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Bedi Bastien Buval (born 16 June 1986) is a former professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in France, he made one appearance for the Martinique national team scoring once.
Club career
Born in Domont, Val-d'Oise, Buval joined Bolton Wanderers at the age of 16 from AS Nancy, but he never broke through to the first team as a senior, being limited to reserve football and also suffering from recurring knee problems. In November 2006, he returned to his country and signed for FC Red Star Saint-Ouen in the Championnat National.
In July 2007, Buval agreed to a two-year contract with Danish Superliga club Randers FC, joining after a trial period as a replacement for Djiby Fall who had left at the end of the previous season. He struggled initially to become a first-team regular and, with Søren Berg and Marc Nygaard (both former Danish internationals) joining the team during the winter break, he received additional competition; eventually, as Berg moved to right midfielder, the Frenchman begun appearing more, and finished the campaign with seven goals in 27 games.
Buval signed with Panthrakikos F.C. in Greece on 30 July 2009. On 13 January of the following year, he moved to fellow Superleague side Panionios FC, scoring only three goals combined during the season and suffering relegation with the former.
In the 2010 summer, Buval changed clubs – and countries – again, joining Lechia Gdańsk from Poland on a one-year deal. He was released on 3 July 2011.
On 16 September 2011, after a successful trial, Buval signed for two years with C.D. Feirense in Portugal. He was awarded the Primeira Liga's SJPF Player of the Month award for the month of December, after scoring against Vitória de Setúbal (1–1 away draw) and U.D. Leiria (two goals, 2–1 home success), and finished the season as team top scorer but they were eventually relegated just one year after promoting.
On 23 July 2012, Buval joined Göztepe S.K. in Turkey on a three-year contract. On 31 January of the following year, however, he changed teams and countries once again, signing for Denmark's Vejle Boldklub Kolding until the end of the campaign.
In the following years, in quick succession, Buval represented Académica de Coimbra, F.C. Paços de Ferreira, S.C. Olhanense and Flamurtari Vlorë, agreeing to a two-and-a-half-year contract with the latter on 28 January 2015 for a reported €11,000 per month. He left on 17 October, claiming he was not being paid by the club.
In February 2016, Buval joined FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the German Regionalliga Nordost.
International career
Buval chose to represent Martinique internationally. He scored in his debut on 16 November 2014, helping to a 2–0 group stage win over Antigua and Barbuda for that year's Caribbean Cup.
Career statistics
Scores and results list Martinique's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Buval goal.
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
People from Domont
Footballers from Val-d'Oise
French people of Martiniquais descent
French men's footballers
Martiniquais men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Red Star F.C. players
Danish Superliga players
Danish 1st Division players
Randers FC players
Vejle Boldklub Kolding players
Super League Greece players
Panthrakikos F.C. players
Panionios F.C. players
Ekstraklasa players
Lechia Gdańsk players
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
C.D. Feirense players
Académica de Coimbra (football) players
F.C. Paços de Ferreira players
S.C. Olhanense players
TFF First League players
Göztepe S.K. footballers
Kategoria Superiore players
Flamurtari FC players
Regionalliga players
FC Carl Zeiss Jena players
FSV Wacker 90 Nordhausen players
Martinique men's international footballers
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
French expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
French expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
French expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
French expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Expatriate men's footballers in Albania
French expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedi%20Buval |
76001–76100
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
76101–76200
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
76201–76300
|-id=272
| 76272 De Jong || || Eric De Jong (born 1946) works on the scientific visualization of planetary surfaces and atmospheres and the evolution of planetary systems dynamics at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. ||
|}
76301–76400
|-id=309
| 76309 Ronferdie || || Ronald Ferdie (1939–2007) worked in the aerospace industry in the early days of the Apollo program at the Marshall Space Flight Center. He served in the executive of a number of amateur astronomy clubs across the U.S., inspiring and encouraging many beginners to the endeavor. ||
|}
76401–76500
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
76501–76600
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
76601–76700
|-id=628
| 76628 Kozí Hrádek || 2000 HC || Kozí Hrádek is a remnant of a 14th-century castle near Tábor, Czech Republic, abandoned since the end of the 15th century. ||
|}
76701–76800
|-id=713
| 76713 Wudia || || Milan Wudia (1963–2007) was an outstanding Czech engineer and a pioneer of automated telescopes. He worked at the Nicolas Copernicus Observatory and Planetarium in Brno, and among his works was a computer control system of the Ondřejov 0.65-m telescope with which this minor planet was discovered. ||
|}
76801–76900
|-id=818
| 76818 Brianenke || || Brian L. Enke (born 1964) is a systems and data analyst, and planetary scientist, at Southwest Research Institute, and also a recognized science-fiction author. He has participated in multiple interplanetary spacecraft missions and in the discovery of several asteroid satellites from imaging. ||
|}
76901–77000
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
References
076001-077000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2076001%E2%80%9377000 |
Ellon Rugby are a rugby union side based in Ellon, Aberdeenshire.
History
The team was established in 1977 and play their home games at The Meadows. The club itself has a well established youth and junior section with players ranging from 4 to 18 years regularly playing rugby.
The club has recently rebranded itself as Ellon Rugby.
Past Presidents
1978-79 - D.W. Orr
1979-80 - C. Smith
1980-81 - K.A.K. Gill
1981-82 - G.P.W. Hall
1982-85 - M.L.Jenkins
1985-88 - A. Park
1988-91 - A.J.G. Patterson
1991-93 - K.D. Wilkinson
1993-94 - C. Henry
1994-95 - R. Porteous
1995-97 - W. Graham
1997-99 - D.P.F. Newman
1999-01 - K.J.F. McDade
2001-02 - H.R. Buchanan
2002-08 - A. Park
2008-10 - S. Park
2010-12 - C. Tennant
2012-15 - R. Porteous
2015-17 - P. Vavangas
2017-17 - J. Addy
2017-20 - G. Heath
2020-22 - A. Gordon
2022-?? - J. Coutts
Past Captains
1977-79 - D. Orr
1979-80 - A. Giles
1980-81 - R. Anderson
1981-82 - W. Manly
1982-83 - A. Kidwell
1983-84 - R. Porteous
1984-85 - R. Anderson
1985-86 - A. Block
1986-87 - D. Baxter
1987-89 - C. Henry
1989-90 - W. Cumming
1990-91 - P. Westgarth
1991-92 - C. Henry
1992-94 - D. Fraser
1994-95 - S. Munro
1995-01 - S. Park
2001-03 - N. Hendry
2003-05 - S. Park
2005-08 - R. Kenny
2008-11 - S. Johnston
2011-12 - M. Evans
2012-13 - C. Scott
2013-14 - L. Slaven
2014-15 - N. Fraser
2015-17 - C. Cruickshank
2017-19 - B. Shirron
2019-? - B. Fraser
Seasons
For the 2023/24 season, Ellon will compete in Caledonian Div 1. Under 18, Under 16 and Under 15 Youth sides will compete in the inspiresport Boy's National 2 Club Conference, while the Under 14 and Under 13 Youth sides compete in the Tier 1 North Club Conference.
Ellon Golden Oldies side were the 2017 hosts for the 9th Scottish Golden Oldies Festival held on 6 May 2017.
They won the BT Bowl in 2002 and reached the final of the BT Shield in 2006.
2012/13 season
Competitions: RBS Caledonia Division 1 & RBS Shield
Played 22, won 10, lost 12
Ellon lost the final of the RBS Caledonia Shield to Aberdeenshire.
RBS Caledonia League Division 1
2013/14 season
Competitions: RBS Caledonia Division 1 & RBS Shield
Played 19, won 5, lost 13, Drawn 1
Ellon were knocked out in the first round of the RBS Shield by Dunfermline.
RBS Caledonia League Division 1
2014/15 season
Competitions: BT Caledonia Division 1 & BT Shield
Ellon were knocked out in the first round of the BT Shield by Glenrothes.
2015/16 season
Competitions: BT Caledonia Division 2 (North) & BT Shield
Played 17, won 4, lost 13
Pretty much a season to start rebuilding the squad with a number of departures after getting relegated from Div 1. More further away travel required than the 1XV had previously been used to with travel to Shetland and Stornoway.
Ellon were knocked out in the first round of the BT Shield by Dunfermline.
BT Caledonia League Division 2 North (North)
2016/17 season
Competitions: BT Caledonia Division 2 (North) & BT Bowl
Played 16, won 9, lost 6
With 12 teams entered into Caledonia Div 2 North, it was decided to split then into two leagues, East and West. Once each league played each other home and away, the top 3 of each will play each other for promotion and the bottom 3 of each will play each other for relegation. Any points earned from the other two from the original league were carried over. Ellon played in the East league the first half of the season.
Ellon eventually withdraw from the BT Bowl in the second round.
BT Caledonia League Division 2 North (East)
BT Caledonia League Division 2 North (Bottom)
2017/18 season
Competitions: BT Caledonia Division 2 (North) & BT Bowl
Played 23, won 17, lost 6
Although eventually finishing 2nd in the league, ended up gaining promotion after no team were relegated from National 3 and the 2nd placed team in Caledonia Div 2 (Midlands) declined a playoff.
Ellon were knocked out in the semi-finals of the Caledonia Bowl against Aberdeen University.
RAF Lossiemouth withdrew from league due to operational reasons.
Aberdeen Uni Medics removed from league for failing to fulfil fixtures.
2018/19 season
Competitions: Tennent's Caledonia Division 1 & Caledonia Regional Shield
Played 19, won 8, lost 11
Ellon were knocked out in the quarter finals of the Regional Shield by Dunfermline.
2019/20 season
Competitions: Tennent's Caledonia Division 1 & Caledonia Regional Shield
Played 13, Won 9, Lost 4
Season declared null and void in March 2020 due to Covid
2020/21 season
Competitions: BT Caledonia Division 1
Season cancelled because of covid.
2021/22 season
Competitions: Tennent's Caledonia Division 1
2022/23 season
Competitions: Tennent's Caledonia Division 1 and National Shield
Played 12, won 8, lost 4
Ellon were knocked out in the second Round of the National Shield by Moray.
Due to National League restructuring, Ellon play Stewartry to see who got promoted. Ellon lost 24-30 in a game played at Burnbrae.
Hillfoots disqualified from the league 20/03/23
2023/24 season
Competitions: BT Caledonia Division 1
Top 3 teams from conference will play home and away against midlands conference to decide league positions.
Notable former players
Scotland internationalists
The following former Ellon players have represented Scotland at full international level.
Glasgow Warriors players
The following former Ellon players have represented Glasgow Warriors at professional level.
References
Rugby union teams in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellon%20RFC |
75001–75100
|-id=009
| 75009 Petervereš || 1999 UC || Peter Vereš (born 1982), a Slovak astronomer at the Minor Planet Center. He graduated from Comenius University in Bratislava, observed at Modra Observatory, co-discovered many asteroids and comets with the Pan-STARRS survey (he is not directly credited as a discoverer), and simulated near-Earth object discoveries with the LSST at JPL (Src). ||
|-id=058
| 75058 Hanau || || The German city of Hanau, famous as the birthplace of the Brothers Grimm ||
|-id=063
| 75063 Koestler || || Arthur Koestler (1905–1983), a Hungarian British author and journalist ||
|-id=072
| 75072 Timerskine || || Timothy Joseph Erskine (born 1959), American needle safety technologist, amateur astronomer, musician, artist, and philanthropist ||
|}
75101–75200
|-id=190
| 75190 Segreliliana || || Asteroid 75190 honors Auschwitz survivor Liliana Segre (born 1930) who holds the same concentration camp number. In January 2018, she was appointed Senator for life by the Italian President for the poignant testimony as a captive child in the Nazi concentration camps during World War II. She devoted her life to witnessing and increasing awareness of the Holocaust so that it does not happen again. ||
|}
75201–75300
|-id=223
| 75223 Wupatki || || Wupatki pueblo served as a cultural and trade center situated in one of the warmest driest places on the Colorado Plateau in northern Arizona. The red rock walls originally contained 100 rooms, a community room and ball court. It was built by the Ancient Pueblo People some 800 years ago. ||
|-id=225
| 75225 Corradoaugias || || Corrado Augias (born 1935) is an Italian journalist, writer, author and TV host. ||
|}
75301–75400
|-id=308
| 75308 Shoin || || Yoshida Shōin (1830–1859), a Japanese political scientist, executed for his anti-shogunate ideology, and whose teachings played an important role in the success of the Meiji Restoration ||
|}
75401–75500
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
75501–75600
|-id=555
| 75555 Wonaszek || || Antal Wonaszek (1871–1902), a Hungarian astronomer and director of the Kiskartal Observatory during 1897–1902. His main field of research was the observation of clouds in Jupiter's atmosphere and the study of irregularities in Saturn's rings. He also made observations of the sun, moon and comets ||
|-id=562
| 75562 Wilkening || || Laurel L. Wilkening, (1944–2019), meteoriticist who served on numerous commissions related to the US space program. ||
|-id=564
| 75564 Audubon || 2000 AJ || John James Audubon (1785–1851), a Franco-American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter ||
|-id=569
| 75569 IRSOL || || IRSOL (Istituto Ricerche Solari Locarno or Solar Research Institute of Locarno), located in Locarno, Switzerland, is a leading observatory in the field of solar spectropolarimetry. It is associated with the University of Lugano (Src) ||
|-id=570
| 75570 Jenőwigner || || Eugene Wigner (1902–1995), a Hungarian-American physicist and Nobelist. This minor planet was discovered on the fifth anniversary of his death. ||
|-id=591
| 75591 Stonemose || || Vickie Stone Moseley (born 1957) is a friend and partner of Alan Hale. She inadvertently "re-discovered" this asteroid while examining images of (4151) Alanhale that were taken during the course of developing an international educational program on the small bodies of the solar system. ||
|}
75601–75700
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
75701–75800
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
75801–75900
|-id=823
| 75823 Csokonai || || Mihály Csokonai Vitéz (1773–1805) was one of the greatest Hungarian poets. His works reflect great knowledge of philosophy, politics and the arts of his time. This minor planet was discovered on the 195th anniversary of his death. ||
|-id=829
| 75829 Alyea || || Gerald "Gerry" Alyea (1932–2010), a founder of the Warren Astronomical Society in Michigan. ||
|-id=836
| 75836 Warrenastro || || The Warren Astronomical Society in suburban Detroit Michigan, is a long-lived, very active and well educated club. Over the years a number of their members have gone on to careers in professional astronomy. They maintain an observatory at Camp Rotary in Rochester, Michigan, the site of many public star parties. ||
|-id=837
| 75837 Johnbriol || || John Briol (born 1955) is a dedicated amateur astronomer who has contributed thousands of asteroid observations to the OSIRIS-REx Target Asteroids! citizen science program and Target NEOs! Astronomical League Observing Program. ||
|-id=841
| 75841 Brendahuettner || || Brenda Huettner (born 1960) is a dedicated OSIRIS-REx Ambassador assisting the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory with public events. ||
|-id=842
| 75842 Jackmonahan || || Jack Monahan (born 1945) is a Navy veteran, science and math teacher and a dedicated OSIRIS-REx Ambassador who assists the University of Arizona's, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory with public events. ||
|-id=844
| 75844 Rexadams || || Rex Adams (born 1945) was a researcher, educator and curator at the University of Arizona's Laboratory of Tree Ring Research for 35 years. He taught numerous students and researchers methods developed by astronomer A. E. Douglass. In 2016 he received the Richard L. Holmes Award for Outstanding Service to Dendrochronology. ||
|-id=846
| 75846 Jandorf || || Harold "Hal" Jandorf (born 1948) is a well-liked professor of astronomy at Los Angeles Valley College in Valley Glen, California. He is also adjunct faculty at Moorpark College in California, has authored several editions of Experiences in Astronomy and is a popular outreach speaker with the Ventura County Astronomical Society. ||
|-id=852
| 75852 Elgie || 2000 CY || Joseph Henry Elgie (1864–1937) was an astronomy popularizer, who was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1905 and member of the British Astronomical Association in 1910. He wrote seven books on astronomy and the weather, and made radio broadcasts on the BBC in the 1920s. ||
|}
75901–76000
|-id=969
| 75969 Backhouse || || Thomas William Backhouse (1842–1920) had an observatory on the roof of his house in Sunderland, England. He observed meteors, variable stars, novae, aurorae, Zodiacal Light, Green Flash, Gegenschein, comets and eclipses (including four total solar). In 1858 he began his "astronomical journal" diary, which ran for 36 volumes. ||
|-id=970
| 75970 Olcott || || William Tyler Olcott (1873–1936) was an American lawyer, amateur astronomer and co-founder of the American Association of Variable Star Observers. He wrote a number of popular books on astronomy including Star Lore-Myths, Legends and Facts and A Field Book of the Skies. ||
|-id=971
| 75971 Unkingalls || || Albert Graham Ingalls (Albert "Unk" Ingalls, 1888–1958) helped father amateur telescope making in the United States in the 1920s ushering in an era of amateur astronomy. He published many articles in Scientific American and was the editor of Amateur Telescope Making which was responsible for the construction of thousands of telescopes. ||
|-id=972
| 75972 Huddleston || || Marvin Huddleston (born 1955) is an amateur astronomer living in Mesquite, Texas. He is a member of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers, the Royal Astronomical Society of London and a storm spotter with the meteorological group "Texas Coccorahs". ||
|}
References
075001-076000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2075001%E2%80%9376000 |
António Luciano Pacheco de Sousa Franco, GCC, GCSE (Lisbon, September 21, 1942 – Matosinhos, June 9, 2004) was a Portuguese economist and politician.
Background
He was a son of António de Sousa Franco and wife Maria de Jesus Pacheco, in turn sister of Óscar Pacheco (Setúbal, São Julião, August 10, 1904 – February 17, 1970), Isabel Pacheco and Clóvis Pacheco and daughter of Joaquim Pacheco, born in Setúbal, and wife Deolinda Baptista.
Career
He was a Licentiate, Doctorate and Full Professor of Law from the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon.
He joined the Popular Democratic Party, who adopted the name of Social Democratic Party, in 1976. In 1978, he was the interim leader of the party, due to Francisco Sá Carneiro absence. He latter left the party and was Minister of Finance at Maria de Lurdes Pintasilgo government, in 1979.
He was the President of Portuguese Court of Auditors (Tribunal de Contas) and come close to the Socialist Party, during Aníbal Cavaco Silva governments. He was Finance Minister in the first socialist government led by António Guterres, from 1995 to 1999. In that year he returned to his academic career and became the new President of the Directive Council of his Faculty.
He was critical of the socialists in the following years, but accepted to be the top candidate the Socialist Party list for the 2004 European Parliament election.
Death
During a campaign event for the 2004 European elections in a fishing facility in Matosinhos, Sousa Franco and his entourage were engulfed by a violent clash between members of two local factions of the Socialist Party. During the incident, Sousa Franco suffered a heart attack. He was rushed to the nearby Pedro Hispano Hospital, being pronounced dead shortly after arrival.
He was succeeded as socialist top candidate by António Costa.
Decorations
He was awarded with the Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ and the Order of Saint James of the Sword.
Family
He married in Coimbra at the Old Cathedral Maria Matilde Pessoa de Magalhães Figueiredo, born at São Domingos de Benfica, Lisbon, on July 8, 1943, a Licentiate in History, daughter of João Correia de Magalhães de Figueiredo (Vouzela, Vouzela, March 2, 1908), a decorated Portuguese Army Officer, and wife (m. Lisbon, Benfica, July 27, 1935) Carlota Matilde Sérgio Pessoa (Lisbon, São Jorge de Arroios, November 19, 1912 – Lisbon, February 11, 2006), a maternal niece of António Sérgio, without issue. She was previously married in Lisbon, São Domingos de Benfica, on May 8, 1971, marriage later annulled by the Holy See, to António Manuel Delgado Tamagnini (b. Tomar, Santa Maria dos Olivais, December 5, 1942), a lawyer, by whom she had an only daughter, Inês Pessoa de Figueiredo Tamagnini (b. Lisbon, São Sebastião da Pedreira, December 4, 1973), unmarried and without issue. She is the sister of Eduardo Sérgio Pessoa de Magalhães Figueiredo, 2nd Baron of a Costeira.
1942 births
2004 deaths
Finance ministers of Portugal
Portuguese Roman Catholics
Social Democratic Party (Portugal) politicians
Government ministers of Portugal
Politicians from Lisbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio%20de%20Sousa%20Franco |
Combined marriage is a form of polyandry that existed in the pre-Islamic period in the Arabian peninsula.
Definition
This form of marriage, according to a Hadith narration attributed to Aisha:
This form of marriage was outlawed by Islam, which requires that any man and woman be married prior to sexual intercourse. In addition, Islam requires that the identity of the father be known, in turn prohibiting a woman from having sexual intercourse with more than one man, her husband. See Islamic marital jurisprudence for more information.
See also
Polyandry
Pre-Islamic Arabia
References
Polyandry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20marriage |
Hamilton Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland.
History
Established in 1927 as Hamilton Academy FP (former pupils) rugby club, they play their home games at Laigh Bent. The men's side currently compete in ; and the women's side currently compete in . Hamilton Rugby Club was chosen as Scottish Rugby's Club of the Year for the season 2017-2018 having been runner-up in 2014/15. The Bulls received the honour of BT Club of the Month for October 2014. At the end of that same season, the club received a further honour by being named as Glasgow Warriors, 'Greenbelt Community Club of the Season' at the Warriors' end of season dinner.
The Club invests heavily in Youth Development and boasts age group teams from Primary 1 through to under-18. The club's under-18 squad is one of only 16 teams in Scotland to regularly qualify for the National U18 cup competition.
In 2009, Hamilton RFC signed an agreement allowing British American Football League side The East Kilbride Pirates to play their home fixtures at Laigh Bent. This agreement ended in 2018.[For history of Laigh Bent playing fields, see article Hamilton Academy].
In season 2022-23 playing in National League 2, Hamilton RFC finished last and bottom of the league and were consequently relegated.
Hamilton Sevens
The club run the Hamilton Sevens tournament.
It is also one of the clubs that hosts the Lanarkshire Sevens.
Notable players
Glasgow Warriors
The following former Hamilton players have represented Glasgow Warriors at professional level.
Honours
Club
Club of the Year
Champion (1): 2017-18
Men's
Scottish National League Division Two
Champions (3): 2005–06, 2007–08, 2015–16
Lanarkshire Sevens
Champions (6): 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968
Hyndland Sevens
Champions (1): 1963
Mull Sevens
Champions (2): 2014, 2015
Clydesdale Sevens
Champions (1): 1990
Drumpellier Sevens
Champions (2): 1973, 1980
Wigtownshire Sevens
Champions (2): 1966, 1968
Edinburgh Northern Sevens
Champions (1): 2008
References
External links
Rugby union teams in Scotland
Hamilton, South Lanarkshire
Rugby clubs established in 1927
Rugby union in South Lanarkshire
1927 establishments in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%20RFC |
Yabuki (矢吹 "blow arrow") is a Japanese surname and place name. It may refer to:
People
Haruna Yabuki (born 1984), Japanese gravure idol
Kentaro Yabuki (born 1980), Japanese manga artist
Kimio Yabuki, Japanese animator
Sen Katayama (1859–1933), born Yabuki Sugataro, early member of the American Communist Party and co-founder of the Japan Communist Party
Nako Yabuki (born 2001), Japanese singer and actress
Characters
Joe Yabuki, the main character from the manga/anime series Ashita no Joe
Jun Yabuki, a character from the Tokusatsu TV series Choudenshi Bioman
Mika and Takeshi Yabuki, characters from the manga series Futari Ecchi
Shingo Yabuki, a character from the video game series, King of Fighters
Other
Yabuki, Fukushima, Nishishirakawa District, Fukushima, Japan
5192 Yabuki, an outer main-belt asteroid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabuki |
Kirkcaldy Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club from Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland. The men's side currently plays in and the women's side currently plays in .
History
The team was established in 1873 Home games are played at Beveridge Park.
The club hold a community sevens tournament annually, with 22 teams taking part in 2014.
Their head coach, former Samoan internationalist Quintan Sanft, has been with the club since 2006.
Kirkcaldy Sevens
The club host the Kirkcaldy Sevens tournament. Entrants play for the Heggie Cup.
Honours
Men
Scottish National League Division One
Runners-Up: 1999–00
Scottish National League Division Two
Champions (4): 1988–89, 1996–97, 2008–09, 2017–18
Scottish Rugby Shield
Winners: 2001–02
Runners-Up: 2007–08
Kirkcaldy Sevens
Champions: 1989, 1990
Dundee HSFP Sevens
Champions: 1924
Crieff Sevens
Champions: 2012, 2017
Waid Academy F.P. Sevens
Champions: 1954, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1967, 1998
Glenrothes Sevens
Champions: 1989, 1990, 1994
Midlands District Sevens
Champions: 1927, 1956, 1970, 1993, 1995, 1996
Howe of Fife Sevens
Champions: 1966
Stirling Sevens
Champions: 1966
Women
Scottish National League Division One
Champions: 2013–14
Scottish National Bowl
Runners-up: 2016–17
Mull Sevens
Champions: 2003, 2007
Notable players
Scotland internationalists
Bob Howie
Dave Howie
John Hunter
See also
Dunfermline RFC
Glenrothes RFC
Howe of Fife RFC
References
External links
Club website
Rugby clubs established in 1873
Rugby union teams in Scotland
Kirkcaldy
1873 establishments in Scotland
Rugby union in Fife | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcaldy%20RFC |
Jason R. Ryznar (born February 19, 1983) is an American former professional ice hockey player.
Playing career
Typically playing as a left winger, Ryznar was selected by the New Jersey Devils as the 64th choice (third round) of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft.
Rynzar played for the United States Junior National Team in 2000 and 2001 before heading to the University of Michigan where he would play for four seasons, growing in stature as a checking line player.
In 2005–06, Ryznar played with the Albany River Rats of the American Hockey League, the Devils minor-league affiliate.
In January 2005, he was called up by the Devils - due to injuries and suspensions - and played sparingly as a fourth-liner. His call-up as a first-year pro was a rarity for the normally deep and methodical New Jersey Devils.
After the 2007–08 season, Ryznar wasn't offered a contract by the Devils and was invited to the Minnesota Wild training camp on September 18, 2008. Ryznar was then sent on a try-out to affiliate, Houston Aeros, on September 28, 2008. Ryznar made the Aeros opening night roster for the 2008–09 season.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Albany River Rats players
American men's ice hockey left wingers
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Ice hockey people from Anchorage, Alaska
Lowell Devils players
Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey players
New Jersey Devils draft picks
New Jersey Devils players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Ryznar |
Robert Michael James Sissons (born 29 September 1988) is former English professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
He made his professional debut in his only appearance for Bolton Wanderers on 7 January 2006. He came on as an 84th-minute substitute for Bruno Ngotty in a 3–0 win away to Watford.
On 15 June 2009 it was confirmed that Sissons would be leaving Bolton at the end of his contract, alongside Nathan Woolfe, Blerim Džemaili and James Sinclair. From here he accepted a place at the University of Manchester to read Law where he captained the University's men's football team.
In 2012, he joined Droylsden of the Conference North. He played 29 games for the Bloods in his only season, scoring in a 5–2 win over Vauxhall Motors on 27 August, a 4–2 home loss to Solihull Moors on 8 September, and a 2–2 draw at Hinckley United on 18 April 2013.
Career statistics
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Stockport
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Droylsden F.C. players
National League (English football) players
Alumni of the University of Manchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Sissons |
Thos Foley (born 9 November 1979) from Kenmare in County Kerry, Ireland, is a man's slalom skier. He currently lives and trains in the village of Verbier in Switzerland.
Career
He represented Ireland in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy in the men's giant slalom events, placing 31st.
His first international race was a downhill at the '99 British Championships, which were held in France, due to there being no suitable venue available in Great Britain.
His best result was in 2004 when he finished in 2nd place at the Scottish Championships giant slalom in Méribel, France. He represented Ireland at the 2006 Winter Olympics, where he finished 31st in the men's giant slalom.
References
1979 births
Living people
Irish male alpine skiers
People from Kenmare
Olympic alpine skiers for Ireland
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from County Kerry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thos%20Foley |
was a compact, self-contained card printing system developed by Riso Kagaku Corporation and first sold in 1977. Print Gocco achieved significant success and sold over 10 million units cumulatively before production ceased in 2008.
The system was developed for the Japanese custom of sending New Year's Day postcards (年賀状, nengajō) to friends and relatives.
Print Gocco's name was derived from the Japanese word , loosely translated as make-believe play. The name and toy-like design of Print Gocco stem from Riso Kagaku president Noboru Hayama's belief in the importance of play. Hayama stated, "make-believe play is a source of intellectual education and its spirit is... an important national heritage. Therefore, I decided to use the word 'Gocco' as a part of this product name."
Basic operation procedures
The Print Gocco process was a variant of screen printing; Print Gocco housed both the screen-making and screen-printing elements within one compact footprint with a hinged plastic frame.
The materials included proprietary blank screens, consisting of thin layer of thermoplastic bonded to a mesh, held in a cardboard frame and covered with transparent film.
Making a master screen
Print Gocco screens are constructed of a cardboard frame sandwiched between a thin thermoplastic sheet and a perforated mesh.
Artwork is prepared on a card in carbon-based medium.
To produce a master screen, the user places their original card underneath the mesh. Flash bulbs are inserted into the lamp housing and positioned over the artwork. When the flashbulbs fire, the heat from these bulbs is absorbed by the carbon, melting minute holes in the thermoplastic sheet where direct contact with carbon is made, permanently inscribing the original art into the screen and forming a stencil: the finished master screen. This screen is then immediately ready for use.
Applying ink and printing
With the master screen created, the user can apply ink to its surface. This ink is pushed through the screen to create prints. Unlike in screen printing, the ink is stamped onto the printing medium, rather than being squeegeed across it. This method allows the user to apply different colors of ink in different areas of the screen to produce a multi-color printed image. Alternatively, the user can create multiple master screens for different colors. Once the master screen are prepared and ink applied, the user can begin printing. Cards are inserted onto a pad beneath the master screen. By pushing down on the Print Gocco unit, the inked master screen could then be stamped onto many cards, one at a time.
Decline and discontinuation
As personal computers and email became increasingly popular throughout the 1990s, the Japanese market for physical New Year's postcards saw considerable loss. In December 2005, Riso Kagaku Corporation announced it would end production of the Print Gocco system due to low sales. A spokesperson for the company stated that "[Print Gocco] sales were essentially a rounding error to a multinational with revenues in the hundreds of millions of dollars." Riso Kagaku Corporation would continue to manufacture Print Gocco screens, inks and other supplies for the system. In the states, an Internet campaign was started under the domain savegocco.com to find a new home for the product.
As of June 2007, Riso Kagaku Corporation announced increased interest in Print Gocco in Japan, and had resumed production of several lines of Print Gocco units and they were available in Japan and through limited import retail stores in the United States. Despite this interest, sales did not recover.
On May 30, 2008, Riso Kagaku Corporation announced that it would stop manufacturing and shipping Print Gocco printers in June 2008. Sales had plummeted, dwindling to a mere one percent of their peak volume in the 1990s. It blamed the sharp decline in demand for its printers on the increase in use of home printers. It was to continue producing consumable supplies for the printers.
On December 28, 2012, Riso Kagaku Corporation announced that due to declining sales of Print Gocco supplies, it would permanently discontinue all manufacturing related to Print Gocco.
See also
Risograph
Screen printing
Mimeograph machine
References
External links
Original Print Gocco Patent
Riso Gocco Screen Printing Demo
Screen printing
Printmaking
Products introduced in 1977
Japanese inventions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print%20Gocco |
The Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance (CLGA) is a centre-left group of elected members on the Labour Party's National Executive Committee, founded in 1998. They represent members from a broad spectrum of the Labour membership, ranging from the centre-left to those on the left-wing.
History
Founding
The Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance's founding groups were originally Labour Reform, a centre-left democratic group within the Party founded at a meeting in Birmingham in November 1995, and the Campaign for Labour Party Democracy, the left wing democratic grouping, who subsequently brought in other more left-wing groupings from within the Labour Party. Private talks with trades union representatives to build a broader base had failed on union demands and this initiated the inclusion of a much broader left group from the grassroots, including Labour Left Briefing [Liz Davies] and the then-Editor of Tribune, Mark Seddon. Prominent founding members also include Ann Black and Andy Howell. Successful efforts were also made to include the Scottish Left.
The first Co-ordinator [one term only] was Tim Pendry who was Vice Chair of Labour Reform and the Alliance originally restricted itself to issues of party democracy, resisting attempts to put in place a left policy platform in order to be inclusive of constituency feeling from the centre ground. Labour Reform was originally associated with the What's Left Group of MPs and CLPD with the Campaign Group of MPs but liaison with What's Left ended on attempts to dictate terms to the grassroots and the Co-ordinator liaised solely with the Campaign Group during the latter stages of the campaign.
The first election resulted in four of the six available constituency seats going to the Alliance despite significantly less resources being available to the Alliance and was notable for getting the editorial backing of the Guardian.
Corbyn-era and rise of the left in Labour
In 2018 the CGLA put up a full slate of nine candidates, all of which were elected.
In 2020, The groups of the CLGA agreed a slate called "Grassroots Voice", which included six representative on the nine CLP seats and a representative for the disabled and youth seats. Changes to the voting system means they had to provide a reduced slate. The six CLP representatives are Ann Henderson, Gemma Bolton, Laura Pidcock, Mish Rahman, Nadia Jama and Yasmine Dar, the disabled rep is Ella Morrison and the Young Labour rep is Lara McNeill.
Only Dar, McNeill and Henderson were on the NEC previously. There were rumours that other candidates chosen by the CLGA included Laura Alvarez, Jeremy Corbyn's wife, and James Schneider, founder of Momentum and former member of Corbyn's staff. The selection process saw 450 constituency labour parties participate, the high turnout of CLPs in Labour's history. 42% of selection nominations went to the Grassroots Voice CLP slate. The result saw the 7 candidates winning; 5 of the 6 candidates in the CLP section and the disability and youth reps. The candidates in the CLP section won a combined amount of 37% of first preference votes.
In 2021, all six of the CLGA's backed candidates for the newly created National Women's Committee were elected. These candidates were Solma Ahmed, Ekua Bayunu, Mandy Clare, Tricia Duncan, Pamela Fitzpatrick and Chloe Hopkins .
Policy
The current policy of the Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance is broadly left-wing. They want greater powers for Constituency Labour Parties and individual members in the National Policy Forum; to maintain the power of the party conference; to resist privatisation in the National Health Service; to nationalise the railways and to increase powers for local government.
Organisations
Organisations associated with the Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance include:
Momentum
Campaign for Labour Party Democracy (CLPD)
Labour Representation Committee (LRC)
Jewish Voice for Labour (JVL)
Labour Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (LCND)
Labour Briefing Co-op
Left Futures
Labour Assembly Against Austerity (LAAA)
Red Labour
Grassroots Black Left (GBL)
Kashmiris for Labour
Welsh Labour Grassroots (WLG)
Campaign for Socialism (CfS)
Labour Women Leading (LWL)
NEC elections
References
External links
Grassroots Labour website
Campaign for Labour Party Democracy website
Labour Representation Committee
1998 establishments in the United Kingdom
1998 in politics
Left-wing politics in the United Kingdom
Organisations associated with the Labour Party (UK)
Labour Party (UK) factions
History of the Labour Party (UK) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-Left%20Grassroots%20Alliance |
Archbishop Edmundo Ponziano Valenzuela Mellid SDB (born 19 November 1944) is a Roman Catholic missionary currently serving in Paraguay as the sixth Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Asunción. On February 13, 2006, he was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI as Apostolic Vicar to Chaco Paraguayo, an area with a population of 18,000 but only 5 ordained priests. As a result of this appointment, he was consecrated to the episcopate 22 April 2006. Prior to this appointment, Valenzuela served as a high-profile missionary in Angola. Valenzuela was ordained a priest of the Salesians of Don Bosco in 1977.
Upon the resignation of Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Asunción Pastor Cuquejo due to age, Valenzuela, as Coadjutor, became the new Metropolitan Archbishop of Asunción on 6 November 2014, as the 44th bishop of Asunción and the 6th metropolitan archbishop. He received the archiepiscopal pallium from Pope Francis on 29 June 2015 at St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City.
On 6 March 2022 he was succeeded by Adalberto Martínez Flores who became the VII Archbishop of Asunción and Valenzuela, after his resignation, became Archbishop Emeritus.
References
External links
1944 births
Living people
Paraguayan Roman Catholic archbishops
Roman Catholic missionaries in Paraguay
20th-century Roman Catholic priests
21st-century Roman Catholic priests
Salesian bishops
People from Villarrica, Paraguay
Roman Catholic missionaries in Angola
Roman Catholic archbishops of Asunción | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmundo%20Valenzuela |
The Australian Indian Ocean Territories is the name since 1995 of an administrative unit under the Australian Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts, consisting of two island groups in the Indian Ocean under Australian sovereignty:
Christmas Island (), where the administrator resides
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (), where the same officer also has jurisdiction as administrator but does not reside
Each of these island components has its own shire council: the Shire of Christmas Island and the Shire of Cocos.
The administrative unit does not have jurisdiction over the uninhabited Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Heard Island and McDonald Islands, despite these territories lying within the Indian Ocean.
Administration
Reviews
In 2004 a review of the territories was made.
In 2012 the administration was reviewed by Australian parliamentary visits and enquiry.
Farzian Zainal is a community representative for, and the Treasurer of, the Indian Ocean Territories Regional Development Organisation, which is administered by the Australian government.
Administrators
References
External links
WorldStatesmen: Australia – Christmas Island
WorldStatesmen: Australia – Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Island countries of the Indian Ocean
Dependent territories in Asia
Government of Australia
States and territories of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Indian%20Ocean%20Territories |
Sunshine Superman: The Very Best of Donovan is a compilation album from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released on 8 October 2002 (EMI 540777).
History
In 2002, EMI assembled a compilation of Donovan's recordings from the 1960s and titled it Sunshine Superman: The Very Best of Donovan. This compilation has little in common with any of Donovan's other albums titled Sunshine Superman and little in common with any of Donovan's other albums titled The Best of Donovan and The Very Best of Donovan.
Track listing
All tracks by Donovan Leitch.
"Sunshine Superman" – 4:33
"Mellow Yellow" – 3:39
"Catch the Wind" – 2:55
"There Is a Mountain" – 2:35
"Colours" – 2:45
"Jennifer Juniper" – 2:42
"The Trip" – 4:34
"Sunny Goodge Street" – 2:55
"Happiness Runs" – 3:25
"Poor Cow" – 2:57
"Preachin' Love" – 2:40
"Hurdy Gurdy Man" – 3:13
"Superlungs My Supergirl" – 2:40
"Season of the Witch" – 4:55
"Turquoise" – 3:30
"Epistle to Dippy" – 3:10
"Sand and Foam" – 3:19
"Atlantis" – 4:59
"Guinevere" – 3:40
"Wear Your Love Like Heaven" – 2:24
"Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)" – 3:21
"Laleña" – 2:54
References
External links
Sunshine Superman: The Very Best Of Donovan – Donovan Unofficial Site
2002 greatest hits albums
Donovan compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine%20Superman%3A%20The%20Very%20Best%20of%20Donovan |
Branislav "Branko" Zebec (17 May 1929 – 26 September 1988) was a Croatian footballer and manager who played for Yugoslavia.
In his heyday, Zebec fascinated the world with his performances at the World Cups in 1954 and 1958. With Partizan he won 3 Yugoslav Cups (1952, 1954, 1957). With Red Star Belgrade he won the national championship in 1960. As coach he led Hajduk Split, Bayern Munich and Hamburger SV to success. A highly versatile player noted for his physical abilities and understanding of the game, Zebec was world-class whether on the left wing or in the more defensive role of left fullback, although he was capable of playing almost every outfield position on the pitch. He was particularly well known for his pace, having been able to run 100 meters in 11 seconds with football boots.
Career
In his youth days Zebec played for a number of teams in his hometown: Građanski Zagreb, Poštar Zagreb, Lokomotiva Zagreb and Borac Zagreb. In 1951 he had the call from Partizan, one of the capital city teams dominating Yugoslav football. His quality and speed soon secured him a place on the left wing of the team, and almost as soon with the national team, in which he would feature 65 times, scoring 17 goals. In 1952 he won his first title, the national cup. In the same year, the Summer Olympics in Helsinki provided a great international stage for him. Yugoslavia had to settle for the silver medal, because this tournament was also the birthplace of the Hungarian miracle team of the 1950s. With seven goals Zebec was to secure for himself the honour of top scorer of the event.
At the club level, his successful career continued. 1954 saw Partizan finishing second in the championship and again winning the cup. Zebec secured an invitation for the 1954 FIFA World Cup in Switzerland. There Yugoslavia overcame the group stage with a win against France and a draw against Brazil thanks to a goal by Zebec. In the quarterfinals, the eventual winners Germany put a stop to the campaign of the team from the Balkans.
In his club side Zebec evolved more and more to be the leading player in midfield, a position for which he was most suitable due to his intelligence. In 1955 he played in the Partizan debut in the European Cup (Partizan played as a nominated team and not as a national champion – a historic peculiarity of the first edition of this tournament). In the first round, Partizan beat Sporting CP in two high scoring encounters, 5–2 and 8–5. In the second round, then the quarterfinals, the team of the era, Real Madrid, put an end to Yugoslavia's first entry into this new competition as a home 3–0 win against the Iberian glamour side was insufficient to compensate for a 0–4 defeat at the hands of Alfredo Di Stéfano and Co. in the Spanish capital. On the domestic scene, Partizan remained in the shadow of the big two of those days, Hajduk Split, and Crvena Zvezda (Red Star Belgrade). Thus, in 1956 Partizan again had to make do with being honourable runner up in the championship, as they did in 1958. In between Partizan would grab another Yugoslav cup.
By the time the 1958 FIFA World Cup in Sweden took place Zebec had become the captain of the national side. In the group stages, draws against Scotland and Paraguay and a win against France was enough to enter the quarterfinals, but, as four years before, Germany put an end to Yugoslav ambitions. Zebec earned a total of 65 caps, scoring 17 goals. and his final international was a June 1961 World Cup qualification match against Poland.
In Yugoslavia he achieved another second place in the championship before making a controversial switch of allegiances to local rivals Red Star, where at the end of his career, in 1960, he finally got his hands on the championship trophy. This would remain his last honour as player.
In 1963 he was old enough for a player to leave the country, in line with the political circumstances of those days. For Zebec it was then too late for the big-time clubs, so the German second division side Alemannia Aachen may not have provided a great opportunity for renewed success on the pitch, but for Zebec it was a valuable two years in which he could acquaint himself with the country in which he would celebrate his greatest successes as coach.
Coaching career
Branko Zebec got his first coaching assignment soon after he finished playing. In 1965 he became joint coach of the Yugoslav first division side Dinamo in his hometown Zagreb. He held the office together with Ivica Horvat, who later too would enjoy success in Germany. The team was to qualify for the Inter Cities Fairs Cup, the precursor of the UEFA Cup. Initially, things were not looking promising in this campaign. The aggregate result in the first round encounters with Czech side Spartak Brno was 2–2, and only the toss of a coin saw Dinamo advancing. After Dunfermline and Dinamo Piteşti were eliminated, Juventus were their opponents in the quarterfinals, but were overcome 2–2 and 3–0. In the semifinals Dinamo managed one of the great comebacks in the history of European competitions. After a 0–3 defeat in Frankfurt against Eintracht Dinamo outclassed the Germans in Zagreb 4–0.
In the finals the club had to face Leeds United then with Peter Lorimer and Billy Bremner in the team. The home leg was won 2–0, thus a nil-all draw in England was sufficient.
Bayern Munich
This was an opportunity for Zebec to grab attention beyond the Yugoslav borders and in 1968 he was hired by Bayern Munich to follow in the footstep of his compatriot "Czik" Čajkovski, himself a former Dinamo player and a teammate of Zebec in the days of the 1952 Olympics and 1954 FIFA World Cup. The team around the young Franz Beckenbauer and Gerd Müller had won two national cups and the European Cup Winners' Cup. He curbed the offensive style of the team and reinforced the defence. In his first season, Zebec won with them the German championship, the club's first in 37 years. To boot, the team also won the cup, and thus also achieved the first double in the history of the German Bundesliga. The next season began with problems. Bayern was ousted in the first round of the European Cup of Champions at the hands of AS Saint-Etienne. Already early in the season Zebec announced that he would not extend his contract at the end of the year. As Bayern experienced a spell of three matches with only one point mid-way through the second half of the season and fell back five points behind the leaders his contract was even terminated prematurely. Udo Lattek was to succeed him. In a later book Beckenbauer reported of "atmospheric disturbances" between the coach and the team.
For Zebec there now followed a stay of almost two years with VfB Stuttgart, then a team with aspirations of joining the top of the league. He led the unimpressive team, which was in his second season reinforced with German international Horst Köppel and the Austrian midfielder Hans "Buffy" Ettmayer to positions 12 and 8, respectively. This was disappointing for both, club and coach, thus, here also the last couple of months of his contract were cut short.
Zebec returned for a season to Yugoslavia, where this time he coached Hajduk Split in tandem with Tomislav Ivić, another very notable coach. The team impressed particularly in the Cup Winners' Cup where they made it all the way to the semifinals, ousting Norway's Fredrikstad F.K., Welsh side Wrexham A.F.C. and in the quarterfinals the Scottish Cup winners Hibernian F.C. Hajduk lost in Scotland 2–4, but almost miraculously recovered at home with a 3–0 triumph. However, in the semifinals a 0–1 defeat away to Leeds United proved lethal. The 0–0 draw at home meant the end of the road for the Croatians, but reaching this semifinal remains the greatest international success for them to date. Leeds ended up missing out on winning this tournament by the tightest of margins losing the final against AC Milan 0–1.
The team finished the national league a disappointing 9th, but the defence of the Yugoslav Cup through a victory against champions Red Star Belgrade assured a memorable season eventually. The 1970s were to be Hajduk's golden decade after all, but without Branko Zebec, who returned to Germany.
Return to Germany: Eintracht Braunschweig
Eintracht Braunschweig, in 1967 still champions of Germany, were relegated in 1973 – the year they pioneered advertising on jerseys – but returned to the Bundesliga inside a year. The club, which then had a liquor manufacturer on a spending spree as main sponsor, engaged Zebec in search of better times. Zebec hired two fellow Yugoslavs, the entertaining right winger Danilo Popivoda and midfielder Aleksandar Ristić. Coupled with national team goalkeeper Bernd Franke and other notable players this side played refreshing quality football and often featured right on top of the table. Inside three years Eintracht worked itself up from 9th to 3rd, then just missing out on the championship by one point. In his fourth and last year with the club the 1974 FIFA World Cup winner Paul Breitner joined the team coming from Real Madrid. Even thus reinforced, the team could not maintain the trend and finished a disappointing 13th. By then Zebec's efforts had been successful enough to attract interest elsewhere.
Hamburger SV and after
The European Cup Winners' Cup winner from 1977 was ambitious and longed for its first championship since 1960 but ended up only 11th in the 76/77 season. Zebec was the right man for the job. In his first season, he formed a competitive unit around wing back Manfred Kaltz, striker Horst Hrubesch. Most important was that he facilitated the integration of "Mighty Mouse" Kevin Keegan who failed to convince in his first season. By the end of Zebec's first year at the helm, Hamburg were champions and Keegan their most prolific striker.
A year later the team progressed all the way into the European Cup final to face Nottingham Forest. A lacklustre Hamburg lost 0–1. Zebec and his coaching methods were widely blamed. Zebec, besides being a strict disciplinarian, believed that when a team plays successfully it can take more training. As it was, the players complained about the harsh training at that late stage of the season, and critics said that it was the reason why Hamburg inside four days of the final also lost a decisive match which consigned them to runners-up in the league.
At the beginning of his third season with Hamburg another problem came to the fore. Branko Zebec had a serious drinking problem and was caught out even on the coaching bench. A funnier consequence was that when he came into the cabin and told his players "0–2, lost! Does not matter, we have to win the next match!" It was only halftime. By December the problem and its consequences which were now frequently recognizable, e.g. when he was dozing on the bench, needed a resolution, and thus by December the contract was terminated. Aleksandar Ristić became his successor for half a year, before Ernst Happel took Hamburg to renewed glory.
By 1981/82 Zebec got himself a new appointment – then with Borussia Dortmund, incidentally here following in the footsteps of Udo Lattek. He led them to place 6th, their best result in 12 years, leading them even into the UEFA Cup. But his personal issues were still increasing and stretched the abilities of the club to deal with him. By the end of the season Borussia saw the need to let him go.
By the beginning of the 82/83 season Branko Zebec had no job. However, this made him available when Eintracht Frankfurt, the club in Germany with the highest attrition rate for coaches, was in need for a replacement of former Austrian national coach Helmut Senekowitsch. Zebec ended the season with Eintracht as 10th, but he himself fell victim to the traditional shortlivedness of coaching jobs by 17 October of the following season.
He had one more ephemeral engagement with his hometown club Dinamo Zagreb before his career ended.
In 1988, he died from alcohol-related illness, aged only 59. He remains one of the most successful coaches in the history of the German Bundesliga.
Managerial statistics
Honours
Player
FK Partizan
Yugoslav Cup: 1952, 1954, 1957
Red Star Belgrade
Yugoslav First League: 1959-60
Manager
Bayern Munich
Bundesliga: 1968-69
DFB-Pokal: 1969
Eintracht Braunschweig
Regionalliga: 1973-74
HSV
Bundesliga: 1978-79
European Cup Final: 1980
References
External links
Branko Zebec at eintracht-archiv.de
Branko Zebec at nogomet.lzmk.hr
1929 births
1988 deaths
Footballers from Zagreb
Men's association football wingers
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football utility players
Yugoslav men's footballers
Yugoslavia men's international footballers
1954 FIFA World Cup players
1958 FIFA World Cup players
1960 European Nations' Cup players
Footballers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Yugoslavia
Olympic silver medalists for Yugoslavia
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
HŠK Građanski Zagreb players
NK Lokomotiva Zagreb players
FK Partizan players
Red Star Belgrade footballers
Alemannia Aachen players
Yugoslav First League players
Oberliga (football) players
Regionalliga players
Yugoslav expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in West Germany
Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in West Germany
Yugoslav football managers
GNK Dinamo Zagreb managers
FC Bayern Munich managers
VfB Stuttgart managers
HNK Hajduk Split managers
Eintracht Braunschweig managers
Hamburger SV managers
Borussia Dortmund managers
Eintracht Frankfurt managers
Bundesliga managers
Yugoslav expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in West Germany
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko%20Zebec |
Tommy Houston (born January 29, 1945) is a retired NASCAR Busch Series driver. Over his career, Houston and Jack Ingram became known as the pair of journeymen drivers that helped that series grow throughout the 1980s and early 1990s.
Houston was born in Hickory, North Carolina, and was in the NASCAR Late Model Sportsman division, winning nearly 150 races before the series was formed into the Busch Series.
Busch Series career
Houston made the inaugural race of the Busch Series at the 1982 Daytona race. Driving the No. 27 Kings Inn Chevy for Mike Day, Houston started 23rd and finished the race in ninth position. The next week, Houston started 15th at the series' first ever short track race, at Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway. From there, Houston moved solidly through the field and held off Bubba Nissen for the win. After problems at Bristol, Houston put together a run of five top-10 finishes. However, inconsistency through the year cost him. He did not finish the last three races as well as seven others. That cost him any shot at the title. At Hickory Speedway in August, however, Houston held off Tommy Ellis for his second career win, after starting fourth. All told, he finished fourth in the 1982 Busch Series points.
In 1983, Houston began running his No. 6 full-time. He was able to reduce his DNF count from 10 to 6. He had four more top-10 finishes. He won two races at Orange County Speedway, and one each at Indianapolis Raceway Park and Hickory. He also finished second three times. His sponsors over the years included Southern Biscuit Flour, Roses Stores, and, later, Red Devil Paints.
Houston snapped a 50 race winless streak at his home track on Easter Sunday in 1992 after the death of his father the day before. Houston came from three laps down to overtake Bobby Labonte for the win. The USA Today headline read "Divine Intervention".
His family was very involved in his efforts. He was inducted into the National Motorsports Press Association Hall of Fame in 2008.
Personal life
Houston's son, Andy Houston, raced in all of the three major NASCAR series. Additionally, he is the uncle of Teresa Earnhardt, wife of Dale Earnhardt.
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Winston Cup Series
Busch Series
Craftsman Truck Series
Busch North Series
ARCA Talladega SuperCar Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
References
External links
1945 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
People from Hickory, North Carolina
Racing drivers from North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Houston |
Perranwell station () is on the Maritime Line between Truro and Falmouth Docks in south-west England. The station is managed by, and the services are operated by, Great Western Railway.
History
The station was opened as Perran on 24 August 1863 when the Cornwall Railway opened the line from Truro to Falmouth, it was renamed Perranwell on 19 February 1864 to avoid confusion with nearby .
It originally had 2 platforms either side of a passing loop, a goods shed with several sidings to south, one of which was equipped with a 2-ton crane, the yard was able to accommodate live stock and most types of goods. The signal box here was very distinctive, being sited on girders above the track alongside the goods shed.
The station was host to a GWR camp coach from 1936 to 1939. A camping coach was also positioned here by the Western Region from 1952 to 1964.
The Cornwall Railway was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1889. The Great Western Railway was nationalised into British Railways from 1 January 1948 but was then privatised in the 1990s.
The goods shed still stands in the forecourt despite goods traffic ceasing on 4 January 1965. A dry drinking fountain can be seen on the platform, a reminder of more important days.
A short distance on either side of the station, valleys had to be crossed on lofty timber viaducts. To the north, Carnon viaduct crossed 96 feet above the Carnon River valley and the Redruth and Chasewater Railway. In the other direction, trains crossed the smaller Perran Viaduct (56 feet high, 339 feet long).
In the 1980s the station had become run down with only a small aluminium shelter with polycarbonate panels offering protection for passengers. However, during the late 1990s a new brick waiting shelter was built as part of a refurbishment programme at all the "Maritime Line" stations.
Facilities
There is just one platform with level access from the car park. There are information boards on the platform, as well as a waiting shelter. There are no ticket buying facilities, so passengers have to buy a ticket in advance or from the guard on the train.
Services
The new loop at Penryn allowed services on the Maritime Line to be doubled in frequency from 17 May 2009 to give up to a half-hourly service, however when two trains are operating only alternate services call at Perranwell.
Community Rail
The railway from Truro to Falmouth is designated as a community rail line and is supported by marketing provided by the Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership. The line is promoted under the "Maritime Line" name.
References
Further reading
The Great Western Railway in Mid Cornwall, Alan Bennett, Kingfisher Railway Publications, Southampton 1988.
External links
Railway stations in Cornwall
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1863
Railway stations served by Great Western Railway
DfT Category F2 stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perranwell%20railway%20station |
C9TV (Channel 9 Television) was a local television station based in Derry, Northern Ireland. The station's licences were awarded by the ITC (now Ofcom) in 1996 and allow the station to broadcast to Derry, Limavady, Coleraine and Strabane. The channels signal also spills into County Donegal in the Republic and can be picked up in the northeast of the county. Along with Belfast's NvTv, C9TV was one of two local or 'restricted' television services in Northern Ireland.
Output
C9TV produces local programming – some of its most popular output being the news and current affairs programmes. Alongside news and current affairs, the station also broadcasts a number of hours of Sky News every day. Music videos also make up a portion of the stations daily output. The station started in 1999 with Channel 9 News with Jimmy Cadden he continued to 2005 when he was replaced by Teresa Craig. It broadcast many local programmes such as Agenda, Local Matters, Galligan, A morning program which went around local schools and the news at 6 pm & 9 pm and the Sport was presented by Felix Healy. It also covered local events live such as the Relief of Derry Celebrations, the Remembrance Day Services and many others. It broadcast Sky News at 11 am, 2 pm and 5 pm with Local Infochannel and music overnight. As the channel went on fewer local programmes were produced from about 2005 when it just showed Music Videoes and the local news as well as Sky News and in 2007 it just broadcast Sky News for 24 hours until it finally went off air in 2009 with a whimper.
Identity
While most RSL local stations in the UK refer to themselves as "Channel 6" or "Six" or similar, the number 9 reflects the large number of stations receivable in the area. All 5 UK-wide services can be picked up in C9TV's transmission area, although Five coverage via analogue was weak in some parts. The Republic of Ireland's four channels can be picked up (from the Holywell Hill transmitter outside Letterkenny at high power), although only 3 had launched when C9TV was being conceived (though not by the time it had launched), resulting in the channel getting ninth place.
Ownership
In October 2008, C9TV was brought by businessman Alan Cummings and was due to be relaunched with a further ten staff due to be employed at the station. It was announced that the station was to be located at Magee University of Ulster, with local news and students being involved in the production and presenting of programmes.
Planned relaunch and axe
In 2007, the station ceased all local programming production, replacing much of the station's transmission time with further simulcasts of Sky News. Until the planned relaunch of C9TV, the station has ceased transmission in 2009. The C9TV website was relaunched the day after Cummings bought the station saying 'Coming Soon' but soon the website domain was taken down and since it has transpired the relaunch has been abandoned and will no longer return to Derry as of 2012.
See also
List of British television channels
References
External links
Official site
Defunct television channels in the United Kingdom
Mass media in County Donegal
Mass media in Derry (city)
RSL television channels
Television channels and stations established in 1999
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2009
Television in Northern Ireland
Local television channels in the United Kingdom
1999 establishments in Northern Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C9TV |
Padanaram is a village in Massachusetts, United States.
Padanaram may also refer to:
Padanaram, Indiana, an intentional community in Indiana, United States
Padan-aram or Paddan Aram, the part of Aram that lay in the Euphrates River valley in the Bible
Padanaram, Angus, a location in Scotland, U.K.
See also
Paadasaram, a 1978 Indian Malayalam-language film | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padanaram%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Livingston Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based in Livingston, West Lothian, Scotland. The men's side currently compete in , the women's side currently compete in .
History
Established in 1968, as Livingston and District RFC, the team was founded through a local appeal for players by Jack Nixon, a native of Langholm, who in the 1960s was the Youth Officer of the West Lothian County Council. Among his responsibilities was to assistance in setting up clubs and organisations for the newcomers to Livingston. At the meeting, players from Bathgate RFC decided that amalgamating with the new Livingston side would allow them better opportunities for success and also give them a better chance of gaining a home ground, they had played previous games in Airdrie.
The team play their home games at Almond Park, located in the south-east of the town at Craigshill beside the River Almond and close to Mid Calder.
In 2013, Livingston reached the RBS National Shield final and played against Marr RFC at Murrayfield, the national stadium. They lost the match 30–15.
Livingston has an extensive youth section with teams ranging from Primary 1 all the way up to under-18 level.
In 2019, The development Livingston Ladies team reached the National Bowl Final and played against Greenock Wanderers at Murrayfield. They lost the match 72-12. Also in 2019 the ladies team application to compete in competitive fixtures got accepted and placed in the east region league.
Livingston Sevens
The club run the Livingston Sevens tournament.
New Town Sevens
This Sevens tournament was peripatetic around the new towns of Scotland:- East Kilbride, Glenrothes, Cumbernauld, Livingston and Irvine. The town's rugby clubs of East Kilbride RFC, Glenrothes RFC, Cumbernauld RFC, Livingston RFC and Irvine RFC would play in a Sevens tournament to become the New Town Sevens Champions and win the Scottish New Towns Cup.
Honours
Men's
Livingston Sevens
Champions (4): 1976, 1977, 1986, 1987
New Towns Sevens
Champions (2): 1977, 1981
Penicuik Sevens
Champions (1): 1988
Edinburgh Northern Sevens
Champions (4): 1977, 1978, 1996, 1998
Edinburgh District Sevens
Champions (1): 1978
Grangemouth Cup
Champions: 1978
Women
National Bowl finalist 2019
References
External links
Official site.
Rugby union teams in Scotland
Livingston, West Lothian
Rugby union in West Lothian | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston%20RFC |
Friedrich Wilhelm Konrad Siegfried Engel (January 3, 1909 – February 4, 2006) was a German SS officer who was convicted in absentia of 246 murder charges by an Italian military court in 1999 for his role in the 1944 execution of Italian captives in retaliation for a partisan attack against German soldiers, which as a result earned him the nickname "Butcher of Genoa".
Subsequently brought before a German court in Hamburg in 2002, Engel was tried and likewise convicted on 59 counts of murder, being sentenced to seven years in prison, although because of his advanced age, he was given a stay of that ruling and was able to leave the court effectively a free man.
In 2004, Germany's highest court, the Bundesgerichtshof, overturned the previous ruling on the grounds that, despite acknowledging that Engel ordered the executions, the case of criminal murder had not been proven. The court would not permit a new trial to establish murder charges given the age and health state of the then 95-year-old Engel.
Prior to this, he had been investigated by German authorities in 1969, but no charges were laid and the case ended in 1970.
Literature
Münch I.: Geschichte vor Gericht. Der Fall Engel. Ellert & Richter Verlag, Hamburg 2004, . 175 S.
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 20.08.2004.
Il processo Engel : un percorso lungo i confini tra ricostruzione giudiziale e memoria storica / Associazione Memoria della Benedicta. Pier Paolo Rivello. Recco (Ge) : Mani, 2005. 191 p. .
Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. 2. Auflage. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 136. .
Case Nr.920: Eng., Friedrich Wilhelm Konrad Siegfried // Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, Vol. XLIX.
External links
'Butcher of Genoa' dies aged 97
1909 births
2006 deaths
Military personnel from the Province of Brandenburg
SS-Obersturmbannführer
Reich Security Main Office personnel
Germans convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II
German mass murderers
Nazis convicted in absentia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Engel%20%28SS%20officer%29 |
Helmut Schelp was the director of advanced engine development at the RLM's T-Amt technical division leading up to and during World War II. He used his office to fund a widespread program in jet engine development, which led to many of the engine concepts still used today. In particular, he was instrumental in favoring the use of axial compressors over the simpler but "fatter" centrifugal compressors. Unlike in England where the jet had no single champion within the Air Ministry and their efforts were long delayed as a result, Schelp can be directly credited with the advancement and refinement of the jet in Germany over a few years.
Biography
Schelp received a MSc in engineering at Stevens University in Hoboken, NJ, before returning to Germany in 1936. On his return to Germany he was invited to join a new advanced course in aeronautical engineering being offered by the DVL research institute in Berlin. Following in Frank Whittle's footsteps of a few years earlier, Schelp became interested in the problems of high-speed flight, and attempted to calculate the maximum speed an aircraft could obtain. He eventually came to the conclusion that flights over Mach 0.82 were impossible due to the decreasing efficiency of propellers, which one of his professors at DVL demonstrated would be only 71% at Mach 0.82, and falling rapidly. For higher speeds a much larger engine would be needed, one whose weight would offset the amount of thrust that could be generated by the propeller. He was aware of developments in jet engines, and became convinced they were the only way forward.
Career
In August 1937 Schelp joined the T-Amt's LC1 technical department, their short-lived pure-research arm. Neither LC1 nor DVL shared his enthusiasm for the jet engine, but when the RLM was re-organized in 1938, he found himself in the LC8 division which organized aircraft engine development. Here he found an ally in Hans Mauch, in charge of rocket and pulsejet development within LC8, who had seen a demonstration of Hans von Ohain's engine at the Heinkel works. Mauch was adamant that engine companies work on such projects, however, and refused official funding for Heinkel's developments as they were taking place at an airframe company. Mauch and Schelp did meet with most of the larger engine companies, notably BMW, Bramo, Jumo and Daimler-Benz, none of whom proved to be terribly interested, mostly because they were in the midst of bringing new piston designs into production.
Eventually the jet engine concept started to become more widely known within the RLM, and Schelp and Mauch started to push for the immediate development of a flightworthy model. Mauch left to form a consulting firm in 1939, and Schelp took over the development program. This program was directly opposed by Wolfram Eisenlohr, director of LC8 (now known as GL/C3 after yet another re-org), who felt that a longer term project was needed to develop such a new concept. Eventually matters came to a head when Ernst Udet, director of the T-Amt as a whole, overruled Eisenlohr, allowing development to continue. By 1941 the engines appeared to be maturing quickly and even Eisenlohr was convinced the project was worthwhile, becoming a strong supporter.
Schelp proposed a program consisting of three classes of engines, Class I were early designs with under 1,000 kg of thrust like the Junkers Jumo 004 and BMW 003 that were suitable only for light fighters or somewhat larger twin-engine designs, Class II were larger and more advanced engines of over 1,000 kg thrust suitable for reasonably-sized single-engine fighters and twin-engine light bombers, and Class III were very large engines suitable for larger bombers. In order to move such a program along, Schelp told Heinkel to stop working on the Class I Heinkel HeS 8 and Heinkel HeS 30 engine designs, and concentrate only on the Class II Heinkel HeS 011. At the time, in 1942, this decision made sense considering that two other Class I engines appeared to be ready to enter production. The eventual three-year delay before the 003 or 004 entered service may have meant the HeS 30 would have beaten them to service, and in the end the HeS 011 would never leave the prototype phase.
Schelp also used his influence to force Heinkel to develop one of his pet projects, the "diagonal compressor", a sort of combination of the centrifugal and axial designs. At the time the pure axial compressors were having problems with surging and air intake turbulence, while the centrifugal designs proved fairly immune to these problems. Although it was mechanically possible to arrange a centrifugal stage in front of axial ones, this arrangement would require a large frontal area, and a small frontal area was the only real reason to use an axial arrangement. Schelp's diagonal stage appeared to offer the best of both worlds, only slightly larger than an axial stage of the same air flow, but with much wider-chord blades that should be more resistant to airflow problems. Schelp demanded that the HeS 011 use this design, which proved to be much more difficult to build than originally thought, and led to lengthy delays in that project.
After the war, Schelp was taken to London where he was on 24-hour call if anyone in the Air Ministry wanted to talk to him. This was rarely done, and Schelp found himself able to wander London at will. On one such trip he came across the Gloster E.28/39, bearing a plaque that stated it was the first turbojet powered aircraft to fly. It had actually been beaten into the air by over a year by the Heinkel He 178, and when Schelp pointed this out it was wryly suggested there may be some inaccuracy with the plaque. The correct lineage now appears on the E.28 display at the Science Museum.
German aerospace engineers
Jet engine pioneers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut%20Schelp |
Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Calenberg (24 March 1628 – 20 February 1685) was Queen of Denmark and Norway as the consort of the King Frederick III of Denmark. She is known for her political influence, as well as for her cultural impact: she acted as the adviser of her husband, and introduced ballet and opera to Denmark.
Life
Early life
Sophie Amalie was born at the Herzberg Castle, in Herzberg am Harz. Her parents were George, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg, and Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt. Nothing is known of her childhood.
Sophie Amalie married Prince Frederick in Castle Glücksburg on 1 October 1643. The marriage was arranged in 1640, as it was considered suitable for the current situation of the groom: he was, at that point, Prince-bishop of Bremen and not heir to the throne, and was not expected to succeed to the throne. It is believed to be a political match, though the exact purpose of it is unknown. They had eight children, including King Christian V of Denmark and Ulrike Eleonora of Denmark who married King Charles XI of Sweden.
The couple settled in Bremen. In 1646–47, they lived in humble circumstances in Flensborg, after having been forced to flee Bremen during the war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden. In 1647, Frederick was elected heir to the Danish throne, and the following year, she followed him to Denmark.
Queen
In 1648, Frederick and Sophie Amalie became king and queen of Denmark and Norway.
As her husband was introverted, she became the centre of a sumptuous court life, with exclusive luxury items and grand parties, which shed glory on the royal power. Queen Sophie Amalie made a pioneer cultural act in relation to the court parties by replacing the old medieval court entertainments with opera and ballet, which was thus introduced in Denmark by her at the court festivities. She enjoyed fashion, parties and theatre, arranged masquerades and made the French taste fashionable in Denmark. She remodeled the court after a French and German pattern. In 1649, a large order of items arrived for the new court life she arranged, followed also by new staff and new positions. She hired a German chapel master, Kaspar Förster, a French violin orchestra, a French ballet master, D. de Pilloy, and a French court singer and dancer, Anne Chabanceau de La Barre, and a French theatre company was engaged to perform French theater. Sophie Amalie did not understand the Danish language, but spoke German and French, took lessons in singing and dancing by instructors from France and Italy, was dressed by French maids in French fashion, conversed with her children in French and had a French chaplain, and as the first queen of Denmark took a French motto: „En Dieu mon espérance". Ballet, masquerades and theatre performances were performed, and she and her children participated in ballets and amateur theatre with the nobility; in 1655, she performed five different parts in a ballet at the same occasion. She was interested in literature and composed a library of French, German and Italian writers. She was noted to have great disputes with her Catholic brother John Frederick, in which her husband was called to participate in the debate.
Sophie Amalie was described as a charming beauty with entertaining wit and artistic taste, also in private correspondence not intended for her to see. A Swedish guest described her as "a lovely young person" and a Frenchman described her in 1649: "This princess was tall, blonde, with a very attractive complexion, mild and very accommodating toward strangers; she had a great taste for France, and she had everything it could give her." Sophia of Hanover was impressed by her and said of her that "her goodness and great accomplishments won over all hearts to her", while the French envoy noted that the queen's considerable charm was in fact reserved for those "which belongs to her party or are of use to her interests." The Spanish envoy Bernardino de Rebolledo dedicated sonnets to her in which he described her as a seraph.
Sophie Amalie was described as playful and enjoyed to disguise herself. When the abdicated queen Christina of Sweden was travelling through Denmark toward Germany incognito after her abdication, queen Sophie Amalie, who was at that time staying in Kolding, disguised herself as a maid and traveled to the inn at Haderslev to observe Christina while dining with her retinue, and then left without having introduced herself; on another occasion, she made a similar anonymous visit to Hamburg and back disguised as a maid, despite the fact that Denmark was at that time at war with Hamburg. She enjoyed hunting, particularly at her Jagdschloss of Hørsholm, would hunt in any weather, once killed thirty deer in one day, and was for her success as a huntress compared to the goddess Diana.
Queen Sophie Amalie is known as the hostess and central figure of the many grand representational parties that dominated Danish court life during her husband's reign. The Spanish envoy Rebolledo described her in this role at a party which was hosted in the honor of the queen's brother John Frederick at Jægersborg in 1655. After a deer hunt, where the royal couple participated similarly dressed in red and where "the queen conquered her skill to satisfy her generosity" by, as a good hostess, allowing the guests to win over her, a ball followed in which "the queen danced all night with such a smiling distance and such a majestic dignity, that she attracted the attention and appreciation of all". She participated in the amateur theater and ballet at court and, in one famous occasion, performed five roles in the same ballet: as Fama, a maid, the Muse of war - "in which she danced while waving a banner to the music with such superior rhythm, that she seemed to exceed herself" - a Spanish lady and an Amazon; a performance during which the king asked the Spanish envoy Rebolledo of his opinion and was given the reply "happy is a nation with such a king, and happy is the king with such a queen."
The grand court parties were a part of a representation of royal power deemed necessary to enhance the status of the crown and attract followers among the nobility in the royal couple's goal to strengthen royal power, particularly among the German nobility, which were inducted into the Danish nobility by the protection of the queen despite Danish opposition. The parties were however criticized by the royal council as provocative during the depression of the 1650s, when Denmark suffered from bad finances, and it was pointed out that the king, in order to please the queen, had spent April 1654 to June 1655 in Flensborg Castle, where party followed party "in an unbroken chain".
Sophie Amalie is credited with a great cultural impact in Denmark, breaking with the old Lutheran religious atmosphere and introducing a new court life influenced by a more general secular European art and pleasure culture, which as a role model also came to effect culture in the rest of Danish society.
Political influence
Queen Sophie Amalie was described as ambitious and was well known to participate in state affairs, with the blessing of her husband, and influence policy as his adviser. Her great influence upon her husband was widely known already before he became king: before Frederick had succeeded to the throne, a satire circulated in which this was caricatured in the form of a mock question: "Can a husband make any decisions whatever without the consent of his wife? Signed Duke Frederick."
Her influence is contributed to the fact that she attracted her husband as well as was in possession of a willpower and energy exceeding his, as well as to the fact that they had the same political goals: "With her vivacious nature she understood how to attract her husband, with her greater decisiveness and more fiery temperament she energized his more careful nature to action, and above all she was given power, because she wanted it with all her flaming soul."
The three main political goals of Sophia Amalie and Frederick III were to defeat the power of the nobility, symbolized by the Svogerpartiet (Son-in-law's Party); to defeat the Swedes; and to expand royal power into absolutism, to which the queen gathered followers through her court festivities and by creating a net of contacts by handing out favors.
Queen Sophie Amalie was from the start of her husband's reign famously involved in the power struggle between the crown and the high nobility, symbolized by the so-called Svogerpartiet ('Son's-in-law Party'), composed by six noblemen married to daughters of her father-in-law from his second morganatic marriage with Kirsten Munk, among which Corfitz Ulfeldt, married to Leonora Christina Ulfeldt, was the leading member. Upon her husband's accession she became the first queen in over 30 years, and she could never stand the half-sisters of her spouse, who had fulfilled the position of first lady during their father's reign. This conflict had begun already during the celebration dinner of the king's accession to the throne in Copenhagen Castle 6 July 1648 with an incident Sophie Amalie and Leonora Christine: the queen being unusually quiet, Leonora Christine criticized her for her silence, after which the queen participated in conversation, but notably fell silent every time Leonora Christine joined in. By 1651, the Svogerpartiet, was crushed, its members disperse, the Ulfeldt couple left for Sweden and their property was confiscated.
Sophie Amalie is thought to have initiated the war against Sweden in 1657. After the peace with Sweden in 1658, she presided over the celebration of the Peace of Roskilde when the Swedish king Charles X Gustav was received at Frederiksborg Palace, during which she entertained with avec beaucoup d'éclat and conversed about the crossing of the Bält by the Swedish army. When the Swedish king pointed at Erik Dahlberg and stated that he had been the commander, Frederick III greeted Dahlberg by allowing him to kiss his hand, while the queen for a moment, according to Dahlberg, had an expression which stated her feelings toward him as "not all which was good".
The act for which queen Sophie Amalie is most famous was her behavior during the Siege of Copenhagen in 1658, during which "Sophie Amalie was given the opportunity to show all the strength and decisiveness of her nature, now unleashed for a more noble purpose than a hunt or the most exiting adventure trip".
She is believed to have exerted great influence upon the king, normally often passive and uncertain, in their mutual steadfastness never to surrender, and their act reportedly strengthened civilian morale considerably and earned them widespread popularity. During the Siege, the king showed himself on horse in the weak spots of the city both in night and day, accompanied by the queen, also on horseback, to strengthen public morale. The position of the queen was illustrated by the fact that military commands were known to give their messages to her when they could not find the king, and at one such incident, it was mentioned that she was positioned in the highest tower of Copenhagen Castle, looking toward the Swedish troops. During the war with Sweden in 1658, she sent her own agent Lorents Tuxen to commit sabotage behind the Swedish lines.
Sophie Amalie probably took part in the decision to introduce the absolute monarchy by the 1660 state of emergency in Denmark. This happened while the popularity of the royal couple was at its highest after the Swedish siege of Copenhagen in 1658–60. She was very popular at that point for her moral support during the siege.
During the Assembly of the Estates and the 1660 state of emergency in Denmark, which eventually resulted in the introduction of absolute monarchy in Denmark, the queen was likely one of the most important participants as the adviser of the king, but it is difficult to determine her concrete actions.
It was reportedly Sophie Amalie, who on 10 October 1660 convinced Frederick III to go through with the plans to introduce absolutism by force in a difficult moment when the estates had refused to agree to introduce it.
The queen was however not involved in the creation of the Kongeloven (Lex Regia), the “constitution” of Danish absolute monarchy, and Christoffer Gabel had difficulty to persuade the king to introduce it because the king feared that she would be displeased with the regulations concerning queen dowagers, and stalled introducing it by saying: "Let me be able to keep the peace with the queen."
After the introduction of the Kongeloven in 1665, the queen's position was undermined by Christoffer Gabel, who replaced her as the king's chief adviser.
She was notably no included as regent in the event of her son succeeding to the throne while still a minor. The reason why her spouse no longer relied so much upon her advice in the latter part of his reign, was likely the instability in foreign policy caused by her indecisiveness as to whether her goals to reconquer the Southern Provinces from Sweden would benefit most from an alliance with France or with the Holy Roman Empire. Another cause was her favoritism of her younger son, and her ambition to secure marriages of the highest status possible for her daughters regardless of political benefit for Denmark; one example of such was arranging for Ulrika Eleonora to marry Charles XI and become Queen of Sweden despite the fact that Sweden was Denmark's enemy.
After the introduction of absolutism, the queen increasingly attracted attention for her protection of favorites and her persecution of those she disliked. It was said that "The queen is not always good toward those, who devote themselves to the king, without being dependent upon others"; that she wished to be "sought and honored", and by handing out favors she gathered followers to a queen's party who owed their loyalty to her personally, and who eventually also gained influence over her. One of her protegees was Jacob Petersen, officially only a chamber servant of the king, who was given much favor by the queen and described as her "most confidant tool" until he was suddenly exiled by the king in 1664 for the unspecific accusation of being involved in "many intrigues"; after the king's death, Sophie Amalie had all accusations against Petersen dropped. Her most favored lady-in-waiting was Abel Cathrine. Of the persecutions, the most known victims are Kai Lykke and Leonora Christine. In 1662, the nobleman Kai Lykke was forced to flee and had his property in Denmark confiscated after he was discovered to have written in a private letter to his mistress that the queen had sex with her lackeys; he was not allowed back to Denmark until after Sophie Amalie's death. In 1663, she famously had Leonora Christina Ulfeldt imprisoned in the Blåtårn, and refused to release her as long as she herself was still alive.
While her artistic taste was French, her political views were German-oriented and her influence was feared, especially among the nobility. A characteristic remark was made by nobleman Henrik Bjelke from the first Swedish war: "The king is good, but God save us with honor from here! The queen is not good by any Dane, and she has the king in her power." Also the foreign ambassadors noted the queen's influence over the king and government. Baron Ludvig Holberg said about her that she had "the capacity of a statesman" and "the heart of a soldier" but also that she was "more admired than loved" and that she went too far in her hatred toward Leonora Christina.
Queen Dowager
In 1670, Frederick III died and was succeeded by her eldest son Christian V. Her son the king did what he could to curb her influence in state affairs, which was evidently not easy: in 1671, he wrote to Griffenfeld: "God be praised, the queen dowager has left for Hirsholm today, so I need no longer hear: 'What do I hear now?'"
Despite her son's dislike over her interference, she remained a factor which was taken into consideration in Danish politics, and Griffenfeld was careful to keep in her good graces. It is noted that Griffenfeld assisted her in her ambition to have her younger son Georg elected king of Poland. Griffenfeld and Sophie Amalie also worked in securing peace with Sweden during the Scanian War, as Sophie Amalie wished for peace with Sweden and its ally France because her favorite Catholic brother was Francophile and because she wished for her daughter Ulrika Eleonora to marry the Swedish king. The fall of Griffenfeld was, therefore, a great misfortune for Sophie Amalie and her political position, and it attracted great attention when the queen dowager demonstratively left the capital after the sudden arrest of Griffenfeld. His later pardon is credited with her influence. The Peace of 1680 was a great joy for her, as it resulted in the desired wedding between her daughter and the Swedish king. She accompanied Ulrika Eleonora to Kronborg, but it was noted how she could not make herself to show her daughter the ceremony due to her future rank as queen.
Her relationship to her daughter-in-law Charlotte Amalie was not a good one. Sophie Amalie was reportedly most unwilling to surrender her position as queen and her precedence as the first lady of the court to her daughter-in-law, and was only with great difficulty made to vacate the queen's apartment to her successor.
Her daughter-in-law was however not willing to give up her rank, and the precedence conflict between the queen and the queen dowager was prolonged for years: reportedly, the queen dowager demanded that the foreign ambassadors call to be introduced to her first rather than the queen, otherwise, she would have them barred from her court, a situation which created such difficulty that the king sometimes solved the matter by leaving for another palace with his wife so that the queen and the queen dowager would not be present at the same time and thus the rank conflict avoided.
Sophie Amalie is known to have assured the continuing imprisonment of Leonora Christine also as a widow. Upon the accession of Christian V, his wife Charlotte Amalie successfully asked him a promise to release Leonora Christine if the expected child was a son, and when she did give birth to a son in 1671, she called in the promise. When Sophie Amalie was informed, however, she managed to have the king retract his promise by refusing to attend the christening of the crown prince. When Leonora Christine's daughter Ellen Kristine petitioned her for her mother's release, Sophie Amalie successfully asked her son the king to banish Ellen Kristine from the nation.
As queen dowager, Sophie Amalie continued to host a grand court life with many festivities, as she had done as queen. She lived in Sophie Amalienborg in Copenhagen in the winters and at Nykøbing Slot or Hørsholm during the summers. Sophie of Hanover visited her in 1680 and said of her: "If I should praise this queen as she deserved, I would never be finished." She still hosted hunting trips and balls and was described as an avid hunter, and attended masquerade balls at court in costume until her death. When the wedding of her daughter Ulrika Eleonora to the Swedish king was arranged, she welcomed the Swedish envoy Johan Gyllenstierna, who was a known misogynist, with a great banquet, and reportedly, when he entered her palace, there was "no man there, only women and the fairest you could imagine. As a wise man, he soon realized that it was deliberately, as he was unmarried, and the rumour had it, that he could abide no female."
She died in Copenhagen and was buried in the Roskilde Cathedral. After her death, Leonora Christina Ulfeldt was finally released, after twenty-two years of imprisonment.
Issue
References
Ancestry
External links
Queen Sophie Amalie at the website of the Royal Danish Collection
1628 births
1685 deaths
People from Herzberg am Harz
Danish royal consorts
Norwegian royal consorts
People from Denmark–Norway
New House of Lüneburg
House of Oldenburg in Denmark
Burials at Roskilde Cathedral
People from the Harz
Duchesses of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Countesses of Oldenburg
17th-century Danish women
Queen mothers
Daughters of monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%20Amalie%20of%20Brunswick-Calenberg |
Musselburgh Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based in Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland. The team play their home games at Stoneyhill and currently compete in the , the top tier of Scottish club rugby.
Musselburgh RFC first applied to join the Edinburgh & District League in 1921 but it is believed that the town had a team for at least 20 years before that.
History
The club was formed in 1921 as a section of the Musselburgh Sports Club. They initially played their games at Shirehaugh which is now a practice green at The Musselburgh Golf Club in Monktonhall. During the 1930s The Musselburgh Sports Club changed its name to become Musselburgh Rugby Football Club in its entirety.
During 1951, the club moved from its home at Shirehaugh to a new pitch at Stoneyhill where the club currently resides. A clubhouse was built on the site and opened in 1971, with changing rooms added in 1984 and a gym added in 2021.
After the creation of the new leagues in Scotland the club were placed in the third division, ultimately falling to fifth division in 1975. However they bounced back and continued to climb up the leagues where they were promoted to the Premiership for the first time in 1987, lasting one season before being relegated.
The club continued to stay around the second and third tiers before a sharp fall to the regional leagues in the late 2000s. The team slowly climbed their way back up to the National leagues before winning National 2 in 2015. With the formation of the Super6 in 2018, the top six teams from National 1 had the chance to be promoted to the Premiership to join the remaining four teams. Musselburgh claimed a bonus point on the final day of the season to win the final spot.
Musselburgh Sevens
The club runs the Musselburgh Sevens tournament.
Honours
Scottish National League Division Two
Champions (2): 1984–85, 2014–15
Musselburgh Sevens
Champions: 1949, 1950, 1951, 1957, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2003, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2019
Highland Sevens
Champions: 1956, 1958, 1963, 1978, 1979
Preston Lodge Sevens
Champions: 1992, 1993
Glasgow University Sevens
Champions: 1957
Kelso Harlequins Sevens
Champions: 1990
Haddington Sevens
Champions: 1993, 1995
North Berwick Sevens
Champions: 2002, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2023
Scottish Rugby Shield
Runners-Up: (1) 2011-12
Kelso Sevens
Champions (1): 1955
Peebles Sevens
Champions (3): 1986, 1988, 1997
Walkerburn Sevens
Champions (9): 1951, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1990, 1993, 2002, 2003
Edinburgh Northern Sevens
Champions (1): 2013
Portobello Sevens
Champions (1): 2023
Notable former players
Ireland internationalists
Glasgow Warriors players
Edinburgh District
The following former Musselburgh players have represented Edinburgh District at provincial level.
References
Massie, Allan A Portrait of Scottish Rugby (Polygon, Edinburgh; )
External links
Rugby union in East Lothian
Rugby union teams in Scotland
Musselburgh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselburgh%20RFC |
Doublemoon Records, founded in 1998 as an offshoot of Pozitif Productions, is an independent pioneering record label based in Istanbul, Turkey, dedicated to spreading the city's music around the world. Doublemoon has concentrated on world fusion music, bringing together jazz and world, acoustic and electronic, and occidental and oriental music.
Doublemoon has received a number of accolades including being selected as one of the three most important independent record labels by the French publication, Vibrations; reaching number one on the European World Music Charts; and being listed among the top ten record labels in the world by WOMEX/World Music Charts Europe. Doublemoon's artists play the sound of Istanbul at some of the world's biggest festivals like Montreux Jazz, Montreal Jazz, Exi, and Roskilde. they have appeared on the covers of magazines like Global Rhythm and received nominations for the BBC Radio 3 world music awards.
Genres
World fusion, jazz and world, acoustic and electronic, Sufi-electronica, groove alla turca, gypsy funk, oriental hip hop and Anatolian blues.
Notable artists
Baba Zula
Mercan Dede
Orientation
Replikas
Wax Poetic
Doublemoon compilations
East 2 West Vol.1 Global Departures (2003, DM016)
East 2 West Vol.2 Ethno Electronic Tales (2004, DM021)
East 2 West Vol.3 İstanbul Strait Up (2005, DM025)
East 2 West Vol.4 Crossing Continents (2006, DM037)
Doublemoon Remixed (2007, DM039)
Istanbul Twilight (2007, DM043)
Doublemoon Kadınları (2008, DM044)
Doublemoon Remixed 2 (2009, DM049)
Subsidiary labels
Pozitif Records
Voltaj
Numoon
See also
List of record labels
List of world music record labels
References
External links
Official site
Official Myspace
Youtube
Facebook
Turkish independent record labels
World music record labels
Record labels established in 1998
Jazz record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublemoon |
Peebles Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based in Peebles in the Scottish Borders. The team currently competes in Scottish National League Division Two, the third tier of Scottish club rugby.
The earliest record available of rugby being played in Peebles was of a game in 1877 in Kingsmeadows Park and Peebles Rugby Football Club was formed in 1879. The club ceased to exist about 1900 but was re-constituted in 1923 and now play their home games at the Gytes.
Peebles is outwith the central Borders and was outside the main rugby playing towns of Galashiels, Melrose, Selkirk and Hawick. They often lacked players, with a stronger football presence to the north, due to the links to Midlothian and Edinburgh. With the growth of neighbouring Innerleithen, improving links and players from local schools, PRFC gradually climbed the ranks. David Rupert Wills III scored the fastest try in PRFC history, touching down after only 9 seconds on the 24th of March 2018.
In 1974–75 Peebles joined the National Leagues and were placed in Division 5 East. Promotion to Division 3 came in 1989–90. The big jump came in 2001–02 to Division 2 and then to Division 1 in 2002–03. After two seasons in Division 1, there followed two successive drops to Premier 3 before gaining promotion back to Scottish Hydro Electric Premier 2 in 2007–08 where Peebles remained until restructuring of the League system in 2011.
Honours
Scottish League Championship, second-tier
Champions (1): 2001-02
Scottish League Championship, third-tier
Champions (3): 1990–91, 1999–00, 2012-13
Scottish Rugby Shield
Runners-Up (1): 2008-09
Peebles Sevens
Champions (4): 1992, 2001, 2002, 2011
Walkerburn Sevens
Champions (4): 1992, 1996, 2014, 2022
References
See also
Border League
Borders Sevens Circuit
Rugby union teams in Scotland
Rugby union clubs in the Scottish Borders
Peebles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peebles%20RFC |
Tamara Siler Jones is a writer of fantasy novels.
Her first novel, Ghosts in the Snow, won the Compton Crook Award in 2005. Her second, Threads of Malice, was nominated for the 2006 Gaylactic Spectrum Awards.
Her three books focus on a group of investigators in a society still recovering from a devastating ancient war, in the absence of many of the technologies it once enjoyed. The lead character, Dubric Byerly, is an aging noble, war veteran and widower who has responsibility for peace and security in Castle Faldorrah and its local villages. Along with his squire, Dien, and young assistant pages Lars and Otlee, Dubric solves crimes and enforces the law in Faldorrah.
What makes Dubric so good at his job, but so miserable in his own life, is his secret curse – since his wife's brutal death, he sees the ghosts of people murdered within the scope of his responsibility, and is haunted by these spectres until their killers are brought to justice.
The three books are a combination of fantasy and thriller, with the driving force in the plot being a particular mystery or crime. They contain consistently dark themes but are often balanced with a dry black humor.
Tamara Siler Jones now writes under a semi-pseudonym, Tambo Jones. She has produced additional works featuring Dubric Byerly, including but not limited to The Lord Apparent's Razor, Rabbits and Wasps, and Protection of the Holy Knights.
Books
Ghosts in the Snow (October 26, 2004, )
Threads of Malice (October 25, 2005, )
Valley of the Soul (October 31, 2006, )
References
External links
Living people
21st-century American novelists
American fantasy writers
American women novelists
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
21st-century American women writers
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara%20Siler%20Jones |
The Middle River is a river in the parish of Braddan in the Isle of Man which runs from Colooneys Farm area on the Marown parish border down under the original Fairy Bridge to Oakhill where it makes a 90 degree turn north eastwards to run past the Pulrose Golf Club to join the River Douglas near The Nunnery.
Rivers of the Isle of Man | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20River%20%28Isle%20of%20Man%29 |
Maurits Post (ca. 10 December 1645 – 6 June 1677) was a Dutch Golden Age architect.
Biography
Post was born in Haarlem, the son of the architect Pieter Post, and was probably his assistant, as he took over his father's projects when he died in 1669, and continued working in the neo-classical style. He worked in Siegen, The Hague, Dieren, Honselersdijk, Soestdijk, and Zuilenstein. He became the architect for Stadtholder William III of Orange from 1672 until his own early death at The Hague in 1677. Famous buildings include Castle Amerongen and the royal palaces Soestdijk Palace, Huis ten Bosch Palace and Noordeinde Palace.
References
1645 births
1677 deaths
Dutch Golden Age architects
Artists from Haarlem
Court architects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurits%20Post |
is a Japanese pop rock singer, lyricist, fashion model and television presenter.
Career
Born in Adachi, Tokyo, Japan to a Japanese mother and British father, Kimura started working as a model in 2002 for the Japanese magazine Seventeen. She went on to host the morning television show Saku Saku from April 14, 2003 to March 31, 2006.
Kimura released her only indie single, titled "Level 42", but it was later released as her major label debut single on June 23, 2004, after she signed with Columbia Music Entertainment. The song was used over the end credits of Saku Saku. On October 27, Kimura released her second single, "Happiness!!!", which was followed by her debut album, Kaela, on December 8, 2004.
Following the release of her third single, "Rirura Riruha", on March 30, 2005, Kimura saw her fanbase grow considerably. The song was used in a series of Vodafone commercials in Japan and helped make her a household name. It sold over 100,000 copies, her best-selling single to date, and it also received a nomination for "Best Video" in the MTV Video Music Awards Japan 2005. Nearly seven months later, her next single, "Beat", was released. The song was composed by Tamio Okuda. The song had a more pop punk influence. On January 18, 2006, Kimura released her fifth single, "You". In March 2006, Circle was released and debuted at number two on the Oricon chart. She continued promoting Kit Kat with a promotional single titled "Circle"; a CD with the song was sold along with the candy in a limited package. At this point, Kimura decided to leave the TV show, Saku Saku, to focus on her music career. Her last appearance as host was on March 31, 2006.
During 2006, Kimura became the lead vocalist of the rock band Sadistic Mika Band, which started as a collaboration for Kirin products promotion, and later resulting in the album Narkissos as Sadistic Mikaela Band. That year, she also covered Roy Orbison's Oh, Pretty Woman, which was used as the theme song of 2006 Japanese television dramas Attention Please starring Aya Ueto. She appeared on the program in a cameo role as an airline passenger in episode 10.
On June 28, a new single, "Magic Music", was released, followed by the release of "Tree Climbers" three months later. Her eighth single, "Snowdome", was released in conjunction with her third studio album, Scratch, on February 7, 2007. The song "Snowdome" was composed by Japanese pop punk band Beat Crusaders. The album Scratch topped the Oricon Albums Chart for two weeks and sold over 300,000 copies.
Kimura's ninth single, "Samantha", was released on July 18, 2007. The song was inspired by Samantha Stephens, the protagonist from the ABC TV series, Bewitched; and the music video features Hanna-Barbera designs. In September, a second DVD from her 'Scratch Tour' was released, followed by her tenth single, "Yellow", a month later. She released her eleventh single, "Jasper", a dance song very different from her previous works, in early 2008. On April 2, her fourth album, +1, was released and debuted on the Oricon weekly albums chart at number three. After the album's release, Kimura hosted her '+1 TOUR' and released her first music video compilation Best Video 1.
On September 10, 2008, she released her first double A-side single . The first A-side was used in Lucido-L commercials, while the second was featured in the Japanese film . Kimura released her first ballad, titled on January 28, 2009, reaching number five on Oricon, and her fourteenth single, "Banzai", on May 8, followed by her fifth studio album, Hocus Pocus, on June 24, celebrating her fifth anniversary as a singer.
Personal life
On September 1, 2010, Kimura married actor Eita after becoming engaged in late 2009. Although the official marriage announcement was delayed due to work commitments. They have a son (born October 2010, though without a disclosed exact birthdate or name), and a daughter (born October 2013).
Discography
Kaela (2004)
Circle (2006)
Scratch (2007)
+1 (2008)
Hocus Pocus (2009)
8Eight8 (2011)
Sync (2012)
Rock (2013)
Mieta (2014)
Punky (2016)
Ichigo (2019)
Magnetic (2022)
Filmography
Custom Made 10.30 (2005)
Moomins on the Riviera (2015)
See also
Tamio Okuda
Bae Yong-joon
Puffy
Perfume
References
External links
ELA Music
Columbia Records official profile
Kaela Kimura official website
Official blog
1984 births
People from Adachi, Tokyo
Living people
Singers from Tokyo
Japanese bloggers
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese people of English descent
Japanese female models
Nippon Columbia artists
Japanese women bloggers
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
Sadistic Mika Band members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaela%20Kimura |
Penryn railway station () is on the Maritime Line between Truro and Falmouth Docks, and serves the town of Penryn, Cornwall as well as Penryn Campus (formerly known as Tremough Campus).
History
The station was opened on 24 August 1863 when the Cornwall Railway opened the line from Truro to Falmouth, it was sometimes known as Penryn for Helston.
It originally had 2 platforms either side of a passing loop, a goods shed with several sidings to south, one of which was equipped with a 2-ton crane, the yard was able to accommodate live stock and most types of goods.
On 24 June 1923 the station was relocated nearby. The station was host to a GWR camp coach from 1934 to 1938.
The station layout was rationalised to just a single platform when the line was being run by British Rail.
On Monday 8 April 2013 Pay and display was introduced for the station car park.
Passing Loop
A new passing loop was installed in 2008, being brought into use in 2009 before the new timetable commenced on 17 May as this called for two trains to be in operation on the branch for most of the day. To pay for this work £4.67million was provided from European Union funds, £2.5million from Cornwall Council, and £600,000 from Network Rail. The new works were formally opened by Kevin Lavery, the Chief Executive of Cornwall Council, on 18 May 2009.
When constructing the loop a novel approach was adopted which avoided the building of a footbridge and works to the disused platform. The formerly disused northern end of the platform has been reinstated, and is now called Platform 2, and an extension has been built onto the southern end which is now called Platform 1. The middle section of the platform is now used to pass between the two. The extension and reinstatement creates a single platform of in length; the southern end of the loop joins the main branch at the northern end of Platform 1. New modern shelters have been built on each platform, and the brick shelter from 1998 still exists.
The disused platform on the far side of the loop line was formerly used by northbound trains towards Truro.
Signalling
Signals are controlled from the signal box at Truro. Axle counters allow one train to be in the section between Penwithers Junction and Penryn, and another between Penryn and Falmouth Docks. The Up and Down Branch line (the platform line) is signalled for trains in either direction; the Down Loop is only signalled for trains towards Falmouth.
Services
All trains on the Maritime Line are operated by Great Western Railway. They run seven days each week and operate every half-hour Monday to Saturday daytime and hourly at other times. Trains are scheduled to depart simultaneously for Truro and Falmouth.
Community Rail
The railway from Truro to Falmouth is designated as a community rail line and is supported by marketing provided by the Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership. The line is promoted under the "Maritime Line" name.
References
Further reading
External links
Railway stations in Cornwall
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1863
Railway stations served by Great Western Railway
Penryn, Cornwall
DfT Category F1 stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penryn%20railway%20station |
Fred Gisa Rwigyema (also sometimes spelled Rwigema; born Emmanuel Gisa; 10 April 1957 – 2 October 1990) was a Rwandan politician and military officer. He was the founder of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a political and military force formed by Rwandan Tutsi exile descendants of those forced to leave the country after the 1959 Hutu Revolution.
History and rise in Uganda
Rwigema was born in Gitarama, in the south of Rwanda. Considered a Tutsi, in 1960 he and his family fled to Uganda and settled in a refugee camp in Nshungerezi, Ankole following the Rwandan Revolution of 1959 and the ouster of King Kigeli V.
After finishing high school in 1976, he went to Tanzania and joined the Front for National Salvation (FRONASA), a rebel group headed by Yoweri Museveni, the brother of his friend Salim Saleh. It was at this point that he began calling himself Fred Rwigema. Later that year, he traveled to Mozambique and joined the FRELIMO rebels who were fighting for the liberation of Mozambique from Portugal's colonial power.
In 1979, he joined the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA), which together with Tanzanian armed forces captured Kampala in April 1979 and sent Idi Amin into exile.
He later joined Museveni's National Resistance Army (NRA), which fought a guerrilla war called the Ugandan Bush War against the government of Milton Obote. It was here that Rwigyema first fought alongside a number of future RPF leaders including future Rwandan president Paul Kagame, James Kabarebe, Patrick Karegeya and Kayumba Nyamwasa.
After the NRA captured state power in 1986, Rwigema became the deputy Minister of Defence. He was regularly at the front line in northern Uganda during the new government's operations against remnants of the ousted regime as well as other rebel groups.
Leadership
Fred Rwigema was amongst the initial 27 armed individuals, led by Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni, who took to the bush in 1981 to begin a guerilla war following Uganda's contested Presidential elections of 1980, where Apollo Milton Obote's party the Uganda People's Congress was accused of engineering an election fraud to get victory over the Democratic Party which was led by Paul Kawanga Ssemwogerere and Uganda Patriotic Movement, which was led by Yoweri Museveni.
By 1985, Fred Rwigyema had emerged as one of the most significant military leaders so much so that when the National Resistance Army (NRA) secured a military victory against a military government that had staged a successful coup d’état against Milton Obote's regime, Fred Rwigyema was one of the three former rebel leaders who were commissioned as General Officers in the NRA. He was commissioned a Major General alongside Yoweri Museveni's brother Salim Saleh Akandwanaho and Elly Tumwine. Yoweri Museveni himself was made a Lieutenant General.
Fred Rwigema was a charismatic military leader, who was loved by all soldiers and officers who served under him. He especially earned his reputation in counter insurgency operations in Northern Uganda, where the army defeated by the National Resistance Army was holding out. Fred Rwigyema also stands out in his contemporaries for not being involved in any war crimes while he was directing operations in Northern and North Eastern Uganda. That earned the nickname “Mungu wa vita”, Swahili for “god of war”.
He was appointed Deputy Minister for Defense following the capture of power by the National Resistance Movement, but that did not take him away from directing military operations in Northern Uganda.
He loved soccer a lot and was a fan of a Ugandan football club Soccer Club Villa. He always attended matches at Nakivibo Stadium to watch his club in action whenever he was in Kampala.
Invasion of Rwanda and death
On 1 October 1990, Rwigyema led the splinter group of 10,000 NRA troops in an invasion of northern Rwanda. What became the RPF chose this date as it was close to Ugandan independence day on 9 October. This served as an opportunity for Rwigyema, as the movement could be disguised from the main NRA as a military parade.
On the second day of the struggle, Rwigyema was shot in the head and died at Nyabwenshogozi Hill. His death was kept secret for a month so as not to harm morale. There is a dispute about the exact circumstances of Rwigyema's death; the official line of Kagame's government was that Rwigyema was killed by a stray bullet. Historian Gérard Prunier states that he had established "from incontrovertible evidence (including an interview with an eyewitness to the killing)" that Rwigyema was killed by his subcommander Peter Bayingana, following an argument over tactics, and excused his readers for having accepted the "cooked version of facts [the RPF] provided" him with.
Rwigyema is considered one of Rwanda's national heroes. His body was buried at the Heroes Cemetery in Kigali.
Notes
References
External links
Profile at The New Times (Rwanda)
1957 births
1990 deaths
People from Muhanga District
Tutsi people
Ugandan rebels
Rwandan rebels
Rwandan refugees
Rwandan murder victims
People murdered in Rwanda
Deaths by firearm in Rwanda
1990s murders in Rwanda
1990 crimes in Rwanda
1990 murders in Africa
Military personnel of the Uganda–Tanzania War
Ugandan spies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Rwigyema |
Atlantis is the first studio album by the Swiss Symphonic metal band Lunatica, released in 2001.
Track listing
Lunatica albums
2001 debut albums
Frontiers Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis%20%28Lunatica%20album%29 |
A projective cone (or just cone) in projective geometry is the union of all lines that intersect a projective subspace R (the apex of the cone) and an arbitrary subset A (the basis) of some other subspace S, disjoint from R.
In the special case that R is a single point, S is a plane, and A is a conic section on S, the projective cone is a conical surface; hence the name.
Definition
Let X be a projective space over some field K, and R, S be disjoint subspaces of X. Let A be an arbitrary subset of S. Then we define RA, the cone with top R and basis A, as follows :
When A is empty, RA = A.
When A is not empty, RA consists of all those points on a line connecting a point on R and a point on A.
Properties
As R and S are disjoint, one may deduce from linear algebra and the definition of a projective space that every point on RA not in R or A is on exactly one line connecting a point in R and a point in A.
(RA) S = A
When K is the finite field of order q, then = + , where r = dim(R).
See also
Cone (geometry)
Cone (algebraic geometry)
Cone (topology)
Cone (linear algebra)
Conic section
Ruled surface
Hyperboloid
Projective geometry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective%20cone |
Royal High Corstorphine RFC is a former Edinburgh rugby union club, formed from the merger of the Royal HSFP and Corstorphine RFC. The merged club was dissolved in 2017 as two clubs:- Corstorphine Cougars and Royal HSFP.
History
Royal High Corstorphine was formed in 2003 from the merger of two Edinburgh rugby union sides:- Royal HSFP and Corstorphine RFC. RHC was originally planned as a bilateral club based both in Royal HSFP's Barnton ground and Corstorphine RFC's Union Park.
The club had a very successful women's side that produced several Scotland international players.
Dissolve of club
As time passed more and more matches were being played in Barnton; eventually the 1st XV playing in Barnton and the 2nd XV played in Union Park. This highlighted differences between the two factions on how a club should be run and the merged club was dissolved into two clubs.
Honours
Men
Edinburgh Northern Sevens
Champions : (1) 2004
Notable players
Mens
Andrew Crammond - played for Edinburgh at under-16, under-17 and under-18 levels, and for Scotland under-18. He made his Scotland under-20 debut in Athlone in January 2014, against Ireland in the 6 Nations and scored his first try, against France, at Netherdale on 7 March 2014. Represented Scotland at the U20 World Championships in New Zealand in 2013. He currently plays for Toulon.
Scotland Women Internationals
Lee Cockburn
Sonia Cull
Louise Dalgliesh
Cara DiSilva
Sarah Dixon
Ronnie Fitzpatrick
Tanya Griffith
Donna Kennedy
Alison MacDonald
Jilly McCord
Mags McHardy
Louise Moffat
Lynne Reid
Gayle Stewart
The Brothers
From 2010 the 2nd XV have been branded as The Brothers named Marc Maiden. Under the new team name The Brothers started the 2010–11 season winning 9 out of 9 games
The 2nd XV continued as a successful outfit with the management team of Mike "Iron" Whitside and Dougie Cross.
References
Defunct rugby union clubs in Scotland
Rugby union in Edinburgh
Sports clubs and teams in Edinburgh
Rugby union clubs disestablished in 2017
Rugby clubs established in 2003
2003 establishments in Scotland
2017 disestablishments in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20High%20Corstorphine%20RFC |
An advocate is a professional in the field of law.
The Advocate, The Advocates or Advocate may also refer to:
Magazines
The Advocate (magazine), an LGBT magazine based in the United States
The Harvard Advocate, a literary magazine from Harvard University
Advocate: Newsletter of the National Tertiary Education Union, a newsletter of the National Tertiary Education Union
Newspapers
The Advocate (Louisiana), based in Baton Rouge, the largest daily newspaper in Louisiana, United States
The Advocate (Contra Costa College), a Contra Costa College student newspaper
The Advocate (Fairhaven), a community newspaper in Massachusetts, United States
The Advocate (Melbourne), an Australian Catholic weekly
The Advocate (Newark), a newspaper in Newark, Ohio, United States
Advocate (Pittsburgh), a 19th-century newspaper in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
The Advocate (Portland, Oregon), a defunct African-American newspaper in Portland, Oregon, United States
Red Deer Advocate a Canadian newspaper covering central Alberta
Stamford Advocate, a daily newspaper in Stamford, Connecticut, United States
The Advocate (Tasmania), an Australian newspaper
The Advocate-Messenger, a newspaper published in Danville, Kentucky, United States
CTNow, previously The Advocate Weekly Newspapers, a set of weekly newspapers in Connecticut and Massachusetts, United States
The Daily Advocate, a daily newspaper in Greenville, Ohio, United States
Julesburg Advocate, a weekly newspaper in Julesburg, Colorado, United States
South Cheatham Advocate, a community newspaper in Kingston Springs, Tennessee, United States
The Victoria Advocate, Victoria, Texas
The Winter Park Advocate a newspaper for African Americans published in Winter Park, Florida
Arts and entertainment
"The Advocate", a hymn better known as "Before the Throne of God Above" by Charitie Lees Smith
The Advocate (1925 film), a French silent drama film
The Hour of the Pig, a 1993 film by Leslie Megahey, titled The Advocate in the USA
The Advocate: A Missing Body, a 2015 South Korean film by Heo Jong-ho
The Advocates (TV series), a 1990s Scottish legal drama
Advocate (2019 film), a documentary film by Rachel Leah Jones and Philippe Bellaiche
"Advocates" (short story), a 1922 posthumous short story by Franz Kafka
Ships
, a small fishing sloop captured from the Confederates in 1861
, a minesweeper launched on 1942 and transferred to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease
People
Attaullah Advocate, Pakistani politician
Advocate Nasiruddin (1892–1949), famous lawyer, political and social leader
Places
Advocate Harbour
Advocates Library, law library in Edinburgh
See also
Advocaat, a Dutch alcoholic beverage
Advocacy, activity by an individual or group that aims to influence decisions
Advocatus, a medieval term for an advocate
Lord Advocate, a legal officer of the Scottish Government and the Crown in Scotland
Times-Advocate (disambiguation), which could refer to various newspapers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Advocate |
Aurisina (until 1923 Nabresina, ) is a town in the karst part of the comune of Duino-Aurisina (Slovene: ) near Trieste, Italy, in a region of Slovene minority. It lies 15 kilometres northwest of Trieste, and according to the 2003 census had a total of 2,406 inhabitants, 60% of them Slovenes.
Overview
The town of Aurisina was inhabited in the Roman era because of a nearby quarry with a well-known limestone, called Aurisina marble, used to build Roman Aquileia. The settlement was first mentioned as Lebrosina in 1308, and it grew in importance as the Vienna-Trieste railway was built in 1857. The world wars devastated Aurisina. Many Slovene people, including educated persons, escaped to Yugoslavia during fascist rule. Before and during World War II, the Italian fascist regime and later the German Nazi regime deported many inhabitants to concentration camps throughout Europe. After World War II, Aurisina, together with Trieste, became part of the Free Territory of Trieste. When this entity was disbanded in 1954, it was annexed to Italy.
The settlement lies on top of the Karst Plateau, where the cliffs descend to the sea. Its elevation is 143 m. Around the village there are four rises named Ojstri vrh, Gradec, Mount Babiza (, , 197 m), and Mount Berciza (, , 219 m). Aurisina has typical karst architecture with houses made of limestone. The old village stands around a church dedicated to Saint Roch.
Aurisina is the birthplace of the Slovenian poet Igo Gruden and the marine biologist Miroslav Zei. The Galician linguist Florian Biesik spent the last decade of his life in the village.
See also
Duino
Frazioni of the Province of Trieste
Former municipalities of Friuli-Venezia Giulia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurisina |
Cambuslang RFC is a Rugby Football Club, belonging to the Scottish Rugby Union, established in 1903, and is based in Cambuslang, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. They currently play in the with home games at Coats Park.
History
On 7 August 1903, a meeting was held under the Presidency of the late H. Shepherd, Esq., at which it was decided to form a Rugby Club at Cambuslang.
The Club commenced playing at Greenlees Farm and under the guidance of Mr. Shepherd and the benevolent auspices of the late Dr. T. D. Laird, its Honorary President, it (the club) went from strength to strength until the beginning of the 1914–1918 War. During this period, the Club progressed to the extent of running two teams, raising funds, and building a small Clubhouse.
During the same period, there was in existence, the Cambuslang Cricket Club, which was then under the wing of the late J. S. Paul, esq. For some time the two Clubs worked together, but owing to the difficulty of finding a field which the former did not require in the summer time, no permanent arrangement was made and indeed the Rugby Club itself had to later on change its ground to a field at Eastfield.
All through this period the Club took a leading place in sport in the West of Scotland, and was a member of the Old Football Union. It was only natural that after the Armistice, the club would revive. For a short period the club played at Greenlees Farm but in 1921 a lease of the ground at Coats Park was arranged and the Club took up residence in what was to become its permanent home. At this time, with a ground of its own, the Club joined up with the Cricket Club, and was re-constituted as the "Cambuslang Athletic Club." In addition to Rugby and Cricket, there were sections for Hockey, and at one time, Association Football. The Cricket Club, under the guidance of C.W.Gibb, Esq., progressed from strength to strength and was only eclipsed by a halcyon period in the Rugby Section's history when stalwarts such as G. Marquand, Dan Spence, the Lairds, and other illustrious figures brought much credit and kudos to the club's name.
Home Becomes Coats Park
In the season 1921–22 and again in 1922–23, Cambuslang were Western District Champions, as a result of which they were offered a match against a West of Scotland Senior Select XV which contained one or two internationalists. This game took place in 1924, and Cambuslang can be justly proud of a 5–0 result in their favor. Another honor to the Club at that time was that of being the first team to play at the Old Anniesland against the High School F.P.'s which honor they celebrated by being the first team to score on the School's new pitch.
At this stage in the club's development and the instigation of the late J. M. Barr Esq., who had been the club's first captain in 1903, a large and influential committee was formed which, under the guidance and Chairmanship of the late Henry Noble esq., raised sufficient funds to purchase Coats Park outright and erect a clubhouse in the present location and in doing so secured the future of the club.
In the years that ensued, while not attaining large heights, the Rugby Section continued as a leading team in the West of Scotland, running up to three XV's and at one period, a junior team. The Cricket Section went from strength to strength, and its Saturday afternoon games had become, in the thirties, a social event in the District.
In fact, all through the inter-war period, the club had developed more and more into an organization of the young people of the District and was to be found in the lead in many local events.
Its pre-war Saturday evening dances held in the Institute were ever popular, and its annual whist drives and sales of work were looked forward to universally. But these functions were, of course, the special territory of the ladies of the Hockey Section, whose results at the end of the season often put other Sections to shame.
The club trained during August 1939 but due to the outbreak of war on 3 September they did not play a game again until 1946/47 when the club had a single XV playing on the public pitches at Nether Pollok.
During the war, Coats Park was used by Clyde Paper Mill for storing huge bales of esparto grass. The clubhouse was kept in order by a founder member, Dr. Hutchison, who more or less single - handedly kept the club afloat.
The Post War years
In 1947–48 the club was back at Coats Park with two XV's again playing their traditional round of friendly games. The area at the back of the wooden clubhouse around the bath was completely rotten and this was replaced by a brick building.
In 1953 a memorable dinner was held in the former Cambuslang Golf Clubhouse in Clydeford Road to celebrate 50 years of the club.
The whole of the old clubhouse, a 1914–1918 ex-army hut, was becoming increasingly dilapidated and required more and more maintenance. In 1957 a former player Kenny Walker enlisted nine senior club members and each of them loaned the club £100 each and with this £1,000 the shell of a new clubhouse was built.
The internal divisions were built by the players themselves. It was very basic. At one end there was a large dressing room for the home teams and two smaller rooms for visitors, in the middle there was a tea room with the kitchen off it and at the other end a changing room for the ladies hockey team with a toilet and shower.
The brick extension at the rear housed a couple of showers and a sunken team bath. This bath had originally been tiled but over the years the tiles had broken and been removed leaving a rough concrete surface. For some obscure design reason there was an open roofed area which housed a unique urinal, composed of a length of ogee guttering with a household tap at one end. It was primitive but it worked. Water was heated by a coal boiler, which had to be lit and stoked on match days. After four teams had washed in the bath the consistency and colour of the water was similar to that of the pitches muddy and black and being the last in was no fun.
When no rugby was being played the hockey girls used the team bath much to the delight of the groundman who had a peep-hole through from the kitchen ostensibly so he could control the filling of the bath.
What is now Langlea Road was only a farm track leading to Whitlawburn Farm and bounded with a high hawthorn hedge. The balls convener was kept busy as the thorns were always puncturing balls. Sometimes four were required in the course of a single game.
In 1957, Coats Park Colliery which was situated on the site of the present 3rd XV pitch closed. This area was an industrial wilderness with massive railway lines, rusty machinery, and derelict buildings. However, in time this was all removed. The Whitlaw Burn which ran at the back of our pitches was piped in and the bing was bulldozed and grass sown.
Around this time there was an upsurge of interest in the club and the number of players increased until the club was regularly fielding four senior XV's. It was felt that the clubs traditional strip of claret and amber horizontal stripes was too similar to that of Glasgow High School and West of Scotland so the present jersey based on an old established tie design was adopted.
No Alcohol?
Tours to the North of England were a regular feature in the early 1960s.
As the constitution was strongly against alcohol, the clubhouse was dry and the club had several hostelries that they favored at various times. The Railway Tavern - now Findlays, in Cambuslang Main Street, the Wooden Cask at Silverbanks, the Fairway in Rutherglen, and the Cambus Court all received patronage.
Although the clubhouse was now reasonable, the pitches were not. Mining subsidence caused a drop in one area of 16ft between 1946 and 1962 and standing on the center spot of the 2nd XV pitch it was impossible to see the crossbar of one of the goals.
The cost of levelling the ground was far beyond the limited finances of the club. At this time Cathkin High School was being built and Lanark County Council approached us and offered to level, drain and reseed our area if we allowed them to dump soil from the school site.
We were also given the temporary use of the two Hill 90 pitches. It was an offer we could not refuse yet it nearly finished the club.
Hard Times at Cambuslang
The plan was to coup one winter and spring, prepare the ground during the summer, and reseed in the autumn. This would have allowed us back on to nice new level pitches the following autumn.
Unfortunately it did not go according to plan. The contractor chosen by the council had never worked on a sports ground previously and was completely incompetent. His work was so bad that the then President, Bobby Robertson, a Civil Engineer by profession, categorically refused to accept it. The contractor was not paid for what he had done and as a result went bankrupt. This caused a lengthy delay before a new contractor was appointed who finished the job about two years late.
Vandals broke into the clubhouse and not only removed or destroyed everything of value but also took historic, irreplaceable club photographs. The poor playing conditions had its effect on the membership and for a time the club was struggling to field one team. Money was extremely short and it was only the loyalty of a few dedicated members that allowed the club to continue. After a show game to open the new pitches the club slowly began to improve.
The National Leagues
When leagues started in 1973 the club narrowly escaped being in the District rather than the National League. We slowly managed to improve our playing standard from Division VI in 1975/76 to Division V in 1977/78, to Division IV in 1980/81, (when Currie were in the VII Division), then in 1983/84 the giddy heights of finishing fourth in Division III which is the highest we have ever managed.
Relegation to Division IV in 1986–87 followed and we are probably still around this position although league changes make this difficult to gauge.
Our greatest success up to this time was in the 1991–92 season when, in successive cup games, we disposed of Kilmarnock, West of Scotland, and, our best result ever, Stewarts Melville, who were well beaten despite fielding Douglas Wyllie a Scottish international and Finlay Calder a former Scottish and British Lions captain. It took a Boroughmuir team full of district and international players to eventually knock Cambuslang RFC out.
The Present Day
After a disappointing season, 1998–99, which saw Cambuslang relegated to National League Division 3, there has been a distinct upturn in fortunes for the club.
Cambuslang were promoted from National Division 3 in season 1999–00 and from National Division 2 in season 2000–01. In their second season in National Division 1, 2002–03 they achieved a 5th-place finish and courtesy of league reconstruction, were promoted to Premier Division 3.
Season 2005–06 saw Cambuslang maintain their Premier Division 3 status and striving to perform at the highest possible level. The club continues to field a 2nd and 3rd XV each week and has a thriving junior section.
Cambuslang Sevens
The club hosts the Cambuslang Sevens tournament.
Other sports
Several local organisations also make use of the Coats Park facilities, including Cambuslang Harriers, one of Scotland's leading running clubs, and Tír Conaill Harps, a Gaelic football club.
Honours
Cambuslang Sevens
Champions: 1996
Glasgow City Sevens
Champions: 1996
St. Mungos Sevens
Champions: 1984, 1986, 1988
Lanarkshire Sevens
Champions: 1976
Drumpellier Sevens
Champions: 1992
Notable former players
Scotland Internationalists
Jonny Gray
Richie Gray
Duncan Weir
Scotland 7s internationalists
Scott Forrest
References
External links
Cambuslang Rugby Club website
Cambuslang Harriers Running Club
Rugby union teams in Scotland
Cambuslang
Rugby union in South Lanarkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambuslang%20RFC |
Michael Davies may refer to:
Entertainment
Michael Davies (television producer) (born 1966), British producer of television game shows in the United States
Mike Davies (broadcaster) (born 1978), disc jockey
Michael ffolkes (Michael Davies, 1925–1988), illustrator and cartoonist
Dik Mik (Michael Davies, born 1943), British musician with the band Hawkwind
Sports
Michael Davies (cricketer) (born 1976), English cricketer
Michael Davies (ice hockey) (born 1986), American professional ice hockey player
Mike Davies (rugby league), of the 1980s for Wales and Cardiff City
Mike Davies (footballer) (born 1966), English former professional footballer
Mike Davies (tennis) (1936–2015), British tennis player
Other
Michael Davies (Catholic writer) (1936–2004), traditionalist Catholic writer
Sir Michael Davies (parliamentary official), Clerk of the Parliaments 1997–2003
Michael Davies (judge) (1921–2006), judge of the High Court of England and Wales
Mike Davies (architect) (born 1942), architect
Michael Llewelyn Davies (1900–1921), foster son of the author J.M. Barrie
Michael Davies (priest), Irish Anglican priest
See also
Davies
Michael Davis (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Davies |
Replikas is a Turkish rock band from Istanbul that consists of Gökçe Akçelik (vocals, guitar), Barkın Engin (guitar), Selçuk Artut (bass guitar), Orçun Baştürk (drums), and Burak Tamer (electronics).
History
Their debut album, Köledoyuran, was released in 2000 by Ada Music. Their second album, Dadaruhi, followed in 2002. The band's third record, Avaz, was produced by Wharton Tiers and released in May 2005 by Doublemoon.
In 2001, Replikas composed the soundtrack for the film Maruf, by Serdar Akar. In 2005, they wrote music for Kutluğ Ataman's İki Genç Kız, which won them the best film music award by the Turkish Film Critics Association a year later. The soundtracks were collected into an album titled Film Müzikleri, released by Pozitif in October 2006.
Replikas were featured in Fatih Akin's 2005 documentary film, Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul.
The band released their fifth album, Zerre, in November 2008. Their sixth record, Biz Burada Yok İken, consists of covers of Anatolian pop music from 1965 to 1975 and was released by Ada Music in April 2012. In May 2013, they published EP No: 1, which contains seven instrumental tracks. A box set, including remastered versions of Köledoyuran and Dadaruhi as well as EP No: 1, came out later that year.
The band issued Alfred Hitchcock's Blackmail – Live at Istanbul Modern, in February 2014, on their Bandcamp page.
Band members
Current
Gökçe Akçelik – vocals, guitar
Barkın Engin – guitar
Selçuk Artut – bass guitar
Orçun Baştürk – drums
Burak Tamer – electronics
Past
Erden Özer Yalçınkaya
Discography
Studio albums
Köledoyuran (2000)
Dadaruhi (2002)
Avaz (2005)
Film Müzikleri (2006)
Zerre (2008)
Biz Burada Yok İken (2012)
EPs
EP No: 1 (2013)
Compilations
Köledoyuran & Dadaruhi Remastered + EP No: 1 (Box set, 2013)
Live albums
Alfred Hitchcock's Blackmail – Live at Istanbul Modern (2014)
References
External links
Turkish alternative rock groups
Musical groups from Istanbul
Turkish experimental rock groups
Musical groups established in 1996
1996 establishments in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replikas |
Championship Manager 5 is the fifth installment of the popular Championship Manager series of football management computer games. It is the first game in the series to be developed by Eidos, after the much publicised split between Eidos and Sports Interactive.
Early difficulties
The game was originally due for release in October 2004. However, the release date slipped to March, 2005, due to difficulties in coding the game from scratch. This allowed new rival, Sports Interactive's Football Manager 2005 a clear run to establish itself ahead of the release of CM5.
A release on the Macintosh platform was cancelled prior to release, again giving headway to its rival, Football Manager, which was made available for Mac as standard on a dual format CD-ROM (with the PC version).
Upon its release, the game contained an unusually high number of bugs. Even though BGS published a downloadable patch on the day of release, many users felt that CM5 was unplayable. Key problems included difficulties transferring players (either in or out of a club) and a very unrealistic match engine. Perhaps one of the biggest issues discovered by people purchasing CM5 was the fact that the player database was not particularly reliable. The database had been made 'for the fans by the fans' in previous games. This was probably the biggest strength of the CM brand. BGS had employed a professional firm to create much of the player database and they had apparently failed, despite the best efforts of the in-house research team.
Other issues also arose shortly after CM5 was released. Features like hotseat multiplayer games which, although confirmed as being included in CM5, disappointed some by their absence when the game arrived. Other small things such as player histories were also missing from the final product. Two patches are available that contain significant improvements to the game.
Console versions
A scaled-down version of Championship Manager 5 was released on Xbox and PlayStation 2 in March 2005 along with a PlayStation Portable version, simply called Championship Manager. These are known to contain many of the same bugs and data errors as the PC version. All 3 console versions were developed by Gusto Games.
See also
Championship Manager (PSP)
Football Manager 2005
External links
2005 video games
Association football management video games
Beautiful Game Studios games
Eidos Interactive games
PlayStation 2 games
Single-player video games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Xbox games
Gusto Games games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship%20Manager%205 |
Silver is an action role-playing video game for Microsoft Windows, Dreamcast and Mac OS X, released in 1999. The game was produced by Infogrames initially for Windows, and later for the Dreamcast. The story focuses around a young warrior called David and his quest to retrieve his wife from the clutches of the villain Silver. On his journey he gains a number of followers and visits many different landscapes. The game sold over 400,000 copies.
Silver features polygonal 3D characters drawn against a pre-rendered 2D background. The character design is inspired by manga/anime culture. The battle system of Silver is notable for being completely real-time, as opposed to many similar light role-playing games, which usually have turn-based combat. The player may choose any character in the adventuring party to control, and the rest of the characters are handled automatically by AI. The story focuses largely on collecting eight magic orbs representing different elements: Fire, Ice, Health, Earth, Acid, Lightning, Time and Light. Each orb is located at an area themed around the orb, and the player may use the collected orbs to cast different kind of spells against enemies.
The game was distributed with PCs sold by Tiny Computers, a computer company based in England and founded in 1990 which went into administration in 2002. Silver was re-released in 2012 on GOG.com and in 2017 on Steam with added support for macOS and Linux.
Plot
Silver takes place in the island region of Jarrah, commonly known as the 'Wheel of Life' for the fact that it is shaped like a wheel. Jarrah is controlled by Silver, an evil sorcerer residing on an island of blood. Fortunately, not all of Jarrah is under his cruel influence. In the faraway Forest of Verdante, David, a young man, peacefully lives together with his wife Jennifer and his grandfather.
The story line begins as Silver decides to take a new bride. He orders his army to bring all women to his island, so he can pick any woman he desires. David's wife Jennifer is kidnapped personally by Silver's son Fuge, who seems to know David's grandfather from the past. Together with his grandfather, David leaves the forest to free his wife, but they come too late. His wife is already on a ship that just left the harbor. They hear rumors about the resistance, a rebel group with the goal to finally set an end to Silver's reign.
After a brief civil encounter with the rebel group in Haven, David and his grandfather journey to the Archives of Gno. On top of the archives lies a giant telescope, able to see where the ship with the captured women is heading. During their exploration they meet Teronus, who gives David a magic ice wand. On their way back, they are confronted again by Fuge, who kills David's grandfather and unveils that he also killed David's father (Fuge mocks David to fight him, but doing so will result in David's death). David kills the demon in the library cellar, freeing the building from the infestation and enabling the telescope.
After his escape, David, now full of pain and anger, finally joins the rebels to fight Silver. They make a coordinated move on Rain, a huge city, only to barely miss the galleon carrying the women. William (who lost his wife Camille at the start of the game) is furious and leaves, while the others meet at the Oracle.
As prophecy foretold, Silver can only be defeated by collecting eight magic spheres, each resembling another region of Jarrah: Fire, Ice, Earth, Lightning, Poison, Regeneration, Time and Light. Together with his new rebel friends, David starts his search for the spheres. Also in knowledge of the prophecy, Silver previously found some of the spheres and sealed them in other castles under his control, but most of them are still lost. Thus, David and his friends have to travel to differently themed locations like a lost underwater station or a castle made from ice. Most of the time, at the end of each path, a giant creature has to be defeated to obtain the respective sphere.
The first orb is given by Othias, a reluctant mage, waiting in Rain. The second is obtained on Winter from a frost giant, in one of the larger Ice caves. Spires houses the healing orb - an underwater city in which Silver's guards are laying in ambush. Ruben's home contains the fourth (lightning), while earth and acid are found in Glass' palace and the Sewers respectively. Glass later reveals a hidden passage on Haven itself to get access to the time orb, while Atro (the outer part of Deadgate) awaits the player with the light orb, after killing the Queen of the Dead.
In David's absence and after obtaining the first five orbs, the rebels are led into a trap by Fuge, who murders most of them. After the group returns to the camp, they find out the rebel leader Duke has been captured in Chains. David makes plans to attack the dungeon Chains from behind, through the barracks. After fighting through most of the labyrinth, the group meets Fuge, who promptly stuns David's companions to force a one on one fight. David finally gets the better of him during one of the hardest fights in the game, and frees Duke.
After confronting Glass, Silver's daughter, whom the rebels had suspected of spying for her father, it comes to light that not only does she secretly resent her father for killing his wife (her mother) as shown in the introductory cutscene of the game, but she even reveals that one of the rebels is a traitor. Glass encourages them to go to Deadgate to find a rebel ghost in limbo, waiting for his retribution. They take a ship from Verdante and manage to find the dead rebel, who tells them it was William - in hopes of getting his wife back from Silver. Glass later teleports David and two companions of his choosing to Metalon, where they have to find Silver's source of power and drain the palace of a major blood source, further weakening the wizard.
It is revealed that Silver plans to seal a pact with the demon of apocalypse, first formed by his murdering of his own wife. By sacrificing every woman capable of child birth, Silver wants to appease the dark god Apocalypse and gain ultimate power. The story reaches its climax in Silver's throne room. William begs Silver to free his wife, but Silver only laughs and kills him. The final fight commences and with the aid of all eight spheres, David and his friends are able to defeat Silver. Nemesis appears and kills Silver in David's stead, seeing as he was too moral and reluctant to do it.
However, the demon of apocalypse still threatens to end the world, with or without Silver. With the help of Nemesis, David defeats the demon, preventing the demon's apocalypse forever. Silver's fortress Metalon crumbles as the adventurers are making their escape while Glass teleports everyone to safety. David and his wife are reunited and the story ends with a bright future for the world Jarrah.
Aside from this main plot, there are many subplots which evolve around side characters and special locations of Jarrah.
Locations
Verdante is in the top-right corner of Jarrah. It is even more fertile than Haven, but its forests have been burned away or turned into swampland by battles against Silver. David's house, a monastery, and many forests await here. It is home to the Lightning orb.
Haven lies on the center of Jarrah. It is a very fertile island and has a lot of flora and fauna. In its center lie the Oracle's Tower and the Rebel Camp (a player may change the party members here). Later in the game, the Time orb is found in the ancient ruins.
Gno is an island which houses a big library with a large telescope at its top. The Library Of Gno also has caverns underneath it, and, in the beginning of the game, has a lot of trouble with imps and summoned demons.
Rain is the main city of Jarrah and has its name for a good reason: it never stops raining here. The large, dark city hosts several important places like Chains, Silver's dungeon, the pub and the harbor. The fire orb is found in a wizard's tower and the Acid/Poison orb is found in the sewers.
Winter, as the name foretells, is covered in snow and ice and is a key area in the game. It houses two orbs (Ice and Earth) and has caverns underneath, on top of which a big icy castle awaits (the property of Glass, Silver's daughter).
Spires is an underwater cathedral near Rain, which is Atlantis-themed. The enemies in Spires look like amphibians. The Healing Orb can be found here while battling a poison dragon.
Deadgate is the barren realm of the dead. When a person dies, his ghost will be sent to Deadgate until his death is avenged.
Atro is the northern exterior of Deadgate. It is an alien-themed realm where the final orb is found (Light). It is the most minor and unknown location in all of Jarrah.
Metalon is the last island visited in the game, and the location of Silver's palace. As its name suggests, the city that covers the entire island is made completely out of metal, with the exception of the palace. The island is pitted with rivers of blood, the source of Silver's power. The player can only reach this island by being teleported there by Silver's daughter, Glass. The player cannot leave after being teleported to Metalon.
Major characters
David is the game's protagonist. He lived with his wife Jennifer and his grandfather, until his wife was kidnapped by Fuge and the soldiers under his command. He is also a skilled fighter and learned the way of fighting from his grandfather. His father and grandfather are both killed by Fuge. During the game, he joins the rebels and sets off to find the eight magical orbs that will aid the player to defeat Silver.
Grandfather is a very experienced fighter. He accompanies David when his wife is kidnapped, and together they travel to Haven and Gno. In the library of Gno, he sacrifices himself so David can escape from Fuge.
Silver is the ruler of Jarrah and the main antagonist of the game. He has two children, Fuge and Glass. His palace in Metalon is also the source of his power, with the magic source and the blood river. He kills his wife with the excuse of being cheated. He has a great lust for power, so he plans to form an alliance with the evil god of apocalypse.
Duke is the leader of the rebels who have their camp in Haven. He is captured by Silver's troops and David sets off to rescue him from Silver's dungeons. He is a patient, careful man and a good strategist.
Fuge is Silver's son and the second antagonist of the game. He is an extremely powerful fighter and even his name causes fear in all around Jarrah. He follows his father's orders strictly and is extremely loyal to him. He kills David's father and grandfather, and is killed by David in a one-on-one fight.
Glass is Silver's daughter. She is a powerful sorceress and lives in the ice palace of Winter. Her dragon guards the earth orb. Since the murder of her mother by Silver, she hates Silver and even aids the rebels by teleporting David and his companions to Metalon.
The Chronicler: The player can save the game by telling the chronicler of the party's adventures. In the game's introductory cutscene, it is implied that the plot itself has been chronicled in the story of a book.
Companions
Sekune is the female fighter in the rebel camp. She is especially skilled in long-range weapons, and travels with David when the rebels enter Rain. It is unknown how she avoided capture by Fuge and his guards along with most of the women of Jarah, but it is likely that she saved herself thanks to her training.
Vivienne is another female fighter who David knew for a long time. Her sister was kidnapped by Fuge, but Vivienne was able to save herself thanks to her combat training.
Jug is a barbarian-like warrior David meets in the tavern of Rain. He is exceptionally strong, though not skilled in magic.
Cagen is one of the monks from the monastery who survived the madness that spread amongst the monks. He is dexterous and skilled in unarmed martial arts and magic.
Chiaro is a wizard apprentice. After learning from David that his master was killed by Silver, he joins the rebels. While not very strong, he is exceptionally skilled in magic.
Reception
The game received above-average reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. John Lee of NextGens January 2000 issue called the PC original "A good way to spend a promising (k)night." Nine issues later, Greg Orlando of the same magazine said of the Dreamcast port, "Grand in scale but mundane in delivery, Silver shines like bronze. The PC RPG-gone-console game provides a fine fusion of strict sword-and-sorcery questing with Final Fight-style, weapons-based brawling, but ultimately the game trips over itself, sometimes with gusto." PlanetDreamcast gave the same console version a mixed review, over a month before the game was released Stateside.
Anthony Baise of AllGame gave the PC version four stars out of five, calling it "an amazing game. It has a great plot, great action and more than a few surprises. It is not perfect but its developers came close." However, Jason White gave the Dreamcast version three stars out of five, saying, "This really isn't a bad game but it could have been much better. There is a lot to do in the game so you'll be playing for a few days but once you're done, that's it. So if you've got the time, give it a rent." Edge gave the PC version seven out of ten, saying, "Essentially, Silver just wants to sit you on its knee and spin you a yarn, rather than give you the freedom to make one for yourself. But as long as you accept that, you'll find it a refreshingly light alternative to the usual PC RPG fare." However, Neil Mouneimne of Computer Games Strategy Plus gave the same PC version two-and-a-half stars out of five, calling it "one of those games you have to truly struggle to love no matter how much you want to. It is a package of beauty, plot, and style poised to rival the best from Japan. Yet crash bugs, gameplay bugs, a frustrating combat system and an even more annoying save game system put an awful taint on what rightfully should have been a five-star gaming experience."
Ben Griffin of PC Gamer UK wrote in his retroview, "With Final Fantasy VIII, Suikoden II, Baldur’s Gate II and Diablo II as contemporaries, Silver was somewhat lost in the shuffle. In my opinion, it was better than all of them," and praised the characters, the writing and the control-based combat. He ended his article saying "for those who do remember it—its great characters and innovative controls—Silver shines bright."
The PC version was nominated for GameSpots 1999 "Best Music" award, which ultimately went to Homeworld. It was also a finalist for the "Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition" award at the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' 3rd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, which ultimately went to Um Jammer Lammy.
References
External links
Silvie, an unofficial asset extractor for Silver
1999 video games
Classic Mac OS games
Dreamcast games
Infogrames games
Linux games
MacOS games
Role-playing video games
Single-player video games
Spiral House games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set on fictional islands
Windows games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20%28video%20game%29 |
The N7 is a national route in South Africa that runs from Cape Town northwards through the West Coast and Namaqualand regions to the Namibian border at Vioolsdrif. After crossing the border, it changes designation to B1 and runs north through Windhoek and the north of Namibia.
The N7 National Route forms the first section of the Tripoli-Cape Town Highway, which is a proposed link between Tripoli, the capital city of Libya, and Cape Town being developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the African Union.
Route
The N7 begins at a four-way interchange with the N1 National Route in Cape Town, adjacent to Acacia Park, heading northwards. South of this interchange, it is the M7 Route of Cape Town (Jakes Gerwel Drive).
The portion of the road within Cape Town is a freeway, but it loses limited-access freeway status shortly after exiting the urban limits at the M12 interchange (Malibongwe Drive). From here it remains a dual-carriageway until just after Malmesbury at the R45 intersection. The N7 gains limited-access freeway status again at the Melkbosstrand M19 interchange, which it carries through to Malmesbury after roadworks were completed in 2020. Thereafter, the N7 is a single-carriageway highway with wide paved shoulders to Piekenierskloof Pass and through the Olifants River valley until Clanwilliam.
The rest of the N7 to the Namibian border, through Vredendal and Springbok (where it meets the N14 National Route) is a single-carriageway highway with no paved shoulders.
After crossing into Namibia, it becomes the B1 road to Keetmanshoop and Windhoek.
Trans-African Highway Network
The N7 National Route forms the first section of the Tripoli-Cape Town Highway, which is a proposed link between Tripoli, the capital city of Libya, and Cape Town being developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the African Union.
References
External links
National Roads Agency SA
Highways in South Africa
National Roads in South Africa
Roads in Cape Town
Roads in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N7%20%28South%20Africa%29 |
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad, or SVIT, is a private technical institute located on the bank of the Mahi River, Gujarat, India. It offers undergraduate and graduate-level technical education. It also organizes many events like PRAKARSH (A National-level Technical Symposium), VISION (Inter-Departmental Tech-Fest), SPANDAN (Gujarat Technological University Fest) and AVISHKAR (A Project Exhibition).
Accreditation
SVIT is approved by AICTE.
Education environment
PSCAD and ETAP software and a high voltage laboratory in the Electrical Engineering department. Highly featured computers and technology for computer science and information and technology department.
The following table shows branch-wise intake in SVIT in alphabetical order, along with AICTE approval status as per 30 April 2015 release.
College of Architecture(COA)
College of Architecture, SVIT-Vasad was established by The New English School Trust (NEST), Vasad in 2000. College of Architecture is approved by Council of Architecture, Delhi. Initially it was affiliated to Gujarat University, Ahmedabad and from 2016 it is affiliated to Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar.
D. VOC (Architectural Assistantship) (3yrs)
B. ID (Bachelor of Interior Design) (4yrs)
B.Arch (Bachelor of Architecture) (5yrs)
M.Arch (Masters of Architecture) (2yrs)
These courses revolve around the studio programs.
1. D. VOC (Architectural Assistantship)
The course follows a module of 3 days academic Teaching & 3 days Practical Training Under Practicing Architects.
2. B. ID (Bachelor of Interior Design)
3. B.Arch (Bachelor of Architecture)
This course combines theory and practice and equips students to gain knowledge in the planning, designing and construction of different kinds of physical structures. The five-year degree programme has two stages: the Foundation Stage and the Specialization Stage.
4. M.Arch (Masters of Architecture)
PRINCIPAL
Prof. Pragnesh Shah (Exp. 21 yrs)
REGULAR FACULTIES CORE MEMBERS
Prof. Ashwin Mukul (Exp. 25 yrs)
Asso. Prof. Pallavi Mahida (Exp. 20 yrs)
Asso. Prof. Pallavi Abhale (Exp. 14 yrs)
Asso. Prof. Vignya Shah (Exp. 9 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Rohini Kachroo (Exp. 6 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Ronak Patel (Exp. 9 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Shailesh Patel (Exp. 6 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Taha Padrawala (Exp. 7 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Mitali Bhatt (Exp. 4 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Dhwani Bhavsar (Exp. 3 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Darshini Jain (Exp. 5 yrs)
ALLIED FACULTIES CORE MEMBERS
Asso. Prof. Dinesh Shah (STRUCTURE) (Exp. 20 yrs)
Asso. Prof. Amit Shah (STRUCTURE) (Exp. 32 yrs)
TENURE FACULTIES MEMBERS
Asso. Prof. Swara Shah (Exp. 13 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Ketan Shah (Exp. 27 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Apexa Savlia (Exp. 5 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Prasant Rami (Exp. 6 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Taniya Patel (Exp. 1 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Palav Desai (Exp. 3 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Namrata Vyas (Exp. 9 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Sampath Raju (Exp. 1 yrs)
ALLIED FACULTIES TENURE MEMBERS
Asst. Prof. Santa Rakshit (Exp. 17 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Navin Shankar (Exp. 15 yrs)
B.ID FACULTIES MEMBERS
Asst. Prof. Sushma Vanjani (Exp. 4 yrs)
Asst. Prof. Athira Nair (Exp. 1 yr)
M.ARCH FACULTIES MEMBERS
Prof. Preety Shah (Exp. 33 yrs)
Asso. Prof. Purvi Oza (Exp. 13 yrs)
SUPPORTING STAFF
Mr.Rajendra Patel, Mr. Ankit Patel, Mr. Sandip Patel,
Mr. Pratik Patel, Mr. Paresh Zala, Mr. Narendra Prajapati,
Mr. Mihir Patel, Mr. Hemang Patel
References
Universities and colleges in Gujarat
Engineering colleges in Gujarat
All India Council for Technical Education
Gujarat University
1997 establishments in Gujarat
Educational institutions established in 1997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar%20Vallabhbhai%20Patel%20Institute%20of%20Technology |
Penmere railway station () serves the northern part of Falmouth, Cornwall, England. It is on the Maritime Line between and . The station is managed by, and the trains operated by, Great Western Railway.
History
The station was opened by the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1925. Sidings were opened into an oil depot on 1 April 1940 and were closed again on 16 November 1967. In December 2009, an old bridge at the Truro end of the platform was knocked down without warning. In its place, all that remains is the side of the bridge in the right embankment.
Location
There is just one platform with level access from the car park. The station is within walking distance of the top of The Moor, in the centre of the town.
Services
The station is served by two trains each way each hour during weekday daytime, with a reduced service in the evenings and on Sundays.
Community Rail
The station is well cared for, as it is looked after by the Friends of Penmere Station. The station was shortlisted in the national Best Kept Small Station Award in 2002 and was awarded second prize in the Station Gardens Competition in 2005.
The railway from Truro to Falmouth is designated as a community rail line and is supported by marketing provided by the Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership. The line is promoted under the "Maritime Line" name.
References
External links
Railway stations in Cornwall
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1925
Former Great Western Railway stations
Buildings and structures in Falmouth, Cornwall
Railway stations served by Great Western Railway
DfT Category F1 stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penmere%20railway%20station |
Russell Aaron Boyd (born December 24, 1980), commonly known as Dutch Boyd, is an American professional poker player from Culver City, California (originally from Columbia, Missouri).
Inspired by the 1998 movie Rounders, Boyd began playing online poker day and night through his last year of law school. After graduating law school, Dutch moved to California and began playing poker during the day and working for a department store at night. During this time, Boyd and his brother decided to begin an online casino specializing in poker. He raised $50,000 from family and friends and began the PokerSpot website, which would eventually fail and spark controversy. After the failure of PokerSpot, Boyd suffered from a series of self-alleged mental problems, eventually leading to his commitment for a short time in Antigua.
Personal life
Russell Boyd lives in Las Vegas and is in a long term relationship with his girlfriend Michelle.
Poker career
World Series of Poker
Boyd received substantial media attention during his deep run on the 2003 World Series of Poker Main Event, where he finished in 12th place. He was involved in a key hand late in the tournament with Chris Moneymaker. Boyd held KQ and Moneymaker had pocket 3s. After the 9 2 5 flop had missed Boyd, Moneymaker bet $100,000, and Dutch forced him all-in on a bluff. Moneymaker thought for a while about calling, but eventually did put his tournament life on the line. Boyd did not improve on his over cards and was left with a very small stack. Boyd would go down in 12th place not long after the hand, and Moneymaker would go on to win the tournament. Shortly after this, he founded a group of young poker players called The Crew that achieved notable success. In addition to playing poker professionally, Boyd attempted to establish another online poker room which charged players a monthly membership fee rather than rake in order to play. Boyd's new endeavor would not materialize.
Boyd has won three WSOP bracelets in his career. His first came in the 2006 World Series of Poker, where he won a $2,500 buy-in No-Limit Hold'em Six Max event for $475,712, his largest tournament win to date. He won his second in 2010 in a $2,500 Limit Hold'em/Six Handed event, and his third in 2014 in a $1,000 No-Limit Hold'em event.
Other poker ventures
In 2007, Boyd won a $1,000 buy-in event at the Five Diamond World Poker Classic for a $237,685 prize.
Poker earnings
As of 2023, Boyd's total live tournament winnings exceed $2,700,000. His 69 cashes at the WSOP account for over $1,900,000 of those winnings.
World Series of Poker bracelets
Online poker
PokerSpot controversy
Prior to his professional poker career, Boyd was the president and co-founder of the PokerSpot online poker cardroom, which operated from May 2000 to late 2001. PokerSpot was based out of Antigua, but Boyd never obtained an Antiguan gaming license for the cardroom. When PokerSpot ceased operations, the cardroom did not refund $400,000 of player funds. A substantial controversy has arisen from actions taken by Boyd and the staff of PokerSpot during this time.
According to Boyd, in January 2001, PokerSpot's credit card processor was late in transferring player funds to PokerSpot. As a result, PokerSpot did not have all the player funds that were being used at their site. Eventually this resulted in PokerSpot being shorted six weeks of credit card deposits, which PokerSpot could not cover. Players were unable to cash out, and eventually the site shut down.
When financial problems began with PokerSpot, players who called PokerSpot customer support requesting withdrawal of their deposited funds were told many different stories, ranging from a 30-business-day hold to a promise that their checks were "already in the mail." In an online newsgroup in November 2002, Boyd admitted that players had been deceived. Boyd stated that he told his Customer Support staff to, "... spin it so that the players don't feel the need to make a mad rush on the cardroom OR the need to tell everyone they know that PokerSpot [is] going to hell in a handbasket. Spin it so that the players continue to just keep on playing."
Boyd also angered many players by regularly sending e-mails and posting on the rec.gambling.poker newsgroup in 2000 and 2001, stating that PokerSpot would "make good on all pending cashouts." As of May 2021, this promise has not been fulfilled.
There is a disagreement regarding a potential PokerSpot buyout offer that might have refunded all money deposited by former PokerSpot players. Burton Ritchie posted an open letter on RGP in January 2003 stating the details of the buyout offer, which included the paying off of existing debts and a $200,000 payday and 10% equity stake for Boyd in the new company. While defending himself against Ritchie's claims, Boyd subsequently acknowledged that he had indeed backed out of a deal with Ritchie to pursue a better deal with Golden Palace. Boyd claims that Golden Palace backed out of their deal, which lead Boyd to try and revisit the Ritchie deal, only to find that Ritchie was no longer interested. In a newsgroup posting in 2007, Russ's brother Robert Boyd claimed that CyberWorld Group/Golden Palace reneged after hiring away PokerSpot's lead developer.
Two Plus Two lawsuit
In December 2009, Two Plus Two Publishing, a poker publisher founded by Mason Malmuth, filed a lawsuit in federal court in Las Vegas alleging that Boyd and his co-defendant, Jacksname.com, took actions that “have disrupted or are intended to disrupt Two Plus Two’s business by, among other things, diverting web users away from Two Plus Two’s Web sites and forums". Boyd allegedly registered a domain name using the phrase "Two Plus Two" and the word "poker” and later linked the domain name to a poker strategy and gaming services website.
Boyd’s response to the lawsuit was that it is "without merit and is designed to encourage me to pay him [Malmuth] off or face a substantial legal bill defending myself against it."
Two Plus Two Publishing's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment was granted by Judge Kent J. Dawson on March 1, 2012. Statutory damages in the amount of $25,000 were awarded to the plaintiff, and attorney’s fees and costs were awarded in the amount of $33,985.45.
Poker Tilt book
In March 2013, Boyd announced his first poker book titled Poker Tilt, co-authored by Laurence Samuels. Boyd used the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter to fund publishing the book.
Twitch
Apart from playing poker and writing about it, Boyd also Vlogs about it and has a Twitch channel.
References
External links
Official site
Boyd's book project
A historical archive of rec.gambling.poker newsgroup posts about Boyd
PokerListings.com player profile
Twitch
1980 births
American poker players
Living people
People with bipolar disorder
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
People from Columbia, Missouri
People from Culver City, California
People from Port Orchard, Washington | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20Boyd |
Jay Catherwood Hormel (September 11, 1892 – August 30, 1954) was the son of George A. Hormel, founder of Hormel Foods, and was head of the company from 1929 to 1954.
Early life
Hormel was born in Austin, Minnesota, in 1892.
Career
In 1914, Hormel left college to work for the Hormel company. He continued to work there with only a brief interruption to serve in the military during World War I. In 1929, he was named president of Hormel.
Personal life
Hormel married Germaine Dubois in 1922. Hormel had three sons: George Albert "Geordie" Hormel, Thomas Dubois Hormel, and James Catherwood Hormel.
Death
Hormel died on August 30, 1954, in Austin, Minnesota. H.H. Corey was named chairman of the board of Hormel a few months later.
See also
Hormel Historic Home
Jay C. Hormel Nature Center
References
Jay Hormel
Hormel Historic Home Childhood home of Jay C. Hormel in Austin, Minnesota
1892 births
1954 deaths
People from Austin, Minnesota
Businesspeople in the meat packing industry
Hormel Foods people
American food company founders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Catherwood%20Hormel |
Ashta Pradhan (literally, Modern council of ministers) was a system of ministerial delegation in the Maratha empire. The council is credited with having implemented good governance practices in the Maratha heartland, as well as for the success of the military campaigns against the Mughal Empire.
Constitution
The coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji was held in 1674, at the fort of Raigad in present-day Indian state of Maharashtra. On that occasion, Chatrapati Shivaji formalized the institution of a council of eight ministers to guide the administration of his nascent state. This council came to be known as the Ashta Pradhan. Each of the ministers was placed in charge of an administrative department; thus, the council heralded the birth of a bureaucracy.
The formalization of an administrative mechanism was of a piece with other measures, indicative of the formalization of a sovereign state, which were implemented on the occasion of Chatrapati Shivaji's coronation: coinage bearing his insignia (the copper Shivrai and the gold hon) were issued, and a new era, the Rajyabhishek era, was proclaimed on the occasion.
Composition
The Ashta Pradhan was designed to encompass all the primary administrative functions of the state, with each minister being given charge of one role in the administration. Ministerial designations were drawn from the Sanskrit language; the eight ministerial roles were as follows:
Pantpradhan or Peshwa - Prime Minister, general administration of the Empire. Moropant Trimbak Pingle was the first Peshwa appointed by Chhatrapati Shivaji.
Amatya or Mazumdar - Finance Minister, managing accounts of the Empire. In 1662 Nilo Sondeo was appointed as Mazumdar. In 1674, at the Coronation ceremony, the post Mujumdar was renamed as Amatya and the title was solely bestowed Ramchandra Pant Amatya.
Shurunavis/Sacheev - Secretary, preparing royal edicts. In 1662 Annaji Datto was appointed as Shurnavis/Sacheev.
Waqia-Navis - Interior Minister, managing internal affairs especially intelligence and espionage.
Sar-i-Naubat or Senapati - Commander-in-Chief, managing the forces and defence of the Empire. Netaji Palkar was appointed as the first Senapati. Most famous Senapati in that era was Hambirrao Mohite.
Sumant/Dabir - Foreign Minister, to manage relationships with other sovereigns. First Dubeer was Sonopant Vishwanath Dubeer who was sent by Shahaji to help Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and Jijabai in Pune region. After Sonopant, his son Traymbak Sono Dubeer was appointed as Dubeer and after him, his son Ramchandra Tyambak Dubeer was appointed as Dubeer in Maharaj's Asth Pradhan Mandal. When Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj donated the gold equal to his mother Jijabai's weight, he also donated the gold equal to Sonopant Dubeer's weight at Mahabaleshawar. Sonopant Vishwanath Dubeer is the only member to have control over two departments i.e., Dubeer and Shurunavis, once upon a time.
Nyayadhish - Chief Justice, dispensing justice on civil and criminal matters. The post of Nyayadish or Chief Justice was bestowed on Niraji Ravaji, father of Pralhad Niraji.
Panditrao - High Priest, managing internal religious matters. The duties of the Panditrao were to promote learning and in the Ashta Pradhan, known as Senapat or Sarnobat, he was to watch over the interests of his officers. Raghunath Panditrao was given the post Panditrao.
Continued conflict with the Mughal Empire meant that military matters remained exceedingly important to the affairs of the nascent state. Hence, with the notable exception of the priestly Panditrao and the judicial Nyayadisha, the other pradhans held full-time military commands, and their deputies performed their civil duties in their stead. In the later era of the Maratha Empire, these deputies and their staff constituted the core of the Peshwa's bureaucracy.
During Shivaji Maharaj's rule
After Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's son Sambhaji, (ruled 1680–89) reduced the powers of the council. Over time, council positions became hereditary, ceremonial positions at court with nominal powers, if any. Beginning 1714 AD, a prime minister appointed by Chatrapati Shivaji's grandson Shahu gradually arrogated power. Within a short period, de facto control of the Maratha state passed to his family. This family of hereditary prime ministers retained the title of Peshwa. However, the Ashta Pradhan council was never revived to fill the functions it discharged for the last decade of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's reign.
Positions Equal to the Ashtapradhan
Chitnis
Also See: Khando Ballal Chitnis
Guptahere
Also see: Bahirji Naik
Phadnavis
Also see: Nana Fadnavis
Miscellany
The Ashta Pradhan is somewhat similar to the court arrangements of other famous emperors such as the Navaratnas of the courts of both Vikramaditya and Akbar, as also of the Astadiggajas of Krishna Deva Raya's court.
Lakshman Sen the ruler of the Sena Empire had Pancharatnas .
The Ashta Pradhan can be construed as an initiative to develop a second line of leadership in the state akin to the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh. Guru Gobind Singh and Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj were fighting against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.
References
Ashta Pradhan. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 18, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service:
Maratha Empire
1674 establishments in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashta%20Pradhan |
Falmouth Town railway station () is the most central of the stations in Falmouth, Cornwall, England. It is unstaffed; the station and the trains are operated by Great Western Railway. Despite only being opened in 1970, the station has been known by three different names: Falmouth, The Dell, and Falmouth Town.
History
The station was opened as Falmouth by British Rail on 7 December 1970 when the branch line was cut back by to terminate here. The platform was constructed using components from which had closed in 1963.
It was renamed The Dell on 5 May 1975 when the original Falmouth station was reopened, subsequently being renamed again, this time to Falmouth Town on 15 May 1989.
Facilities
There is just one platform on the north side of the line (the side nearest the town centre) reached by a ramp from the car park. The platform is constructed from concrete slabs and piers, and a metal and glass waiting shelter is provided. The station is unstaffed but there is a ticket machine located at the bottom of the ramp to the platform.
Location
The station is close to the National Maritime Museum Cornwall, and is the closest serving station for Falmouth University's Woodlane Campus. Both are indicated on the station's signs.
Services
All trains on the Maritime Line are operated by Great Western Railway. They run seven days each week and operate every half-hour Monday to Saturday daytime and hourly at other times.
Community Rail
The railway from Truro to Falmouth is designated as a community rail line and is supported by marketing provided by the Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership. The line is promoted under the "Maritime Line" name.
References
External links
Video footage of Falmouth Town Station
Railway stations in Cornwall
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1970
Railway stations opened by British Rail
Buildings and structures in Falmouth, Cornwall
Railway stations served by Great Western Railway
DfT Category F1 stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth%20Town%20railway%20station |
George "Geordie" Hormel (July 17, 1928 – February 12, 2006) was an American musician and recording studio proprietor.
Early life and career
Hormel was the son of Jay Catherwood Hormel and grandson of George A. Hormel, the founder of Hormel Foods. He claimed to have invented the corndog when he was a teenager growing up in Minnesota In the 1950s and 1960s, Hormel composed music for numerous television shows including The Fugitive, Lassie, Naked City and The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin. He also sang as part of "The Utility Muffin Research Kitchen Chorus" on Frank Zappa's triple album Joe's Garage (1979). He's also done music for Capitol Records, most importantly the Hi-Q (production music) library.
In 1968 he founded a major independent recording studio, The Village Recording Studio, in Los Angeles, of which he was proprietor until his death. He owned the Wrigley Mansion in Phoenix and the Wrigley Mansion Club housed within it. https://wrigleymansion.com
Personal life
Hormel married four times. He married his first wife, the movie actress Leslie Caron, on September 23, 1951. The couple divorced on April 26, 1955. His second marriage was to Kim Wadsworth on March 23, 1957. The couple had two children, and the marriage ended in divorce in 1961. In 1968, Hormel married Nancy B. Friedman, with whom he had one child; they divorced in 1973. Hormel married his fourth and final wife, Jamie Renee Vincent, on June 2, 1992. The couple had two children, and were married until his death on February 12, 2006.
His daughter Geri was featured on the MTV show My Super Sweet 16 in December 2007.
Hormel has two brothers, American composer and environmental philanthropist, Thomas Hormel and Ambassador James Hormel.
References
External links
Short biographic article
The Village studio site's biography
The Wrigley Mansion Club
Geri's Super Sweet 16
1928 births
2006 deaths
American male composers
Hormel Foods
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordie%20Hormel |
The Holy Spirit Church () or Hospital Church of the Holy Spirit (Slovak: Špitálsky kostol svätého Ducha) is the oldest building in Košice-Juh (Košice, Slovakia). It is located at beginning of Južná trieda (South Avenue), close to the historic centre of medieval Košice.
Interior
It is a baroque church erected between 1730 and 1733. The capacity of the interior is 200 people. The vault painting shows a view of Košice of the first third of the 18th century, when the town was surrounded by high town walls. The whole church emanates the atmosphere of a bygone era.
Hospital
The church is situated in the axis of former hospital buildings erected in the 13th century. The hospital there used to a charity organization for the very old, the poor, orphans, the homeless, the sick. The hospital was situated outside the town walls and the church was a part of it from the beginning. Unfortunately, it was pulled down in the beginning of the 18th century.
At present, a house for pensioners is placed in the building.
Gallery
See also
Košice
References
Churches in Košice
18th-century churches in Slovakia
Churches completed in 1733
Baroque architecture in Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy%20Spirit%20Church%20%28Ko%C5%A1ice%29 |
Nathaniel Hill (1861–1934) was an Irish impressionist painter.
Life
Hill was born in Drogheda, Ireland. From 1877 to 1880 he studied at the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin, where he was a contemporary of Roderic O'Conor, Walter Osborne, and Joseph Malachy Kavanagh. During the 1880s he made visits to Brittany in the company of Osborne and O'Conor. He painted rural scenes, as well as peasants and country imagery. A fine example of his portrait style - Hill's late 19th Century portrait of the brewer and banker Thomas Plunkett Cairnes - is held at the Highlanes Gallery, Drogheda. This work is one of his portraits of prominent Drogheda citizens of that period.
Hill died at Betws-y-Coed, North Wales, in 1930.
Notes and references
Sources
"Nathaniel Hill (1861-1934)", 29 January 2000. <http://go.to/Irish> Retrieved 2 August 2006.
"The Irish Impressionists, Irish Artists in France and Belgium 1850-1914". Julian Campbell. National Gallery of Ireland. 1984
"Irish Art from Nathaniel Hone to Nano Reid: The Drogheda Municipal Art Collection in Context". Dr Denise Ferran. Highlanes Gallery (Drogheda). 2006
External links
Nathaniel Hill Short Bio
Nathaniel Hill at Irish Art
Highlanes Gallery at www.highlanes.i.e. Highlanes Gallery
1861 births
1934 deaths
People from Drogheda
19th-century Irish painters
20th-century Irish painters
Irish male painters
Irish Impressionist painters
19th-century Irish male artists
20th-century Irish male artists
Artists from County Louth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20Hill%20%28artist%29 |
Juliet Marillier (born 7th of August 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy.
Biography
Juliet Marillier was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer.
Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014).
Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory Committee for the Katherine Susannah Prichard Writers' Centre and is a regular contributor to the fiction writing blog, Writer Unboxed.
Awards
Bibliography
The Sevenwaters Series
Daughter of the Forest (1999)
Son of the Shadows (2000)
Child of the Prophecy (2001)
Heir to Sevenwaters (2008)
Seer of Sevenwaters (2010)
Flame of Sevenwaters (2012)
Saga of the Light Isles
Wolfskin (2002)
Foxmask (2003)
The Bridei Chronicles
The Dark Mirror (2004)
Blade of Fortriu (2005)
The Well of Shades (2006)
The Whistling Tor series
Heart's Blood (2009)
Novels for young adults
Wildwood Dancing (2006)
Cybele's Secret (2007)
The Shadowfell series
Shadowfell (2012)
Raven Flight (2013)
The Caller (2014)
Blackthorn and Grim
Dreamer's Pool (2014)
Tower of Thorns (2015)
Den of Wolves (October, 2016)
Warrior Bards
The Harp of Kings (September, 2019)
A Dance with Fate (September, 2020)
A Song of Flight (September, 2021)
Short story collections
Prickle Moon (2013), 16 stories.
Mother Thorn and Other Tales of Courage and Kindness (2021), 4 stories.
Short stories
Short stories in Prickle Moon.
"Prickle Moon"
"Otherling"
"Let down your hair"
"Poppy seeds"
"In Coed Celyddon"
"Juggling silver"
"'Twixt Firelight and Water (A Tale of Sevenwaters)"
"Gift of hope"
"Letters from Robert"
"Jack's day"
"Far horizons"
"Tough Love 3001"
"Wraith, level one"
"Back and beyond"
"The angel of death"
"By bone-light"
"Beautiful"
Dates shown are for first Australian publication.
Audiobooks
Daughter of the Forest
Son of the Shadows
Child of the Prophecy
Heir to Sevenwaters
Seer of Sevenwaters
Flame of Sevenwaters
Wolfskin
Foxmask
The Dark Mirror
Blade of Fortriu
The Well of Shades
Heart's Blood
Wildwood Dancing
Cybele's Secret
Dreamer's Pool
Tower of Thorns
Den of Wolves
The Harp of Kings
A Dance with Fate
A Song of Flight
Beautiful (novel)
Die Tochter der Wälder (German)
Sohn der Schatten (German)
Das Kind der Stürme (German)
Die Erben von Sevenwaters (German)
References
External links
Juliet Marillier at Libraries Australia Authorities with catalogue search
1948 births
New Zealand fantasy writers
New Zealand women writers
Living people
Writers from Dunedin
University of Otago alumni
People educated at Otago Girls' High School
20th-century New Zealand educators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet%20Marillier |
The SIG Sauer SSG 3000 (Scharfschützengewehr 3000, literally Sharpshooter Rifle 3000) is a bolt-action, magazine fed rifle chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO. It was developed in Germany. It is a common law enforcement sniper rifle in both Europe and the United States. The SSG 3000 was developed by SIG Sauer GmbH and is well renowned for its high quality.
Specifications
The rifle comes in two barrel lengths, either 46 or 60 cm (18 or 23.5 inches). The Patrol models action is imported from Germany and mated to a USA made stock by SIG Sauer, NH. The SSG 3000 typically sold in the United States is known for having two stock options. The first stock was created by McMillan USA and is a robust fiberglass aluminum design. The second stock design is an aluminum bedded composite stock, of an OEM design.
Regardless of the country of final assembly, the SIG 3000 has the uncommon feature of a quick change barrel system. The barrel can be replaced in under 15 minutes by removing the stock and three screws using a 5 mm hex key, and then properly reinserting the new barrel and screws. There are several vendors that make drop-in replacement barrels in 6mm Creedmoor, 6.5mm Creedmoor, .260 Remington (6.5-08 A-Square), 6.5×55mm, .308 Winchester, and other cartridges based on the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge standard.
Users
: Used by Grupo Albatros
: Used by PMDF BOPE unit, naval infantry and Special Operations Brigade
: Used by Army of Chile
Used by People's Armed Police
: Used by Police of the Czech Republic
: Used by Unit 777
: Used by the National Civil Police.
: Used by Special Duties Unit
: Used by Indian Armed Forces.
: Supplied to the Latvian National Guard.
: Used by Mexican Special Forces.
: Used by the Emergency Response Unit).
: Used by special forces
: Used by the Slovak Police Útvar Osobitného Určenia ("special assignments unit").
: Used by the Republic of Korea Marine Corps.
: Used by Royal Thai Army
: Used by Special Forces.
See also
SIG Sauer 200 STR
References
7.62×51mm NATO rifles
Bolt-action rifles
SIG Sauer rifles
Sniper rifles of Germany
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG%20Sauer%20SSG%203000 |
Falmouth Docks railway station () is situated in Falmouth, Cornwall, England. It was opened in 1863 as the terminus of the Maritime Line from , although since 1970 has been the principal station for the town. Services are operated by Great Western Railway, who also manage the station.
History
The original Cornwall Railway Act had provided for a terminus at Falmouth on the waterfront at Greenbank. By the time the line was built the packet ships, which had been the commercial justification for the line, no longer called there. Instead new docks had been constructed near Pendennis Castle to which the railway was diverted. The grand Falmouth Hotel was opened in 1865 just outside the station, with sea views across Gyllyngvase beach. The railway, Falmouth docks and hotel companies shared several directors, the hotel company even leased the refreshment rooms on the station.
The station was constructed out of granite was long and wide, the three tracks and two platforms being covered by a train shed. As no other stations were provided in the town at the time it was known just as 'Falmouth', and was opened on 24 August 1863. A large goods shed and a long engine shed were both provided just outside the station. A siding ran down to the docks from the end of the platform. A camping coach was positioned here by the Western Region from 1962 to 1964.
The need to provide accommodation for all the staff were met by building twenty dwellings, known as Railway Cottages, in four terraces of five dwellings. These are situated just below the station by the entrance to the docks.
The Cornwall Railway was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway on 1 July 1889. The Great Western Railway was nationalised into British Railways from 1 January 1948 which was in turn privatised in the 1990s.
The station was closed on 7 December 1970 when a new station, also named 'Falmouth', was opened away and nearer to the town; on 5 May 1975 the latter was renamed 'The Dell' and the 1863 station was reopened under its original name. On 15 May 1989, both were renamed: 'Falmouth' (this station) became 'Falmouth Docks', and 'The Dell' became 'Falmouth Town'. Passengers now have a choice of three stations in the town: Falmouth Docks, , and (opened in 1925).
Stationmasters
E. Healey 1863 - 1864
Mr. Morcom 1864
Thomas Henry Hocking ca. 1865 - 1900
James Parsons 1900 - 1902 (formerly station master at )
William Henry Higginson 1902 - 1911 (formerly station master at , afterwards station master at )
Albert William Lofting 1911 - 1919 (formerly station master at , afterwards station master at Truro)
Thomas Arthur 1919 - 1924
James Pegler 1924 - 1926 (formerly station master at )
E.S. Prior 1926 - 1929 (formerly station master at )
R.G. Randall from 1929 (formerly station master at Totnes)
J.H. Blewett from 1933
Fred Piper 1935 - 1954
A.C. Smith 1954 (formerly station master at )
Location
The station is at the south end of the town on the hillside above the docks and near Pendennis Castle and Gyllyngvase Beach. The single platform is on the left hand side of trains arriving from . It is covered by a canopy but features a mosaic panel on its wall which depicts the link between the railway and the area's maritime heritage. It has level access from the car park.
Passenger volume
While passenger numbers have been steadily growing at most Cornish stations in recent years, the growth at Falmouth Docks has been exceptional. More than 28,000 people passed through the station in the twelve months ending March 2003, but this had more than doubled just four years later and almost quadrupled by 2014–15. Falmouth Town, however, continues to be the busiest of the three stations in Falmouth.
The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.
Services
All trains are operated by Great Western Railway to and from . Until 2009 they ran approximately once each hour – often much less than this – but they were then increased in frequency. They are now every 30 minutes Monday - Saturday day time and hourly at evenings and on Sundays. This is possible because of the new passing loop at .
Community Rail
The railway from Truro to Falmouth is designated as a community rail line and is supported by marketing provided by the Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership. The line is promoted under the "Maritime Line" name.
References
External links
Video footage of Falmouth Docks railway station
Buildings and structures in Falmouth, Cornwall
Railway stations in Cornwall
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1863
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1970
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1975
Railway stations served by Great Western Railway
Railway stations serving harbours and ports in the United Kingdom
Reopened railway stations in Great Britain
DfT Category F1 stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth%20Docks%20railway%20station |
The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear.
Structure
The opening to the meatus is called the porus acusticus internus or internal acoustic opening. It is located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The size varies considerably. Its outer margins are smooth and rounded.
The canal which comprises the internal auditory meatus is short (about 1 cm) and runs laterally into the bone.
The lateral (outer) aspect of the canal is known as the fundus. The fundus is subdivided by two thin crests of bone to form three separate canals, through which course the facial and vestibulocochlear nerve branches. The falciform crest first divides the meatus into superior and inferior sections; a vertical crest (Bill's bar, named by William F. House) then divides the upper passage into anterior and posterior sections. Although there are three osseous canals, the fundus is conceptually divided more commonly into four quadrant areas according to the four major nerve branches of the inner ear:
anterior superior - facial nerve area (contains facial nerve and nervus intermedius)
anterior inferior - cochlear nerve area (contains cochlear nerve)
posterior superior - superior vestibular area (contains superior division of vestibular nerve)
posterior inferior - inferior vestibular area (contains inferior division of vestibular nerve)
The cochlear and vestibular branches of cranial nerve VIII separate according to this schema and terminate in the inner ear. The facial nerve continues traveling through the facial canal, eventually exiting the skull at the stylomastoid foramen.
Function
The internal auditory meatus provides a passage through which the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), the facial nerve (CN VII), and the labyrinthine artery (an internal auditory branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery in 85% of people) can pass from inside the skull to structures of the inner ear and face. It also contains the vestibular ganglion.
Additional images
See also
External auditory meatus
References
External links
()
Diagram of Porus acusticus internus
Diagram of Porus acusticus internus
Foramina of the skull | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20auditory%20meatus |
Microecosystems can exist in locations which are precisely defined by critical environmental factors within small or tiny spaces.
Such factors may include temperature, pH, chemical milieu, nutrient supply, presence of symbionts or solid substrates, gaseous atmosphere (aerobic or anaerobic) etc.
Some examples
Pond microecosystems
These microecosystems with limited water volume are often only of temporary duration and hence colonized by organisms which possess a drought-resistant spore stage in the lifecycle, or by organisms which do not need to live in water continuously. The ecosystem conditions applying at a typical pond edge can be quite different from those further from shore. Extremely space-limited water ecosystems can be found in, for example, the water collected in bromeliad leaf bases and the "pitchers" of Nepenthes.
Animal gut microecosystems
These include the buccal region (especially cavities in the gingiva), rumen, caecum etc. of mammalian herbivores or even invertebrate digestive tracts. In the case of mammalian gastrointestinal microecology, microorganisms such as protozoa, bacteria, as well as curious incompletely defined organisms (such as certain large structurally complex Selenomonads, Quinella ovalis "Quin's Oval", Magnoovum eadii "Eadie's Oval", Oscillospira etc.) can exist in the rumen as incredibly complex, highly enriched mixed populations, (see Moir and Masson images ). This type of microecosystem can adjust rapidly to changes in the nutrition or health of the host animal (usually a ruminant such as cow, sheep, goat etc.); see Hungate's "The Rumen and its microbes 1966). Even within a small closed system such as the rumen there may exist a range of ecological conditions: Many organisms live freely in the rumen fluid whereas others require the substrate and metabolic products supplied by the stomach wall tissue with its folds and interstices. Interesting questions are also posed concerning the transfer of the strict anaerobe organisms in the gut microflora/microfauna to the next host generation. Here, mutual licking and coprophagia certainly play important roles.
Soil microecosystems
A typical soil microecosystem may be restricted to less than a millimeter in its total depth range owing to steep variation in humidity and/or atmospheric gas composition. The soil grain size and physical and chemical properties of the substrate may also play important roles. Because of the predominant solid phase in these systems they are notoriously difficult to study microscopically without simultaneously disrupting the fine spatial distribution of their components.
Terrestrial hot-spring microecosystems
These are defined by gradients of water temperature, nutrients, dissolved gases, salt concentrations etc. Along the path of terrestrial water flow the resulting temperature gradient continuum alone may provide many different minute microecosystems, starting with thermophilic bacteria such as Archaea "Archaebacteria" ( or more), followed by conventional thermophiles (), cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) such as the motile filaments of Oscillatoria (), protozoa such as Amoeba, rotifers, then green algae () etc.
Of course other factors than temperature also play important roles. Hot springs can provide classic and straightforward ecosystems for microecology studies as well as providing a haven for hitherto undescribed organisms.
Deep-sea microecosystems
The best known contain rare specialized organisms, found only in the immediate vicinity (sometimes within centimeters) of underwater volcanic vents (or "smokers"). These ecosystems require extremely advanced diving and collection techniques for their scientific exploration.
Closed microecosystem
One that is sealed and completely independent of outside factors, except for temperature and light. A good example would be a plant contained in a sealed jar and submerged under water. No new factors would be able to enter this ecosystem.
References
Ecosystems
Environmental science
Ecology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microecosystem |
The M5 is an expressway in the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa. It connects Milnerton on the Western Seaboard in the north to Muizenberg in the south, and crosses both the N1 and the N2. For part of its length, from the N1 interchange to Plumstead, it is a limited-access freeway (motorway). From Mowbray to Muizenberg, it is parallel to the M4 Main Road.
Route
The M5 begins at the Potsdam interchange with the N7 Highway in the suburb of Dunoon. It goes south-south-west as Potsdam Road and reaches a junction with the M14 (Blaauwberg Road), where it becomes Koeberg Road and becomes a dual carriageway. The M14 joins the M5 for a few metres southwards before becoming its own road eastwards (Plattekloof Road) while the M5 continues south as Koeberg Road. It proceeds southwards for 9 kilometres, through the large suburb of Milnerton, to reach the Koeberg Interchange with the N1 Highway (Table Bay Boulevard) in Brooklyn, where it becomes a limited-access motorway.
It proceeds southwards from the N1 interchange as the Black River Parkway, crossing the Black River, through Maitland, to reach an interchange with the N2 Highway (Settlers Way), where it becomes the Kromboom Parkway. It proceeds southwards, through Athlone, Rondebosch East and Lansdowne, to reach the M68 (Ottery Road) interchange in Plumstead, where the M5 loses its motorway status but remains a dual-carriageway as Prince George Drive. It proceeds southwards, through Retreat, to enter Muizenberg on the False Bay Coast, where it terminates at a roundabout junction with the R310 (Baden Powell Drive).
Koeberg interchange
The largest interchange on the M5 is the Koeberg interchange, connecting the M5 with the N1. The merging of lanes at this interchange used to result in multi-kilometer stop/start queues approaching the interchange on the M5.
Koeberg interchange elevated freeway upgrade
In 2008, work began to upgrade the Koeberg interchange with elevated freeways joining the M5 and the N1. The elevated freeway from the N1 onto the M5 was completed in June 2010 in time for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, while the other direction was completed in November 2011.
At the end of 2011, Google maps street view of this interchange showed the progress of the work on the interchange in stages by combining images over time and connecting them underneath existing bridges. This enables the viewer to experience a form of virtual reality during multiple points in the construction phase.
Design
The elevated freeways embody some innovative design features and principles. For example: The elevated freeways had to be built without disrupting the daily flow of some 200 000 vehicles. The existing roads and bridges had already used up the available land into which to expand. The intersection is hemmed in by a canal, railway reserve, power transformer, and industrial buildings etc. Thus the possibility of overlaying the existing structures with a bypass had to be envisioned. It had to be a system that could fit into the existing interchange. Oval reinforced concrete pillars with "T" pieces atop, standing on foundations supported by concrete piles, could fit into the spaces between existing roads and bridges. These could in turn support post-tensioned concrete "U" beam spans, cast on the ground and lifted into place by crane. The road deck would be cast on top of the "U" beams. Five beams between each "T" topped pillar allowing for a double lane road deck. The beams resting on each side of the "T" piece support, are connected to each other and the deck by a concrete end which resists lateral-flexing of the deck between-beams.
The roadway on both elevated freeways narrows from a double lane to a single lane at the point where it connects with the existing N1 and the M5 motorways. At this point, the elevated freeway presents the motorist with a down-hill slope to encourage acceleration. The elevated freeway feeds into its own lanes on both of these existing freeways allowing acceleration and preventing congestion.
"U" beam spans
The "U" beams would have sloping sides like a "V" with a flat bottom. The forces at the centre of the span cause lateral inward compression at the bottom of the "V" and lateral outward compression transmitted into the deck as tension. The longitudinal tension, at the bottom of the "V" and at the centre of the span, is absorbed by potent post tensioned cable embedded in the concrete. Each beam rests on its ends, on purpose designed steel plates, which accommodate expansion and contraction and transmit the weight of the span into the "T" pieces atop the oval pillars.
The roadway deck would extend beyond the edge of the outer beams and be lined with pre-cast crash barriers.
Box girder bridges
Box girder bridges were conceived, designed and built to span the railway reserve and the long stretches over the outbound N1 carriageway and the Northbound M5 carriageway as it approaches the N1. These had to be supported by scaffolding in the case of the end bridges and by "I-beam" steel trusses in the case of the railway reserve spans. The railway reserve also includes the height of the electrification services. This height added to the height of the "I-beam" steel trusses, the scaffolding on top of the trusses and the height of the box girder bridge is the determining factor in the extraordinary height of the new elevated freeway, which at its highest point is at the same height as the 5th story of the adjacent old mill building.
During construction of the end box girder bridges, the traffic had to be diverted round the supporting scaffolding. This was especially inconvenient on the outbound carriageway of the N1 where speed was severely reduced, adding heavily to congestion.
Construction
Where the roadway deck extended beyond the edge of the outer beams, this would be made possible by the use of wooden triangular supports temporarily bolted to the outer beams and covered with concrete shutter-boards. The beams themselves would have pre-cast holes to accommodate the bolts holding the triangles in place.
"U" beams
Each "U" beam, weighing 80 metric tonnes, would be cast on the ground at a nearby designated temporary factory area between the N1 and the railway reserve. Each beam would be a specific length and be designated to be placed in the exact place for which it was designed. The beams would be cast on a set of reusable foundations and steel moulding panels supported by steel jacks. The beams would be transported on the ground by a purpose-built pair of 12 wheeled trucks, made of welded steel "I-beam" frames, each attached to the end of a concrete span "U" beam and then towed a short distance to the construction site by a conventional diesel mechanical horse.
Pillars
Each pillar and its "T" piece would be treated as a project in its own right. Purpose-built steel mouldings would be reused for each pillar and each pillar would be constructed in stages. The mouldings would be moved by cranes. Where the underlying ground was "soft", steel reinforced concrete piles would be driven into the base of the foundation hole and the upper protruding ends incorporated into the foundation.
Crash Barriers
The pre-cast crash barriers lining the edge of the deck would also be manufactured nearby using purpose made steel moulds. They would be bonded into place by having re-bar-steel loops protruding from both the edge of the road deck and also from the bottom of the barrier section. These loops would mate together when the barrier was placed and be affixed there by injecting concrete into the space between the deck and the barrier, permanently bonding the protruding loops together. Subsequently, a concrete guard rail would be cast on top of the crash barrier.
The Roadway deck
The deck would be constructed like any other reinforced concrete deck with the exception that the shuttering is designed to remain in place permanently and there is no use of scaffolding to support the shuttering. Pre-cast lip and groove formations on the upper edges of the "U" beams were designed to accommodate a thick Masonite type of shuttering board which would bear the weight of a man walking on them. The beams themselves provide a safe walk way for workers to access the section of road deck being constructed, during construction. When the steel reinforcing rod framework has been completed over the shuttering, a ready-mix concrete is pumped up from a mixer parked on the underlying roadways. This concrete is spread over the shuttering and reinforcing steel work and allowed to cure. Finally the deck is covered with a conventional asphalt macadamised tar and granite chip surface and marked with paint.
References
See also
Cape Town Government's view of the Koeberg Interchange
Impact on century city
Government empowerment plan
Roads in Cape Town
Highways in South Africa
Metropolitan routes in Cape Town | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5%20%28Cape%20Town%29 |
97001–97100
|-id=069
| 97069 Stek || || Stefano Klett (born 1964) is a Swiss computer scientist and amateur astronomer who observes minor planets from his home town of Camorino. He is the promoter of the Ticino section of Dark Sky Switzerland. ||
|}
97101–97200
|-id=186
| 97186 Tore || || Salvatore Silanus (born 1961), nicknamed Tore, is a friend of Swiss astronomer Stefano Sposetti who discovered this minor planet. ||
|}
97201–97300
|-id=268
| 97268 Serafinozani || || The Serafino Zani Astronomical Observatory (Osservatorio astronomico Serafino Zani) in Italy was built by Serafino Zani and his family on San Bernardo hill in the commune of Lumezzane in Brescia, Lombardy, and then given to the local amateur astronomers. ||
|}
97301–97400
|-id=336
| 97336 Thomasafleming || || Thomas Anthony Fleming (born 1960) is an American x-ray astronomer and educator at the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory. He discovered that DA-type white dwarfs were not copious x-ray sources, and he is known for creating and expanding interactive computer-based astronomy education. ||
|}
97401–97500
|-id=472
| 97472 Hobby || || The Hobby Foundation supports museums and educational organizations throughout Texas. Ten thousand schoolchildren and members of the public a year view the wonders of the heavens through the Hobby telescope at the Houston Museum of Natural Science's George Observatory. ||
|}
97501–97600
|-id=508
| 97508 Bolden || || Charles Frank Bolden Jr. (born 1946) is a former American astronaut who flew on four space shuttle missions (two as the pilot and two as the commander). From 2009 to 2017, he was the NASA Administrator. ||
|-id=512
| 97512 Jemison || || Mae Carol Jemison (born 1956) is a retired American astronaut who flew on the space shuttle in 1992. On the space shuttle she conducted scientific experiments. She was the first African American woman to travel into space and the first African American woman admitted into the astronaut training program. ||
|-id=582
| 97582 Hijikawa || || Hijikawa River is a 103-km-long river in the Japanese Ehime prefecture. It has its source near the Tosaka Pass in Seiyo City and flows into the Seto Inland Sea. With more than 470 tributaries, the river has supplied its abundant water to the people in the southern part of Ehime, especially for irrigation. ||
|}
97601–97700
|-id=631
| 97631 Kentrobinson || || Ernest Kent Robinson (born 1939), an member of the advisory board at Lowell Observatory, enthusiastically spearheaded the capital campaign for a collection center and library to protect, preserve and make available the historic archives of that institution. ||
|-id=637
| 97637 Blennert || || John Blennert (born 1951) is a meteorite hunter in Tucson, Arizona, one of three co-discoverers of the Gold Basin Meteorite Strewn Field ||
|-id=677
| 97677 Rachelfreed || || Rachel Freed (born 1972) is a teacher, an education curriculum specialist, and an avid long-distance runner. She works with the Astronomical Society of the Pacific as a volunteer and researcher. ||
|}
97701–97800
|-id=786
| 97786 Oauam || || The Poznań Observatory of Adam Mickiewicz University (OA UAM) in Poznań, Poland. The observatory was active in asteroid and comet observations starting in the 1930s. In the 1990s the focus shifted to physical studies of asteroids. Currently OA UAM is the main center for studies of small Solar System bodies in Poland. ||
|}
97801–97900
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
97901–98000
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
References
097001-098000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2097001%E2%80%9398000 |
Adam Przeworski (; born May 5, 1940) is a Polish-American professor of political science specializing in comparative politics. He is Carroll and Milton Professor Emeritus in the Department of Politics of New York University. He is a scholar of democratic societies, theory of democracy, social democracy and political economy, as well as an early proponent of rational choice theory in political science.
Biography
He was born in 1940 in Warsaw, Poland when the country was occupied by Nazi Germany. His parents were physicians. His father, whom he never met, was conscripted in the Polish army in 1939 and killed in the 1940 Katyn massacre by Soviet troops.
His uncle Andrzej Przeworski was a Polish footballer, referee and manager. His wife is a former senior manager at the OECD and the UN and the founding director of the Bard Center for Environmental Policy. Their daughter Molly Przeworski is a Population Geneticist. Both Adam Przeworski and Molly were the first father-daughter members elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Przeworski was also elected to the British Academy. Przeworski is an ardent fan of the English football club Arsenal.
Przeworski graduated from Warsaw University in 1961 with a MA in philosophy and sociology. In Warsaw, Przeworski met a Northwestern University political science professor, R. Barry Farrell. Farrell persuaded Przeworski to move to the United States to study political science. According to Przeworski, "I don’t remember if I had the smarts to ask him what political science was: I did not know what it was. But even if he had asked me if I wanted to work on a ship sailing around the world, I would have said ‘‘yes.’’ I was twenty years old, and I would have gone anywhere to do anything."
Przeworski received his Ph.D. in political science from Northwestern University in 1966. Thereafter, he taught at Washington University in St. Louis (1969–1973), the University of Chicago (1973–1995), and New York University (NYU) (1995–present). He is currently Professor Emeritus at NYU.
At the University of Chicago, he was awarded the title of Martin A. Ryerson Distinguished Service Professor. At NYU, he was Carroll and Milton Petrie Professor of Politics and (by courtesy) of Economics Emeritus. He also held visiting appointments in India, Chile, Great Britain, France, Germany, Spain (Juan March Institute), and Switzerland.
Przeworski joined the September Group of analytical Marxists in 1979 or 1980; he left the group in 1995.
Awards and honors
Przeworski has been the recipient of many awards.
1991 Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1998 Gregory M. Luebbert Article Award.
2001 Woodrow Wilson Prize of the American Political Science Association (APSA) for the book Democracy and Development.
2002 Best data set, from the Comparative Politics Section of the American Political Science Association (APSA)
2010 The Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science for "raising the scientific standards regarding the analysis of the relations between democracy, capitalism and economic development."
2018 Juan Linz Prize of the International Political Science Association (IPSA)
2021 Elected member of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences.
2021 Elected as "corresponding fellow" of the British Academy.
Other awards include the 1985 Socialist Review Book Award, Honorary Professor of Chongqing University 2012, a Doctor Honoris Causa by the Universidad Nacional de Tucuman 2016, the Sakip Sabanci International Research Awards’ Jury Prize in 2018, and the 2020 Lawrence Longley Article Award.
The Lijphart/Przeworski/Verba Dataset Award of the Comparative Politics sections of the American Political Science Association (APSA) is named for Przeworski and two other distinguished political scientists. The award recognizes the best publicly accessible data set which benefits the research community as a whole.
Academic research
Przeworski has published widely in a variety of fields. One of his early works, The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (1970), is "an important influence on methodological practices in comparative politics."
His two books in the 1980s, Capitalism and Social Democracy (1985) and the coauthored Paper Stones (1986), turned to the question of why leftist parties "abandon socialism and adopt instead a reformist agenda within the parameters of capitalism."
Thereafter he wrote several works on various aspects of democracy: Democracy and the Market (1991), Democracy and Development (2000), Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government (2010), Why Bother with Elections? (2018), and Crises of Democracy (2019). Among other things, in these works on democracy Przeworski has defended a minimalist conception of democracy in which "democracy is just a system in which rulers are selected by competitive elections."
Przeworski also published two broad overviews of theories of the state and political economy: The State and the Economy Under Capitalism (1990) and States and Markets (2003).
Two enduring concerns in Przeworski's research have been: (1) the compatibility of democracy and capitalism, and (2) the possibility of a democratic path to socialism. Przeworski acknowledged that an important influence on his thinking throughout his life has been the works of Karl Marx.
The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry
In The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (1970), Przeworski and Teune introduced the idea of "most similar systems" and "most different systems" designs. This book also introduced a key distinction relevant in research on measurement: the distinction between "common indicators" and "system-specific indicators."
Capitalism and Social Democracy and Paper Stones
In Capitalism and Social Democracy (1985), and in the companion volume with John Sprague Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism (1985), Przeworski argues that European socialist parties in the first half of the 20th century faced a sequence of electoral dilemmas. The first dilemma was whether or not to participate in bourgeois elections, when universal suffrage was progressively established in Europe. The question was whether or not participation would contribute to the struggle for socialism or strengthen the capitalist order. According to Przeworski, most socialist parties have opted to get involved in elections, since it was a means to advance some of the interests of workers in the short run and, as references to Friedrich Engels and Eduard Bernstein illustrate in Przeworski's book, to move toward socialism.
According to Przeworski, the decision to participate in bourgeois elections led to another dilemma. Given that manual workers were not the numerical majority in any European country, to win elections they had to choose whether or not to compromise their socialist principles and adopt a social democratic agenda to attract the support of allies, especially the middle class. Such compromise had major consequences for socialist parties, including the withdrawal of support of workers, the abandoning of extra-parliamentary tactics, and progressively the defection from socialist policies when in power.
Criticism to Przeworski's account of the dilemmas of social democratic parties have been at least twofold. First, it has been shown that numerical majority is not necessary for social democratic parties to control governments, which implies that social democratic parties do not necessarily need to sacrifice workers’ votes to win elections. Second, Gøsta Esping-Andersen argues that Przeworski is mistaken in attempting to differentiate reformist and revolutionary policies, since "we have no accepted criteria for deciding which actions will merely reflect the status quo and which will accelerate historical transformation." Esping-Andersen suggests that policies that leftist parties adopt should be compared based on how they aid the process of class unity.
Democracy and the Market
In Democracy and the Market (1991), Przeworski analyzes events in Eastern Europe and Latin America, focusing on transitions to democracy and market-oriented economic reforms. Przeworski presents a minimalist view of democracy: "Democracy is a system in which parties lose elections.". He analyzes transitions to democracy using rudimentary game theory, and he emphasizes the interdependence of political and economic transformations.
Democracy and Development
In Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990 (2000), Przeworski provides a statistical analysis of the causes and consequences of democracy across the globe.
On the causes of democracy, Przeworski assesses Seymour Martin Lipset’s thesis about the impact of economic development on political regimes and finds that Lipset’s argument regarding the association between a high level of economic development and the stability of democracy is supported. However, Przeworski "challenged the view that increases in the level of development are associated with increased prospects of transitions to democracy."
On the consequences of democracy, Przeworski argued, against authors such as Samuel P. Huntington, that "democracies perform as well economically as do authoritarian regimes."
Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government
This book is Przeworski's most extended discussion of the ideal of democracy and how much of this ideal can realistically be attained.
The book takes as its point of department that democracy is a set of institutions that must meet four "conditions":
Equality, the ability of every citizen to have the same influence on collective decisions
Participation, the ability of every citizen to have an effective influence on collective decisions
Representation, the implementation of collective decisions by elected representatives
Liberty, the respect for individual freedom unimpeded by the state
This way of thinking about democracy is somewhat of a departure for Przeworski, who has been known as a defender of a minimalist conception of democracy. One reviewer argues that in this book Przeworski has gone beyond the standard minimalist conception of democracy associated with Joseph Schumpeter.
Thereafter, Przeworski explores the extent to which these conditions can be met and hence what limits are faced by the ideal of democracy. Przeworski argues that democracy has historically faced four challenges: "(1) the incapacity to generate equality in the socioeconomic realm, (2) the incapacity to make people feel that their political participation is effective, (3) the incapacity to ensure that governments do what they are supposed to do and not do what they are not mandated to do, and (4) the incapacity to balance order and noninterference."
Throughout the book, Przeworski offers a sober assessment of the potential of democracy to revert these challenges. One of his central arguments is that, counter to the hope of many, "democracy does not generate more economic equality." However, he cautions that, even though "democracy faces limits to the extent of possible economic equality, effective participation, perfect agency, and liberty", it is important to recognize these limits so as to better elucidate "directions for reforms that are feasible" and "not to criticize democracy for not achieving what no political arrangement can achieve."
Why Bother with Elections?
In this 2018 book, Adam Przeworski addresses a classic question, why should democracy be valued?
Przeworski considers that democracy is a "method of processing conflicts." He poses the question in the following terms: “Are there good reasons to think that if rulers are selected through contested elections their decisions will be rational, that governments will be representative, the economy will perform well, the distribution of income will be egalitarian, and people will live in liberty and peace?" And he concludes that the strongest rationale for supporting democracy is that it generates civil peace.
His reasoning is worth quoting at length. Przeworski holds that “In the end, the miracle of democracy is that conflicting political forces obey the results of voting. People who have guns obey those without them. Incumbents risk their control of governmental offices by holding elections. Losers wait for their chance to win office. Conflicts are regulated, processed according to rules, and thus limited. This is not consensus, yet not mayhem either. Just regulated conflict; conflict without killing. Ballots are “paper stones.”
Crises of Democracy
Przeworski's Crises of Democracy (2019) analyzes the threats to democracy in the twenty-first century in established democracies and argues that the problems are not just of a political nature. He holds that the problems have deep economic, social, and cultural roots.
Major works
Przeworski, Adam, and Henry Teune. 1970. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley.
Cortés, Fernando, Adam Przeworski, and John Sprague. 1974. Systems Analysis for Social Scientists. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Przeworski, Adam. 1975. “Institutionalization of Voting Patterns, or is Mobilization the Source of Decay.” American Political Science Review 69(1): 49-67.
Przeworski, Adam, and Michael Wallerstein. 1982. “The Structure of Class Conflict in Democratic Capitalist Societies.” American Political Science Review 76(2): 215-38.
Przeworski, Adam. 1985. Capitalism and Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, Adam, and John Sprague. 1986. Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Przeworski, Adam. 1986. “Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy,” pp. 47–63, in Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead (eds.), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Przeworski, Adam, and Michael Wallerstein. 1988. "Structural Dependence of the State on Capital." American Political Science Review 82(1): 11–29.
Przeworski, Adam. 1990. The State and the Economy Under Capitalism. New York: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, José María Maravall, and Adam Przeworski (eds.). 1993. Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social-Democratic Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, Adam, and Fernando Limongi. 1993. "Political Regimes and Economic Growth." Journal of Economic Perspectives 7(3): 51–69.
Przeworski, Adam, et al. 1995. Sustainable Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, Adam, and Fernando Limongi. 1997. "Modernization: Theories and Facts." World Politics 49(2): 155–83.
Przeworski, Adam, Susan C. Stokes and Bernard Manin (eds.) 1999. Democracy, Accountability and. Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, Adam. 1999. “Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense,” pp. 23–55, in Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordón (eds.), Democracy’s Value. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, Adam, with Michael E. Alvarez, Jose Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, Adam, and José María Maravall (eds.) 2003. Democracy and the Rule of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, Adam. 2003. States and Markets: A Primer in Political Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jennifer Gandhi and Adam Przeworski. 2007. "Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats." Comparative Political Studies 40(11): 1279–1301.
Przeworski, Adam. 2009. “Conquered or Granted? A History of Franchise Extensions.” British Journal of Political Science 39(2): 291-321.
Przeworski, Adam. 2010. Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, Adam. 2018. Why Bother with Elections? London: Polity Press.
Przeworski, Adam. 2019. Crises of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Non-academic writings
Przeworski, Adam. 1992. "The Neoliberal Fallacy." Journal of Democracy 3(3): 45-59.
Przeworski, Adam. 2000. "Life in the Time of COVID-19." Concilium Civitas March 19, 2020.
Przeworski, Adam. 2021. "From Revolution to Reformism." Boston Review Jan. 28, 2021.
Resources on Przeworski and his research
Burawoy, Michael. 1989. “Marxism without Micro-Foundations.” Socialist Review 19: 53–86.
Higgins, Winton, and Nixon Apple. 1983. "How Limited Is Reformism?: A Critique of Przeworski and Panitch." Theory and Society 12,5: 603–30.
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1993. “Comparative Historical Research and Rational Choice Theory: The Case of Transitions to Democracy.” Theory and Society 22(3): 413–27. [Review of Przeworski's 1991 Democracy and the Market.]
Munck, Gerardo L., and Richard Snyder. 2007. "Adam Przeworski: Capitalism, Democracy, and Science,” pp. 456–503, in Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press. [Interview with Adam Przeworski]
Munck, Gerardo L. 2011. “Democratic Theory After Transitions From Authoritarian Rule,” Perspectives on Politics 9(2): 333–43.
Przeworski, Adam. 2016. "Democracy: A Never-Ending Quest." Annual Review of Political Science Vol. 19: 1–12.
Przeworski, Adam. 2021. “What Have I Learned from Marx and What Still Stands? Politics & Society 49(4): 433-450
See also
Notes
References
Adam Przeworski New York University. Official Web Page. Faculty.
Adam Przeworski site Adam Przeworski site with papers
Gerardo L. Munck interview with Przeworski (in English (2003, 62 pages, pdf) (in Spanish)
1940 births
American male non-fiction writers
American political scientists
American political writers
Living people
New York University faculty
Northwestern University alumni
Polish emigrants to the United States
Polish political scientists
University of Chicago faculty
University of Warsaw alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Washington University in St. Louis faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Przeworski |
Mae Fah Luang University (MFU), situated in Chiang Rai Province in northern Thailand, is named after the Princess Mother (Somdet Yah), Mae Fah Luang was the name given to her by the local people in Chiang Rai.
It is an autonomous public university that was established under the Royal Charter, in 1998. The university is also known as an international university in Thailand. Mae Fah Luang University was ranked 1st in Thailand by Times Higher Education in 2021.
All of its programmes are taught in English. It now has 11 schools namely, the School of Science, School of Liberal Arts, School of Management, School of Law, School of Medicine, School of Agro-Industry, School of Information Technology, School of Cosmetic Science, School of Health Science, School of Nursing and School of Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine and in 2012 offers over 72 programmes such as: Biotechnology, Cosmetic Science, Engineering, Aviation Business Management, Agro-Industry, Medicine and many more. The university hospital has been completed, and was formally opened in September 2012. The School of Medicine has also been established and began offering M.D. degrees in the 2013 Academic Year.
International courses offered by the university include majors in Business and Thai Language and Culture, but all courses offered by the university are open to international students.
The campus is situated in Tambon Tasood, Mueang District and consists mainly of hills with only a small area of plain. Construction took many years, as the campus was mostly built on hillsides. Expansion work still continues.
The university uses English as the primary medium of instruction for the majority of its courses and has many native English-speaking lecturers in a wide range of disciplines. Mae Fah Luang University is a relatively new university and benefits from this by being able to offer modern courses relevant to today's world. The People's Republic of China built the Sirindhorn Chinese Language and Cultural Center on the campus as a gift to Thailand, equipping it with computers with Chinese programs and Chinese textbooks. The center is built to resemble a traditional Chinese house, complete with courtyards, gardens, and a pond. The Confucius Institute is also located here. In the 2012-2013 Academic Year over 10,000 students were enrolled at the university. Mae Fah Luang University was ranked 1st in Thailand by Time Higher Education in 2020
History
Mae Fah Luang University (MFU) was established as an autonomous public university, under the Royal Charter, in 1998, with support from the Royal Thai Government. The university was established to meet the needs of people in the north of Thailand, and to commemorate the contributions of the king's mother, Princess Srinagarindra, known to her subjects as "Mae Fah Luang." From its inaugural class of 64 students in 1998, MFU has become Thailand's fastest growing post-secondary institution with an enrollment of just under 15,000 students.
Academics
Mae Fah Luang University uses English as the medium of instruction. Mae Fah Luang University manages all 15 faculties offering 38 undergraduate majors, 25 graduate degrees, and 15 professional degrees.
Faculty
References
Educational institutions established in 1998
Universities in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Chiang Rai province
Education in Chiang Rai province
1998 establishments in Thailand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae%20Fah%20Luang%20University |
The M3 is an expressway in Cape Town, South Africa, connecting the upper part of the City Bowl to the Southern Suburbs and ending in Tokai. For most of its route it parallels - though further to the south and west - the M4 (Main Road), which was the original road connecting central Cape Town with the settlements to the south.
Route
The M3 begins at a traffic light on Buitengracht Street (the M62) and runs south-east as Buitensingel Street, a dual-carriage roadway. For the next three kilometres it runs south and then east through Gardens; it changes names regularly, being named Orange Street, Annandale Road, Mill Street and Jutland Avenue. At Roeland Street, which is numbered as Exit 1, the M3 becomes a grade separated dual carriageway and takes on the name Philip Kgosana Drive, named after an activist who led a peaceful march along the road in 1960. Prior to 2017, this section was named De Waal Drive, after Sir Frederic de Waal, the first Administrator of the Cape Province, who commissioned the road.
This section of the M3 runs eastwards across the north face of Devil's Peak to Hospital Bend, located immediately next to Groote Schuur Hospital, where it intersects with the N2 Nelson Mandela Boulevard section (formerly Eastern Boulevard).
Around Hospital Bend, the M3 is concurrent with the N2 for approximately a kilometre as a highway with 5 lanes in each direction; when the N2 branches off to the east as Settlers Way, the M3 runs south as Rhodes Drive past the University of Cape Town. This section of the highway forms the western boundary of the suburbs of Mowbray, Rosebank, Rondebosch, and part of Newlands. It separates these suburbs from the Table Mountain National Park, except where the Upper Campus of the University is located west of the freeway.
In Newlands, the M3 turns away from Table Mountain and the grade separation ends; there are 5 traffic lights along this section. In this area it is named variously Union Avenue, Paradise Road and Edinburgh Drive. As it passes over Wynberg Hill, the M3 attains freeway status again. This section is known officially as the Simon van der Stel Freeway and colloquially as the Blue Route. It proceeds southward through Constantia and Tokai, terminating at exit 23, an intersection with Steenberg Road (the M42). Steenberg Road connects the terminus of the M3 with Main Road (the M4) in the east, which continues southwards along the False Bay coast to Muizenberg, Fish Hoek, and Simon's Town; and with Ou Kaapse Weg (the M64) in the west, which crosses the Silvermine mountains to Noordhoek.
Original plans were for the M3 to continue southwards as a freeway, as can be seen by the unfinished strips of tar under the bridge.
The M3 passes through the following suburbs:
Cape Town CBD
Gardens
Vredehoek
Zonnebloem
Woodstock
Observatory
Mowbray
Rosebank
Rondebosch
Newlands
Claremont
Bishopscourt
Wynberg
Constantia
Meadowridge
Bergvliet
Tokai
Kirstenhof
References
Roads in Cape Town
Highways in South Africa
Metropolitan routes in Cape Town | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3%20%28Cape%20Town%29 |
DevPartner Fault Simulator is a software development tool used to simulate application errors. It helps developers and quality assurance engineers write, test and debug those parts of the software responsible for handling fault situations which can occur within applications. The target application, where faults are simulated, behaves as if those faults were the result of a real software or hardware problem which the application could face.
DevPartner Fault Simulator works with applications written for Microsoft Windows and .NET platforms and is integrated with the Microsoft Visual Studio development environment.
DevPartner Fault Simulator belonged to the DevPartner family of products offered by Compuware. At some point before the product line was sold to Micro Focus in 2009, the product was retired.
See also
NuMega
Software testing tools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault%20Simulator |
Storyteller is a compilation album from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released on 16 September 2003 (Audio Fidelity 015) and was the first Donovan album released as a Super Audio CD/CD hybrid.
History
In 2003, Audio Fidelity issued a compilation consisting chiefly of Donovan's 1965 Pye Records recordings, but also secured the right to add his Epic Records recordings of "Sunshine Superman", "Mellow Yellow", "Hurdy Gurdy Man" and "Atlantis". All of the songs were remastered for both the CD and Super Audio CD layers by Steve Hoffman. In 2006, MsMusic Productions reissued this album on 33 rpm vinyl record with a few additional tracks from the Pye Records years, the 4 Epic Records tracks on a bonus 45rpm EP and different artwork as pictured on the right, below.
Track listing
All tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted.
CD/SACD version
"Catch the Wind"
"Colours"
"Universal Soldier" (Buffy Sainte-Marie)
"Josie"
"Sunny Goodge Street"
"Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)"
"Turquoise"
"You're Gonna Need Somebody on Your Bond" (traditional; arranged by Donovan Leitch)
"To Try for the Sun"
"To Sing for You"
"Sunshine Superman"
"Mellow Yellow"
"Hurdy Gurdy Man"
"Atlantis"
Vinyl version on MsMusic Productions
Side One
Catch the Wind
Colours (hit version)
Universal Soldier
Josie
Sunny Goodge Street
Turquoise
Side Two
Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)
You're Gonna Need Somebody on Your Bond
To Try for the Sun
To Sing for You
Jersey Thursday
Colours (album version)
Bonus 45rpm that comes with vinyl version
Side 1:
Sunshine Superman
Mellow Yellow
Side 2:
Hurdy Gurdy Man
Atlantis
External links
Storyteller – Donovan Unofficial Site
Albums produced by Mickie Most
2003 compilation albums
Donovan compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyteller%20%28Donovan%20album%29 |
Konstantin Märska ( in Kuressaare, Saaremaa, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire – 30 August 1951 in Tallinn) was an Estonian cinematographer and film director.
Märska is buried at the Rahumäe cemetery in Tallinn.
References
External links
1896 births
1951 deaths
People from Kuressaare
People from Kreis Ösel
Estonian cinematographers
Estonian film directors
Burials at Rahumäe Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin%20M%C3%A4rska |
1990-1996 is the second compilation album by Japanese rock band The Mad Capsule Markets. Rather than rerecording the old songs such as on the previous compilation album The Mad Capsule Markets, this album has collected remastered songs from Humanity through 4 Plugs, some with 'xxxx' noises or added interludes.
Track listing
Notes
The original video to Karakuri No Soko was censored on the release of the 1990-1996 DVD, as on the original version, the opening included footage of Hitler's Germany, images of concentration camps and scenes from the banned cartoon Private Snafu. This was likely to have been done as Mad Capsule Markets didn't want to offend their overseas fanbase (although the DVD wasn't released overseas).
The Mad Capsule Markets albums
2004 compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mad%20Capsule%20Markets%201990%E2%80%931996 |
Nikolai Vladimirovich Markovnikov, also spelled Morkovnikov () (1869, Kazan - 1942, location of death unknown) was an architect and archaeologist, chief architect of the Moscow Kremlin in 1914–1919.
Nikolai Markovnikov attended the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1888–1892. He founded the very first technical and construction engineering courses for women in 1905-1916 and Department of Architecture at the Moscow Polytechnical Institute for Women. In 1914, Nikolai Markovnikov was appointed chief architect of the Moscow Kremlin and remained on this post until 1919. He supervised the restoration of the walls and towers of the Kremlin and then the re-equipping of the governmental establishments in 1918. Nikolai Markovnikov designed and built the Small Circular Railway in 1903-1910 (Малая Окружная железная дорога, today known as the Small Circle of the Moscow Railway) and the Sokol settlement in a Moscow neighborhood.
Architects from the Russian Empire
1869 births
1942 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Markovnikov |
Joseph Dixon (1799–1869) was an inventor, entrepreneur and the founder of what became the Dixon Ticonderoga Company, a well-known manufacturer of pencils in the United States.
His fascination with new technologies led to many innovations such as a mirror for a camera that was the forerunner of the viewfinder, a patented double-crank steam engine, and a method of printing banknotes to thwart counterfeiters. Most notably, Dixon manufactured the first wood and graphite pencil in the country.
Among his associates were such American inventors as Robert Fulton, Samuel Morse, and Alexander Graham Bell, and politician/business partner Orestes Cleveland.
Joseph Dixon Crucible Company
In 1827, Joseph Dixon began his business in Salem, Massachusetts and, with his son, was involved with the Tantiusques graphite mine in Sturbridge, Massachusetts. Dixon discovered the merits of graphite as a stove polish and an additive in lubricants, foundry facings, brake linings, oil-less bearings, and non-corrosive paints.
He also refined the use of graphite crucibles, refractory vessels used for melting metallic minerals. A heat-resistant graphite crucible he invented was widely used in the production of iron and steel during the Mexican–American War. This invention's success led Dixon to build a new mill in what is now the Van Vorst Park neighborhood of historic Downtown Jersey City, New Jersey in 1847. The Dixon Mills complex has subsequently become residences.
During the 1860s, people typically wrote with quill pens and ink even though Dixon introduced graphite pencils in 1829. But the American Civil War created a demand for a dry, clean, portable writing instrument and led to the mass production of pencils. At the time of Dixon's death in 1869, the Joseph Dixon Crucible Company was the largest manufacturer of graphite products in the world. By 1870, The Joseph Dixon Crucible Company was the world's largest dealer and consumer of graphite. By 1872 the Dixon company was making 86,000 pencils a day.
The Joseph Dixon Crucible Company continued to prosper throughout the 20th century by growing through a series of mergers and acquisitions. In 1982, the Joseph Dixon Crucible Company merged with the Bryn Mawr Corporation, a Pennsylvania transportation and real estate company with operations dating back to 1795. Together, these companies formed the Dixon Ticonderoga Company, named after Dixon and its oldest brand-name pencil.
References
External links
Dixon Ticonderoga Company
Tantiusques Graphite Mine
Leadholder: Dixon
19th-century American inventors
1799 births
1869 deaths
Pencils
American steel industry businesspeople
American printers
American engravers
American lithographers
People from Salem, Massachusetts
19th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Dixon%20%28inventor%29 |
IEC 61508 is an international standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) consisting of methods on how to apply, design, deploy and maintain automatic protection systems called safety-related systems. It is titled Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-related Systems (E/E/PE, or E/E/PES).
IEC 61508 is a basic functional safety standard applicable to all industries. It defines functional safety as: “part of the overall safety relating to the EUC (Equipment Under Control) and the EUC control system which depends on the correct functioning of the E/E/PE safety-related systems, other technology safety-related systems and external risk reduction facilities.” The fundamental concept is that any safety-related system must work correctly or fail in a predictable (safe) way.
The standard has two fundamental principles:
An engineering process called the safety life cycle is defined based on best practices in order to discover and eliminate design errors and omissions.
A probabilistic failure approach to account for the safety impact of device failures.
The safety life cycle has 16 phases which roughly can be divided into three groups as follows:
Phases 1–5 address analysis
Phases 6–13 address realisation
Phases 14–16 address operation.
All phases are concerned with the safety function of the system.
The standard has seven parts:
Parts 1–3 contain the requirements of the standard (normative)
Part 4 contains definitions
Parts 5–7 are guidelines and examples for development and thus informative.
Central to the standard are the concepts of probabilistic risk for each safety function. The risk is a function of frequency (or likelihood) of the hazardous event and the event consequence severity. The risk is reduced to a tolerable level by applying safety functions which may consist of E/E/PES, associated mechanical devices, or other technologies. Many requirements apply to all technologies but there is strong emphasis on programmable electronics especially in Part 3.
IEC 61508 has the following views on risks:
Zero risk can never be reached, only probabilities can be reduced
Non-tolerable risks must be reduced (ALARP)
Optimal, cost effective safety is achieved when addressed in the entire safety lifecycle
Specific techniques ensure that mistakes and errors are avoided across the entire life-cycle. Errors introduced anywhere from the initial concept, risk analysis, specification, design, installation, maintenance and through to disposal could undermine even the most reliable protection. IEC 61508 specifies techniques that should be used for each phase of the life-cycle.
The seven parts of the first edition of IEC 61508 were published in 1998 and 2000. The second edition was published in 2010.
Hazard and risk analysis
The standard requires that hazard and risk assessment be carried out for bespoke systems: 'The EUC (equipment under control) risk shall be evaluated, or estimated, for each determined hazardous event'.
The standard advises that 'Either qualitative or quantitative hazard and risk analysis techniques may be used' and offers guidance on a number of approaches. One of these, for the qualitative analysis of hazards, is a framework based on 6 categories of likelihood of occurrence and 4 of consequence.
Categories of likelihood of occurrence
Consequence categories
These are typically combined into a risk class matrix
Where:
Class I: Unacceptable in any circumstance;
Class II: Undesirable: tolerable only if risk reduction is impracticable or if the costs are grossly disproportionate to the improvement gained;
Class III: Tolerable if the cost of risk reduction would exceed the improvement;
Class IV: Acceptable as it stands, though it may need to be monitored.
Safety integrity level
The safety integrity level (SIL) provides a target to attain for each safety function. A risk assessment effort yields a target SIL for each safety function. For any given design the achieved SIL is evaluated by three measures:
1. Systematic Capability (SC) which is a measure of design quality. Each device in the design has an SC rating. The SIL of the safety function is limited to smallest SC rating of the devices used. Requirement for SC are presented in a series of tables in Part 2 and Part 3. The requirements include appropriate quality control, management processes, validation and verification techniques, failure analysis etc. so that one can reasonably justify that the final system attains the required SIL.
2. Architecture Constraints which are minimum levels of safety redundancy presented via two alternative methods - Route 1h and Route 2h.
3. Probability of Dangerous Failure Analysis
Probabilistic analysis
The probability metric used in step 3 above depends on whether the functional component will be exposed to high or low demand:
high demand is defined as more than once per year and low demand is defined as less than or equal to once per year (IEC-61508-4).
For functions that operate continuously (continuous mode) or functions that operate frequently (high demand mode), SIL specifies an allowable frequency of dangerous failure.
For functions that operate intermittently (low demand mode), SIL specifies an allowable probability that the function will fail to respond on demand.
Note the difference between function and system. The system implementing the function might be in operation frequently (like an ECU for deploying an air-bag), but the function (like air-bag deployment) might be in demand intermittently.
IEC 61508 certification
Certification is third party attestation that a product, process, or system meets all requirements of the certification program. Those requirements are listed in a document called the certification scheme. IEC 61508 certification programs are operated by impartial third party organizations called certification bodies (CB). These CBs are accredited to operate following other international standards including ISO/IEC 17065 and ISO/IEC 17025. Certification bodies are accredited to perform the auditing, assessment, and testing work by an accreditation body (AB). There is often one national AB in each country. These ABs operate per the requirements of ISO/IEC 17011, a standard that contains requirements for the competence, consistency, and impartiality of accreditation bodies when accrediting conformity assessment bodies. ABs are members of the International Accreditation Forum (IAF) for work in management systems, products, services, and personnel accreditation or the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) for laboratory accreditation. A Multilateral Recognition Arrangement (MLA) between ABs will ensure global recognition of accredited CBs. IEC 61508 certification programs have been established by several global Certification Bodies. Each has defined their own scheme based upon IEC 61508 and other functional safety standards. The scheme lists the referenced standards and specifies procedures which describes their test methods, surveillance audit policy, public documentation policies, and other specific aspects of their program. IEC 61508 certification programs are being offered globally by several recognized CBs including Intertek, SGS-TÜV Saar, TÜV Nord, TÜV Rheinland, TÜV SÜD and UL.
Industry/application specific variants
Automotive
ISO 26262 is an adaptation of IEC 61508 for Automotive Electric/Electronic Systems. It is being widely adopted by the major car manufacturers.
Before the launch of ISO 26262, the development of software for safety related automotive systems was predominantly covered by the Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) guidelines. The MISRA project was conceived to develop guidelines for the creation of embedded software in road vehicle electronic systems. A set of guidelines for the development of vehicle based software was published in November 1994. This document provided the first automotive industry interpretation of the principles of the, then emerging, IEC 61508 standard.
Today MISRA is most widely known for its guidelines on how to use the C and C++ languages. MISRA C has gone on to become the de facto standard for embedded C programming in the majority of safety-related industries, and is also used to improve software quality even where safety is not the main consideration.
Rail
IEC 62279 provides a specific interpretation of IEC 61508 for railway applications. It is intended to cover the development of software for railway control and protection including communications, signaling and processing systems.
Process industries
The process industry sector includes many types of manufacturing processes, such as refineries, petrochemical, chemical, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, and power. IEC 61511 is a technical standard which sets out practices in the engineering of systems that ensure the safety of an industrial process through the use of instrumentation.
Power plants
IEC 61513 provides requirements and recommendations for the instrumentation and control for systems important to safety of nuclear power plants. It indicates the general requirements for systems that contain conventional hardwired equipment, computer-based equipment or a combination of both types of equipment. An overview list of safety norms specific for nuclear power plants is published by ISO.
Machinery
IEC 62061 is the machinery-specific implementation of IEC 61508. It provides requirements that are applicable to the system level design of all types of machinery safety-related electrical control systems and also for the design of non-complex subsystems or devices.
Testing software
Software written in accordance with IEC 61508 may need to be unit tested, depending up on the SIL it needs to achieve. The main requirement in Unit Testing is to ensure that the software is fully tested at the function level and that all possible branches and paths are taken through the software. In some higher SIL level applications, the software code coverage requirement is much tougher and an MC/DC code coverage criterion is used rather than simple branch coverage. To obtain the MC/DC (modified condition/decision coverage) coverage information, one will need a Unit Testing tool, sometimes referred to as a Software Module Testing tool.
See also
Functional safety
Safety standards
FMEDA
Spurious trip level
Time-triggered system (A software architecture used to achieve IEC 61508 compliance)
Software quality
References
Further reading
Related safety standards
ISO 26262 (is an adaption of IEC 61508 with minor differences)
IEC 60730 (Household)
DO-178C (Aerospace)
Textbooks
W. Goble, "Control Systems Safety Evaluation and Reliability" (3rd Edition , Hardcover, 458 pages).
I. van Beurden, W. Goble, "Safety Instrumented System Design-Techniques and Design Verification" (1st Edition , 430 pages).
M.J.M. Houtermans, "SIL and Functional Safety in a Nutshell" (Risknowlogy Best Practices, 1st Edition, eBook in PDF, ePub, and iBook format, 40 Pages) SIL and Functional Safety in a Nutshell - eBook introducing SIL and Functional Safety
M. Medoff, R. Faller, "Functional Safety - An IEC 61508 SIL 3 Compliant Development Process" (3rd Edition, Hardcover, 371 pages, www.exida.com)
C. O'Brien, L. Stewart, L. Bredemeyer, "Final Elements in Safety Instrumented Systems - IEC 61511 Compliant Systems and IEC 61508 Compliant Products" (1st Edition, 2018, , Hardcover, 305 pages, www.exida.com)
Münch, Jürgen; Armbrust, Ove; Soto, Martín; Kowalczyk, Martin. “Software Process Definition and Management“, Springer, 2012.
M.Punch, "Functional Safety for the Mining Industry – An Integrated Approach Using AS(IEC)61508, AS(IEC) 62061 and AS4024.1." (1st Edition, , in A4 paperback, 150 pages).
D.Smith, K Simpson, "Safety Critical Systems Handbook: A Straightforward Guide to Functional Safety, IEC 61508 (2010 Edition) And Related Standards, Including Process IEC 61511 and Machinery IEC 62061 and ISO 13849" (3rd Edition , Hardcover, 288 Pages).
External links
IEC 61508-1:2010 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems- Parts 1
IEC Functional Safety zone
61508 Association A cross-industry group of organizations with an interest in achieving a dependable and cost-effective method for demonstrating compliance with IEC 61508 and related standards.
Electrical standards
61508
Safety engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC%2061508 |
Tommaso di Andrea Vincidor (1493 – 1536) was an Italian Renaissance painter and architect who trained with Raphael and spent most of his career in the Netherlands. He was also called Tommaso Vincitore, Tommaso da Bologna and Thomas Polonier (by Dürer).
He was born in Bologna, and became the pupil of Raphael, whom he helped in the execution of the Raphael Cartoons. Vincidor is further said to have been one of those pupils of Raphael who carried out the frescoes in the Vatican Loggia under his direction. On Raphael's death in 1520 he traveled to Flanders. At Antwerp he formed a friendship with Albrecht Dürer (1521); the German master painted his portrait, and refers to him in his Journal under the name of Thomas Polonier. Later details of the life of Tommaso are vague and scanty. He entered the service of Henry of Nassau at Breda, and was employed in reconstructive and decorative work at the Castle there, and died at Breda, in the Netherlands, in 1536.
Work of Tommaso Vincidor
In the Dutch province North Brabant, in the city Breda, a Brabantine Gothic Church has been built. The Large Church or Church of Our Lady, exhibits arch paintings of Tommaso Vincidor. The arch paintings are part of the Prince Chapel, a chapel of the ancestors of the Dutch royal family.
References
16th-century Italian architects
16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Renaissance painters
1493 births
1536 deaths
Architects from Bologna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso%20Vincidor |
Dr. Gerungan Saul Samuel Jacob Ratulangi (also written as Ratu Langie; 5 November 1890 – 30 June 1949) was a Minahasan teacher, journalist, politician, and national hero from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. He was part of the committee that ratified the Constitution of Indonesia and served as the first Governor of Sulawesi.
Early life
The son of Jozias Ratulangi and Augustina Gerungan, both from wealthy, well-respected Minahasa families, Sam Ratulangi was born on 5 November 1890 in Tondano in North Sulawesi, which at the time was a part of the Dutch East Indies. Jozias was a teacher at the Hoofden School (middle school for children of local village heads) in Tondano. He received teacher training in Haarlem, Netherlands around 1880. Augustina was the daughter of Jacob Gerungan, the Majoor (district chief) of Tondano-Touliang.
Ratulangi was a gifted student, who studied at the local Dutch language elementary school (ELS or Europeesche Lagere School) and then at the Hoofden School. In 1904, he left his home to attend STOVIA (a medical school in Java) after receiving a scholarship from the school. Once in Batavia (now Jakarta), he had a change of heart and decided to attend the technical high school Koningin Wilhelmina. Ratulangi graduated in 1908 and started work on railroad construction in the south Priangan area of West Java. There he experienced unequal treatment in wages and employee lodging compared to those who were of Indo (Eurasian) descent.
Time in Europe
Studies in the Netherlands and Switzerland
In 1911, Ratulangi returned home, because his mother was seriously ill. His mother died on 19 November 1911. His father had died when he was in Java. After their mother's death, Ratulangi and his two sisters divided their parents' inheritance. Ratulangi planned to use the money he received to fund his education in Europe. He arrived in Amsterdam in 1912 and continued his studies that he started in Java, which had been cut short due to his mother's illness. In 1913, he received a certificate to teach middle school level mathematics (Middelbare Acte Wiskunde en Paedagogiek).
Ratulangi continued his studies at a university in Amsterdam for two more years. However, he was not able to complete his studies, because he was prohibited from taking the examination. The university required a high school level certificate, which Ratulangi did not have, because he never completed studies at either a Hogere Burgerschool (HBS) or Algemene Middelbare School (AMS). At the advice of Mr. Abendanon, a Dutchman who was sympathetic to those from Indonesia or what was called Indië at the time, Ratulangi applied and was accepted to the University of Zurich in Switzerland. In 1919, he obtained a doctorate in mathematics and science from the university.
Nationalist activism
During his time in Amsterdam, Ratulangi frequently met with Sosrokartono (R.A. Kartini's brother) and the three founders of the Indische Party, Ernest Douwes Dekker, Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, and Soewardi Soerjaningrat. Ratulangi was also active in the association for Indonesian students (Indische Vereeniging or Perhimpunan Indonesia). He was elected as chairman of the association in 1914. He invited speakers who were sympathetic to the Indonesian cause, such as Conrad Theodor van Deventer and Jacques Henrij Abendanon. In Switzerland, he was active in the Association of Asian Students (Associations d'étudiants asiatiques) where he met Jawaharlal Nehru from India.
Ratulangi was also active in writing articles. In one article entitled "Sarekat Islam" that was published in Onze Kolonien (1913), Ratulangi wrote about the growth of Sarekat Islam (a cooperative of local merchants in Indonesia) and also praised the Boedi Oetomo movement in Indonesia. Toward the end of the article, Ratulangi wrote the following:
Independence struggle
Return to Indonesia
On his return to Indonesia in 1919, Ratulangi moved to Yogyakarta to teach math and science at the technical high school Prinses Juliana School. After three years of teaching, he moved to Bandung and started the insurance company Assurantie Maatschappij Indonesia with Roland Tumbelaka, a medical doctor by profession and fellow Minahasan. The company name contained the first known instance of the word "Indonesia" being used in official documents. It has been noted that Sukarno first met Ratulangi when he was visiting Bandung for a conference. He noticed the name of Ratulangi's company that included "Indonesia". He was curious about the owner of the business and met Ratulangi in his office.
Return to Minahasa
In 1923, Ratulangi was nominated by the Minahasa Union party (Perserikatan Minahasa) to become secretary of the regional representative body of Minahasa in Manado (Minahasa Raad). He held this position from 1924 to 1927. During his time as secretary, Ratulangi lobbied for more rights for Minahasans. He was widely credited with getting the colonial government to abolish forced labor (Herendiensten) in Minahasa. He was also instrumental in the opening the areas of Modoinding and Kanarom in south Minahasa for transmigration and the establishment of a foundation to support the education of students with financial needs.
On 16 August 1927, Ratulangi and R. Tumbelaka started the Minahasa Unity party (Persatuan Minahasa). Its predecessor, the Minahasa Union party (Perserikatan Minahasa), included both civilian and military members. Some of the members from the military had revolted against the Dutch and hence they were prohibited from participating in political organizations. Ratulangi and Tumbelaka decided to form a new party, the Minahasa Unity party, which would only have civilian members. The existence of this party representing a specific region of Sulawesi gave its members local identity, but it also served the purpose of promoting national unity. The party "called for the 'solidarity of all population groups of Indonesia'". In 1939, Persatuan Minahasa was one of the political parties that formed the Indonesian Political Federation (GAPI or Gabungan Politik Indonesia). The others were Gerindo (Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia), Parindra (Partai Indonesia Raya), Pasundan, PPKI (Persatuan Partai Katolik Indonesia), and PSII (Persatuan Sarekat Islam Indonesia).
Member of the Volksraad
Appointed to the People's Council Volksraad in 1927 to represent the constituents in Minahasa, Ratulangi continued to agitate for equal rights and advocating Indonesian nationalism by aligning himself with the Nationalist Caucus (Fraksi Kebangsaan) that was started by Mohammad Husni Thamrin. He was a co-sponsor of the Soetardjo Petition, which expressed the desire for political autonomy through gradual reforms within a ten year period. The petition passed the Volksraad, but was not accepted by the colonial government. This response to the petition led to the formation of GAPI (described earlier). Ratulangi was not hesitant to criticize the authorities and would eventually be considered a risk to them. He continued to serve in the Volksraad until 1937, when he was arrested due to his increasing political views. He was jailed for several months in Sukamiskin in Bandung.
In 1932, Ratulangi was one of the founding members of the United Scholars of Indonesia (Vereniging van Indonesische Academici). He was also part of a group of church leaders and nationalists (including B.W. Lapian and A.A. Maramis) who wanted a church denomination that was free and separate from the official church institution of the Dutch East-Indies (called Protestantsche Kerk in Nederlandsch-Indie or Indische Kerk). In March 1933, the independent Convention of Protestant Churches in Minahasa (KGPM or Kerapatan Gereja Protestan Minahasa) was established.
In June 1937, Ratulangi's book "Indonesia in de Pacific" was published. The book was considered to be visionary in its content, in which Ratulangi warned against the militarisation of Japan and foresaw the possibility that Japan might invade the Indonesian archipelago because of its natural resources which Japan lacks. He described the leading role that Indonesia and other countries in Southeast Asia around the Pacific Rim could play — the Pacific Ocean could equal the Atlantic in importance.
After being released from prison in 1938, Ratulangi became the editor of Nationale Commentaren, a Dutch-language news and issues magazine. He used the magazine to write opinions against the colonial government's unfair actions and also to make his fellows Indonesians aware of the current state. Subscribers of the magazine included the offices of the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, the Dutch Ministry of Colonies, and the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.
Japanese occupation
After the Dutch surrendered the Dutch East Indies to the Japanese, on 20 March 1942 the Japanese authorities prohibited any kind of political activity. Because all political organizations were disbanded, Ratulangi participated in the relief effort of the families of Dutch Colonial army (KNIL or Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger) soldiers. In 1943, Ratulangi was assigned as adviser to the occupying military government. In 1944, he was transferred to advise the military government in Makassar in South Sulawesi, which was part of the eastern territory that was controlled by the Japanese Navy. In June 1945, Ratulangi established an organization called Source of People's Blood (SUDARA or Sumber Darah Rakyat). The naming is very close to the Indonesian word "saudara", which in means brother/sister. Ratulangi used the organization to energize nationalist sentiments in Sulawesi in anticipation of possible independence in the near future.
After Independence
Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence
In early August 1945, Ratulangi was appointed as one of the members of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI or Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia) from Sulawesi. On 17 August 1945, Sukarno announced the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. Ratulangi had already arrived in Batavia with the other PPKI appointees from the eastern territory for meetings and hence he was present during the proclamation ceremony. The subsequent PPKI meetings starting on the day after the proclamation produced the Constitution of Indonesia and the appointment of Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as President and Vice President, respectively, by acclamation. The meetings also organized the country into administrative regions where Ratulangi was appointed Governor of Sulawesi.
Governor of Sulawesi
Upon returning to Makassar and formally announcing the proclamation of independence, Ratulangi was faced with a very delicate situation. The Japanese were initially not ready to surrender their weapons. The Allied Forces under the command of Australian Brigadier General Ivan Dougherty arrived in September 1945 with the appointment as Military Governor. With him came elements of the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA or Nederlandsch-Indische Civiele Administratie) who were ready to assume the Dutch East Indies state as before the war. Along with NICA came KNIL soldiers to assist the Dutch civil government. With all the foreign influx, the local youth in Sulawesi were prepared to fight at all costs to maintain Indonesian independence. In addition, Ratulangi received support from the local traditional chiefs (raja-raja) including from the Sultanate of Bone and the Kingdom of Luwu who pledged their allegiance to the newly established Republic.
Ratulangi was able to hold negotiations in an effort to maintain the peace, but it only held for two months. Nevertheless, he was able to organize some semblance of a region government that operated for nine months. On 5 April 1946, Ratulangi and several of his staff were taken from their homes and held by the Dutch military police. They were imprisoned for three months until their exile to Serui Island in the Yapen Islands archipelago in Western New Guinea.
Exile in Serui
Ratulangi was exiled to Serui with six of his staff and their families: Josef Latumahina, Lanto Daeng Pasewang, Willem Sumampouw Tanod 'Wim' Pondaag, Suwarno, I. P. Lumban Tobing, and Intje Saleh Daeng Tompo. In Serui, the group looked for activities and interactions with the local community. They established a local school and a social organization to assist the women in the community. Politically, Ratulangi was involved in the establishment of the Indonesian Irian Independence Party (PKII) in Irian that was led by Silas Papare with Ratulangi as an adviser.
Return from exile and death
On 23 March 1948, after the signing of the Renville Agreement, the Dutch released Ratulangi and his colleagues. They were transferred to Surabaya and then escorted to the demarcation line near Mojokerto and Jombang where they made their way to the capital of the republic in Yogyakarta. They were greeted warmly on their arrival in Yogyakarta and a reception was held by Sukarno with many Indonesian leaders in attendance. Ratulangi was appointed special adviser to the Indonesian government and a member of the Indonesian delegation in negotiations with the Dutch. He also visited troops in East Java and attended a financial conference in Kaliurang. Around this time, his was having issues with his health.
On 10 November 1948, a manifesto was announced by the Radio Republik Indonesia that urged the people of eastern Indonesia who were under the control of the Dutch to keep their unity with the Republic of Indonesia in order to one day become fully independent throughout Indonesia. The manifesto was called Manifes Ratulangie or Manifes Djokja and in addition to Ratulangi, it was also signed by I Gusti Ketut Pudja, Sukarjo Wiryopranoto, and others. The first point of the manifesto reads:
During Operation Kraai (the second Dutch military aggression against Indonesia), Yogyakarta was captured and the Indonesian leaders including Sukarno and Hatta were captured and exiled to Bangka. Ratulangi was captured by the Dutch on 25 December 1948. He was transferred to Jakarta on 12 January 1949 to be subsequently transferred to Bangka. However, due to his failing health, he was allowed to stay in Jakarta on house arrest. Ratulangi died on 30 June 1949. Ratulangi was temporarily buried in Tanah Abang, Jakarta. On 23 July 1949, his remains were transported to Manado on the KPM ship Swartenhondt. On 1 August 1949, the ship reached Manado. The next day Ratulangi's remains were transported and buried in his hometown of Tondano.
Family
Ratulangi was married twice. He married Emilie Suzanne Houtman and had two children, Corneille Jose Albert 'Odie' Ratulangi and Emilia Augustina 'Zus' Ratulangi. Ratulangi and Houtman divorced in 1926. Ratulangi married Maria Catharina Josephine 'Tjen' Tambajong in 1928. They had three children, Milia Maria Matulanda 'Milly' Ratulangi, Everdina Augustina 'Lani' Ratulangi, and Wulan Rugian Manampira 'Uki' Ratulangi.
Ratulangi had two older sisters, Wulan Kayes Rachel Wilhelmina Ratulangi and Wulan Rachel Wilhelmina Maria Ratulangi. Both had notable achievements. Wulan Kayes was the first Indonesian woman to pass the klein-ambtenaars examination for low-level government jobs in 1898. Her marks were higher than the men who took the exam. Wulan Rachel was the first Indonesian woman to receive the hulpacte basic certificate for elementary education in Dutch in 1912.
Honours and legacy
In August 1961, Ratulangi was posthumously awarded the title of National Hero of Indonesia by Sukarno. He also received posthumously the Bintang Gerilya in 1958, the Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana in 1960, and the Bintang Satyalancana in 1961.
Ratulangi is well-regarded in the Minahasa region of North Sulawesi. Main artery roads in all cities in Minahasa (Bitung, Manado, Tomohon, and Tondano) are named after Ratulangi. Manado's international airport is also named after him as is the state university in Manado. Statues and busts of Ratulangi can be found on the intersection between Jalan Sam Ratulangi and Jalan Bethesda in Manado, on the campus of Sam Ratulangi University, beside Ratulangi's tomb in Tondano, in Jakarta and Serui, and even in a park in Davao City (Philippines), which is located just north of the island of Sulawesi. In 2016, the Ministry of Finance issued new 2016 series notes in which the Rp. 20,000 valued note depicts Ratulangi on the front of the note. Sam Ratulangi is also featured on the newer 2022 series.
Notes
References
Bibliography
1890 births
1949 deaths
Indonesian Christians
Indonesian collaborators with Imperial Japan
Members of the Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)
Minahasa people
National Heroes of Indonesia
Politicians from North Sulawesi
PPKI
STOVIA alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Ratulangi |
Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel (27 April 1650 – 27 March 1714) was Queen of Denmark and Norway by marriage to King Christian V. Although she did not have much political influence, she was a successful businesswoman in her many estates and protected foreign Protestant non-Lutherans from oppression. She gained popularity for defending Copenhagen from Swedish forces in 1700.
Early life
Charlotte Amalie was born on 27 April 1650, in Kassel, Hesse, Germany. Her parents were William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Hedwig Sophia of Brandenburg. Her mother was a religiously strict adherent of the Reformed Church and politically oriented toward Brandenburg, both views which were to be shared by her daughter. She was well educated in finances, geography, the languages German, French and Italian, and philosophy. French was to be her preferred written language, though she spoke German with her more intimate friends.
Crown Prince Christian of Denmark and Norway was sent to meet Charlotte Amalie in Hesse in 1665 as a marriage prospect arranged by Danish Queen Sophie Amalie, who desired a daughter-in-law that she could control and expected this to be the case for a member of the reformed church who would be religiously isolated in Lutheran Denmark. However, the negotiations were drawn out because of religious concerns. In the marriage contract, Charlotte Amalie was not required to convert and managed to secure the right to keep her faith after her wedding to Christian, who as ruler of Denmark would become the head of the state Lutheran Church, a term which was contested and met some resistance before it was accepted.
Crown Princess
The marriage was on 15 June 1667 in Nykøbing Slot. Charlotte Amalie was appreciated for learning the Danish language, which was not a given thing for a royal consort in that era and which she mastered prior to becoming Queen. It was said of her that she:
"...willingly and completely love not only our people but also our language, that she has learned to speak to our people before even ascending the throne, while bringing shame on those, who has been eating our bread for thirty years and not bothered to learn even thirty Danish words."
Much to the distress of her mother-in-law, Charlotte Amalie actually was a lively, smart and independent woman. She was not a meek person and made her pleasure and displeasure quite openly known, though her anger was also quickly subdued. The English ambassador Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth called her "A Princess worthy of being described with honor, even if she did not have such a high position. [...] very winning, lovable and unconstrained," while the French ambassador described her: "This lady has pale skin and brown hair. While not beautiful, nether is there anything ugly about her. She has a fine figure and a pleasant personality. She speaks quite good French, and her conversation shows that she has plenty of mind."
Queen of Denmark and Norway
Charlotte Amalie became Queen of Denmark and Norway upon the accession of Christian to the throne in 1670. Her Reformed faith caused the clergy to oppose her anointing as Queen because the ceremony would require a Lutheran communion, which she refused. She chose the motto and was described as a popular queen. According to English ambassador Molesworth:
"Her great excellence assures her of the hearts of her subjects, even though she doesn't share their religion. [...] she is an safe haven for the suffering destitute, who are never disappointed when appealing to her."
Influence
King Christian V disliked his wife's Pro-Brandenburg sympathies and took care to remove Charlotte Amalie from exerting any influence in state affairs. She was nevertheless regarded as a potential power holder at court, and the French ambassador noted: "While the queen has little influence, the favorite ministers does fear her, as they know how much she despise them". After the fall of Peder Griffenfeld in 1676, her main political enemies were represented by her mother-in-law, who worked to maintain her political influence, and courtier Vincens Hahn, who belonged to royal mistress Sophie Amalie Moth's social circle. Spy Justine Cathrine Rosenkrantz was placed among her ladies-in-waiting by the Hahn party to ascertain that Charlotte Amalie did not involve herself in politics.
Even if she could achieve little without the support of the king, Charlotte Amalie tried to press political issues on her own. During the Scanian War (1675–1679), her husband allied with her uncle, the Elector of Brandenburg, against Sweden. She actively worked to preserve the alliance and benefit Brandenburg interests in Denmark "in occasions when this wouldn't have been expected by a queen of Denmark". It is noted how she protected the Brandenburgian military Tromp and disfavored Danish rival Niels Juel.
A rich landowner, Charlotte Amalie owned and actively managed several estates around the country, including Frederiksdal, Bagsværd, Dronninglund, Dronninggaard, Gentofte Gaard, Vendsyssel Børglum Kloster, Stevns Herred, Frøslev Gods, and Vemmetofte Gods. She founded and skillfully supervised factories in some of her estates, such as paper mills and playing cards factories. Both her lands goods and industry products resulted in considerable profits.
Although Charlotte Amalie was pious, her view on religion was a Protestant ecumenical one: she corresponded with Protestants of different churches and expressed that she saw little difference between the Reformed church and the Lutheran faith, a view which was radical at the time. She protected the members of the Reformed church in Denmark, particularly the Huguenots, where they were benefited by her protection. This included the family of her secretary and advisor Johann Heinrich Lincker, who was married to Huguenot woman named Susanne du Mont. She was supported in her tolerance by businesspeople, who saw the need of the qualifications of the immigrants, and was opposed by the conservative church, who regarded all non-Lutherans as an affront to the King and God, a view which her husband did lean somewhat towards himself. The law of 1685, in which immigrants of Protestant of churches were granted the privilege of a certain degree of freedom of religion, are attributed to the efforts of Charlotte Amalie, who served as the spokesperson of the foreign Protestant non-Lutherans. She supported the foundation of one French and one German Protestant church with her own funds, even including the congregations in her will.
Court of the Queen
Charlotte Amalie enjoyed the frequent courtly parties, balls, masquerades and representation which court life demanded, brushing away the strict religious scruples voiced by her sister-in-law Ulrika Eleonora as nonsense. She sometimes arranged private parties herself, such as the spontaneously for her court dwarf Frøken Elsebe. Described as charming and entertaining in social life, the Queen had many friends, such as Juliane Elisabeth von Wallenstein, Dorothea Justina Haxthausen and, particularly, her favorite lady-in-waiting and Huguenot relative princess Charlotte Amélie de la Trémoille.
The relationship between Charlotte Amalie and Christian V are described as a mutually respectful friendship instead of a love affair, but both enjoyed each other's company and coexisted harmoniously. In 1672, her husband entered into a permanent love affair to Sophie Amalie Moth, who made the official mistress in Denmark, a public adultery that caused an embarrassing situation for Charlotte Amalie. Nevertheless, "no mistress could deprive her of her position as Queen, and she understood how to defend it"; Charlotte Amalie made the most of her position as Queen, both in public representational life as in her private interactions with the King. It is noted how she was always accompanied him on journeys, on hunting, in warfare, and even at playing cards late in to the evenings. She was present during the Battle of Wismar, riding at the King's side "dressed as an amazon", and accompanied her husband in Sweden during the Scanian War.
Charlotte Amalie is described as a devoted and considered mother and grandmother who was close to her family. However, she did not have a good relationship with her mother-in-law, who wished to keep her precedence and position as first lady of the court despite being a queen dowager. One reason for the animosity was because she unsuccessfully requested the release of her aunt-in-law Leonora Christina Ulfeldt, and were known to have sent gifts to ease Ulfeldt's imprisonment, something which was resented by her mother-in-law, who regarded Ulfeldt a personal enemy.
Queen Dowager
In 1699, Charlotte Amalie was widowed. She did not threaten the position of her daughter-in-law at court as her mother-in-law had done. It is reported that she grieved over her son's bigamy, but she did not voice any criticism to him directly. She kept a separate court and made several journeys, particularly to Germany, where she spent 1711–1713 in Oldenburg. The Queen Dowager resided in Charlottenborg Palace, which is named after her, during the winter and in Nykøbing Slot during the summer. She was protector of the famous Marie Grubbe after Grubbe's divorce and remarriage, which had made the new couple social outcasts. They were given refuge by the queen dowager, who allowed them to live in her own dower lands.
In 1700, Copenhagen was attacked by King Charles XII of Sweden during the invasion Zealand. On 13 July, Charlotte Amalie wrote to her friend Dorothea Justina Haxthausen: "I have the pleasure – or if you wish, the opposite – of seeing the fleets of four potentates outside my window. I hope they will disperse without bloodshed", when the Danish fleet was attacked by the Swedish, English and Dutch fleet, followed by the landing of the enemy at Humlebæk. The capital was unprepared for attack, the King was absent in the Duchies, and the city commander Schack could not handle the situation. During this incident, the Queen Dowager strengthened the resolve of the people and helped to organize the defense by convincing the city commandant to give the people access to the cannons and successfully asking the garrison to protect the capital out of loyalty, while she would herself stay and die with them if need be. For this act, she was hailed as a heroine.
Charlotte Amalie died of scarlet fever in Charlottenborg on 27 March 1714, at the age of 63. She was "heartily grieved by many". and buried in Roskilde Cathedral. Her winter residence has housed the Royal Danish Academy of Art since 1754.
Legacy
The city of Charlotte Amalie on St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands is named after her.
Issue
Ancestry
See also
Reformed Synod of Denmark
References
Article in the Dansk biografisk Lexikon
Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon kvinfo.dk
External links
Queen Charlotte Amalie at the website of the Royal Danish Collection
1650 births
1714 deaths
Danish royal consorts
Norwegian royal consorts
Crown Princesses of Denmark
Crown Princesses of Norway
House of Hesse-Kassel
German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Burials at Roskilde Cathedral
Danish people of the Great Northern War
Christian V of Denmark
Queen mothers
Daughters of monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Amalie%20of%20Hesse-Kassel |
Regillus was an ancient lake of Latium, Italy, famous in the legendary history of Rome as the lake in the neighborhood of which occurred (in 496 B.C.) the Battle of Lake Regillus between the Romans and the Latins which finally decided the hegemony of Rome in Latium. The lake, now drained, was near the present-day town of Frascati.
During the battle, so the story runs, the Roman dictator Postumius vowed to build a temple to the twin gods Castor and Pollux, who were specially venerated in Tusculum, the chief city of the Latins (it being a Roman custom to invoke the aid of the gods of the enemy). The pair duly appeared during the battle dressed in white armour riding white horses, helped to Romans to prevail, and afterwards took the news of the victory to Rome. There they watered their horses at the spring of Juturna, close to which their temple in the Forum was subsequently erected.
There can be little doubt that Lake Regillus actually existed. Of the various identifications proposed, the best is that of Prof. L. Pareti, who locates the lake in a crater, (Prataporci), which lies north of Frascati. The lake has since been drained by an emissarium of uncertain date. Most of the other sites proposed are not, as Regillus should be, within the limits of the territory of Tusculum.
References
496 BC
490s BC conflicts
5th century BC in the Roman Republic
Battles involving the Roman Republic
Lakes of Lazio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regillus |
100001–100100
|-id=007
| 100007 Peters || || Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters (1813–1890), a German-American astronomer and discoverer of asteroids and of comet 80P/Peters–Hartley ||
|-id=019
| 100019 Gregorianik || || Gregorian chant (German shortening Gregorianik) a form of monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song of the Roman Catholic Church ||
|-id=027
| 100027 Hannaharendt || || Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), German philosopher and political theorist ||
|-id=028
| 100028 von Canstein || || Carl Hildebrand von Canstein (1667–1719) established the Cansteinsche Bible Society in Halle (Saale) in 1710. Von Canstein was a friend of August Hermann Francke. ||
|-id=029
| 100029 Varnhagen || || Rahel Varnhagen (née Levin; 1771–1833), German writer of Jewish descent, the subject of a famous biography by Hannah Arendt ||
|-id=033
| 100033 Taizé || || Taizé, Saône-et-Loire, Burgundy, France, where the Taizé Community is located ||
|-id=046
| 100046 Worms || || Worms is one of the oldest German towns. ||
|-id=047
| 100047 Leobaeck || || Rabbi Leo Baeck (1873–1956), German-Jewish scholar, president of both the Council of Jews from Germany and the World Union for Progressive Judaism ||
|-id=049
| 100049 Césarann || || César Hernandez (born 1959) and Ann Hernandez (born 1964), brother-in-law and sister, respectively, of the discoverer Andrew Lowe ||
|-id=050
| 100050 Carloshernandez || || Carlos R. Hernandez (born 1996), nephew of the discoverer Andrew Lowe ||
|-id=051
| 100051 Davidhernandez || || David A. Hernandez (born 1998), nephew of the discoverer Andrew Lowe ||
|-id=077
| 100077 Tertzakian || || Peter Tertzakian (born 1961), Canadian author and energy economist ||
|}
100101–100200
|-id=122
| 100122 Alpes Maritimes || || Alpes-Maritimes, French département where the discovery site is located ||
|-id=133
| 100133 Demosthenes || || Demosthenes (384–322 BC), a famous orator of ancient Athens who was considered by Cicero as the greatest among all orators. ||
|}
100201–100300
|-id=229
| 100229 Jeanbailly || || Jean Sylvain Bailly (1736–1793), a French astronomer, mathematician and freemason. In 1759 he calculated an orbit for the next appearance of Halley's comet. ||
|-id=231
| 100231 Monceau || || Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau (1700–1782), a French physician, naval engineer and botanist. ||
|-id=266
| 100266 Sadamisaki || || Sadamisaki peninsula, in the westernmost part of Shikoku, the narrowest peninsula in Japan ||
|-id=267
| 100267 JAXA || || JAXA, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, where the second discoverer works, on the occasion of the 5th anniversary of JAXA in 2008 ||
|-id=268
| 100268 Rosenthal || || Hans Rosenthal (1925–1987), German Holocaust survivor, later radio and television moderator, member of the Council of Jews from Germany ||
|-id=292
| 100292 Harmandir || || The Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib), located in the Indian state of Punjab, is the spiritual and cultural center for the Sikh religion. ||
|}
100301–100400
|-id=308
| 100308 ČAS || 1995 HB || The Česká Astronomická Společnost (Czech Astronomical Society) was established in Prague in 1917. ||
|-id=309
| 100309 Misuzukaneko || 1995 HD || Misuzu Kaneko (1903–1930), a Japanese poet and songwriter, who composed as many as 512 poems. ||
|}
100401–100500
|-id=416
| 100416 Syang || 1996 CB || Stephenson Yang (born 1954), Canadian astronomer and exoplanet discoverer ||
|-id=417
| 100417 Philipglass || 1996 EC || Philip Glass (born 1937), American composer ||
|-id=433
| 100433 Hyakusyuko || || Nagai Hyakusyuko is the name of the dam lake in Nagai city, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. ||
|-id=434
| 100434 Jinyilian || 1996 LJ || Jin Yilian (born 1929), academic of the China Academy of Engineering ||
|-id=445
| 100445 Pisa || || The Italian city of Pisa in Tuscany, known for its Leaning Tower and several other historic churches and medieval palaces. ||
|-id=456
| 100456 Chichén Itzá || 1996 TH || Chichen Itza, a large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya during the late classic period. The archaeological site is located in Yucatán State, Mexico. ||
|-id=483
| 100483 NAOJ || || NAOJ, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, on the occasion of its twentieth anniversary ||
|-id=485
| 100485 Russelldavies || 1996 VX || Dennis Russell Davies (born 1944), American pianist and conductor of the Bruckner Orchestra Linz from 2002 and musical director of the Basel Symphony Orchestra from 2009 ||
|}
100501–100600
|-id=519
| 100519 Bombig || || Anna Bombig (1919–2013), Italian teacher and poet of the Italian region of Friuli ||
|-id=553
| 100553 Dariofo || 1997 GD || Dario Fo (1926–2016), Italian satirist, playwright, theatre director, actor, composer and recipient of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature ||
|-id=596
| 100596 Perrett || || Kathryn M. Perrett (born 1971), Canadian astrophysicist, expert in galactic dynamics, and friend and colleague of the discoverer, David D. Balam ||
|}
100601–100700
|-id=604
| 100604 Lundy || || Lundy, English island in the Bristol Channel ||
|-id=675
| 100675 Chuyanakahara || || Chūya Nakahara (1907–1937), Japanese poet ||
|}
100701–100800
|-id=726
| 100726 Marcoiozzi || || Marco Iozzi (born 1965), an Italian amateur astronomer and member of the astrometry team at Beppe Forti Astronomical Observatory in Montelupo Fiorentino, Tuscany. ||
|-id=728
| 100728 Kamenice n Lipou || 1998 CK || Kamenice nad Lipou, small town situated in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands of the Czech Republic ||
|-id=731
| 100731 Ara Pacis || 1998 DO || Ara Pacis, located in Rome, is an altar dedicated to Pax, the Roman goddess of peace. ||
|-id=732
| 100732 Blankavalois || 1998 DQ || Blanche of Valois (or Blanka of Valois, 1316–1348) was the first wife of Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia Charles IV ||
|-id=733
| 100733 Annafalcká || || Anne of Bavaria (or Anna Falcká, 1329–1353) was the second wife of Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia Charles IV ||
|-id=734
| 100734 Annasvídnická || || Anna von Schweidnitz (Anna Svídnická; 1339–1362) was the third wife of Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia Charles IV ||
|-id=735
| 100735 Alpomořanská || || Elizabeth of Pomerania (or Alžběta Pomořanská, c. 1347–1393) was the fourth and final wife of Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia Charles IV. ||
|}
100801–100900
|-id=897
| 100897 Piatra Neamt || || Piatra Neamț, capital city of Neamț County in the region of Moldavia, eastern Romania ||
|}
100901–101000
|-id=924
| 100924 Luctuymans || || Luc Tuymans (born 1958), Belgian painter ||
|-id=934
| 100934 Marthanussbaum || || Martha Nussbaum (born 1947), American philosopher at the University of Chicago. ||
|-id=936
| 100936 Mekong || || The Mekong is a 4350-kilometre river flowing through China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. ||
|-id=940
| 100940 Maunder || || Edward Walter Maunder (1851–1928), a British astronomer ||
|}
References
100001-101000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20100001%E2%80%93101000 |
Magog is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by DC Comics, generally as an enemy and foil to Superman. He first appeared in Kingdom Come #1 (May 1996), and was created by Mark Waid and Alex Ross. In 2009, Magog was ranked as IGN's 75th-greatest comic book villain of all time.
In Kingdom Come, Magog's lack of the conventional heroic qualities of idealism puts him at odds with Superman's morality. After taking over Superman's place within the world's superhero community, his reckless actions with other would-be superheroes ultimately caused a nuclear disaster in the Midwestern United States; overwhelmed by guilt, he then realizes that Superman was right and seeks to atone for his crimes. In 2008, a parallel universe version of the character is introduced in DC Comics' main continuity; his destiny seemingly parallel to the original version's and some fear him due to their awareness of his counterpart's actions, yet granting him a benefit of doubt to prove himself as a true hero differing from his doppelgänger.
Publication history
Creation and development
Magog debuted in the first issue of the Elseworlds mini-series Kingdom Come in May 1996. Within this possible future, he represents the violent, modern-style heroes who come into conflict with the classic, moralistic heroes of the past.
Kingdom Come is a graphic novel rife with biblical references. Gog and Magog are both biblical characters from the Book of Genesis, the Book of Ezekiel, and the Book of Revelation as well as names that appear in a variety of subsequent legends. In addition to taking his name from the Old Testament, Magog represents the Golden calf, that is, a false idol.
The character's appearance was based on that of the Marvel Comics character Cable. Magog's character design was based on superhero design trends of the time, especially Cable, and Cable's creator Rob Liefeld himself. Alex Ross explained the design's decision: "As I remember, Mark originally told me, 'Make him look like everything we hate in modern superhero design'". Ross has gone into more detail in an interview with Comic Book Resources:
After Kingdom Come
The character was featured in Justice Society of America vol. 3. Introduced in Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #12 as Lance, the character was introduced as Magog in Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #18.
Following the appearance in Justice Society of America, the character received his own eponymous title, written by Keith Giffen and penciled by Howard Porter. Giffen commented on the series and his reaction to character:
Scott Kolins took over the series with issue #11 as both writer and artist. However, the planned five-issue story was cut to two when the series was canceled with issue #12 because of low sales, but the story would be finished in a double-sized issue of Justice Society of America Special #1.
Fictional character biography
Kingdom Come
Magog, "The New Man of Tomorrow", is a hero with a rising career in the last days of Superman's declining popularity. His true origins are never revealed in the story. His most controversial act at the time was killing the Joker, who was in custody for the murder of Lois Lane and dozens of other members of the Daily Planet. Magog then surrenders to Superman and the authorities. When put on trial for murder, Magog is acquitted, the feeling being that it is time for psychotic supervillains like the Joker to be killed off rather than preserve the belief of heroes of Superman's generation that all life is sacred no matter what the crime or risk of recidivism.
Superman publicly denounces Magog and the acquittal, prompting Magog to challenge him to a fight. Superman, disgusted with the verdict, refuses the challenge and instead goes into self-imposed exile. During the next ten years, a new generation of heroes following Magog's violent approach begins to arise. Magog himself begins operating with a team of heroes known as the Justice Battalion (a group composed of characters based on the heroes of Charlton Comics, who also inspired Alan Moore's Watchmen). During a one-sided and unnecessarily brutal battle with the villainous Parasite, Magog's teammate Captain Atom is critically injured, causing him to explode with the force of an atomic bomb. This disaster leaves Kansas completely destroyed, over a million people killed, and much of America's heartland is covered in deadly radiation, destabilizing the American economy.
Magog and Alloy are the only survivors of the Kansas blast. This cataclysm is the event which finally draws Superman and many of the heroes of his generation out of retirement, thus leading to the story's inevitable generational conflict. Initially, Magog is considered the most wanted and dangerous criminal in the world and is hunted by Superman's new Justice League. They finally confront him as he tries with little success to put some small order back amongst the ruins of Kansas. Superman goads him with the remark "You must be proud (of this destruction)", which results in Magog lashing out at the Man of Steel, blaming him for the present crisis since he would not adapt to modern ways. After the attack fails to harm Superman, Magog quietly surrenders. It becomes apparent that he is traumatized by his experience and seeks forgiveness.
He is taken into custody by the League and held in their special prison where he and others are lectured about their violent ways, although Magog appears to spend most of his time remorsefully in his cell. However, the jail's walls are pierced by a brainwashed Captain Marvel and in the battle that follows, Magog noticeably avoids fighting and just sticks to saving as many lives as he can. At the end of Kingdom Come, Magog retires to Paradise Island, where he is seen caring for the crippled Japanese superheroine Tokyo Rose, and giving Swastika a hard clout when he fails to show proper respect to Wonder Woman and the Amazons. In the Elliot S! Maggin novelization, it is revealed that Magog even becomes the dean of students at Themyscira.
Justice Society of America
Lance Corporal David Reid, great-grandson of Franklin D. Roosevelt, was with the Marine platoon assigned to halt the looting of the National Museum of Iraq during the Iraq War. Reid tracked one of the looters and found an artifact that was a stone fragment of the Old God Gog. Upon touching it, Reid blacked out, waking up three weeks later to find that he was now filled with plasma energy and that a mark shaped like the Eye of Providence had opened up on his left arm. With the aid of a pointed hand-held device (which earned him the nickname "Lance"), Reid was able to project focused blasts of energy.
Because the modern Justice Society of America tries to keep the legacies of former heroes alive, and because Franklin Roosevelt was credited with bringing the JSA together in the first place, the Society asked Reid to join them.
When the Justice Society encounters the Third World survivor Gog, several of their number have themselves "healed" by him. When Gog sets out to save a village from a rogue military attack, the JSA assist him. During the conflict, Lance is struck by an RPG missile and killed. Gog stands over Lance and brings him back to life, replacing his ruined left arm and right eye with gold metal. Gog then dubs Reid Magog. Thankful for Gog's gift, Magog then leads half of the Justice Society in support of Gog, using his staff to send the members who don't agree with Gog's ways back to the Justice Society's headquarters. The Justice Society discovers that Gog is rooting himself to the Earth, which would cause the planet's destruction if he were ever to leave, and seek to destroy Gog to prevent this. Magog protects Gog until he sees him remove the gifts he gave to the Justice Society and use the corpses of Mister Terrific's wife and Alan Scott's daughter to torture them. Magog then turns on Gog as well. Gog orders Magog to serve him or have his gift of life taken from him. Magog refuses, saying that he would rather die than live without freedom. The Society finally manages to topple Gog, and Magog kills Gog with his staff. After Gog's head is removed from his body, his effects on the Justice Society are reversed, except for Magog, who for some reason remains in his altered state.
Soon after, David leaves the JSA, returning to his family's farm. He later returns to the team, but his military training causes him to chafe under the Society's comparatively lax security and combat ethics. After the team barely survives a mass supervillain attack and returns to the brownstone to find Mister Terrific had been stabbed by All-American Kid, Magog greatly voices his disdain for the Society's methods, even getting into a brief altercation with the original Wildcat.
JSA All-Stars
After the split that occurs in the Justice Society, Magog forms and joins the newly formed All-Stars (a team composed mostly of the Justice Society's younger heroes), alongside Power Girl, and helps lead the team along with her. The team had a new ongoing series beginning in December 2009, written by Lilah Sturges and illustrated by Freddie Williams II.
Solo series
In September 2009, a Magog solo series was launched, written by Keith Giffen and illustrated by Howard Porter. The series, while loosely tied into the events of Justice Society of America (vol. 3) and the JSA All-Stars spin-off series, focuses on Magog as his own character. As such, Giffen gave Magog his own rogues gallery as well as explored Magog's origin, powers and relationships. The series was canceled with issue #12 because of low sales.
The first story arc revolves around Magog's origins and his fight against a mysterious weapons-development group called Flashpoint, run by the warden of Haven Prison (first introduced in the pages of 52), D.P. Macklin. Magog meets his mother, a high-ranking woman called Alba, Firstborn of the Thirty-Three and Duchess of Blighted Albion, and his friend Axel, a former soldier who owns a gasoline station and auto repair shop who has created a souped-up search engine called Mirage, and teaches a young waitress named Lauren self-defense techniques after noticing that she is being beaten regularly by the man she lives with. Additionally, Magog meets and fights a once-rich, now-deformed homeless man known as Miasma, who was the leader of an underground city.
When Magog attacks Haven's underground Flashpoint facilities, D.P. Macklin contacts the Justice Society of America and frames Magog for the ensuing prison break. After a lengthy skirmish with both prisoners and his fellow JSA members, Magog is officially kicked out of the All-Stars.
In recent events, Axel has surmised that David Reid may, in fact, be possessed by an extradimensional entity, which is the root of his powers. Magog is skeptical of such allegations and a visit with Zatanna has turned up no evidence to support Axel's theory thus far.
In the final issue, Magog faces his old friend Eric, who is now the cyborg warrior N.I.L.8., along with his group who are using Gog's technology to bring destruction.
Magog finds he has been controlled by the cult of Gog. When the Justice Society learn of Gog's technology, they arrive to save the planet. The JSA free Magog from the cult's control and he destroys N.I.L.8. Magog seemingly sacrifices himself when he finds the heart of Gog's technology and defeats it. He awakens in Albion with his enemy Kiera at his side. He refuses to be a pawn any longer and walks away.
Generation Lost
Following the events of Blackest Night, murderer and former Justice League International founder Maxwell Lord is returned to life and uses his psychic abilities to erase his existence from the memories of all but a handful of people. Lord then uses his powers to influence several high-ranking members of the military into believing Captain Atom should be apprehended for alleged wrongdoings. Magog is called in to restrain Atom in the event that he tries to flee, but ultimately fails as the hero defeats him and escapes.
Shortly after this event, Maxwell Lord is informed by the Entity that he has been resurrected to prevent Magog from instigating a massive war involving Earth's metahumans. Max then sees a vision of himself killing a distraught Magog with Magog's own staff as Magog begs for mercy. Max later sees a vision of the future where a team led by Magog attacks Parasite. Parasite's absorption of Captain Atom causes an explosion that destroys everything within a large radius and annihilates over a million people (tying into the Kingdom Come future).
Afterward, Magog is seen talking to Max who instructs Magog to find and kill Captain Atom. To this end, Max upgrades Magog's staff, giving him "the right tools for the job". Magog then locates the JLI at an OMAC factory and attacks Captain Atom. In their battle, Captain Atom manages to convince Magog he's being used and Magog remembers Max's existence; however, Max is on hand using his powers to force Magog to kill himself with his own staff, then makes everyone in the vicinity believe Captain Atom killed Magog. After Max escapes and undoes the global mindwipe, he releases a statement onto the Internet exonerating Captain Atom of the deaths in Chicago, saying far worse would have happened if he had not intervened.
The New 52
The New 52 reboot of Magog occurred in the 4-issue Superman/Wonder Woman story arc "Casualties of War" by Peter J. Tomasi and Doug Mahnke, harkening back to the origin of the Justice League where they repel an invasion of Parademons on Metropolis, but there are civilian casualties, including David Reid's mother (which he blames on them). Five years later, the two heroes are fighting two supervillains Major Disaster and the Atomic Skull while the new hero, Wonderstar, a.k.a. an amnesic Reid, aids them. Later in issue #14, Wonderstar's powers go out of control while Superman and Wonder Woman restrain him until a magic portal appears in the sky, dropping a golden staff weapon that looks like a two-pronged trident. Wonderstar touches it and becomes Magog, under the command of Circe, who had cast spells to transform David Reid and make his wish come true (revenge on Superman and Wonder Woman). In Superman/Wonder Woman #17, Circe's desire is for Diana to suffer and watch the death of Superman. Circe captures the couple and gloats, but when Wonder Woman outsmarts her, Circe retreats from Superman through a magic portal admitting defeat. Magog is defeated by Wonder Woman and deprived of his now-powerless staff, reverting him to a 10-year-old boy.
Collected editions
Magog: Lethal Force (collects Magog #1–5)
Powers and abilities
Reid possesses great amounts of plasma energy within him, which were originally focused into energy blasts by the device on his left arm. After his resurrection as Magog, his left arm is now metal and his energy blasts are focused through a staff given to him by Gog. He also possesses enhanced strength and endurance as the original Magog did. The staff was later upgraded by Max Lord to emit a form of radiation that harmed Captain Atom. He is capable of flight, as well as teleportation of himself and others, though this last ability has not been seen since Gog's death. Keith Giffen, however, has stated that much of his power remains unexplored for the time being. When powered up, Magog is granted enhanced vision in his blind eye (despite the fact it keeps the appearance of a pupiless orb) and is able to switch to infrared or tap into more exotic wavelengths.
Magog is also able to take on a more normal appearance, with skin (or a close approximation of it) magically covering his right arm. As David Reid, Magog is half-blind and scarred.
Other versions
In the alternate timeline of the 2011 "Flashpoint" storyline, David Reid was a member of Team 7, an elite unit of soldiers led by Grifter. David and most of his teammates were ultimately killed during a botched attack on a terrorist training camp.
Magog appears as the main villain of the canon Arrowverse comic miniseries Earth-Prime. He is first seen in an unnamed appearance springing Clayface (Tanner Freyr) from Arkham Asylum so that he can help Magog take down Batwoman. Magog travels to the unnamed Earth where John Henry Irons originates, recruiting the evil Superman to his side after saving him from his Earth being erased during the Crisis on Infinite Earths. Magog went to Earth-2 and approached an elderly Needle after he visited Pat Dugan and Courtney Dugan during their vacation in Yellowstone National Park and approached an elderly Needle (who has become a changed man since serving time) to inform him that his Earth is different from Earth-Prime and wants to make use of his services. While he was unable to recruit Needle who drove off, Magog took one of the needles that Needle shot at him during their confrontation and prepared to make a clone of Needle that obeys his every command.
In other media
David Reid appears in the Young Justice episode "Failsafe", voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson, as a soldier under General Wade Eiling's command in Martian Manhunter's mental training exercise. His real world counterpart is never shown, but is mentioned to exist and be a member of the Justice League in the third-season finale "Nevermore".
References
Characters created by Mark Waid
Characters created by Alex Ross
Comics about time travel
Comics characters introduced in 1996
DC Comics characters who can teleport
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics cyborgs
DC Comics military personnel
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional corporals
Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel
Fictional Iraq War veterans
Vigilante characters in comics
de:Schurken im Superman-Universum#Magog | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magog%20%28DC%20Comics%29 |
101001–101100
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
101101–101200
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
101201–101300
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
101301–101400
|-id=331
| 101331 Sjöström || || Victor Sjöström (1879–1960), the father of Swedish film and one of the masters of world cinema, was a screen actor and film director. ||
|-id=383
| 101383 Karloff || || Boris Karloff (1887–1969), an English actor who attained cultural icon status for his portrayal of the monster in the 1931 motion picture "Frankenstein". Karloff, who also appeared in more than 150 films and television programs, has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. ||
|}
101401–101500
|-id=432
| 101432 Adamwest || || Adam West (1928–2017), an American actor best known for his portrayal of the title character in the television series "Batman", which ran from 1966 to 1968. West appeared in more than 40 motion pictures and nearly 100 television programs. He also was a popular voice actor. ||
|-id=461
| 101461 Dunedin || || Dunedin is a city in New Zealand. Adopted home to the discoverer of this asteroid, the city, known as the "Edinburgh of the south" has been the jumping off point for many Antarctic journeys of discovery. ||
|-id=462
| 101462 Tahupotiki || || Tahu Potiki (1966–2019) was an important New Zealand Maori leader. He served as chief executive of Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu between 2002 and 2006. Born in Palmerston, he grew up in Karitane. In addition to his immense contributions to the community he was also a noted authority on the history of his iwi, Ngai Tahu. ||
|-id=491
| 101491 Grahamcrombie || 1998 XA || Graham William Crombie (1963–2019) was a New Zealand-born chartered accountant. As Chairman of the Otago Museum Trust Board between 2011 and 2019, he championed the construction of the world's southernmost planetarium, which opened in December 2015. ||
|}
101501–101600
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
101601–101700
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
101701–101800
|-id=713
| 101713 Marston || || William Moulton Marston (1893–1947) was an American psychologist, author, inventor, and creator of the comic book characterWonderWoman, who first appeared in "All Star Comics" number 8 in December 1941. Marston also invented the systolic blood pressure test, a component of the modern polygraph. ||
|-id=721
| 101721 Emanuelfritsch || || Emanuel Fritsch (1874–1956), Czech railway engineer from Prague who was a regional representative of the Czech Tourist Club ||
|-id=722
| 101722 Pursell || || Wallace Pursell (born 1929), American co-founder of the Baton Rouge Astronomical Society and a lifelong amateur astronomer. ||
|-id=723
| 101723 Finger || || Bill Finger (1914–1974) was a comic book writer who created the major characters Batman (with Bob Kane) and Green Lantern (with Martin Nodell). He also created Robin, Catwoman, the Joker and the Penguin. He has been inducted into the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame and the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame. ||
|-id=777
| 101777 Robhoskins || || Robert Edward Hoskins (1965–2016) was a recognized and lauded American attorney who specialized in protecting the rights of retired workers, and successfully argued before the United States Supreme Court (Src) ||
|-id=781
| 101781 Gojira || || Godzilla, known in Japanese as "Gojira", debuted in the Japanese motion picture "Gojira" on 3 November 1954. It was directed by Ishiro Honda. Gojira is a kaiju (fantastic creature) that has appeared in more than 30 movies. The character, now a pop-culture icon, may be the most recognizable fantasy creature ever. ||
|}
101801–101900
|-id=810
| 101810 Beiyou || || The Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beiyou, is a key multidisciplinary research university of China, with programs in engineering, management, humanities and sciences, and information technology. ||
|-id=813
| 101813 Elizabethmarston || || Elizabeth Holloway Marston (1893–1993) was an American attorney and psychologist. She developed, with her husband William Moulton Marston, the systolic blood-pressure test. Along with her husband's live-in mistress, Olive Byrne, she was the inspiration for the comic book creation Wonder Woman. ||
|}
101901–102000
|-id=902
| 101902 Gisellaluccone || 1999 RN || Gisella Luccone (born 1974), friend of Italian astronomer Gianluca Masi who discovered this minor planet ||
|-id=955
| 101955 Bennu || || Bennu, an ancient deity from Egyptian mythology. Bennu is associated with Osiris, Atum and Ra. ||
|-id=960
| 101960 Molau || || Sirko Molau (born 1971), a German computer scientist and amateur astronomer who developed software for the real-time detection of meteors on a video stream (Src and Src) ||
|}
References
101001-102000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20101001%E2%80%93102000 |
The Knight engine is an internal combustion engine, designed by American Charles Yale Knight (1868-1940), that uses sleeve valves instead of the more common poppet valve construction.
While eventually these engines were manufactured in the largest quantities in USA, Knight's design was made a commercial success by development in England. The French gave the Knight engine more intensive development than any other nation. Ultimately Knight patents were issued in at least eight countries and were actually built by about thirty firms.
History
At first Knight tried making the entire engine cylinder reciprocate to open and close the exhaust and inlet ports. Though he patented this arrangement, he soon abandoned it in favor of a double sliding sleeve principle. Backed by Chicago entrepreneur L.B. Kilbourne, an experimental engine was built in Oak Park, Illinois in 1903. Research and development continued until 1905, when a prototype passed stringent tests in Elyria, Ohio. Having developed a practicable engine (at a cost of around $150,000), Knight and Kilbourne showed a complete "Silent Knight" touring car at the 1906 Chicago Auto Show. Fitted with a 4-cylinder, engine, the car was priced at $3,500.
Knight engine
Knight's design has two cast-iron sleeves per cylinder, bronze in some models, sliding inside the other, with the piston inside the inner sleeve. The sleeves are operated by small connecting rods actuated by an eccentric shaft and have ports cut out at their upper ends. The cylinder head (known as the "junk head") is like a fixed, inverted piston with its own set of rings projecting down inside the inner sleeve. The heads are individually detachable for each cylinder. The design is remarkably quiet and the sleeve valves need little attention. It was, however, more expensive to manufacture due to the precision grinding required on the sleeves' surfaces. About the Single Sleeve-valve engines, Continental declared it were cheaper and easier to manufacture than poppet valve motors. Also it uses more oil at high speeds and is harder to start in cold weather.
The engine's design allows a more central location for the spark plugs to provide a better flame path, large ports for improved gas flow and hemispherical combustion chambers that in turn allows increased power. Additionally, the sleeve valves required very much less maintenance than poppet valves of the era, which needed adjustment, grinding and even replacement after only a few thousand miles. However, the adiabatic and isothermal characteristics accompanying the increased power afforded by the large (relative to contemporary poppet valve designs) port areas in the sleeves proved the double-sleeve valve concept's Achilles heel. Much of the advantage to be gained from increased volumetric efficiency could not be realized due to the inability to transfer resultant heat in a sufficiently steep gradient to avoid excessive internal temperatures, however, Harry Ricardo pointed, about the single Sleeve-valve, Burt-McCollum type, that as long
as oil film between Sleeve and cylinder wall is kept thin enough, sleeves are transparent to heat. As a consequence of these thermal conditions, and contrary to conventional practice, the induction port area was reduced to substantially less than that of the exhaust port. Later engines having thinner, steel and white-metal coated sleeves possess improved levels of heat dissipation, but thermal transfer problems remain characteristic of the design, thus limiting development of the potential inherent in the double-sleeve valve engine.
Improvements in design and materials of the more usual poppet valve engine eliminated most of the advantages initially held by the sleeve-valved variant, so that by the early 1930s manufacture of the Silent Knight had ceased, with only a couple of French automobile makers continuing to the War.
Knight and Kilbourne had hoped to interest US automobile manufacturers in the engine so that they could grant licenses for its manufacture, but initially there were no takers. Pierce-Arrow of Buffalo, New York tested the engine against one of their own and found that it was more powerful at speeds above and would also go faster. However, they dismissed it as unsuitable for their range of cars because they believed that anything over was unsafe. They also considered the oil consumption (about 2 quarts per 70 miles) excessive. Knight also received some bad publicity at the same time when a prototype car was entered in the 1906 Glidden Tour, only to drop out on the first day due to mechanical failure.
Daimler-Knight
Having virtually ignored two written approaches by engineer Edward Manville, a director of Daimler, Knight changed his mind and decided to try to interest English manufacturers in his engine. In 1907 Knight went with one of his cars to London where he managed to see fellow-American Percy Martin, also a director of Daimler. Daimler's engineers tested the engine and the results were sufficiently encouraging for Daimler to set up a secret team to fully develop Knight's concept. On the project's completion, though, it was no longer "Wholly Knight". Knight obtained a British patent for his modified engine on June 6, 1908. In September Daimler announced that "Silent Knight" engines would be installed in some of its 1909 models.
To combat criticism from its competitors, Daimler had the RAC (Royal Automobile Club) carry out their own independent tests on the Daimler-Knight. RAC engineers took two Knight engines and ran them under full load for 132 hours nonstop. The same engines were then installed in a touring car and driven for on the Brooklands race track, after which they were removed and again run on the bench for 5 hours. RAC engineers reported that, when the engines were dismantled, there was no perceptible wear, the cylinders and pistons were clean, and the valves showed no signs of wear either. The RAC was so impressed that it awarded Daimler the 1909 Dewar Trophy.
The RAC reports caused Daimler's share price to rise, £0.85 to £18.75, and the company's competitors to fear that the poppet-valve engine would soon be obsolete. Walter Owen Bentley, the founder of Bentley Motors, was of the opinion that the Daimler-Knight engine performed as well as the comparable Rolls-Royce power plant.
The Knight engine (improved significantly by Daimler's engineers) attracted the attention of the European automobile manufacturers. Daimler bought rights from Knight "for England and the colonies" and shared ownership of the European rights, in which it took 60%, with Minerva of Belgium. European rights were purchased from them and used by Panhard et Levassor and Mercedes.
Attracted by the possibilities of the "Silent Knight" engine, Daimler's chairman had contacted Knight in Chicago and Knight settled in England near Coventry in 1907. Daimler contracted Dr. Frederick Lanchester as their consultant for the purpose and a major re-design and refinement of Knight's design took place in great secrecy. Knight's design was made a practical proposition. When unveiled in September 1908, the new engine caused a sensation. "Suffice it to say that mushroom valves, springs and cams, and many small parts, are swept away bodily, that we have an almost perfectly spherical explosion chamber, and a cast-iron sleeve or tube as that portion of the combustion chamber in which the piston travels." Daimler dropped poppet-valve engines altogether and kept their silent sleeve-valve engines until the mid-1930s.
Many vehicles were described as being fault-prone due to lubrication of the cylinder and sleeve contact faces. Often, proper lubrication could not be guaranteed with the lubricants available at the time, especially with inadequate maintenance. This problem increased with engine speeds over 1600 rpm, at which point the sleeve-valve engine ceased to provide superior output. With a maximum attainable engine speed of about 1750 rpm, the long-term development potential for the engine was limited.
North America
Thomas Russell of the Canada Cycle & Motor Co. Ltd. had followed the Knight with interest and when he read about the RAC tests he went to England in 1909 to secure a license from Knight. Russell also came to an agreement with Daimler, by which the company would supply Daimler-Knight engines for two years. Russell went on to manufacture several models of Russell-Knight luxury cars in Canada.
In August 1911, the engine was licensed by the US automobile makers Columbia, Stearns, and Stoddard-Dayton. A license was also purchased by the Atlas Engineering Company of Indianapolis to make engines, which appeared in 1914 as the Lyons-Knight.
Columbia, Stoddard-Dayton, and Atlas went bankrupt shortly after and their licences were transferred to other companies. Edwards-Knight obtained one which they passed on to Willys, while Moline acquired another which they retained into the 1920s.
In 1913 a Mercedes-Knight driven by Théodore Pilette was entered in the Indianapolis 500 where, despite having the smallest engine, it took fifth place averaging over the .
Willys made improvements to the Knight engine which were patented and in 1916 announced their Willys-Knight 88-4. They went on to open a Canadian manufacturing plant at Toronto to build export models.
By 1925 there were five operations in the US producing chassis with Knight engines so that Willys-Knight production was running at 250 cars per day. Willys announcing in the same year that there were over 180,000 Willys-Knight engines in use worldwide. Willys also took over Stearns that year, forming a separate syndicate for the purpose (the companies were not merged).
Sales of Willys-Knight cars declined towards the end of the 1920s. Thanks to the work of Harry Ricardo and Charles F. Kettering, simpler poppet valve engines had become very efficient, their first appearance being in the 1924 Chrysler, and the Knight engine's high manufacturing cost began to tell against it. While Willys built Knight models into the 1930s, development work had ceased. The Knight patents expired in 1932. Although a 1933 Willys-Knight Streamline Six was announced in June of that year, it is doubtful if production was continued into 1933. These were the last sleeve-valve automobiles manufactured in the US.
Europe
The Knight engine, while it originated in USA, was developed to fruition in England gaining an earlier start in Europe, where it also lasted longer. Mercedes built their 4-litre Knight 16/50 until 1924, while the Simson Supra Knight of 1925-26 was probably the last German Knight-engined car. In France, besides Peugeot and Mors, two brands of luxury automobiles used the Knight engine as standard equipment between 1923 and 1940: Avions Voisin and Panhard et Levassor. Voisin also built an air-cooled radial engine using the Knight principle in 1935 which was their last use of Knight technology. The Panhard et Levassor Dynamic, produced until the summer of 1940, was the last Knight-engined passenger car to be built in series.
Some Knight engine powered automobiles
Major brands
Stearns-Knight (1911-1929)
Willys-Knight (1915-1933)
European brands
Daimler (1909-1932)
Mercedes (1911-1924)
Minerva
Mors
Panhard et Levassor
Peugeot
Voisin (1919-1938)
Others
Brewster
Columbia (1912-1913)
Falcon-Knight (1927-1929)
Lyons-Knight (1913-1915)
Moline-Knight (1914-1919)
R&V Knight (1920-1924)
Silent-Knight (1905-1907)
Stoddard-Dayton
Yellow Cab/Truck Co. (1923-1927)
See also
Charles Knight at Sleeve valve engines
Notes
References
External links
(video) Cutaway working model at the 2008 Midwest Old Threshers Reunion in Mt. Pleasant Iowa.
Internal combustion piston engines
Sleeve valve engines
Defunct automotive companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%20engine |
102001–102100
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102101–102200
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
102201–102300
|-id=211
| 102211 Angelofaggiano || 1999 TQ || Angelo Faggiano (1934–2017), an Italian publisher. ||
|-id=224
| 102224 Raffaellolena || || Raffaello Lena (born 1959) is an Italian lunar observer. He founded Selenology Today, a journal that has produced high quality amateur lunar studies. He is the Lunar Domes Coordinator of the British Astronomical Association. ||
|-id=234
| 102234 Olivebyrne || || Olive Byrne (1904–1990) was an American housewife and the research assistant and live-in mistress of William Moulton Marston (who was married to Elizabeth Holloway Marston). She, along with his wife, was the inspiration for his comic book creation Wonder Woman. ||
|}
102301–102400
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
102401–102500
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
102501–102600
|-id=536
| 102536 Luanenjie || || Luan Enjie (born 1940), an Academician of the National Academy of Engineering of China and an Academician of the International Academy of Astronautics. ||
|}
102601–102700
|-id=617
| 102617 Allium || || Allium is a plant that has been used worldwide for millennia. Among a multitude of varieties, A. sativum is the common cultivated sort and can be found almost yearlong, but in spring, in Gnosca and surrounding areas, people harvest and eat the delicious A. ursinum. ||
|-id=619
| 102619 Crespino || || Berberis, also known as barberry (in Italian, "crespino"), is a deciduous shrub with three-branched spines. This plant is easily found around the observatory. ||
|}
102701–102800
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
102801–102900
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
102901–103000
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
References
102001-103000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20102001%E2%80%93103000 |
103001–103100
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
103101–103200
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
103201–103300
|-id=220
| 103220 Kwongchuikuen || || Kwong Chui Kuen (born 1960), American producer of television documentaries, and the wife of the discoverer (this was his first minor planet) ||
|}
103301–103400
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
103401–103500
|-id=421
| 103421 Laurmatt || || Laurenne Greco (born 1991) and Mattia Vivarelli (born 1986), Italian amateur astronomers engaged in meteor research at San Marcello Pistoiese Observatory ||
|-id=422
| 103422 Laurisirén || || Lauri Sirén (1921–), Finnish amateur astronomer and founder of the amateur astronomical association Jyväskylän Sirius ||
|-id=460
| 103460 Dieterherrmann || || Dieter B. Herrmann (born 1939), German astronomer and physicist and director of the director of the Archenhold Observatory in Berlin ||
|}
103501–103600
|-id=560
| 103560 Peate || || John Peate (1820–1902) was an amateur optician who fabricated large telescope mirrors in the late 19th century, culminating with a 62" mirror in 1897, then the largest in the world. That mirror is now kept in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History in Washington DC. ||
|}
103601–103700
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
103701–103800
|-id=733
| 103733 Bernardharris || || Bernard Anthony Harris Jr. (born 1956) is a former NASA astronaut who flew on two space shuttle missions. In 1993, he was a mission specialist who carried out research as part of Spacelab D-2. As Payload Commander on the space shuttle in 1995, he became the first African American to conduct a spacewalk. ||
|-id=734
| 103734 Winstonscott || || Winston Elliott Scott (born 1950) is a former NASA astronaut who has flown two missions into space. Scott completed three spacewalks to retrieve satellites and evaluate the assembly of the International Space Station. He also performed experiments about the effects of zero gravity on the human body. ||
|-id=737
| 103737 Curbeam || || Robert Lee Curbeam Jr (born 1962) is a retired NASA astronaut and the first person to perform four spacewalks on a single mission. While in space Curbeam helped to fix a solar panel and install a new truss in the International Space Station. He has totaled more than 37 days in space and 45 hours on spacewalks. ||
|-id=738
| 103738 Stephaniewilson || || Stephanie Diana Wilson (born 1966) is a NASA astronaut and the second African American women to fly in space. She has flown on three missions and as of 2020, she has logged the most time in space of any African American astronaut (42 days). She also served as the ground commander for the first all-women spacewalk in 2019. ||
|-id=739
| 103739 Higginbotham || || Joan Higginbotham (born 1964) is an electrical engineer and former NASA Astronaut. She actively participated in 53 space shuttle launches as an engineer at Kennedy Space Center before becoming the third African American woman to go into space. ||
|-id=740
| 103740 Budinger || || Donald V. Budinger (born 1942), American chairman and founding director of the Rodel Foundations and Science Foundation Arizona ||
|-id=770
| 103770 Wilfriedlang || || Wilfried Lang (born 1951), a German engineer ||
|}
103801–103900
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
103901–104000
|-id=966
| 103966 Luni || || The Italian municipality of Luni, an ancient and powerful Roman city founded in 177 BC on the shores of the Ligurian Sea ||
|}
References
103001-104000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20103001%E2%80%93104000 |
WBTC is an AM radio station in Uhrichsville, Ohio, United States, broadcasting on 1540 kHz with a classic hits format.
The station was founded in 1963 by James Natoli and was held in the name of his company, Tuscarawas Broadcasting. Natoli died on June 1, 2017.
WBTC features locally oriented hosts on weekday drive-times: Brad Shupe in mornings and Robert Bray in afternoons. Under its previous talk format, the station also carried locally hosted talk shows Dial-and-Deal with J.R. Richards and Dial-and-Speak conducted by Dr. Andrea Fanti - the only call-in radio show in Tuscarawas County - in addition to The Rush Limbaugh Show and The Sean Hannity Show, and had been an affiliate of Fox Sports Radio for evenings and weekends. In October 2017, WBTC shifted to oldies programming on evenings and weekends, and took the format full-time that November.
Unlike most radio stations in the Northeastern United States assigned to the clear-channel frequency of 1540 kHz (all of whom must sign off at sunset to protect KXEL in Waterloo, Iowa and/or ZNS-1 in Nassau, Bahamas), WBTC has five watts of night power assigned. Prior to adding an FM translator (W270CI 101.9 FM) in 2016, WBTC voluntarily signed off nightly at 9:00 p.m. (give or take live sports play-by-play events), but has since taken a 24-hour program lineup.
WBTC also offers on-line streaming from its web page.
Effective July 8, 2022, Tuscarawas Broadcasting sold WBTC and translator W270CI to WBTC Radio LLC for $50,000.
References
External links
BTC (AM)
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1963
1963 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBTC%20%28AM%29 |
104001–104100
|-id=020
| 104020 Heilbronn || || Heilbronn, a German city located on the Neckar river in the southern state of Baden-Württemberg. It was the home of physician, chemist and physicist Julius von Mayer (1814–1878), and houses , the largest science centre in Germany. ||
|-id=052
| 104052 Zachery || || Zachery Philip Brady (born 1990), son of New Zealand astronomer Nigel Brady who discovered this minor planet ||
|}
104101–104200
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
104201–104300
|-id=210
| 104210 Leeupton || || Lee Upton (born 1943), assistant director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory from 2000 to 2009 ||
|}
104301–104400
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
104401–104500
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
104501–104600
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
104601–104700
|-id=698
| 104698 Alvindrew || || Benjamin Alvin Drew (born 1962) is a former NASA astronaut who flew two Space Shuttle missions to the International Space Station as a mission specialist. He logged more than 25 days in space. He also conducted two space walks. ||
|}
104701–104800
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
104801–104900
|-id=896
| 104896 Schwanden || || The Swiss village of Schwanden (officially known as Schwanden ob Sigriswil) is part of Sigriswil, in the canton of Berne, where the – a public observatory and planetarium, was founded by Swiss teacher Theo Gyger (born 1939) in 2000. ||
|}
104901–105000
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
References
104001-105000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20104001%E2%80%93105000 |
Drum line may refer to:
Drum line (shark control), an anti-shark precautionary measure
Drumline, a formation for a section of percussion instruments
Drumline (film), a 2002 film
See also
Drum (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum%20line |
Gai Saber is an Italian folk group focused on the musical and dance traditions of Italian Occitania. Gai Saber draws its name from a medieval Occitan poetic academy that traces its roots to the regions influential troubadour culture.
Founded in 1992 as Kalenda Maia, the group adopted its current name in 1996. They use a wide variety of traditional Occitanic instruments like the ghironda, lou semitoun, galoubet, lou tambourin, fifre, and piva alongside the modern guitar, keyboards, and sequencers. The song 'Quan lo rossinhols escria' is included in the '1001 Songs you must hear before you die.'
Musicians
Maurizio Giraudo
Mauriza Giordanengo
Paolo Brizio
Chiara Bosonetto
Elena Giordanengo
Sandro Serra
Alessandro Rapa
Discography
Troubard R'ÒC
Esprit de Frontiera
Danimarca Live
Electroch'Òc
La Fabrica Occitana
External links
Official website
Italian musical groups
Occitan music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gai%20Saber |
105001–105100
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
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|}
105101–105200
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
105201–105300
|-id=211
| 105211 Sanden || || Bernard (Bernie) Emerson Sanden (born 1954), an American amateur astronomer. ||
|-id=222
| 105222 Oscarsaa || || Oscar Miguel Saa Martinez (1942–2013) managed telescope operations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory from 1982 to 2010. ||
|}
105301–105400
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
105401–105500
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
105501–105600
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
105601–105700
|-id=613
| 105613 Odedaharonson || || Oded Aharonson (born 1973) is a professor at the Weizmann Institute (Israel) studying Martian craters, Titan lakes, and lunar formation. He served as science P.I. for Beresheet, the first Israeli spacecraft to the Moon. ||
|-id=675
| 105675 Kamiukena || || Kamiukena Koto-gakko, prefectural high school in Ehime prefecture, Japan ||
|}
105701–105800
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
105801–105900
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
105901–106000
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
References
105001-106000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20105001%E2%80%93106000 |
Lou Dalfin is an Italian folk and folk-rock/folk-punk group focused on preserving and modernizing the traditions of Occitania. Founded in 1982 by hurdy-gurdy master Sergio Berardo, the band combines traditional Occitan sounds with modern rock instrumentation.
Musicians
Sergio Berardo - voice, ghironda
Dino Tron - accordion, organetto, bag pipe
Riccardo Serra - drums
Gianluca Dho - bass
Enrico Gosmar - guitar
Luca Biggio - sax
Mario Poletti - mandolin, bouzouki
Discography
En franso i ero de grando guero (1982)
L'aze d'alegre (1984)
W Jan d' l'eiretto (1992)
Gibous, Bagase e Bandí (1995)
Radio Ousitania libra (1997)
Lo viatge (1998)
La flor de lo Dalfin (2001)
Sem encar ici (2003)
L’òste dal Diau (2004)
L’òste dal Diau - International Version (2004)
Al temps de festa en Occitania (DVD, 2005)
I Virasolelhs (2007)
Remescla (2009)
Cavalier Faidit (2012)
Musica Endemica (2016)
External links
Official website
Live in Turin
Italian musical groups
Occitan music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Dalfin |
Boldklubben af 1893, commonly referred to as B.93, is a football club based in Østerbro, Copenhagen, Denmark, that competes in the Danish 1st Division, the second tier of Danish football, after achieving promotion in the 2022–23 season.
Achievements
Danish championship titles (9):
1916, 1927, 1929, 1930, 1934, 1935, 1939, 1942, 1946
Danish Cup: 1982
35 seasons in the Highest Danish League
28 seasons in the Second Highest Danish League
11 seasons in the Third Highest Danish League
Current squad
External links
Official site (in Danish)
1893 establishments in Denmark
Football clubs in Copenhagen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boldklubben%20af%201893 |
Saronno (; ) is a comune of Lombardy, Italy, in the province of Varese. It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree in 1960. With an estimated population of 39,351 inhabitants, it is the most densely populated among the big municipalities in its province.
The place is well known for its apricot kernel biscuits (amaretti) and liqueur (amaretto), and is also a relevant manufacturing town.
Main sights
Madonna dei Miracoli
The pilgrimage church of the Madonna dei Miracoli, begun on 8 May 1498 by Vincenzo Dell'Orto, has a dome with very fine architecture on the outside. It was built at three times: the Renaissance part from 1498 to 1516; it includes the apse, the chancel, the dome and the bell tower; in 1556 the sacristy was added; in the end from 1570 to the beginning of the XVII century two other spans were added to the aisles and the facade was erected. During the same period, "l'Hostaria dell'Angelo” was built to restore pilgrims.
The bell tower is high. Internally the dome is decorated with fine frescoes by Gaudenzio Ferrari, representing The Concert of Angels, while those in the choir are by Bernardino Luini and are among his finest works. These include the Adoration of the Magi, The Presentation, The Marriage of the Virgin and Jesus Discussing with the Doctors in the Temple. Most likely Luini started these frescoes in the spring of 1524. The dome is based on a very particular dodecagonal tambour that could be appreciated also from the outside. It was completed in 1666. In January 1923 Pope Pius XI elevated the church to the status of Minor basilica.
Church of St. Francis of Assisi
The Church of St. Francis is the oldest church in Saronno, with medieval origins. It was a small church outside the walls. In 1154 it was taken over by the friars of the Franciscan order, and in 1297 the Archbishop of Milan, Francesco Fontana da Siena, invited the parishioners to contribute to the building of a bigger church as the existing one was not sufficient for the needs of the friars. There are no traces of this church today because in the 15th century radical changes and restoration were carried out. It was during these changes that the lavish decorations that we see today were added. The church has a central nave with side aisles. The chancel and high altar is at one end of the nave, facing the main doors that are at the other end. The side aisles are lined with richly decorated chapels. The facade is baroque but the sloping roof is a sign of its medieval origins. There are two niches on the facade containing statues, one of St. Anthony and the other of St. Francis. These statues are copies but the originals can be seen in one of the chapels inside the church.
Museo Giuseppe Gianetti
The museum is dedicated to the collection of 18th-century ceramics gathered by the late Giuseppe Gianetti since 1933. Its permanent collection includes highly notable pieces of Meissen porcelain and Doccia porcelain, Chinese and Japanese ceramics, objects from important Italian and European manufactories and a representative selection of Maiolica milanese. Side by side with Giuseppe Gianetti’s collection, the museum now displays a new section on contemporary works of art made by local and national artists who mainly work with ceramic materials.
Others
Palazzo Visconti (16th century).
Church of St. James (finished in 1612). It has frescoes by Stefano Maria Legnani.
Church of St. Anthony, known since 1385.
Transportation
Saronno railway station is an important junction of the Ferrovienord railway network. This railway has frequent trains to Milan, Como, Varese, Novara and Malpensa Airport. It is also served by the suburban lines S1, S3 and S9.
Saronno Sud railway station is another Ferrovienord station in the southern suburbs of the town, only served by the suburban lines.
Saronno has also various bus lines that connect with nearby towns.
Sports
Saronno is home to the Saronno Comets, the first Italian tchoukball club; their team, Saronno Castor, won 7 of the 9 championships played so far in Italy.
Twin towns
Saronno is twinned with:
Challans, France (2003)
Pegognaga, Italy (2012)
References
External links
Official Saronno website
Saronno website
Museo Giuseppe Gianetti website
Cities and towns in Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saronno |
115001–115100
|-id=015
| 115015 Chang Díaz || || Franklin Chang Díaz (born 1950) was an astronaut for 25 years and flew seven Space Shuttle missions from 1986 to 2002. He logged more than 1600 hours in space and helped to deploy the Galileo spacecraft to Jupiter. He is the first Costa Rican astronaut and is also of Chinese descent. ||
|-id=051
| 115051 Safaeinili || || Ali Safaeinili (1964–2009), radar scientist and electrical engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ||
|-id=058
| 115058 Tassantal || || Antal Tass (1876–1937), Hungarian astronomer, and director of Konkoly Observatory from 1916 to 1936 ||
|-id=059
| 115059 Nagykároly || || Károly Nagy (1797–1868), Hungarian astronomer, mathematician, chemist and politician ||
|}
115101–115200
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
115201–115300
|-id=254
| 115254 Fényi || || Gyula Fényi (1845–1927), Hungarian Jesuit and astronomer ||
|}
115301–115400
|-id=312
| 115312 Whither || || Whitney Young (born 1990) and Heather Young (born 1992), granddaughters of American astronomer James Whitney Young who discovered this minor planet ||
|-id=326
| 115326 Wehinger || || Peter A. Wehinger (born 1938), American astronomer, and development officer for the Giant Magellan Telescope ||
|-id=331
| 115331 Shrylmiles || || Shryl Miles, American from Benson, Arizona, who has campaigned against light pollution ||
|}
115401–115500
|-id=434
| 115434 Kellyfast || || Kelly E. Fast (born 1968), a program scientist for the MAVEN spacecraft at NASA ||
|-id=449
| 115449 Robson || || Monty Robson, American founder and director of the John J. McCarthy Observatory in New Milford, Connecticut ||
|-id=477
| 115477 Brantanica || || Brandon Danielson (born 1994), Brittany Danielson (born 1996) and Monica Rahn (born 2006), grandchildren of American astronomer James Whitney Young, who discovered this minor planet ||
|-id=492
| 115492 Watonga || || Watonga, Oklahoma, the birthplace of the discoverer ||
|}
115501–115600
|-id=561
| 115561 Frankherbert || || Frank Herbert (1920–1986), American science fiction writer best known for his novel Dune ||
|}
115601–115700
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
115701–115800
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
115801–115900
|-
| 115801 Punahou || || Punahou School, a private college preparatory school in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States ||
|-id=885
| 115885 Ganz || || Ábrahám Ganz (1814–1867), Swiss-Hungarian technical engineer ||
|-id=891
| 115891 Scottmichael || || Scott Young (born 1996) and Michael Young (born 1998), grandsons of American astronomer James Whitney Young who discovered this minor planet ||
|}
115901–116000
|-id=950
| 115950 Kocherpeter || || Peter Kocher (born 1939), Swiss amateur astronomer and discoverer of minor planets ||
|}
References
115001-116000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20115001%E2%80%93116000 |
Åsebakken Priory, or the Priory of Our Lady of Åsebakken, is a Benedictine monastery of nuns at Birkerød, about 20 km north of Copenhagen in Denmark. The priory is part of the Beuronese Congregation within the Benedictine Confederation.
History
In 1898, the Apostolic Vicar of Denmark, Johannes von Euch, approached the monastery of the Sisters of Perpetual Adoration in Innsbruck, Austria, with the invitation to establish a monastic community in his prelature. During 1902-3, with the financial backing of Baroness Maria von Wacken Hartig, the Sisters acquired two parcels of land in Copenhagen. Construction on them, however, was not begun until 1913, and lasted into the following year.
In June 1914, a group of seven Sisters left Austria under the leadership of Prioress M. Birgitta von Wacken Hartig, and the monastery was formally established on the following 8 October. That same day, two Danish women were received as postulants to the community. Within a few years, the community numbered over twenty Sisters.
In 1935 the Sisters were led in a spiritual retreat under Father Watler Czernin, O.S.B., a monk of Beuron Abbey in Germany. Through this exercise, the decision was made by the community to put themselves under the Rule of St. Benedict. The entire community began their canonical novitiate on 24 October 1936. They made their profession of religious vows as Benedictine nuns on 8 December of the following year.
The monastery moved to its present location, a former country house, in 1942. Although the Beuronese Constitution was adopted in 1936, formal incorporation into the Beuronese Congregation was completed only in 1988.
Under Czernin's leadership, in 1948 one of the nuns helped to found a monastery in Brazil, the Mosteiro de São João in Sao Paulo.
References
20th-century Christian monasteries
Christian organizations established in 1914
Benedictine nunneries in Denmark
1914 establishments in Denmark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85sebakken%20Priory |
106001–106100
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
106101–106200
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
106201–106300
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
106301–106400
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
106401–106500
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
106501–106600
|-id=537
| 106537 McCarthy || || Robynn "Swoopy" McCarthy, American producer and co-host of the podcast Skepticality ||
|-id=545
| 106545 Colanduno || || Derek Colanduno (born 1974), American producer and co-host of the podcast Skepticality ||
|}
106601–106700
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
106701–106800
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
106801–106900
|-id=817
| 106817 Yubangtaek || || Yu Bang-taek (1320–1402), Korean Joseon Dynasty astronomer, co-author of the stone star chart Cheonsang Yeolchabunyajido ||
|-id=869
| 106869 Irinyi || || János Irinyi (1817–1895), Austro-Hungarian chemist and inventor of the noiseless and non-explosive match ||
|}
106901–107000
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
References
106001-107000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20106001%E2%80%93107000 |
Keldermans is a family of artists, originating from Mechelen (an independent city surrounded by the Duchy of Brabant). The members of the family were mostly architects working in the Brabantine Gothic style. As the most important architects of their time in the Netherlands, they defined the Brabantine Gothic style, and their works can still be seen today in cities like Mechelen, Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Lier, Middelburg and Gouda. Anthonis II and Rombout II were court architects for Charles V. Laurens II, last in the line, was influenced by Renaissance architecture and marked the end of the Gothic period in this region. The Keldermans family became known for the design and construction of the large tower of St Rumbold's Cathedral in Mechelen . Jan II qualifies most as the designer, the architect and the most important master builder. However, he would not see the start of the works himself and the first stone was therefore laid under the supervision of his son Andries . Other members of the Keldermans family who successively directed the works are Anthonis I, Anthonis II, Rombout II and Laurens II.
Family tree
Name
The actual family name was Van Mansdale. Keldermans (Dutch for cellar man) was a nickname given to Jan I because the family house was nicknamed 't Kelderken (the cellar). The family was not happy with the nickname and usually continued to sign documents with the name "Van Mansdale".
References
External links
Keldermans family at Archimon
Origin of the name (in Dutch)
Keldermans family at strecker.be
Gothic architects
Brabant
Belgian families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldermans%20family |
116001–116100
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
116101–116200
|-id=162
| 116162 Sidneygutierrez || || Sidney M. Gutierrez (born 1951) is a former American astronaut. He was the pilot on the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1991. That mission was the first Spacelab mission dedicated to biological sciences. He was the commander of a Space Shuttle Endeavour mission in 1994 that used radar to study the Earth. ||
|-id=166
| 116166 Andrémaeder || 2003 XJ || André Maeder (born 1942), Swiss astronomer and former director of the Geneva Observatory ||
|}
116201–116300
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
116301–116400
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
116401–116500
|-id=446
| 116446 McDermid || 2004 AG || Stuart McDermid (born 1952), senior research scientist in JPL's Science Division ||
|}
116501–116600
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
116601–116700
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
116701–116800
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
116801–116900
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
116901–117000
|-id=903
| 116903 Jeromeapt || 2004 GW || Jerome Apt (born 1949), American astronaut and director of the Table Mountain Observatory ||
|-id=939
| 116939 Jonstewart || || Jon Stewart (born 1962), American comedian, satirist, actor, author and producer ||
|}
References
116001-117000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20116001%E2%80%93117000 |
Pipera village is a neighborhood in Voluntari, Ilfov County, at the northern edge of the city of Bucharest, Romania.
Development
Until 1995, Pipera was an ordinary village. After that, an "El Dorado" of land transactions began. Plots of land that were US$1/m2 reached in 2005 the US$250/m2. In this time, more than 1,400 houses were built there, transforming Pipera in one of the most expensive residential areas. Between 2002 and 2011, in just ten years, the surface of the residential area doubled in size.
The residential area expanding quickly and faster than the street network created many problems and concerns, such as urban planning, traffic control, water supply and electrical supply.
A shopping park was also built, initially as a Carrefour and Bricostore, and later developed into a Metro, a Selgross Cash & Carry, an IKEA and, most importantly, Băneasa Shopping City. However, these have been developed chaotically.
Transportation
This massive increase had a great impact on road transportation in the area. It seems that the number of cars exceeds the limit of traveling in comfort from Pipera to Bucharest and back. For this, the City Hall of Voluntari has started building a bridge on one of the two roads connecting it to the city. The work started in early 2007 and ended in 2012. This improved the traffic flow, but the lack of parking spaces and of one-way streets still causes major issues.
Infrastructure
The district is served by the Pipera metro station, albeit far from the actual village, on the northern terminus of Bucharest Metro Line M2.
The Pipera industrial center () is on the site of a former airport (Pipera Airport) from the interwar period.
References
Districts of Bucharest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipera |
The philomel (; or Stahlgeige ) is a musical instrument similar to the violin, but having four steel wire strings. The fingerboard is fretless, like the violin.
It was invented around Monaco di Baviera in the middle of the nineteenth century and has similarities with the Bowedmelodion also known as Streichmelodion.
The philomel has a body with incurvations similar to those of the guitar; therefore, without corner blocks, the outline of the upper lobe forms a wavy shoulder reminiscent of the viols but more ornate and fanciful. The peg-box sometimes terminates in a fancy head instead of a scroll. The philomel, never used in the orchestra, is considered by some the instrument of the dilettanti, frequently played in Germany with the bowed zither. The accordance of the philomel is the same as for the violin; the timbre is shrill and crystal-like.
There is also an alto philomel corresponding to the viola. The is similar to the philomel, and has four steel strings of the same accordance as the violin, but arranged in inverse order; instead of being held like the violin and philomel, under the chin, it is placed on the knees of the performer, so that a hook under the fingerboard rests against the table.
Philomel is also another name for the nightingale, which perhaps is where the instrument gets its name.
References
Attribution
Bowed string instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomel%20%28musical%20instrument%29 |
107001–107100
|-id=052
| 107052 Aquincum || 2001 AQ || Aquincum, one of the northernmost Roman garrisons of the first through fourth centuries in central Europe, where now stands Óbuda, part of modern Budapest (this minor planet honours the Council of Óbuda for endorsing Hungarian amateur astronomy) ||
|-id=054
| 107054 Daniela || || Daniela Rapavá (born 1956) is a Slovak astronomer who is a popularizer of the natural sciences, including ecological science. She creates beautiful and unusual photography of physical phenomena, and is the founder of The Inventive Astropark at Rimavská Sobota Observatory. ||
|-id=074
| 107074 Ansonsylva || || Anson J. Sylva (born 1956), American member of the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing (AMOS) team ||
|}
107101–107200
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
107201–107300
|-id=223
| 107223 Ripero || || José Ripero (born 1955), Spanish amateur astronomer, co-founder of the M 1 observers group and president of the Centro Astronomico de Ávila, author of El Vigía del Cosmos ||
|}
107301–107400
|-id=379
| 107379 Johnlogan || || John Logan (born 1961) is a highly acclaimed and award-winning writer of fiction and screenplays. Among his many successes are Gladiator, The Last Samurai and Penny Dreadful, each expertly probing the essence of the nature of humans. ||
|-id=393
| 107393 Bernacca || || Pier Luigi Bernacca (1940–2013), associate professor of astronomy, was director for several years of the PhD School of Space Sciences and Technologies at the University of Padova. ||
|-id=396
| 107396 Swangin || 2001 DU || Gary Swangin (born 1942) is the Planetarium Astronomer and Manager of the Panther Planetarium in Paterson NJ, and was formerly the director of the Newark Museum Planetarium in Newark, NJ. He has produced radio and video materials for public education about astronomy, recombinant DNA and other topics, and been nominated for a Peabody Award. ||
|}
107401–107500
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
107501–107600
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
107601–107700
|-id=638
| 107638 Wendyfreedman || || Wendy Freedman (born 1957), Canadian-American astronomer, director of the Carnegie Institution's observatories, and project leader for Giant Magellan Telescope ||
|}
107701–107800
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
107801–107900
|-id=805
| 107805 Saibi || || Saibi Koto-gakko, private high school in Ehime prefecture, Japan ||
|}
107901–108000
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
References
107001-108000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20107001%E2%80%93108000 |
Savigliano () is a of Piedmont, northern Italy, in the Province of Cuneo, about south of Turin by rail.
It is home to ironworks, foundries, locomotive works (once owned by Fiat Ferroviaria, now by Alstom) and silk manufactures, as well as sugar factories, printing works and cocoon-raising establishments.
Main sights
Savigliano retains some traces of its ancient walls, demolished in 1707, and has a collegiate church (S. Andrea, in its present form comparatively modern), and a triumphal arch erected in honour of the marriage of Charles Emmanuel I to Infanta Catherine of Austrian Spain.
There is also a train museum exhibiting numerous Italian past trains and locomotives.
Notable people
Elena Busso, volleyball player
Giovanni Schiaparelli, astronomer
Santorre di Santarosa, an Italian Philhellene
Luca Filippi, racing driver
Twin towns
Pylos, Greece, since 1962
Mormanno, Italy, since 1962
Villa María, Argentina, since 2000
References
External links
Cities and towns in Piedmont | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savigliano |
117001–117100
|-id=020
| 117020 Janeconlin || || Jane Conlin (born 1946), an American activist and humanitarian. She has sponsored several of the original Sudanese lost boys and is quick to lend a hand to anyone in need. She is a committed climate activist, working tirelessly as a group leader for Citizens Climate Lobby in Arizona. ||
|-id=032
| 117032 Davidlane || || David Lane (born 1963), a Canadian amateur astronomer, supernova hunter, and author of The Earth Centered Universe (a planetarium and telescope-control program) ||
|-id=086
| 117086 Lóczy || || Lajos Lóczy (1849–1920), a Hungarian geologist, first western geologist to describe the structure, geomorphology and stratigraphy of the mountain chains bordering the Tibetan Plateau ||
|-id=093
| 117093 Umbria || || The Italian region of Umbria is characterized by rolling green hills and medieval cities rich in history and traditions. ||
|}
117101–117200
|-id=156
| 117156 Altschwendt || || The Austrian village of Altschwendt, where the Altschwendt Observatory is located. It was the first made minor-planet discovery at the observatory. ||
|}
117201–117300
|-id=240
| 117240 Zhytomyr || || Zhytomyr, Ukraine, the oblast in which Andrushivka, the discovery site, is found, and the birthplace of Sergej Korolev, Russian rocket engineer ||
|}
117301–117400
|-id=329
| 117329 Spencer || || Henry Spencer (born 1955), Canadian computer scientist and small-satellite engineer ||
|-id=350
| 117350 Saburo || || Saburo Itagaki (1916–1983), father of Japanese amateur astronomer Koichi Itagaki who discovered this minor planet ||
|-id=381
| 117381 Lindaweiland || 2004 YU || Linda Weiland, American zoning administrator of Cochise County, Arizona, who has campaigned against light pollution ||
|-id=384
| 117384 Halharrison || || Hal Harrison (born 1947) is an amateur astronomer and photographer and has always been fascinated by planetary science and astronomy. ||
|-id=386
| 117386 Thomasschlapkohl || || Thomas Schlapkohl (born 1987) is a guidance, navigation and control engineer at Lockheed Martin for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. ||
|-id=387
| 117387 Javiercerna || || Javier Cerna (born 1981), a Telecom engineer for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. He was also a Telecom engineer on the GRAIL Discovery program and InSight Mars-lander. ||
|-id=388
| 117388 Jamiemoore || || Jamie Moore (born 1986), a flight system contamination control engineer and spacecraft-curation interface at Lockheed Martin for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. She has supported multiple NASA interplanetary missions helping to ensure that contamination control requirements are met. ||
|-id=390
| 117390 Stephanegendron || || Stéphane Gendron (born 1963) is Materials and Thermal Engineer at the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and he acted as the CSA Thermal Engineer in the project OLA, a sophisticated Lidar instrument provided by CSA for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. ||
|}
117401–117500
|-id=406
| 117406 Blasgámez || || Blas Gámez Ortiz (1966–2017), a decorated officer of the Spanish National Police Corps, who was killed in the line of duty. ||
|-id=413
| 117413 Ramonycajal || || Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), Spanish physician and Nobel laureate ||
|-id=430
| 117430 Achosyx || || "Achosyx", (French pronunciation of "H-O-6"), is the IAU observatory code of the discovering Rent-A-Scope Observatory (Remote Astronomy Society Observatory) located in Mayhill, New Mexico. ||
|-id=435
| 117435 Severochoa || || Severo Ochoa (1905–1993), Spanish-born American biochemist and winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine ||
|-id=439
| 117439 Rosner || || Arnie and Nancy Rosner, American photographers from Fountain Valley, California. Arnie is an astrophotographer; and Nancy is a travel photographer. ||
|}
117501–117600
|-id=506
| 117506 Wildberg || || The German town of Wildberg, where the Wildberg Observatory is located ||
|-id=539
| 117539 Celletti || || Alessandra Celletti (born 1962), Italian mathematician who teaches celestial mechanics at University of Rome Tor Vergata ||
|-id=568
| 117568 Yadame || || Yadame Yoshikazu (born 1943), a farmer in the Kitami region of Hokkaido, founded the Kitami Astronomical Society in 1963 ||
|-id=572
| 117572 Hutsebaut || || Robert Hutsebaut (born 1941), Belgian amateur astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets ||
|-id=581
| 117581 Devinschrader || || Devin Schrader (born 1984) is a meteoriticist and cosmochemist, and is an assistant director of the Center for Meteorite Studies at Arizona State University and a science collaborator with the Carbonaceous Meteorite Working Group for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. ||
|-id=582
| 117582 Kenjikawai || || Kenji Kawai (born 1957) is a Japanese composer, musician, and conductor who has written music for numerous movies, television programs and video games. ||
|-id=586
| 117586 Twilatho || || Twila Gore Peck (born 1949) and Thom Peck (born 1950), American astronomy communicators. Thom has been president of astronomy clubs in several cities, while Twila has organized observing sessions and public astronomy events. ||
|-id=595
| 117595 Jemmadavidson || || Jemma Davidson (born 1984) is a cosmochemist and meteoriticist specializing in the study of presolar grains and pristine chondrites to determine how minor bodies formed and evolved in the early Solar System. She was previously a Science Team collaborator and webmaster for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. ||
|-id=596
| 117596 Richardkuhns || || Richard Kuhns (born 1972), manager with the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission for the Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company. Previously he was the avionics manager for the WorldView-4 (GeoEye-2) spacecraft, and a manager for Lockheed Martin Coherent Technologies. His experience includes work in machine vision and adaptive optics. ||
|}
117601–117700
|-id=610
| 117610 Keithmahoney || || Keith Mahoney (born 1970) was the flight system Guidance, Navigation, and Control LIDAR engineer at Lockheed Martin for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. ||
|-id=614
| 117614 Hannahmclain || || Hannah McLain (born 1985) is an astrobiologist at the Goddard Space Flight Center supporting organic contamination analysis for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. ||
|-id=640
| 117640 Millsellie || || Amelia Lucas (born 2014) and Eloise Thornton (born 2014) were born during the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. Mills, daughter of Kristen and Scott Lucas, and Ellie, daughter of Jennifer and Kevin Thornton, enjoy exploring new frontiers, hearing about the universe, and looking at stars with their grandparents Thomas and Karen Connors. ||
|-id=652
| 117652 Joséaponte || || José Aponte (born 1981) is an astrobiologist at the Goddard Space Flight Center for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. His research emphasis is in organic chemistry in meteorites. ||
|-id=657
| 117657 Jamieelsila || || Jamie Elsila (born 1974) is an astrobiologist at the Goddard Space Flight Center for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. Her research emphasis is in organic chemistry in meteorites and in spacecraft-returned samples from asteroids and comets. ||
|}
117701–117800
|-id=703
| 117703 Ochoa || || Ellen Ochoa (born 1958) is a former American Astronaut. In 1993, she was the first Hispanic woman to go to space. She flew four space shuttle missions, logged nearly 1000 hours in space, and became Director of the Johnson Space Center. ||
|-id=704
| 117704 Lopez-Alegria || || Michael Lopez-Alegria (born 1958) is a retired astronaut who flew on four NASA missions aboard the Space Shuttle, the Soyuz spacecraft and the International Space Station. He performed ten spacewalks over his 257 days in space. While in space, he performed experiments on materials, biotechnology and combustion. ||
|-id=711
| 117711 Degenfeld || 2005 GA || Berta Degenfeld-Schomburg (1843–1928), Hungarian amateur astronomer who took part in the work of the Kiskartal Observatory ||
|-id=712
| 117712 Podmaniczky || 2005 GD || Baron Géza Podmaniczky (1839–1923), Hungarian landowner and amateur astronomer ||
|-id=713
| 117713 Kövesligethy || || Radó Kövesligethy (1862–1924), Hungarian astronomer and geophysicist ||
|-id=714
| 117714 Kiskartal || || Kiskartal Observatory was founded by Baron Géza Podmaniczky (see above) in 1884 ||
|-id=715
| 117715 Carlkirby || || Carl Kirby (born 1949), American amateur astronomer ||
|-id=736
| 117736 Sherrod || || Clay Sherrod (born 1949), American archaeologist, biomedical researcher, founder and director of the Arkansas Sky Observatory ||
|-id=781
| 117781 Jamesfisher || || James Randall Fisher (born 1942), an author and Professor of English who earned a PhD at the University of Southern California ||
|}
117801–117900
|-id=852
| 117852 Constance || || Constance L. Martin-Trembley (born 1962) has been a beloved and inspirational science teacher for over a decade. Connie has organized educational trips, run an after school book club and science club, and has a passion for astronomy. She was awarded Teacher of the year for her district in 2007. ||
|-id=874
| 117874 Picodelteide || 2511 P-L || Pico del Teide, active volcano on Tenerife, one of the Spanish Canary Islands. ||
|}
117901–118000
|-id=993
| 117993 Zambujal || 1064 T-2 || Zambujal, Portugal, chalcolithic archaeological site ||
|-id=997
| 117997 Irazu || 1090 T-2 || Irazú, the 3432-m active volcano in Costa Rica. ||
|}
References
117001-118000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20117001%E2%80%93118000 |
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