2007. This version of the song was the intro music to "The Big Mad Morning Show" on 92.1 The Beat in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
The music video directed by Steven Murashige was a montage of film stock-footage clips, as the band had broken up when the video was released. The montage consists mostly of funk and hip-hop music and events of the Civil Rights movements, interspersed with live footage of the Los Angeles Phantom Street Artist Joey Krebs spray-painting his infamous Outline Silhouettes of Figures mixed with media stills of individuals the song implies are renegades:
Chief Sitting Bull: leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux.
Thomas Paine: writer.
Martin Luther King Jr.: activist.
Malcolm X: national spokesman for the Nation of Islam.
Muhammad Ali: boxer and civil rights activist.
Paul Robeson: singer, actor, and communist activist.
Richard Pryor: comedian.
Gil Scott-Heron: poet and musician.
The Last Poets: group of poets and musicians sympathetic with the civil rights movement.
James Brown: gospel and rhythm and blues artist.
Curtis Mayfield: soul, funk and rhythm and blues artist.
Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band: funk band.
Sly and the Family Stone: funk band.
George Clinton: funk artist.
Parliament Funkadelic: funk music collective.
DJ Kool Herc: hip-hop pioneer.
Grandmaster Flash: hip-hop artist, DJ.
Afrika Bambaataa: DJ, Bronx community leader, and the artist who wrote and performed the song.
Kurtis Blow: hip-hop artist, DJ.
Nat Turner: leader of the Southampton county slave rebellion.
Huey Newton: co-founder of the Black Panther Party.
Mumia Abu-Jamal: former Black Panther Party activist and political prisoner.
Leonard Peltier: member of the American Indian Movement and political prisoner.
Ernesto "Che" Guevara: communist guerilla leader.
Stokeley Carmichael: leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
Marcus Garvey: founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League.
Angela Davis: activist and Black Panther.
Rigoberta Menchú: human rights activist and 1992 Nobel Peace Prize recipient.
Cesar Chavez: co-founder of the United Farm Workers.
Susan B. Anthony: co-founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association.
Rosa Parks: civil rights activist.
Whodini: hip-hop group.
Run-D.M.C.: hip-hop trio.
LL Cool J: hip-hop artist.
KDAY: hip-hop radio station.
Ice-T: hip-hop artist and leader of the metal band Body Count.
Roxanne Shanté: hip-hop artist.
UTFO: hip-hop group.
Tommie Smith, John Carlos, and Peter Norman: 1968 Summer Olympics athletes who were the main subjects of the infamous 1968 Olympics Black Power salute.
Boogie Down Productions: hip-hop group.
Beastie Boys: hip-hop group.
Salt-n-Pepa: hip-hop group.
Eric B. & Rakim: hip-hop duo.
MC Lyte: hip-hop artist.
Slick Rick: hip-hop artist.
Big Daddy Kane: hip-hop artist
EPMD: hip-hop duo.
Public Enemy: hip-hop group.
De La Soul: hip-hop trio.
Queen Latifah: hip-hop artist, singer, talk-show host, and actress.
Tone Lōc: hip-hop artist.
N.W.A: hip-hop group.
Track listing
CD single
Artist: - Rage Against the Machine
"Renegades Of Funk" (Radio Edit) – 3:54
"Renegades Of Funk" (Album version) – 4:35
References
1984 singles
Afrika Bambaataa songs
Rage Against the Machine songs
Songs written by John Robie
Songs written by Arthur Baker (musician)
1983 songs
Tommy Boy Records singles
Epic Records singles
Song recordings produced by Arthur Baker (musician)
Breakbeat songs
2001 singles
Nu metal songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renegades%20of%20Funk |
The Route nationale 14, N14, is a trunk road (nationale) in France between Paris and Rouen, running through Pontoise, Magny-en-Vexin, Saint-Clair-sur-Epte and Fleury-sur-Andelle. Until the 1950s, it was going until Le Havre through Yvetot.
Route
Paris to Pontoise, km 0 to km 32
The N14 begins at Paris' Porte de Clignancourt (Paris Métro). It heads north and has now been classified the RD14 as it heads through Paris' northern suburbs. The road passes to the west of Saint-Denis. The road crosses the A86 autoroute and meets the banks of the River Seine. The road then turns Northwest to Épinay-sur-Seine where the road becomes the RD14 again where through traffic is directed onto the A15 autoroute. The old N14 is then named Boulevard Charles de Gaulle which becomes the Boulevard du Havre.
Following this, the road runs through various towns in Val d'Oise, such as Pierrelaye, then crosses the River Oise where it enters the city of Pontoise. The D14 continues West where it merges with the A15 autoroute at Osny and becomes the N14 again, leaving Paris and entering le Vexin Français.
Pontoise to Rouen, km 32 to km 124
The route followed by the N14 between Pontoise and Rouen is linear. Except at Saint-Clair-sur-Epte where a sharp downward gradient brings the road to the level of the River Epte, it course follows Caesar's Road, or Chaussée Jules César, from beginning to end. After the bypass town of Magny-en-Vexin and Saint-Gervais, the dual-carriageway ends. Then, the only section of dual-carriageway until Rouen is the bypass of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte and Bordeaux-Saint-Clair. The road continues through the Les Thilliers-en-Vexin, Écouis and Fleury-sur-Andelle.
The road continues West and re-enters the Seine valley as it approaches the capital of Normandy, Rouen. Rouen is on the junction of the A28 autoroute (Abbeville to Le Mans) and Route nationale 15 (Bonnières-sur-Seine to Le Havre). The section Rouen - Yvetot - Le Havre of the Route nationale 15 is the former itinerary of the RN 14.
History
The road follows the course of the Roman road La Chaussée Jules César linking Paris to Normandy.
References
014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%2014 |
James Cossar Ewart FRS FRSE (26 November 1851 – 31 December 1933) was a Scottish zoologist. He performed breeding experiments with horses and zebras which disproved earlier theories of heredity.
Life
Ewart was born in Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, the son of Jean Cossar and John Ewart, a joiner. He studied medicine from 1871 to 1874 at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated with an MB ChB. After graduation, he became an anatomy demonstrator under William Turner and then held the position of Curator of the Zoological Museum at University College, London, where he assisted Ray Lankester (later director of the Natural History Museum) by making zoological preparations for the museum and providing teaching support for Lankester's course in practical zoology. In 1878 he returned to Scotland to take a post of Regius Professor of Natural History at the University of Aberdeen from where he moved to the University of Edinburgh in 1882, staying in the post until 1927. In Aberdeen he encountered James Duncan Matthews, a mature student (older than himself) and they became friends until Matthew's premature death in 1890.
In 1879 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir William Turner, William Rutherford, William Rutherford Sanders and John Chiene. He won the Society's Neill Prize for 1895-98 and served as their Vice-President 1907 to 1912.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1893, having jointly delivered their Croonian Lecture in 1881.
Among various other studies, he performed breeding experiments with horses and zebras. He carried out these experiments at "The Bungalow", now the Navaar House in Penicuik, well before the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's works. Ewart crossed a male zebra with a female pony to show that the theory of telegony inherited from the Greeks was unsound. Telegony held that a female with a history of mating with multiple males would pass on genetic qualities of all previous partners to her offspring. Ewart later bred the mare which had produced zebra-horse hybrids with a pony, and the offspring showed no zebra qualities in either markings or temperament. Ewart's goal was also to produce a draught animal for South African conditions, resistant to African diseases and more tractable than a mule.
In 1883 he commissioned George Washington Browne to design a grand new house in Penicuik, finished in 1885, which is where he died on New Year's Eve 1933/34. It is now the Craigiebield House Hotel.
Family
He married three times, his first wife being the sister of Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer.
Publications
The Penycuik Experiments (1899)
References
External links
Blog created by the University of Edinburgh Heritage Collection.
Index at NAHSTE
Biography
1851 births
1933 deaths
People from Penicuik
Scottish zoologists
Science teachers
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Scottish curators
Academics of the University of Aberdeen
Scottish geneticists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Cossar%20Ewart |
"Driving the Last Spike" is the third track on the Genesis album We Can't Dance, released in 1991.
The song's lyrics by Phil Collins are about the Navvies: railway workers of the 19th century, many of whom died constructing Britain's railways. The song narrates the thoughts and feelings of an unnamed railway worker in the form of a soliloquy or internal monologue. The title is a phrase meaning the completion of a major railway project—placing the "last spike" is often a momentous occasion. The original idea came from a book that actor Dennis Waterman gave to Collins.
Despite not being released as a single, "Driving the Last Spike" charted in Canada and the United States, peaking at number 51 on the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart and number 25 on the US Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart.
Live performances
"Driving the Last Spike" was performed live only on the band's 1992 The Way We Walk Tour. The second half of the song (starting at 5:41)
was transposed to a lower key starting after the first nine shows of the tour. This was done to accommodate Collins' deepening voice without straining. (A recording of an early performance of "Driving the Last Spike" was released as an Atlantic Records promo CD featuring the second half of the song in the album key.)
"Driving the Last Spike" was featured on the live album The Way We Walk, Volume Two: The Longs, and the live DVD The Way We Walk - Live in Concert.
Charts
See also
List of train songs
References
Genesis (band) songs
1991 songs
Songs about labor
Songs written by Tony Banks (musician)
Songs written by Phil Collins
Songs written by Mike Rutherford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving%20the%20Last%20Spike |
The MV Hotspur IV is a historic passenger ferry, which previously operated on the Hythe Ferry service. This service connects the town of Hythe and the city of Southampton, across Southampton Water in England.
The Hotspur IV was built by Rowhedge Ironworks in 1946. She was the last, and slightly larger, of three half-sisters built for use on the Hythe Ferry, alongside the Hotspur II and Hotspur III. The use of the name Hotspur for several generations of Hythe ferries derives from the involvement, and later ownership, of the ferry service by the Percy family, whose member Hotspur was immortalised by William Shakespeare.
Hotspur II was sold in 1978 and continued in service on the Firth of Clyde under the name Kenilworth until 2007. The Hotspur III was broken up in 1981.
In 2012, the Hotspur IV received a new livery of green, following a re-branding of the Hythe Ferry.
In 2014 however, her life on the Hythe Ferry run came to an end, as the Hotspur IV was forced out of service, after the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) ruled that it was unsafe for passenger use due to a corroding hull. Her future currently remains unclear.
References
External links
Hythe Ferry website
Ferries of the United Kingdom
1946 ships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Hotspur%20IV |
Verónica Romero Sotoca (born 18 July 1978 in Elche, Spain), simply known as Veronica Romero, is a Spanish singer who rose to fame in 2001 after appearing on the reality singing contest Operación Triunfo, in which she finished in sixth place. Among the songs she performed on the program were "You'd Better Stop", "Un-break My Heart" ("Regresa a mí") and "One Day I'll Fly Away".
Serotonina
Serotonina was released 2 October 2006. This is Romero's first album with her own label, VK48 Music. She has moved from R&B, pop and jazz influences to pop-punk pop rock music, although she still performs her old hits in her live performances. The first single released from Serotonina was "Sería Imposible". Romero composed the song herself, and the video is scheduled to be recorded live at one of her performances in Madrid. The second single was a song about MSN Messenger entitled "Conectado a Mi". The music video for this single features Antonio López, a soccer player with Atlético Madrid.
Discography
Albums
2002 La Fuerza Del Sol
2003 Lluvia
2004 El Amor Brujo
2006 Serotonina
2009 EP Limited Edition
Singles
2002: "Bésame"
2002: "No Por él"
2004: "No hay otro amor (No Other Love)"
2004: "Tal Vez (So Long)"
2004: "Magnético (Magnetic)"
2006: "A 4 Ruedas" (promo)
2006: "Sería Imposible"
2007: "Conectado A Mi"
2009: "Latidos"
2009: "Hola Mundo"
2010: "Un Corazón Más Roto"
2011: "Contigo O Sin Ti" with Anand Bhatt
Filmography
2003: "OT: La Película"
2005: "Fín De Curso"
2005: "Las Palabras De Vero"
2006: "La Abuela"
2008: "PUIU"
2009: "El Excesivo Consumo de Estrógenos de Ludoviko Graham"
References
External links
Official website
Living people
People from Elche
Spanish film actresses
Spanish women guitarists
Spanish rock singers
Singers from the Valencian Community
Spanish women pop singers
1978 births
Rock en Español musicians
Operación Triunfo contestants
21st-century Spanish singers
21st-century Spanish women singers
21st-century guitarists
21st-century women guitarists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%B3nica%20Romero |
Dunfermline Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. The men's team currently plays in , the women's team currently plays in .
History
Established in 1893, home games are played at McKane Park.
Their strip is royal blue and white.
Honours
Men's
Edinburgh Charity Sevens
Champions (2): 1931, 1938
Lanarkshire Sevens
Champions (2): 1969, 1974
Glasgow HSFP Sevens
Champions (1): 1929
St. Andrews University Sevens
Champions (1): 1970
Crieff Sevens
Champions (1): 1994
Hillfoots Sevens
Champions (1): 1979
Alloa Sevens
Champions (1): 1938
Glenrothes Sevens
Champions (3): 1986, 1987, 1988
Midlands District Sevens
Champions (11): 1925, 1928, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1979, 1986
Musselburgh Sevens
Champions (2): 1967, 1975
Kirkcaldy Sevens
Champions (7): 1967, 1969, 1973, 1986, 1987, 1991, 2019
Notable players
Scotland internationalists
The following former Dunfermline players have represented Scotland at full international level.
Notable non-Scottish players
The following is a list of notable non-Scottish international representative former Glasgow players:
North and Midlands
The following former Dunfermline players have represented North and Midlands at provincial level.
Glasgow Warriors
The following former Dunfermline players have represented Glasgow Warriors at professional level.
Edinburgh Rugby
Murray McCallum - Edinburgh Rugby
Fraser McKenzie - Edinburgh Rugby, Sale Sharks, Newcastle Falcons
Notable outside of rugby
Michael Woodhouse, New Zealand Member of Parliament and Deputy Leader of the House
See also
Glenrothes RFC
Howe of Fife RFC
Kirkcaldy RFC
References
Sources
Godwin, Terry Complete Who's Who of International Rugby (Cassell, 1987, )
Jones, J.R. Encyclopedia of Rugby Union Football (Robert Hale, London, 1976 )
Massie, Allan A Portrait of Scottish Rugby (Polygon, Edinburgh; )
Rugby clubs established in 1893
Rugby union teams in Scotland
Sport in Dunfermline
1893 establishments in Scotland
Rugby union in Fife | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline%20RFC |
Säben Abbey (; ; ) was a Benedictine nunnery located near Klausen in South Tyrol, northern Italy. It was established in 1687, when it was first settled by the nuns of Nonnberg Abbey in Salzburg. The last nuns left the abbey in 2021.
History
Säben (from ), situated on the "holy mountain", was for centuries a centre of pilgrimage and controlled an extensive religious precinct. Situated above the town of Klausen, the hill it is built on was already settled during the New Stone Age. On the site of the present nunnery there was an earlier Roman settlement.
Between the 6th century and about 960 there was a bishopric (episcopatus Sabiona) seated here. The church "im Weinberg" dates from that time and its remains have been excavated along with a large burial ground in recent times. Bishop Ingenuin is documented as a participant in the Synod of Grado in 579.
On 13 September 901 King Louis the Child granted Bishop Zacharias the farm of Prichsna, later to become Brixen, to which the bishops had moved under Bishop Richbert (around 960).
Säben later became a fortress of the bishops. In the 14th and 15th centuries Säben Castle (Burg Säben) was the seat of the judges of Klausen and the centre of administration of the southern territories of the Diocese of Brixen.
A community of Benedictine nuns was established here in 1686 by the local priest, in premises at the foot of the mountain. The abbey church was dedicated by Johann Franz, Count Khuen von Belasi, then Bishop of Brixen.
Although the nunnery was repeatedly looted during the Napoleonic wars and stripped of its assets during the secularization in 1803, the community survived although in an impoverished state through the 19th century until it gradually revived from about 1880, when, during the period of the Kulturkampf in Germany (1871–1878), the monks of Beuron Abbey were in exile in the county of Tyrol and were in contact with the nuns at Säben. At this time new premises were built in the ruins of the castle on the mountain. The nuns of Säben adopted the Beuronese mode of life, although the abbey was formally accepted into the Beuronese Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation only in 1974.
In 2021, the last three nuns left the abbey.
External links
Website of the town of Klausen
1687 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Religious organizations established in the 1680s
Benedictine monasteries in Italy
Monasteries in South Tyrol
Christian monasteries established in the 17th century
Saeben
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ben%20Abbey |
Košice-Juh (literally: Košice-South; ) is a borough (city ward) of the city of Košice, Slovakia. Located in the Košice IV district, in the southern area of the city, it lies at an altitude of roughly above sea level.
Historical landmarks
The oldest building in the borough is the Holy Spirit Church, erected in 1733.
Statistics
Area:
Population: 23,030 (31 December 2017)
Density of population: 2,400/km² (31 December 2017)
District: Košice IV
Mayor: Jaroslav Hlinka (as of 2018 elections)
Gallery
Climate
References
External links
Official website of the Košice-Juh borough
Article on the Košice-Juh borough at Cassovia.sk
Official website of Košice
Boroughs of Košice | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice-Juh |
Leith Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 to 1918. The constituency represented the parliamentary burghs of Leith, Musselburgh and Portobello.
In 1918 Leith was included in Leith, while Musselburgh and Portobello were merged into Edinburgh East.
Members of Parliament
Election results
See also
District of burghs
References
Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1832
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith%20Burghs%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 |
East Kilbride RFC are a rugby union side who are based in East Kilbride.
History
Established in 1968, their home games are played at Torrance House. The team currently compete in the and play all their home games at the Magnificent Torrance House Arena, up at Calderglen.
EKRFC moved to the Torrance Arena in 1971, which led to steady progress through the divisions, which finally saw them spend 3 seasons in Premier 2 and winning the BT shield.
East Kilbride Sevens
The club run the East Kilbride Sevens.
New Town Sevens
This Sevens tournament was peripatetic around the new towns of Scotland:- East Kilbride, Glenrothes, Cumbernauld, Livingston and Irvine. The town's rugby clubs of East Kilbride RFC, Glenrothes RFC, Cumbernauld RFC, Livingston RFC and Irvine RFC would play in a Sevens tournament to become the New Town Sevens Champions and the Scottish New Towns Cup.
Notable players
Glasgow Warriors
The following former East Kilbride players have represented Glasgow Warriors at professional level.
Honours
West Region Shield
Champions (1): 2019
Glasgow City Sevens
Champions (1): 1998
New Towns Sevens
Champions (1): 1975, 1982
East Kilbride Sevens
Champions (1): 1985
Lanarkshire Sevens
Champions (1): 1987
Helensburgh Sevens
Champions: 1976, 1978, 1980, 1985
Hamilton Sevens
Champions: 1986
Cambuslang Sevens
Champions: 1989
References
External links
Official Website
Rugby union teams in Scotland
East Kilbride
Rugby union in South Lanarkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Kilbride%20RFC |
Bruce Ellis (born 1960, nicknamed Brucee) is a computer scientist who worked at Bell Labs during the 1980s and 90s. He was educated at the University of Sydney, Australia, where he earned First Class Honours with the University Medal. He worked there on the Basser branch of UNIX/32V.
This work continued at Bell Labs where he was involved in the development of the later research versions of Unix, software for the Blit terminal, the Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Inferno operating systems, as well as ventures into network processing (the Froggie).
Recreationally he has also dabbled with computer go, computational linguistics, and with Rob Pike was responsible for the infamous Mark V Shaney in the early 1980s.
After leaving Bell Labs he has been consulting and lecturing around the world while working on the OzInferno operating system as a continuation of the work he had done on the research version of Inferno. He is currently living in Sydney.
Other works of his include the mash shell, 64 bit support for the Plan 9 cross compilers suite, Plan9 Emulation Environment (9ee) for disparate platforms, and various PostScript interpreters currently used by commercial printer manufacturers.
External links
Home page
Froggie
The 1984 Usenix Computer Go Tournament
IWP9 2006
Invited Talk
Using Inferno to Execute Java on Small Devices by Bruce Ellis et al.
9ee
Computer programmers
Unix people
Plan 9 people
Inferno (operating system) people
Scientists at Bell Labs
Living people
1960 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Ellis |
Bernie Winters (born Bernie Weinstein; 6 September 1930 – 4 May 1991), was an English comedian, actor, musician & TV presenter, and the comic foil of the double act Mike and Bernie Winters with his older brother, Mike. Winters later performed solo, often with the aid of his St Bernard dog, Schnorbitz.
Biography
Bernie Winters was born Bernard Weinstein, at the City of London Maternity Hospital, 102 City Road, Holborn, on 6 September 1930. His father was a bookmaker. Bernie served in the merchant navy and performed as a musician at dances and weddings before forming the double act Mike & Bernie Winters with his brother Mike, whom he called "Choochie-Face" on stage. In October 1957 the duo appeared on Six-Five Special and were described in the Daily Mirror as top comics for Britain's teenage TV audience. They had been recommended to the show's presenter Josephine Douglas by Tommy Steele with whom they had been on a stage tour. They both left the show the same day that she did, on 10 May 1958.
The two brothers split up in 1978, and Bernie hosted his own comedy show, Bernie (1978–1980) for ITV. In the late 1970s and early 1980s Bernie also presented The Big Top Variety Show, a television series of variety shows from a circus ring. In 1984 he presented the second series of the game show Whose Baby? He also became a regular on shows such as Punchlines and Give Us A Clue and gave an impression of Bud Flanagan on television and later on stage, with Leslie Crowther as Flanagan's partner Chesney Allen.
Winters was a member of the show business fraternity, the Grand Order of Water Rats.
Winters appeared as himself in London Weekend Television sitcom Bottle Boys in 1985.
On 14 August 1990, after several months of discomfort and stomach pains, he had a nine-hour operation on his stomach. Cancer was removed. However, though he was never told, Winters' condition was already terminal, and he died on 4 May 1991, at The London Clinic at the age of 60.
Bernie was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium in London on 8 May, and his ashes interred in the Garden of Remembrance. A memorial plaque was erected in the West Memorial Court there.
Partial filmography
Six-Five Special (1958) – Himself
Idol on Parade (1959) – Joseph Jackson
Jazz Boat (1960) – The Jinx
Let's Get Married (1960) – Bernie
In the Nick (1960) – Jinx Shortbottom
Johnny Nobody (1961) – Photographer
Play it Cool (1962) – Sydney Norman
The Cool Mikado (1963) – Bernie
Simon, Simon (1970) – Man on roof with book
Confessions from the David Galaxy Affair (1979) – Mr. Pringle
Mary Millington's World Striptease Extravaganza (1981) – Blue comedian
References
External links
The 1967 album Mike and Bernie Winters In Toyland
1929 births
1991 deaths
English male television actors
English male comedians
Jewish English male actors
Jewish English comedians
Male actors from London
Deaths from stomach cancer
Actors from Islington (district)
Golders Green Crematorium
20th-century British male actors
20th-century English comedians
Deaths from cancer in England
Comedians from London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie%20Winters |
Edinburgh University Rugby Football Club is a leading rugby union side based in Edinburgh, Scotland which currently plays its fixtures in the Edinburgh Regional Shield competition and the British Universities Premiership. It is one of the eight founder members of the Scottish Rugby Union. In the years prior to the SRU's introduction of club leagues in 1973 and the advent of professionalism in the 1990s, EURFC was a major club power and it won the 'unofficial' Scottish Club championship several times. It remains a club with an all-student committee, and is only open to students of the University of Edinburgh. The club runs a men's team and a women's team; both playing in the university leagues.
History
Established in 1857, the club now plays its home fixtures at the University of Edinburgh's Peffermill playing grounds, having moved from its traditional ground at Craiglockhart in the season 1978–79. Its first ever match was in December 1857 against Edinburgh Academicals FC – in 2007 the two clubs replayed that fixture to celebrate the 150th anniversary of EURFC's founding using replica period kit, ball and complying to the older rules.
EURFC has produced 72 young full-international (for major IRB countries) players whilst still students representing the club; these include 1924 Olympic 400m Gold Medallist Eric Liddell, 1904 British Lions captain David Bedell-Sivright – one of the seven EURFC members also to play as British Lions whilst still students at the club, Norman Mair – the future legendary sports writer and Scotland cricketer, Black & MacDonald the great 1950 British Lions half-back partnership, and Ian Smith 'The Flying Scot' from the 1920s who held the 5-nations try-scoring record for many years.
Many more of Rugby's international players worldwide played for the university prior to being capped from other clubs; these include Scotland and British Lions greats Dan Drysdale, and Andy Irvine, both future SRU Presidents from Heriot's FP, David Johnston (Watsonians) who had also played as a contracted footballer for Heart of Midlothian FC, and the recent Club coach Ian Barnes who won many Scotland caps from the Hawick club.
In 1871, Club member Angus Buchanan scored the first ever International try in the inaugural International match whilst representing Scotland versus England at Raeburn Place. There were three current Club representatives in the Scottish brown jerseys on that day; the other two being J.Forsyth and J.L.H MacFarlane.
In 1901, after winning the Scottish unofficial championship, the Club provided an extraordinary eight members of the Scotland XV to defeat Wales that February. These were Bedell-Sivright, A.B Flett, Alfred Fell, Alex Frew, W.H Welsh, F.M Fasson, A.B Timms, and A.W. Duncan. Of these, Alex Frew not only won three Scotland caps from EURFC but also captained South Africa in its first ever match against the touring British Lions on his lone appearance for that country in 1903. This was as a representative member of the Transvaal Province, where he had settled as a doctor after his Edinburgh graduation of 1902.
A great Rugby rarity happened in 1910 when EURFC player C.G. Timms had the distinction of representing the Club throughout that year and the British & Irish Lions on tour to South Africa without ever winning an international cap before or after. 'Charlie' Timms may have made up for his lack of international caps by going on to be awarded four Military Crosses in World War I as a Medical Officer – another great and possibly unique rarity. His brother A.B Timms was capped for Scotland from the Club in 1896, but by the time he was selected for the Lions tour of 1899 he was then representing the Edinburgh Wanderers club.
The club's fortunes waned in the 1930s, but a great revival took place in the 1950s, and 1960s when the Club finished runners-up in the Scottish Unofficial Championship twice in 1963–64 and 1966–67 – in the latter year 28 out of the 34 matches played were won and the club which led the competition in April which was quite enough to have won outright, was highly commended for sportingly arranging extra fixtures, one of which was lost to Hawick who then just won that championship. In this time, names such as contemporary Scotland internationals John Frame, Ian Smith (who went on to score the famous Scotland try that defeated South Africa in 1969), and Harry Rea (an Irish cap) were to the fore.
The last major international player from the club was Jock Millican, thrice capped in 1972–73. This was after the decision had been taken by the club's [all-student] committee to back the SRU proposal for a fully league system on the grounds that it would benefit Scottish rugby as a whole, but also in the full knowledge that this would inevitably pose great problems for the Club itself. Since 1973, only Phil Lucas has been capped internationally while playing for Barbados in 2009.
Until 1983, EURFC enjoyed regular home and away fixtures with Oxford and Cambridge Universities often with distinct success; many players have interchanged between the three University Clubs on graduations – two of many notable examples of this being Ian Smith, 'The Flying Scot' who joined Edinburgh from Oxford and played for 4 seasons from 1924, and Barbarians' president Micky Steele-Bodger of England – a 1947 Edinburgh postgraduate from Cambridge destined to become future Chairman of the International Rugby Board.
In this time, EURFC also had regular fixtures with the University XV's of Durham, Newcastle, and other northern English Institutions. EURFC has often received and played against Clubs from all of the major Rugby playing countries
In the years 1973 until 2012, the Club retained a position within the top 36 clubs in the SRU league structure on Saturdays; occasional promotions into the Scottish Premiership were usually balanced by returns to the top end of the National League below. Wednesday afternoons saw fixtures in the Scottish Universities championship which was won many times and very many players represented the Scottish Universities XV. Memorable victories include; 2002 BUSA Shield competition with the final played in London, and the SRU'S Scottish HydroElectric Bowl competition was registered in 2009 with the final being played against Aberdeenshire RFC at Murrayfield. However great ambition coupled with reorganisations in the British University competition saw the Club qualify for admission to BUCS Premier North 'B' League at the first available opportunity; this inevitably saw a deeply reluctant departure from the SRU league structure to aid concentration on the enormous travelling requirements south of the border. The Club remains the only Scottish University at this level.
Sides
Men
In total EURFC runs four teams:
The 1st XV currently competes in BUCS Premier North A League.
The 2nd XV currently competes in BUCS Scottish 1A.
The 3rd XV currently competes in BUCS Scottish 3A.
The 4th XV currently competes in BUCS Scottish 4A.
The 5th XV currently competes in the Edinburgh University Intramural League.
In the past, EURFC has also fielded an EURL (Edinburgh University Rugby League) team in the BUCS competitions.
Women
Edinburgh University also has two ladies teams, run as separate club EULRFC. The first XV were 2009 semi finalists of the British Universities Championships, and have reached the quarter finals in both 2010 and 2011. They compete in the BUCS Northern Premier Division and Scottish Premier League. The 2nd XV team currently compete in the Scottish Universities Championship and the National Development League.
Touring
Edinburgh University RFC has a notable history of touring; 2004 tour to South Africa, a major tour to Japan was undertaken in 2008 where one of the games was televised. In June 2011, EURFC returned to a previously toured country in Brazil, celebrating 25 years since they had previously toured there, with two televised matches against the Brazil national rugby union team, one against a regionals side and another against Brazil's U23 side. As well as Japan and Brazil the club has also had sides in USA, Ireland, Canada, France, Australia, Argentina and Spain in recent years.
Notable former players
Men
Scotland International players
The following 55 members represented Scotland as full internationals as representative members of Edinburgh University RFC.
Gibbie Abercrombie 1949
Les Allan 1952
D.R Bedell-Sivright 1903
'Gus' Black 1947
A Buchanan 1871
Herbert Bullmore 1902
Charles Cathcart 1872
Henry Chambers 1888
Ian Cordial 1952
L.R. Currie 1948
Jim Davidson 1952
Maurice Dickson 1905
Andrew Drybrough 1902
A.W. Duncan 1901
Henry Evans 1885
Ernest Fahmy 1920
Frank Fasson 1900
A.N. Fell 1901
H.N. Fletcher 1904
Andrew Flett 1901
William Forsyth 1871
John Frame 1967
R. Fraser 1911
A. Frew 1901
A.K. Fulton 1952
J.G.M. Hart 1951
R.A. Howie 1924
J.L. Huggan 1914
F. Hunter 1882
H.H.Johnston 1877
Eric Liddell 1922
W.R. Logan 1931
D.C. Macdonald 1953
J.S. Macdonald 1903
Ranald Macdonald 1950
J.L.H. McFarlane 1871
John MacGregor 1909
David MacKenzie 1947
N.G.R. Mair 1951
J. Marsh 1889
Jock Millican 1973
Reggie Morrison 1886
C.S. Nimmo 1920
Frank Osler 1911
William Peterkin 1881
J. Reid 1874
Andrew Ross 1911
E.D. Simson 1902
I.S. Smith 1924
Louis Stevenson 1888
Alexander Stewart 1874
A.B. Timms 1896
William Halliday Welsh 1900
Leonard West 1903
John Simson
International players for other countries
The following 18 players represented other full international sides as representative members of Edinburgh University RFC
J. B. Allison 1899
S. B. B Campbell 1911
W. J. N Davis 1890
T. M Donovan 1889
R. S. F Henderson 1883
G. McConnel 1912
H. McVicar 1927
J. Marsh 1892
L. C Nash 1889
H. H Rea 1967
J. A. S Ritson 1910
T. Smyth 1908
M. R Steele-Bodger 1947
T. H Stevenson 1895
R. D Stokes 1891
A. S Taylor 1910
Sir Lancelot Barrington-Ward 1910
Phil Lucas 2009
Erik Martensson 2015
Fin Field 2016
Liam Owens 2016
Jonathan Gibson 2019
British & Irish Lions
Seven players have represented British & Irish Lions whilst still students representing the club:
H. Brooks Three-quarter – 1888 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia
John Smith Forward – 1888 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia
David 'Darkie' Bedell-Sivright – 1903 British Lions tour to South Africa (toured but no test caps); 1904 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand (captain)
C.G. 'Charlie' Timms – 1910 British Lions tour to South Africa
William Albert Robertson – 1910 British Lions tour to South Africa
Angus Black – 1950 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia
Ranald Macdonald – 1950 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia
Other notable former players
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author
Douglas Robb, schoolmaster, President of EURFC 1993
Honours
Men
Scottish Unofficial Championship
Champions (6): 1899–1900 (shared with Edinburgh Academicals & Hawick), 1900–01, 1901–02 (shared with Watsonians), 1902–03 (shared with Glasgow Academicals), 1907–08, 1911–12 (shared with Watsonians)
Jed-Forest Sevens
Champions (1): 1911
Walkerburn Sevens
Champions (1): 2011
Edinburgh Institution F.P. Sevens
Champions (1): 1909
Edinburgh Charity Sevens
Champions (2): 1941, 1946
Highland Sevens
Champions (2): 1951, 1952
Preston Lodge Sevens
Champions (1): 2007
Dreghorn Sevens
Champions (1): 2012
Stewartry Sevens
Champions (2): 1995, 1996
Musselburgh Sevens
Champions (1): 1955
Scottish University Sevens
Champions (5): 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 2022
Women
Colonsay Sevens
Champions (1): 2017
References
Bibliography
Bath, Richard (ed.) The Scotland Rugby Miscellany (Vision Sports Publishing Ltd, 2007 )
Godwin, Terry Complete Who's Who of International Rugby (Cassell, 1987, )
Jones, J.R. Encyclopedia of Rugby Union Football (Robert Hale, London, 1976 )
Massie, Allan A Portrait of Scottish Rugby (Polygon, Edinburgh; )
Stevens, Ian Edinburgh University Rugby Football Club, A History 1999 Edinburgh University Sports Union (EU Press)
https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022658/http://www.scrummagazine.com/news/if-the-cap-fits/
https://web.archive.org/web/20110525083652/http://www.scottishrugby.org/community/content/view/3865/2/
http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/all-news/011211-rugby
External links
Clubs and societies of the University of Edinburgh
Rugby union in Edinburgh
University and college rugby union clubs in Scotland
Rugby clubs established in 1857
1857 establishments in Scotland
Sports clubs and teams in Edinburgh
Rugby union teams in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh%20University%20RFC |
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