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All Saints' Church, Northampton is a Church of England parish church in the centre of Northampton. The current church was largely built after a fire and was consecrated in 1680. It is a Grade I listed building.
History
Simon de Senlis' church of All Hallows, Northampton, England, lasted with medieval alterations until 20 September 1675 when much of the old town was destroyed by the Great Fire of Northampton. The fire began in St Mary's Street, near the castle, and the inhabitants fled to the Market Square, but then were forced to evacuate, leaving the buildings to burn, including All Hallows:
The new church
After the fire, Charles II gave a thousand tons of timber for the rebuilding of All Hallows' Church, and one tenth of the money collected for the rebuilding of the town was allocated to the rebuilding of All Hallows', under the management of the King's Lynn architect, Henry Bell and Edward Edwards. Bell was resident in Northampton at the time, and he set to rebuild the church in a manner similar to Sir Christopher Wren's designs.
The central medieval tower survived the fire, as did the crypt. The new church of All Saints' was built east of the tower in an almost square plan, with a chancel to the east and a north and south narthex flanking the tower.
Visitors enter the church through the existing tower into a barrel vaulted nave. At the centre is a dome, supported on four Ionic columns, which is lit by a lantern above. The barrel vault extends into the aisles from the dome in a Greek-cross form, leaving four flat ceilings in the corners of the church. The church is well lit by plain glass windows in the aisles and originally there was a large east window in the chancel, that is now covered by a reredos. The plasterwork ceiling is finely decorated, and the barrel vaults are lit by elliptical windows.
Present day
All Saints' sits in the Catholic tradition of the Church of England. The parochial church council passed Resolutions A, B and C in 1993, after the Church of England voted to allow the ordination of women to the priesthood. As the parish rejects the ordination of women, it received alternative episcopal oversight from the Bishop of Richborough (currently Norman Banks).
All Saints' is open from 9:00am to 5:00pm throughout the year, with extended opening on days with choral services.
Architecture
Built in the style of Christopher Wren's London churches rebuilt after the Great Fire of London, it has in the past been mistakenly attributed to him. The rebuilding of the city churches was initiated by financing of the Rebuilding of London Act 1670. Wren, as Surveyor General of the King's Works, undertook the operation, and one of his first London churches was St Mary-at-Hill.
The interior space of St Mary-at-Hill is roughly square in plan, and of a similar size to All Saints'. To the west is the tower, again flanked by a north and south narthex. Wren spanned the square space by a barrel vault in a Greek-cross plan, with a dome at the centre, supported on four columns. If Henry Bell drew his inspiration from any one of Wren's churches, this would be the one. The barrel-vaulting though in All Saints' is much flatter than in St Mary-at-Hill, which has semi-circular vaulting. The dome in All Saints' is more hemi-spherical, and the columns at St Mary-at-Hill are Corinthian with fluting. The Mayoral Seat dominates the pews on the south side, and in the north aisle there is a Consistory Court. Icons of Saint Peter and Saint Katharine are situated at the east end before the steps in to the Quire. These were painted for the church in 2001 to reflect the parish boundaries, which include the site of St Katharine's Church (demolished) and St Peter's Church.
The rebuilt church of All Saints' was consecrated and opened in 1680. In 1701, a large portico was added to the west end, in front of the narthex, very much in the style of the Inigo Jones portico added to Old St Paul's Cathedral in the 1630s. The All Saints' portico was added as a memorial to Charles II's contribution to the rebuilding of the church after the fire, and a statue of him was erected above the portico, dressed in a Roman tunic. At 12:00pm on Oak Apple Day each year, the choir sings a Latin hymn to Charles II from the roof as the statue is wreathed in oak leaves by the Mayor of Northampton; a similar ceremony takes place on Ascension Day at 7:00am.
The church building underwent some restoration in the 1970s under the direction of the Vicar at the time, Rev. Victor Mallan.
In 2006, the present Chancel Organ was installed (replacing the previous instrument from 1981 which had come to the end of its useful life) to accompany the choirs. Alongside this, a new ring of 10 bells in the key of E, replacing a heavier ring of 8 bells which dated from 1782, and which, by all accounts, weren't very easy to ring. In 2008, the Narthex, Sacristy and lavatories were refurbished. A privately leased coffee shop (All Saints' Bistro) operates from its north and south areas, and on the space under the portico. The north end of the coffee shop is named the John Clare Lounge, after the poet who sat outside this space, composing his poems.
Music
Choir
The choir of All Saints' Church was formed in the 1100s for the old church of All Hallows', lost in 1675. There are currently three groups which make up the choirs: the Boys Choir, the Girls Choir and the Choral Scholars and Lay Clerks. The boys choir ranges in age from 7 to 15, and the girls from 8 to 18. The lower parts consist of Choral Scholars with an age range of 15 to 18, some having previously sung in the treble line, and Lay Clerks.
These choirs sing at 5 choral services a week, including Sunday Mass and Evensong throughout the week.
Instruments
The church has 6 instruments: 3 pipe organs, and 3 pianos:
West organ
Built by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd in 1982/3, using 6 ranks of pipes from the previous organ by William Hill & Sons 1872/1884/Brindley & Foster 1912/1926, and the front part of the main case is from an instrument by Thomas Swarbrick, c.1730. The instrument is the church's largest, with 40 stops spread over 3 manuals and pedals.
Chancel organ
Built by Alfred Monk, rebuilt by Hill, Norman & Beard in 1939 originally for St Andrew's 'Scotch' Church Bournemouth, it was removed in 2004 and moved to All Saints' with new ranks by Kenneth Tickell, who installed it in 2006. It has 33 stops spread over 3 manuals and pedals.
Memorial Chapel organ
Built by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd in 1983, and consists of 2 ranks (Gedackt and Diapason), which can be combined in various ways using 10 stops.
Notes
References
External links
All Saints Church, Northampton
Churches completed in 1680
Church of England church buildings in Northampton
Northampton
17th-century Church of England church buildings
1680 establishments in England
Church buildings with domes
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in Northamptonshire
Northampton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Saints%27%20Church%2C%20Northampton |
Angtoria was a symphonic metal band composed of British singer Sarah Jezebel Deva and Swedish brothers Chris and Tommy Rehn.
Singer Sarah Jezebel Deva joined with the brothers in 2001 to create the band. Their debut album, God Has a Plan for Us All, was released in April 2006. The name Angtoria derives its origin from the title of a song by the band Moahni Moahna where Tommy was a member between 1992–1997.
History
The band started with a friendship forged between Sarah and Chris when they were touring in 2001 with Therion and Evergrey. They went on to produce a four-track film soundtrack-like CD in 2002 which was an unofficial demo only for record companies. The band won a competition at gothmetal.net in May 2005, for which their prize was inclusion on a compilation CD. In late 2005, after 99% of the album was written, Tommy Rehn joined the band. They were finally signed by French label Listenable Records.
The album God Has a Plan for Us All features two tracks from the demo. The bassist is Dave Pybus (formerly of Cradle of Filth and Anathema) and male vocals on "Original Sin" were recorded by Aaron Stainthorpe of My Dying Bride. Sarah Jezebel Deva has publicly announced that she plans on reuniting with Chris for a new album sometime in the future.
In 2020, Sarah Jezebel Deva's official FB music page stated that Angtoria will now continue writing music under a different name. Sarah and Chris have parted ways with Tommy Rehn and because he came up with the band name, they can no longer use it. For that matter, their website has also been suspended.
Members
Sarah Jezebel Deva – lead vocals
John Henriksson – drums
Dave Pybus – bass
Chris Rehn – rhythm guitar, keyboards
Tommy Rehn – lead guitar
Discography
Across Angry Skies (demo, 2004)
God Has a Plan for Us All (2006)
External links
Angtoria.com (archived)
metal-archives.com
Sarah Jezebel Deva
Listenable Records
vampire-magazine.com article
metaluk.com article
British gothic metal musical groups
Symphonic metal musical groups
Musical quintets
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
Listenable Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angtoria |
{{Infobox song
| name = My Machine
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = Princess Superstar
| album =
| released = October 2005
| format =
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = Hip-hop
| length =
| label = K7
| writer = Concetta Kirschner, Stuart Price
| producer =
| prev_title = 'Perfect (EP)'
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = Perfect (Exceeder)'
| next_year = 2006
}}
"My Machine" is the title song, and third single, from the latest Princess Superstar'' album.
Track listing
VINYL
"My Machine (Album Version)"
"My Machine (Junior Sanchez Remix)"
"My Machine (Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Re-touch)"
"Sex, Drugs & Drugs"
CD
"My Machine (Alexander Technique Radio Edit)"
"My Machine (Album Version)"
"My Machine (Junior Sanchez Remix)"
Princess Superstar songs
2005 singles
Songs written by Stuart Price
2005 songs
Songs written by Princess Superstar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Machine%20%28song%29 |
Thomas Lang (; born 5 August 1967) is an Austrian drummer. He is the founding member of the Los Angeles-based progressive/avant garde metal band stOrk and is known for his international session work on a wide variety of genres such as rock, pop, jazz, and heavy metal with artists such as Robert Fripp, and Sugababes, among many others.
Peter Wildoer described Lang as a "drummer's drummer", and Mike Portnoy cited Lang as a drummer he "can't replicate".
Biography
Thomas Lang, a native of Stockerau, Austria took up drumming at the age of 5. In addition to lessons at local music schools and years of private tuition, he was classically trained at the Vienna Conservatory of Music. After leaving the conservatory in 1985, Lang began working professionally, working his way through the European pop, rock and jazz scenes. After leaving Vienna for London, England in 1990 Thomas started working his way through the global music scene.
As a session musician he has played for artists such as Paul Gilbert (Racer X/Mr. Big) John Wetton (Asia/King Crimson), Nik Kershaw, Sugababes, Geri Halliwell, Ronan Keating, Steve Hackett, 911, Boyzone, Falco, Nina Hagen, Bill Liesegang, Steve Jones, the Commodores, George Michael, Doogie White, B*Witched, Gianna Nannini, Lighthouse Family, Westlife, the Blockheads, Sertab Erener, Schwarzenator, Vinnie Valentino, Page Hamilton, Marc Bonilla (Montrose), Greg Howe, Jens Lindemann, Vienna Art Orchestra, Bonnie Tyler and Nadine Beiler.
In 1995, Lang released his debut solo project, Mediator, which garnered positive reviews under its original release with Koch Records. The record was released by Muso Entertainment Records in 2005 without Lang's cover of Frank Zappa's "Black Page."
He has since released multiple solo albums and collaborations including Save The Robots, Something Along Those Lines (2002), Yumaflex (2008), StOrk (2009), StOrk "Broken Pieces" (2013),Robo Sapiens (2018) and Progpop (2019).
Educator and author
Lang's original practice-regime eventually became the basis for his 2-part series of instructional videos Ultimatives Schlagzeug Part I and II, which were originally released in 1995. These videos were re-released in 2004 by Hudson Music.
In 2003, Lang released the instructional DVD and book "Creative Control." In November 2006 Lang released the DVD and book "Creative Coordination And Advanced Foot Techniques". The three DVD and book set are based around multi-pedal orchestrations, independence, sheer power and advanced foot technique.
In 2007, Muso Entertainment launched the Thomas Lang Drumming Boot Camp, a multi-day touring, educational drumming experience that he has hosted in various locations around the world including London, Los Angeles, New York, Berlin, Austria and Finland, among others. Lang has since taken this award-winning educational concept to 35 countries and has hosted more than 120 of these camps worldwide.
In 2011, Lang's wife, Elizabeth Lang launched the annual Los Angeles-based The Big Drum Bonanza under the Muso Entertainment banner with Thomas Lang serving as host of the five-day, multi-drummer festival that has featured guest artists like Virgil Donati, Stanton Moore, Chris Coleman, Dave Elitch, Kenny Aronoff, George Kollias, and Jeff Hamilton, among others. He was one of the seven drummers who auditioned to replace Mike Portnoy in Dream Theater.
Thomas is a frequent guest tutor at universities, drum seminars and drum camps all over the world. Lang also owns an online drum school "Thomas Lang's Drum Universe"
Lang also plays keyboards, bass, and guitar. He currently resides in Los Angeles, California.
Solo performer and clinician
In 2004, Lang completed the largest drum clinic tour the world had ever seen (220 clinics in 48 countries). Lang has appeared multiple times at the most prestigious drum festivals on the planet over the past 20 years, including the Modern Drummer Festival, Australia's Ultimate Drummer's Weekend, PASIC, DRUM Night, Laguna Beach Drum Fest, La Roja Drum Festival, The Meinl Drum Festival, The Ultimate Drum Experience, Seoul Drum Fest, Sacheon Drum Fest, Opole Drum Festival.
Selected discography
Willi Langer – Colours of the Octopus (1993)
Willi Langer – Signs of Life
Thomas Lang – Mediator (1995)
Billy Liesegang – No Strings Attached (1996)
John Wetton – Live at the Progfest L.A. (1997)
John Wetton – Arkangel (1997)
John Wetton – Live in Tokyo (1998)
B*Witched – Jump Up Jump Down Live (2000)
Vienna Art Orchestra – Songs and other Adventures
Vienna Art Orchestra – Art and Fun(2002)
John Wetton – Live in Argentina (2003)
Thomas Lang – Creative Control (2003)
Thomas Lang – Creative Coordination (2006)
Thomas Lang – Something Along Those Lines (2007)
Thomas Lang/Conrad Schrenk – Yumaflex (2008)
stOrk – stOrk (2011)
Paul Gilbert – Vibrato (2012)
stOrk – stOrk (2012)
stOrk – Broken Pieces (2014)
Bastian – Among My Giants (2015)
Eric Gillette – The Great Unknown (2016)
Paul Gilbert – I Can Destroy (2016)
Theo van Niel Jr. – Practised Bravado (2017)
Ostura – The Room (2018)
Arch Matheos – Winter Ethereal (2019)
Thomas Lang – ProgPop (2019)
Chris Turner - Triggered (2022)
Nick Johnston - Child of Bliss (2023)
2018 equipment
"My signature sticks – since I've had those I've felt really comfortable with my playing – that's one less worry. I really feel that they are perfect for me and my style of playing. Also, my signature cymbals – a lot of signature products are basically tools that make playing easier for me as well as more enjoyable."
Thomas has been an endorser of DW Drums since 2009. He uses Meinl Cymbals, including his own signature Fast Hi Hats, Generation X Filter Chinas, Custom Classics Super Stack and an array of Generation X crash cymbals. He has a Vic Firth signature drumstick. He also endorses Remo drumheads, Roland V-Drums & Electronics, Ahead Armour Cases, Puresound Snare Wires, Audix Microphones, Hansenfutz practice pedals, Drumtacs mufflers and Tuner Fish lug locks.
Drums
Drum Workshop Maple Mahogany in Solid Black Lacquer Custom finish with Black Nickel hardware and LUX leather bass drum hoops.
1× 24″ × 14″ Bass Drum
1× 20″ × 16″ Gong Drum
1× 14″ × 14″ Snom
1× 10″ × 5″ 10+6 Maple Snare Drum on STM Suspension Mount
1× 12″ × 6.5″ Snare Drum
1× 10″ × 5,5″ MT1055 Snare Drum
4x 6" Maple Rata Toms (sometimes substituted for Design Series Piccolo Toms)
Hardware
1× MCD Double Bass Drum Pedal
2× MCD Hi Hat (no legs)
1× 5000 series Snare Drum Stand
4× 9000 series Boom Cymbal Stands
1× 9000 series Drum Throne with 15" seat
1× X Hat with clamp
2× Boom cymbal holders & Multi Clamps
1× Meinl 18" Percussion Table
1× TL Custom DW Rata Tom/Pedal rack
1x DWSM2141X Hi Hat to Bass Drum Clamp
Drumheads
Remo Emperor Clear on Snare Drums & Snom
Remo Powerstroke 3 Clear on Bass Drum
Remo Emperor Clear or CS Dot Clear on Rata Toms
DW Coated Clear on Gong Drum
Influences
Lang cites Ian Paice, Stewart Copeland, Vinnie Colaiuta, Tony Williams, Ringo Starr, Buddy Rich, John Bonham, Phil Rudd, Alphonse Mouzon, Lenny White, Billy Cobham, Peter Erskine, Omar Hakim, Max Roach, Jack DeJohnette as some of his major influences.
See also
List of drummers
References
Modern Drummer "Thomas Lang's Big Drum Bonanza"
External links
Thomas Lang on Drummerworld
2013 Audio Interview with Thomas Lang from the podcast I'd Hit That
1967 births
Living people
Austrian drummers
Male drummers
Musicians from Vienna
Jazz drummers
Heavy metal drummers
Rock drummers
Austrian session musicians
Multi-instrumentalists
Austrian songwriters
Austrian male songwriters
Austrian record producers
Progressive rock musicians
20th-century Austrian musicians
20th-century Austrian male musicians
21st-century Austrian musicians
StOrk members
21st-century male musicians
Male jazz musicians
Vienna Art Orchestra members
Austrian heavy metal musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Lang |
Colonel Sir Frederick Winn Knight (9 May 1812 – 3 May 1897) was an English Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1841 to 1885.
Origins
Frederick Knight was the eldest son of John Knight II (d.1850) of Lea Castle, Wolverley, (2 miles north of Kidderminster) Worcestershire and 26 miles east of Downton Castle) (built by his father John Knight I) and 52 Portland Place in London, by his wife Hon. Jane Elizabeth Allanson-Winn, daughter of George Allanson-Winn, 1st Baron Headley (1725–1798). His grandfather, John Knight I of Lea Castle was an ironmaster and the grandson of Richard Knight of
Downton Castle, Downton on the Rock, Herefordshire, (about five miles west of Ludlow, Shropshire) a magnate in the iron industry. He had at least two brothers:
Charles Allanson Knight (1814–1879) who married Jessie Ramsay (1828–1922), daughter of William Ramsay (1800–1881) (a.k.a. Innes) of Barra, Inverurie, and widow of Count Alexander de Polignac(d.pre-1862). His children were under the guardianship of the Fane Family of Fulbeck Hall, Lincolnshire, between 1876 and 1887. W.D. Fane wrote in his correspondence of Summer 1855 of visiting his friend "Knight" in Rome, probably at the house of John Knight II who had retired to Rome.
Edward Lewis Knight (1817–1882), of Hornacott Manor, Boyton, Cornwall. He married three times:
Firstly to Elizabeth Harris
Secondly in 1868 to Henrietta Mary Sanford, by whom he had issue, see section below, heir.
Thirdly 1877 to Edith Emma Butler (1851–1936)
Career
He was educated at Charterhouse School and was lieutenant-colonel of the Worcestershire Yeomanry Cavalry and of the 1st Battalion Worcestershire Rifle Volunteers, raised by him after 1859, for which service he received a knighthood. He was Deputy Lieutenant and JP for Worcestershire and was a family trustee of the British Museum, as representative of Richard Payne Knight (1750–1824) of Downton Castle, the classical scholar and elder brother of his great-great-grandfather Edward Knight (d.1780). In 1841, Knight was elected Member of Parliament for West Worcestershire. He was Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board under Lord Derby's Governments of 1852 and 1858–9. He held his parliamentary seat until 1885, for a remarkably long continuous period of 44 years, remarked on in the Vanity Fair caricature of him by Spy of the previous year captioned: "has sat for three and forty years".
Exmoor reclamation
Knight took over from his father in managing the 10,262 1/4 acre estate, (subsequently increased to about 20,000 acres) formerly the royal forest of Exmoor, Somerset, purchased for £50,122 by public tender by his father in August 1818 from King George III's Commissioners of Woods, Forests and Land Revenues. His father had commenced the great task of reclaiming the rough grazing of the high moors, all over 1,000 ft, to arable production, and had built two farmsteads, Honeymead and Cornham, to the east and west respectively of his own residence at Simonsbath House, Simonsbath, formerly the only residence on the forest, built by James Boevey (1622–1696) in 1654, which already had enclosed farmland of 108 acres.
There existed a familial connection between the Knights and the Bampfylde Baronets (from 1831 Barons Poltimore), lords of the manor of North Molton, which large manor was adjacent to the west side of the royal forest of Exmoor. Col. Coplestone Warre Bampfylde (d. 29 August 1791), Colonel of the Somerset Militia and nephew of Sir Coplestone Warwick Bampfylde, 3rd Baronet (c. 1689–1727), had married Mary Knight, 2nd daughter of Edward Knight of Wolverley, Worcestershire.
In 1841 John Knight II withdrew from the task and retired to Rome, and Frederick took up the task with much vigour. He built 15 further farmsteads and changed his father's policy of "in-hand" farming of the forest as one huge entity to one of colonising the moor with tenant farmers who would bear the risks and rewards of the farming operations themselves and would pay him rents. This was during a time of great population expansion when it was widely feared that food supplies would inevitably run short. The political situation was uncertain and revolution was feared unless the price of food could be reduced. Thomas Malthus had written in 1798: "The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man". Both father and son were unsuccessful with the mining ventures they planned on Exmoor, although much expenditure was made in prospecting for minerals and one mine-shaft was sunk, named Wheal Eliza. A large pond known as Pinkworthy Pond, was dug on The Chains, a boggy expanse of moorland in the NW corner of the forest, the purpose of which is unknown, but was possibly to drive mill machinery. Knight was a keen sportsman and also valued his Exmoor estate for the stag-hunting, which had been practised there with hounds for centuries. He also encouraged the abandonment of his father's determined policy of attempting to grow wheat, more suited to lowlands, and sought to introduce a pastoral system using sheep. He is said to have largely designed many of the farmstead lay-outs himself, and these have been found to the present day to be well sheltered and well drained. Most of Knight's farmsteads survive today, only 5 having been demolished or partly so, namely:
Cloven Rocks,
Pinkworthy, farm buildings demolished, house remains, sold by Lady Margaret Fortescue in 1959.
Titchcombe,
Larkbarrow, requisitioned in WWII for artillery practice and destroyed by shelling.
Tom's Hill.
The remaining farms and house which survive are:
Simonsbath House, sold by Lady Margaret Fortescue in 1959.
Horsen, sold by Lady Margaret Fortescue in 1959.
Wintershead, sold by Lady Margaret Fortescue in 1959.
Driver, sold by Lady Margaret Fortescue in 1959.
Emmett's Grange, sold by Lady Margaret Fortescue in 1959. Built in 1840, it was the home of Knight's land agent Robert Smith and included cowhoses for thirty-five animals, a relatively large herd for the period. It is the highest farmhouse on Exmoor at 1,250 ft. The house is larger than a simple farmhouse and clearly was built as an elegant Georgian residence. Elements of landscape tree-plantings survive in the grounds. In the 1930s it was rented as a hunting lodge from Hugh Fortescue, 5th Earl Fortescue (1888–1958) by his younger brother Hon. Denzil Fortescue who later became Denzil Fortescue, 6th Earl Fortescue (1893–1977) The property at present (2012) includes 900 acres. It is owned by the Barlow family, of whom Lucy Barlow is a joint-master of the Dulverton West Foxhounds. The property is let-out to paying guests on a weekly basis.
Warren. This is the most perfectly preserved of the historic Knight farmsteads. It was sold by the Fortescues to the Exmoor National Park Authority which sold it in 1983 to its tenant-farmer, Mr Hawkins, who later served as a joint-master of the Devon & Somerset Staghounds. It is occupied in 2012 by his son Andrew Hawkins and his wife a Councillor on Exmoor Parish Council.
Simonsbath Barton
Cornham
Duredon
Honeymead: Now modernised beyond recognition. Sold by Earl Fortescue in 1927 to the industrialist and director of Royal Dutch Shell Sir Robert Waley Cohen (1877–1952), who had leased it since 1924. This was the first separate disposal made from the former Exmoor Forest. Waley Cohen purchased Honeymead with 1,745 acres, including Winstitchen Allotment and Exe Cleave Allotment, together with the farmsteads of Pickedstones, Winstitchen and Red Deer (a.k.a. Gallon House), comprising most of the eastern part of the former forest. Sir Robert brought modern farming techniques to Exmoor, and bred prize-winning herds of Friesian dairy cattle, Red Ruby Devon cattle, Exmoor Horn and Devon Closewool sheep. He also pioneered the planting of tree shelter belts as an addition to the traditional wall and beech hedge-banks. Sir Robert's son, Sir Bernard Waley-Cohen (1914–1991), was Lord Mayor of London (1960–61) and Chairman of the Devon and Somerset Staghounds for many years. He was created a baronet, "of Honeymead in the County of Somerset" in 1961. He continued to farm at Honeymead but gave up the dairy cattle. It is still owned by the Waley-Cohen family, which retains 1,000 acres.
Gallon House (formerly Red Deer)
Pickedstones
Winstitchen
After the early death of his son aged 28 in 1879, Knight sold the reversion after his death of Exmoor to Viscount Ebrington, Master of the Devon and Somerset Staghounds, the future Hugh Fortescue, 4th Earl Fortescue (1854–1932), whose family's principal seat was Castle Hill, Filleigh, 10 miles SW of Simonsbath. In 1927 the Fortescues sold 1,745 acres with Honeymead, Gallon House, Pickedstones and Winstitchen to Sir Robert Waley Cohen. The remainder of the estate continued to be held by the Fortescues until after the death of the 5th Earl in 1958, when the latter's eldest daughter and co-heiress, Lady Margaret Fortescue (b. 1923), sold much of the "Simonsbath Estate", as the former Royal Forest was termed by the family, together with much of the two Fortescue estates centred on Challacombe and West Buckland, to pay large death duties. The Simonsbath Estate properties sold were as follows, per the sales particulars headed "The Challacombe Estate and part of the Exmoor Estate, North Devon" dated 18 September 1959:
Driver Farm, Simonsbath, Exmoor
Driver Cottages, Driver Farm, Simonsbath, Exmoor
Pinkery Farm, Simonsbath, Exmoor
Hoar Oak Herding, Lynton and Lynmouth
Exmoor Forest Hotel, Simonsbath, Exmoor
Emmetts Grange Farm, Simonsbath, Exmoor
Wintershead Farm, Simonsbath, Exmoor
Wintershead Cottages, Wintershead Farm, Exmoor
1 Wintershead Cottages, Simonsbath, Exmoor
Horsen Farm, Simonsbath, Exmoor
Wintershead Cottages, Horsen Farm, Exmoor
2 Wintershead Cottages, Simonsbath, Exmoor
It was a decision Lady Margaret said in 2001 that she then regretted, but had been advised at the time not to burden the remaining estate with the large borrowing required to meet the tax bill. She did however retain what she termed "the heart of the Exmoor estate", comprising Simonsbath Barton and Cornham, and started to farm this land in-hand using her own employees, not renewing tenancies on farms when they expired. She established five large flocks of sheep and two large cattle herds, the latter based at Cornham and Simonsbath Barton. Simonsbath sawmill was closed down as it was unprofitable. In 1989 Lady Margaret handed over the family estates to her daughter the Countess of Arran, who later on sold the remainder of the Simonsbath estate to John Ewart, a keen follower of the Staghounds, whilst Exmoor National Park purchased much of the moorland. Some of the houses however were retained where occupied by retired Fortescue employees. Ewart farmed under the name "Exmoor Forest Farms". In June 2006 Ewart offered Simonsbath Barton estate for sale via estate agents Savills and Strutt & Parker. The land offered comprised 2,080 acres freehold and a further 3,788 acres rented under a grazing licence from Exmoor National Park expiring in 2031. Also included was a 5-bedroom house, another of 4 bedrooms and a range of buildings and cottages. The asking price was £4 1/2 million.
On his 1818 purchase Knight's father had accepted a contractual potential liability of having to build a parish church at Simonsbath should the population expand to the size to need one, and this became the case in 1845 when 18 residents of his estate put forward a petition stating a church was then needed. The Church of St Luke, about 1/2 mile to the east and uphill of Simonsbath House, was finally consecrated in 1856, and a new parish called Exmoor was created to cover the whole estate which had always been extra-parochial. Knight gave 12 acres to form the churchyard.
Some of the Knight plans for Exmoor, never realised, are revealed by documents held at Somerset Archives:
"Two letters from John Knight of Simonsbath to Charles Bailey, Nynehead, concerning a rail road, with inclined planes, from Porlock to Exmoor Forest, 1826-7.
Letter, with prospectus, from the Somersetshire and North Devon Junction Railway Company, concerning the extension of a line to Porlock, and the proposed development of the harbour, dependent on the good will of Capt. Blathwayt, 1845.
Plan, on scale of 2 miles to one inch, showing Exmoor with G.W.R. railway, and a proposed ropeway between Porlock Bay and Picketstones Shaft, itself lying between Rogers Shaft near Simonsbath and Withypool; undated.
Blueprint, endorsed "Exmoor Ironstone Deposit", showing boundaries of Exmoor Forest, proposed railway, and tramway to pits or workings; undated. c. 1850-55.
Agreement between George William Blathwayt and Frederick Winn Knight of Wolverley House (co. Worcs.), esq., M.P., concerning the construction of a double line of locomotive narrow gauge railway from the property of said Knight on the forest of Exmoor to the harbour of Porlock, 1860".
It would appear that the Knights' development of Exmoor gained them enemies as the following extract shows:
"Letter from John Knight, Simonsbath, Exmoor Forest, near South Molton, Devon, concerning the attempted murder of Osmond Lock (Mr Knights agent), who was shot in bed in his cottage at Exford, Somerset. Two shots were fired, the first just...
Date: 1834"
Marriage and progeny
In 1850 Knight married Maria Louisa Couling Gibbs (d.1900), daughter of E. Gibbs.
They had one son, who predeceased both his parents aged only 28. They do not appear to have had any daughters as is suggested by the selection of his nephew as Knight's heir. Progeny:
Frederic Sebright Winn Knight (1851–1879), JP, DL, who pre-deceased his parents. He was born at Wolverley and was appointed one of two Deputy Lieutenants for Somerset on 16 September 1878.
Portraits
Five Knight family portraits were sold by the Sebright Educational Foundation at Christie's on 8 January 2008, in the style of the 19th-century English School, consisting of two young men and three young ladies, all in identical frames. Only one portrait was identified in the sale catalogue with certainty, namely that of Frederick Knight (1812–1897). It is likely the other young man was one of his brothers, and is unlikely to have been his son who died as a young man in 1879, the clothing fashion of which period is not represented in the portrait. The ladies are likely to be his sisters. The Sebrights were an ancient family of Wolverley, created Sebright Baronets in 1626. It must be assumed that the Knights were descended from a branch of this family, evidenced by the second forename of Sir Frederic's son, and by the fact the portraits came into the possession of the Sebright Educational Foundation, founded in 1620 under the will of William Sebright (1541–1620) of Besford, still existing today and very richly endowed.
Death
Sir Frederic Knight died on 3 May 1897 as the inscription on the pink granite tombstone memorial to his son in Simonsbath churchyard records: "In memory of Frederic Sebright Winn Knight JP DL born at Wolverley 11 May 1851 died 28 February 1879. Colonel Sir Frederic Winn Knight KCB born 9 May 1812 died 3 May 1897. Also of Dame Florence Maria his wife who died December 9, 1900".
Heir
His heir was his nephew Major Eric Ayshford Knight (1862/3-1944), the son of his younger brother Edward Lewis Knight (1817-1882) by his second wife Henrietta Mary Sanford (d.1876), daughter of Edward Ayshford Sanford (d.1876) MP, of Nynehead Court, Somerset. Edward Sanford was descended from John Sanford (1638–1711), son of Henry Sanford (1612–1644) of Nynehead Court by his wife Mary Ayshford (1606–1662), of Burlescombe, Devon. Through his mother John Sanford became the heir of the manor of Burlescombe, which he inherited from his cousin John Ayshford (1641–1689), whose mural monument exists in the Ayshford Chapel in the grounds of Ayshford Manor, Burlescombe. Eric Knight was Conservative MP for Kidderminster for four consecutive terms 1906–1922, Chairman of Kidderminster Rural District Council and Chairman of The Governors of Sebright School.
See also
Knight v Knight (1840) A famous legal case which set certain precedents in the common law relating to trusts. Provides genealogical information on Knight family.
References
External links
1812 births
1897 deaths
People educated at Charterhouse School
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Deputy Lieutenants of Worcestershire
Worcestershire Yeomanry officers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Knight%20%28politician%29 |
The Ibadan Internet Exchange (IBIX) is Nigeria's first Internet exchange point (IXP), a neutral, not-for-profit arrangement, which was commissioned in late March 2003 by the two founding ISPs Steineng Ltd. and SKANNET, both located in Ibadan. The exchange setup was facilitated by Fisayo Adeleke (Network Administrator, Steineng Ltd.) and Sunday Folayan (MD, SKANNET) representing the two ISPs. It was hoped that the exchange point will facilitate high-speed and reliable exchange of local Internet traffic in Ibadan such that participating members can maximize their international Internet connectivity. A second aim was to prove to the over 30-member Nigeria ISP Association that an exchange point was feasible if members would come together, discuss and agree on the modalities.
Unfortunately, the exchange lasted for just about six months with a maximum local traffic of 690 kbit/s (quite significant, considering the very low local content in the country) passing through the exchange while it was running. The exchange was indirectly shut down due to Fisayo Adeleke's exit from Steineng, and subsequent exit of the technical contact at SKANNET, Bolanle Akinpelu.
In recent times, several plans have been made at the association level to set up the Lagos Internet Exchange (LagIX), which is believed will have a much wider impact nationally considering the fact that 60%+ of ISPs in Nigeria are located in Lagos.
See also
List of Internet exchange points
External links
Nigeria Internet Group
Internet Service Provider Association of Nigeria
Nigeria Information & Technology Development Agency
Nigeria Communication Commission
Internet exchange points in Africa
Ibadan
Communications in Nigeria
Internet in Nigeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan%20Internet%20Exchange |
The Men's Individual Time Trial at the 2005 UCI Road World Championships was held on the second day of the event. Australian Michael Rogers took his third straight crown as TT World Champion, after winning in 2003 in Hamilton (Canada) and in 2004 in Bardolino (Italy).
Final classification
References
Race website
cyclingnews
Men's Time Trial
UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20UCI%20Road%20World%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20time%20trial |
The Lockheed Martin P-791 is an experimental aerostatic and aerodynamic hybrid airship developed by Lockheed Martin. The first flight of the P-791 took place on 31 January 2006 at the company's flight test facility at United States Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, CA.
Description
The P-791 has a tri-hull shape, with disk-shaped cushions on the bottom for landing. As a hybrid airship, part of the weight of the craft and its payload are supported by aerostatic (buoyant) lift and the remainder is supported by aerodynamic lift. The combination of aerodynamic and aerostatic lift is an attempt to benefit from both the high speed of aerodynamic craft and the lifting capacity of aerostatic craft.
History
The P-791 was designed as part of the U.S. Army's Long Endurance Multi-intelligence Vehicle (LEMV) program, but lost the program's competition to Northrop Grumman's HAV-3 design. The P-791 was modified to be a civil cargo aircraft under the name SkyTug, with a lift capability of and plans to scale larger.
In March 2016, Straightline Aviation signed a Letter of intent for 12 LMH1 airships, valued at $480 million.
LMH-1
In 2014, Hybrid Enterprises from Atlanta, Georgia entered into an agreement with Lockheed Martin to market and sell the commercial LMH-1 Hybrid Aircraft built by Lockheed, based on the technology demonstrated by the P-791.
At the Paris Air Show in June 2015, Lockheed Martin announced that all required FAA certification planning steps were complete, and Hybrid Enterprises was accepting orders. The LMH1 would initially transport 20 tonnes of cargo or 19 passengers, plus 2 crew members, with deliveries beginning in 2018. In September 2016, plans were announced to operate the LMH-1 craft in Alaska.
In September 2017 it was announced that the first flight of the LMH-1 was being delayed to 2019.
LMZ1M
The Lockheed Martin LMZ1M is the follow on to the P-791 test vehicle.
See also
Hybrid Air Vehicles HAV 304 Airlander 10
Aeroscraft
EosXi
Helistat
Thermoplan
References
External links
"Picture of the Lockheed Martin P-791 aircraft" Airliners.net
Video of test flight snort.com
"US looking to deploy long-endurance hybrid airship over Afghanistan" September 2009 engadget.com
P-791
2000s United States experimental aircraft
Airships of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed%20Martin%20P-791 |
Muhammad Hasan Askari ()
(1919 – 18 January 1978) was a Pakistani scholar, literary critic, writer and linguist of modern Urdu language. Initially "Westernized", he translated western literary, philosophical and metaphysical work into Urdu, notably classics of American, English, French and Russian literature. But in his later years, through personal experiences, geopolitical changes and the influence of authors like René Guénon, and traditional scholars of India towards more latter part of his life, like Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi, he became a notable critic of the West and proponent of Islamic culture and ideology.
Biography
Muhammad Hasan Askari was born on 5 November 1919 in a village in Bulandshahr, in western Uttar Pradesh, British India, to a "traditional, middle-class" Muslim family, in a cultured milieu where youngsters used to read the Qur'an as well as classics of Persian literature like Hafez and Saadi. His grandfather, Maulvi Husamuddin, was a scholar, while his father, Muhammad Moinul Haq, worked as an accountant in the nearby Shikarpur. He was the eldest of six children.
He joined Allahabad University as an undergraduate in 1938 and earned a Master of Arts degree in English literature in 1942. After completing his education, he joined All India Radio, Delhi. For a brief period around 1944–1946, he also taught English literature at Meerut College. For years, he struggled to find a permanent job in Delhi, and as per his brother that might have pushed him to move to the newly forme state of Pakistan but the decisive factor was the civil strife and riots which followed the Partition, and in October 1947, he reached Lahore all alone, asking his mother and siblings to also abandon Meerut. That's where he acquired a more cultural approach of Urdu literature, which would represent the Islamic identity of his new country, whereas his "idea of Pakistan was influenced by a European/French model of democracy, where social and economic justice would go hand in hand with the nurturing of cultural traditions in which the individuals, especially those of the intelligentsia such as poets and writers, could be loyal to the state and society, yet free of governmental pressure and perform the duties of informed, perceptive critics and citizens."
In February 1950, he moved to Karachi to work as editor for a government journal, and even if it didn't last more than few months, he didn't return to Lahore considering he got a job as English teacher in the Islamia College. With friends as colleagues like Karrar Hussain, he'll remain there until his death in January 1978.
He died on 18 January 1978, due to a "massive heart attack", at the age of 57, and was buried in the Darul Ulum cemetery of Karachi, next to Mufti Muhammad Shafi, whose Qur'anic commentary, Ma'ariful Qu'ran, he was translating into English during his last days, the funeral prayer being led by the latter's son, Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani.
After his death, his personal library was donated to the Bedil Library, located in Sharfabad, Karachi.
Ideas and ideology
From "Westernized" to "cultural Islamist"
Askari began his literary life as a short story writer in the mould of Anton Chekov, and as an essayist influenced by the ideas of the Progressive Writers' Movement, a Marxist movement conceptualized by Sajjad Zaheer aiming to transform society through literature. His early "Westernization" is noticeable by the fact that, contrarily to the contemporary Urdu writers, his favourite authors were not Maulvi Nazir Ahmad or Premchand, but foreign authors like Flaubert, Chekhov, Émile Zola, James Joyce, Rimbaud and "especially Baudelaire". In that regard, he wrote "obscene" short-stories, involving Anglo-Indians and homoeroticism.
He would go on to write literature in that mood for years, but the Partition of India would bring issues like religion and identity, which would push him to adopt a more cultural approach to literature, and more specifically, an Islamic vision. While more or less a-political, he'd specifically turn anti-Western and even more so anti-American.
The best way to visualize this radical change is by reading a serie of essays, Jhalkiyan, put together by Suhayl Umar and Naghma Umar, chronologically : in the Pre-Partition period, he treats mainly of literature and art, with figures such as Ezra Pound, Andre Gide, Akbar Allahabadi, Firaq Gorakhpuri, Chaucer, Shakespeare, Voltaire, D.H. Lawrence, Michelangelo, Rodin or Jacob Epstein. He also wrote on the literary movement known as the New Apocalyptics. After Partition, his essays become more ideological, and centred around the idea of Urdu as the Islamic cultural cement of the newly founded state of Pakistan. During this period, he also rejets Progressives' ideas about literature, that he embraced years ago. The 1200-odd pages collection of essays also show that during his last years he became disillusioned with Pakistan, thinking it didn't led to the cultural renaissance centred around Urdu he expected, even if he kept his strong opinions about religion, philosophy and politics. As some sort of conclusion to the lack of some Islamic national literature, he declared "the death of Urdu literature" in 1953–1955.
Aesthetics
With the philosophy of Heidegger and the poetry of Holderlin as well as Mallarmé, but more specifically influenced by the idea of wahdat al wujud (Unity of Existence) found among Islamic philosophers, Askari sought a poetry which would be unveil the "being" of the individual, and was thus critical of the overtly romantic and emotional outbursts of many of his contemporaries and of classics. He blamed the absorption of Western philosophy and thinking by Indian Muslims for downgrading poetry to sentimentalism, and wanted to go back to the Islamic sources and Sufi aesthetics, congratulating the works of the Deobandi scholar Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi on the Qur'an and Rumi as representative of this brand of poetics.
His aesthetics were thus another emanation of his ideology and politics.
Politics
Politically, he has been described as proposing some sort of Islamic socialism, a "self-sufficient Pakistan where Muslims would lead a life enriched with principles of democracy", and was in favour of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and naturally a harsh critic of Zia-ul-Haq.
Legacy
He had a direct influence on novelists like Intizar Hussain and poets like Nasir Kazmi.
Another literary figure under influence was Saleem Ahmed, whose "house in Karachi was the city`s biggest literary hub" in the 1970s and the early 1980s, as per literary critic Rauf Parekh, who also summarizes Askari's legacy by saying that he "is rightly credited with giving a new literary theory to Urdu criticism and establishing a new school of thought."
Works
Meri Behtarin Nazm (anthology of his favourite poetry) – 1942
Riyasat aur Inqilab (translation of Vladimir Lenin’s The State and Revolution) – 1942
Jazirey (collection of short stories) – 1943
Mera Behtarin Afsana (anthology of his favourite short stories) – 1943
Qiyamat Ham Rikab Aye na Aye (collection of novellas) – 1947
Akhri Salam (translation of Christopher Isherwood’s Goodbye to Berlin) – 1948
Madame Bovary (translation of Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary) – 1950
Insan aur Admi (critical essays) – 1953
Surkh-o Siyah (translation of Stendhal's Le Rouge et le Noir) – 1953
Main Kyun Sharmaun (translation of Sheila Cousins’ To Beg I am Ashamed) – 1959
Sitara ya Badban (critical essays) – 1963
Moby Dick (translation of Herman Melville’s Moby Dick) – 1967
Vaqt ki Ragini (critical essays) – 1969
Jadidiyat ya Maghribi Gumrahiyon ki Tarikh ka Khakah (philosophical and critical essays) – 1979
See also
Moinuddin Chishti
Nizamuddin Awliya
Ashraf Jahangir Semnani
References
1919 births
1978 deaths
Muhajir people
People from Bulandshahr district
Pakistani literary critics
Linguists from Pakistan
English–Urdu translators
French–Urdu translators
Russian–Urdu translators
University of Allahabad alumni
Urdu-language non-fiction writers
Linguists of Urdu
Urdu critics
Writers from Karachi
20th-century translators
20th-century linguists
20th-century Pakistani philosophers
People from Karachi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan%20Askari%20%28writer%29 |
Longnan () is a prefecture-level city in the southeast of Gansu province in China. It borders Sichuan on its south and Shaanxi on its east. As of the 2020 Chinese census, the population of the prefecture-level city was 2,855,555.
Geography and climate
Longnan is in southern Gansu province bordering Shaanxi in the east and Sichuan in the south. It is called Gansu's southern gateway and gateway to the northwest. The major geographic features in Longnan are the Qinba Mountains in the east, the Loess Plateau in the north, and the Tibetan Plateau in the west. It is part of the Central Han basin in the east and the Sichuan basin in the south. Elevations range from above sea level. The three major rivers in Longnan are the Bailong, the Baishui, and the Jialing. Besides these major rivers there are more than 3800 streams and creeks. The annual flow from all of these rivers and streams is more than 28 billion m3. The area of the prefecture is .
Longnan has a temperate, monsoon-influenced semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk/BSh, depending on the source definition), with cool and very dry winters and hot, moderately humid summers. Due to the protected valley location and the southerly location in the province, the area is one of the warmest in Gansu, with annual temperatures ranging from . The annual precipitation is , while there are between 160 and 280 frost free days. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 34% in September and October to 53% in December, the city receives 1,850 sunlight hours annually. Two-thirds of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September. At Wudu, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, the annual mean is , and the annual precipitation is .
History
Longnan was settled by humans at least 7000 years ago. Between 5000 and 6000 years ago, civilizations developed along the Xihan ("Western Han") and Bailong ("White Dragon") rivers. Anping in Wudu as well as Lixian both have ancient ruins. Longnan is very important in Chinese history: it was the home of Rong tribes that troubled the Shang and Zhou dynasties and is considered the homeland of the House of Ying, the family of the Qin dynasty that united China at the end of the Warring States period. Wudu County was even founded as part of the Qin Empire. It is still common to find Qin artifactsincluding pottery, bronzes, and coinsin the area.
During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the region was ruled by the Qiang kingdoms of Later Qin and Tanchang, the latter has its capital in present-day Tanchang. Tanchang is conquered by Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou in 564. The region then went under control of Sui, Tang and Song dynasties, then subsequently conquered by the Tibetans, Tanguts, Jurchens and Mongols before finally administered by Ming dynasty court.
Under imperial Chinese rule, the area was administered as Jie Prefecture Jiēzhōu).
Administration
Longnan has 1 urban districts, 8 counties, 242 towns, and 3243 villages with a total population of 2567718.
Economy
In 2004, Longnan's GDP was 6,338,000,000 RMB, a 12% growth over the previous year.
Important agricultural products include cereals and grains, Chinese medicinal herbs, vegetable oil, fruits, nuts, berries, and vegetables. Coal, copper, lead, zinc, petroleum, and gold are all major mineral resources for Longnan. Cement and other building materials are also produced here.
Transportation
Longnan Chengxian Airport
China National Highway 212
G75 Lanzhou–Haikou Expressway
Chongqing–Lanzhou railway
Baoji–Chengdu railway (stations only available in Hui County and Liangdang County)
Tianshui–Longnan railway (under construction)
Notable people
Cai Wu, Chinese politician and former Minister of Culture of the People's Republic of China.
Cao Dong, Chinese footballer (Chongqing Dangdai Lifan, Chinese Super League)
Chen Hongjun, Major of People's Liberation Army who was killed in combat during the 2020–2022 China–India skirmishes in the Sino-Indian border
Li Xi, Chinese politician
Yang Fulin, Chinese military officer and politician
Zhang Zhixi, Chinese actress (Lady Zhen in The Advisor's Alliance)
Flora and fauna
Longnan has more than 1300 species of trees and shrubs, 1300 plants and herbs used for Chinese medicine, 100 wild fruits and berries, and 300 species of animals, many species of which are protected.
Notes
External links
Official Website
Prefecture-level divisions of Gansu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longnan |
Stoneville is a suburb east of Perth in the Shire of Mundaring, Western Australia. It is named after Edward Albert Stone, who was Chief Justice of Western Australia when the place was named in 1905. The name was chosen by the local residents, who were developing the district for fruit growing. The town's population is 2,050, with a median age of 36 years and 7.1% of residents aged over 65.
In a bushfire in January 2014 a considerable number of houses were destroyed.
In 2019 local residents resorted to activism in a bid to stop the proposed North Stoneville SP34 development in favour of more sustainable housing. External studies have shown existing road infrastructure can only cater for approx 70 more dwellings and main roads have confirmed there are no upgrades planned for this area intersecting Great Eastern Highway. A special councillors meeting was held in August, at which the Mundaring Shire unanimously rejected the proposal. the final decision sits with the Western Australian Planning Commission.
References
Further reading
External links
Stoneville on Geoscience Australia
Mundaring and Hills Historical Society website
Suburbs and localities in the Shire of Mundaring
Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneville%2C%20Western%20Australia |
Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi () is the official regulatory body of the Bengali language in West Bengal, India. It was founded on 20 May 1986 in Kolkata to act as the official authority of the language and is entrusted with the responsibility of reforming Bengali spelling and grammar, compiling dictionaries, encyclopedias and terminologies and promoting Bengali language and culture in West Bengal. Though the Akademi has no enforcement power over their rules and regulations, yet they are widely accepted by the Governments of West Bengal and Tripura as well as a considerable number of private publishing houses and institutions like the Oxford University Press and the Ramakrishna Mission.
The Akademi is housed in two separate buildings, one at Nandan-Rabindra Sadan Complex (also mentioned as Bangla Akademi-Rabindra Sadan or Nandan-Bangla Akademi Complex during the Akademi festivals and book fairs) in South Kolkata and the other at Rabindra-Okakura Bhaban, Bidhannagar (Salt Lake). Annadashankar Roy became the first President and Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay the first secretary of the Akademi.
The Bangla Akademi has been successful in extending its activities and programs to different districts of West Bengal and even to other states in India. In Kolkata, the Bangla Akademi organises different programs in collaboration with such bodies like Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, Sahitya Akademi, Publishers and Book Sellers' Guild, Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre, National Book Trust and also with different universities and cultural organizations.
History
Bangiya Sahitya Parishad
Bengal Academy of Literature, the first academic association to regulate and promote Bengali language and literature was set up in Kolkata under the chairmanship of Benoy Krishna Dev in 1893. In April 1894, the academy was reorganized and rechristened as Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, and Romesh Chunder Dutt became the first president of it. Scholars like Chandranath Bose, Dwijendranath Tagore, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Roy, Satyendranath Tagore, Haraprasad Shastri, Ramendra Sundar Trivedi later served the Parishad as presidents. Rabindranth Tagore (Vice-president: 1894–96, 1901, 1905–1909, 1917; Special Delegate: 1910) himself was closely associated to the institution since its inception.
Bangiya Sahitya Parishad is the first academic institution on matters pertaining to Bengali language. It endeavored to compile standard Bengali dictionary, grammar and terminologies, both philosophical and scientific, to collect and publish old and medieval Bengali manuscripts, and to carry out translation from other language into Bengali and research on history, philosophy and science.
Regulations of the University of Calcutta
During the 20th century, the affairs concerning the promotion of Bengali language did not remain a sole responsibility of Bangiya Sahitya Parishad. As language prospered and literature enriched, a need of linguistic reform as well as an authority to enforce the reforms was felt by the scholars of the time.
In the late 1930s, Rabindranath Tagore asked the University of Calcutta to determine the rules of Bengali spelling and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, the then Vice-Chancellor of the university, set up a committee to look over the subject in November 1935. In May 1936, a standard rule for Bengali spelling was first imposed. These rules were later amended by Rabindranath Tagore and other scholars and practiced at academic level in all over Bengal for next 70 years.
Bangla Academy in East Bengal
After the partition of India in 1947, the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) felt a need for a new Bengali linguistic body suiting their new nationality. As a result, Bangla Academy in Dhaka was established in 1955. In 1990, the Bangla Academy enforced new regulations for Bengali spelling.
Unofficial regulators of the Bengali language in West Bengal
In West Bengal, various prominent institutions backed the process of development of the language, but that resulted in inconsistencies in it. For example, Rajsekhar Basu and Ananda Bazaar Patrika tried to simplify Bengali spelling; but instead of rationalizing the spelling system, it aroused controversy over the authority of such bodies. Even institutions like Visva-Bharati University failed in the task.
History of Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi
In 1962, the Government of West Bengal started using Bengali for all official purposes. Since then, a need for an official regulator of the language has been felt. In 1986, with the general consent of Bengali intellectuals of the time, Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi, a wing of the Information and Cultural Affairs Department of the Government of West Bengal was set up. Afterward it was converted into a society and registered under Societies Registration Act. On 8 December 1994, it was declared an autonomous Governmental body.
Members
At the time of its foundation, the Akademi had 30 members in its Karma Samiti (Working Committee) and 78 in Sadharan Parishad (General Council) including the government delegation. The chairman is called Sabhapati and Vice-Chairman is called Saha-Sabhapati. Members, officially known as Sadasyas, remain in the Akademi for life. However, any member can resign from his office by his will. In 2007, after the Nandigram massacre, some of Akademi members including Sankha Ghosh and Ashru Kumar Sikdar resigned from the Akademi. There is also a post of Secretary, or Sachib, who is the chief governmental delegation at the Akademi. The office of the Secretary of the Akademi is held by Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay since its inception.
The members of the first Working Committee were: Annadashankar Roy (chairman), Prabodh Chandra Sen (Vice-chairman, but died after the foundation of working committee), Nanda Gopal Sengupta (Vice-chairmen), Leela Majumdar, Khudiram Das, Nepal Majumdar, Shubhendu Shekhar Mukhopadhyay, Chinmohan Sehanbish, Pabitra Sarkar, Kanak Mukhopadhyay, Krishno Dhar, Jagadish Bhattacharya, Bhabatosh Dutta, Jyotirmoy Ghosh, Sankha Ghosh, Arun Kumar Basu, Nirmalya Acharya, Ashru Kumar Shikdar, Arun Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Prabir Roy Chowdhuri, Bhudeb Chowdhuri, Somendranath Bandyopadhyay, Bijit Kumar Dutta, Pallab Sengupta, Bhakti Prasad Mallick, Prashanta Kumar Dasgupta, Nirmal Das, Santosh Chakravarty (Later Ashok Dutta) – Director of Culture, Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay- Secretary (Government Delegate), Amitabha Mukhopadhyay- Officer-in-Charge (Government Delegate).
The members of the first General Council were: (including the members of the Working Committee) Hirendranath Dutta, Manmatha Roy, Gopal Haldar, Debipada Bhattacharya, Sushil Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Gourinath Shastri, Rama Ranjan Mukhopadhyay, Nisith Ranjan Ray, Manindranath Ghosh, Manindra Kumar Ghosh, Dr. Asit Kumar Bandyopadhyay, Rabindra Kumar DasGupta, Haraprasad Mitra, Arun Mitra, Satyajit Ray, Satyendranath Roy, Ajit Kumar Ghosh, Khsetra Gupta, Arabinda Poddar, Nirendranath Chakravarty, Golum Kuddus, Ashin Dasgupta, Khsitindra Narayan Bhattacharya, Saroj Mohan Mitra, Sukumari Bhattacharya, Subir Roy Chowdhuri, Manabendra Bandyopadhyay, Sourin Bhattacharya, Ashok Mukhopadhyay, Malini Bhattacharya, Bratindranath Mukhopadhyay, Manas Majumdar, Mohit Chattopadhyay, Narayan Chowdhuri, Samarendra Sengupta, Amitabha Dasgupta, Debesh Roy, Purnendu Patri, Shyam Sundar Dey, Amitabha Chowdhuri, Shakti Chattopadhyay, Debesh Das, Manas Roy Chowdhuri, Shibendranath Kanjilal, Sabitendranath Roy, Bibhas Bhattacharya, Dipankar Sen, Prasun Dutta, Dilip Bhattacharya – secretary, Information and Cultural Affairs Department.
Now the Akademi works under various sub-committees and editorial boards concerning different affairs. Some of these bodies are depicted below:
Akademi Banan Upo-Samiti or Akademi Spelling Sub-Committee was created to reform and rationalize Bengali orthography. This Sub-Committee includes Nirendranath Chakravarty, Sankha Ghosh, Pabitra Sarkar, Jyoti Bhushan Chaki, Nirmal Das, Ashok Mukhopadhyay, Subhash Bhattacharya, Amitabha Chowdhuri, Amitabha Mukhopadhyay, Sourin Bhattacharya, Prasun Dutta, Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay, Arun Kumar Basu and Shubhomoy Mondal. On the recommendation of this Sub-Committee, the Akademi did its historical reforms on Bengali spelling.
Another important sub-committee is Paribhasha Upo-Samiti or Terminology Sub-Committee which is entrusted to compile standard Bengali terminology for both academic and administrative purposes. This sub-committee includes Ananda Ghosh Hazra, Alapan Bandyaopadhyay, I.A.S., Krishno Dhar, Jyoti Bhushan Chaki, Nirendranath Chakravarty, Pabitra Sarkar, Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay, Swapan Chowdhuri and Bhabatosh Tapadar.
Editorial boards are generally founded to edit works of great authors. One of such bodies that compiled the Complete Works of Kazi Nazrul Islam, includes Annadashankar Roy (advisor), Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, ex-Chief Minister of West Bengal (advisor), Kalpataru Sengupta, Arun Kumar Basu, Pabitra Sarkar, Golum Kuddus, Krishno Dhar, Manas Majumdar, Sumita Chakravarty, Bandhan Sengupta, Manas Khanda, Biswanath Roy, Prabhat Kumar Das, Shyamal Moitra And Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay.
Functions
The Akademi is the official authority on Bengali language in West Bengal; although its recommendations carry no legal power — but still the educational boards and the universities of West Bengal and Tripura have deep regard for its rulings.
The Akademi accomplishes all its activities in close liaison with other academic and educational institutions including universities engaged in various aspects of Bengali language, literature and culture. Apart from its own programs, it also arranges programs in cooperation with different such societies. Such activities are not confined to Kolkata only, but also in districts and sub-divisions, even in the other states.
The function of the Akademi was initially settled by a seminar held at Sisir Mancha, Kolkata from 24 February to 1 March. These seminars determined the rationale of the Akademi and proposed to make a design and blue print to achieve its goals.
The tasks entrusted on Bangla Akademi are:
The rationalization and reform of Bengali script and orthography.
Compilation of standard dictionaries, encyclopedias and grammars.
Compilation of terminologies.
Bridging the gap between Bengali and other languages through translations and other activities.
Publication of children books.
Performing research-oriented works on Bengali language, literature and culture as well as arranging scholarships for researchers.
Distribution of civil literary prizes.
Publication of publish books on different subjects
Publication of the Akademi Magazine.
Preservation of an outstanding library.
Preservation of a world-class archive and museum.
To conduct seminars and conferences and cultural festivals and fairs.
Work of Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi
Scholars at the Bangla Akademi work to promote the Bengali language in various ways. They are doing research on spelling, grammar and the origin and development of Bengali. They are publishing works by prominent writers in the language. They have built a large library to preserve original manuscripts. The government of Japan has donated Rs. 500000 for research in the academy. The government of West Bengal has also given a lump some amount of money. The Akademi is spending the money on the Indo-Japan Cultural Center in Bidhannagar. The Akademi has also developed a Bengali font designed according to the changes made by them in the Bengali script. The font is available from this link.
Festivals Conducted by Bangla Akademi
Various festivals are being conducted nowadays by Bangla Akademi, e.g., Kabita Utsab (Poetry Festival), Little Magazine Mela (Little Magazine Fair), Kathasahitya Utsab (Fiction Festival), Chhora Utsab (Rhyme Festival) etc.
Awards awarded by Bangla Akademi
Rabindra Puraskar
Selected bibliography
Dictionaries and terminologies
Akademi Bidyarthi Abidhan (Bangla Akademi Bengali Dictionary for Students)
Akademi Banan Abidhan (Bangla Akademi Spelling Dictionary)
Paribhasha Sankalan – Prashashan (Collection of Administrative Terminologies)
Sahityer Shabdartho-Kosh (Dictionary of Literary Terms)
Bhasha-Tattwer Paribhasha (Terminology of Linguistics)
Byutpatti-Sidhyartha-Bangla Kosmh (Dictionary of Bengali Word Origin)
Bangla Bhashay Arthaniti Charcha Granthapanji (Catalogue of Economic Studies in Bengali)
Bangla Bhashay Itihaas Charcha Granthapanji (Catalogue of Historical Studies in Bengali)
Dhatubidya Paribhasha (Terminology of Metallurgy)
Saontali-Bangla Samashabda Abidhan (A Dictionary of Santali-Bengali Identical Words)
Complete and selected works of legendary authors
Sanchayita, Vol. II, (Ed. By Arun Kumar Basu) – an alternative anthology of Tagore Poems other than Sanchayita
Manik Bandyopadhyay Rachana Samagra, (Ek-Ekadash Khanda) – Complete Works of Manik Bandopadhyay, Vols. I-XI
Manik Bandyopadhyay Kishor Rachana Sambhar, (Ed. By. Parthojit Gangopadhyay) – Collected Juvenile Literature of Manik Bandopadhyay
Kazi Nazrul Islam Rachana Samagra (Ek-Saptam Khanda) – Complete Works of Kazi Nazrul Islam, Vols. I-VII
Budhhadeb Bose Prabandha Samagra (Ek-dui Khanda) – Complete Essays of Budhhadeva Basu, Vols. I-IV
Nirendranath Chakravarty Gadya Samagra (Ek-Tritiya) – Complete Prose Works of Nirendranath Chakravarty, Vols. I-III
Rezaul Karim Prabandha Samagra – Complete Essays of Rezaul Karim
Jyoti Bhattacharya Prabandha Samagra – Complete Essays of Jyoti Bhattacharya
Dwijendra-Giti Samagra – Complete Songs of Dwijendra Lal Roy
Somen Chanda Nirbachito Galpa Sangraha – Selected Stories of Somen Chanda
Samparka (Sampriti Bishayak Galpa) – Samparka: Stories on Communal Harmony (Ed. By Ashok Kumar Mitra and Bishnu Basu)
Collected essays
Bhasha-Bhabna: Unish-Bish Shatak – Thoughts on Language, A Collection of 37 Essays on Bengali dated from 1850 to 1950.
Prasanga Bangla Byakaran, Prothom Khanda- On Bengali Grammar, Vol. I, (20 essays on Bengali grammar from old periodicals)
Prasanga Bangla Byakaran, Dwitiyo Khanda- On Bengali Grammar, Vol. II, (Contemporary Essays on Bengali Grammar)
Saraswat – A History of Bengali Literary Academies (Ed. By Arun Kumar Basu)
Bangalir Gaan – Songs of Bengal, A Golden Treasury of Bengali Music (Ed. By. Durgadas Lahiri)
Akademi Pratishtha Barshiki Bhashan Sankalan – Akademi Collection of Foundation Day Lectures
Akademi Bhashan Sankalan – Akademi Collection of Lectures
Puratan Gadyagrantha Sangraha – Collection of Old Texts (Ed. By Dr. Asit Kumar Bandyaopadhyay)
Sangbad-Samayikpatre Unish Shataker Bangali Samaj (Ek-Dui Khanda) – Nineteenth Century Bengali Society in Periodicals, Vols. I-II (Col. & Ed. By Swapan Bose)
Manaswi Annadashankar – Annadashankar Roy, A Great Thinker (Ed. By Dhiman Dasgupta)
Bangla Primer Sangraha – A Collection of Bengali Primers (Ed. By Ashish Khastogir)
Criticism
In May 2022, the academies decision to give Bangla Akademi Literature Award to Mamata Banerjee for her poems was met with fierce criticism. Mamata Banerjee in the end gave back the prize.
See also
Bangla Academy – Bangladeshi counterpart
Paschim Banga Natya Akademi
Annadashankar Roy
Bangiya Sahitya Parishad
University of Calcutta
Rabindranath Tagore
Manipuri Sahitya Parishad
References
External links
Akademi Gallery
1986 establishments in West Bengal
Cultural organisations based in India
Organisations based in West Bengal
Indic literature societies
Bengali language
Bengali literary institutions
Academic language institutions
Language regulators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschimbanga%20Bangla%20Akademi |
The 1993–94 season was the 114th season of competitive football in England.
Overview
From the start of this season, the Premier League would be sponsored by Carling, an association which would last for eight years. The Premier League was without a sponsor for the previous season.
Events
Manchester United broke the English transfer record before the start of the season by paying relegated Nottingham Forest £3.75million for promising young midfielder Roy Keane. The 22-year-old Irishman was signed by Alex Ferguson as a long-term replacement for Bryan Robson, who at 36 was in the twilight of his illustrious Old Trafford career.
Graham Taylor resigned as England manager after their failure to qualify for the World Cup. He was succeeded by Terry Venables.
Sir Matt Busby died on 20 January at the age of 84. He had been associated with Manchester United since being appointed manager at the end of the Second World War, and remained at the club as a director after calling time on his managerial career in 1969.
Manchester United won the Premiership title and FA Cup to become only the fourth club this century to be league champions and FA Cup winners in the same season. Only a 3–1 defeat against Aston Villa in the League Cup final prevented them from winning a unique treble of domestic trophies. They led the Premiership from the fourth game onwards and in the final table had an eight-point lead over second-placed Blackburn Rovers. French striker Eric Cantona scored 25 goals in all competitions and was voted PFA Players' Player of the Year. Ryan Giggs, Lee Sharpe and Andrei Kanchelskis also hit the headlines with their brilliant form. In the FA Cup final, United crushed Chelsea 4–0 thanks to two penalties from Eric Cantona and single goals from Mark Hughes and Brian McClair.
Howard Kendall resigned three years into his second spell as Everton manager and was replaced by Norwich City's Mike Walker. They looked set for relegation from the Premiership on the final day of the season as they were 2–0 down to Wimbledon – just seven years after they had been league champions – but turned the tables on their opponents to win 3–2 and beat the drop. Sheffield United went down instead.
Swindon Town, in the top division for the first time, were relegated from the Premiership after collecting just five wins, conceding 100 goals in 42 games. Many fans pointed the finger of blame at the club's directors for giving the manager's job to the inexperienced John Gorman. Swindon were joined in the relegation zone by Sheffield United and Oldham Athletic.
Bryan Robson left Manchester United after 13 years to become player-manager of Middlesbrough F.C. in place of Lennie Lawrence. Robson was impressed by the club's ambitions, which included plans for a new 30,000-seat stadium on the banks of the River Tees scheduled for completion in the summer of 1995. Robson brought in former Manchester United teammate Viv Anderson as his assistant.
Huddersfield Town relocated from Leeds Road to the new Alfred McAlpine Stadium at Kirklees. Their new home was initially a two-sided 15,000-seat stadium, with plans for an eventual capacity of 25,000. It took its name from the world-famous building company, with which it had a 10-year sponsorship deal.
After the end of the season, Tottenham Hotspur were docked 5 points and were found guilty of financial irregularities dating back to the 1980s and hit with the most severe punishment handed down on any English club: a £600,000 fine, 12 league points deducted for the 1994–95 season, and a one-year ban from the F.A Cup. The points deduction and F.A Cup were eventually quashed after a series of appeals, although the fine was increased to £1.5million.
Northampton Town, who spent one season in the top division during the 1960s, finished bottom of Division Three but retained their league status because Conference champions Kidderminster Harriers were unable to meet the Football League's minimum stadium capacity requirements. This was the first time that there had been no exits or arrivals in the Football League since the re-election system was scrapped in 1987.
Famous debutants
15 September 1993: Darren Eadie, 18-year-old winger, makes his debut for Norwich City in their first ever European fixture – the UEFA Cup first round first leg clash with Dutch side Vitesse Arnhem.
22 September 1993: Robbie Fowler, 18-year-old striker, makes his debut for Liverpool in their 3–1 win at Fulham in the Football League Cup second round first leg.
29 September 1993: Stephen Carr, 17-year-old Irish defender, makes his debut for Tottenham Hotspur in a Premier League fixture against Ipswich Town at Portman Road.
3 November 1993: Ade Akinbiyi, 19-year-old London-born striker of Nigerian descent, makes his debut as a substitute for Norwich City in their UEFA Cup second round second leg fixture with Bayern Munich at Carrow Road, which ends in a 1–1 draw.
4 May 1994: Michael Duberry, 17-year-old defender, played in Chelsea's final Premier League game of the season – a 2–1 home defeat by Coventry City.
Top goalscorers
Premier League
Andy Cole (Newcastle United) – 34 goals
Division One
John McGinlay (Bolton Wanderers) – 25 goals
Division Two
Jimmy Quinn (Reading) – 35 goals
Division Three
Tony Ellis (Preston North End) – 26 goals
Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour (First Division & Premier League). Number after slash is Premier League only. * indicates new record for competition
England national team
Even with the 7–1 victory over San Marino (in which Davide Gualtieri scores the fastest goal in FIFA World Cup qualification history). England fail to qualify for the finals of the 1994 World Cup and manager Graham Taylor resigns within days of the failure. Terry Venables is appointed as his replacement.
Qualifying Group Final Positions
League tables
FA Premiership
The second season of the Premier League saw Manchester United retain their title, taking the lead before the end of August and not surrendering it all season, holding a double-digit lead for much of it and eventually finishing eight points ahead of runners-up Blackburn Rovers, who had managed to draw level on points with them a few weeks before the season's end. United then went on to lift the FA Cup and become only the sixth team ever to win the double of the league title and FA Cup. Their top scorer and key player Eric Cantona was voted PFA Players' Player of the Year, while colleagues including Ryan Giggs, Paul Ince and Lee Sharpe also received many plaudits. Blackburn Rovers finished runners-up, thanks to Alan Shearer, whose 31 goals earned him the FWA Footballer of the Year award but weren't quite enough to gain his team the league title.
Newly promoted Newcastle United finished third, largely thanks to the 34 goals of PFA Young Player of the Year Andy Cole who was the division's top scorer and his formidable strike partner Peter Beardsley, as well as support from the likes of Rob Lee and Barry Venison. Fourth placed Arsenal won the European Cup Winners' Cup to claim their sixth trophy in eight seasons under manager George Graham. Leeds United completed the top five, recovering from their dismal Premier League debut the previous season, while unfancied Wimbledon achieved an impressive sixth-place finish.
The previous season's runners-up, Aston Villa, dropped to 10th place in the league but compensated for this with a League Cup triumph. Norwich, who had finished third the previous campaign, started the season well but their league form slumped after manager Mike Walker left for Everton in January and they finished twelfth, while Walker's new club only narrowly avoided relegation.
Swindon Town, in the top flight for the first time, endured a hopeless season with just five wins in the league, 100 goals conceded and no wins from their opening 16 games; they went bottom of the table after three games, and never left it. Oldham Athletic's three-year spell in the top flight came to an end after they failed to defeat Norwich on the final day of the season, just weeks after they had almost reached the FA Cup final before a last-gasp equaliser for Manchester United in the semi-final forced a replay, in which they were well beaten. The last relegation place went to Sheffield United, who were relegated in dramatic fashion when they suffered a last minute defeat to FA Cup finalists Chelsea. Their late collapse meant that Ipswich Town were the lucky side to preserve their top flight status.
Leading goalscorer: Andy Cole (Newcastle United) - 34
League Division One
Alan Smith kicked off his management career by guiding Crystal Palace to the Division One title and regaining their Premiership place at first invitation. Frank Clark began Nottingham Forest's post Brian Clough era by helping them finish second to achieve promotion back to the top flight. They were joined by play-off winners Leicester City, who beat local rivals Derby County in the final which they finally won promotion to the Premiership after two successive play-off final defeats.
Notts County narrowly missed out on the play-offs, as did Wolverhampton Wanderers, who had just replaced Graham Turner as manager after nearly eight years with the former England manager Graham Taylor. Ninth placed Middlesbrough brought in Manchester United and former England captain Bryan Robson as their new player-manager at the end of the season to succeed Lennie Lawrence.
Oxford United's decline since losing their top flight status in 1988 continued as they slid into Division Two, along with Peterborough United (who had finished a strong 10th in the previous season, their first in the second tier) and Birmingham City. Newly promoted West Bromwich Albion narrowly avoided relegation at the expense of their local rivals, while Portsmouth's bottom half finish was a major disappointment after they had almost won promotion the previous season, although they did at least have the satisfaction of reaching the quarter-final of the League Cup and taking Manchester United to a replay. Luton Town endured a second successive struggle against relegation, eventually finishing a point above the drop zone, but enjoyed a run to the FA Cup semi-finals for the first time in nine years.
Leading goalscorer: John McGinlay (Bolton Wanderers) - 25
League Division Two
Mark McGhee won the Division Two championship for Reading after their first successful season in years. They were joined by John Rudge's Port Vale in second place. Burnley triumphed in the Division Two playoffs to secure their second promotion in three seasons, beating a Stockport County side who lost at Wembley for the fourth time in three seasons. Peter Shilton oversaw Plymouth's best season for nearly a decade but they finished three points short of automatic promotion and lost to Burnley in the playoffs.
Going down to Division Three were Fulham (who would be in the league's lowest tier for the first time in their history), Hartlepool United, Exeter City and Barnet. Blackpool narrowly avoided relegation, but chairman Owen Oyston decided it was time for a change after three-and-a-half seasons under the management of Billy Ayre, and appointed Sam Allardyce as the club's new manager.
Leading goalscorer: Jimmy Quinn (Reading) - 35
League Division Three
Shrewsbury Town, Chester City and Crewe Alexandra occupied the three promotion places in Division Three, while Martin O'Neill's Wycombe Wanderers won the playoffs in their first season of league football. The Chairboys beat Preston North End, whose manager John Beck was looking to repeat the same success he had enjoyed at Cambridge. Carlisle and Torquay were the losing semi-finalists, but it was a big step forward for two sides who had narrowly avoided relegation to the Conference a year earlier.
Northampton Town finished bottom of the league but were saved from demotion because Conference champions Kidderminster Harriers did not meet the league's stadium capacity requirements.
Wigan Athletic's first season at this level for over a decade brought their lowest ever finish of 19th place (89th out of the league's 92 clubs).
Leading goalscorer: Tony Ellis (Preston North End) - 26
Successful players
Eric Cantona received the PFA Players' Player of the Year award after his 25 goals in all competitions were the key force in Manchester United's double glory.
Alan Shearer was voted FWA Footballer of the Year after returning from injury to score 31 Premier League goals for runners-up Blackburn Rovers.
Andy Cole was voted PFA Young Player of the Year after finishing top scorer in the Premier League with 34 goals for newly promoted Newcastle United, who finished third and qualified for Europe for the first time since the 1970s.
Cole's veteran partner Peter Beardsley scored 24 goals in all competitions in his first season back on Tyneside.
Dean Saunders was again a consistent goalscorer for Aston Villa, who dipped to 10th in the league a year after finishing runners-up, but booked themselves another UEFA Cup campaign thanks to glory in the League Cup.
21-year-old striker Chris Sutton attracted huge attention from England's top clubs before his record-breaking transfer from Norwich City to Blackburn Rovers.
Stan Collymore established himself as one of the country's top marksmen as he powered Nottingham Forest back into the Premier League at the first attempt.
Veteran Reading striker Jimmy Quinn scored 35 league goals to lead his side to the Division Two title.
Successful managers
Crystal Palace and Nottingham Forest gained promotion to the Premiership in their first season under the respective management of Alan Smith and Frank Clark.
Brian Little helped Leicester City win promotion to the Premiership.
Jimmy Mullen inspired Burnley's second promotion in two seasons as they won the Division Two playoffs.
Martin O'Neill helped Wycombe Wanderers gain their second successive promotion and earn a place in Division Two.
Retirements
21 January 1994: Mel Sterland, 32-year-old Leeds United defender, retires after failing to overcome an achilles injury suffered more than a year ago.
2 May 1994: Frank Stapleton, 38-year-old former Arsenal and Manchester United striker, retires from playing after being dismissed as player-manager by Division Two club Bradford City.
9 May 1994: Paul Elliott, 30-year-old Chelsea central defender, retires from playing 20 months after suffering a serious knee injury for which he began a legal challenge against Dean Saunders, the former Liverpool striker who collided with him when he was injured.
31 May 1994: Kevin Moran, 38-year-old Blackburn Rovers central defender, announces his retirement as a player but will not retire completely until the end of the Republic of Ireland's World Cup campaign.
Diary of the season
1 July 1993 – Barnsley appoint Sheffield Wednesday defender Viv Anderson as their player-manager to succeed Mel Machin.
5 July 1993 – Gordon Cowans begins his third spell at Aston Villa after joining them on a free transfer from Blackburn Rovers, while Nottingham Forest pay £2million for 22-year-old Southend United striker Stan Collymore.
9 July 1993 - Ian Porterfield returns to football management four months after being sacked by Chelsea to become the new Zambia national coach, just over two months after the previous national coach and 18 members of the national squad were killed in an air crash.
12 July 1993 - Veteran striker Mick Harford returns to the Premier League after four months in Division with Sunderland to sign for Coventry City in a £200,000 deal.
14 July 1993 – After Lee Chapman departs to Portsmouth on a free transfer, Leeds United replace him with record signing Brian Deane from Sheffield United for £2.9million, while England midfielder David Platt is transferred for the third year running when he leaves Juventus in a £5.2million move to Italian Serie A rivals Sampdoria.
15 July 1993 – Huddersfield Town manager Ian Ross pays the price for the club's horrid form in the first half of the previous season by being sacked. He is replaced by Neil Warnock, who recently left the manager's job at Torquay United.
16 July 1993 – Peter Beardsley returns to Newcastle United in a £1.4million move from Everton, six years after he left Tyneside for Liverpool.
20 July 1993 – For the first time in more than 40 years, the British transfer fee record is broken by a Scottish club rather than an English one, when Rangers sign Dundee United striker Duncan Ferguson for £4million.
22 July 1993 - Manchester United pay an English record fee of £3.75million for Nottingham Forest midfielder Roy Keane.
26 July 1993 – Aston Villa sign Republic of Ireland midfielder Andy Townsend from Chelsea for £2.1million.
29 July 1993 – Former Manchester United, Everton and Wales winger Mickey Thomas, 39, is sentenced to 18 months in prison for producing and distributing forged banknotes. This comes just eight days after he was in court to see two men sent to prison for assaulting him.
1 August 1993 – Guy Whittingham, whose 42 Division One goals weren't quite enough to get Portsmouth promoted to the Premier League last season, is transferred to Aston Villa for £1.2million. In Division Three, 37-year-old Keith Alexander becomes the first black manager of a Football League club when he takes over at Lincoln City.
4 August 1993 – John Smith, leader of the Labour Party, opens Millwall's New Den, a 20,000-seat stadium, which sees its first action in a friendly with Sporting Clube de Portugal that ends in a 2–1 win for the Lisbon club. The stadium was first planned in 1990 in the wake of the Taylor Report and was initially going to have a capacity of 25,000, but these plans were downsized as Millwall could not meet the cost.
7 August 1993 – Frank Clark is named as manager of Nottingham Forest, replacing Brian Clough, who retired earlier in the summer after 18 years at the helm. His first task is to guide Forest back into the Premier League after last season's relegation. On the same day, Ipswich Town manager John Lyall announces that he will become the club's director of football, and that Mick McGiven will take over as first-team manager. Manchester United win the FA Charity Shield on penalties after a 1–1 draw with Arsenal.
12 August 1993 – Chelsea buy midfielder Gavin Peacock from Newcastle United for £1.2million, while Everton's longest-serving player Kevin Ratcliffe leaves Goodison Park after 15 years and joins Cardiff City on a free transfer.
14 August 1993 – On the opening day of the Premier League season, Coventry City pull off a major surprise by beating Arsenal 3–0 in the first game at the new all-seater Highbury, with Micky Quinn scoring all three goals. Swindon Town's first top division game ends in a 3–1 defeat at Sheffield United. Last season's runners-up Aston Villa head the table with a 4–1 win over QPR. Ipswich Town beat Oldham Athletic 3–0 at Boundary Park. The Division One campaign kicks off with a 5–0 win for Derby County over Sunderland at the Baseball Ground. Middlesbrough begin their quest for an immediate return to the Premier League with a 3–2 win at Notts County. Crystal Palace begin their comeback trail with a goalless draw at home to Tranmere Rovers.
15 August 1993 – Manchester United's defence of the Premier League title begins with a 2–0 away win over Norwich City, last season's third placed side. Nottingham Forest begin their Division One promotion push with a 1–1 draw at Southend United.
17 August 1993 – Sheffield Wednesday pay a club record fee £2.7million for Queens Park Rangers midfielder Andy Sinton.
18 August 1993 - The second round of Premier League fixtures include a 3–0 home win for Manchester United over Sheffield United, in which record signing Roy Keane scores his first two goals from the club. Norwich City win 3–2 over Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park, 10 months after their found themselves on the receiving end of a 7–1 defeat there. Coventry City beat Newcastle United 2–1 at home, and QPR find themselves on the receiving end of a second successive comprehensive defeat, this time losing 3–1 at home to Liverpool.
19 August 1993 – Tony Barton, who managed Aston Villa to European Cup glory in 1982, dies of a heart attack aged 56.
21 August 1993 – Manchester United are held to a 1–1 home draw with newly promoted Newcastle United, allowing Everton (who beat Sheffield United 4–2, with Tony Cottee scoring a hat-trick) to go top of the Premier League after three games. Ipswich Town go second with a 1–0 home win over Chelsea. Norwich manage an impressive 4–0 win over Leeds at Elland Road. The Division One fixtures include a 5–3 home win for Nottingham Forest over Grimsby Town, Sunderland's 4–0 win over Charlton Athletic at Roker Park, and a 3–0 win over Derby County for Middlesbrough at Ayresome Park.
22 August 1993 - Liverpool go top of the league for the first time since early 1991 with a 5–0 away win over Swindon Town. Southend United, who were contenders for place in the new Premier League two seasons ago, give their promotion dreams for this season a boost with a 4–1 win at Millwall in Division One in one of the first games staged at Millwall's new stadium. A Midlands derby at St Andrew's sees Birmingham City and Wolves draw 2-2.
23 August 1993 – Lee Sharpe scores twice as Manchester United beat last season's runners-up Aston Villa 2–1 at Villa Park, allowing United to go top of the Premier League – they will not be headed all season.
24 August 1993 - Arsenal beat Leeds United 2–1 at Highbury. Blackburn Rovers beat Manchester City 2–0 at Maine Road. A thrilling game at Boundary Park sees Oldham and Coventry battle out a 3–3 draw. Dave Bassett's Sheffield United beat his old club Wimbledon 2–1 at Bramall Lane. Middlesbrough remain top of Division One with a 4–1 win at Barnsley.
25 August 1993 – Swindon Town's dismal Premier League debut continues as they are crushed 5–1 at Southampton.
26 August 1993 – Peter Reid is sacked by Manchester City, who have lost three of their four opening FA Premier League games.
27 August 1993 – Brian Horton leaves Oxford United to become the new manager of Manchester City. He takes charge of his second game later in the day, as the Blues draw 1–1 at home to Coventry City in the Premier League.
28 August 1993 - The Premier League action includes a 2–0 home win over Arsenal over Everton, a 3–1 win at Southampton for Manchester United and a 4–0 away win for QPR over their London rivals West Ham. Crystal Palace boost their bid for an immediate return to the Premier League by beating Portsmouth 5–1. Last season's beaten playoff finalists Leicester City beat Millwall 4–0 at Filbert Street.
29 August 1993 – Alan Shearer scores his first goal for Blackburn Rovers since returning from injury in a 1–1 draw at his hometown club Newcastle United.
31 August 1993 – The first month of the league season ends with defending champions Manchester United top of the Premier League with Liverpool, Arsenal, Norwich City and Ipswich Town completing the top five. Meanwhile, Swindon Town have gained just one point from their first-ever five top division games, and prop up the table. Completing the bottom three are Manchester City and Sheffield Wednesday, who had been largely expected to compete near the top of the table this season. The first month of the Division One campaign has seen Middlesbrough and Charlton Athletic take a joint lead at the top of the table with 12 points. Nottingham Forest, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Southend United and Crystal Palace occupy the playoff places.
1 September 1993 - Manchester United keep up their winning ways a 3–0 home win over West Ham. Sheffield Wednesday are still looking for their first Premier League win six games into the season when they are held to a 3–3 draw at home to Norwich. Coventry hold on to fourth place with a 1–0 home win over Liverpool, who drop one place into third. Manchester City achieve their first win of the season with a 3–1 away win over Swindon, who have picked up one point from their opening six games.
3 September 1993 – Paul Warhurst moves from Sheffield Wednesday to Blackburn Rovers in a £2.75million deal – the fifth highest fee between English clubs.
5 September 1993 - The Black Country derby is contested for the first time in three seasons, with West Bromwich Albion beating Wolves 3–2 at The Hawthorns.
8 September 1993 – England put their World Cup qualification hopes back on track with a 3–0 win over Poland at Wembley.
11 September 1993 – Kevin Campbell scores a hat-trick in Arsenal's 4–0 home league win over Ipswich Town. Eric Cantona's shot from the halfway line at Stamford Bridge hits the crossbar, and a Gavin Peacock goal gives Chelsea a 1–0 win over Manchester United. Down in Division One, Oxford United climb six places from the foot of the table with a spectacular 4–2 home win over Bristol City.
13 September 1993 - Newcastle United beat Sheffield Wednesday 4–2 in the only league action of the day.
14 September 1993 - Tranmere Rovers go top of Division One with a 4–1 home win over bottom club Luton Town.
15 September 1993 – Manchester United beat Honved of Hungary 3–2 away in their first European Cup fixture since 1969.
16 September 1993 – After two months at Portsmouth, Lee Chapman returns to the Premier League with newly promoted West Ham United for £250,000.
17 September 1993 – Liverpool sign West Ham United defender Julian Dicks for £1.5million, with Mike Marsh and David Burrows going to Upton Park in exchange.
19 September 1993 - Manchester United go into their fixture with second placed Arsenal as Premier League leaders on goal difference, but then go ahead by three points with a 1–0 victory at Old Trafford. Nottingham Forest's erratic start to their Division One season continues with a 3–2 home defeat to Stoke City.
21 September 1993 - The first leg of round two in the Football League Cup sees top-flight clubs Oldham Athletic and Sheffield United beaten by Division Two opposition, while Premier League outfit Leeds United lose away at Sunderland from Division One. Elsewhere, Paul Rideout's hat-trick-completing late winner against basement tier club Lincoln City avoids another upset, Division Two side Wrexham draw 3–3 with First Division Nottingham Forest and Ian Wright scores a hat-trick as Arsenal put five past Huddersfield Town without reply.
22 September 1993 – Mark Stein scores twice for Stoke City in their surprise 2–1 over Manchester United in the first leg of the League Cup second round at the Victoria Ground. South African born Stein, 27, is a target for several Premier League clubs.
25 September 1993 – Everton, fourth in the Premier League, suffer a 5–1 defeat at home to Norwich City in one of the most thrilling league games so far this season. Norwich striker Efan Ekoku scores four goals in the game – the first player to score four goals in a Premier League game. Manchester United maintain their lead at the top of the table with a 4–2 home win over Swindon, who are still bottom with no wins and a mere three points from their first nine games. Southampton remain level with Swindon at the bottom of the table with a 1–0 defeat at Arsenal. An East Midlands derby at Meadow Lane sees Notts County beat Derby County 4–1 in Division One.
30 September 1993 – September draws to a close with Manchester United still top of the table, leading by three points over Arsenal. Aston Villa, Leeds United, Norwich City and Wimbledon are just some of the many other clubs currently in strong contention. Liverpool, meanwhile, have slumped to 13th place after a disappointing month, mounting the pressure upon Graeme Souness. Swindon are still bottom of the table and looking for their first-ever top division win after nine games, being level on points with a Southampton side who have lost eight of their first nine games, while Oldham Athletic have fallen into the relegation zone as well. In the race to win promotion to the Premier League, Crystal Palace top Division One on goal difference ahead of Tranmere Rovers. The playoff zone is occupied by Leicester City, Charlton Athletic, Middlesbrough and Southend United.
1 October 1993 – Former Manchester City player-manager Peter Reid signs a short-term playing contract with Southampton, while Everton striker Mo Johnson returns to his homeland after agreeing a contract with Hearts.
2 October 1993 – Gary Speed and Gary McAllister both score twice from midfield in a 4–0 home league win for Leeds United against Wimbledon. Liverpool hold Arsenal to a goalless draw at Anfield, allowing Manchester United to extend their lead of the Premier League after coming from behind twice to beat Sheffield Wednesday 3–2 away from home. Southampton and Sheffield United draw 3–3 at The Dell. Crystal Palace maintain their lead of Division One with a 4–1 home win over Stoke City. Luton Town climb of the bottom of the table in style with a 5–0 home win over Barnsley.
3 October 1993 - Derby County manager Arthur Cox, who had already been under pressure after the club's poor start to the season, resigns due to health problems. His assistant, Roy McFarland replaces him as manager until the end of the season.
4 October 1993 – Jim Holton, who played for Manchester United at centre-half in the 1970s, dies from a heart attack at the wheel of his car. He was 42 years old.
7 October 1993 – Newcastle United manager Kevin Keegan rules him out of the running to take over as England manager if Graham Taylor's reign is ended by failure to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup.
13 October 1993 – England are left with little hope of qualifying for the 1994 World Cup after suffering a 2–0 defeat by the Netherlands in their penultimate qualifying game.
16 October 1993 - Manchester United extend their lead of the Premier League to seven points with a 2–1 home win over Tottenham. Norwich go second with a 2–1 win at Chelsea, while Arsenal drop into third with a goalless draw at home to Manchester City. The big news in Division One is Southend's 6–1 home win over Oxford United, which keeps up their surprise promotion push.
18 October 1993 – Lou Macari walks out on Stoke City to succeed Liam Brady as manager of Glasgow club Celtic.
19 October 1993 - Norwich City become the first English team to beat German giants Bayern Munich on their own soil, winning 2–1 in the UEFA Cup second round first leg.
20 October 1993 - Manchester United surrender a two-goal lead over Turkish champions Galatasaray to draw 3–3 in the European Cup second round first leg at Old Trafford.
23 October 1993 - Manchester United extend their lead of the Premier League to nine points with a 1–0 win over Everton at Goodison Park, with Lee Sharpe scoring the only goal of the game. Their nearest challengers Norwich, Arsenal and Leeds all drop points, while QPR move into fifth place with a 5–1 home win over Coventry. Swindon Town hold Tottenham to a 1–1 draw at White Hart Lane but are still bottom of the table and without a win after 12 games. Charlton Athletic go top of Division One with a 1–0 win over Grimsby Town at Blundell Park. Watford keep up their promotion push with a 4–3 home win over Bolton.
24 October 1993 - Southampton boost their survival push with a 2–1 home win over Newcastle, only their second league win of the season.
26 October 1993 – Blackburn Rovers pay Leeds United £2.75million for midfielder David Batty.
30 October 1993 – 18-year-old Liverpool striker Robbie Fowler scores a hat-trick in a 4–2 home league win over Southampton. Newcastle beat Wimbledon 4–0 at home, and leaders Manchester United now have an 11-point lead after beating QPR 2–1 at Old Trafford, with their nearest rivals Norwich and Arsenal drawing 0–0 at Highbury. An entertaining mid-table game in Division sees Stoke beat Barnsley 5–4 at the Victoria Ground.
31 October 1993 – Manchester United end October as Premier League leaders with an 11-point margin over their nearest rivals Norwich City, Arsenal, Blackburn Rovers and Aston Villa who are all bracketed together on points. Swindon are still bottom of the league and their winless run has now stretched to 13 games, while Southampton and Sheffield Wednesday are still in the relegation zone. Liverpool have improved after last season's wobbles to occupy seventh place. Charlton Athletic are top of Division One, with Leicester City occupying second place. The playoff zone is occupied by Crystal Palace, Tranmere Rovers, Middlesbrough and Derby County. Nottingham Forest and Wolverhampton Wanderers, who both began the season in promotion form, have slipped into the bottom half of the table.
3 November 1993 – Manchester United are eliminated from the European Cup on away goals by Turkish side Galatasaray, while Arsenal progress to the next stage of the European Cup Winners' Cup with a 7–0 away victory over Standard Liège of Belgium.
4-5 November 1993 – 34-year-old goalkeeper Dave Beasant joins Southampton from Chelsea in a £300,000 deal, while the national record fee for a goalkeeper (a record of which Beasant was once a holder) is broken when Tim Flowers exits The Dell from Blackburn Rovers for £2.4million.
6 November 1993 - Sheffield Wednesday climb out of the relegation one with a 4–1 win over Ipswich at Portman Road. Chelsea are on the brink of the relegation zone after losing 4–1 to Leeds at Elland Road. Leicester go top of Division One with a 3–0 home win over Southend.
7 November 1993 – The Manchester derby at Maine Road sees City take a 2–0 lead in the first half with two goals from Niall Quinn, only for Eric Cantona (twice) and Roy Keane to overturn City's lead and win the game 3–2 for United. In Division One, a Steve Bull hat-trick sees Wolves beat Derby at the Baseball Ground and ensure that they remain in the hunt for a playoff place.
17 November 1993 – England beat San Marino 7–1 in their final World Cup qualifying game, but fail to qualify for the finals, as Holland beat Poland. Media reports suggest that manager Graham Taylor is likely to resign or be sacked imminently.
20 November 1993 – Alan Shearer scores both of Blackburn's goals in their 2–0 home league win over his old club Southampton, as his new club close in on the leading pack in the Premier League. Manchester United maintain their 11-point lead of the table by beating Wimbledon 3–1.
21 November 1993 - Andy Cole scores a hat-trick for Newcastle in a 3–0 home win over Liverpool in the Premier League, lifting Kevin Keegan's men into eighth place, displacing their opponents whose promising start to the season has given way to what appears to be another frustrating league campaign.
23 November 1993 - Blackburn climb five places into second place in the Premier League with a 2–1 home win over Coventry.
24 November 1993 – Graham Taylor announces his resignation as England manager after being vilified by the media (notably The Sun newspaper, who branded him a "turnip") for failing to achieve qualification for the 1994 World Cup. On the same day, Swindon Town finally win a Premier League game at the 16th attempt in their first-ever top division campaign, beating Queens Park Rangers 1–0 at home with a goal from Keith Scott. Manchester United now have a 12-point lead at the top of the table despite being held to a goalless draw at home to Ipswich. Newcastle's surge continues as a 4–0 home win over Sheffield United lifts them into fourth place and pushes the visitors into the drop zone.
27 November 1993 – QPR manager Gerry Francis rules himself out of the running to become the next England manager. Manchester City striker Niall Quinn suffers a knee injury against Sheffield Wednesday. Manchester United now have a 14-point lead at the top of the Premier League after beating Coventry 1–0, while Blackburn and Newcastle both drop points.
29 November 1993 – Peter Swales resigns as Manchester City chairman after 20 years. Francis Lee, who had been campaigning for control of the club's board since early in the year, succeeds him.
30 November 1993 – November draws to a close with Manchester United now leading by 14 points ahead of their nearest rivals Leeds United and Arsenal, while newly promoted Newcastle United are starting to give the top five a run for their money. Swindon Town finally managed to win a league game at the 16th attempt, but are still bottom of the division with a mere nine points from their opening 17 games, while Oldham Athletic remain second from bottom and Chelsea have slipped into the relegation zone after Southampton climbed out of it on goal difference. Charlton Athletic remain top of Division One, with Tranmere Rovers occupying second place. Southend United's resurgence in form has seen them rise to third place in the league, with the playoff zone being completed by Crystal Palace, Leicester City and Millwall. Niall Quinn's knee injury is diagnosed as cruciate ligament damage, and he is warned that he is likely to miss the rest of the English league season as well as next summer's World Cup. Jimmy Armfield, the former England international, is selected by The Football Association as the man with the task of finding the national side's next manager.
4 December 1993 – Howard Kendall resigns after three years in his second spell as charge of Everton, who have fallen into the bottom half of the Premier League table after topping it in the first month of the season. Curiously, Kendall's resignation comes within hours of Everton's 1–0 home league win over Southampton. Manchester United and Norwich draw 2–2 in a thrilling match at Old Trafford, while second placed Leeds beat Manchester City 3–2 at Elland Road.
7 December 1993 – Lazio deny rumours that Paul Gascoigne is due to return to English football in a move to either Leeds United or Manchester United.
10 December 1993 – Former England manager Bobby Robson resigns as manager of Portuguese side Sporting Clube de Portugal, sparking media speculation that he will be offered the Everton job.
11 December 1993 - Liverpool are held to a 2–2 at home to bottom club Swindon in the Premier League, although the visitors still have just one league win to their names after 20 matches.
12 December 1993 – Northampton Town, who are bottom of Division Three, dismiss manager Phil Chard and replace him with John Barnwell.
18 December 1993 - The main Premier League action sees Sheffield Wednesday win 5–0 at home over West Ham and Tottenham draw 3–3 at home to Liverpool. Swindon win for the second time in the Premier League this season and for the first time at home by beating Southampton 2–1.
19 December 1993 - With three of the game's four goals coming during the closing few minutes, Manchester United beat Aston Villa 3–1 at Old Trafford to go 13 points ahead at the top of the Premier League.
21 December 1993 - David Rocastle leaves Leeds after 16 months to sign for Manchester City in a £2million, after David White went in the opposite direction for the same fee.
26 December 1993 - The Boxing Day action sees a late equaliser from Paul Ince give Manchester United a 1–1 draw at home to Blackburn after Kevin Gallacher had put the visitors ahead.
27 December 1993 – Kevin Campbell scores his second league hat-trick of the season as Arsenal beat Swindon Town 4–0 at the County Ground. Meanwhile, Arsenal's underperforming North London rivals Tottenham are beaten 3–1 at home by a Norwich City side with two goals coming from prolific 20-year-old striker Chris Sutton. In Division One, Leicester draw 4–4 with Watford in a thrilling match at Filbert Street, and Southend climb back into the top six with a 4–2 home win over fourth-placed Charlton.
29 December 1993 - Manchester United beat Oldham 5–2 at Boundary Park in a match where Andrei Kanchelskis scores twice for the defending champions, who now lead the Premier League by 14 points. Swindon keep up their fight for survival by battling out it for a 3–3 draw at Sheffield Wednesday.
30 December 1993 – Lawrie McMenemy, Southampton manager from 1973 to 1985 and until last month assistant manager of the England team since 1990, returns to The Dell as Director of Football, working alongside under-fire manager Ian Branfoot.
31 December 1993 – The year draws to a close with Manchester United still top of the table with a 14-point lead over nearest rivals Blackburn Rovers, who have a game in hand. Leeds United, Arsenal and Newcastle United complete the top five, while at the other end of the table Swindon Town remain bottom with Oldham Athletic and Chelsea now out of the relegation zone at the expense of Southampton and Sheffield United. Crystal Palace are now leaders of Division One, with the other automatic promotion place currently being occupied by Tranmere Rovers. Charlton Athletic, Leicester City and Southend United complete the top six. Nottingham Forest are catching up with the leading pack and are now just one point and two places outside the playoff zone.
1 January 1994 - The new year begins with Manchester United still 12 points ahead at the top of the Premier League after a goalless draw at home to Leeds. Blackburn narrowly eat in their lead with a 1–0 win at Aston Villa. The key action in Division One includes a 4-2 for Bolton over Notts County at Burnden Park, while Millwall keep up their promotion push with a 3–0 home win over London rivals Crystal Palace and Southend United keep hold of their place in the top six with a 3–1 home win over Birmingham City.
3 January 1994 - Chelsea climb five points clear of the relegation zone with a 4–2 home win over Everton. Derby County keep their push for a playoff place on track with a 4–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers, who lose their place in the top two to Charlton, who win 2–1 at home to West Bromwich Albion.
4 January 1994 – After taking a 3–0 lead in the first half, Manchester United are held to a 3–3 draw by Liverpool in the league at Anfield.
5 January 1994 – It is reported in the media that the former Tottenham Hotspur manager Terry Venables will take over as manager of the England team.
8 January 1994 – The FA Cup third round sparks some major upsets. Bristol City hold Liverpool to a 1–1 draw, while an identical scoreline occurs for Everton at Bolton Wanderers. Queens Park Rangers are defeated by Stockport County, but the big shock comes when Division One Birmingham City lose 2–1 at home to Conference leaders Kidderminster Harriers. Chelsea were surprised to be held 0–0 at Stamford Bridge by Barnet, despite it being Barnet's 'home' tie. Barnet had been struggling at the bottom of the third tier for the entire season, having seen most of their squad and manager leave for Southend United, who they ironically knocked out of the season's League Cup. The match against Chelsea was billed as Hoddle vs Hoddle, as Glenn managed Chelsea, whilst his brother, Carl, had scored a Hoddlesque goal for Barnet versus Crawley Town in the 2nd Round.
11 January 1994 – Ian Branfoot resigns after two and a half years as manager of Southampton, with former England manager Graham Taylor rumoured to be on the shortlist of possible successors. Sheffield Wednesday beat Wimbledon 2–1 in the League Cup quarter-final. Terry Butcher sues Coventry City for £40,000 after his fourteen-month spell as player-manager was ended in January 1992.
12 January 1994 - Manchester United are held to a 2–2 draw in the League Cup quarter-final against Portsmouth at Old Trafford, with Paul Walsh scoring twice for Portsmouth to force a replay. Aston Villa beat Tottenham 2–1 at White Hart Lane in their quarter-final clash.
13 January 1994 – Alex Ferguson sells his son, midfielder Darren Ferguson, from Manchester United to Wolverhampton Wanderers for £250,000.
14 January 1994 – Mike Walker, the manager who took Norwich City to a club best of third place in the Premier League last season, departs Carrow Road to take over at Everton. Norwich announce that Walker's assistant, John Deehan will succeed him as manager with immediate effect, and that the club will be taking legal action against Everton for "tapping up" Walker.
15 January 1994 – Mike Walker starts on a high at Everton, guiding them to a 6–2 home win over Premier League basement club Swindon Town, in which Tony Cottee scores his second league hat-trick of the season. Aston Villa beat West Ham 3–1 at Villa Park and Liverpool win 3–0 at Oldham. In Division One, a relegation crunch game at Vicarage Road sees Watford beat Birmingham 5–2, with Paul Furlong scoring a hat-trick.
20 January 1994 –
– Legendary former Manchester United manager Sir Matt Busby dies at the age of 84.
– Alan Ball is appointed manager of Southampton, who pay £100,000 to release him from his contract as manager of Exeter City.
– Colin Harvey, who has been at Everton since joining them as a player 30 years ago, leaves the Goodison Park club. He had worked under Howard Kendall as a coach during his two spells as manager, and was also manager of the club from June 1987 to October 1990 between Kendall's two spells.
22 January 1994 - Manchester United beat Everton 1–0 at Old Trafford with a goal from Ryan Giggs in their first match since the death of Sir Matt Busby. The Steel City derby at Hillsborough sees Sheffield Wednesday beat Sheffield United 3–1.
24 January 1994 - A thrilling match at Upton Park sees West Ham draw 3–3 with Norwich, who have scored 32 goals on their travels in the Premier League this season but just eight times at home.
25 January 1994 - A Brian Tinnion goal gives Bristol City a 1–0 win over Liverpool in the FA Cup third round replay.
26 January 1994 - Manchester United reach the League Cup semi-finals for the third time in four seasons by beating Portsmouth 1–0 in the Fratton Park quarter-final replay.
28 January 1994 –
– The Football Association's two-month search for a successor to Graham Taylor ends with the appointment of Terry Venables.
– Graeme Souness quits as Liverpool manager after their shock FA Cup exit at the hands of Bristol City. He is succeeded by long-serving coach Roy Evans. Neighbouring Everton are also reeling from a third round replay exit in the FA Cup at the hands of a much smaller club, in their case Bolton Wanderers.
29 January 1994 – Kidderminster Harriers claim another Football League scalp when they triumph 1–0 at home to Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round. Other surprise results include Manchester City's 1–0 defeat to Division Two strugglers Cardiff City. Tranmere reach the League Cup semi-finals for the first time ever by beating Nottingham Forest 2–0 in the quarter-final replay at Prenton Park.
30 January 1994 - Manchester United keep their treble bid on track with a 2–0 win at Norwich in the FA Cup fourth round.
31 January 1994 – Manchester United finish January as leaders with a 16-point margin, though Blackburn Rovers in second place have three games in hand. Arsenal, Newcastle United and a resurgent Liverpool side undaunted by the FA Cup shock and change of manager complete the top five. Swindon Town remain bottom, while Oldham Athletic occupy the next lowest position, though Sheffield United have climbed out of the relegation zone at the expense of Manchester City. In Division One, Crystal Palace and Charlton Athletic lead the race for promotion to the Premier League. The playoff zone is occupied by Millwall, Leicester City, Tranmere Rovers and Nottingham Forest. Wolverhampton Wanderers are on the comeback trail after a run of dismal form before Christmas, and are now just two points and two places outside the playoff zone.
2 February 1994 – Newcastle United pay a club record £2.5million for Norwich City winger Ruel Fox.
5 February 1994 – Having scored only one league goal all season before now, Norwegian striker Jan Age Fjortoft scores a hat-trick for Swindon Town (still bottom of the Premier League) in their 3–1 home win over Coventry City.
6 February 1994 - Middlesbrough arrest their slide down Division One with a 4–2 win over Millwall at Ayresome Park, denying the visitors the chance of going second in the league. An East Midlands derby at the City Ground sees Nottingham Forest beat Leicester 4–0.
9 February 1994 – The FA Cup fourth round replays witness some of the most surprising results ever seen in the competition. Holders Arsenal lose 3–1 at home to Division One underdogs Bolton Wanderers. Leeds United, chasing a UEFA Cup place in the Premier League, lose 3–2 at home to an Oxford United side who are battling against relegation to Division Two. Newcastle United, another team in the race for a European place, lose 2–0 at another Division One struggling side – Luton Town. This means that a mere seven of the 16 clubs in the FA Cup fifth round will be Premier League members.
12 February 1994 – Dean Saunders scores a hat-trick for Aston Villa in their 5–0 home league win over Swindon Town. Wimbledon beat Newcastle United 4–2 at Selhurst Park.
13 February 1994 - A spectacular goal from Ryan Giggs gives Manchester United a 1–0 lead over Sheffield Wednesday in their League Cup semi-final first leg at Old Trafford.
14 February 1994 – Matthew Le Tissier scores a hat-trick for Southampton in their 4–2 home league win over Liverpool.
16 February 1994 – Tranmere Rovers, who have never played in an FA Cup or Football League Cup final, move closer to their Wembley dream with a 3–1 win over Aston Villa in the first leg of the League Cup semi-final.
17 February 1994 – In the wake of a two-month winless run, Ipswich Town announce that John Lyall will be returning as team manager, and that Mick McGiven will revert to his previous job as assistant manager.
19 February 1994 –
– Aston Villa's hopes of achieving a cup double are ended when they are beaten 1–0 by Bolton Wanderers at Burnden Park in the FA Cup fifth round. Kidderminster Harriers, among the few non-league teams ever to reach this stage of the competition, have their dream ended in a 1–0 defeat by West Ham United.
– Jan Age Fjortoft's goalscoring surge continues as he scores twice in the league for Swindon against Norwich City, but the East Anglians still hold out for a 3–3 draw at the County Ground. Coventry beat Manchester City 4–0 at Highfield Road. Derby County climb into the Division One playoff zone with a 4–3 win at Watford.
20 February 1994 - Cardiff City's FA Cup ends with a 2–1 home defeat to Luton Town in the fifth round. Bolton knock out Aston Villa with a 1–0 win at Burnden Park. Manchester United travel to Selhurst Park to take on Wimbledon and win 3–0.
22 February 1994 - Sheffield United's survival hopes are hit by a 3–2 defeat Ipswich. Manchester City climb out of the bottom three on goal difference with a goalless draw at Aston Villa. Blackburn are now six points behind Manchester United after a 2–2 draw at Norwich.
23 February 1994 – Andy Cole scores a hat-trick for Newcastle in a 4–0 home win over Coventry City.
26 February 1994 - An epic Premier League clash at Upton Park sees Mark Hughes give Manchester United an early lead over West Ham, before the hosts go ahead with goals from Lee Chapman and Trevor Morley, until Paul Ince scores a late equaliser against his old club to make it a 2–2 draw. West Bromwich Albion complete the "double" over their local rivals Wolves with a 2–1 win at the Molineux, which boosts their survival bid and dents the playoff challenge of their rivals, mounting the pressure on long-serving manager Graham Turner.
27 February 1994 - Aston Villa reach a domestic cup final for the first time in 17 years after clawing back a two-goal deficit to beat Tranmere 3-1 and win the penalty shootout at Villa Park. In the Premier League, Chelsea boost their survival push with a 4–3 home win over Tottenham.
28 February 1994 – February draws to a close with Manchester United still top, though with their lead now cut to seven points, and they have a game in hand over second-placed Blackburn Rovers. Arsenal, Newcastle United and Liverpool complete an unchanged top five at this month end. At the other end of the table, Oldham Athletic and Swindon Town prop up the rest of the Premier League while Manchester City have climbed out of the bottom three at the expense of Sheffield United. Crystal Palace remain top of Division One, with Charlton Athletic second in the table. The playoff zone is occupied by Leicester City, Derby County, Millwall and a Stoke City side who have prospered under new manager Joe Jordan since the departure of Lou Macari to Celtic in October and mounted a serious challenge for a second successive promotion.
2 March 1994 – Manchester City sign German striker Uwe Rosler from Dynamo Dresden for £750,000. Manchester United reach their third League Cup final in four seasons with a 4–1 win at Sheffield Wednesday in the semi-final second leg. Charlton and Wolves both reach the FA Cup quarter-finals.
5 March 1994 – Arsenal heap misery upon Ipswich Town, this time with a 5–1 league win at Portman Road in which Ian Wright scores a hat-trick. Meanwhile, Manchester United suffer their first home league defeat since October 1992 when they lose 1–0 to Chelsea at Old Trafford.
6 March 1994 - Aston Villa climb into fifth place with a 1–0 win at Coventry.
7 March 1994 – New England manager Terry Venables announces that David Platt, who currently plays for Sampdoria of Italy, will be the captain of the national team.
9 March 1994 – England beat Denmark 1–0 in a friendly at Wembley in their first game under Terry Venables.
10 March 1994 – Division One leaders Crystal Palace prepare for their inevitable return to the Premier League with a £1.1million move for Watford striker Bruce Dyer.
12 March 1994 – The biggest win of the Premier League season so far sees Newcastle United beat Swindon Town 7–1 at St James's Park. Peter Beardsley, Rob Lee and Steve Watson all find the net twice, with Ruel Fox also scoring. The consolation goal comes from John Moncur. QPR beat Norwich 4–3 in a thrilling match at Carrow Road. In the FA Cup, Peter Schmeichel is sent off for handling the ball outside the penalty area but Manchester United still beat Charlton 3–1 in the Old Trafford quarter-final. Bolton's FA Cup run ends with a 1–0 defeat at home to Oldham.
13 March 1994 - Liverpool beat Everton 2–1 in the last Merseyside derby at Anfield before the Spion Kop is rebuilt.
16 March 1994 - Midweek drama in the Premier League sees Manchester United return to their winning ways with a 5–0 home win over Sheffield Wednesday, which gives them a seven-point lead over Blackburn with 11 games remaining.
19 March 1994 – Eric Cantona is sent off for stamping on John Moncur in Manchester United's 2–2 league draw with Swindon Town at the County Ground. Ian Wright scores a second successive Premier League hat-trick for Arsenal in a 4–0 win at Southampton. Newcastle win 4–2 at West Ham. Nottingham Forest's surge in Division One continues with a 3–2 win over Bolton which puts them just two points behind leaders Crystal Palace.
22 March 1994 – Three days after being sent off against Swindon, Eric Cantona is sent off again – also in a 2–2 draw, this time in the league against Arsenal at Highbury. Lee Sharpe scores both of United's goals.
23 March 1994 - Luton Town reach the FA Cup semi-final when a Scott Oakes hat-trick gives them a 3–2 win over West Ham in the quarter-final replay at Kenilworth Road.
24 March 1994 – Manchester City sign Everton winger Peter Beagrie for £1.1million. He is succeeded at Goodison Park by Arsenal's Anders Limpar for £1.6million. Tottenham Hotspur's quest to sign a new striker in an attempt to stave off relegation ends in failure when West Ham's Clive Allen signs for Division One promotion chasers Millwall for £75,000, ending talk his return to Tottenham, who also fail to lure Frenchman Jean-Pierre Papin from Bayern Munich. Steve Morrow is reportedly set for a new Arsenal contract after a proposed move to a Swindon Town side heading for relegation is called off. Another player going nowhere is QPR striker Les Ferdinand, who has been subject to transfer speculation for months. Joining Anders Limpar at Goodison Park is 20-year-old AFC Bournemouth midfielder Joe Parkinson, a hot prospect costing £250,000. Leicester City boost their promotion challenge with a £360,000 move for Portsmouth midfielder Mark Blake. Wimbledon sign Brentford striker Marcus Gayle for £250,000. Loan moves include Jeroen Boere (West Ham United to Portsmouth), Ian Kilford (Nottingham Forest to Wigan Athletic), Tom Cowan (Sheffield United to Huddersfield Town), Scott Marshall and Jimmy Carter (both Arsenal to Oxford United) and Paul Dickov (Arsenal to Brighton & Hove Albion).
26 March 1994 – Fulham manager Don Mackay is sacked at half-time by chairman Jimmy Hill, with the team losing 2–0 to fellow strugglers Leyton Orient. Former manager Ray Lewington is put in charge again for the second half, during which the Cottagers score twice and salvage a 2–2 draw. In the Premier League, Blackburn cut Manchester United's lead to three points with a 3–1 home win over Swindon. In Division One, Notts County home in on the playoff places with a 3–1 home win over East Midlands rivals Leicester.
27 March 1994 – Manchester United's bid for a unique domestic treble ends when they lost 3–1 to Aston Villa in the 1994 Football League Cup Final.
28 March 1994 - Sheffield United boost their survival bid with a 3–2 home win over West Ham.
29 March 1994 – Blackburn's hopes of catching Manchester United in the title race are dealt a major blow when they lose 4–1 away to Wimbledon. Andrew Cole becomes the first player to reach the 30-goal mark in the Premier League when he scores in Newcastle's 3–0 home win over Norwich City.
30 March 1994 - Manchester United extend their lead of the Premier League to six points with a 1–0 win over Liverpool, in which Paul Ince scores the only goal. Oldham climb out of the bottom three with a 3–1 win at Southampton, who take their place in the relegation zone.
31 March 1994 – Manchester United's treble bid may be over, but they finish March as Premier League leaders by a six-point lead over their nearest rivals Blackburn Rovers. They are also in the FA Cup semi-finals. Newcastle United, Arsenal and Leeds United complete the top five. Oldham Athletic, who will soon be competing in the FA Cup semi-final with Manchester United, are starting to look set for Premier League survival as they have climbed out of the relegation zone at the expense of Southampton, while Sheffield United and Swindon Town remain there. In Division One, Crystal Palace continue to head the table and have been joined in the automatic promotion places by a Nottingham Forest side who weren't even in the playoff zone a month ago. Leicester City, Millwall, Derby County and Tranmere Rovers occupy the playoff zone.
2 April 1994 – Blackburn Rovers cut Manchester United's lead at the top of the Premier League to two points after beating them 2–0 at Ewood Park, three months after United had established a 16-point lead. Alan Shearer scores both of Blackburn's goals. In the relegation battle, Oldham Athletic give themselves a fresh boost by beating QPR 4–1 at Boundary Park, while Everton's relegation woes deepen when they lose 5–1 to Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough.
4 April 1994 – Everton are pushed further into the relegation mire with a 3–0 home defeat by Blackburn Rovers, who are kept off the top by Manchester United's 3–2 home win over Oldham Athletic. Tottenham Hotspur are still in danger of relegation after suffering a 4–1 home defeat to West Ham United. Leeds beat QPR 4–0 at Loftus Road.
5 April 1994 - A thrilling East Midlands derby at Filbert Street sees Leicester and Derby draw 3-3 in the Division One promotion race. At the opposite end of the table, Watford win 4–3 at Peterborough.
9 April 1994 – Chelsea beat Luton Town 2–0 in the FA Cup semi-final to reach their first FA Cup final since 1970. In the league, the drama of the day comes as Southampton boost their survival bid with a dramatic 5–4 win over Norwich City at Carrow Road. Matt Le Tissier scores a hat-trick for the Saints, while Chris Sutton scores twice for the Canaries. Everton, meanwhile, give their own survival bid a boost with a 1–0 away win over West Ham United, with Tony Cottee scoring against his old club.
10 April 1994 – A late equaliser by Mark Hughes forces a replay for Manchester United as they draw 1–1 with Oldham Athletic in the FA Cup semi-final, on the same day that Eric Cantona (suspended for today's game) is voted PFA Player of the Year – the first foreign player to receive this accolade.
11 April 1994 – Alan Shearer scores his 30th league goal of the season in Blackburn's 1–0 home league win over Aston Villa to put Blackburn level on points with Manchester United, three months after 16 points separated the two teams.
12 April 1994 - Arsenal reach the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup with a 2-1 aggregate win over Paris St Germain.
13 April 1994 – Manchester United beat Oldham Athletic 4–1 in the FA Cup semi-final replay at Maine Road.
16 April 1994 - Wimbledon beat Manchester United 1–0 in the Premier League but Blackburn miss the chance to go top by losing 3–1 at Southampton, a result which is a big boost for Alan Ball's men in their bid for survival. In Division One, Crystal Palace make promotion almost certain with a 1–0 win at Luton.
17 April 1994 - Crystal Palace's promotion is confirmed when Millwall - one of two teams who were still capable of finishing above them - draw 2–2 at home to second placed Nottingham Forest.
20 April 1994 – The Football League confirms that no team will be relegated to the GM Vauxhall Conference this year, as none of the teams in the top half of the Conference (which, curiously, includes former League members Southport) have a ground which meets the criteria for admission to the League. The recent requirement that all clubs must have a stadium holding at least 6,000 fans (1,200 or more seated) and must own their own stadium is the result of the collapse of Maidstone United at the start of last season; they had won promotion to the Football League in 1989 but had no home of their own at the time and went on to spend a large sum of money on purchasing a piece of land with the intention of building a stadium there, only to be refused planning permission to build the stadium. This leaves Northampton Town and Darlington, who are both well adrift at the bottom of Division Three, fighting only the dishonour of placing as the League's bottom club. Northampton are in the process of building a new stadium to replace the County Ground later this year.
23 April 1994 – Eric Cantona returns from his five-match ban in style by scoring both of Manchester United's goals in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford, which United win 2–0, going three points ahead of Blackburn with four games remaining. Swindon's relegation is confirmed with a 4–2 home defeat to Wimbledon. Ipswich are still in danger of going down after losing 5–0 at Sheffield Wednesday. Oldham miss an opportunity to climb back out of the relegation zone by losing 3–2 at Newcastle.
24 April 1994 - Blackburn are held to a 1–1 draw at home by QPR, denting their title bid just as Manchester United look to be recapturing their form.
26 April 1994 – A Dean Holdsworth hat-trick gives Wimbledon a 3–0 home league win over Oldham Athletic, who fall further into relegation trouble.
27 April 1994 - Newcastle move closer to a UEFA Cup place by beating Aston Villa 5–1, and Manchester United move closer to the title with a 2–0 win at Leeds, placing them potentially four days away from winning the title. Blackburn keep their title hopes alive with a 2–1 win at West Ham. Nottingham Forest are on the brink of joining Crystal Palace for an immediate return to the Premier League with a 2–0 win at Derby leaving them needing just two points from their final three games to be sure of promotion.
30 April 1994 – April draws to a close with Manchester United still top of the league, though leading by just two points with a game in hand over Blackburn Rovers, the only team who now stand a mathematical chance of catching them. Newcastle United, Arsenal and Leeds United complete the top five, which a resurgent Wimbledon would now be in had it not been for their weaker form earlier on in the season. Swindon Town, meanwhile, have had their relegation confirmed as they occupy bottom place with a mere 27 points and just four wins so far this season, although they did record a first away win in the top flight today by beating QPR 3–1 at Loftus Road. Oldham Athletic and Sheffield United complete the bottom three, while Southampton, Everton, Ipswich Town, Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City are still under threat of relegation. Crystal Palace and Nottingham Forest will be playing Premier League football next season after sealing promotion from Division One, a year after relegation. The playoff zone is occupied by Tranmere Rovers, Leicester City, Derby County and Millwall, but there is still a chance of Notts County or Wolverhampton Wanderers ousting Millwall from the playoff places. The last game is played in front of Liverpool's Spion Kop before it is rebuilt as an all-seater stand. Nottingham Forest's promotion was secured today with a 3–2 win at doomed Peterborough.
1 May 1994 – Manchester United move to the brink of a back-to-back FA Premier League title triumph after winning 2–1 at relegation-threatened Ipswich Town, with Eric Cantona and Ryan Giggs both scoring the net after Chris Kiwomya gave the hosts an early lead. Down in Division One, Lennie Lawrence resigns as manager of Middlesbrough after the Ayresome Park side missed out on the playoffs and the chance of an immediate return to the Premier League. Former player Graeme Souness is one of the names quickly linked to the Middlesbrough manager's job, as are the likes of Bryan Robson, Brian Little, Gordon Strachan and Steve Coppell.
2 May 1994 - Blackburn's 2–1 defeat at Coventry gives the Premier League title to Manchester United for a second successive season.
4 May 1994 – Arsenal win the European Cup Winners' Cup by beating Parma 1–0. The only goal in the Final comes from Alan Smith, who has missed most of this season due to injuries.
7 May 1994 – On the final weekend of the Premier League season, Oldham go in to their final game at Norwich needing a win to stand any chance of survival, but a 1–1 draw at Carrow Road is not enough to save them and they go down after three seasons in the top flight. Already-relegated Swindon lose 5–0 at home to Leeds, meaning that they become the first top flight team in 30 years to finish a league campaign with 100 goals conceded. Everton perform a miracle escape from relegation by beating Wimbledon 3-2 after going two goals down in the first half at Goodison Park. Sheffield United would have stayed up goal difference had they not conceded a last time goal at Stamford Bridge which gave Chelsea 3–2 win and enabled Ipswich Town to survive by a single point after drawing 0–0 with league runners-up Blackburn at Ewood Park. Newcastle secure a UEFA Cup place for the first time in 17 years by finishing third.
8 May 1994 - The last Premier League game of the season sees Manchester United draw 0–0 at home to Coventry and receive the Premier League trophy.
14 May 1994 – Manchester United complete the 'double' by beating Chelsea 4–0 in the 1994 FA Cup Final. The deadlock had yet to be broken at half time, before Eric Cantona converted two penalties, Mark Hughes scored United's third goal (his sixth cup final goal in five seasons) and substitute Brian McClair completed the scoring just before the final whistle. United's status as league champions means that Chelsea will enter the European Cup Winners' Cup next season, their first venture into European competition for more than 20 years.
18 May 1994 - Bryan Robson calls time on 13 years and nearly 500 appearances for Manchester United to become player-manager of Middlesbrough.
20 May 1994 – QPR give a free transfer to 37-year-old midfielder Ray Wilkins, the veteran midfielder who played 84 times for England between 1978 and 1986. Middlesbrough announce the appointment of Bryan Robson as player-manager, ending the 37-year-old Manchester United captain's 13-year spell at Manchester United.
24 May 1994 – Matt Le Tissier, who has been linked with a move to several big clubs including Manchester United, signs a new contract to stay at Southampton until at least 1997.
26 May 1994 – Ray Wilkins becomes player-coach of newly promoted Crystal Palace.
28 May 1994 - Wycombe Wanderers win the Division Three playoffs at the end of their first season as a Football League club, defeating Preston North End 4-2 at Wembley.
29 May 1994 - Burnley beat Stockport County 2-1 in the Division Two playoff final, ending their 11-year spell in the lower two tiers of the English league, and condemning Stockport to their fourth Wembley defeat in three seasons.
30 May 1994 - Leicester City beat their East Midlands rivals Derby County 2-1 in the Division One playoff final to end their seven-year absence from the top flight, as well as winning at Wembley for the first time after seven attempts (four FA Cup final defeats and most recently back-to-back playoff final defeats).
31 May 1994 - Arsenal sign Swedish midfielder Stefan Schwarz from SL Benfica for £1.75million.
1 June 1994 - Liverpool goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar leaves Anfield after 13 years to sign for Southampton on a free transfer. The club's longest serving player Ronnie Whelan leaves Anfield on a free transfer after 15 years.
10 June 1994 – Bobby Charlton, record goalscorer for both Manchester United and England, receives a knighthood.
14 June 1994 – Tottenham Hotspur are found guilty of financial irregularities and receive the heaviest punishment ever imposed on an English club. The Football Association fines Tottenham £600,000, bans them from the 1994–95 FA Cup, and deducts them 12 league points from the start of next season.
18 June 1994 - With England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland all having failed to qualify for the World Cup, a mostly English based Republic of Ireland national side pull off a major shock in first group stage game of the tournament in the USA when a goal from Aston Villa winger Ray Houghton gives the Irishmen a 1-0 win over Italy in East Rutherford. The Republic are still managed by England's 1966 World Cup winning centre-half Jack Charlton, who has been in charge for eight years.
22 June 1994 – West Ham United sign Oxford United winger Joey Beauchamp for £1million.
24 June 1994 - Manchester City sign winger Nicky Summerbee from Swindon Town for £1.5million. The Republic of Ireland's second World Cup group game ends in a 2-1 defeat to Mexico in Orlando, with the only goal coming from 35-year-old Tranmere Rovers striker John Aldridge.
28 June 1994 - The Republic of Ireland national side go through to the last 16 of the World Cup after holding Norway (also with a number of English based players) to a goalless draw in East Rutherford.
4 July 1994 - The Republic of Ireland's World Cup dream ends with a 2-0 defeat to Holland in the Orlando last 16 clash. The only English based player still active in the World Cup is Bulgarian striker Boncho Genchev of Ipswich Town.
13 July 1994 - Bulgaria are beaten 2-1 by Italy in the World Cup semi-finals, ending the representation of English based players at the World Cup.
Deaths
20 August 1993 – Tony Barton, 56, was manager of Aston Villa when they won the European Cup in 1982. Had taken over from Ron Saunders earlier during the 1981–82 season. He remained in charge for two more seasons at Villa Park and later in his career he managed Northampton Town as well as being assistant manager of Portsmouth and finally Southampton before retiring from football in 1991.
5 October 1993 - Jim Holton, 41, was centre-half in Manchester United's Second Division title winning side of 1975, having signed from Shrewsbury Town in 1972. Later played for Sunderland and finally Coventry City before his career was ended by injury at the age of 29, after which he worked as a pub landlord in Coventry.
5 November 1993 - Arthur Rowe, 87, played more than 200 games for Tottenham Hotspur in the interwar years, becoming manager in 1949 and taking them to promotion in his first season in charge, securing the club's first top division title a year later. At the time no other club had won the top division title a year after promotion. Remained in charge at White Hart Lane until 1955. Later managed Crystal Palace.
4 December 1993 - Roy Vernon, 56, scored 101 goals in 176 league games for Everton between 1960 and 1965, helping them win the league title in 1963 after signing from Blackburn Rovers. Also won 32 caps for Wales, scoring eight goals.
7 December 1993 - John Simpson, 60, was Gillingham's first choice goalkeeper for most of his 15-year spell at the club, making a club record 571 league appearances between 1957 and 1972.
9 December 1993 – Danny Blanchflower, 67, was wing-half and captain of Tottenham Hotspur when they won the double in 1961, F.A Cup in 1962 and Cup Winners Cup in 1963. He retired through injury in 1964. During the late 1970s he managed Chelsea but was unable to sustain himself as a successful football manager, although he did make a successful living.
12 January 1994 - Arthur Turner, 84, played 358 league games as a centre-half in a career which took him from Stoke City to Birmingham City and finally to Southport between 1930 and 1948, being disrupted by World War II. As a manager, he took Birmingham City to runners-up spot in the FA Cup in 1956 and Oxford United into the Football League in 1962, remaining there until 1969, by which time they were in the Second Division.
20 January 1994 – Sir Matt Busby, 84, won F.A Cup as player with Manchester City in 1934. Became one of the most famous names in world football when manager of Manchester United from 1945 to 1969. Built three great teams. The first great team made its name in the postwar years with an F.A Cup victory and a league title. Busby replaced the ageing members of this teams with exciting young players who were known as the 'Busby Babes'. They won two straight league titles before eight players died and two had their careers ended by the Munich Air Disaster in 1958. Busby himself was gravely injured but made a full recovery against all the odds. He then built a third great team for the 1960s which won an F.A Cup and two league titles before reaching its pinnacle with the European Cup in 1968. He retired a year later but remained as a director and later as president until his death, which marked the end of his association with the club which had lasted 49 years.
21 January 1994 – Tony Waddington, 68, was manager of Stoke City from 1960 to 1977 and guided them to League Cup glory in 1972 – still their only major trophy to date.
7 February 1994 - Billy Briscoe, 97, one of the oldest surviving players to have appeared in the Football League, was with Port Vale when they joined the league in 1919 and played 307 league games for them leading up to 1931, scoring 51 goals.
19 February 1994 - Johnny Hancocks, 74, scored 158 goals in 343 league games for Wolverhampton Wanderers as a right-winger between 1946 and 1957, helping them win the FA Cup in 1949 and league title in 1954. Won three England caps and scored twice, being denied more caps by the fact that his career coincided with that of Stanley Matthews.
14 April 1994 - Bobby Gurney, 86, spent his entire professional career at Sunderland from 1925 to 1950, playing 388 league games and scoring a club record 228 goals and collecting a league title medal in 1935 and an FA Cup winner's medal in 1937. He played for the Wearside club, having joined them at 18, until his 43rd year, and then switched to management to take charge of Peterborough United, Darlington and finally Hartlepool United. Was capped for England once in 1935.
7 May 1994 - Andy McEvoy, 55, played 183 league games for Blackburn Rovers between 1956 and 1967, scoring 89 goals. He was capped 17 times for the Republic of Ireland, scoring six goals, and later returned to his homeland to play for Limerick and later manage Bray Wanderers.
19 May 1994 - John Malkin, 72, succeeded Stanley Matthews on the right wing for Stoke City in 1946, and played 175 league games for the club before injury ended his playing career in 1956.
15 June 1994 - Gerry Mannion, 54, played 17 league appearances as a right-winger for Wolverhampton Wanderers between 1957 and 1961, including the final 10 games of the 1959-60 season, when Wolves were pipped to the title by Burnley. Then played for Norwich City, scoring in both legs of their 1962 League Cup final triumph.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394%20in%20English%20football |
Handicap race may refer to:
Handicap (horse racing), a race in which horses carry different weights
Handicap (greyhound racing), a race in which greyhounds start from different starting traps
Bracket racing, in drag racing, where cars, motorcycles, or trucks start at different times based on vehicle category.
Handicap (sailing), handicaps for sailing vessels in races
Handicap (speedway), the Match Average calculated for every motorcycle speedway rider
See also
Handicapping, the various methods of leveling the outcome in a competitive sport or game | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicap%20race |
Bravo is a digital radio trunking operator in Saudi Arabia. Now part of the incumbent operator Saudi Telecom Company, it was originally a separate company known as Public Telecom Company under a BOT agreement with STC.
It was launched in 2005 using Motorola's proprietary iDEN technology operating on the SMR-800 frequency band.
Bravo-Telecom's focus is professional radio service to the corporate and governmental sector, with no consumer-centric prepaid offering because the network is in partnership with the incumbent operator STC which runs its own GSM and 3G network under the commercial name of Aljawal which primarily addresses this sector.
The other two cellular operators launch a PTT service similar in function to the one offered by Bravo through its digital trunking network, but the former companies used a technology called PoC for this service.
In neighboring Jordan, Bravo-Telecom's sister company XPress operates the same system, which enables customers in both sides to place international PTT calls,
The company was owned by two shareholders, a local company called NASCO and the Dubai-based Wataniya Int'l which was later wholly acquired by Qatar-based Ooredoo in 2007.
In 2013, Bravo was acquired by the Saudi Telecom Company, Saudi Arabia's dominant telecommunications carrier, but continues operating a separate network in parallel to the "Unified Secure Communication Network of Saudi Arabia" (USeC) of the Ministry of the Interior.
In 2017, Bravo announced plans to acquire professional mobile radio (PMR) infrastructure from Airbus.
See also
iDEN technology explained
XPress Telecom
List of mobile network operators
References
External links
XPress official website
Build–operate–transfer
Telecommunications companies of Saudi Arabia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravo%20%28Saudi%20Arabia%29 |
Helen Elizabeth Fisher (born May 31, 1945) is an American anthropologist, human behavior researcher, and self-help author. She is a biological anthropologist, is a senior research fellow, at The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, and a member of the Center For Human Evolutionary Studies in the Department of Anthropology at Rutgers University. Prior to Rutgers University, she was a research associate at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
She is a leading expert on the biology of love and attraction. Fisher said that when she began researching for her dissertation, she considered the one thing all humans have in common – their reproductive strategies. She is now the most referenced scholar in the love research community. In 2005, she was hired by match.com to help build chemistry.com, which used her research and experience to create both hormone-based and personality-based matching systems. She was one of the main speakers at the 2006 and 2008 TED conference. On January 30, 2009, she was featured in an ABC News 20/20 special, Why Him? Why Her? The Science of Seduction, where she discussed her most recent research on brain chemistry and romantic love.
She appears in the 2014 documentary film about heart-break and loneliness, entitled Sleepless in New York and the 2017 PBS Nova special on computerized dating, 'How to Find Love Online'.
Fisher advises that in order to sustain long-term deep attachment and romantic love, a couple should leverage neurochemistry by regularly having sex and physical contact (which drives up the oxytocin system), engaging in novel activities (which drives up the dopamine system), and saying nice things to the partner (which reduces cortisol and cholesterol).
Early life
Fisher earned a B.A. in Anthropology and Psychology from New York University in 1968; an M.A. in Physical Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, Linguistics, and Archeology from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1972, and a Ph.D. in Physical Anthropology: Human Evolution, Primatology, Human Sexual Behavior, and Reproductive Strategies from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1975.
Research
2004
In her book, Why We Love: The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love, Fisher proposed that humanity has evolved three core brain systems for mating and reproduction:
lust – the sex drive or libido, also described as borogodó.
attraction – early stage intense romantic love.
attachment – deep feelings of union with a long term partner.
Love can start with any of these three feelings, Fisher maintains. Some people have sex with someone new and then fall in love. Some fall in love first, then have sex. Some feel a deep feeling of attachment to another, which then turns into romance and the sex drive. But the sex drive evolved to initiate mating with a range of partners; romantic love evolved to focus one's mating energy on one partner at a time; and attachment evolved to enable us to form a pair bond and rear young together as a team.
Fisher discusses many of the feelings of intense romantic love, saying it begins as the beloved takes on "special meaning." Then you focus intensely on him or her. People can list the things they dislike about a sweetheart, but they sweep these things aside and focus on what they adore. Intense energy, elation, mood swings, emotional dependence, separation anxiety, possessiveness, physical reactions including a pounding heart and shortness of breath, and craving, Fisher reports, are all central to this feeling. But most important is obsessive thinking. As Fisher says, "Someone is camping in your head."
Fisher and her colleagues studied the brain circuitry of romantic love by fMRI-scanning the brains of forty-nine men and women: seventeen who had just fallen madly in love, fifteen who had just been dumped, and seventeen who reported that they were still in love after an average of twenty-one years of marriage. One of her central ideas is that romantic love is a drive that is stronger than the sex drive. As she has said, "After all, if you casually ask someone to go to bed with you and they refuse, you don't slip into a depression, commit suicide or homicide -- but around the world people suffer terribly from romantic rejection."
Fisher also maintains that taking certain antidepressants can potentially dampen feelings of romantic love and attachment (as well as sex drive).
From the brain scans of people who had just fallen madly in love, Fisher's 2004 book discusses differences between male and female brains. On average, men tended to show more activity in a brain region associated with the integration of visual stimuli, while women showed more activity in several brain regions linked with memory recall. Fisher hypothesizes that these differences stem from differing evolutionary forces governing mate choice. In prehistory (and today), a male was obliged to size up a potential female partner visually to ensure that she is healthy and age-appropriate to bear and rear their potential progeny. But a female could not know from a male's appearance whether he would be a good husband and father; she had to remember his past behaviors, achievements and misadventures—memories which could help her select an effective husband and father for her forthcoming young.
2006
In 2006, her MRI research, which showed that the ventral tegmental area and the caudate nucleus become active when people are in love, was featured in the (February) National Geographic cover-page article, "Love – the Chemical Reaction".
See also
Keirsey Temperament Sorter
Interpersonal attraction
Matchmaking
Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
Michael Liebowitz, The Chemistry of Love
Pepper Schwartz
Neil Clark Warren
References
Further reading
Anatomy of Love: A Natural History of Mating, Marriage, and Why We Stray – Illustrated, fully revised and updated, with a new introduction. W. W. Norton & Company, USA. February 1, 2016. .
External links
1945 births
Living people
Cultural anthropologists
American women anthropologists
21st-century American anthropologists
American relationships and sexuality writers
Interpersonal attraction
Rutgers University faculty
People associated with the American Museum of Natural History
Physical anthropologists
New York University College of Arts & Science alumni
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
American women academics
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Fisher%20%28anthropologist%29 |
A Sustainable habitat is an ecosystem that produces food and shelter for people and other organisms, without resource depletion and in such a way that no external waste is produced. Thus the habitat can continue into the future tie without external infusions of resources. Such a sustainable habitat may evolve naturally or be produced under the influence of man. A sustainable habitat that is created and designed by human intelligence will mimic nature, if it is to be successful. Everything within it is connected to a complex array of organisms, physical resources, and functions. Organisms from many different biomes can be brought together to fulfill various ecological niches.
Definition
A sustainable habitat is achieving stability between the economic and social development of human habitats together with the defense of the environment, shelter, basic services, social infrastructure, and transportation.
A sustainable habitat is required to make sure that one species' waste ends up being the energy or food source for another species. It involves the preservation of the ecological balance in terms of a symbiotic perspective on urban development while developing urban extensions of existing towns.
The term often refers to sustainable human habitats, which typically involves some form of green building or environmental planning.
History
In creating the sustainable habitats, environmental scientists, designers, engineers and architects must not consider any elements as a waste product to be disposed of somewhere off site, but as a nutrient stream for another process to feed on. Researching ways to interconnect waste streams to production creates a more sustainable society by minimizing pollution.
Sustainability of marine ecosystems is a concern. Rigorous fishing has decreased top trophic levels and affected the ecological dynamics and resilience of fisheries by reducing the numbers and lengths of food webs. Historically intense commercial and rising recreational fishing pressures have resulted in "unsustainable rates of exploitation for 70% of the snapper-grouper complex, which consists of over 50 species, mainly of groupers and snappers" in Florida and the Florida Keys. The systematic and widespread conversion of estuarine habitats into agricultural, industrial, and urban uses has demonstrated a historical devotion to valuing the use of land for purposes from a position of simple but defective logic. Unused land provides no products, which is useless land.
The ecosystem services approach fills gaps in a sustainability analysis by demanding the account for the linkages between ecosystem goods and services, and ecosystem processes and human wellbeing.
The World Commission on Environment and Development states that "sustaining oceans are marked by a fundamental unity." Interconnected cycles of energy, climate, marine living resources, and human activities move through coastal waters, regional seas, and the closed oceans. Global pressures on the ocean include rising levels of greenhouse gas emissions, which impact species and food webs throughout ocean ecosystems, deoxygenation, overfishing, and run-off pollution from land and coastal sources.
Transformation to a thriving ocean system requires changes in governance across sectors and scales. "The end result would be a form of polycentric governance that can manage shared resources and ocean space." A polycentric governance goal from The World Commission on Environment and Development is "to support multiple governing bodies by establishing a shared vision and creating principled guiding frameworks and processes to facilitate coherent systems-oriented regulation."
Types of sustainable habitats
Coral reefs
A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Coral reefs serve as a habitat for a diverse range of fish and invertebrates, while also providing economic resources to fishing communities.
The coral reefs' foundation is made up of stony corals with calcareous skeletons that protect shores from storm surges. They also help produce sand for recreational beaches and aquariums.
Coral reefs are a largely self-sustaining ecosystem and up to 90% of the corals' nutrients may come from their symbiotic relationships. The coral polyps and microscopic algae zooxanthellae in coral reefs have a symbiotic relationship wherein the algae provide nourishment to the coral polyps from within their tissue.
Parks
A park is a protected area of wildlife. It is a natural sustainable habitat. Parks promote a culture of wellness that engages members of their surrounding communities and promotes healthy and active lifestyles. People who volunteer at parks may support these sustainable habitats and help to maintain them.
Parks may serve as recreational areas for communities, encouraging people to spend time in nature. Urban parks are in urban areas, creating a natural space that benefits those living in cities.
Plants and animals may flourish in parks, where they are able to have a sustainable habitat away from the interference of humans. This is especially true of national parks, where land is set aside and preserved. These habitats are sustainable in nature.
Cities
A sustainable city is a city that is designed and built in an ecologically friendly way. Sustainable cities may also be known as eco-cities or green cities. These cities are constructed with guidelines about spatial planning and operational rules pertaining to urbanism in mind. Spatial planning takes into account ecological, social, cultural, and economic issues and policies. This leads to the creation of mindfully built cities that are aware and conscious of their impact on the environment.
Sustainable cities in earthquake-prone areas are built with input from civil engineers, architects, and urban planners who collaborate on safe architecture that can withstand disasters. This reduces waste and ensures that buildings will last for many years to come. In areas that are protected because of nature and cultural heritage, this heritage may be reflected in the choice of construction materials and the design of the buildings. This helps to preserve culture. Additionally, construction materials and building orientation may be chosen with the intent to mitigate the effects of climate change. Cities may also be planned to include green spaces and trees that reduce heat stress.
Creating sustainable habitats
In creating sustainable habitats, environmental scientists, designers, engineers and architects must not consider any elements as a waste product to be disposed of somewhere off-site, but as a nutrient stream for another process to feed on.
Net-Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB)
These buildings are made to use the minimum amount of energy possible. When these buildings contain renewable sources they are able to produce the specific amount of energy required to function. In some cases they can produce more than the energy they need and they will harness this energy.
Energy positive buildings
Currently, "buildings account for almost 40 percent of global carbon emissions." Energy-positive buildings produce more energy than the energy they demand, this is a demand for most countries that are focused on total carbon emissions. Hydro and the Zero Emission Resource Organisation (ZERO) is a specific company that has created energy-positive buildings in Norway. They have an interesting approach that includes embodied energy, which means that the total energy with every step of collecting materials and constructing the building. For example, timber or wood takes less energy to collect, cut, and construct into something than concrete. Whereas recycled material contains the lowest embodied energy. This company has engineered its buildings to self-ventilate, have maximum daylight, and more. This is one alternative to building sustainable habitats.
Sustainable building materials
Concrete
Sustainable building materials can change the way we move forward as a society. A very common form of building material is concrete. However, this is not a sustainable resource for building materials because it can crack and degrade over time. An alternative to concrete is bacterial concrete (self-healing concrete), which is a substance that mixes Bacillus pseudofirmus, Bacillus cohnii, and concrete. This mixture can be a sustainable switch because it is a self-healing substance. Since concrete can crack from weathering, plates shifting, and the temperature it is important to consider using something that will last a long time and won't need several repairs. This bacteria concrete improves strength, reduces water absorption, and more. Depending on the bacteria used you can have different effects on the overall durability of the concrete. For example, in a place where chloride is used, you can add Sporosarcina pasteuria to increase the overall resistance to the chloride ion that can penetrate the concrete. Another example is water absorption, in this situation Bacillus sphaericus reduced water absorption. The different types of bacteria can assist in the sustainability of the overall structure and length of the substance. The cost of adding bacteria can be 2.3 to 3.9 times higher in cost than normal concrete.
Wood
Wood can be a great resource for building structures because of the longevity of the material. However, since wood is a natural resource specific protocols need to be followed for using this material in order to be a sustainable building. Wood is the most commonly used building material in the United States. Wood has a low carbon impact and a low embodied energy. This is the amount of energy that is required to harvest and create said building.
The process of environmental planning
Environmental planning can be numerous things including building structures, effeminacy, and useability. A lot of factors go into play for planning something that is sustainable, and environmentally friendly, while still implementing culture and aspects to improve society. One topic why environmental planning is so important is tourism. When people visit a new place they spend a lot of money, this money goes to the economy of the town with several tourists.
List of steps for planning
Create a planning team
Make a vision for future
Figure out community wants and needs for the environment
Find solutions
Create a plan
Proceed with plan
Evaluate steps and fix any issues.
This list can create a wonderful set of baseline monitoring. This is important for sustainable habitats because it is a framework to ensure that the environment will not be negatively impacted by human actions of creating specific things like parks, houses, community buildings, and more.
Sustainable transportation
Transportation can be considered an important way that an economy can help society succeed. Transportation actually produces 23% of the carbon emissions in the world. Also, it accounts for 64% of the world's oil use. This is a huge percentage of natural resources going into transportation. There are solutions that can be implemented to create a sustainable habitat for the communities and economies of the world. An example of sustainable public transportation in Jakarta, Indonesia, which has won the Sustainable Transport Award. One way they one this award and implemented sustainability is by connecting local buses, vehicles, and micro busses within their cities and urban regions. The city of Jakarta has created a transportation system called BRT system that had specific lanes just for public transportation. This has decreased traffic overall because more people are using the BRT system instead of driving. Something else that the BRT transportation system has is that it can take people farther than the individual car can. This lowered carbon emissions and oil consumption.
Green energy
Green energy is an alternative to using fossil fuels. Some examples are solar energy, wind energy, and nuclear energy. These alternatives use natural energy instead of fossil fuels to promote green electricity. The use of green energy can boost any economy, for example in India it could create a green energy market worth 80 billion by 2030. India has created 59 solar parks in the country. One of the largest parks in India has a capacity of 30 GW for a solar wind hybrid park. All of the parks in India have changed the way the economy works overall. They have decreased the amount of money it cost using fossil fuels because they are using natural energy. They have also implemented a self-cleaning tool that cleans the solar panels in the solar parks they created. Solar panels can get dirty from weathering. This tool cleans the top of the solar panel so that the maximum amount of energy is produced.
Remedial efforts
Restoration and protection of parks
The restoration and protection of parks begins with the acknowledgement of the need for actions. After a government or state is aware of the need for restoration, protection, and the creation of these sustainable habitats, action takes place.
The need for funding creates the foundational roadblock in protecting and restoring parks. Funding can be received by state legislations and fundraising projects hosted by supporting organizations. This funding can then be systematically distributed to encompass movements that make a significant stride towards protecting and restoring parks. These movements include but are not limited to setting up fences around parks, establishing park security, and supplying and resupplying proper nutritional elements to the parks to sustain and promote growth of habitats.
Ocean Governance
Ocean Governance is defined as the “integrated conduct of the policy, actions, and affairs regarding the world’s oceans to protect ocean environment, sustainable use of coastal and marine resources as well as to conserve its biodiversity.”
Ocean governance as a process is recommended to be integrated horizontally and vertically. Integrating a process horizontally entails requiring the participation of “governmental institutions, the private sector, NGOs, academics, [and] scientists”, while integrating a process vertically entails essential communication, collaboration, and coordination between the chosen governmental institutions and other participatory agencies.
Partnership is an essential aspect of ocean governance as it covers all bases of collective remedial efforts. Essentially, it connects local and state governments who both want to induce the remedial efforts. Communication between inter-governmental agencies and regional institutions aids in strengthening collective efforts that are set into motion.
Coastal national parks and oceans are facing many threatening changes to their equilibrium. These include but are not limited to rising sea levels, damaged coral reefs, storm activity, and erosion. At the Timucuan Ecological & Historic Preserve and the Cumberland Island National Seashore, teams such as the National Park Foundation (NPF), National Park Services (NPS), and the Green Team Youth Corps at Groundwork Jacksonville are all making strides to prevent and stabilize eroding shorelines, regrowing native marsh grasses, and reemerging the once stable habitat that was once known as home for a plethora of marine species.
Green building
Green building is a foundationally different mode of building and operating a series of buildings that contrast to those built in the past in their aspects of sustainability. The buildings funded for by the Green Building Initiative and the United States Green Building Council enable access to “environmentally and socially responsible, healthy, and prosperous environment[s] that improve[s] the quality of life.”
A system by the name of LEED, is “the world’s most widely used green building system with more than 100,000 buildings participating” to date.
Buildings that are funded by the Green Building Initiative and LEED have been proven to be financially, environmentally, and efficiently healthier for individuals. Lower carbon emissions, healthier living spaces, and improved efficiency are all the reap of the crop of the USGBC’s remedial efforts that are “constructed and operated through LEED.”
See also
Alternative natural materials
Autonomous building
Ecovillage
Integrated Pest Management
Permaculture
Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
References
External links
Creating sustainable communities in harmony with nature. Urban Permaculture.
Path to Freedom - Urban Agriculture & Sustainability
Helping create sustainable habitats around the world-the SHIRE
Habitats
Sustainable design
Habitat
Human habitats
Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable architecture
Sustainable gardening
Sustainable urban planning
Habitat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable%20habitat |
Fernando Martín Espina (March 25, 1962 – December 3, 1989) was a Spanish professional basketball player who was considered to be one of the best Spanish basketball players ever. Martín was 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) tall, and he played primarily at the center and power forward positions. He was considered a talented all-around athlete. He was a five-time swimming champion in Spain, as well as being a highly ranked athlete in the sports of handball, table tennis and judo.
Martín wore the number 10 jersey, which Real Madrid retired after his death. He was named one of FIBA's 50 Greatest Players, in 1991. In 2007, he was enshrined into the FIBA Hall of Fame.
Professional career
Martín was the first Spanish player to play in the National Basketball Association (NBA), in 1986, and was also the second European to play in the league. He played for the Portland Trail Blazers and, earlier, in Spain for Estudiantes and Real Madrid. He played in only 24 games in the 1986–87 NBA season for the Blazers, being injured for two months. At the end of the season, he returned to Spain, to play again for Real Madrid.
National team career
Martín also played for the senior Spanish national team, and he was a prominent player in the Spanish team that won the silver medal at the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympic Games. Martín also represented his country at the 1981 EuroBasket, the 1983 EuroBasket, where he won a silver medal, and the 1985 EuroBasket, where he was selected to the All-Tournament Team.
Death
Martín died in a car accident in the M-30 motorway in Madrid, after crashing his car. His death caused an enormous shock in Spanish basketball.
Personal life
His son, Jan Martín, made a start in the top-tier level Spanish pro league, the ACB, with Estudiantes, in the 2002–03 season, and he also played with the Spanish national junior teams. His nephew, Dominick Martín, played college basketball at Yale University, and also played professionally in Spain. His brother, Antonio Martín Espina, was also a professional basketball player.
For his first dunk in the 2009 NBA All-Star Slam Dunk Contest, Portland Trail Blazers' player Rudy Fernández, wore a #10 Martín Blazers jersey, in his honor.
See also
List of basketball players who died during their careers
References
External links
Fernando Martín at realmadrid.com
Fernando Martín at acb.com
Fernando Martín at feb.es
1962 births
1989 deaths
1986 FIBA World Championship players
Basketball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Madrid
Basketball players with retired numbers
CB Estudiantes players
Centers (basketball)
FIBA Hall of Fame inductees
Liga ACB players
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
National Basketball Association players from Spain
New Jersey Nets draft picks
Power forwards (basketball)
Olympic basketball players for Spain
Olympic medalists in basketball
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
Portland Trail Blazers players
Real Madrid Baloncesto players
Road incident deaths in Spain
Spanish expatriate basketball people in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Mart%C3%ADn%20%28basketball%29 |
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The molecular formula C3H6 (molar mass: 42.08 g/mol, exact mass: 42.0470 u) may refer to:
Cyclopropane
Propylene, also known as propene | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3H6 |
Jerseys symbolising race positions include the yellow jersey, or maillot jaune, from the Tour de France, the pink jersey, or maglia rosa, from the Giro d'Italia, and the red jersey, or la roja, from the Vuelta a España. The first two jerseys were given the same color as the paper their original main sponsors (both sports newspapers) were printed on: yellow and pink paper, respectively. The overall leader at the Vuelta at present wears a red jersey, although previously it has been the "maillot amarillo" (yellow jersey) and the "jersey de oro" (golden jersey). Many other jerseys are colored or designed after a sponsor's logo, and some jerseys change color when a new sponsor is found.
Overview of jerseys
Grand Tour races
Women's Major Tour races
UCI World Tour (stage) races
UCI ProSeries (stage) races
UCI Continental Tour (stage) races
UCI Europe Tour
UCI Asia Tour
Former Stage races
Championship Jerseys
See also
Cycling jersey
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinctive%20jerseys%20in%20professional%20cycling |
María de Salinas, Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (c. 1490 – 1539) was an English noblewoman and courtier from Spain. She was a confidante and lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England.
Family background
María was the daughter of Martín de Salinas (d. 1503), and Josefa González de Salas, who were members of the royal household in Castile, and probably related to the royal family. She had a younger sister, Ines, born in 1491, who died sometime after she did.
As a lady-in-waiting
The exact date that María became a maid-of-honour to Catherine of Aragon is unknown, but is thought to have been in 1501. María remained unmarried until 5 June 1516, when she married the English nobleman William Willoughby, 11th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, and they had one child, Catherine, who succeeded to her father's barony Grimsthorpe Castle was granted by King Henry VIII to the de Eresby family on the occasion of María's marriage. Henry esteemed María so much that in 1522 he named a ship HMS Mary Willoughby in her honour.
In 1511 María became the godmother to Mary Brandon, the daughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk and his second wife Anne Browne. Lord Willoughby died in 1526; the Duke of Suffolk made María's daughter, Catherine, his ward shortly thereafter, marrying her as his fourth wife in 1533.
The death of Catherine of Aragon
María was a devoted friend to Catherine of Aragon. In August 1532, shortly before Catherine's marriage to Henry was annulled, she was ordered to leave Catherine's household and not to make any attempt to communicate with her. In September 1534, when Catherine's health deteriorated, María begged permission to visit her but was denied. On 5 January 1536 she forced her way into Kimbolton Castle to see Catherine, having again been refused permission to visit. Catherine died in her arms two days later.
María lived for another three years, spending much of the time in her London residence at Barbican. Her daughter Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk, became a close friend of Henry VIII's sixth wife, Catherine Parr, who was also the goddaughter of Catherine of Aragon. In 1546, there were rumours that Henry was planning to have his marriage to Catherine Parr annulled and make the widowed Duchess his seventh wife.
Cultural depictions
María is the main character in All Manner of Things—the second novel of Wendy J. Dunn's Falling Pomegranate Seeds duology. 978-0648715221
María is depicted as the drummer of the band in the musical Six, along with three other ladies in waiting of the other queens.
She was portrayed by the actress Margaret Ford in the 1970 BBC series The Six Wives of Henry VIII.
References
1490s births
1539 deaths
Spanish untitled nobility
English ladies-in-waiting
16th-century Spanish women
16th-century Spanish people
16th-century English women
Maria
Spanish emigrants to England
Household of Catherine of Aragon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa%20de%20Salinas |
Jacqueline Smith may refer to:
Jacqui Smith (birth name Jacqueline Jill Smith; born 1962), British politician
Jacqueline Smith (trade unionist) (born 1971), Norwegian trade unionist
Jaclyn Smith (birth name Jacquelyn Ellen Smith; born 1945), actress
See also
Jackie Smith (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline%20Smith |
Thomas Bowman (July 15, 1817 – March 3, 1914) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1872.
Early life
Bowman was born on July 15, 1817, in Berwick, Pennsylvania, a son of Sarah (née Brittain) Bowman (1786–1852) and John Bowman (1786-1843) and spent his boyhood days on a farm in eastern Pennsylvania. His maternal grandfather, Samuel Brittain, fought in the American Revolutionary War as a private in Captain McCalla's Company from Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
Bowman was educated at Wilbraham Academy in Massachusetts and Cazenovia Seminary before earning his B.A. degree from Dickinson College in 1837 as the head of his class, chosen as valedictorian, and began the study of law at Dickinson Law School but he decided to leave the law and become a minister. Two years later he entered the traveling ministry of the Baltimore Annual Conference of the M.E. Church. He was ordained (deacon and elder) by Bishop Waugh.
Career
Bowman taught in the grammar school of Dickinson College from 1840 to 1843, and five years later founded Dickinson Seminary in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, of which he was president until 1858. Bowman was then chosen as president from 1858 to 1872 and later chancellor from 1884 to 1899 of Indiana Asbury College in Greencastle, Indiana (which in 1884 was renamed DePauw University in honor of Washington C. DePauw).
While he was president of Indiana Asbury College, he also served as the chaplain of the United States Senate from May 1864 until March 1865 during the administration of his friend, Abraham Lincoln. Just five days before Lincoln's assassination, Bowman warned Lincoln that he was in danger of being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth as he saw Booth "prowling about the Capitol buildings and White House, and became convinced that his presence there boded ill for Mr. Lincoln". According to Bowman, Lincoln "laughingly made light of the warning."
During his time at DePauw, Bowman presided over such significant events as the first admissions of women students and of the initial planning (and laying of the cornerstone) of East College. He also served on the university's board of trustees from 1887 to 1895, including a term as president of the board.
Upon his election to the episcopacy, Bowman resigned the Asbury presidency. As a bishop he officially visited all M.E. conferences in the U.S., Europe, India, China, Japan and Mexico.
Personal life
On July 13, 1841, Bowman was married to Matilda Hartman (1821-1879), a daughter of Johannes Hartman and Mary Magdalene (née Crouse) Hartman. Together, they were the parents of eleven children, including:
John Durban Bowman (1842–1871), who fought in the U.S. Civil War but died unmarried at age 28.
Theodore Granville Bowman (1845–1923), who married Virginia Florence Lee.
Thomas Marion Bowman (1846–1914)
Charles Gideon Bowman (1848–1924), who served as treasurer and manager of the Bowman Stamping Company; he married Florence H. Warren, after her death, he married Mattie Belle Overton.
William Hamilton Bowman (1850–1939)
Cecilius Bantz Bowman (1852–1916)
Mary Crouse Bowman (1853–1937), who married George P. Smith of Baltimore, Maryland.
Samuel Brittain Bowman (1856–1939), who married Mary Walden in 1884.
Clarence Mitchell Bowman (1858–1891), who married Elizabeth Amanda Binyon.
Sarah Elizabeth Bowman (1860–1948), who married Burns D. Caldwell, president of the Wells Fargo Express Company.
Frances Olivia Bowman (1862–1863), who died young.
The "Patriarch of the Methodist Church" died at the age of 96 at his daughter's home in East Orange, New Jersey, on March 3, 1914, and was survived by two daughters and five sons. His remains were interred at the Forest Hill Cemetery in Greencastle, Indiana.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
Attribution
External links
Presidential History at DePauw University
at www.depauw.edu
1817 births
1914 deaths
People from Berwick, Pennsylvania
American Methodist bishops
Chaplains of the United States Senate
American religion academics
American theologians
People from Williamsport, Pennsylvania
Presidents of DePauw University
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
Presidents of United Methodist seminaries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Bowman%20%28Methodist%20Episcopal%20bishop%29 |
Mickey Goulet (born September 13, 1947) was the head coach for the Italian Olympic team (2005–2008).
Goulet is the former head coach of the University of Ottawa Gee-Gee's. The 2002-03 season was the final season for Mickey Goulet at the University of Ottawa, after spending fourteen years behind the Gee-Gees’ bench.
Currently is the head coach of the Italian Under 20 and Under 18 National team as well as the Minor Midget Ottawa Senators AAA team.
References
Gee-Gee Hockey History
1947 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey coaches
New Hampshire Wildcats men's ice hockey players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%20Goulet |
D'Oyly Carte Island is a small private island in the River Thames, England, administratively and historically part of Weybridge, near its other inhabited islands and near part of Old Shepperton, on the reach above Sunbury Lock, 200 metres downstream from Shepperton Lock. Before 1890 the island was known as Folly Eyot. The impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte bought the island in about 1890 and built the 13-bedroom Eyot House on the property. His widow sold the island, and it was last sold in 2021.
Geography
The wooded island is 145 metres in length, and apart from its two points, 30 to 45 metres in width. It is from Charing Cross, London. Weybridge is the parish and post town. Elmbridge and Surrey County Council are the district and county-level local authorities.
Etymology
The island was called Folly Eyot until the eponymous owner bought it. Richard D'Oyly Carte was the producer of the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas from 1875 to 1896, founder of the Savoy Theatre and Royal English Opera House (now the Palace Theatre) in London, and a hotelier. He bought the island in about 1890 and gave it his middle name and surname.
History
Carte intended to use the island as a special secluded annex, accessible by boat, to his new Savoy Hotel, but a panel of local magistrates refused to grant him an alcoholic drinks licence for the property. Instead, Carte had a 13-bedroom mansion, Eyot House, built on the island, and it became one of his main residences. Among the famous guests who stayed at the house were the dramatist W. S. Gilbert and the composer Arthur Sullivan. In later years, Carte displayed his macabre sense of humour by keeping a crocodile on the island.
Carte died in 1901, and his widow Helen (1852–1913) sold the island early in the 20th century. In the 1920s it was owned by Sir George May. It was later owned by Chinese businessman Chunlei Mi, the husband of Chinese TV presenter Dong Qing. House Beautiful reported that by 2019, the abandoned house had "lost the grandeur of its Victorian glory days". The mansion and island were sold in August 2021 for just over £3m. The purchaser, Andy Hill, is restoring the property and intends to hold events there including the production of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera. The first public concert event is scheduled to be live-streamed from the island in June 2023.
Features
Eyot House has a large garden, which Carte and his wife helped to design, surrounded by trees. The house has 13 bedrooms, five bathrooms, four reception rooms, a ballroom and 1.9 acres (0.8 ha) of grounds. It incorporates fairytale elements on the facade, including gargoyle and crocodile carvings in the eaves. The property includes nearby land on the mainland with parking for more than 20 cars.
A single-span footbridge built in 1964 provides access to the house. It consists of the high arch of a single steel box girder, with treads, brutalist railings and gates. The island has moorings for small boats.
See also
Islands in the River Thames
References
External links
Official website
Winter photo of Eyot House and the footbridge with blue sky and snow (2009)
Photos of the house before renovation (2020)
Aerial photo of the island with greenery (2023)
Islands of the River Thames
Gilbert and Sullivan
Private islands of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Oyly%20Carte%20Island |
Grayson Highlands State Park is a state park located in Grayson County, Virginia, United States. It is adjacent to the Mount Rogers National Recreation Area and lies within the Jefferson National Forest. The park was established in 1965 and contains a total of . The park hosts a number of outdoor activities including hiking, camping, mountainbiking, horseback riding, and backpacking. A 2.8 mile (4.5 km) portion of the Appalachian Trail runs through the park in addition to a number of other hiking and horseback riding trails. The state park is musically notable as the home for the Grayson Highlands Fall Festival as well as weekly jam sessions by local folk musicians, who draw upon the traditional styles of the Blue Ridge area. The park is also home to the Wayne C. Henderson Festival and Guitar Competition, a regionally important festival and guitarist contest named for local notable guitar-maker Wayne Henderson.
The park also has a campground cabin store with candies and ice cream inside.
The park hosts forests like those on nearby Mount Rogers, as well as a number of mountain meadows or balds. These meadows provide excellent views of the surrounding area and present a striking change in scenery from the surrounding forests. The balds are dominated by large rocky outcroppings clear of vegetation excepting the occasional windswept tree and low grasses.
Ponies
The balds are inhabited by a herd of introduced ponies allowed to run wild within the confines of the park. The ponies are very accustomed to humans and rarely halt their grazing as hikers pass close by. Many locals touch and feed the ponies, though this practice is frowned upon and against park policy. Each year, park officials round up the herd and check for health problems in addition to reducing the herd size if necessary; the excess colts are sold at auction.
Festivals
The Wayne C. Henderson Music Festival and Guitar Competition is held at the park every June. The festival, named for local musician and luthier Wayne C. Henderson, features old time music and bluegrass music.
The Grayson Highlands Fall Festival is an annual event held at the park during the fall. The festival hosts a variety of entertainment including live bluegrass and traditional music, molasses making, and demonstrations focusing on pioneer-living. The festival is also home to a local crafts fair and auctions for the selling of excess colts from the "wild" pony herd managed by the Wilburn Ridge Pony Association.
Trails
Hiking trails
Rhododendron Trail: 1.0 mile (1.6 km)
Cabin Creek Trail: 1.9 miles (3.1 km) loop
Big Pinnacle Trail: 0.4 mile (0.6 km)
Twin Pinnacles Trail: 1.6 miles (2.6 km)
Listening Rock Trail: 2.0 mile (3.2 km) loop
Wilson Creek Trail: 1.8 miles (2.9 km)
Stampers Branch Trail: 2.0 miles (3.2 km)
Rock House Ridge Trail: 1.2 miles (1.9 km) loop
Appalachian Trail: 2.8 miles (4.5 km)
Horse Trail (east): 1.7 miles (2.7 km)
Horse Trail (north): 1.0 mile (1.6 km)
Seed Orchard Road: 1.3 miles (2.1 km)
Old Upchurch Road: 3.7 (6.0 km)
Service Road: 0.5 mile (0.8 km)
Appalachian Spur Trail: 0.75 mile (1.2 km)
Wilburn Branch Trail: 0.8 mile (1.3 km)
Horseback riding trails
Horse Trail (east): 1.7 miles (2.7 km)
Horse Trail (north): 1.0 mile (1.6 km)
Seed Orchard Road: 1.3 miles (2.1 km)
Old Upchurch Road: 3.7 miles (6.0 km)
Nearby state parks
The following state parks are within of Grayson Highlands State Park:
Elk Knob State Park, North Carolina
Hungry Mother State Park
New River State Park, North Carolina
New River Trail State Park
Mount Jefferson State Natural Area, North Carolina
Rendezvous Mountain State Park, North Carolina
Stone Mountain State Park, North Carolina
See also
List of Virginia State Parks
References
External links
http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/state-parks/grayson-highlands.shtml
http://sherpaguides.com/virginia/mountains/blue_ridge/grayson_highlands.html
http://hikingthecarolinas.com/Mt%20Rogers1.php
http://www.ghfallfestival.50megs.com/
https://www.wakingupinboone.com/a-quick-guide-to-grayson-highlands/
State parks of Virginia
State parks of the Appalachians
Parks in Grayson County, Virginia
Protected areas established in 1965
1965 establishments in Virginia
Southwest Virginia
Western Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson%20Highlands%20State%20Park |
Record of Lodoss War: Advent of Cardice (Record of Lodoss War in North America and Europe) is an action role-playing game developed by Neverland for the Dreamcast. It was released in Japan on June 29, 2000; in Europe on December 15, 2000; and in North America on March 14, 2001. Based on the anime series of the same name, it would be the only Lodoss video game to be released outside Japan until the release of Deedlit in Wonder Labyrinth 20 years later.
Gameplay
At each experience level the player character's hit point capacity increases; however, other character statistics are based on the blacksmith's cash-in advancement system. The hero gathers mithrill and plaques for the blacksmith. When the hero supplies him with a plaque and the requisite amount of mithrill, the blacksmith enhances the hero's weapon or armor by inlaying it with mithrill runes. Each plaque is emblazoned with a magic spell which, when transcribed onto armor or a weapon, augment's a specific statistic. The spell on a "Strength +5" plaque increments the hero's strength statistic by five. As long as the hero provides enough mithrill, the blacksmith can transcribe the same spell repeatedly to compound the effect. However, when the hero finds new armaments, he does not have to spend more mithrill to transcribe spells all over again. This is because the blacksmith can transform old equipment to match newly obtained equipment. For example: When the player finds a better sword, the blacksmith can reforge the hero's current sword to replicate the new one, while retaining all previous inscriptions. Even so, the blacksmith cannot convert one type of armament (such as a helmet) into another (such as a battle axe). As the player progresses through the game world, mithrill becomes more readily available. There is also a traditional level and experience system in place, but it only increases the character's HP.
Plot
The game follows the adventures of a hero who has been resurrected by the wizard Wart to defeat Cardice (sometimes transliterated as Kardis or Kardiss), the dark goddess of destruction.
Reception
The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Greg Orlando of NextGen said of the game: "Let the record show that this could have been a great one, but it falls far short of the mark". In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 30 out of 40.
References
External links
Role-playing video games
Action role-playing video games
Dreamcast games
Dreamcast-only games
Neverland (company) games
Record of Lodoss War
Single-player video games
Video games based on anime and manga
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with isometric graphics
2000 video games
2001 video games
Kadokawa Shoten games
Swing! Entertainment games
Conspiracy Entertainment games
Crave Entertainment games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record%20of%20Lodoss%20War%3A%20Advent%20of%20Cardice |
The Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors (IRBA), formerly known as Public Accountants and Auditors Board (PAAB), is a statutory body controlling public accountancy in the Republic of South Africa.
The designation conferred by IRBA is Registered Auditor (RA). Following qualification, accountants entering into public practice are required to register with IRBA and are governed by its regulations.
IRBA functions under the Auditing Profession Act, 2005 (Act 26 of 2005). Its members are appointed by the Minister of Finance. The Board consists of not less than six but not more than 10 members and, disregarding any vacancy in its membership, not more than 40% of the members of the Board may be registered auditors.
External links
Accounting organizations
Professional associations based in South Africa
Accounting in South Africa
Regulatory boards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent%20Regulatory%20Board%20for%20Auditors |
The 1995–96 season was the 116th season of competitive football in England.
Overview
Premiership
Newcastle United were at one stage twelve points clear of Manchester United at the top of the table, but Alex Ferguson's relatively young and inexperienced side overhauled them during the second half of the season to win the title. Manchester United were England's entrants for the Champions League, while Newcastle United were joined in the UEFA Cup by Liverpool, the League Cup winners Aston Villa and Arsenal.
The teams relegated were Manchester City, Queens Park Rangers and Bolton Wanderers.
Division One
Sunderland and Derby County returned to the Premiership after a five-year exile, joined by Division One play-off winners Leicester City.
Watford and Luton Town, who had both been established top division sides a decade earlier, were relegated to the league's third tier. On the last day of the season they were joined by Millwall, who had been top of the division five months earlier but slumped dramatically after Mick McCarthy's departure for the Republic of Ireland manager's job.
Division Two
Swindon Town returned to Division One at the first attempt after lifting the Division Two championship trophy. They were joined by runners-up Oxford United, who were enjoying their first successful season since the mid-1980s, and playoff winners Bradford City.
Going down were Carlisle United, Swansea City (who got through five managers in a season), Brighton & Hove Albion (sinking further into a financial crisis) and Hull City.
Division Three
Preston North End, Gillingham, Bury and playoff winners Plymouth Argyle won promotion to Division Two. Preston's win made them the third club to win all four top tiers of English football, next to Wolverhampton Wanderers and Burnley.
Torquay United finished at the bottom of Division Three, having won just five games all season, but were saved from demotion because Conference champions Stevenage Borough did not meet the league's required minimum stadium capacity.
Successful managers
Alex Ferguson guided Manchester United to a unique second double of the league title and FA Cup.
Brian Little guided Aston Villa to victory in the League Cup as well as a fourth-place finish in the Premiership.
Peter Reid brought some long-awaited success to Sunderland as they finished champions of Division One and won promotion to the Premiership.
Experienced manager Jim Smith achieved another managerial success by winning promotion to the Premiership with Derby County.
Martin O'Neill achieved his third promotion in four seasons by winning promotion to the Premiership with Leicester City.
Steve McMahon succeeded in getting Swindon Town back into Division One at the first attempt as they were crowned champions of Division Two.
Denis Smith built on the success he achieved earlier in his career (with York City and later Sunderland) by gaining promotion to Division One with Oxford United.
Gary Peters had a dream start to his reign as Preston North End manager as they were crowned champions of Division Three.
Stan Ternent finally enjoyed some success in his long management and coaching career by winning promotion to Division Two with Bury.
Neil Warnock achieved the fifth promotion of his managerial career (and his fourth via the playoffs) by winning the Division Three playoffs with Plymouth Argyle.
Chris Kamara got Bradford City promoted via the Division 2 playoffs just 6 months after taking over as manager. The feat was all the more amazing considering they lost 0–2 at home to Blackpool in the 1st leg of the play off semi final. A 3–0 victory in the 2nd leg saw Bradford City reach Wembley for the first ever time defeating Notts County 2–0 in the final with goals from 19-year-old local boy Des Hamilton and Kamara's first signing Mark Stallard.
Tony Pulis guided Gillingham F.C. out of Division Three and was named the Manager of the Season.
Successful players
Alan Shearer topped the Premiership scoring charts with 31 goals, the highest number of goals in the league charted at the time. Shearer was followed closely by Robbie Fowler on 28, Ian Wright and Les Ferdinand, who won the PFA Players' Player of the Year award.
Steve McManaman led the assists chart with 25 assists this season, also a new record for the league.
Eric Cantona was awarded the FWA Footballer of the Year for his comeback and galvanising influence over a successful young Manchester United side.
Events
Double delight for United
Manchester United made history as the first English club to win the double of the league title and FA Cup twice. They did so despite having sold key players Paul Ince, Mark Hughes and Andrei Kanchelskis before the start of the season. Manager Alex Ferguson selected young players like Paul Scholes, Nicky Butt, David Beckham, Gary Neville and Phil Neville, alongside more experienced players Steve Bruce, Gary Pallister and Eric Cantona. Cantona, who returned from his suspension to spearhead United's chase for trophies, was voted the FWA Footballer of the Year.
At Christmas, United trailed Newcastle United by 12 points. On 27 December they beat Newcastle 2–0 to cut the gap to seven points, and a 1–0 win at St. James' Park on 4 March cut the gap to a single point. A 1–0 win against Tottenham Hotspur on 24 March put United on top of the Premiership and they remained in that position for the rest of the season. On the final day of the season they confirmed their status as Premiership champions for the third time in four seasons thanks to a 3–0 away win over Middlesbrough, who were managed by former United captain Bryan Robson.
On 11 May, United faced Liverpool in the FA Cup final at Wembley. A late goal from Cantona saw United make history and lift the FA Cup as England's first 'double double' winners.
Venables out, Hoddle in
Terry Venables announced in January that he would not be continuing as England manager after the 1996 European Championships, so the FA began their hunt for his successor. The likes of Alex Ferguson, Howard Kendall, Steve Coppell, Gerry Francis and Kevin Keegan were all linked with the job, but all quickly ruled themselves out either because of club commitments or a lack of experience.
In the end, the 39-year-old Chelsea manager Glenn Hoddle agreed to take charge of the England team on a four-year contract. Hoddle's successor at Chelsea was the 33-year-old Dutch legend Ruud Gullit.
Euro '96: So close for England
In 1996 England hosted the European Championships for the first time. They went through to the quarter-finals after drawing with Switzerland and beating Scotland and the Netherlands in the group stages. They drew 0–0 with Spain in the quarter finals but England went through on penalties. A goal by Alan Shearer gave them an early lead over Germany in the semi-finals, but the Germans forced extra-time and England lost the ensuing penalty shoot-out. Germany went on to beat Czech Republic 2–1 in the final.
European competitions
English clubs endured a tough time in European competition during the 1995–96 season. Manchester United, Liverpool and Leeds United suffered early exits from the UEFA Cup, while Blackburn Rovers were eliminated from the Champions League at the group stages and Everton were dumped out of the Cup Winners Cup in the Second Round. That left Nottingham Forest as the only English club still in Europe after Christmas.
Forest took on Bayern Munich in the UEFA Cup quarter-finals and lost 2–1 away in the first leg. Jürgen Klinsmann scored twice as the German side defeated Forest 5–1 at the City ground and went on to win the competition.
Bosman ruling
A legal challenge in the European Court of Human Rights by the Belgian midfielder Jean-Marc Bosman gave out-of-contract players aged 23 or above the right to become free agents and move to other clubs for no fee. There was widespread controversy following the announcement, as many clubs feared that they would lose expensively signed players for nothing. The Bosman ruling also saw an end to the three foreigner rule which restricted teams to fielding a maximum of three players born outside the country that they were employed in. In the Premiership, the limit of three foreigners in a match squad had covered Welsh, Scottish and Northern and Southern Irish players. The Bosman ruling allowed clubs in EU countries to field an unlimited number of players who were of EU nationalities, although they were still restricted to fielding 3 players of non-EU nationalities.
Honours
England national team
As England was hosting the 1996 UEFA European Football Championship the England national team did not play any competitive fixtures up until the championships themselves but played a number of friendlies this season.
League tables
Premiership
Manchester United were Premiership champions for the third time in four seasons, after Newcastle United led for most of the season, the Tyneside club's lead having peaked at 10 points just before Christmas. Manchester United also won the FA Cup to complete the double. The star of their season was undoubtedly striker Eric Cantona, who returned from his eight-month suspension at the beginning of October to spearhead United's attack with 19 goals in all competitions, several of them in crucial late season games as they took the initiative in the title race, and the last being the winning goal in the FA Cup final.
Liverpool continued to show signs of a return to their former glory by finishing third and ending the season as runners-up in the FA Cup final. Aston Villa, enjoying a revival with a reshaped squad under Brian Little, finished fourth and won the Football League Cup. Arsenal built the foundations for a revival under new manager Bruce Rioch by finishing fifth and coming within a goal of reaching the League Cup final. However, Rioch was gone by the start of the following season after a dispute with the club's directors.
FA Cup holders Everton failed to retain the cup and finished in sixth place in the league one place outside of a UEFA Cup place.
Blackburn Rovers failed to retain their league title and finished seventh in the league, with Alan Shearer finding the net more than 30 times for the third season in a row.
Nottingham Forest finished ninth in the league and were the only English side to progress to the quarter-finals of any of the European competitions, doing so in reaching the quarter-final UEFA Cup. 1995-96 was one of the worst seasons ever for English clubs in European competitions.
Bolton Wanderers were relegated in bottom place, having won just twice before New Year's Day, with not even an improvement under caretaker manager Colin Todd helping them. Queens Park Rangers were unable to recover from the sale of star striker Les Ferdinand to Newcastle and finished second bottom, ending 13 seasons in the top division. Manchester City were the last team to be relegated, eventually undone by their failure to win in their first 11 matches, but they did manage to take the fight to the last day of the season. Coventry City and Southampton stayed up on goal difference.
Leading goalscorer: Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers) - 31
Division One
Sunderland gave their best performance in years by clinching the Division One title, and were joined among the elite by runners-up Derby County and play-off winners Leicester City. Crystal Palace conceded a last-minute Leicester winner at Wembley, and would have gone up automatically had it not been for their dismal first half of the season.
Luton Town, Watford and Millwall, who had all played in the top flight at some stage in the last nine seasons, went down to Division Two. Millwall had been top of the league five months before going down on the final day of the season before a 6–0 defeat at Sunderland signaled a dramatic decline in their fortunes.
Oldham Athletic narrowly avoided a second relegation in three seasons, while Wolverhampton Wanderers finished 20th and the last safe place was secured by Portsmouth. Norwich City and Birmingham City finished in the bottom half of the table after both enjoying spells at the top during the first half of the season. West Bromwich Albion finished 12th after a dramatic season where they had looked like promotion contenders in the autumn, before enduring a 14-match winless run where they picked up just one point and dropped into the relegation zone.
Leading goalscorer: John Aldridge (Tranmere Rovers) - 27
Division Two
Swindon Town secured an immediate return to Division One by winning the Division Two title. They were joined by local rivals and runners-up Oxford United, while the final promotion place went to playoff winners Bradford City whose Wembley glory gave Chris Kamara a dream start in management.
Blackpool, who missed out on automatic promotion by one place, attained their highest league finish for more than 20 years but a playoff semi-final failure cost them a place in Division One and cost Sam Allardyce his job. Crewe Alexandra were defeated in the playoffs for the second season running, while beaten finalists Notts County had been relegated the season before.
Carlisle United, Swansea City, Brighton & Hove Albion and Hull City were relegated to Division Three. York City, who made headlines by knocking Manchester United out of the League Cup early in the season, avoided relegation by three points after beating Brighton in their delayed final fixture of the season, sending Carlisle down.
Leading goalscorer: Marcus Stewart (Bristol Rovers) - 21
Division Three
Preston North End got on the right path towards better days by sealing the Division Three title, making them the third club to finish top of all four professional divisions of English football. Joining them in Division Two were runners-up Gillingham (after seven years in the league's basement division), third placed Bury and playoff winners Plymouth Argyle.
Torquay United finished at the bottom of the league by quite a margin, but avoided relegation because Conference champions Stevenage Borough did not meet the required Football League stadium capacity standards. Scarborough endured another torrid season, finishing second from bottom in the league for the second season in succession.
Lincoln City climbed up to 18th place under John Beck, who took over in October after the club had propped up the Football League. Fulham suffered the lowest finish of their history by finishing 17th, and weeks before the end of the season they appointed Micky Adams as player-manager in hope that the former Coventry and Southampton defender could revive the club after a decade of decline. Cambridge United finished 16th in the table, a mere four years after narrowly missing out on promotion to the inaugural Premier League.
Leading goalscorers: Steve White (Hereford United) - 30
Diary of the season
1 July 1995: Nottingham Forest pay £2.5 million for Sheffield Wednesday midfielder Chris Bart-Williams, the day after they sold striker Stan Collymore to Liverpool for a national-record £8.5 million. Collymore's successor is Kevin Campbell, a £2.8million signing from Arsenal.
3 July 1995: Alan Ball is appointed the new manager of Manchester City after 18 months as manager of Southampton.
5 July 1995: Aston Villa sign Leicester City midfielder Mark Draper for £3.25 million.
6 July 1995: Newcastle United sign French winger David Ginola from Paris St Germain for £2.5 million and striker Les Ferdinand from Queens Park Rangers for a club record fee of £6 million.
10 July 1995: England midfielder Paul Gascoigne returns to Britain after three years in Italy with Lazio when he completes a £4.3million move to Scottish champions Rangers.
12 July 1995: George Graham is banned from football worldwide for a year for accepting illegal payments, which had resulted in his sacking as Arsenal manager five months ago.
14 July 1995: Arsenal sign England captain David Platt from Sampdoria for £4.75million. Platt is now the world's costliest players, with his career transfer fees now totalling more than £22million.
17 July 1995: Mike Naylor, chairman and founder of the sponsors of the Football League, Endsleigh Insurance, dies in a car crash in France.
19 July 1995: Sheffield Wednesday sign Belgian midfielder Marc Degryse from Anderlecht for £1.5 million.
24 July 1995: Southampton goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar, Wimbledon goalkeeper Hans Segers and former Wimbledon and Aston Villa striker John Fashanu are charged with match-fixing and bribery.
26 July 1995: Queens Park Rangers sign Australia national football team captain Ned Zelic from Borussia Dortmund of Germany for £1.25million.
1 August 1995: Everton sign Derby County defender Craig Short for £2.4 million.
3 August 1995: Coventry City sign winger John Salako from Crystal Palace for £1.5 million.
5 August 1995: Middlesbrough prepare for their return to the Premier League by paying a club-record £5.25 million for Tottenham forward Nick Barmby.
8 August 1995: Eric Cantona announces his intention to leave English football, but Manchester United refused to terminate his contract.
10 August 1995: Cantona announces his intention to stay with Manchester United after a meeting with Alex Ferguson in Paris. Newcastle United sign Reading goalkeeper Shaka Hislop for £1.575 million.
12 August 1995: The Football League season begins. Relegated Crystal Palace begin their bid for an immediate return to the Premier League with a dramatic 4–3 home win over Barnsley. Oldham, who went down a year earlier, start the season well with a 3–0 home win over newly promoted Huddersfield. Portsmouth beat Southend 4–2 at Fratton Park.
13 August 1995: A Vinny Samways goal gives Everton a 1–0 win over Blackburn in the FA Charity Shield. Norwich City begin their quest for an immediate return to the Premier League by beating Luton Town 3–1 at Kenilworth Road.
16 August 1995: Andrea Silenzi becomes first Italian to play for a Premier League side when he joins Nottingham Forest in a £1.8million move from Torino.
19 August 1995: The FA Premier League season begins with Manchester United defeated 3–1 at Aston Villa, which sparks immediate criticism throughout the media due to the number of young players in the team as well as the fact that United have sold three key players this summer and not made any major signings, Alan Hansen is known for coining the phrase "you can't win anything with kids". Blackburn Rovers begin their defence of the Premier League title with a 1–0 win at home over Queens Park Rangers. Matt Le Tissier scores a hat-trick for Southampton at The Dell but they lost 4–3 to Nottingham Forest. Newcastle United beat Coventry City 3–0 at home, with record signing Les Ferdinand scoring on his debut. Bolton Wanderers lose 3–2 to Wimbledon at Selhurst Park in their first top flight game since May 1980.
20 August 1995: Middlesbrough's Nick Barmby scores on his debut, a 1–1 draw against Arsenal at Highbury.
23 August 1995: Manchester United bounce back from their opening day defeat with a 2–1 home win over West Ham United.
24 August 1995: Everton complete their club record £5 million signing of Manchester United winger Andrei Kanchelskis, more than a month after their offer for Kanchelskis was first accepted.
26 August 1995: Middlesbrough defeat Chelsea 2–0 in their first game at the new Riverside Stadium, with Craig Hignett scoring the stadium's first goal. Manchester United beat Wimbledon 3–1 at Old Trafford. Leeds are top of the league for the first time since their 1992 title triumph after a 2–0 home win over Aston Villa.
27 August 1995: Newcastle United go top of the Premier League with a 2–0 win at Sheffield Wednesday.
28 August 1995: Manchester United defeat Blackburn Rovers 2–1, despite being reduced to 10 men after Roy Keane was sent off for two bookable offences.
30 August 1995: Newcastle are the month-end leaders in the Premier League with a 1–0 home win over Middlesbrough, with second-placed Leeds being held to a 1–1 draw at Southampton.
2 September 1995: The upcoming international fixtures mean that there is no action in the Premier League this weekend, but it is business as usual in the Football League. Newly-promoted Birmingham City win 5–0 at Barnsley in Division One. Millwall go top of the table with a 1–0 win over Portsmouth at Fratton Park. Sheffield United's 3–1 defeat at West Bromwich Albion leaves them bottom of the table and still looking for their first point of the season after five games.
9 September 1995: In a rematch of last season’s FA Cup Final, Manchester United defeat Everton 3–2. Lee Sharpe scores twice, and former United player Andrei Kanchelskis is taken off with a dislocated shoulder, ruling him out for the next few weeks. United are now level on points with leaders Newcastle, who lose 1–0 at Southampton. Wimbledon go third with a 1–0 home win over Liverpool. In Division One, Sheffield United pick up their first points of the season with a 2–1 home win over Norwich City.
11 September 1995: A London derby at Upton Park sees Chelsea beat West Ham 3–1.
16 September 1995: Newcastle United and Manchester United remain level on points at the top of the Premier League after both managing home victories. Aston Villa move into third place with a 2–0 home win over Wimbledon.
20 September 1995: York City defeat an under-strength Manchester United 3–0 in the League Cup second-round first leg at Old Trafford. This will ultimately prove to be the only home defeat all season in any competition for the hosts.
23 September 1995: Manchester United go top of the Premier League after drawing 0–0 at Sheffield Wednesday. Defending champions Blackburn snap out of a recent run of dismal form and defeat Coventry City 5–1 at Ewood Park with Alan Shearer scoring a hat-trick. Liverpool remain third after a 5–2 home win over Bolton. Tony Yeboah scored a hat-trick for Leeds in a 4–2 win at Wimbledon. Manchester City are bottom of the table with one point from their first seven games, losing 1–0 at home to Middlesbrough today.
24 September 1995: Newcastle go back to the top of the Premier League with a 2–0 home win over Chelsea.
26 September 1995: Manchester United are knocked out of the UEFA Cup on away goals after drawing 2–2 at home to Russian side Rotor Volgograd in the first round second leg, but still maintain their 39-year unbeaten run in European competitions following a late equaliser by goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel - the club's first goalkeeper to score a goal in any competitions since Alex Stepney in 1973.
30 September 1995: Manchester City's terrible start to the season continues with a 3–0 defeat at Nottingham Forest, which makes it one point from their first eight league games. Aston Villa go second with a 3–0 away win over their former manager Ron Atkinson's new club Coventry City.
1 October 1995: Eric Cantona returns from his eight-month suspension to score a late equaliser from the penalty spot in a 2–2 home draw with Liverpool. Newcastle extend their lead to four points with a 3–1 win at Everton.
3 October 1995: York City eliminate Manchester United from the League Cup despite their Premier League opponents winning 3–1 in the second round second leg at Bootham Crescent. Striker Paul Scholes scores twice, with United’s other goal coming from teenage winger Terry Cooke, who only made his competitive debut last month.
11 October 1995: Everton striker Duncan Ferguson is sentenced to three months' imprisonment for assault for head butting Raith Rovers player John McStay 18 months ago, when he was still playing for Rangers. making him the first British professional footballer to be imprisoned for an on-field offence.
14 October 1995: 20-year-old striker Paul Scholes scores the only goal of the Manchester derby at Old Trafford, aiding United's title challenge and pushing City further into relegation trouble. Newcastle remain four points ahead at the top with a 3–2 win at QPR. Arsenal go third by beating Leeds 3–0 at Elland Road.
15 October 1995: Middlesbrough sign 22-year-old Brazilian midfielder Juninho in a £4.75million deal.
21 October 1995: Les Ferdinand scores a hat-trick in Newcastle's 6–1 home league win against Wimbledon, and Manchester United remain in second place with a 4–1 away victory over Chelsea. The gap remains four points wide. Middlesbrough‘s fine start to life back in the Premier League continues with a 1–0 home win over QPR keeping their hold on fourth place. Down in Division One, West Bromwich go second with a 2–1 home win over Portsmouth, sparking hope at The Hawthorns that Albion are close to ending their decade-long absence from the top flight.
28 October 1995: The Football Association announces that the 72 Football League clubs would receive an additional £21 million in television revenue after they failed to agree on an initial sum of nearly £120 million. Liverpool's Ian Rush scores twice in a 6–0 home league win against Manchester City, who are still without a win after 11 games, and Leeds United captain Gary McAllister scores a hat-trick in a 3–1 home league win over Coventry City. Millwall knock Leicester off the top of Division One with a 2–1 win over West Bromwich Albion, while Leicester lose 3–2 at home to Crystal Palace.
30 October 1995: Striker John McGinlay scores for struggling Bolton Wanderers in a surprise 1–0 home win against Arsenal.
4 November 1995: Manchester United lose 1–0 at Arsenal with an early goal from Dennis Bergkamp, their first Premier League defeat since the opening day of the season, and Newcastle extend their lead to five points with a 2–1 home win over Liverpool, with Steve Howey scoring a late winner. Manchester City finally win a Premier League at the 12th attempt, being fellow strugglers Bolton 1–0 at Maine Road. In Division One, Sheffield United climb off the bottom of the table and out of the bottom three with a 4–1 home win over Portsmouth. Tranmere beat Derby 5-1 and Stoke beat Luton 5–0.
6 November 1995: Nottingham Forest go third in the Premier League with a 4–1 win over Wimbledon, who remain fourth from bottom.
8 November 1995: Chelsea sign Romanian defender Dan Petrescu from Sheffield Wednesday for a club record fee of £2.3million.
10 November 1995: The FA withdraws its £118.5-million television deal with Football League clubs after they failed to meet a deadline.
11 November 1995: In the FA Cup's first round, Shrewsbury Town defeat Northern Premier League side Marine by a club-record 11-2 and Division Two crisis club Swansea City lose 7–0 to Division Three side Fulham. Division Two's Bradford City are made to work hard for a 4–3 win over non-league Burton Albion. Hitchin Town, another non-league side, eliminate Bristol Rovers with a 2–1 win. Dorchester Town lose 9–1 to Oxford United.
13 November 1995: Former England manager Graham Taylor resigns after 20 months managing Wolverhampton Wanderers, who began the season as Division One promotion favourites but have fallen to 17th. His final game in charge, a televised home match against 10-man Charlton Athletic in the league, ended in a goalless draw.
17 November 1995: Kenny Dalglish, director of football at Blackburn Rovers since June after guiding them to the Premier League title, is reported to be in the running to be the new Wolves manager.
18 November 1995: Alan Shearer scores a hat-trick for Blackburn in their 7–0 home win over Nottingham Forest, while leaders Newcastle are held to a 1–1 draw at Aston Villa, enabling Manchester United to cut the gap at the top to six points (and having the advantage of a game in hand) with their 4–1 home win over Southampton.
22 November 1995: Manchester United beat Coventry City 4–0 at Highfield Road to cut the gap at the top to three points and sent their opponents to the bottom of the Premier League table. Bolton miss the chance to climb out of the bottom three as they lose 3–2 at Chelsea. Manchester City's slow improvement continues with a 1–0 win over Wimbledon at Maine Road.
24 November 1995: Leeds United pay a club record £4.5million for Parma's Swedish striker Tomas Brolin. Everton striker Duncan Ferguson is released from prison after serving 44 days of his three-month sentence for assault.
25 November 1995: 34-year-old defender Steve Nicol returns to the Premier League less than a year after leaving Liverpool for a Notts County side now in Division Two, signing for Sheffield Wednesday. Newcastle United remain in the driving seat at the top of the Premier League with a 2–1 home win over Leeds. Coventry and Wimbledon both grind out a point in the battle for Premier League survival with a thrilling 3–3 draw at Highfield Road.
27 November 1995: The Football League signs a five-year television-coverage deal worth £125 million with BSkyB. Manchester United are held to a 1–1 draw with Nottingham Forest at the City Ground, with Eric Cantona converting a penalty to equalise in the second half after the home side took the lead. They have now played as many games as leaders Newcastle but are still five points behind.
2 December 1995: Alan Shearer scores a hat-trick in Blackburn's 4–2 home win against West Ham United, and Manchester United are held to a 1–1 home draw by Chelsea, meaning that Newcastle could be on the verge of a seven-point lead at the top of the Premier League.
3 December 1995: Newcastle are held to a 3–3 draw at Wimbledon, limiting their lead at the top of the table to five points. Sunderland overtake Millwall at the top of Division One with a 1–0 win over Crystal Palace at Roker Park.
4 December 1995: Coventry striker Dion Dublin finds himself in the unusual situation of scoring a hat-trick for the losing side when the Sky Blues lose 4–3 to Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough in the Premier League. Coventry are bottom of the table, having won just one of their first 16 Premier League games.
7 December 1995: Mark McGhee leaves Division One promotion challengers Leicester City after a year in charge to become manager of Wolves.
9 December 1995: Defending Premier League champions Blackburn Rovers are beaten 5–0 at Coventry, and in Division One Sunderland beat Millall 6–0 to maintain their lead of the table with a 6–0 win at Roker Park. Manchester United drop two points when they are held to a 2–2 draw at home to Sheffield Wednesday in the Premier League, but leaders Newcastle drop all three points when they lose 1–0 at Chelsea, meaning that their lead is cut to four points when a victory would have put them seven points ahead.
10 December 1995: Having fallen into the bottom three yesterday when other results went against them, Wolves climb three places in Division One when a 3–2 win at Luton ends their six-match winless run in the league.
12 December 1995: Dave Bassett, the fifth-longest-serving manager in the English league, resigns as manager of Division One's Sheffield United after nearly eight years in charge. Walsall beat Torquay United 8–4 in the FA Cup second-round replay at Bescot Stadium which followed a 1–1 draw in the first match at Plainmoor 10 days ago.
13 December 1995: Former Everton manager Howard Kendall is named the new manager of Sheffield United.
15 December 1995: QPR sell misfits defender Ned Zelic to Eintracht Frankfurt for £1million.
16 December 1995: Blackburn Rovers left back Graeme Le Saux fractures his ankle in a 1–0 home win against Middlesbrough in the FA Premier League, an injury which is set to rule him out of action until next season. Newcastle United go seven points ahead in the Premier League with a 1–0 victory over Everton, and Aston Villa striker Savo Milosevic scores a hat-trick in Villa's 4–1 home win against Coventry City. Yorkshire rivals Sheffield Wednesday and Leeds United clash at Hillsborough, with the hosts winning a thrilling match 6–2. Bolton remain bottom of the table after losing 2–1 at QPR, who climb out of the bottom three.
17 December 1995: Manchester United remain seven points behind Newcastle after losing 2–0 at Liverpool, with Robbie Fowler scoring both of Liverpool's goals. A series of saves from Peter Schmeichel prevent United from suffering a considerably heavier defeat.
21 December 1995: Martin O'Neill resigns after six months as Norwich manager to take over at Leicester City, and Division One bottom club Luton Town replace Terry Westley with Bradford City's Lennie Lawrence. England World Cup winner Jack Charlton resigns after nearly 10 years as manager of the Republic of Ireland national football team, following the nation’s failure to qualify for Euro 96.
22 December 1995: Bolton Wanderers, the bottom club in the Premier League, pay a club-record £1.2 million for Sheffield United striker Nathan Blake.
23 December 1995: Coventry City defeat Everton 2–1 at home. Robbie Fowler scores a hat-trick for Liverpool at home against Arsenal for the second season running in a 3–1 win. Newcastle United extend their lead to 10 points with a 3–1 win over Nottingham Forest. Middlesbrough go fifth with a 4–2 home win over West Ham. Derby go top of Division One with a 2–1 home win over Sunderland, who fall into second place.
24 December 1995: Newcastle remain 10 points ahead as their nearest rivals, Manchester United, lose 3–1 at Leeds United. The top two will meet in three days time for a showdown at Old Trafford.
26 December 1995: A Boxing Day London derby at Highbury sees Arsenal beat QPR 3–0 to send the hosts fifth in the Premier League and leave the hosts fourth from bottom.
27 December 1995: Manchester United cut the lead in the FA Premier League to seven points with a 2–0 home win against Newcastle with goals from Andy Cole and Roy Keane. The only other league action of the day sees Leeds keep their bid for a second successive UEFA Cup campaign on track with a 2–0 win over Bolton at Burnden Park.
30 December 1995: Manchester United reduce Newcastle's lead to four points with a 2–1 win against struggling Queens Park Rangers. Alan Shearer scores his 100th goal for Blackburn in a 2–1 home win against Tottenham.
1 January 1996: Manchester United suffer their heaviest Premier League defeat yet when they lose 4–1 to Tottenham at White Hart Lane. They are still four points behind Newcastle, but Kevin Keegan's team have two games in hand. Liverpool muscle in on the top two with a 4–2 home win over Nottingham Forest. Bolton remain rooted to the bottom of the table with a 4–2 defeat at Sheffield Wednesday.
2 January 1996: Roy McFarland is sacked as co-manager of Bolton Wanderers, with Colin Todd being put in sole charge. Newcastle United regain a seven-point by defeating Arsenal 2–0 at home.
6 January 1996: Ian Rush breaks Denis Law's FA Cup goal-scoring record with two goals for Liverpool in their 7–0 win over Rochdale in the third round. An 80th-minute goal by Eric Cantona forces a 2–2 draw for Manchester United against Sunderland at Old Trafford, taking the tie to a replay at Roker Park, in what could potentially be the old stadium’s final FA Cup game, as Sunderland’s new stadium at Monkwearmouth is expected to be completed in 18 months time.
10 January 1996: Terry Venables announces that he will resign as England manager after Euro 96 to concentrate on clearing his name in a legal dispute with Alan Sugar over his June 1993 dismissal from Tottenham Hotspur.
13 January 1996: Manchester United's title hopes are hit hard when they drop two points at home to Aston Villa, who hold them to a goalless draw. Their neighbours City are pushed deeper into relegation trouble with a 1–0 defeat at Tottenham, who move into third place. Down in Division One, Huddersfield boost their hopes of a second successive promotion with a 1–0 win at struggling Watford lifting them into second place. The Black Country derby ends in a goalless draw at the Hawthorns, with both Wolves and Albion on the brink of the relegation zone.
14 January 1996: Newcastle are now nine points ahead with a game in hand at the top of the Premier League with a 1–0 win at Coventry. Charlton go second in Division One with a thrilling 4–3 away win over Birmingham, whose own promotion hopes are hit hard as a result.
15 January 1996: Bryan Robson, Middlesbrough manager and England assistant manager, is reportedly in line to succeed Terry Venables as England manager after Euro 96.
16 January 1996: Sunderland take the lead against Manchester United in the FA Cup third round replay at Roker Park before Nicky Butt equalises and Andy Cole scores a late winner to give Alex Ferguson's team a 2–1 win and a fourth round clash with Reading at Elm Park.
17 January 1996: In the FA Cup third round, Sheffield United eliminate Arsenal with a 1-0 replay win at Bramall Lane in which Carl Veart scores the winning goal.
20 January 1996: Neil Ruddock and Robbie Fowler score twice each in Liverpool's 5–0 home win over Leeds United in the league. Newcastle United beat Bolton Wanderers 2–1 to go 12 points clear at the top of the table, ahead of Liverpool and Manchester United.
22 January 1996: Despite being reduced to 10 men after Nicky Butt was sent off, Manchester United still manage a 1–0 win over West Ham at Upton Park (where they last won seven years ago) thanks to an Eric Cantona goal which cuts Newcastle's lead to nine points, although the Tynesiders still have a game in hand.
23 January 1996: Blackburn Rovers block a move by the Irish Football Association to appoint their director of football, Kenny Dalglish, as the national coach.
24 January 1996: Out-of-favour Liverpool striker Nigel Clough is sold to Manchester City for £1.5 million.
27 January 1996: Manchester United defeat Reading 3–0 in the FA Cup fourth round at Elm Park on a weekend where most league and cup fixtures are cancelled due to heavy snow.
31 January 1996: January ends with Newcastle United still ahead of Manchester United at the top of the Premier League by nine points, with a game in hand. Manchester United sign Manchester City goalkeeper Tony Coton for £500,000 as cover for Peter Schmeichel. Derby County are top of Division One, with Charlton Athletic second. West Bromwich Albion are in danger of relegation less than three months after being among the leading promotion contenders, a goal away from the bottom three.
3 February 1996: Eric Cantona returnsto Selhurst Park for the first time since his flying kick the previous year, scoring twice as Manchester United defeat Wimbledon 4–2 to keep their title hopes alive. Newcastle are still nine points ahead with a game in hand, beating Sheffield Wednesday 2–0 at home. Liverpool are confined to third place after a goalless draw at home to Tottenham. Aston Villa go fourth win a 3–0 home win over Leeds.
4 February 1996: Gavin Peacock scores a hat-trick in Chelsea's 5–0 win against Middlesbrough.
5 February 1996: Millwall manager Mick McCarthy is appointed manager of the Republic of Ireland team, some 18 months after the end of his playing career for the national side.
6 February 1996: Wolverhampton Wanderers reserve midfielder Jimmy Kelly, 22, is jailed for five years for manslaughter following his part in a fight outside a Liverpool hotel in September 1994, in which a 26-year-old man died.
8 February 1996: The Department of Employment denies work permits to Marc Hottiger (who agreed to move from Newcastle United to Everton) and Ilie Dumitrescu (who agreed to move from Tottenham Hotspur to West Ham). Both clubs are set to appeal the decisions. Crystal Palace, 16th in Division One, appoint Dave Bassett manager, ending Steve Coppell's brief second spell as manager.
10 February 1996: Newcastle United pay a club record £6.7million for Parma and Colombia striker Faustino Asprilla, on the same day that they beat Middlesbrough 2–1 at the Riverside Stadium. Manchester United keep up the pressure with a goal from Lee Sharpe and a series of spectacular saves from Peter Schmeichel giving them a 1–0 home win over Blackburn.
14 February 1996: Former Liverpool manager Bob Paisley dies at 77 after several years of suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Everton surrender their defence of the FA Cup with a fourth-round replay defeat by Port Vale.
17 February 1996: Middlesbrough lose 4–1 at home to a resurgent Bolton Wanderers, while QPR also give their survival hopes a boost with a 3–1 win at Sheffield Wednesday. In Division One, new Crystal Palace manager Dave Bassett oversees a 4–0 home win over bottom club Watford which gives his side's hopes of reaching the playoffs a major boost. In the FA Cup third round, a Manchester derby at Old Trafford sees City take an early lead through Uwe Rosler before Eric Cantona scores a quick equaliser from the penalty spot, with Lee Sharpe finally getting the winning goal for the hosts.
20 February 1996: Glenn Roeder is sacked after nearly three years as manager of Watford. Away from the Division One relegation battle, Crystal Palace home in on the playoff places with a 3–2 win at Tranmere, who are now in the bottom half of the table after spending much of the first half of the season in the top six.
21 February 1996: The title race takes an unexpected turn when Newcastle lose 2–0 at West Ham, allowing Manchester United to cut their lead to six points with a 2–0 home win over Everton, although Kevin Keegan's men still have a game in hand.
22 February 1996: Former Wolves and England manager Graham Taylor is appointed manager of Watford for the second time.
24 February 1996: Manchester City hold Newcastle United to a 3–3 draw at Maine Road, meaning that the Premier League leaders still have a seven-point lead over Manchester United but no longer have the advantage of a game in hand. Liverpool remain in contention for the title, beating Blackburn 3–2 at Ewood Park.
25 February 1996: Newcastle's lead is cut to four points when Manchester United beat Bolton Wanderers 6–0 at Burnden Park, which also gives Alex Ferguson’s team a major boost to their goal difference.
28 February 1996: Swindon Town and Huddersfield Town, the last remaining non-Premier League teams in the FA Cup, are defeated in fifth-round replays. Liverpool announce that Ian Rush will be leaving on a free transfer at the end of the season.
2 March 1996: A much-changed Nottingham Forest team find their first away win since October with victory over Sheffield Wednesday. At the lower reaches of the table, Manchester City climb out of the relegation zone at the expense of Southampton, and bottom club Bolton win at Leeds to keep their survival hopes alive.
4 March 1996: Manchester United cut Newcastle United's lead to one point with a goal by Eric Cantona goal giving them a 1–0 win on Tyneside, following a series of thrilling saves by Peter Schmeichel.
5 March 1996: Arsenal's bid for a UEFA Cup place is bolstered with a 3–1 win over Manchester City at Highbury.
7 March 1996: Marc Hottiger and Ilie Dumitrescu receive work permits to complete their long-awaited transfers.
9 March 1996: Aston Villa boost their chances of making a late run to the title with a 4–2 home win over QPR, which deprives the visitors of vital points needed in their battle to avoid relegation.
11 March 1996: Manchester United remain in contention for a unique second double by defeating Southampton 2–0 in the FA Cup quarter-final at Old Trafford.
13 March 1996: Liverpool drop two points in their push for the title when they are held to a 2–2 draw at home to Wimbledon.
16 March 1996: Manchester United go top of the Premier League on goal difference, with a 1–1 away draw against Queens Park Rangers, Eric Cantona equalising after Denis Irwin scored an own goal.
18 March 1996: Newcastle regain their lead with a 3–0 home win against West Ham.
20 March 1996: An Eric Cantona goal from 25 yards puts Manchester United level on points at the top as they beat Arsenal 1–0 at Old Trafford.
23 March 1996: Arsenal aid Manchester United's title bid by defeating Newcastle United 2–0 at Highbury, sending Alex Ferguson's team back to the top on goal difference.
24 March 1996: Aston Villa beat Leeds United 3–0 in the League Cup final to equal Liverpool's record of five victories in the competition. Manchester United defeat Tottenham Hotspur 1-0 for a three-point lead over Newcastle. Eric Cantona scores the only goal of the game.
25 March 1996: To celebrate England's hosting of the European Championships, an edition of stamps commemorating five legends of the English game is released. After a public poll, Dixie Dean, Bobby Moore, Duncan Edwards, Billy Wright and Danny Blanchflower were selected.
28 March 1996: Manchester City sign Georgian striker Mikhail Kavelashvili from Alania Vladikavkaz for £1.4 million.
30 March 1996: Queens Park Rangers beat Southampton 3–0 at Loftus Road to keep their Premier League survival hopes alive. In the race for a UEFA Cup place, Andrei Kanchelskis scores twice as Everton beat Blackburn 3–0.
3 April 1996: Liverpool defeat Newcastle United 4–3 in a thrilling game where Robbie Fowler and Stan Collymore both scored twice for the hosts, helping keep Newcastle in second and boosting Manchester United's title bid, as well as boosting Liverpool’s own slim title hopes.
5 April 1996: Middlesbrough move closer to survival and mid-table security with a 3–1 home win against Sheffield Wednesday, who are still in a precarious position.
6 April 1996: Manchester United retained their lead in the Premier League with a 3–2 win over City in the Manchester derby at Maine Road, putting the hosts deeper into relegation trouble.
8 April 1996: Coventry City defender David Busst sustains a compound leg fracture in the 1-0 Premier League defeat by Manchester United at Old Trafford. Busst is expected to be out of action for at least a year and may never be fully fit to play professional football again. United moved closer to the title with Newcastle's 2–1 defeat by Blackburn. Queens Park Rangers kept their survival bid alive by defeating Everton 3–1. Bolton Wanderers also kept their survival hopes alive by defeating Chelsea, 2–1.
12 April 1996: 37-year-old striker John Aldridge is appointed player-manager of Tranmere Rovers, succeeding John King, who steps down as manager after nine years.
13 April 1996: Mark Hughes scores his first hat-trick for Chelsea as they defeat Leeds United 4–1 at Stamford Bridge. His old club Manchester United lose 3–1 at Southampton but still have a six-point lead at the top of the Premier League, while the win is a big boost to Southampton's survival bid.
14 April 1996: Newcastle kept their title challenge alive by defeating Aston Villa 1–0, cutting Manchester United's lead to three points.
16 April 1996: The Merseyside derby at Goodison Park ended in a 1–1 draw, with Andrei Kanchelskis scoring for Everton and Robbie Fowler for Liverpool.
17 April 1996: Manchester United and Newcastle United won 1–0 at home (against Leeds United and Southampton, respectively), keeping Manchester's lead at three points. Roy Keane scores the only goal of the game against 10-man Leeds, whose goalkeeper Mark Beeney is sent off.
20 April 1996: Sunderland win promotion to the Premier League, ending their five-year absence from the top flight, meaning that the north-East’s three top clubs will all be in the top flight for the first time since the 1970s.
22 April 1996: England midfielder Paul Gascoigne publicly asks Terry Venables to remain as national team manager.
25 April 1996: Bryan Robson agrees to remain as manager of Middlesbrough until at least the end of the 1999–2000 season, effectively ending speculation that he will take over as the England manager if Terry Venables follows through with his intention to resign this summer.
27 April 1996: Bolton Wanderers are relegated after one season in the Premier League, losing 1–0 at home to Southampton. Although Queens Park Rangers defeat West Ham United 3–0, it is too late to save their 13-year tenure in the top flight. Manchester City boost their survival bid with a 1–0 win over Aston Villa, as do Coventry City with a 2–0 win over Wimbledon.
28 April 1996: A 5–0 home win against Nottingham Forest moves Manchester United closer to their third league title in four seasons.
29 April 1996: The Football Association offer Chelsea manager Glenn Hoddle the England manager's job. Hoddle, in management since taking over at Swindon Town five years ago, took his first club into the Premier League in 1993 before taking over at Chelsea, guiding them to an FA Cup final and a European semi-final. Newcastle United defeat Leeds 1–0, with Newcastle manager Kevin Keegan ranting on live television against his opposite number at Manchester United, Alex Ferguson.
2 May 1996: Chelsea boss Glenn Hoddle agreed to a four-year contract as England manager after the European Football Championships. Former Manchester City chairman Peter Swales dies of a heart attack at 63. Newcastle United are held to a 1–1 draw at Nottingham Forest, helping leaders Manchester United move closer to the title.
5 May 1996: Manchester United clinched the Premier League title with a 3–0 away win against Middlesbrough on the season's final day, also clinching a place in the European Cup. Runners-up Newcastle, who have gone without winning a league title since 1927 and had a 12-point lead in January, are held to a 1–1 draw at Tottenham, who finish eighth and miss out on a UEFA Cup place. Liverpool finish third and draw 2–2 at Maine Road with Manchester City, who are relegated on goal difference, while Coventry and Southampton avoid the drop, both finishing the season with goalless draws. Liverpool will compete in next season's Cup Winners' Cup, while fourth placed Aston Villa and fifth placed Arsenal will join Newcastle in the UEFA Cup. Down in Division One, Millwall are relegated five months after being top of the table, going down on the final day with Watford, while Luton's relegation was confirmed before the final game. Champions Sunderland and runners-up Derby have already secured automatic promotion, while Crystal Palace, Stoke, Leicester and Charlton will contest the playoffs.
10 May 1996: Ruud Gullit accepted Chelsea's offer to become their player-manager, replacing Glenn Hoddle. Gullit, 33, is set become the youngest manager in the Premier League and one of the first foreign managers in the English game.
11 May 1996: Manchester United become the first English team to repeat the "double" when a late Eric Cantona goal gives them a 1–0 win over Liverpool in the FA Cup final.
14 May 1996: Middlesbrough agree to sign FC Porto's Brazilian midfielder Emerson for £4million.
18 May 1996: England beat Hungary 3–0 in a friendly witnessed by incoming Three Lions manager Glenn Hoddle and his second-in-command John Gorman. A Darren Anderton goal in each half coming either side of David Platt's 27th international goal.
19 May 1996: Ian Rush agrees to sign for Leeds United on a free transfer on 1 June, after spending 15 of the last 16 years with Liverpool.
20 May 1996: Glenn Hoddle agrees to play for Chelsea in a posthumous testimonial match for the former Swindon Town physio Kevin Morris.
24 May 1996: Gianluca Vialli agrees to sign for Chelsea on a free transfer from Juventus, who won the European Cup two days ago. Gary Speed agrees to join Everton from Leeds United for £3.5million.
27 May 1996: Although England's 22-man squad for Euro 96 has yet to be confirmed, it is reported that 35-year-old Newcastle United forward Peter Beardsley is no longer being considered for a place in the squad.
28 May 1996: Leicester City win promotion back to the Premier League with a 2–1 win against Crystal Palace at Wembley Stadium, with Steve Claridge scoring the winner during the final minute of extra time. England's Euro 96 squad is announced, but does not include Peter Beardsley, Ugo Ehiogu, Dennis Wise, Robert Lee and Jason Wilcox. Stuart Pearce, who is the oldest player in the England squad at 34, signs a three-year contract with Nottingham Forest.
8 June 1996: FIFA mandates licensing for all football agents involved in transfers. The Premier League announces that teams would be able to select five substitutes on the match squad (increased from three), although only three could be used, for the 1996–97 season.
26 June 1996: England bow out of Euro 96 in the semi-final when a Gareth Southgate penalty miss put them out after a 1–1 draw with Germany. Alan Shearer had put England ahead in the third minute before Stefan Kuntz equalised, and a German goal in extra time was disallowed before the whistle blew for 120 minutes. The defeat sparks a night of rioting in British towns and cities including London, Birmingham, Swindon, Bedford, Dunstable, Bradford and Solihull.
30 June 1996: Euro 96 is won by Germany, who defeat the Czech Republic 2–1 at Wembley despite the Czechs taking an early lead through a Patrik Berger penalty. Oliver Bierhoff scores both of Germany's goals.
Transfer deals
For subsequent transfer deals see 1996-97 in English football.
Notable debutants
26 August 1995: Michael Brown, 18-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for Manchester City in a 1–0 defeat to QPR at Loftus Road in the Premier League.
13 January 1996: Ian Harte, 18-year-old left-back, makes his debut as a substitute in a 2–0 home win for Leeds United against West Ham United in the Premier League.
31 January 1996: Frank Lampard, 17-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for West Ham United—where his father Frank Lampard made over 650 appearances—in their 3–2 home win over Coventry City in the Premier League.
30 March 1996: Harry Kewell, 18-year-old Australian winger, makes his debut for Leeds United against Middlesbrough in the Premier League.
5 May 1996: Rio Ferdinand, 18-year-old central defender, makes his debut for West Ham United in their 1–1 home draw with Sheffield Wednesday on the final day of the Premier League season.
Retirements
19 July 1995: Alan Smith, 32-year-old Arsenal striker who helped them win five major trophies since joining them in 1987, retires after failing to recover from an ankle injury.
10 October 1995: Clive Allen, 34-year-old striker, retires after being given a free transfer by Carlisle United after playing just three games for them in Division Two. His best days came at Tottenham Hotspur, where he scored 49 goals in all competitions in the 1986–87 season and was voted PFA Player of the Year.
16 October 1995: David O'Leary, 37-year-old Leeds United defender, retires due to an Achilles injury after 18 months out of action.
11 November 1995: Jimmy Case, 41-year-old Brighton & Hove Albion player-manager, announces his retirement from playing. Case, who is best known for his time at Liverpool and Southampton, was the oldest outfield player registered in the English Football League or Premier League.
11 November 1995: Simon Webster, 31-year-old West Ham United defender, retires after failing to recover from a broken leg suffered in a training ground collision with Julian Dicks.
4 January 1996: Paul Lake, 27-year-old Manchester City midfielder, retires after failing to recover from a succession of knee injuries which had seen him out of action for more than three years and play just six times in as many seasons. He underwent numerous operations to try to regain full fitness, but was unsuccessful.
Deaths
July 1995 – John Marshall, 16, England Youth international who died suddenly from a heart defect just before he was due to sign an apprenticeship with Everton.
13 July 1995 – Garth Butler, 72, played 134 games at full-back for Port Vale after the end of World War II, before an ankle injury halted his career in 1951.
August 1995 – Dennis Allen, 56, was a former player of Charlton Athletic, Reading and Portsmouth. He was a member of a strong footballing family, being the father of Martin Allen, the brother of Les Allen, and the uncle of Paul Allen, Clive Allen and Bradley Allen.
23 August 1995 – Johnny Carey, 76, former Manchester United defender and Republic of Ireland international. Won the league in 1952, and the FA Cup in 1948. Later managed a number of clubs, including Blackburn Rovers, Everton, Leyton Orient and Nottingham Forest.
14 September 1995 – Harold Shepherdson, 76, longtime assistant coach for the England national team, a role he held during England's 1966 World Cup victory.
21 September 1995 – Michael Millett, 17, Wigan Athletic defender, died in a car crash one day before his 18th birthday. Had played three times for his club and was tipped by many to reach the highest level.
25 September 1995 – Dave Bowen, 67, former Arsenal and Northampton Town defender, who won 19 caps for Wales and represented his country at the 1958 World Cup. Later became Northampton's most successful manager of all time, guiding the Cobblers from the fourth to the first division in four seasons.
28 September 1995 – Albert Johanneson, 55, South African winger who played for Leeds United during the 1960s and played in their first league championship winning team in 1969. Moved to York City a year later. Died alone at his tower block flat in Leeds.
23 October 1995 – James Mangham, 88, one of the oldest surviving league players, played twice in goal in the Third Division North for Nelson in the late 1920s.
30 October 1995 – William "Taffy" Davies, 85, played 284 league games on the wing for Watford between 1930 and 1950, his career being disrupted by World War II. His only international recognition for Wales came in 1944 when he played for the wartime national side.
25 November 1995 – Alan Nicholls, 22, former Plymouth Argyle goalkeeper, was killed in a motorcycle crash near Peterborough which also claimed the life of the motorcyclist whose motorcycle he was a passenger on. At the time of his death, was playing for Stalybridge Celtic in the Conference after a brief spell at Gillingham.
14 December 1995 – Eddie Clamp, 61, played 214 times at wing-half for Wolverhampton Wanderers between 1953 and 1961, during which time the club won three league titles and an FA Cup. Was capped four times for England. Signed for Arsenal in 1961, later playing for Stoke City before playing his last senior game in 1965 for Peterborough United.
29 December 1995 – Harry Cripps, 54, played 400 league games in Millwall's defence between 1961 and 1974, during which time Millwall enjoyed a 59-match unbeaten run at home at reached the Second Division with two successive promotions. Finished his career at Charlton Athletic, later serving the South London side as a coach, before moving into management with non-league Barking and then back in the Football League at Southend United.
11 January 1996 – Bobby Cowell, 73, spent his entire playing career at Newcastle United, making 289 appearances in the league as a defender between 1946 and 1955, winning three FA Cups before his career was ended by injury.
13 January 1996 – Bobby Langton, 77, former Blackburn Rovers and Preston North End left-winger who also won 11 caps for England.
16 January 1996 – Harry Potts, 75, former Burnley player and manager. Played 165 league games for the Charets between 1946 and 1950, and was appointed manager in 1958, a post he held until 1970, winning the 1959-60 league championship. He also had a second spell as Burnley manager between 1977 and 1979.
16 January 1996 – Dai Ward, 61, former Bristol Rovers, Cardiff City, Watford and Brentford striker who made over 300 appearances in the Football League, averaging just over a goal every other game, and won two caps for Wales.
9 February 1996 – Neil Franklin, 74, an outstanding centre-half with Stoke City, winning 27 England caps. In 1950, he agreed to join Santa Fé of the non-FIFA sanctioned Colombian league where he would allegedly receive "ten times his English wages", but returned to England disillusioned and never played top-flight football again.
14 February 1996 – Bob Paisley, 77, former Liverpool manager who won a total of 21 trophies (including six league titles and three European Cups) between 1974 and 1983. He had previously been employed by the club as a player and later as a coach. After retiring, he remained at the club as a director and later president. At the time of his death he was still the most successful manager in English football.
8 March 1996 – Alan Brown, 81, played 148 games as a centre-half for Huddersfield Town, Burnley and Notts County between 1933 and 1949. Later coached at Sheffield Wednesday before managing Burnley and Sunderland before returning to Sheffield Wednesday as manager, then managing Sunderland again before his managerial career ended in dismissal in November 1972, six months before his Roker Park successor Bob Stokoe guided the club to FA Cup glory.
16 March 1996 – Dennis Jennings, 85, became Birmingham City's oldest player when he made his final appearance for them in May 1950 just before his 40th birthday, the last of 192 league appearances for the club he had first joined in 1936, having previously played for Huddersfield Town and Grimsby Town.
1 May 1996 – Eric Houghton, 85, managed Aston Villa to a then record seventh FA Cup triumph in 1957, having served as a player for two decades after signing for them in 1927, scoring more than 200 goals in all competitions. He was also capped seven times by England. Houghton was the great-uncle of former England goalkeeper Chris Woods.
2 May 1996 – Peter Swales, 63, who was chairman of Manchester City from 1973 to 1993, died after suffering a heart attack.
15 June 1996 – Allenby Chilton, 77, was centre-half in Manchester United's FA Cup winning side of 1948 and league champions of 1952, playing a total of nearly 400 games for the club between 1938 and 1955, when he transferred to Grimsby Town to become player-manager after losing his place in Matt Busby's team to Mark Jones, who went on to lose his life in the Munich crash of 1958. Chilton was capped twice by England in the early 1950s.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396%20in%20English%20football |
Allies of the Night is the eighth book of The Saga of Darren Shan by Darren Shan (his real name, Darren O'Shaughnessy). It is part of the Vampire War trilogy, which comprises three books: Hunters of the Dusk, Allies of the Night and Killers of the Dawn. Allies of the Night was first published in Great Britain by HarperCollins in 2002. It was then published in the Vampire War Trilogy in 2005.
Plot summary
Darren, Harkat, and Mr. Crepsley [Vancha going back to Vampire Mountain to inform the other Princes and Generals of their encounter with the Vampaneze Lord] go to Mr. Crepsley's hometown once again to investigate if the Vampaneze had set up territories there. But soon after their arrival Darren is discovered by the police and forced to attend school. He has trouble with most of his subjects as he only has a middle school education, but luckily his English teacher is Debbie, his old girlfriend from his first visit to this city.
Mr. Crepsley has to go back to Vampire Mountain again for Paris Skyle's funeral, leaving Darren and Harkat to continue the investigations alone. One night on his way back to the hotel room the three are staying in, Darren encounters a Vampaneze with hooks for hands and a mask wrapped around his face. The Vampaneze attacks, but Darren is saved by his old friend Steve. Steve joins Darren for the hunt of the Vampaneze, claiming he's changed his ways and now understands who the real enemy is and dropped his desire for vengeance against Darren and Mr. Crepsley long ago.
Darren later reveals himself as a vampire to Debbie, and after a long explanation and a day's contemplating she joins Darren and Steve for the fight. Mr. Crepsley comes back and helps Darren pursue the Vampaneze, but understandably doesn't trust Steve. Darren does convince him, however, that Steve will be a big help for them and lets him come with them. Vancha also joins them again a few days later.
They chase the hooked Vampaneze through the sewers at night, but the Vampaneze led them into a trap. Darren and his team are soon surrounded and the Vampaneze Lord makes his second appearance. Darren tries to kill him, but is stopped by Steve, who shows his true side as being a half-vampaneze and betraying Darren and his friends. The hooked Vampaneze is also revealed to be RV (Previously known as Reggie Veggie, but now claims it stands for Righteous Vampaneze).
A fight begins between the Hunters and the Vampaneze. Vancha charges through the Vampets, scattering them and Mr. Crepsley follows, slicing with his nails to bring down many Vampaneze. Darren soon beats Steve and is about to finish him off, but RV uses Debbie as a hostage. RV, Gannen Harst, and the Lord soon leave with the threat that they will kill Debbie if they are followed. Darren and Vancha take a Vampet and Steve as their hostage and are given a warning by Gannen to leave the tunnels immediately or he'll send Vampaneze to finish them off.
External links
Darren Shan's official website
The Saga of Darren Shan novels
2002 British novels
2000s horror novels
HarperCollins books
Irish horror novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies%20of%20the%20Night |
John Atkinson may refer to:
Entertainment
John Atkinson (actor), Australian actor
John Augustus Atkinson (died 1830), English artist engraver and watercolourist
John Christopher Atkinson (1814–1900), English author, antiquary, and priest
John Atkinson, editor-in-chief of Stereophile Magazine
Sports
John Atkinson (athlete) (born 1963), Australian high jumper
John Atkinson (Australian footballer) (born 1948), Australian rules footballer
John Atkinson (cricketer) (1878–1951), English cricketer
John Atkinson (footballer, born 1884) (1884–1914), Scottish footballer
John Atkinson (rugby league) (1946–2017), English rugby league footballer
Other
John Atkinson (Australian politician) (died 1943), Australian politician
John Atkinson, Baron Atkinson (1844–1932), Irish lawyer and politician
John Atkinson (clergyman) (1835–1897), American Methodist clergyman and historian
John Atkinson (professor) (born 1938), professor of Classics
Torchy Atkinson (John Dunstan Atkinson, 1909–1990), New Zealand horticultural scientist
John William Atkinson (1923–2003), American psychologist
John M. P. Atkinson (1817–1883), president of Hampden–Sydney College
See also
John Atkinson Grimshaw (1836–1893), British painter usually known as Atkinson Grimshaw | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Atkinson |
Sant'Eusebio is a titular church in Rome, devoted to Saint Eusebius of Rome, a 4th-century martyr, and built in the Esquilino rione. One of the oldest churches in Rome, it is a titular church and the station church for the Friday after the fourth Sunday in Lent.
History
The church is said to have been built on the site of the house of the priest and confessor, Eusebius of Rome, who died c. 357. It is recorded as the Titulus Eusebii in the acts of the 499 synod. It is again mentioned in the acts of a council held in Rome under Pope Symmachus in 498. The church was rebuilt by Pope Zacharias, and was consecrated "in honorem beatorum Eusebii et Vincentii" by Pope Gregory IX, after the restoration of 1238. A plaque commemorating the rebuilding is located on the porch of the church.
The Romanesque style, dating back to this restoration, survived to the restorations of the 17th, 18th, and 20th centuries. The church once belonged to the Celestines. The annexed monastery housed one of the first printing workshop in the city. In 1627, the monastery was raised from a priory to an abbey, but abolished in 1810. The order subsequently became extinct. Pope Leo XII gave Sant'Eusebio to the Jesuits. After the Jesuits were expelled in 1873, the monastery was seized by the state, and Sant'Eusebio eventually became a parish church staffed by diocesan clergy.
The small piazza outside the church hosts an annual blessing for the animals on the 17 January – the feast of St. Anthony the Abbot. The tradition dates back to 1437 and was transferred to Sant'Eusebio in the early 20th century from the nearby Church of Sant’Antonio Abate.
The Titulus Sancti Eusebii is held by Cardinal Daniel DiNardo, Archbishop of Galveston-Houston in Texas, US.
Architecture
Roman ruins dating back to the second century have been discovered underneath the present building. It is first mentioned in 474, in an inscription in the catacombs of Saints Marcellino e Pietro. However, archeological remains suggest an original construction date of around the turn of the fifth century.
Only the bell tower remains of Gregory IX's renovations. The five-arched portico was erected in 1711.
Interior
The interior is separated into a nave with two flanking aisles. The present design dates to 1600 work by Onorio Longhi, who restored the presbytery, main altar, and choir. The ceiling fresco is a neoclassical masterpiece of Anton Raphael Mengs depicting the Glory of Sant'Eusebio (1757).
Other paintings in the church are attributed to Giuseppe Passeri (central nave window), Andreas Ruthart (choir, c. 1672), Baldassarre Croce (Jesus, Mary, and Saints near the main altar), Cesare Rossetti (Crucifix at the main altar facing choir), Pompeo Batoni (Madonna and Bambino near main altar) and Francesco Solimena.
The main altar has custody of the relics of St Eusebius of Rome, who is supposed to have commissioned and financed construction of the church in the 4th century.
List of Cardinal Priests
Valentine (492 - 494)
Probian (494 - ?)
Bono (590 - ?)
Stephen (745 - 761)
Theopempt (761 - ?)
Lucian (827 ? - 853)
Lucinus (853 - ?)
Robert of Paris (1088 - 1112/5)
John, O.S.B. (c. 1114 - 1121)
Robert (1121 - 1123)
Pierre 1130–1130, pseudo-cardinal of the Antipope Anacletus II
Robert Pullen (c. 1142–46)
Raniero 1165-1178
Ruggiero 1178-1221
Nicolas de Fréauville, OP 15 March 1305 – 15 January 1323
Raymond de Mostuejouls 28 December 1327 – 12 November 1335
Giovanni Visconti (archbishop of Milan) 19 Jan 1329-5 Oct 1354
Etienne de Poissy 22 September 1368 – 16 October 1373
Guglielmo Sanseverino 18 September 1378 – 24 November 1378
Francesco Moricotti Rignani Butillo November 1378-July 1380
Henry Beaufort 27 May 1426 – 11 July 1447
Astorgio Agnensi 3 January 1449 – 10 October 1451
Richard Olivier de Longueil 16 March 1462 – 17 August 1470
Oliviero Carafa 5 September 1470 – 24 July 1476; 24 July 1476 – 20 January 1511
Pietro Accolti 17 March 1511 – 18 December 1523; 18 December 1523 – 5 May 1527
Benedetto Accolti 5 May 1527 – 27 August 1534; 30 August 1530 – 21 September 1549
Francisco Mendoza de Bobadilla 28 February 1550 – 1 December 1566
Antonio Carafa 5 April 1568 – 8 April 1573; 12 December 1583 – 28 November 1584
Giulio Canani 28 November 1584 – 20 March 1591
Camillo Borghese 21 June 1596 – 10 March 1599
Arnaud d'Ossat 17 March 1559 – 13 March 1604
Ferdinando Taverna 25 June 1604 – 29 August 1619
Jean de Bonsi 3 March 1621 – 4 July 1621
Marcantonio Gozzadini 30 August 1621 – 23 May 1623
Giacomo Cavalieri 9 February 1626 – 28 January 1629
Giovanni Battista Pamphilj 12 August 1630 – 15 September 1644
Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni 17 October 1644 – 11 October 1655
Nicola Guidi di Bagno 23 April 1657 – 27 August 1663
Paolo Emilio Rondinini 30 April 1668 – 16 September 1669
Carlo Gualterio 15 January 1669 – 1 January 1673
Camillo Massimo 30 January 1673 – 19 October 1676
Pierre di Bonzi 28 November 1689 – 11 July 1703
Francesco Martelli 25 June 1706 – 29 September 1717
Imre Csáky 16 June 1721 – 28 August 1732
Pompeo Aldrovandi 12 April 1734 – 6 January 1752
Enrico Enriquez 22 July 1754 – 25 April 1756
Jean-François-Joseph de Rochechouart 5 January 1762 – 20 March 1777
Guglielmo Pallotta 28 July 1777 – 23 September 1782
Giovanni Andrea Archetti 27 June 1785 – 2 April 1800
Giuseppe Firrao 20 July 1801 – 24 January 1830
Paolo Polidori 1 August 1834 – 12 July 1841
Johann Rudolf Kutschker 25 June 1877 – 27 January 1881
Domenico Agostini 20 March 1882 – 7 June 1886
Cölestin Josef Ganglbauer, OSB 10 June 1886 – 14 December 1889
Joseph-Alfred Foulon 30 December 1889 – 23 January 1893
Benito Sanz y Forés 15 June 1893 – 1 November 1895
Antonio María Cascajares y Azara 25 June 1896 – 24 March 1898
Agostino Richelmy 22 June 1899 – 27 November 1911
János Csernoch 8 September 1914 – 26 July 1927
Carlo Dalmazio Minoretti 19 December1929-13 March 1938
Juan Gualberto Guevara 28 February 1946 – 27 November 1954
Franz König 18 December 1958 – 13 March 2004
Daniel DiNardo 24 November 2007 – present
References
External links
parish website
Titular churches
5th-century churches
Churches of Rome (rione Esquilino) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Eusebio |
Asteroids, including those in the asteroid belt, have been suggested as a possible site of space colonization. Motives include the survival of humanity, and the specific economic opportunity for asteroid mining. Obstacles include transportation distance, temperature, radiation, lack of gravity, and psychological issues.
Space habitats
Most asteroids have minerals that could be mined. Because these bodies do not have substantial gravity wells, only a low delta-V is needed to haul materials to a construction site.
There is estimated to be enough material in the main asteroid belt alone to build enough space habitats to equal the habitable surface area of 3,000 Earths.
Ceres
Ceres is a dwarf planet and the largest body in the asteroid belt. As it is cryovolcanic it has potential for asteroid mining of resources for colonization. Its gravitational pull is stronger than other bodies in the asteroid belt, making surface colonization a more realistic possibility.
Driving forces
One of the primary arguments for space colonization is to ensure the long-term survival of the human species. In the event of worldwide artificial or natural disaster a space colony would allow the human species to continue on. Michael Griffin, the NASA administrator in 2006, stated the case as follows:“... the goal isn't just scientific exploration ... it's also about extending the range of human habitat out from Earth into the solar system as we go forward in time ... In the long run a single-planet species will not survive ... If we humans want to survive for hundreds of thousands or millions of years, we must ultimately populate other planets.” A specific argument for asteroid colonization is the potential economic gain from asteroid mining. Asteroids contain a significant amount of valuable materials, including rare minerals and precious metals, which can be mined and transported back to Earth to be sold. With approximately as much iron as the world produces in 100,000 years, 16 Psyche is one such asteroid worth approximately $10 quintillion in metallic iron and nickel. NASA is planning a mission for October 10, 2023 for the Psyche orbiter to launch and get to the asteroid by August 2029 to study. 511 Davida could have $27 quadrillion worth of minerals and resources.
NASA estimates that between 1.1 and 1.9 million asteroids in the asteroid belt are larger than 1 kilometer in diameter. Millions are smaller. Approximately 8% of known main belt asteroids are similar in composition to 16 Psyche. One company, Planetary Resources, is already aiming to develop technologies with the goal of using them to mine asteroids. Planetary Resources estimates some 30-meter long asteroids to contain as much as $25 to $50 billion worth of platinum.
Transportation
Interplanetary spaceflight is a challenge because the asteroid belt is far, hundreds of millions of miles or km away. A human mission to Mars, tens of millions of miles or km, is similarly challenging. The Mars rover mission, for example, took 253 days to get to Mars. Russia, China, and the European Space Agency ran an experiment, called MARS-500, between 2007 and 2011 to gauge the physical and psychological limitations of crewed space flight. The experiment concluded that 18 months of solitude was the limit for a crewed space mission. With current technology the journey to the asteroid belt would be greater than 18 months, suggesting that a crewed mission may be beyond our current technological capabilities.
Landing
Asteroids are not large enough to produce significant gravity, making it difficult to land a spacecraft. Humans have yet to land a spacecraft on an asteroid in the asteroid belt, but uncrewed spacecraft have temporarily landed on a few asteroids, the first of which in 2001 was 433 Eros, a NEA from the Amor group, more recently 162173 Ryugu, another NEA of the Apollo group. This was part of the Hayabusa2 mission that was conducted by the Japanese Space Agency. The landing used four solar ionic thrusters and four reaction wheels for orientation control and orbit control of the spacecraft to land on Ryugu. These technologies may be applied to complete a successful similar landing in the asteroid belt.
Mining the Asteroid Belt from Mars
Since Mars is much closer to the Asteroid belt than Earth is, it would take less Delta-v to get to the Asteroid belt and return minerals to Mars. One hypothesis is that the origin of the Moons of Mars (Phobos and Deimos) are actually Asteroid captures from the Asteroid belt. Using the moon Phobos to launch spacecraft is energetically favorable and a useful location from which to dispatch missions to main belt asteroids. Mining the asteroid belt from Mars and its moons could help in the Colonization of Mars.
A space elevator based on Phobos could reduce the cost of transport. See Colonization_of_Mars#Transportation
Challenges for human habitation
Gravity
Lack of gravity has many adverse effects on human biology. Transitioning gravity fields has the potential to impact spatial orientation, coordination, balance, locomotion, and induce motion sickness. Asteroids, without artificial gravity, have relatively little gravity in comparison to earth. Without gravity working on the human body, bones lose minerals, and bone density decreases by 1% monthly. In comparison, the rate of bone loss for the elderly is between 1-1.5% yearly. The excretion of calcium from bones in space also places those in low gravity at a higher risk of kidney stones. Additionally, a lack of gravity causes fluids in the body to shift towards the head, possibly causing pressure in the head and vision problems.
Overall physical fitness tends to decrease as well, and proper nutrition becomes much more important. Without gravity, muscles are engaged less and overall movement is easier. Without intentional training, muscle mass, cardiovascular conditioning and endurance will decrease.
Artificial gravity
Artificial gravity offers a solution to the adverse effects of zero gravity on the human body. One proposition to implement artificial gravity on asteroids, investigated in a study conducted by researchers at the University of Vienna, involves hollowing out and rotating a celestial body. Colonists would then live within the asteroid, and the centrifugal force would simulate Earth's gravity. The researchers found that while it may be unclear as to whether asteroids would be strong enough maintain the necessary spin rate, they could not rule out such a project if the dimensions and composition of the asteroid were within acceptable levels.
Currently, there are no practical large-scale applications of artificial gravity for spaceflight or colonization efforts due to issues with size and cost. However, a variety of research labs and organizations have performed a number of tests utilizing human centrifuges to study the effects of prolonged sustained or intermittent artificial gravity on the body in an attempt to determine feasibility for future missions such as long-term spaceflight and space colonization. A research team at the University of Colorado Boulder found that they were able to make all participants in their study feel comfortable at approximately 17 revolutions per minute in a human centrifuge, without the motion sickness that tends to plague most trials of small-scale applications of artificial gravity. This offers an alternative method which may be more feasible considering the significantly reduced cost in comparison to larger structures.
Temperature
Most asteroids are located in the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter. This is a cold region, with temperatures ranging from -73 degrees Celsius to -103 degrees. Human life will require a consistent energy source for warmth.
Radiation
In space, cosmic rays and solar flares create a lethal radiation environment. Cosmic radiation has the potential to increase risk of heart disease, cancer, central nervous system disorder, and acute radiation syndrome. On Earth, we are protected by a magnetic field and our atmosphere, but asteroids lack this defense.
One possibility for defense against this radiation is living inside of an asteroid. It is estimated that humans would be sufficiently protected from radiation by burrowing 100 meters deep inside of an asteroid. However, the composition of asteroids creates an issue for this solution. Many asteroids are loosely organized rubble piles with very little structural integrity.
Psychology
Space travel has a huge impact on human psychology, including changes to brain structure, neural interconnectivity, and behavior.
Cosmic radiation has the ability to impact the brain, and has been studied extensively on rats and mice. These studies show the animals suffer from decreases in spatial memory, neural interconnectivity, and memory. Additionally, the animals had an increase in anxiety and fear.
The isolation of space and difficulty sleeping in the environment also contribute to psychological impacts. The difficulty of speaking with those on Earth can contribute to loneliness, anxiety, and depression. A Russian study simulated the psychological impacts of extended space travel. Six healthy males from various countries but with similar educational backgrounds to astronauts lived inside an enclosed module for 520 days in 2010–11. The members of the survey reported symptoms of moderate depression, abnormal sleep cycles, insomnia, and physical exhaustion.
In addition, NASA reports that missions on the global scale have ended or been halted due to mental issues. Some of these issues include shared mental delusions, depression, and becoming distressed from failed experiments.
However, in many astronauts, space travel can actually have a positive mental impact. Many astronauts report an increase of appreciation for the planet, purpose, and spirituality. This mainly results from the view of Earth from space.
See also
16 Psyche
Colonization of Mars
Asteroid mining
Mining the Asteroid Belt from Mars
Space colonization
Asteroid belt
Space habitat
Exploration of 16 Psyche - mission scheduled for 2023 launch and 2029 arrival
Gravity train
Space elevator
Orbital ring
References
Asteroids
+Asteroids
Asteroid mining | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization%20of%20the%20asteroid%20belt |
In mathematics, in the area of complex analysis, Nachbin's theorem (named after Leopoldo Nachbin) is commonly used to establish a bound on the growth rates for an analytic function. This article provides a brief review of growth rates, including the idea of a function of exponential type. Classification of growth rates based on type help provide a finer tool than big O or Landau notation, since a number of theorems about the analytic structure of the bounded function and its integral transforms can be stated. In particular, Nachbin's theorem may be used to give the domain of convergence of the generalized Borel transform, given below.
Exponential type
A function defined on the complex plane is said to be of exponential type if there exist constants and such that
in the limit of . Here, the complex variable was written as to emphasize that the limit must hold in all directions . Letting stand for the infimum of all such , one then says that the function is of exponential type .
For example, let . Then one says that is of exponential type , since is the smallest number that bounds the growth of along the imaginary axis. So, for this example, Carlson's theorem cannot apply, as it requires functions of exponential type less than .
Ψ type
Bounding may be defined for other functions besides the exponential function. In general, a function is a comparison function if it has a series
with for all , and
Comparison functions are necessarily entire, which follows from the ratio test. If is such a comparison function, one then says that is of -type if there exist constants and such that
as . If is the infimum of all such one says that is of -type .
Nachbin's theorem states that a function with the series
is of -type if and only if
Borel transform
Nachbin's theorem has immediate applications in Cauchy theorem-like situations, and for integral transforms. For example, the generalized Borel transform is given by
If is of -type , then the exterior of the domain of convergence of , and all of its singular points, are contained within the disk
Furthermore, one has
where the contour of integration γ encircles the disk . This generalizes the usual Borel transform for exponential type, where . The integral form for the generalized Borel transform follows as well. Let be a function whose first derivative is bounded on the interval , so that
where . Then the integral form of the generalized Borel transform is
The ordinary Borel transform is regained by setting . Note that the integral form of the Borel transform is just the Laplace transform.
Nachbin resummation
Nachbin resummation (generalized Borel transform) can be used to sum divergent series that escape to the usual Borel summation or even to solve (asymptotically) integral equations of the form:
where may or may not be of exponential growth and the kernel has a Mellin transform. The solution can be obtained as with and is the Mellin transform of . An example of this is the Gram series
in some cases as an extra condition we require to be finite for and different from 0.
Fréchet space
Collections of functions of exponential type can form a complete uniform space, namely a Fréchet space, by the topology induced by the countable family of norms
See also
Divergent series
Borel summation
Euler summation
Cesàro summation
Lambert summation
Mittag-Leffler summation
Phragmén–Lindelöf principle
Abelian and tauberian theorems
Van Wijngaarden transformation
References
L. Nachbin, "An extension of the notion of integral functions of the finite exponential type", Anais Acad. Brasil. Ciencias. 16 (1944) 143–147.
Ralph P. Boas, Jr. and R. Creighton Buck, Polynomial Expansions of Analytic Functions (Second Printing Corrected), (1964) Academic Press Inc., Publishers New York, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Library of Congress Card Number 63-23263. (Provides a statement and proof of Nachbin's theorem, as well as a general review of this topic.)
Integral transforms
Theorems in complex analysis
Summability methods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachbin%27s%20theorem |
Krasny Yar may refer to:
Krasny Yar (inhabited locality), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
Krasny Yar Krasnoyarsk, a Russian rugby union club based in Krasnoyarsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasny%20Yar |
The National Museum of Costume was located at Shambellie House, in New Abbey, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland and it formed part of the National Museums of Scotland. The museum started operating in 1982.
The museum allowed a look at fashion and the lifestyle of the wealthy from the 1850s to the 1950s. The clothes were presented in lifelike room settings. In January 2013, National Museums Scotland announced that the National Museum of Costume was to close and the site would not reopen for 2013.
Construction
Shambellie House is a Victorian country house and was designed by the Scottish architect David Bryce in 1856 for the Stewart family. Charles William Stewart's father had inherited Shambellie House before World War II. In 1976, Charles W. Stewart gave the costume collection he had built up over several years to the Royal Scottish Museum and handed over Shambellie House to the Department of the Environment.
Rooms
Each of the rooms presents clothes in different periods and for different events. The portrait paintings one can see around the house show the Stewart family.
Dining room
The dining room presents a scene in summer 1895.
"See the family members gathering for a summer evening party. The gentleman and lady of the house in evening wear ready to welcome further guests. A cold collation is already laid out, whilst the butler is arranging glasses on the side table.
Highlights include a beautiful selection of evening dresses and also a mourning dress, of black satin, trimmed with jet. The mourning process in Edwardian and Victorian society followed a strict code.
Furniture and paintings include a rosewood sideboard by Alexander Burgess, about 1890, a marble clock and matching vases, part of the original 19th century furnishings of the room, and an oak inlaid plinth, one of a pair designed by William Burges for Ruthin Castle, Wales, and is dated 1853. Also in the Dining Room is a portrait of Bethia Donaldson, the second wife of William Stewart (1750-1844) and mother of the William Stewart who built Shambellie."
Drawing room
A scene in May 1945 is presented in the drawing room.
"Members of the household and a visitor are gathering excitedly to listen to the latest news about the Second World War on the wireless. The room is furnished with 19th century sofa and chairs, a tea service is English porcelain about 1900, a display of nineteenth century ceramics, a gramophone dating from the 1920s and a portrait of Queen Victoria.
Shortages of fabrics during the war forced the introduction of the Utility Scheme in June 1941. All garments, even handkerchiefs, had to carry the CC41 symbol, indicating that they conformed to the regulated fabric amounts. This extended to all household textiles including tea towels as well as to furniture and other household items. The scheme continued until 1949. The hostess wears a printed rayon dress that bears the Utility label. 'Make Do and Mend' was one of the many war time slogans designed to encourage the public to recycle old out-of-date clothes.
A child's dress on display is a perfect example of this as it has been altered from an adult's and dates to 1943. The family are welcoming guests to afternoon tea - wartime food rationing would make the home-made scones, jam and cake on offer a very special treat."
Library
In the library, one can observe a scene which plays on 31 December 1952.
"It is 31 December 1952 and the family have been invited to the annual Hogmanay Ball by the Dumfries Chamber of Commerce at the Assembly Rooms. Father, mother and daughter are just gathering their bags, gloves and coats. On display are lovely examples of 1950s evening dresses including the daughter's dress, c1950, which is made of black machine made cotton lace over black taffeta with festoon and raised flower decorations made of sequins and beads and pink nylon "horsehair" rosettes with pearlised edges, made by the Cruikshank Salon, Greensmith Downes, Princes Street. Edinburgh.
Several prints hang on the walls, all connected to the Stewart family. A portrait of Captain William Stewart (1879 -1930) hangs over the fireplace, commissioned from David Alison in about 1913. On either side of the fireplace hang portraits of William Craik of Arbigland (artist unknown) and his wife, Elizabeth Stewart of Shambellie, by William de Nune, painted in the 1740s"
Hall
"The hall of any house is intended to say something important about its owner. For someone visiting the house for the first time it would convey the owner's status, wealth and taste. They would be asked to wait in the hall for some time giving them a chance to survey the paintings, furniture and other trophies. Hopefully they would be suitably impressed!
In the hall of Shambellie House stands a grandfather clock by D Duff, Paisley, mid 19th century and a long bench, one of several used until recently in the library of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, Queen Street, Edinburgh.
There are photographs of William Stewart of Shambellie, the builder of the house, and his wife, Katherine Hardie and portrait of his father, also William Stewart (1750-1844) painted in about 1790 by an unknown artist."
Upstairs landing
"The linen cupboard shows some of the Museum's collection of household linen, other soft furnishings and lavender bags.
Strict regimes were often laid down about household linen; items were often marked as to what belonged to each room and exact timetables were adhered to for changing beds and towels.
Laundry was usually done once a week with one or two people from the village being brought in especially for the extremely heavy work of boiling, washing, drying and ironing. Fine and delicate items would be laundered separately.
Winter curtains and other furnishings were often changed for summer ones in the spring and vice-versa. The un-used sets being cleaned and store in cupboards such as these. Lavender and other perfumed sachets were employed to give the linens a sweet smell and to keep away moths.
Along the bedroom corridors are hung various engravings including fashion plates and portraits."
Bedroom
A day in September 1945 is shown in the bedroom.
"In this room visitors see an older woman and her granddaughter are getting dressed for a local ball to celebrate the end of British military action in the Far East. The Second World War is usually taken to have ended on the 8th of May 1945 when fighting ceased in Europe. However many British families and communities had to wait until the autumn to celebrate the homecoming of loved ones
The grandmother is wearing a black satin evening dress with a pattern of flowers and leaves in green and cream. It is in a typical 1940s style with broad shoulders and a sweet-heart neckline. New long dresses were not available to buy during the war, so it may have been adapted from an existing dress, or made from material bought before 1939. Everyone in Britain had the same restricted access to new clothing during the war. However, the wealthier sections of society began the war with bigger wardrobes and therefore it was easier for them to 'keep up appearances'.
Her granddaughter is wearing a red velvet dress of 1943, which has been made from adult's clothing. This is another good example of how even wealthy people had to 'Make do and Mend' during the war.
A set of brushes and bottles on the dressing table were a wedding present to Mrs Kathleen Bibby in 1932. The hairdryer is typical of those used in the 1930s.
Country houses can be notoriously cold, even in September, therefore the grandmother has the luxury of an electric hot water bottle to ensure a good night's sleep. A 1930's electric fire stands in the hearth.
The rug is from Sanandaj, Iran about 1870."
Playroom
A scene of an early evening in August 1913 is presented in the playroom.
"Here we see the nanny is caring for the latest addition to the family. Toys, clothes and baby paraphernalia are strewn around the room. Centre stage is a beautifully carved wooden rocking horse.
In this scene the mother is off to an afternoon function and wears a high-waisted day dress, circa1910, made of maroon wool with a woven strip with a deep band of net edged with maroon velvet forms a low decorative collar; this is heavily embroidered with silk and metal thread.
The little boy wears a traditional white summer sailor suit. The young Prince Edward first started the trend for sailor suits when he posed for a portrait by the painter Winterhalter in 1846 dressed in an exact replica made by the official naval outfitters. It remained a popular outfit for boys throughout the second part of the 19th and early 20th century. Wide brimmed straw hats trimmed with a ribbon complemented these.
A high chair, perambulator and wheeled baby chair are also on display.
Samplers are also displayed around the walls - these are typically Scottish and reflect the themes young girls would have been encouraged to use as suitable subjects whilst learning the different techniques of embroidery and needlework.
Alongside these are paintings of Dorothea and Euphemia Stewart, the 14th and 15th children of William Stewart (1750 -1844) and his first wife, Anne Murray, painted in about 1803 by John Allen of Dumfries."
Room with a view
"This former bedroom has the best views in the house and has been deliberately left so that visitors can circulate freely and appreciate why this site was chosen for the house. On the walls some information is given about the village of New Abbey and the building of Shambellie.
From one of the windows the ruins of Sweetheart Abbey can just be seen and on a clear day, in the far distance, the hills of Cumbria. Criffel, the mountain that dominates the skyline for miles around, can be seen from the other window. All around are the woods and forestry plantations of the Shambellie estate.
In the next door rooms are displayed some of the pieces from Charles Stewart's collection which do not fit into the themes or time-scale of the period rooms. At present the theme is fancy dress. Fancy dress was extremely popular for parties and balls in Victorian times. People sometimes posed for portraits in costumes from classical or romantic costume and a number of wonderful costumes are on display including an '18th century Venetian woman' outfit probably from the 1930s, a Pierrot costume made from curtaining material, and worn by Sydney E Taylor, who won First Prize in it at a ball on board ship for Brazil about 1920-5 and part of an 1890s 'Knave of Hearts' costume."
Bathroom
One can watch an early morning scene in November 1905 in the bathroom.
"A Paisley shawl is hung on a towel rail in front of the bath. These shawls were highly fashionable for women's daywear until around 1870. By 1905 a beautiful Paisley shawl might still have been used to visit a chilly country house bathroom.
The lady has braved the elements allowing a glimpse of her beautifully embroidered cotton nightgown of about 1905. She has rolled her hair in strips of cotton the night before. This was a popular way to ensure curled hair.
The bidet is late 18th century and was bequeathed to the Museum by Lady Clementina Waring.
The linen is from the Museum collections and the other items are lent by the Stewart family."
Sitting room
A late summer afternoon in 1882 is presented in the sitting room.
"The home, in Victorian times, was regarded as a haven from the busy world of commerce and politics outside. It was the domain of women who were expected to create cosy, comfortable surroundings. Women strove to be respectable, capable and accomplished home-makers who had to manage servants, budgets and plan menus for the household. Pastimes of this period reflected this ideal of domesticity in sewing and embroidery as well as painting, drawing, reading and playing music.
This room features four figures in clothes that date from the 1873 to early 1880s period. It was typical of the time that some people wore more up-to-date styles than others; whether people wore the very latest fashions depended on their tastes, income and also their age.
This period saw many changes in the fashionable body shape or silhouette that are clearly shown by the outfits displayed. All four dresses are examples of the bustle style, which was a way of exaggerating the size and shape of the bottom through the use of specialised underwear.
A purple silk dress highlights the fact that new technologies were being developed in the Victorian era. In the 1850s aniline dyes, the first synthetic dyes were invented and one of the first to be developed was aniline purple. This dress would have been worn by the most fashionable woman in the room as its shape and ruched, or gathered, detailing is typical of styles that can be seen in fashion plates and journals of the early 1880s.
A grey, silk dress on show was originally worn in 1873 by a Scottish bride, reflecting the popular practice of the time to wear coloured, formal day clothes for a wedding. White wedding dresses appeared from the mid-eighteenth century and became commonly worn from around 1800.
In the fireplace stands an embroidered fire screen with Daniel in the Lions Den, dating from about 1850-60. On the mantelpiece two hand screens can be seen that were used to shield the face from the fire."
Accessories room
"No outfit is ever complete without the right accessories. The plainest of dresses can look the height of glamour with the right bag & shoes. Fans & parasols are not so common now but were once an essential part of attire for the well dressed woman. The decoration lavished on these small articles is often quite stunning; their very size meant that expensive and even exotic materials were used to provide that unique look.
Here you can see beetle wing cases, tortoiseshell, ivory, pearls, feathers from exotic birds, and even in one case a whole humming-bird! (Attitudes have changed quite a lot to the use of animals in adornment)."
Changes in costume
The way people dress changed over the years. Today's fashion is completely different from the fashion that was worn from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century.
From 1850 - 1900
The 1850s are well known for the crinolines, which reached greatest popularity around 1860. The crinolines were made of whalebone and were covered with layers of flounced petticoats. The dresses were made of several materials such as brocade, taffeta, silk and velvet. There was a difference between dresses for the day and dresses for the evening. Dark coloured fabrics were usually used for day dresses. In complete contrast to this, the evening dresses were usually white. Very fashionable were also flounced dresses with flower prints, stripes and bands. The sleeves were worn wider; they were no longer fitted to the wrist.
Flounced dresses went out of fashion soon and women began to wear skirts over the crinoline frames. But not only the fabric changed, the colour did, too. There were used warmer tones like brown and dark red.
In the late 1860s, the crinolines disappeared and the bustles came into fashion in the 1870s. This led to a change in the dresses' shapes. The bustle, retained at the back, was worn under petticoats. Because of this bustle the gowns often had elaborate folds at the back. Typical for this type of dresses was the front fastening bodice. The bodice was used for shaping the body from the shoulder to the hips. In the 1880s, the so-called "princess line" was very fashionable. The princess line is defined by a bodice and a skirt which doesn't have a waist seam. The sleeves changed from wider to close fitting again. Special for the evening dresses were the short puffed sleeves. Also typical for this time were dresses made of two textiles and two colours. Usually, colours such as white, blue, lilac, grey, pink and pale brown were used but in the 1880s the colours became stronger.
From 1900 - 1950
Probably the most important factors that influenced fashion worn in the first half of the 20th century were the Boer War (1899–1902), World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945).
At the beginning of the century, the bulky skirts were replaced by the sheath line silhouette. The first hobble skirts showed up. They were close-fitting and often seemed to shackle below the knee. The hobble skirt period lasted for about 5 years. It ended in 1914 when the Great War began.
As already mentioned, the South African War also played a role in fashion. It influenced the design and colouring of women's dress. Examples for the influence are khaki hats and blouses with red applications or yellow skirts. Khaki, red and yellow are colours that can be found in traditional clothing of African peoples.
The Edwardian era (1901–1910) introduced a new style in women's underclothing. The underclothing was very different from the one that was worn in the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, people became aware of the sex attraction underclothing is capable to display. Also en vogue was the so-called "Ulster". "Ulster" was the name that was used for certain top coats. Three-quarter and full-length capes with wide revers were very common at this time. In 1907, women wore coats that looked like men's morning coats and in 1908 ground-length coats came into fashion. In 1909, the so-called full-length or half-length "Russian" coat became popular. The "Russian" coat was characterized by a belt and an embroidered border. Coats with horizontal decoration bands or with big buttons became fashionable, too.
The changes in fashion which had begun at the very beginning of the 20th century were suppressed by new styles that arose during World War I. Between 1913 and 1916, the brassiere was introduced and the emphasis in evening dresses was put on the bosom. However, from 1915 on, skirts became wider and shorter and the cut of jackets and coats was influenced by the army officer's tunic. In 1918, waists and the bosom did not play a big role anymore. The middle of the body became more important. This resulted in the attempt to introduce a "National Standard Dress", which ended unsuccessfully.
After the war there was a backsliding in fashion to 1913. Skirts were longer and the hobble skirt was en vogue again; but also tight tube-like dresses were worn in these days. This led to a reduction of the mass of underclothing and put more emphasis on the body itself.
From 1920 to 1930, the focus in fashion was on youth. This was an effect of the war since the death of many young men resulted in a glorification of the male youth. It became typical for girls to flatten their breasts and to hide their waist since this was the ideal of a girl in this time. The beginning recovery of economy might be the factor that brought a change in fashion again in 1925. Women's clothes, especially evening wear, were cut in a more feminine line but important to mention the ideal of the youthfulness was still alive. The first skirts with a flare and flounces were introduced. As the skirts had been very short up to that point, from 1928 on they became longer.
Also important to mention is the emergence of the zip fastener. First used in the U.S. Navy, it was found in 1925 in Britain, too.
With the Great Depression came the change to a feminine ideal of womanliness again. The waist line was put higher and the skirts became longer. In addition, the cut of women's clothes was more complex, which made a more elegant silhouette. In contrast to the day costume, the evening costume exudes much more sex appeal.
Furthermore, royal occasions had influence on fashion in the 1930s, e.g. the marriage of the Duke of Kent to Princess Marina of Greece in 1934, the Silver Jubilee of King George V in 1935 and the Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1937. The wardrobes of women with fashion awareness contained Marina hats, Jubilee blue and Royal purple.
During World War II, the woman's wardrobe was reduced to a minimum. In 1942, "utility" clothes were introduced. The utility clothes included suits, dresses and top coats. The standard patterns for these clothes were produced by a committee of designers. The prices for these clothes were controlled. Something special about it was the label that looked like a double crescent, which all clothes carried. The "utility" clothes should create a uniform style for all civilians, even though the manufactures achieved differences in the clothes.
The end of war brought a tenor among women for anti-uniforms, longer skirts and curves. After the traditional materials reappeared, the new synthetics and plastics came up in 1946. Christian Dior created the "New Look" in France at this time. This look did not find real acceptance in Britain.
In 1949, the next remarkable change in costume started. The skirts length was reduced from very long to thirteen inches from the ground. The shape was a middle course between wide and slim.
As a lot of women had to wear trousers during the war, they began to wear trousers by choice at this point.
Together with the synthetics and plastics, nylon also emerged in 1946. In the post-war years, nylon was available for people from ex-R.A.F. parachutes. People began to make blouses, lingerie, children's wear, curtains and several other things out of these parachutes.
Site closure
As a consequence of the economic recession, National Museums Scotland announced the site was to close in January 2013.
References
Bibliography
Alan Mansfield & Phillis Cunnington (1973). Handbook of English Costume in the Twentieth century, 1900-1950. London: Faber and Faber Limited,
Iris Brooke (1972). A History of English Costume. New York: Theatre Arts Books
External links
National Museums Scotland website
Costume
Museums in Dumfries and Galloway
Fashion museums in the United Kingdom
Historic house museums in Dumfries and Galloway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Museum%20of%20Costume |
The following are the association football events of the year 1999 throughout the world.
Events
Manchester United won the UEFA Champions League, FA Cup and Premiership to cap off an unprecedented European Treble.
1999 Copa Libertadores: Won by Palmeiras after defeating Deportivo Cali 4–3 on a penalty shootout after a final aggregate score of 2–2.
FIFA Women's World Cup – United States won 0–0, 5–4 on penalty kicks, over China
Confederations Cup – Mexico won the tournament after beating Brazil 4–3
March 14 – New J.League Division 2 (J2) season started with ten clubs, one relegated from previous season's J.League and nine promoted from former Japan Football League.
May 22 – Manchester United wins the FA Cup with a 2–0 win over Newcastle United. The goals are scored by Teddy Sheringham and Paul Scholes.
August 8 – Feyenoord wins the Johan Cruyff Shield, the annual opening of the new season in the Eredivisie, by a 3–2 win over Ajax at the Amsterdam Arena.
September 11 – Manager Hans Meyer from Germany resigns at Dutch club Twente, and is replaced by former player Fred Rutten.
October 27 – Dutch club Sparta Rotterdam fires manager Jan Everse, who is replaced by Dolf Roks.
October 30 – Manager Herbert Neumann is fired at Dutch club Vitesse. Ronald Koeman will replace him on 1 January 2000. In the meantime former player Edward Sturing takes control.
November 5 – Italy's Veneto wins the first UEFA Regions' Cup, beating Spain's Madrid 3–2, after extra time, in Abano Terme.
November 30 – Manchester United wins the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo by defeating Brazil's Palmeiras: 1–0. The only goal for the English club is scored by Roy Keane in the 35th minute.
December 29 – Manager Jimmy Calderwood leaves Dutch club NEC and is succeeded by former player Ron de Groot.
Winners national club championship
Asia
AFC Champions League
1998-99 Winner: Japan - Júbilo Iwata Runners Up: Iran - Esteghlal
Europe
– Croatia Zagreb
– Sparta Prague
– Manchester United
- Haka Valkeakoski
– Bordeaux
– Bayern Munich
– KR
– A.C. Milan
Eredivisie – Feyenoord
Eerste Divisie – Den Bosch
– Porto
– Rangers
– Barcelona
– Galatasaray
– Partizan
North America
– Toronto Olympians (CPSL)
Verano – Toluca
Invierno – Pachuca
– D.C. United (MLS)
South America
Argentina
Clausura – Boca Juniors
Apertura – River Plate
Bolivia – Blooming
Brazil – Corinthians
Chile – Universidad de Chile
Ecuador – LDU Quito
Paraguay – Olimpia Asunción
Peru – Universitario de Deportes
International tournaments
UNCAF Nations Cup in San José, Costa Rica (March 17–28, 1999)
Canada Cup in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (June 2–6, 1999)
Copa América in Paraguay (June 29 – July 18, 1999)
Pan American Games in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (July 23 – August 7, 1999)
Men's Tournament
Women's Tournament
FIFA U-20 World Cup in Nigeria (April 3–24, 1999)
FIFA U-17 World Championship in New Zealand (November 10–27, 1999)
National team results
Europe
South America
Movies
Soccer Dog: The Movie (US)
There's Only One Jimmy Grimble (UK)
Births
1 January: Gianluca Scamacca, Italian footballer
5 January: Mattias Svanberg, Swedish footballer
9 January: Maximiliano Romero, Argentinian footballer
16 January: Joe White, English footballer
19 January:
Donyell Malen, Dutch footballer
Valentino Müller, Austrian footballer
23 January:
Alban Lafont, French footballer
Malang Sarr, French footballer
24 January: Shan Huanhuan, Chinese footballer
4 February: Mohammad Soltani Mehr, Iranian footballer
17 February: Oscar Krusnell, Swedish footballer
20 February: Witthawat Sailam, Thai professional footballer
25 February: Gianluigi Donnarumma, Italian international goalkeeper
12 March: Vladislav Rubin, Belarusian professional footballer
18 March: Diogo Dalot, Portuguese international footballer
29 March: Ezequiel Barco, Argentinian footballer
31 March: Jens Odgaard, Danish footballer
14 April: Matteo Guendouzi, French footballer
24 April: Jonathan Leko, English footballer
7 May: Cody Gakpo, Dutch footballer
25 May: Ibrahima Konaté, French footballer
3 June: Dan-Axel Zagadou, French footballer
10 June: Rafael Leão, Portuguese footballer
11 June: Kai Havertz, German international
23 June:
Linton Maina, German footballer
24 June: Darwin Núñez, Uruguayan international
2 July: Nicolò Zaniolo, Italian international
17 July: Stahl Gubag, Papua New Guinean international
3 August: Brahim Díaz, Spanish footballer
12 August: Matthijs de Ligt, Dutch international
5 October: Connor McLennan, Scottish youth international
15 October: Ben Woodburn, Welsh international
10 November: João Félix, Portuguese international
18 November: Domingos Quina, Portuguese footballer
4 December: Tahith Chong, Dutch footballer
10 December: Reiss Nelson, English footballer
Deaths
January
January 6 – Ottavio Misefari (89), Italian footballer
January 6 – Lajos Tichy (63), Hungarian footballer
January 18 – Horace Cumner (80), Welsh footballer
March
March 30 – Igor Netto (69), Soviet footballer
April
April 28 – Sir Alfred Ramsey (79), English footballer and manager
July
July 20– Abderrahmane Boubekeur, Algerian goalkeeper, former player of AS Monaco FC, the FLN football team and the Algeria national football team. (68)
July 28 – Carlos Romero, Uruguayan forward, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (71)
August
August 23 – Georges Boulogne (81), French footballer
November
November 14 – Bert Jacobs (58), Dutch footballer and manager
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20in%20association%20football |
The Luther Bible () is a German language Bible translation by the Protestant reformer Martin Luther. A New Testament translation by Luther was first published in September 1522, and the completed Bible, containing a translation of the Old and New Testaments with Apocrypha, in 1534. Luther continued to make improvements to the text until 1545. It was the first full translation of the Bible into German that used not only the Latin Vulgate but also the Greek.
Luther did not translate the entire Bible by himself; he relied on a team of translators and helpers that included Philip Melanchthon, a scholar of Koine Greek who motivated and assisted Luther's New Testament translation from Greek, and Matthäus Aurogallus, a linguist and scholar of Hebrew. One of the textual bases of the New Testament translation was the Latin and Greek versions, and its philological annotations, recently published by the Dutch Catholic humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam and called the Novum Testamentum omne (1519).
The project absorbed Luther's later years. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany, promoting the development of non-local forms of language and exposing all speakers to forms of German from outside their own areas. Thanks to the then recently invented printing press, the result was widely disseminated and contributed significantly to the development of today's modern High German language.
Previous German translations
A number of Bible translations into German, both manuscript and printed, were produced prior to Luther's birth. Starting around the year 1460 at least eighteen complete German Bible editions, ninety editions in the vernacular of the Gospels and the readings of the Sundays and Holy Days, and some fourteen German Psalters were printed, sometimes in multiple editions. These were all translations from the Latin Vulgate not influenced by the emerging Hebrew and Greek scholarship.
Luther's New Testament translation
While he was sequestered in the Wartburg Castle for three months (Dec 8, 1521–early March 1522), Luther began to translate the New Testament from Latin and Greek into German in order to make it more accessible to all the people of the "Holy Roman Empire of the German nation".
Luther used Erasmus' second edition (1519) of the Latin New Testament with Greek (later developed into the Textus Receptus) and annotations. After leaving the castle, he revised passages obscure to him with the assistance of Greek specialist Phillip Melanchthon. Like Erasmus, Luther had learned some Greek at the Latin schools led by the Brethren of the Common Life (Erasmus in Deventer, the Netherlands; and Luther in Magdeburg, Germany). These lay brothers had added Greek as a new subject to their curriculum in the late 15th century. At that time Greek was seldom taught even at universities.
Known as the "September Bible", this translation included only the New Testament and was printed in September 1522. Luther also published the Bible in the small octavo format.
To help him in translating into contemporary German, Luther made forays into nearby towns and markets to listen to people speaking. He wanted to ensure their comprehension by translating as closely as possible to their contemporary language usage. This translation, known as the "September Bible", was published in September 1522, six months after he had returned to Wittenberg. In the opinion of the 19th-century theologian and church historian Philip Schaff,
The same writer notes
Old Testament translation
The Old Testament was translated using a Masoretic text of Soncino, the Vulgate of Jerome, the Septuagint, and, later, Latin versions by Santes Pagnino and by Sebastian Münster.
Publication of the complete Bible translation
The translation of the entire Bible into German was published in a six-part edition in 1534, a collaborative effort of Luther and many others such as Johannes Bugenhagen, Justus Jonas, Caspar Creuziger, Philipp Melanchthon, Matthäus Aurogallus, and Georg Rörer. Luther worked on refining the translation up to his death in 1546; he had worked on the edition that was printed that year.
The 1534 edition issued by the Hans Lufft press in Wittenberg included 117 original woodcuts. This reflected the recent trend (since 1522) of including artwork to reinforce the textual message.
Luther's Bible was a bestseller in its time. About 200,000 copies in hundreds of reprinted editions appeared before Luther died in 1546. However, the book remained too expensive for most people; an unbound copy of the complete 1534 Bible cost the equivalent of a month's wages for the average laborer. Instead, the Bible was bought by churches, pastors, and schools.
Johannes Bugenhagen published a Middle Low German version in 1534.
Editions and revisions
Revisions were made during and after Luther's lifetime, sometimes with multiple editions in a single year. The 1530 edition is regarded as his most thoroughgoing revision of the New Testament. The successive revisions were less constrained by Latin and Greek.
In 2017, a revised version was published for the 500th anniversary of the posting of the Ninety-five Theses.
Books of the Luther Bible
The complete 1534 edition of the Luther Bible contains a total of 75 books, including 39 books of the Old Testament, 9 books of the Apocrypha, and 27 books of the New Testament:
Mistranslations and controversies
Luther controversially added the word "alone" (allein in German) to Romans 3:28 so that it read: "So now we hold, that man is justified without the help of the works of the law, alone through faith". The word "alone" does not appear in the Greek texts, but Luther defended his translation by maintaining that the adverb "alone" was required both by idiomatic German and the apostle Paul's intended meaning according to his interpretation, and that sola had been used in Western theological tradition before him.
Many Protestant scholars have noted the bias in Luther's translation, including Anglican apologist Alister McGrath:
The 2017 version has added footnotes on Romans 1:17, Romans 2:13, Romans 3:21, and Romans 3:28 that warn about the deliberate mistranslations Luther committed. For example, while the text of the 2017 version retains the disputed word "alone" (So halten wir nun dafür, dass der Mensch gerecht wird ohne des Gesetzes Werke, allein durch den Glauben), the footnote gives a "literal" translation (Wörtlich: »dass der Mensch aus Glauben gerechtfertigt wird, ohne Werke des Gesetzes«) for the second half of the verse.
Another controversial translation in the 1522 New Testament is 1 Timothy 2:4, which translates that God wills that all men "be helped" () rather than the expected "be saved" for .
Karl-Heinz Göttert, a professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Cologne, in reference to his book Luther's Bible - History of a Hostile Takeover noted:
Luther did not know ancient Greek well, and when he referenced the Greek New Testament, he relied on his friend Melanchthon and a number of other philologists. Significant changes correcting Luther's translations were made in the 2017 version of the Luther Bible.
Luther also added German legal terminology which is not found in the original text, for example in Matthew 23.5. There were also many understandable mistranslations due to a lack of knowledge, such as in Psalms 104 where he mistranslated chamois as "rabbit" because he did not know what a chamois was.
View of canonicity
Initially Luther had a low view of the Old Testament book of Esther and of the New Testament books of Hebrews, James, Jude, and the Revelation of John. He called the Letter of James "an epistle of straw", finding little in it that pointed to Christ and his saving work. He also had harsh words for the Revelation of John, saying that he could "in no way detect that the Holy Spirit produced it". In his translation of the New Testament, Luther moved Hebrews and James out of the usual order, to join Jude and the Revelation at the end, and differentiated these from the other books which he considered "the true and certain chief books of the New Testament. The four which follow have from ancient times had a different reputation." His views on some of these books changed in later years, and became more positive.
Luther chose to place the books he considered Biblical apocrypha between the Old and New Testaments. These books and addenda to Biblical canon of the Old Testament are found in the ancient Greek Septuagint but not in the Hebrew Masoretic text. Luther left the translating of them largely to Philipp Melanchthon and Justus Jonas. Though included, they were not numbered in the table of contents of his 1532 Old Testament, and in the 1534 Bible they were given the well-known title: "Apocrypha: These Books Are Not Held Equal to the Scriptures, but Are Useful and Good to Read". See also Development of the Christian Biblical canon.
Influence
A large part of Luther's significance was in his influence on the emergence of the German language and national identity. This stemmed predominantly from his translation of the Bible into the vernacular, which was potentially as revolutionary as canon law and the burning of the papal bull.
Publishing success
The Luther Bible was not the first translation of the Bible into German. A previous German translation from 1350 translated exclusively from the Vulgate, printed by Johann Mentelin in 1466, has been called linguistically clumsy and partially incomprehensible.
Luther's goal was to equip every German-speaking Christian with the ability to hear the Word of God, and his completing his translation of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into the vernacular by 1534 was one of the most significant acts of the Reformation.
Although Luther was not the first to attempt such a translation, his has been called superior to all its predecessors. Previous translations had contained poor German, and had been from the Vulgate Latin translation only, i.e. translations of a translation rather than including any direct translation into German from the originals. However, at least some passages can be explained as translations from the Vulgate.
Luther sought to translate as closely to the original text as possible, but at the same time his translation was guided by how people spoke in the home, on the street, and in the marketplace. Luther's faithfulness to the language spoken by the common people was to produce a work which they could relate to. This led later German writers such as Goethe and Nietzsche to praise Luther's Bible.
Moreover, because Luther's Bible was printed, it could spread rapidly and could be read by or to all. Hans Lufft, the Bible printer in Wittenberg, printed over 100,000 copies between 1534 and 1574, and these were read by or to millions. Luther's vernacular Bible came to be present in virtually every German-speaking Protestant's home, and there can be no doubts regarding the Biblical knowledge attained by the German common masses. Luther even had large-print Bibles made for those who had failing eyesight. German humanist Johann Cochlaeus complained that
Luther's New Testament was so much multiplied and spread by printers that even tailors and shoemakers, yea, even women and ignorant persons who had accepted this new Lutheran gospel, and could read a little German, studied it with the greatest avidity as the fountain of all truth. Some committed it to memory, and carried it about in their bosom. In a few months such people deemed themselves so learned that they were not ashamed to dispute about faith and the gospel not only with Catholic laymen, but even with priests and monks and doctors of divinity."
Emergence of modern German
Luther's German Bible and its widespread circulation facilitated the emergence of a standard, modern German language for the German-speaking people throughout the Holy Roman Empire, an empire extending through and beyond present-day Germany. It is also considered a landmark in German literature, with Luther's vernacular style often praised by modern German sources for the forceful vigor ("kraftvolles Deutsch") with which he translated the Holy Scripture.
The spread of Luther's Bible translation had implications for the German language. The German language had developed into so many dialects that German speakers from different regions could barely understand each other. This led Luther to conclude that “I have so far read no book or letter in which the German language is properly handled. Nobody seems to care sufficiently for it; and every preacher thinks he has a right to change it at pleasure and to invent new terms." Scholars preferred to write in the Latin which they all understood.
Luther's Bible translation, based primarily on Saxon Chancery language used in royal courts and his native Upper Saxon dialect and enriched with the vocabulary of German poets and chroniclers, was a step on the path to a standardized German language, as Early New High German developed into modern "neuhochdeutsch." A contemporary of Luther's, Erasmus Alberus, labeled him the German Cicero, as he reformed not only religion but the German language also.
Luther's Bible has been hailed as the first German "classic", comparable to the English King James Version of the Bible. German-speaking Protestant writers and poets such as Klopstock, Herder, and Lessing owe stylistic qualities to Luther's vernacular Bible. Luther adapted words to the capacity of the German public and through the pervasiveness of his German Bible, created and spread the modern German language.
National identity
Luther's vernacular Bible also had a role in the creation of a German national identity. Because it penetrated every German-speaking Protestant home, the language of his translation became part of a German national heritage. Luther's program of exposure to the words of the Bible was extended into every sphere of daily life and work, illuminating moral considerations for Germans. It gradually became infused into the culture of the whole nation and occupied a permanent space in a German history.
According to some hagiographers, the popularity and influence of his translation gave Luther confidence to act as a spokesperson of a nation and as the leader of an anti-Roman movement throughout Germany. It made it possible for him to be a prophet of a new German national identity and helped form the spirit of a new epoch in German history. The existence of the vernacular Bible was a public affirmation of empowerment and reform, such as might deprive any elite or priestly class of exclusive control over words, as well as over the word of God.
Through the translation, Luther was intending to make it easier for "simple people" to understand what he was teaching. In some major controversies of the time, even some evangelicals, let alone the commoners, did not understand the reasons for disagreement; and Luther wanted to help those who were confused to see that the disagreement between himself and the Roman Catholic Church was real and had significance. So the translation of the Bible would allow the common people to become aware of the issues at hand and develop an informed opinion. The common individual would thus be given the right to have a mind, spirit, and opinion, to exist not as an economic functionary but as subject to complex and conflicting aspirations and motives. In this sense, Luther's vernacular Bible acted as a force towards the liberation of the German people.
Luther's vernacular Bible broke the domination and unity of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe. He had claimed Holy Scripture to be the sole authority, and through his translation every individual would be able to abide by its authority, and might nullify his or her need for a monarchical pope. As Bishop John Fisher put it, Luther's Bible had “stirred a mighty storm and tempest in the church”.
Literacy and order
Although not as significantly as on German linguistics, Luther's Bible also made a large impression on educational reform throughout Germany. Luther's goal of a readable, accurate translation of the Bible became a stimulus towards universal education, since everyone should be able to read in order to understand the Bible. At the time, only 5% of Germans had good literacy, 30% in the cities, though estimates vary from 1% to 17%. Luther followed Erasmus, who followed Thomas More, on the benefits of educating girls.
Luther believed that mankind had fallen from grace and was ruled by selfishness, but had not lost moral consciousness: all were sinners and needed to be educated. Thus his vernacular Bible could become a means of establishing a form of law, order, and morality which everyone could abide by, if all could read and understand it. The possibility of understanding the vernacular Bible allowed Luther to found a State Church and educate his followers into a law-abiding community. The Protestant states of Germany became educational states, which encouraged the spirit of teaching which was ultimately fueled by Luther's vernacular Bible.
Used as basis of other translations
Finally, Luther's translated Bible also had international significance in the spread of Christianity. Luther's translation influenced the English translations by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale, who in turn inspired many other translations of the Bible such as the Bishops' Bible of 1568, the Douay–Rheims Bible of 1582–1609, and the King James Version of 1611. It also inspired translations in Scandinavia and the Netherlands. In a metaphor, it was Luther who 'broke the walls' of translation in western Europe and once such walls had fallen, the way was open to all, including some who were quite opposed to Luther's beliefs. Luther's Bible spread its influence for the remolding of Western European culture in the ferment of the sixteenth century. The worldwide implications of the translation far surpassed the expectations of even Luther himself.
Excerpted examples
See also
Elector Bible
German Bible translations
Protestant Bible
Permanent Exhibition Luther and the Bible at Lutherhaus Eisenach
References
Notes
Further reading
Antliff, Mark. The Legacy of Martin Luther. Ottawa, McGill University Press, 1983
Atkinson, James. Martin Luther and the Birth of Protestantism. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1968
Bindseil, H.E. and Niemeyer, H.A. Dr. Martin Luther's Bibelübersetzung nach der letzten Original-Ausgabe, kritisch bearbeitet. 7 vols. Halle, 1845–55. [The N. T. in vols. 6 and 7. A critical reprint of the last edition of Luther (1545). Niemeyer died after the publication of the first volume. Comp. the Probebibel (the revised Luther-Version), Halle, 1883. Luther's Sendbrief vom Dolmetschen und Fürbitte der Heiligen (with a letter to Wenceslaus Link, Sept. 12, 1530), in Walch, XXI. 310 sqq., and the Erl. Frkf. ed., vol. LXV. 102–123.] Free open access edition with new English translation by Howard Jones for the Taylor Institution Reformation Pamphlet Series with an introduction by Henrike Lähnemann.
Bluhm, Heinz. Martin Luther: Creative Translator. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1965.
Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. 3 Volumes. James L. Schaaf, trans. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–1993. , , .
.
.
Gerrish, B.A. Reformers in Profile. Philadelphia: Fortpress Press, 1967
Green, V.H.H. Luther and the Reformation. London: B.T. Batsford, 1964
Grisar, Hartmann. Luther: Volume I. London: Luigi Cappadelta, 1914
Lindberg, Carter. The European Reformations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996
Lyons, Martin. Books: A Living History. Thames and Hudson: 2011.
Reu, [John] M[ichael]. Luther and the Scriptures. Columbus, OH: The Wartburg Press, 1944. [Reprint: St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1980].
.
Ritter, Gerhard. Luther: His life and Work. New York: Harper & Row, 1963
External links
Luther Bible (1912 Edition).
Luther's Translation of the Bible in Philip Schaff's History of the Christian Church.
Standard German Bible at World Bibles
1912 Luther Bible at Word Project
1522 books
1534 books
16th-century Christian texts
Early printed Bibles
Works by Martin Luther
Bible translations into German
Christian terminology
1534 in Christianity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%20Bible |
is a line of collectible anthropomorphic animal figurines made of flocked plastic. They were created by the Japanese gaming company Epoch in 1985 and distributed worldwide by a number of companies.
History
Beginning and growth
At the beginning of production, on March 20, 1985, Sylvanian Families were created and released in Japan by Epoch, which uses the concept of dollhouses and anthropomorphic animal figures. The first releases of the dollhouses and other playsets were made of porcelain and the furniture was made of wood. However, later releases replaced the materials with plastic and metal in the production. The toys were later released in North America the same year, but with different packaging and minor differences to the characters themselves. The toyline was originally titled , but was changed to its current name. "Sylvanian" means "of the forest", from the Roman god Silvanus.
In October 1987, the series spawned an animated series produced by DIC Animation City and TMS Entertainment, which ran for 13 episodes. The series was popular in the UK and Spain. The name of the television series based on Sylvanian Families was adapted in different countries. It was also shown in the US in the late 1980s on The CBN Family Channel and in the late 1990s on PAX TV. Later that same year, the success in these markets led to expansion into Western Europe, beginning with the UK subsidiary of Tomy acquiring exclusive rights for the brand in the UK. Tomy introduced Sylvanian Families into the UK market in 1987, and it quickly became a bestseller.
By 1988, Sylvanian Families had become a major success around the world, winning the British Association of Toy Retailers award for "Toy of the Year" three years consecutively, in 1987, 1988 and 1989.
In 1993, Tomy, who had been distributing the toys worldwide, lost the rights to the name "Sylvanian Families" in Canada and the US. Tomy reintroduced the line under the new name Calico Critters of Cloverleaf Corners, now simply just called Calico Critters. The Calico Critters line is currently distributed in the US and Canada by Epoch Everlasting Play, LLC.
Decline and reinvention
By the late 1990s, Sylvanian Families had been discontinued in the UK, although since 1999, they have been reintroduced by Flair. An independent Sylvanian Families shop opened in 1992 in Finsbury Park, London. Subsequently, Sylvanian families have been reintroduced in Australia and are becoming more widely available there. Tomy stopped selling Calico Critters, but a new company, International Playthings, now called Epoch Everlasting Play, picked up the line.
In 1999, the toyline celebrated its 15th anniversary in Japan, with the opening of the themed restaurant , which was operated and managed by Epoch. The restaurant not only served food, but also sold merchandise and toys based on the franchise. The restaurant closed in February 2011.
In 2004, the franchise celebrated its 20th anniversary in Japan with the release of the Walnut Squirrel Family. That July, Epoch announced a new attraction in Grinpa, a theme park managed by Fuji Kyuko. The attraction, originally called before it was renamed to , began its construction with Epoch's supervision. In 2005, the franchise hosted its very first live event titled which was hosted at the Gekidan Kogumaza Theatre. It was later released on DVD in 2006.
In 2006, the characters in the toy line were chosen to be the mascots for the National Federation of Workers and Consumers Insurance Cooperativess national mutual aid. By the end of the year, the toys sold a total of 78 million units.
In 2007, Epoch teamed up with Itochu, Nippon Columbia and Shogakukan to produce a 3D CGI Original Video Animation series based on the toy line produced by Kōji Kawaguchi and Yumiko Muriai and directed by Akira Takamura. All 3 episodes were released on June 20, 2007. According to Epoch, more episodes were planned, but these were never produced for unknown reasons. In the UK, Flair celebrated the franchise's 20th anniversary with a selected number of new items. The best selling was an Otter boat, and a reintroduced Dalmatian Family who now wore party hats that read "Happy 20th!".
In March 2009, the series celebrated its 25th anniversary in Japan with the opening of the Sylvanian Gardens attraction in Grinpa. Managed by Epoch, the attraction features real-life replicas of the houses and buildings from the toy line as well as a museum featuring an exhibition about the history of the toys. The attraction also has a shop which sells items exclusive to the park. In 2010, the franchise again hosted two musicals, and , which both became a staple on promoting the toys in conventions.
In 2013, the rights for the toys in the UK were transferred to the newly formed Epoch UK, and they began distributing the toys from January 1, 2014 onwards. Flair stopped distributing the toys on December 31 the same year.
In 2015, a series of tableaux by the British artist Mimsy featuring Sylvanian Families being threatened by "MICE-IS" terrorists was banned from the Passion for Freedom exhibition.
In 2020 to celebrate the 35th anniversary customers were asked to participate in a poll to choose their favourite character with the winner being reintroduced. The sheep family came third, beaver family second and the duck family were announced as the winners.
The Sylvanian Families shop in London announced its closure in March 2023.
Setting
The entire franchise is set in , a fictional village somewhere in North America, later revised to Great Nature. The majority of the families are all rural middle-class, with many of them owning localized but successful family businesses, or having jobs, such as doctor, teacher, artist, news reporter, carpenter or bus driver. They are designed wearing 1950s-like fashion. They can live in large, multistory houses, or own dwellings based on the premise of a kind of holiday home. The houses are designed very realistically and can be decorated and redesigned. They can also participate in leisure activities such as sailing or horse-riding, and often host garden parties or go on short camping holidays.
The characters, grouped into families, originally depicted typical woodland creatures such as rabbits, squirrels, bears, beavers, hedgehogs, foxes, deer, owls, raccoons, otters, skunks and mice, and later expanded to other animals such as cats, dogs, hamsters, guinea pigs, penguins, monkeys, cows, sheep, pigs, elephants, pandas, kangaroos, koalas and meerkats. Most families consist of a father, mother, sister and brother, and continue to add family members from there on such as grandparents, babies, and older siblings.
Media
Animation
There are several animated series based on the Sylvanian Families world: Sylvanian Families, a syndicated series that premiered in 1987; Stories of the Sylvanian Families (1988), a British series animated in stop motion; and a 2007 original video animation series also called Sylvanian Families. A new OVA was then produced in 2015 with another in 2017, promoting the Sylvanian Families Town sub-line. Both OVAs were produced by Shogakukan Music and Digital Entertainment and were also released outside Japan through YouTube and Netflix.
In 2017, a 12-episode animated television short series titled Sylvanian Families Mini Stories was also produced by Shogakukan Music and Digital Entertainment and aired on TV Tokyo in Japan from October 7 to December 23. A second season aired on Tokyo MX and TV Kanagawa in Japan from October 3 to December 19, 2018. A third season aired on October 3, 2019. Netflix holds the streaming rights to the first season of the series while Amazon has the streaming rights to the second season.
A film adaptation produced by Frebari titled was announced to be released on November 23, 2023. The film is directed by Kazuya Konaka with Hirotoshi Kobayashi as the film's writer and Jun Ichikawa to compose the film's score. Also in 2023, a 13-episode anime, titled , was announced to premiere on July 6 on Tokyo MX. Directed by Hinata Takano and Kaito Iwata, the series is written by Uiko Miura with Rika Kihara and Mika Tanii, and the music is composed by Yuichi "Masa" Nonaka.
Games
Aside from the animated series, the series also spawned seven video games, all produced by Epoch.
(Game Boy Color)
(Game Boy Color)
(Game Boy Color)
(Game Boy Color)
(Game Boy Advance)
(Game Boy Advance)
(Game Boy Advance)
(Windows 98)
(Sega Pico)
References
Source
External links
Official Epoch UK website
Official Japanese website
Calico Critters Official US Website
Unofficial Sylvanian Families spanish website
Official Flair UK (and ROI) Collectors Club and shop (now defunct)
1980s toys
1990s toys
Products introduced in 1985
Epoch Co. games
Toy figurines
Toy animals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvanian%20Families |
The 2003 Giro d'Italia was the 86th edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Lecce with a mass-start stage. The race came to a close with a individual time trial that began and ended in the Italian city of Milan. Nineteen teams entered the race that was won by the Italian Gilberto Simoni of the team. Second and third were the Italian Stefano Garzelli and Ukrainian Yaroslav Popovych.
It was Simoni's second win in the Giro. After the race, it was discovered that sixth-placed Raimondas Rumšas had tested positive in this Giro.
This edition of the Giro was the first UCI endorsed race where the wearing of helmets was compulsory.
With Gilberto Simoni's general classification victories in 2003 and in 2001, Simoni became the eighteenth rider to repeat as winner of the Giro d'Italia. In addition to the general classification, Simoni also won the points classification. In the race's other classifications, rider Fredy González won the mountains classification and Magnus Bäckstedt of the Team Fakta-Pata Chips team won the intergiro classification. finished as the winners of the Trofeo Fast Team classification, ranking each of the nineteen teams contesting the race by lowest cumulative time. The other team classification, the Trofeo Super Team classification, where the teams' riders are awarded points for placing within the top twenty in each stage and the points are then totaled for each team was won by .
Teams
A total of 19 teams were invited to participate in the 2003 Giro d'Italia. Each team sent a squad of nine riders (only Kelme–Costa Blanca started eight), so the Giro began with a peloton of 170 cyclists. Out of the 170 riders that started this edition of the Giro d'Italia, a total of 97 riders made it to the finish in Milan.
The 19 teams that took part in the race were:
Route and stages
The route for the 2003 Giro d'Italia was unveiled by race director Carmine Castellano on 30 November 2002 in Milan. It contained two time trial events, all of which were individual. The organizers divided the remaining eighteen stages into three categories: flat stages, rolling stages, and mountain stages. Twelve of the stages were declared flat stages. Of the seven stages remaining, three stages were designated rolling stages and three were ranked as mountain stages. In the stages containing categorized climbs, six had summit finishes: stage 3, to Terme Luigiane; stage 7, to Monte Terminillo; stage 12, to Monte Zoncolan; stage 14, to Alpe di Pampeago; stage 18, to Chianale; and stage 19, to Cascata del Toce. The organizers chose to include two rest days. When compared to the previous year's race, the race was longer, contained the same amount of rest days, and one less individual time trial. In addition, this race lacked an opening prologue like the previous year had.
Classification leadership
In the 2003 Giro d'Italia, five different jerseys were awarded. For the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage, and allowing time bonuses for the first three finishers on mass-start stages, the leader received a pink jersey. This classification is considered the most important of the Giro d'Italia, and the winner is considered the winner of the Giro.
Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a mauve jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing in the top 15 in a stage. The stage win awarded 25 points, second place awarded 20 points, third 16, fourth 14, fifth 12, sixth 10, and one point fewer per place down the line, to a single point for 15th. In addition, points could be won in intermediate sprints.
There was also a mountains classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the mountains classifications, points were won by reaching the top of a mountain before other cyclists. Each climb was categorized as either first, second, or third category, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The highest point in the Giro (called the Cima Coppi), which in 2003 was the Colle d'Esischie, afforded more points than the other first-category climbs.
The fourth jersey represented the intergiro classification, marked by a blue jersey. The calculation for the intergiro is similar to that of the general classification, in each stage there is a midway point that the riders pass through a point and where their time is stopped. As the race goes on, their times compiled and the person with the lowest time is the leader of the intergiro classification and wears the blue jersey.
There were also two classifications for teams. The first was the Trofeo Fast Team. In this classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The Trofeo Super Team was a team points classification, with the top 20 placed riders on each stage earning points (20 for first place, 19 for second place and so on, down to a single point for 20th) for their team.
The rows in the following table correspond to the jerseys awarded after that stage was run.
Final standings
General classification
Points classification
Mountains classification
Intergiro classification
Trofeo Fast Team classification
Trofeo Super Team classification
Minor classifications
Other less well-known classifications, whose leaders did not receive a special jersey, were awarded during the Giro. Other awards included the Combativity classification, which was a compilation of points gained for position on crossing intermediate sprints, mountain passes and stage finishes. Colombian Fredy González won the Most Combative classification. The Azzurri d'Italia classification was based on finishing order, but points were awarded only to the top three finishers in each stage. The Azzurri d'Italia classification was won by Gilberto Simoni. The Trofeo Fuga Piaggio classification rewarded riders who took part in a breakaway at the head of the field, each rider in an escape of ten or fewer riders getting one point for each kilometre that the group stayed clear. The classification was won by Constantino Zaballa. Teams were given penalty points for minor technical infringements. was the most successful in avoiding penalties after not being penalized during the race, and so won the Fair Play classification.
References
Citations
2003 in road cycling
2003 in Italian sport
2003
May 2003 sports events in Europe
June 2003 sports events in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20Giro%20d%27Italia |
"Little Bitty Pretty One" is a 1957 song written and originally recorded by Bobby Day. The same year, the song was popularized by Thurston Harris. Produced by Aladdin Records (located in Los Angeles, Calif.), and featuring the Sharps on backing vocals, Harris's version reached No. 6 on the U.S. Billboard Best-Sellers chart and No. 2 on the R&B chart. The Bobby Day version reached No. 11 in the Canadian CHUM Chart.
Reception
Bryan Thomas writes that the song "has gone on to become one of the best loved oldies of the late '50s".
The song is famous for its hummed opening.
It was used in the 1983 horror film Christine, the 1989 comedy/fantasy film Little Monsters, and the 1996 comedy/fantasy film Matilda.
Cover versions
Frankie Lymon reached No. 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1960.
Clyde McPhatter returned it to the top 40 in the US, when his recording peaked at No. 25 on the Hot 100 in 1962.
The Dave Clark 5 covered it in 1965 on their US Top 25 "Weekend in London" album
Wayne Cochran covered it in 1967
In 1972, the Jackson 5 included it on their album, Lookin' Through the Windows, and took the song to No. 13 on the Hot 100. Record World praised the performance.
Cliff Richard, in 1983 on his Silver album.
Aaron Carter performed "Little Bitty Pretty One" for the 2001 Disney movie The Princess Diaries.
In 1994, Huey Lewis and the News did their take for their album Four Chords & Several Years Ago.
Billy Gilman did a cover in it and included it on his One Voice album in 2000.
"Wiggle, Wiggle"
"Little Bitty Pretty One" was the inspiration for the Accents' sole hit "Wiggle Wiggle" in 1958, and though the similarities were evidently not sufficient to warrant a lawsuit, Aladdin Records took the expedient step of covering the song with a group called the Chestnuts.
References
1957 songs
1957 singles
1962 singles
1972 singles
Songs written by Bobby Day
Clyde McPhatter songs
The Jackson 5 songs
Checkmates, Ltd. songs
Aladdin Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Bitty%20Pretty%20One |
Carol Deirdre McGiffin (born 18 February 1960) is an English radio and television broadcaster, who appeared on the daytime talk show Loose Women from 2000 until her first departure in 2013 and again from 2018 until 2023. McGiffin appeared on the twelfth series of Celebrity Big Brother.
Early life
McGiffin was born in London and brought up in Maidstone, Kent, to John McGiffin and Heather Barham. She grew up with her two sisters Kim and Tracy and her brother Mark.
Career
She started her broadcasting career in 1984 as a producer on cable channel Music Box and moved on to presenting in 1988 as co-host of the Chris Evans shows on GLR. Her style then and characterised today is based on comedic observation of men.
In 1995 McGiffin was a founding member of the Talk Radio UK team, co-presenting the popular weekday evening show The Rude Awakening with Moz Dee. When the show ended in September 1995 she became the station's music expert for around six months, hosting her own Friday evening review slot and appearing every week on Jonathan King's programme. In late 1996 she reappeared on Liberty Radio, co-hosting the breakfast show with Richard Skinner for six months. In 1997 and 1998 she returned to Talk Radio to present the breakfast show alongside Paul Ross, who had previously presented the breakfast show alone. She also co-presented the station's Saturday afternoon programme with Nick Abbot during the summer when the football coverage was being rested.
When Kirsty Young and Bill Overton became hosts of The New Talk Radio Breakfast, Ross and McGiffin moved to weekend breakfast, where they stayed until a consortium led by Kelvin MacKenzie bought the station in 1998. McGiffin was sacked by Mike Parry, and Ross continued to host the Sunday morning programme on the station alongside new co-host Helen Gibson.
In 1999 she joined London radio station LBC teaming up again with Abbot, who left the station after six months. McGiffin continued to host the show on her own with producer/sidekicks, including Marcus Railton and Jonathan Sanchez until 30 September 2000. She co-hosted phone-in shows on BBC London Live. In 2002, she occasionally teamed up with Abbot on Real Radio.
Between February and July 2006 she was the southern presenter of The Local Radio Company's night-time talk show North South Divided. Mike Elliott was her northern counterpart. In August 2006 McGiffin returned to LBC 97.3 presenting a Sunday morning show. McGiffin's weekly views on the world and travel advice in her Travel Clinic ended on 10 February 2008, when she left the station. Throughout the summer of 2012, she regularly reviewed the daily newspapers on This Morning. In August 2013, she entered the Celebrity Big Brother house to compete in the twelfth series, where she finished in fourth place.
In June 2018, it was announced by panellist Denise Welch that McGiffin would be returning to Loose Women after five years away.
In 2020, McGiffin teamed up with LBC Radio presenter Nick Abbot to create a weekly podcast "What's your problem?" with Nick and Carol. The show is released every Monday on Global Player and Apple Podcasts.
In 2020, McGiffin said she supported Donald Trump and would vote for him if she could.
In 2021, she was criticised for voicing support for the January 6 rioters.
In 2023 she felt compelled to resign from Loose Women.
Television
Loose Women (2000-2001, 2003–2013, 2018–2023) – Regular Panellist
Daily Cooks Challenge
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? – Contestant (2007)
Tonight with Trevor McDonald
Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway
The Paul O'Grady Show – Guest
The Jack Docherty Show
8 Out of 10 Cats – Panellist
Friday Night with Jonathan Ross
Celebrity Juice – Panellist
The Justin Lee Collins Show
The Wright Stuff (2014)
OK! TV
Pointless – Contestant
This Morning (2012, 2016) – Newspaper Reviewer
Celebrity Big Brother (Summer 2013) – Housemate
Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side (Summer 2013) – Guest
Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Psych (Winter 2014) – Panellist
Personal life
McGiffin is a survivor of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.<ref name=thompson>Thompson Holidays brochure retrieved 31 July 2008</ref> For several years, she has returned to Maidstone to join members of her family and take part in Race for Life to raise money for the charity Cancer Research UK, she does this in memory of her mother.
She and Chris Evans (broadcaster) were married in 1991. They separated in 1993 and were divorced in 1998.
Autobiography
In 2010, McGiffin released her autobiography, Oh, Carol!''.
References
External links
1960 births
English television presenters
Living people
People from Maidstone
English autobiographers
Women autobiographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20McGiffin |
The Dâmbovița Center (also named Casa Radio) is an unfinished building in Bucharest, Romania, near Cotroceni, on the shore of the Dâmbovița River. Casa Radio (meaning Radio House) was erected during the late 1980s by the Communist regime on land which before the Second World War was the location of the Bucharest Hippodrome. The building was intended to serve as a museum of the Romanian Communist Party. The balcony (which no longer exists) of the unfinished building facing Știrbei Vodă Street was used by the Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu on 23 August 1989 to watch the festivities marking Romania's National Day. It was the last Communist-style parade in Romania.
The Romanian government contracted the construction of a hotel and a mall called "Dâmbovița Center" to the Turkish company Cenk Vefa Kucuk. The project was supposed to be a $275 million investment and the largest multipurpose complex in the region. It was supposed to build a 300-room hotel, 69,000 m2 of retail spaces, 16,000 m2 of offices, 45,000 m2 of commercial galleries and a residential complex, designed to include 200 apartments, a parking lot, restaurants and a hospital. The government, which provided the building, would only receive 10% of the income.
The government canceled the contract in 2005 because of various irregularities regarding the auction, the company, and financing. The company stated it would sue to recover the money already invested.
In the winter of 2006, a public-private partnership agreement between Elbit Medical Imaging, an Israeli company, and the Romanian government was announced to develop Casa Radio. The Romanian Government will remain a 15% partner in the scheme. Construction began in June 2007, after a decision to demolish 70% of the initial building, keeping only the façade and the structural framework.
The new project will consist of a mall of , a five star hotel with 320 rooms, a residential area with 300 apartments and three office towers of 26, 30 and 34 floors with the last tower having .
Plaza Centers, the developer of Casa Radio in Bucharest entered in 2013 judicial reorganization under the protection of the Dutch bankruptcy law, the Israeli investor Mordechay Zisser announced. Plaza Centers intends to invest in Romania in projects with a total value of nearly EUR 2 billion, the largest of projects being Dâmbovița Center, built on the platform of Casa Radio. In July 2014, Plaza Centers successfully completed debt restructuring and emerges from reorganization proceeding, and after 2014 it sold Kragujevac Plaza in Serbia and a shopping center in India.
The development of Casa Radio comprises approximately of built area, including a
GLA shopping mall and indoor leisure center, approximately GBA of offices, hotel complex with conference center and underground car parking spaces. The Company Plaza Centers expected to complete the first phase of the project, which includes the shopping center, parking and PAB, in 2017.
References
External links
Plaza Centers redevelopment
Unfinished buildings and structures in Romania
Buildings and structures in Bucharest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba%20Center |
Hannah Teter (born January 27, 1987) is an American snowboarder. She is an Olympic champion, having won the gold medal in the halfpipe at the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in Torino, Italy and silver at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver. She has also won bronze at the 2005 FIS World Championships at Whistler, British Columbia, and has a total of six World Cup victories in her career. In January 2010, Teter was named to the US Team for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. She won the silver medal in women's halfpipe at the Vancouver Games. Teter came in fourth at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
In 2010, Teter was one of the four American athletes chosen to model for Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, in a section devoted to Winter Olympians.
Teter is noted for her charitable work and is the founder of Hannah's Gold charitable organization. Teter is also the Global Ambassador for Special Olympics.
Early life and career
Born into a snowboarding family in Belmont, Vermont, Teter is the youngest of five siblings. Two of her four older brothers, Abe and Elijah, have competed for the US Snowboard team, and her eldest brother Amen is their agent and manager. Both of the Teter parents, Jeff and Pat, were skiers, but have since been converted to snowboarding by their children.
Teter started snowboarding at the age of 8, taking her first lesson at her home mountain of Okemo. She is an Okemo Mountain School graduate. By 2002 at the age of 15, she was the World Junior Halfpipe Champion, and had begun riding on the FIS Snowboard World Cup circuit. Teter achieved a 4th-place finish in her first World Cup halfpipe event at Valle Nevado, Chile, in September of that year.
Teter became vegetarian after watching the film Earthlings, and credits her plant-based diet as taking her to a "whole other level" as an athlete.
Professional career
From 2002–2004 Teter competed in seven World Cup events with four victories, at Sapporo in 2003 and 2004, Valle Nevado in 2003, and at Saas-Fee in 2004. Competing at the Winter X Games, Teter won bronze in 2003, and gold in 2004.
In 2005, Teter reached the podium with a third-place finish at her first FIS World Championships, and added two more World Cup victories at Valle Nevado. Teter also earned another Winter X Games bronze in 2005. During 2005 Teter was hampered by a knee injury which required two surgeries; in her words: "there was a chunk of bone that had separated and it was kind of dangling around."
At the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in Turin, Teter was unsure how well she would be able to perform because of that injury. However, she went on to win the Olympic gold medal in halfpipe, beating out US teammate and friend Gretchen Bleiler, who won silver. Teter's accomplishment was rewarded further by the United States Olympic Committee who named her the USOC SportsWoman of the Year. She also won the ESPY Award for Best Action Sports Female in 2006.
After the 2006 Winter Games, Teter spent time focusing on humanitarian causes, but returned to the World Cup circuit in 2009. Since returning from hiatus she has taken the podium at two World Cup events and the 2009 Winter X Games, as well as a victory at the 2009 Lake Tahoe Grand Prix. At Grand Prix events held on January 22–23, 2010, at Park City, Teter had two second-place finishes. The performance locked up her spot for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Following the Park City GP, Teter announced that she would donate her $10,000 winnings for the weekend to a humanitarian relief fund to aid survivors of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.
At the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, Teter scored 45.4 in the qualification round for the women's halfpipe, the second place score, earning her a bye to the finals. After the first run of the finals, Teter was in first place with a score of 42.4. In the second run, Teter's earlier score was topped by Australian Torah Bright, who scored 45.0, a mark Teter was unable to beat in her second run. Teter finished with the silver medal. Fellow American Kelly Clark won the bronze medal.
Teter finished fourth at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics in the Halfpipe event.
Media and business ventures
Before going to Turin for the 2006 Olympics, Teter was featured in the 2005 documentary film about the growth of snowboarding, First Descent. The movie, which was filmed in the mountains of Alaska, starred Teter alongside snowboarding legends including Shaun White and Terje Håkonsen. A short behind the scenes documentary titled AK and Beyond was made at the same time, also featuring Teter.
Teter and her brother Abe were also featured in the 2006 documentary Snow Blind about the history of snowboarding and its evolution into an Olympic sport.
In 2009, Vermont based ice cream company Ben & Jerry's created a new flavor in honor of their fellow Vermonter; Hannah Teter's Maple Blondie.
Teter was one of four Winter Olympic athletes chosen to model for the 2010 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, in an "Olympic Stars" section of the popular annual magazine. Teter's photo shoot took place at Whistler Blackcomb, the venue for several events of the Vancouver Olympic Games. Teter joined fellow snowboarder Clair Bidez, and skiers Lacy Schnoor and Lindsey Vonn who also modeled for the issue. While Teter and the other athletes received some criticism for participating in the photo spread, she responded to her critics saying: "I don't believe in the criminalization of bodies and women having to be ashamed of their bodies. That's just so wrong."
In 2013, Teter published an instructional snowboarding book entitled, Mastering Snowboarding, along with co-author Tawnya Schultz.
In February 2020, Teter became Global Ambassador for British snow apparel brand Oneskee.
Charity work and philanthropy
In 2008 Teter founded a charity called Hannah's Gold which raises money through the sales of Vermont maple syrup. The charity, in partnership with World Vision, helps to support the village of Kirindon, Kenya through building schools, digging fresh water wells, and providing water filtration. In 2009 Teter donated all of her prize money to the Kirindon program. That same year, she posed in an ad campaign for PETA, protesting the Canadian seal hunt.
In 2014, Teter was named a Global Ambassador for Special Olympics. She says she is inspired by her brother, Josh, who has intellectual disabilities.
Other titles, awards and honors
2009 Gold medal at the Burton Australian Open
2009 Gold medal at the US Snowboarding Grand Prix in Boreal
2006 Winter Gravity Games Silver medalist, women's halfpipe
2005 Vans Cup champion
2005 US Open bronze medalist
2005 Nippon Open silver medalist
2005 Winter Gravity Games silver medalist
2004 Finalist for the ESPY Awards for Best Female Action Sport Athlete
2004 US Snowboard Grand Prix halfpipe champion
2004 NASJA "Competitor of the Year" title and award
2003 Vans Triple Crown halfpipe title + silver in slopestyle
2003 Became youngest member of the US Snowboarding Team
2002 First Female Snowboarder to land a 900 in Competition
Teter has been nominated for three ESPY awards.
References
External links
Hannah's Gold- Teter's charity
Sweet Cheeks- Teter's charity clothing site
Hannah Teter on her work with Children International
World Vision-Hannah Teter-Helping Children in Kirindon, Kenya- More information on Teter's fundraising efforts
Hannah Teter: A Snowboarder with a Social Conscience- ESPN article on Teter's social activism
Shred Betties Interview with Hannah Teter
1987 births
Living people
American female snowboarders
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
People from Mount Holly, Vermont
Sportspeople from Vermont
X Games athletes
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in snowboarding
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in snowboarding
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah%20Teter |
Manvydas or Monwid (; died in 1348?) was the eldest son of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and inherited Kernavė and Slonim after his father's death in 1341. Nothing else is known about his life. Matthias of Neuenburg mentioned that two sons of Gediminas perished in the Battle of Strėva in February 1348. One was Narimantas and the other is believed to be Manvydas.
See also
Family of Gediminas – family tree of Manvydas
Gediminids
References
1348 deaths
Gediminids
Year of birth uncertain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manvydas |
Lebyazhy (; masculine), Lebyazhaya (; feminine), or Lebyazhye (; neuter) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.
Altai Krai
As of 2010, five rural localities in Altai Krai bear this name:
Lebyazhye, Barnaul, Altai Krai, a selo in Lebyazhinskaya Settlement Administration of the city of krai significance of Barnaul
Lebyazhye, Krasnogorsky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Souskanikhinsky Selsoviet of Krasnogorsky District
Lebyazhye, Pavlovsky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Lebyazhinsky Selsoviet of Pavlovsky District
Lebyazhye, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Severny Selsoviet of Pervomaysky District
Lebyazhye, Yegoryevsky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Lebyazhinsky Selsoviet of Yegoryevsky District
Amur Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Amur Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhye, Amur Oblast, a selo in Lebyazhyevsky Rural Settlement of Seryshevsky District
Astrakhan Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Astrakhan Oblast bear this name:
Lebyazhye, Kamyzyaksky District, Astrakhan Oblast, a selo in Lebyazhinsky Selsoviet of Kamyzyaksky District
Lebyazhye, Volodarsky District, Astrakhan Oblast, a selo in Kalininsky Selsoviet of Volodarsky District
Republic of Bashkortostan
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Republic of Bashkortostan bears this name:
Lebyazhy, Republic of Bashkortostan, a selo in Zubovsky Selsoviet of Ufimsky District
Chelyabinsk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Chelyabinsk Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhy, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a settlement in Knyazhensky Selsoviet of Bredinsky District
Kemerovo Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Kemerovo Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhy, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Lebyazhya Rural Territory of Mariinsky District
Kirov Oblast
As of 2010, one urban locality in Kirov Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhye, Kirov Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Lebyazhsky District
Krasnodar Krai
As of 2010, one rural locality in Krasnodar Krai bears this name:
Lebyazhy, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of Gulkevichi, Gulkevichsky District
Krasnoyarsk Krai
As of 2010, two rural localities in Krasnoyarsk Krai bear this name:
Lebyazhye, Krasnoturansky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a selo in Lebyazhensky Selsoviet of Krasnoturansky District
Lebyazhye, Nizhneingashsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a settlement in Kanifolninsky Selsoviet of Nizhneingashsky District
Kurgan Oblast
As of 2010, six inhabited localities in Kurgan Oblast bear this name:
Urban localities
Lebyazhye, Lebyazhyevsky District, Kurgan Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Lebyazhyevsky District
Rural localities
Lebyazhye, Belozersky District, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Yagodninsky Selsoviet of Belozersky District
Lebyazhye, Chastoozersky District, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Sivkovsky Selsoviet of Chastoozersky District
Lebyazhye, Dalmatovsky District, Kurgan Oblast, a selo in Lebyazhsky Selsoviet of Dalmatovsky District
Lebyazhye, Kurtamyshsky District, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Pesyansky Selsoviet of Kurtamyshsky District
Lebyazhye, Mishkinsky District, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Krasnoznamensky Selsoviet of Mishkinsky District
Kursk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Kursk Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhye, Kursk Oblast, a selo in Lebyazhensky Selsoviet of Kursky District
Leningrad Oblast
As of 2010, two inhabited localities in Leningrad Oblast bear this name:
Urban localities
Lebyazhye, Lomonosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast, an urban-type settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Lebyazhenskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Lomonosovsky District
Rural localities
Lebyazhye, Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast, a logging depot settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Roshchinskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Vyborgsky District
Lipetsk Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Lipetsk Oblast bear this name:
Lebyazhye, Dobrovsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, a selo in Bolshe-Khomutetsky Selsoviet of Dobrovsky District
Lebyazhye, Izmalkovsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, a selo in Lebyazhensky Selsoviet of Izmalkovsky District
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Kantaurovsky Selsoviet of the Bor City of Oblast Significance
Novosibirsk Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Novosibirsk Oblast bear this name:
Lebyazhye, Bolotninsky District, Novosibirsk Oblast, a village in Bolotninsky District
Lebyazhye, Tatarsky District, Novosibirsk Oblast, a village in Tatarsky District
Omsk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Omsk Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhye, Omsk Oblast, a village in Knyazevsky Rural Okrug of Nazyvayevsky District
Orenburg Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Orenburg Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhy, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Koltubansky Selsoviet of Buzuluksky District
Oryol Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Oryol Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhye, Oryol Oblast, a village in Kirovsky Selsoviet of Soskovsky District
Samara Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Samara Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhy, Samara Oblast, a settlement in Kinelsky District
Sverdlovsk Oblast
As of 2010, three rural localities in Sverdlovsk Oblast bear this name:
Lebyazhye, Kamensky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a settlement in Kamensky District
Lebyazhye, Krasnoufimsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a village in Krasnoufimsky District
Lebyazhye, Tavdinsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a settlement in Tavdinsky District
Tambov Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Tambov Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhye, Tambov Oblast, a selo in Nizhneshibryaysky Selsoviet of Uvarovsky District
Republic of Tatarstan
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Republic of Tatarstan bears this name:
Lebyazhye, Republic of Tatarstan, a selo in Alexeyevsky District
Tula Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Tula Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhye, Tula Oblast, a village in Panarinsky Rural Okrug of Volovsky District
Tyumen Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Tyumen Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhye, Tyumen Oblast, a village in Gotoputovsky Rural Okrug of Sorokinsky District
Ulyanovsk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Ulyanovsk Oblast bears this name:
Lebyazhye, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a selo in Lebyazhinsky Rural Okrug of Melekessky District
Volgograd Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Volgograd Oblast bear this name:
Lebyazhy, Volgograd Oblast, a khutor in Kolovertinsky Selsoviet of Serafimovichsky District
Lebyazhye, Volgograd Oblast, a selo in Lebyazhensky Selsoviet of Kamyshinsky District
Voronezh Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Voronezh Oblast bear this name:
Lebyazhye, Nizhnedevitsky District, Voronezh Oblast, a selo in Sinelipyagovskoye Rural Settlement of Nizhnedevitsky District
Lebyazhye, Ramonsky District, Voronezh Oblast, a selo in Pavlovskoye Rural Settlement of Ramonsky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebyazhy |
The Rajghat Dam is a large water reservoir and inter-state dam project of the governments of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh on the Betwa River located 14 km from Chanderi in Madhya Pradesh, 22 km from Lalitpur in Uttar Pradesh and 55 km from Deogarh also in Uttar Pradesh.
Construction
Catchment Area - 472 km2
Total Capacity - 96 million m3
Height - 73.3 metres
Length - 573.29 metres
Power Generation Capacity - 45 MW (3x15 MW)
Number of Spillway Gates - 18
Spillway Type - Ogee
Betwa River
Dams in Madhya Pradesh
Dams in Uttar Pradesh
Hydroelectric power stations in Uttar Pradesh
Lalitpur district, India
Masonry dams
2006 establishments in Madhya Pradesh
2006 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Dams completed in 2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajghat%20Dam |
was a Japanese tea master.
Biography
Tsuda Sōgyū belonged to the influential family of merchants of Sakai whose business name was Tennōjiya. Together with his father, Tsuda Sōtatsu, he built the Tennōjiya into one of the most prosperous business houses in Sakai. A political tactic he used to accomplish this was by winning the favor of Oda Nobunaga, who was on the path to hegemony.
Around the year 1574, he became one of the three merchant-class tea masters of Sakai to be in charge of chanoyu (Japanese tea ceremony) affairs for Nobunaga; a position referred to as chatō ("tea head"). The other two were Imai Sōkyū and Sen no Rikyū.
Sōgyū was very familiar with Akechi Mitsuhide, so after Nobunaga was killed by the hands of Mitsuhide during the year of 1582, Sōgyū's reputation was wounded. Even though this was true, Nobunaga's avenger and political successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, had all three of Nobunaga's chatō, including Sōgyū, serve him as his own men in charge of tea affairs. Sōgyū attended Hideyoshi's Grand Kitano Tea Ceremony in the year of 1587.
The Tennōjiya kaiki (天王寺屋会記) record of chanoyu gatherings compiled by three generations of the Tennōjiya mercantile house – Sōgyū's father, Sōtatsu; Sōgyū himself; and Sōgyū's son and heir, Sōbon – is considered one of the most valuable historical resources for learning about the chanoyu of those days.
Of the known instances of Sen no Rikyū's participation in chanoyu, Tsuda Sōgyū appears more frequently than any other individual as having shared the time there with Rikyū.
References
Genshoku Chadō Daijiten (Japanese encyclopedia of the Way of Tea). Tankosha, 1975.
Rikyū Daijiten (Japanese encyclopedia about Sen no Rikyū). Tankosha, 1989.
1591 deaths
Japanese tea masters
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuda%20S%C5%8Dgy%C5%AB |
Stanford Leonard "Stan" Smith is a fictional character and the title character protagonist of the animated television series American Dad!. He is voiced by the series' co-creator and executive producer, Seth MacFarlane.
Stan is the patriarch of the Smith family. As the family's breadwinner, he works for the Central Intelligence Agency. Although he once held the position of a case officer at the CIA, he is also weapons expert for this agency. Stan often makes the mistake of applying the same extreme measures suited and used for his job in his personal life and with his family.
Stan is portrayed as drastic, endangering, rash, insensitive, inconsiderate, dog-eat-dog, racist, and very masculine. In the series he is emphasized as a conservative Republican. Stan has an exaggeratedly large chin, which has been described satirically as a "Jay Leno jaw". He usually wears a blue suit with a lapel pin that is a simplified version of the U.S. flag, consisting of three red and white stripes and a blue square.
Although he has all of these traits, he is shown to deeply care for his family (despite the different traits between them). He is shown to say that "you're right" to family members to show that he cares and listens to them. In the episode "I'm Dreaming of a White Porsche Christmas" he doesn't like his alternate universe family.
While Stan's exact age has been contradicted by multiple episodes, it is in the vicinity of around 42 years old. In "Bullocks to Stan", Stan is revealed to be two years and ten months older than Francine, whose birthday is revealed to be September 26, putting his birthday around November 26. Stan is married to Francine Smith. Like all characters, Stan doesn't have a set height but he is described as being between and and depicted as rather tall dwarfing most of his family. A lot of evidence points to as the most consistent answer like his license and in "The Shrink" when he warns Francine that if she makes him a little too big "I'll end up 6'2", and I'll have to go into modeling". However, he is depicted as a fair bit shorter than Shannon Sharpe and Barack Obama who are both around . He is the father of Hayley and Steve Smith. In “The Kidney Stays In The Picture,” it is revealed that he may not be the biological father of Hayley, and it is not confirmed at the end of the episode. In "Cock of the Sleepwalk", Stan adopted an unnamed little girl. Also living under Stan's roof are three housemates: Roger, an alien; Klaus, the family's man-in-a-fish-body pet; and Jeff Fischer, who is Hayley's boyfriend turned husband. Stan's mother is named Betty, and his father is a jewel thief (as revealed in the episode "Con Heir") named Jack Smith. He grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Personality
Stan Smith is the exaggeratedly masculine husband of Francine and father of Steve and Hayley. Though Hayley may not be Stan's biological daughter—Francine was revealed to have cheated on Stan at her bachelorette party in the episode "The Kidney Stays in the Picture"—Stan still regards her as such and refused to learn the results of a DNA test. As the Smith family's breadwinner, Stan is an agent for the CIA. Tending to take extreme measures with no regard for others nor potentially disastrous consequences, Stan is portrayed as insanely drastic; endangering; rash; dog-eat-dog; and both inconsiderate and insensitive of others. Stan's mentality is of a staunchly conservative Republican and self-proclaimed American patriot. His conservatism is expressed ludicrously with him often coming off as severely intolerant, self-abnegating, and wrongheaded. All the same however, Stan has numerous alternate ways of taking drastic measures beyond politics. As examples—in the episode "Dope & Faith" when Stan found out one of his friends was an atheist, he tried getting him to pray by blowing up his home, spreading the bird flu at his restaurant, brainwashing his wife into thinking she was a lesbian, and taking his kids away; in the episode "I Can't Stan You", Stan evicted his entire neighborhood and his own family just for overhearing some of his neighbors gossiping about him behind his back; in the episode "Four Little Words", Stan framed his wife as a murderer all so as not to hear her say the words "I told you so"; etc.
Troublesome sides and extreme-measure taking
Insanely drastic and rashly so, Stan at times acts on his first impulses which typically result in extreme measures. Often, his extreme measures are of a conspicuously destructive, disastrous, offensive, or life-threatening nature to others. Very selfish and inconsiderate, Stan never stops to think about the feelings, needs, or welfare of others, even in circumstances where others obviously could be or have been negatively impacted. Moreover, Stan often proves to be insensitive, completely unfazed when fully conscious of the distresses, displeasure and sufferings brought upon and felt by others including his very own family. His intentions, generally, are good, but he is often far too irrational to ever acknowledge this or learn any lessons from it.
Masculinity
Stan is also shown to be very virile and masculine. He often bears out his chest, stands up rigidly straight, and possesses a deep, thick voice quality. Moreover, he has expressed macho beliefs. For example, he has expressed opposition to showing emotion, associating it with being a woman. He once told Steve, "Son, feelings are what women have. They come from their ovaries."
Troublesome/redeeming qualities
Though Stan typically tries to effect a masculine image and repress his feelings, his emotions, sensitivity, and endearing side still manifest themselves from time to time. For example, on several occasions, it has been revealed that even as an adult Stan has desperately desired the fatherly love and attention that he never got as a child, such as in the episode "American Stepdad" when Roger became his stepfather.
At the same time, however, his incredibly drastic, dog-eat-dog, and inconsiderate qualities tend to show through in combination with his sensitive and redeeming qualities. For example, Hayley once told Stan, "Dad, I've never seen this side of you. It's so sweet." Stan playfully replied, "Well, if you tell anybody I'll kill you." The two laughed together for a moment before Stan suddenly took a serious, browbeating manner and added, "I'm serious, I will kill you. I will reach into your chest, pull out your beating heart and eat it. All of it, every last bit!" He concluded by affectionately stating, "Well, sweet dreams, angel." As another example, in the episode "Oedipal Panties", Stan went to extremes to keep his mother, Betty, from finding a romantic partner for fear he would lose her. In the episode, Stan was revealed to have captured and detained all of Betty's former lovers to an uncharted island.
Original persona
In the beginning of the series, it was heavily emphasized that Stan was a highly Conservative Republican, bordering on right-wing authoritarianism. He idolized then United States President George W. Bush and former President Ronald Reagan.
Combined with these traits, he was also portrayed as patriotic and Christian. Stan regularly caused havoc and disorder with his bigotry, Conservatism, patriotism, chauvinism, xenophobia, and paranoia. MacFarlane has likened Stan's original character to Archie Bunker from All in the Family.
Under his initial persona, he also opposed homosexuality and gay marriage for a time. He changed his views on homosexuality, however, in the episode "Lincoln Lover", once becoming associated with the Log Cabin Republicans. Stan's stance on homosexuality further softened in the episode "Surro-Gate" when Francine acted as a surrogate mother for gay couple Greg and Terry's baby. At the end of this episode, Stan realized what a loving family Greg and Terry were.
After the first few seasons and as the series progressed, Stan was portrayed as growing out of these particular traits and they were largely dropped from his character. Branching out, he later began displaying his wrongheadedness and penchant for taking to extremes in numerous other ways beyond ultra right-wing politics. He has also exhibited instances of gullibility (like his son Steve) such as when he believed he was taking cold medicine when in fact he was smoking "crack" as Roger nonchalantly points out. Hayley has also tricked him into buying mirrored sunglasses that wound up getting him kidnapped by a group of radicals. In another episode, Roger states to Stan that he has to "give" his champion racehorse "a full release", which Stan ultimately does so. Stan has also once drunk Roger's urine due to the alien telling him it was a fancy beer. The episode "Irregarding Steve" reveals that Stan believes that popcorn doesn't pop above sea level. In "Love, AD Style" when Francine points out if they added another "C" before the "K" in the acronym of the new car Stan wants to buy he says he doesn't know what she's talking about, clearly not realizing what the new acronym would spell out. In "Stanny Tendergrass" Stan thought he was able to afford a membership at Mr. Vanderhill's (Roger's) country club after working there thirty years at the cost of seven grand, completely unaware of the vast price inflation cost (two hundred grand).
Occupation
Stan's history can be traced back to 1987 when he was 24. He joined the army and quickly rose to become an Airborne Ranger, and eventually being selected to join the army's elite anti-terrorist group, Delta Force. After leaving the army, he was again elected to undergo extensive special forces training to join the CIA's ultra-secretive Special Activities Division, specifically the Special Operations Group.
When he was wounded on a top-secret mission inside North Korea, Stan returned home to a desk job. Stan is now an official officer of the CIA. Stan has shown expertise and knowledge in hand-to-hand combat, small arms, covert surveillance methods, torture, the ability to fly aircraft and the handling of assault weapons. Even though he has been arrested several times on several felony charges, such as animal cruelty, child pornography (though this was a wrongful accusation), attempted murder, drug trafficking, possession and use of crack cocaine (he almost flees to South America), transporting infected cattle to be slaughtered for food, impersonating a U.S. Marshal, and identity theft, he retains his official position.
Though it is well known he works for the CIA, very little is actually known about what exactly he does; and, as a result of this ambiguity, Stan's job in any given episode tends to be conducive of whatever CIA skill set is convenient for a given episode's plot. At various times in the series, he has been shown to work as a CIA analyst, an agency bureaucrat, a field agent, and a special forces operative; additionally, he has held a number of different titles during his time with the CIA, including (but not limited to) "Deputy-Deputy Director of the CIA ("Bullocks to Stan")" and "Deputy Under-Director of Missing Foreign Agents" ("Red October Sky"). Usually he is seen working in a small cork-walled cubicle with a few of his buddies: Jackson, Sanders, Dick Reynolds, and others. Smith's assumption of these different roles may indicate that he works as a sort of troubleshooter, taking on different responsibilities as required. However, since assuming the role of Deputy Deputy Director, his duties do not appear to have changed.
In the episode "Chimdale", it is revealed that Stan Smith has been bald since college and wears a wig (however, this episode contradicts several past episodes, including "Frannie 911", in which Roger scalped Stan while role playing as an American Indian, and "Choosy Wives Choose Smith", in which Stan's hair grew after spending months on a deserted island). He drives a black Ford Explorer but has also been seen driving a black Chrysler 300C and owns a DeLorean despite not having seen or even knowing about the movie Back to the Future. Later in the series, he buys a red C6 Chevrolet Corvette to deal with the fact that he could possibly be a grandfather, which he continues to drive when not in the Explorer. Stan is also known to have an unexplained fear of seagulls, first mentioned by Francine in "American Dream Factory", although he got over it in "Choosy Wives Choose Smith".
Despite his traditional values, he has been married to two other women. In Saudi Arabia, Stan married an Arab woman and named her "Thundercat" because he could not pronounce her name, though Stan married her mainly as a servant. At one point, Francine divorced Stan so that he could have pointless sex, and he met and married a woman named Joanna, but went back to Francine, though Stan reports that he did consummate the marriage. Both Stan and Francine admit that each married the other for what Stan describes as selfish reasons. That is, that Stan admits that he married Francine because she was attractive. Francine, for her part, says that she wants someone to take care of her financially and both go so far as to admit this during their vow renewal ceremony to a room full of people. In the episode "Stan's Food Restaurant", it is revealed that Stan is originally from Philadelphia.
Hobbies
Stan also enjoys a number of hobbies. Chief among these is collecting Franklin Mint Plates as well as a number of creative outlets such as designing and making themed stuffed bears, fly-tying, gun cleaning, wood burning, figure skating, and writing right-wing children's literature. He also enjoys reading books about the things he is doing at that very moment (i.e. he was reading a book called "Reading While Waiting", as he waited for someone). Other examples include "How to Do a Spit Take", "How to Furrow Your Brow", "How to Look Chastened", "How to Read With One Hand", and "Anticipating Doorbells".
Alternate versions
In "May the Best Stan Win" Stan is revealed to have signed up for the CIA's cybernetics program and intends for his body to be cryogenically frozen until the CIA develops the technology needed to turn him into an cyborg. Eventually, Stan's cybernetically enhanced self finds a way to travel back 1,000 years to the present because he missed Francine and wishes to spend time with her, however this eventually sparks friction between the present Stan and the cyborg Stan, leading to a fight in which the current Stan successfully defeats his future self.
In "The Longest Distance Relationship" one possible version of the future is shown when Jeff and Ghost Sinbad emerge from a wormhole some sixty years in the future. In this version of the future Stan is shown to have migrated into a Gorilla body due to his belief that an ape uprising will occur. As the episode draws to a close Stan's prediction proves true, but when Stan moves to side with the apes he is unexpectedly killed by them.
In "Dreaming of a White Porsche Christmas" it is revealed that the reason that Stan's family is so dysfunctional is due to Stan's failure to appreciate what he has, which resulted in his marriage to Francine, his geeky son, his liberal daughter, and his adoption of a liberal version of Roger. Initially this was supposed to be a temporary setup, but the Angel assigned to Stan's case died, and it took his Christmas wish for the situation to resolve itself. Stan is then returned to what was supposed to be his ideal family: a conservative wife named Mary, an athletic son, a conservative and mild manner daughter named Ruth, and a version of Roger who does not partake in disguises, drinking, or drug use and holds a single legitimate job as an optometrist named Gerald. Despite being described as Stan's "ideal" family Stan rejects this version of his wife, his children, and Roger, and goes to great lengths to get back to his original, dysfunctional family, which he succeeds in doing.
In "A Star is Reborn" it is established that Stan is the reincarnation of a deceased movie star named Lenard. At the time Lenard was having an affair with Gloria Delmar, an alternate version of Francine. After the affair came to light both were killed by June Rosewood, Lenard's wife at the time. After rediscovering Lenard's reincarnation in Stan in the present, June welcomed Stan to her house and showed him the old movies he had made in his past life. When Stan rejects her for Francine, June once again attempts to kill them both, only to end up dying when Stan and Francine turn the tables on her.
Cameo appearances
Stan appears alongside Avery Bullock in the Family Guy episode "Lois Kills Stewie" and Stewie Griffin mistakes Stan for Joe Swanson due to their large chins.
Stan makes a brief cameo in the Family Guy episode "Excellence in Broadcasting", commending Brian Griffin for becoming a conservative.
Stan and his family appear in Family Guy in the episode "Bigfat" and Peter Griffin also mistakes him for Joe for their large chins.
Stan and his family later appear again in Family Guy, this time as brief, silent background characters in one scene of the episode, "No Giggity, No Doubt".
Stan and Roger also makes an appearance in the near end of the Family Guy episode, "The Movement", where Meg Griffin was traded by Peter's request to American Dad!, and during her singing the show's theme song, she is interrupted by Stan by commanding her, "Shut Up Meg!"
In the season 17 episode of The Simpsons (called "The Italian Bob"), Stan, along with Peter Griffin from Family Guy, can be glimpsed in an Italian sheriff's police book of criminal offenders. Peter Griffin is dubbed "Plagiarismo" (faux Italian for Plagiarism) and Stan is dubbed "Plagiarismo di Plagiarismo" (Plagiarism of Plagiarism).
Stan makes a brief cameo as a background character in one panel of the 2007 Futurama comic, "Futurama Returns".
A bobblehead of Stan can be seen in the Mad episode "Garfield of Dreams".
References
External links
Stan Smith at Fox.com
American Dad! characters
Animated human characters
Fictional characters from Philadelphia
Television characters introduced in 2005
Animated characters introduced in 2005
Fictional Central Intelligence Agency personnel
Fictional alcohol abusers
Fictional assassins
Fictional secret agents and spies in television
Fictional torturers and interrogators
Fictional Republicans (United States)
American male characters in television
Characters created by Seth MacFarlane
Male characters in animated series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan%20Smith%20%28American%20Dad%21%29 |
Dagblad Suriname is one of the leading daily Surinamese newspapers. It is published in the Dutch language in Paramaribo. Dagblad was founded in 2002, and is part of FaFam Publishing N.V. The newspaper has been described as centre left.
References
External links
Newspapers published in Suriname
Dutch-language newspapers published in South America
Publications with year of establishment missing
Newspapers established in 2002
2002 establishments in Suriname
Companies of Suriname | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagblad%20Suriname |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI or ADHD-I), is one of the three presentations of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In 1987–1994, there were no subtypes and thus it was not distinguished from hyperactive ADHD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III-R).
The 'predominantly inattentive subtype' is similar to the other presentations of ADHD except that it is characterized primarily by problems with inattention or a deficit of sustained attention, such as procrastination, hesitation, and forgetfulness. It differs in having fewer or no typical symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsiveness. Lethargy and fatigue are sometimes reported, but ADHD-PI is a separate condition from the proposed cluster of symptoms known as sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT).
Classification
ADHD-PI is an attention-concentration deficit that has everything in common with other forms of ADHD except that it has fewer hyperactivity or impulsivity symptoms and has more directed attention fatigue symptoms.
Signs and symptoms
DSM-5 criteria
The DSM-5 allows for diagnosis of the predominantly inattentive presentations of ADHD (ICD-10 code F90.0) if the individual presents six or more (five for adults) of the following symptoms of inattention for at least six months to a point that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level:
Often does not give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities.
Often has trouble keeping attention on tasks or play activities.
Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
Often does not follow instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions).
Often has trouble organizing activities.
Often avoids, dislikes, or doesn't want to do things that take a lot of mental effort for a long period (such as schoolwork or homework).
Often loses things needed for tasks and activities (e.g. toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools).
Is often easily distracted.
Is often forgetful in daily activities.
An ADHD diagnosis is contingent upon the symptoms of impairment presenting themselves in two or more settings (e.g., at school or work and at home). There must also be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. Lastly, the symptoms must not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., mood disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, personality disorder).
Treatment
Although ADHD has most often been treated with medication, medications do not cure ADHD. They are used solely to treat the symptoms associated with this disorder and the symptoms will come back once the medication stops.
Medication
Stimulants are typically formulated in fast and slow-acting as well as short and long-acting formulations. The fast-acting amphetamine mixed salts (Adderall) and its derivatives, with short and long-acting formulations bind to the trace amine associated receptor and triggers the release of dopamine into the synaptic cleft. They may have a better cardiovascular disease profile than methylphenidate and potentially better tolerated.
The fast-acting methylphenidate (well known under the trade name Ritalin) is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. In the short term, methylphenidate is well tolerated. However, long-term studies have not been conducted in adults, and concerns about long-term effects like increases in blood pressure have not been established.
The slow and long-acting nonstimulant atomoxetine (Strattera), is primarily a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and, to a lesser extent, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It may be more effective for those with predominantly inattentive concentration. It is sometimes prescribed in adults who do not get enough vigilant concentration response from mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall) or get too many side effects. It is also approved for ADHD by the US Food and Drug Administration.
The use of cholinergic adjunctive medications is uncommon and their clinical effects are poorly researched; consequently, cholinergics such as galantamine or varenicline would be off label use for ADHD. New nicotinic cholinergic medications in development for ADHD are pozanicline, ABT-418, and ABT-894.
Prognosis
Self-esteem
In some cases, children who enjoy learning may develop a sense of fear when faced with structured or planned work, especially long or group-based assignments that require extended focus, even if they thoroughly understand the topic. Children with ADHD-PI may be at greater risk of academic failures and early withdrawal from school. Teachers and parents may make incorrect assumptions about the behaviors and attitudes of a child with ADHD-PI, and may provide them with frequent and erroneous negative feedback (e.g. "careless", "you're irresponsible", "you're immature", "you're lazy", "you don't care/show any effort", "you just aren't trying", etc.).
The inattentive children may realize on some level that they are somehow different internally from their peers. However, they are also likely to accept and internalize the continuous negative feedback, creating a negative self-image that becomes self-reinforcing. If these children progress into adulthood undiagnosed or untreated, their inattentiveness, ongoing frustrations, and poor self-image frequently create numerous and severe problems maintaining healthy relationships, succeeding in postsecondary schooling, or succeeding in the workplace. These problems can compound frustrations and low self-esteem, and will often lead to the development of secondary pathologies including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance abuse.
Coping and age
It has been suggested that some of the symptoms of ADHD present in childhood appear to be less overt in adulthood. This is likely due to an adult's ability to make cognitive adjustments and develop compensating or coping skills to minimize the impact of inattentive or hyperactive symptoms. However, the core problems of ADHD do not disappear with age. Some researchers have suggested that individuals with reduced or less overt hyperactivity symptoms should receive the ADHD-combined diagnosis. Hallowell and Ratey (2005) suggest that the manifestation of hyperactivity simply changes with adolescence and adulthood, becoming a more generalized restlessness or tendency to fidget.
Comparisons between subtypes
A meta-analysis of 37 studies on cognitive differences between those presenting ADHD-Predominantly Inattentive presentations and ADHD-Combined type found that "the ADHD-C presenting performed better than the ADHD-PI presenting in the areas of processing speed, attention, performance IQ, memory, and fluency. The ADHD-PI presenting performed better than the ADHD-C group on measures of flexibility, working memory, visual/spatial ability, non-verbal IQ, motor ability, and language. Both the ADHD-C and ADHD-PI groups were found to perform more poorly than the control group on measures of inhibition, however, there was no difference found between the two groups. Furthermore, the ADHD-C and ADHD-PI presenting did not differ on measures of sustained attention."
Epidemiology
It is difficult to say exactly how many children or adults worldwide have ADHD because different countries have used different ways of diagnosing it, while some do not diagnose it at all. In the UK, diagnosis is based on quite a narrow set of symptoms, and about 0.5–1% of children are thought to have attention or hyperactivity problems. In comparison, professionals in the U.S. used a much broader definition of the term ADHD until recently. This meant up to 10% of children in the U.S. were described as having ADHD. Current estimates suggest that ADHD is present internationally in about 7.2% of children. ADHD is diagnosed around 5 times more often in boys than girls. Reasons for this disparity are debated, but likely involve both biological and social/diagnostic factors. Some theorize this may be because of the particular ways they express their difficulties. Boys and girls both have attention problems, but due to differences in gender and symptoms, boys may come off as more active in their symptoms and therefore seem harder to manage. Children from all cultures and social groups are diagnosed with ADHD. However, children from certain backgrounds may be particularly likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, due to different expectations about how they should behave. It is, therefore, important to ensure that a child's cultural background is understood and taken into account as part of the assessment.
History
In 1980, the DSM-III changed the name of the condition from "hyperkinetic reaction of childhood" to "attention deficit disorder" (ADD), as research by Virginia Douglas had suggested that attention deficits were more important than hyperactive behavior for understanding the disorder. The new label also reflected the observation of clinicians that attention deficits could also exist without hyperactivity.
For the first time, two subtypes were introduced: ADD with hyperactivity (ADD+H) and ADD without hyperactivity (ADD-H). While the ADD+H category was fairly consistent with previous definitions, the latter subtype represented essentially a new category. Thus, almost everything that is known about the predominantly inattentive subtype is based on research conducted since 1980.
References
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Amphetamine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention%20deficit%20hyperactivity%20disorder%20predominantly%20inattentive |
The Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of African Affairs is the head of the Bureau of African Affairs, within the United States Department of State, who guides operation of the U.S. diplomatic establishment in the countries of sub-Saharan Africa and advises the Secretary of State and the Under Secretary for Political Affairs.
On July 18, 1958, Congress authorized an 11th Assistant Secretary of State, enabling the Department of State to create a bureau to deal with relations with the newly independent nations of Africa. At first, when the Department of State established three geographical divisions in 1909, African affairs were the responsibility of the Divisions of Near Eastern and Western European Affairs. Department Order No. 692 of June 15, 1937, transferred responsibility for all African territories except Algeria and the Union of South Africa to the Division of Near Eastern Affairs. A Division of African Affairs was created in the office of Near Eastern Affairs in January 1944. When the Bureau of Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs was created, there continued to be a Division of African Affairs within that bureau.
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for African Affairs
Source:
References
Bureau of African Affairs
United States–African relations
United States diplomacy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant%20Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20African%20Affairs |
Edward Haytley was an English portrait and landscape painter of the 18th century. He was born in 1713, but his works are documented to the period 1740–1764; other biographical detail is equally sparse, but the background of some early professional associates and early sitters suggests he may have come from Lancashire.
Works
Few of his works survive, but he appears to have specialised in the 'conversation piece' form, popular with the landed gentry of mid-18th century England. This form set a group portrait against the backdrop of an idealised representation of the subjects' estates.
His works in this form include:
one portrait of Elizabeth Robinson with her parents-in-law, Edward and Elizabeth Montagu, at Sandleford Priory (1744), near Newbury, Berkshire.
six portraits of the Stanley family, including one of Sir Robert and Lady Bradshaigh (1746) in front of Haigh Hall
two portraits of the Brockman family on its Kent estate, Beachborough, both showing the newly constructed Temple Pond.
One of the latter may include the figure of Susanna Highmore, daughter of the portrait painter Joseph Highmore.
In addition, he accepted commissions for numerous conventional portraits.
Aside from these, his best known works are probably the oil-on-canvas roundels of the Bethlem (1746) and Chelsea (1746) Hospitals, donated to the Foundling Hospital, London. Haytley, like other artists who donated works, was elected a governor of the Hospital.
His last recorded work, dated 1764, was a portrait, depicting Sir William Milner, Bt.
He is assumed to have died around this date.
Images
1744: Elizabeth Montagu and family at Sandleford Priory.
1744: Sarah Scott
1746: Chelsea Hospital roundel Foundling Museum
1746: Bethlem Hospital roundel Foundling Museum
1746: Sir Robert and Lady Bradshaigh Museum of Wigan Life, Greater Manchester Museums Group (GMMG)
1752: A Sportsman Yale Center for British Art
17??: Huntsman with a whippet private collection
17??: Lady Burlington Chiswick House, English Heritage
17??: Elizabeth Brockman private collection
1750-61: Elizabeth Wandesford (1728-1756) Marble Hill House, English Heritage
1764: Sir William Milner, 2nd Baronet Fitzwilliam Museum
References
Sources
Hugh Belsey, "Haytley, Edward (fl. 1740–1764)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 1 July 2007
National Gallery Victoria, Australia
1713 births
1764 deaths
18th-century English painters
English male painters
18th-century English male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Haytley |
Alief Taylor High School is a public high school in the Alief Independent School District. It is located in an unincorporated area in the Alief community of Harris County, near Houston. Opened in 2001, Alief Taylor is the newest high school in the district. It is named after Edward "Doc" Taylor, who taught AP American History at Alief Hastings High School.
According to the Texas Education Agency, Taylor covers grades 9-12 and has 500 or more students in each grade level. When it opened in the fall of 2001, it had only freshmen and sophomores. During the 2002–2003 school year the 11th grade was added. Taylor added its first 12th grade class during the 2003–2004 school year. Alief Taylor is one of two schools in Alief ISD that does not include a Ninth Grade Center, a separate building for ninth grade students. The other is Kerr High School. Alief Taylor was originally referred to as "High School No. 4."
It is located in the International District.
In 2019, Taylor received a C grade from the Texas Education Agency.
History
Alief Taylor High School opened on August 13, 2001. The school was initially designated for freshmen and sophomores only, in an attempt to alleviate overcrowding at nearby Elsik and Hastings High Schools which, at the time, had a combined student population of over 9,000. It eventually expanded to accept students from 9th to 12th grades. Unlike Hastings or Elsik, Taylor hosts all grade levels (9-12) on the same campus.
Academics
In 2010, Taylor achieved the highest AP scores in the district, reporting that 77% of their students received a score of three or higher. Taylor's graduation rate was the highest in the district, and its dropout rate was the lowest of comparable district high schools.
In the 2016–2017 school year, Taylor High School received a Met Standard rating from the Texas Education Agency. The class of 2015 averaged a score of 18 on the ACT and 1148 on the SAT.
For the 2018–2019 school year, the school received a C grade from the Texas Education Agency, with an overall score of 78 out of 100. The school received a C grade in two domains, Student Achievement (score of 73) and Closing the Gaps (score of 72), and a B grade in School Progress (score of 80). The school did not receive any of the seven possible distinction designations.
Athletics
Alief Taylor has one state championship, six regional titles, and eight district titles in football, track, cross country, tennis, swimming, and diving.
Extracurricular activities
Alief Taylor hosts many clubs and organizations for its students, including band, choir, orchestra, drumline, colorguard, dance, theater, student council, speech and debate, math club, academic decathlon, and support groups for male, female, and LGBTQ+ students.
In 2004, the marching band appeared in the film Friday Night Lights, in which they assume the role as the Dallas Carter band in the film.
The Alief Taylor Drumline are the gold medalist recipients of the 2006-07 PSAA TCGC Championship, a state-level competition.
Demographics
In the 2018–2019 school year, there were 3,112 students. 32.8% were African American, 12.2% were Asian, 52.8% were Hispanic, 0.4% were American Indian, 0.1% were Pacific Islander, 1.5% were White, and 0.4% were two or more races. 73.9% of students were economically disadvantaged, 21.1% were English language learners, and 8.6% received special education services.
Feeder patterns
All Alief ISD elementary, intermediate, and middle schools feed into Taylor, as high school placement in Alief ISD is determined by a lottery, which may result in Elsik, Hastings, or Taylor. If a student is selected by lottery to attend a high school different from the high school which a relative currently attends or graduated from, the student may opt to transfer to that school. Students may also complete an application for the district's magnet high school, Kerr, or the recently established Alief Early College High School.
Neighborhoods served by AISD include Alief, most of Westchase, Bellaire West, most of the New Chinatown, most of Leawood, Mission Leona, and Mission Bend.
Notable alumni
Martellus Bennett - NFL player and Storyteller, Super Bowl Champion
Michael Bennett - NFL player, Super Bowl Champion
Duke Ejiofor - NFL player
Joshua Kalu - NFL player
Ogbonnia Okoronkwo - NFL player, Super Bowl Champion
Fendi Onobun - NFL player
Cheta Ozougwu - NFL player
Givens Price - NFL player
Michael Tauiliili - German Football League player
References
External links
Alief Taylor Math Club
Alief Independent School District high schools
Public education in Houston
Educational institutions established in 2001
2001 establishments in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alief%20Taylor%20High%20School |
Frank Moss is a researcher, technology and biotechnology entrepreneur, academician and author. Moss was the director of the MIT Media Lab from 2006 to 2011. He remains a professor of the practice and the principal investigator for the New Media Medicine research group, which he founded.
He is the author of The Sorcerers and Their Apprentices: How the Digital Magicians of the MIT Media Lab Are Creating the Innovative Technologies That Will Transform Our Lives, published in 2011.
From 2007 to 2011, Moss was a trustee of Princeton University, where he served as Chairman of the Alumni Affairs Committee; currently, he is a member of the Advisory Council for the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. He is also a member of the advisory council of the Mayo Clinic Center for Innovation.
Education and early career
Moss was born Franklin Moss on April 20, 1949 in Baltimore, Maryland, where he attended the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute. His father was Sam Moss, a local radio personality who had a weekly radio show, The Sam Moss Show, in Baltimore for 30 years. He is the middle child of older brother Billy, a retired successful restaurateur; and younger sister Ivy.
As a teenager, Moss became enthralled with America’s fledgling space program, which informed his choice of higher education and career. He received a BS in aerospace and mechanical sciences from Princeton University, and both his MS and PhD in aeronautics and astronautics from MIT. In the course of his academic work at MIT, he became exposed to high-performance computing and networking technologies that would later become part of the Internet. His interest in the broad commercial potential of these technologies led him to pursue his professional career in the computer and software industries.
He began his career at IBM's scientific center in Haifa, Israel, where he also taught at the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology. He later held various research and management positions at IBM's Yorktown Heights (NY) Research Center, working on advanced development projects in the areas of networking and distributed computing; and executive management positions at Apollo Computer Inc., and Lotus Development Corporation.
Career as entrepreneur
During his career in the computer and software industries, Moss served as CEO and chairman of Tivoli Systems Inc., a pioneer in the distributed systems management field, which he took public in 1995 and subsequently merged with IBM in 1996. Tivoli was a venture-backed startup that successfully competed with larger companies to redefine and standardize the technology behind network and systems management. The acquisition by IBM became more of a “reverse merger,” in that Tivoli became the network and systems management division of IBM and one of its largest software businesses, growing to several billion dollars. Moss became the general manager of the Tivoli business at IBM; he retired from Tivoli as chairman in 1998.
He also co-founded several other companies, including Stellar Computer, Inc., a developer of graphic supercomputers; and Bowstreet, Inc., a pioneer in the emerging field of Web services. Moss also served on the advisory board of nLayers Inc., which was later acquired by EMC.
He co-founded and was on the board of Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., an early-stage cancer-drug discovery company doing innovative work at the intersection of technology and the life sciences; he retired from Infinity's board in 2011. In addition, he chaired the advisory council for the creation of the Systems Biology Department at Harvard Medical School.
More recently, he co-founded Bluefin Labs, which uses machine learning technology to provide brands, agencies and media companies with real-time TV audience response insights through social media analysis. Bluefin was sold to Twitter in 2013 for a reported $100 Million.
He's currently a co-founder of two startups, Matter.io and Twine Health.
Academic career
Moss assumed the directorship of the Media Lab in early 2006. Moss worked to enhance the Lab’s connection with sponsors by increasing the interaction between its faculty and students and sponsor representatives on research topics of mutual interest. Two collaborative research initiatives begun during Moss's time as director were the Center for Future Banking, formed with Bank of America, and the Center for Future Storytelling.
Moss also initiated research into areas that go beyond improving our “digital lifestyles” to solving bigger societal problems, such as health care and disability. Examples include the New Media Medicine group and the Human 2.0 program.
In 2009, Moss presided over the Media Lab’s move into a new building. The new building, designed by legendary architect Fumihiko Maki of Japan, was built on the Lab’s research principles of openness and transparency.
Current work
A published author, Moss is a vocal advocate and spokesperson for re-invigorating innovation the United States.
He is actively involved with a number of startups, including Bluefin Labs, which he co-founded, and Watershed Informatics. Many of them are exploring how to use “Big Data” - the proliferation of structured and unstructured data about people – to improve people’s health, wealth and happiness.
He co-founded Bluefin Technology, which uses machine learning technology to provide real-time mapping of consumer response to television and advertising programming. He is an advisor to several startups that are pioneering new ways to improve human health by giving people more control over their own health. These include ginger.io, Daily Feats, Audax Health and Bon’App.
Citations
His citations include Ernst & Young's Entrepreneur of the Year award and Forbes Magazine's "Leaders for Tomorrow."
References
External links
Biography on MIT Media Lab website (Moss was the Director from 2006 to 2011)
1949 births
Living people
IBM employees
Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Harvard Medical School people
MIT Media Lab people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Moss%20%28technologist%29 |
Illinois Route 97 (IL 97) is a north–south state highway in the central and western portions of the U.S. state of Illinois. It extends from I-55 Business (Business Loop I-55) in Springfield northwest to U.S. Highway 150 (US 150) near Galesburg. It crosses over the Illinois River on a bridge west of Havana. This is a distance of .
Route description
IL 97 starts off in Springfield on East Clear Lake Avenue. It heads west, forming a concurrency with IL 125. IL 97 splits off and north shortly after, entering Menard County.
In Menard County, along a concurrency with IL 123 in New Salem, it passes Lincoln's New Salem State Historic Site near Petersburg, the home of Abraham Lincoln in the 1830s. It afterwards passes through Mason County. The road enters Fulton County immediately after crossing a bridge concurrent with US 136 and IL 78.
It then passes both the Emiquon National Wildlife Refuge and Dickson Mounds State Memorial. Afterwards, it drops the concurrency with IL 78 and US 136 but picks up US 24. During and after it gains concurrency with IL 100, it heads north throughout hills. It enters Knox County after a brief concurrency with IL 9. It continues north through hills until its northern terminus at US 150 near Galesburg.
History
IL 97 is the site of a pioneering work of highway beautification, the planting in 1934 of what was once a line of 'red haw' hawthorns and other Illinois native trees along the tourist route from west of Springfield to New Salem. The work, done by the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Illinois Federation of Garden Clubs, is commemorated by a marker installation at Tallula Junction, the southern intersection of Illinois Route 97 and Illinois Route 123.
Major junctions
References
External links
097
Transportation in Sangamon County, Illinois
Transportation in Menard County, Illinois
Transportation in Mason County, Illinois
Transportation in Fulton County, Illinois
Transportation in Knox County, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%20Route%2097 |
Witold is a masculine Polish given name. This name derives from the Lithuanian “Vytautas” composed of two elements: “vyti” (chase) plus “tauta” (the people), but It is also possible that it is a name of Germanic origin which means "ruling the forest". Notable people with the name include:
Witold, nom de guerre used by Jan Karski (1914-2000), Polish resistance-fighter soldier and professor
Witold Baran (1939–2020), Polish middle distance runner
Witold Gombrowicz (1904–1969), Polish novelist and dramatist
Witold Hurewicz (1904–1956), Polish mathematician
Witold Kiełtyka (1984-2007), Polish drummer, founder of death metal band Decapitated (band)
Witold Kieżun (1922–2021) Polish economist, participant of the Warsaw Uprising
Witold Lutosławski (1913–1994), Polish composer
Witold Małcużyński (1914–1977), Polish pianist
Witold Pilecki (1901–1948), founder of the Secret Polish Army (Tajna Armia Polska)
Witold Pruszkowski (1846–1896), Polish painter
Witold Rybczynski (born 1943), professor of Urbanism at the University of Pennsylvania
Witold Tomczak (born 1957), Polish Member of the European Parliament
Witold Wojtkiewicz (1879–1909), Polish painter
Polish masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold%20%28given%20name%29 |
The GKD Evolution is a convertible sports car manufactured by British company GKD Sports Cars, based in Boughton Monchelsea, near Maidstone with workshops at Lenham.
History
On February 27, 2005, GKD Sports Cars purchased the G27 chassis jigs, body moulds, patterns and drawings from Ginetta.
A number of changes were introduced; to the front and rear aerodynamics, styling, torsional rigidity for the chassis, weight, and front suspension geometry. The driver seat was updated as well.
The updated car, renamed the Evolution, was launched in 2006.
The Evolution has been changed to take BMW 3 Series E36/E46 parts since the Sierra became more difficult to source. The Evolution will take any BMW 4- or 6-cylinder engine.
Parts are also available to G27 owners wanting to upgrade earlier models.
Components
The car uses a donor pack from a BMW 3 Series. The donor pack includes, half-shafts, brakes, prop shaft, steering column and lower steering shaft and if required, engine and gearbox. The large engine bay helps accommodate most engines, including 2.0-litre Cosworth, BMW straight six and Rover V8. The chassis comes with BMW engine mounts already welded to it to ease fitment.
Fully built cars are also supplied to foreign markets, countering crash test requirements.
The body shell is made from GRP fibreglass, with a bespoke chassis housing the engine and suspension.
Example cars
The Evolution can utilize most engines, the chart below indicates performance with a BMW E46 M3 with standard spec.
Awards and press comments
The S1 Cosworth first production car was awarded car of the year 2006 from Which Kit Car magazine. This included winning 5 out of 7 categories in the competition.
"From the specification, the Evolution comes across as an out and out performance car which, of course, it is but it's also practical."
References
External links
GKD Sports Cars
Cars of England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKD%20Evolution |
In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, a holomorphic function is said to be of exponential type C if its growth is bounded by the exponential function for some real-valued constant as . When a function is bounded in this way, it is then possible to express it as certain kinds of convergent summations over a series of other complex functions, as well as understanding when it is possible to apply techniques such as Borel summation, or, for example, to apply the Mellin transform, or to perform approximations using the Euler–Maclaurin formula. The general case is handled by Nachbin's theorem, which defines the analogous notion of -type for a general function as opposed to .
Basic idea
A function defined on the complex plane is said to be of exponential type if there exist real-valued constants and such that
in the limit of . Here, the complex variable was written as to emphasize that the limit must hold in all directions . Letting stand for the infimum of all such , one then says that the function is of exponential type .
For example, let . Then one says that is of exponential type , since is the smallest number that bounds the growth of along the imaginary axis. So, for this example, Carlson's theorem cannot apply, as it requires functions of exponential type less than . Similarly, the Euler–Maclaurin formula cannot be applied either, as it, too, expresses a theorem ultimately anchored in the theory of finite differences.
Formal definition
A holomorphic function is said to be of exponential type if for every there exists a real-valued constant such that
for where .
We say is of exponential type if is of exponential type for some . The number
is the exponential type of . The limit superior here means the limit of the supremum of the ratio outside a given radius as the radius goes to infinity. This is also the limit superior of the maximum of the ratio at a given radius as the radius goes to infinity. The limit superior may exist even if the maximum at radius does not have a limit as goes to infinity. For example, for the function
the value of
at is dominated by the term so we have the asymptotic expressions:
and this goes to zero as goes to infinity, but is nevertheless of exponential type 1, as can be seen by looking at the points .
Exponential type with respect to a symmetric convex body
has given a generalization of exponential type for entire functions of several complex variables.
Suppose is a convex, compact, and symmetric subset of . It is known that for every such there is an associated norm with the property that
In other words, is the unit ball in with respect to . The set
is called the polar set and is also a convex, compact, and symmetric subset of . Furthermore, we can write
We extend from to by
An entire function of -complex variables is said to be of exponential type with respect to if for every there exists a real-valued constant such that
for all .
Fréchet space
Collections of functions of exponential type can form a complete uniform space, namely a Fréchet space, by the topology induced by the countable family of norms
See also
Paley–Wiener theorem
Paley–Wiener space
References
Complex analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential%20type |
Southern Water is the private utility company responsible for the public wastewater collection and treatment in Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, West Sussex, East Sussex and Kent, and for the public water supply and distribution in approximately half of this area. Some areas within the Southern Water region are supplied by a number of smaller water supply companies. Southern Water supplies an area totalling 4,450 sq. km. and serves 2.26 million customers.
Southern Water is regulated under the Water Industry Act 1991 and since 2007 has been owned by Greensands Holdings Limited, a consortium of investors representing infrastructure investment funds, pension funds and private equity. Currently the largest shareholders are JP Morgan Asset Management (40%), UBS Asset Management (22%), Hermes Infrastructure Funds (21%) and Whitehelm Capital (8%).
In June 2019, Ofwat proposed a fine of £126 million as a result of Southern Water's failures to operate its wastewater treatment works properly and deliberately misreporting its performance. Ofwat found that failings had resulted in unpermitted and premature spills of wastewater from treatment works, with wastewater being released into the environment before going through the required processes.
In 2020, Southern Water pleaded guilty to 51 offences related to dumping untreated sewage into the sea, and was fined £90m.
History
Origins
The Water Act 1973 resulted in the formation of the Southern Water Authority (SWA), taking the responsibility away from the local authorities. Nevertheless, the SWA maintained a regional management approach, retaining three separate regional headquarters:
Otterbourne near Winchester, covering Hampshire and the Isle of Wight
Falmer near Brighton, covering East Sussex and West Sussex
Chatham, covering Kent.
The authority took over the assets and duties of the following water undertakings:
Hampshire River Authority
Sussex River Authoritiy
Kent River Authority (except the area draining into the Thames above Greenhithe)
Brighton Corporation
Hastings Corporation
Southampton Corporation
Tunbridge Wells Corporation
Winchester Corporation
Worthing Corporation
Isle of Wight River and Water Authority
Medway Water Board
North West Sussex Water Board
Thanet Water Board
Privatisation
In 1989 the ten publicly owned water and sewerage authorities were privatised. This was achieved by transferring the water supply and sewerage assets, and the relevant staff, of the Southern Water Authority into the limited company Southern Water Services Ltd. Privatisation was accompanied by the raising of capital by floating parent companies on the London Stock Exchange, a one-off injection of public capital, the write off of significant government debt, and the provision of capital tax allowances.
Takeovers
In 1996 Southern Water was purchased in a hostile takeover bid by Scottish Power. Southern Water assets were considerably impacted during the period under Scottish Power. During this period, the bulk of in-house scientific laboratory services and assets were shut down, dismantled and sold off. In 2002, Scottish Power sold the company to First Aqua Limited.
In October 2007, Greensands Investments Limited purchased Southern Water Capital Limited, the owners of Southern Water Services Limited.
In August 2021, Australian financial services company Macquarie Group bought a majority stake in Southern Water.
Activities
The company supplies drinking water to roughly 1.1 million properties through its 91 water treatment works and 13,870 kilometres of water mains. Wastewater is treated by the company's network of 365 wastewater treatment works and 39,594 kilometres of sewers.
Southern Water has also opened up some of their activities to the public. This includes the company running guided tours of the Victorian sewers of Brighton and Hove and public access to Bewl Water, one of the largest reservoirs in England. The historic Twyford Waterworks near Winchester is leased to the Twyford Waterworks Trust, who open it on selected days during the year.
Performance
Legal issues
2005-2007
In 2007, Ofwat announced its intention to fine Southern Water £20.3 million for 'deliberate misreporting' and failing to meet guaranteed standards of service to customers. The misreporting resulted in Southern Water being able to raise its prices by more than it should have done. Southern Water Chief Executive Les Dawson said: "Today's announcement draws a line under a shameful period in the company's history" and "we accept this fine - we have no arguments with it".
2009-2011
Crawley Magistrates' Court heard that the Environment Agency received calls from members of the public after dead fish were seen in the Sunnyside Stream in East Grinstead on 30 August 2009. The court also heard that a similar incident occurred along the same sewer line some 4 years earlier in September 2005. Following an investigation, in June 2010 Southern Water was fined £3,000 after it admitted polluting 2 km of the Sussex stream with raw sewage, killing up to a hundred brown trout and devastating the fish population for the second time in five years.
In 2011 Southern Water Ltd was fined £25,000 when sewage flooded into Southampton water.
The company was ordered to pay £10,000 in fines and costs after sewage seeped into a stream at Beltinge in Kent.
A leak of sewage from Southern Water's plant at Hurstpierpoint pumping station, West Sussex, lead to fines and costs of £7,200 in 2011.
Southern Water was fined £50,000 in April 2011 for two offences relating to unscreened discharges into Langstone Harbour, Hampshire, between November 2009 and April 2010.
2014-2016
In November 2014 Southern Water were fined £500,000 and agreed to pay costs of £19,224 at Canterbury Crown Court after an Environment Agency investigation found that untreated sewage was discharged into the Swalecliffe Brook, polluting a 1.2 km stretch of the watercourse and killing local wildlife. Although sewage directly polluted a 1.2 km stretch, the Swalecliffe Brook flows through the Thanet Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) before it joins the north Kent coast to the east of Whitstable.
In December 2016 Southern Water was fined a record £2,000,000 for flooding beaches in Kent with raw sewage. As a result of a series of failures at a wastewater pumping station, raw sewage flooded on to beaches, forcing Thanet district council to close the beaches to the public for nine days including during the Queen's Diamond Jubilee bank holiday weekend. The Environment Agency called the event “catastrophic”, with tampons, condoms and other debris costing more than £400,000 to clean up. The Environment Agency said that the discharge along a considerable length of coastline, resulted in a risk to public health and negative impact in an area heavily reliant on the tourism industry. A judge at Maidstone Crown Court said that Southern Water’s repeat offending was “wholly unacceptable”. Following the investigation, Southern Water director Simon Oates apologised unreservedly for the failure of the wastewater plant.
2019
In June 2019, the Water Services Regulation Authority (Ofwat) announced its intentions to issue Southern Water with a financial penalty of £37.7 million reduced exceptionally to £3 million for significant breaches of its licence conditions and statutory duties.
Following a lengthy investigation, Ofwat concluded that Southern Water deliberately misreported data about the performance of its wastewater treatment works. The investigation concluded that Southern Water had failed: to have adequate systems of planning, governance and internal controls in place to manage its wastewater treatment works; to accurately report information about the performance of these works; and to properly carry out its statutory duties as a sewerage undertaker, to make provision for effectually dealing with and treating wastewater. Ofwat found that Southern Water's failure to operate its wastewater treatment works properly resulted in unpermitted and premature spills of wastewater from its treatment works, with wastewater being released into the environment before going through the required processes. Following the investigation, Southern Water agreed to pay customers approximately £123 million by 2024, partly a payment of price review underperformance penalties the company avoided paying in the period 2010 to 2017 and some of which is a payment to customers for the failures found in Ofwat's investigation. In response to Ofwat's findings, Southern Water announced that following its own internal review, which highlighted multiple failures between 2010 and 2017, it was 'profoundly sorry' and 'working very hard to understand past failings and implement the changes required' to ensure it meets the standards its customers deserve.
2021
In 2020, Southern Water pleaded guilty to 51 offences related to polluting the water on the coasts of Kent and Sussex with untreated sewage between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2015. It was described as "the worst case brought by the Environment Agency in its history." Over the period, the company made 8,400 illegal discharges of raw sewage into coastal waters. It also allowed storm tanks to be kept full and turn septic, instead of putting their contents through the required treatment process. In one plant alone, 746m litres were released into Southampton Water. Southern Water failed to report its illegal discharges to the regulator, but as the quality of shellfish on the Kent coast failed to meet quality standards due to the high levels of faecal contamination the Environment Agency began to investigate. The company was fined £90m for deliberately dumping billions of litres of raw sewage into the sea and the judge stated that the offences had been committed deliberately by Southern Water's directors.
References
External links
Water companies of England
Companies based in West Sussex
Former nationalised industries of the United Kingdom
1973 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Water |
John Patsy Francona (November 4, 1933 – February 13, 2018) was a Major League Baseball player. As a child, he was nicknamed "Tito" by his father. His son, Terry Francona, is also often referred to as "Tito."
Baltimore Orioles
Francona originally signed with the St. Louis Browns in 1952. He spent two seasons in the Browns/Baltimore Orioles' farm system (the franchise was relocated to Baltimore and renamed on September 29, 1953) before departing to serve in the U.S. Army for two years. Upon his return, he was invited to Spring training 1956 as a non-roster invitee, and made the club. He batted .258 with nine home runs and 57 runs batted in to finish tied with the Cleveland Indians' Rocky Colavito for second place in American League Rookie of the Year balloting behind Chicago White Sox shortstop Luis Aparicio.
With Al Pilarcik's acquisition during the off season, Francona lost his starting job in right field, and was demoted to the Pacific Coast League's Vancouver Mounties early in the 1957 season. He returned with a vengeance, hitting two home runs in a game for the first time in his career on May 19 against the Kansas City Athletics, raising his season average to an even .300 in the process. He slipped into more of a reserve role from there. Used as a fourth outfielder and left-handed bat off the bench, Francona batted just .185 as a pinch hitter for the season. After which, he, Ray Moore and Billy Goodman were dealt to the Chicago White Sox for Larry Doby, Jack Harshman and Jim Marshall (Chicago later sent pitcher Russ Heman to Baltimore as part of this deal when it was discovered by the Orioles that Harshman was suffering from a slipped disc).
Chicago White Sox/Detroit Tigers
After a hot Spring, Francona won the White Sox starting right field job. His stay in Chicago was short, as he was dealt to the Detroit Tigers on the June 15 trade deadline. With Hall of Famer Al Kaline in right, Francona logged just 84 plate appearances over the remainder of the season. Dissatisfied with his lack of playing time, Francona demanded a trade. On March 21, 1959, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians for Larry Doby, the second trade involving the two.
Cleveland Indians
Regardless of his desire for more playing time, Francona began the 1959 season as a pinch hitter and utility man with his new franchise. After going five-for-nine with a home run in a June 7 doubleheader with the New York Yankees, Francona replaced Jim Piersall as Cleveland's starting center fielder. Toward the end of the season, he was shifted to first base, with Indians regular first baseman Vic Power being shifted to second base. For the season, he batted .363 with a career high 20 home runs and 79 RBIs to help the Indians to an 89–65 record and second place in the American League. His .363 average would have led the league, however, he fell 34 at-bats short of the 3.1 per game necessary to qualify. The batting championship was awarded to the Detroit Tigers' Harvey Kuenn, with a .353 batting average.
Francona was shifted to left field when the Indians acquired Kuenn for home run leader Rocky Colavito just prior to the start of the 1960 season. With Colavito gone, Francona was inserted in the clean-up spot in manager Joe Gordon's batting order. After hitting only six home runs through the month of July, Francona was dropped to the number six spot in the batting order for August, and up to the number two spot in September. The moves helped, as he hit eleven home runs over the rest of the season to finish with seventeen. His 36 doubles led the American League.
On March 26, 1961, Francona hit a home run during a spring training exhibition game against the Boston Red Sox at Hi Corbett Field. When John C. Cota, a city parks employee, went to retrieve the ball, he discovered the body of Fred Victor Burden, who was wanted by Tucson, Arizona police in connection with the shooting death of former prize fighter James Cocio.
Francona was batting .293 with eleven home runs and 53 RBIs at the second All-Star break of the 1961 season to be named to the American League All-Star squad for the only time in his career. He did not, however, appear in the game. For the season, he batted .301 with sixteen home runs, 85 RBIs and led American League Left Fielders in Fielding Percentage.
Despite having emerged as one of the better fielding left fielders in the league, Francona was shifted to first base during spring training in 1962 and finished the season leading the American League in double plays turned as a first baseman. He drew the ire of Boston sports fans at Fenway Park on June 11. With the game still scoreless, the Indians loaded the bases with two outs in the third inning. From first base, Francona yelled, "Hold it, Earl!" to Red Sox pitcher Earl Wilson. Francona's distraction caused Wilson to half stumble off the mound and balk. Despite this being against baseball rules, Francona admitted after the game that he had indeed yelled to Wilson.
Francona slumped a little under new manager Mel McGaha in 1962. When Birdie Tebbetts grabbed the reins in 1963, Francona was moved back into left, but his numbers dipped even further. His .228 batting average was a career low, and his ten home runs and 41 RBIs were his fewest over a full season. He was, however, part of baseball history on July 31, when he hit the third in a series of four consecutive home runs in a single inning against pitcher Paul Foytack of the Los Angeles Angels. This was the second time in baseball history that a team hit four consecutive home runs in a single inning. It has happened three times since, including once by the Red Sox while his son, Terry Francona, was managing.
The Indians acquired All-Star Leon Wagner to play left field prior to the 1964 season, so Francona split time between right and first base. After the season, he was dealt to the St. Louis Cardinals for a player to be named later and cash.
Journeyman years
The World Series champions were already set in their corner outfield positions and at first base; Francona was acquired strictly to strengthen their bench. He batted .259 in 1965, including .265 as a pinch hitter. He remained a pinch hitter with the Cardinals through 1966. During spring training 1967, his contract was sold to the Philadelphia Phillies.
Francona batted .205 with three RBIs filling in for an injured Bill White at first base for the Phillies. Upon his healthy return, Francona was sold to the Atlanta Braves. He enjoyed something of a resurgence in Atlanta, batting .248 with six home runs and 25 RBIs over the remainder of the 1967 season. In 1968, he logged 398 plate appearances, his most since 1963, and batted .296 with 47 RBIs, his most since 1962.
Francona was batting .339 with fourteen RBIs in semi-regular action in 1969 before a dislocated thumb halted his season. He returned healthy toward the end of June, but batted just .219 with one home run and eight RBIs in his return before his contract was sold to the Oakland Athletics on August 22. He returned to his hitting ways, batting .341 with three home runs and twenty RBIs over the rest of the season. He split the 1970 season between the A's and Milwaukee Brewers before retiring.
Career stats
His 1000th hit came off Los Angeles Angels All-Star Ken McBride on April 23, 1964.
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players
List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
Post-baseball career
Francona was the director of parks and recreation in New Brighton, Pennsylvania until retiring in 1997. He remained in New Brighton until his death at his home on February 13, 2018.
References
External links
Tito Francona at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
1933 births
2018 deaths
Aberdeen Pheasants players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American League All-Stars
Atlanta Braves players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Chicago White Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
Detroit Tigers players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball outfielders
Milwaukee Brewers players
Oakland Athletics players
People from Aliquippa, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Beaver County, Pennsylvania
People from New Brighton, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Phillies players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Vancouver Mounties players
York White Roses players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito%20Francona |
Michael Matthew McGee (born January 12, 1976), more commonly known as Mighty Mike McGee, is an American slam poet.
Biography
McGee is the oldest of eight children from several marriages. He has spent most of his life in and around San Jose, California, where he started his career in spoken word, poetry slam and performance poetry in 1998. He is a contemporary of Jack McCarthy and Buddy Wakefield.
McGee is the first slam poet to win both the American National Poetry Slam Individual Grand Championship (2003) and the Individual World Poetry Slam Championship (2006). From late 2007 to December 2008 he hosted the San Jose Poetry Slam, with Co-Slam Master Christopher Bundy.
In 1999, McGee helped form Bleeding Edge Spoken Word, under the directorship of his then-roommate. Over two and a half years, the two released 33 compilations of contemporary American spoken word. Although the label is now defunct, McGee started his own imprints – 3XMsound and 3XMpress, in 2001 – in order to produce and release his own CDs and chapbooks.
In 2001, after three years of competing at the San José Poetry Slam, McGee earned a spot on the slam team and went to his first National Poetry Slam held that August in Seattle, Washington. He then returned to the National Poetry Slam with the same team in 2003 and 2004.
In 2003, McGee co-founded the Vancouver, B.C.-based "talk-rock" trio Tons of Fun University with Shane Koyczan and C. R. Avery. Their debut was before a crowd of 15,000 at the Vancouver Folk Music Festival, July 2004. The trio has since toured extensively throughout Canada, performing primarily in music festivals.
In 2005, McGee performed a revised version of his popular poem "Like" on a fifth season episode of Russell Simmons Presents Def Poetry on HBO.
From 2018-2019, McGee was named Santa Clara County Poet Laureate.
Poetry slam titles
Individual World Poetry Slam Champion, 2006
International World Poetry Slamionship, 2006 (2nd)
National Poetry Slam Individual Grand Champion, 2003
San Jose Poetry Slam Grand Champion, 2003 and 2004
San Francisco Poetry Slam Grand Champion, 2003
Discography
The Them They're Talking About (Tons of Fun University EP), 2005, Mother Press Media
Happy Is The New Sad (guest on track 6, Delta Activity's album), 2005
New High Score: Best of Urbana Compilation, 2005, The Wordsmith Press
Live In Denver, 2004, 3XMsound
For Mayor (Best of), 2003, 3XMsound
Miscellaneous, 2003, 3XMsound
Is Beautiful, 2001, 3XMsound (discontinued)
Mighty, 2000, Bleeding Edge Spoken Word/3XMsound (discontinued)
Filmography
Ill List Volume 1, 2004, Word Groove, Inc.
2003 National Poetry Slam, 2004, Word Groove, Inc.
Russell Simmons' Present Def Poetry Jam (Season 5, Episode 34)
References
External links
Official personal website
Mike McGee's Livejournal
PoetrySlam.com
Scene Missing Magazine Interviews Mike McGee
Gotpoetry.com article
Cloudy Day Art: Saturday, March 18th, 2006 at 2:22 pm - Mighty Mike McGee video
Feedburner: Mike McGee's Podcast
San Jose Museum of Art - ArtCar Fest 2003, September 27, 2003 including performance by Mighty Mike McGee - "San Jose's own National Poetry Slam Champion".
Slam poets
American spoken word poets
Writers from San Jose, California
1976 births
Living people
21st-century American poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty%20Mike%20McGee |
Sastre is a town (comuna) in the west of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, 139 km west from the provincial capital. It had about 5,500 inhabitants at the and it is the head town of the San Martín Department.
It is named after Marcos Sastre, a renowned Argentine lawyer, writer, and educator. Miguel Brascó, the noted Argentine writer and food critic, hails from Sastre.
Twin towns — sister cities
Sastre is twinned with:
Alba, Piedmont, Italy (1988)
References
:es:Sastre y Ortiz (Santa Fe)
External links
Sastre's map
Populated places in Santa Fe Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastre%2C%20Santa%20Fe |
Ilana Berger (; born 1965) is a Mexican-born Israeli professional tennis player and Olympian.
Berger reached her highest individual ranking on the WTA Tour on 10 August 1992, when she became # 149 in the world. On 25 November 1991, she peaked at world number 153 in the doubles rankings.
Biography
Berger was born on 31 December 1965, in Mexico City, Mexico. She started playing tennis at the age of 7.
Tennis career
In the late 1980s, after serving for two years in the Israel Defense Forces, Berger became a professional tennis player. She won 7 singles titles in the ITF Women's Circuit.
Berger won 12 Maccabiah Games medals during her career, including gold, a few of them as a "veteran" while playing Mixed Doubles with Shlomo Glickstein. At the 1989 Maccabiah Games she beat American Andrea Berger to win a gold medal in women's singles.
Berger was elected as one of three best tennis players in Israel's history in the celebrations of Israel's first 50 years.
Berger was Israel's Women's National Champion for five years.
Berger competed for Israel at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.
Berger represented Israel in 26 meetings in the Federation Cup from 1986–92, going 19–21.
Journalism career
At the age of 26, she decided to study literature and journalism. She worked 7 years as a sports correspondent for Haaretz. She coaches tennis privately and is a freelance sports journalist. Today she is chief editor of the internet site of the Tel Aviv University Sports Center.
ITF Finals
Singles Finals: 13 (8-5)
Doubles Finals: 25 (15-10)
See also
List of select Jewish tennis players
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
Tennis players from Mexico City
Mexican Jews
Mexican emigrants to Israel
Mexican people of Israeli descent
Israeli female tennis players
Israeli people of Mexican-Jewish descent
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Jewish Israeli sportspeople
Jewish tennis players
Olympic tennis players for Israel
Maccabiah Games gold medalists for Israel
Maccabiah Games medalists in tennis
Competitors at the 1989 Maccabiah Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilana%20Berger |
The Bath coup is a coup in the game of contract bridge in which the declarer, who holds AJx(x) in a suit, ducks the left-hand opponent's lead of a king (or a queen) in that suit. The coup is presumed to be named after the city of Bath in England and dates from the game of whist, the predecessor of bridge.
The purpose of the Bath coup is either to gain a trick by means of a free finesse if the suit is continued or to gain a tempo because the suit may not be continued by opponents without the loss of a trick. The basic position for the Bath coup is like this diagram:
West leads the king at a notrump contract. If South takes the trick immediately, his jack can be finessed subsequently if East gains a later trick, providing four tricks in the suit for the defense. However, if South applies the Bath coup by ducking, he will either take two tricks with AJ, or the opponents would have to regain the lead twice to cash the suit—first, East must gain the lead in order to finesse through declarer's AJ, and later, West must regain the lead to cash the suit. If the suit is divided 5–2, as in the diagram, the declarer has in effect performed a hold up with an additional gain in tempo, as the opponents have to regain the lead once each. If the suit were divided 4–3, the last lead could be gained by any opponent to cash the suit, but the number of available tricks would be smaller.
The coup also occurs when ace and jack are split, but the jack lies before KQ.
Defense
The defense can relatively easily prevent giving away the trick by free finesse by accurate signaling. The most common signaling method on partner's lead is encouraging/discouraging (high card/low card respectively). In the examples above, East would play the six (the lowest), indicating that he doesn't have the jack. However, there are situations when West may misread the signal. To overcome the situation, some players agree that throwing away the jack is mandatory when a King is led at a notrump contract; yet others play that only the lead of the queen requires the partner to drop the Jack if he has it.
However, when a Bath coup position arises, defenders can't regain the tempo. What they can do, though, is to utilize the order of their entries correctly, as in the following deal:
West leads K against 3NT, South executes the Bath coup by ducking, and West must switch. If he plays a red suit, declarer will play on hearts (and will have to guess the position correctly). When West takes his ace, he still cannot continue spades, and the declarer will have time to develop a club trick as his ninth (along with four heart tricks, A, and three diamonds). However, if West plays a club, the declarer is doomed: East will take his A and play a spade through, while West still has the A as an entry to good spades.
References
Contract bridge coups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath%20coup |
Hugh Macmillan may refer to:
Hugh Macmillan, Baron Macmillan (1873–1952), Scottish advocate, judge, parliamentarian and civil servant
Hugh Macmillan (minister) (1833–1903), Scottish minister of the Free Church of Scotland
See also
Hugh McMillan (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Macmillan |
Catherine Suire (born 15 September 1959) is a French former tennis player who competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. She won eight doubles titles in her professional career, and reached her highest individual ranking on the WTA Tour on 14 May 1984, when she became the number 52 of the world.
Career finals
Singles (1 loss)
Doubles (8 wins, 8 losses)
ITF finals
Singles (0–3)
Doubles (4–2)
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
French female tennis players
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players for France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Suire |
John Mark Eustace (born 3 November 1979) is an English professional football coach and former player who was most recently head coach of club Birmingham City.
During his playing career, he played as a central midfielder for Coventry City, Stoke City, Watford and Derby County. He also spent time on loan at Dundee United, Middlesbrough and Hereford United.
After retiring as a player, Eustace served as manager of Kidderminster Harriers between 2016 and 2018, eventually leaving to become assistant manager of Queens Park Rangers in 2018. He had a brief spell as caretaker manager at QPR in 2019.
Playing career
Coventry City
Born in Solihull, Eustace began his career as a trainee at Coventry City. Despite the fact that he was at the club for seven years, he only recorded 98 appearances in all competitions due to injuries. At 19 he went out on loan to Dundee United to gain first team experience. He played eleven matches and scored one goal against Hearts, becoming a firm favourite with United fans who voted him their young player of the year.
He returned to Coventry where he began to establish himself in the first team. In the 2000–01 season, he appeared in 32 league games. Despite his efforts, the club were relegated from the Premier League. At the start of the next season, he was named as captain by manager Gordon Strachan. However, on 8 September 2001, Eustace was struck down with a knee injury during Coventry's league defeat to Grimsby which kept him sidelined for 7 months. He returned to action in April 2002.
Eustace started the 2002–03 season well and attracted interest from Premier League club Middlesbrough, to whom he was loaned out for one month in January 2003. He only made one substitute appearance, away to Liverpool, where he appeared for only the final two minutes of the game, but earned himself a yellow card. Eustace made 33 league appearances over the season, his last with Coventry.
Stoke City
At the start of the 2003–04 season, Eustace left Coventry for fellow second-tier team Stoke City on a free transfer. He made his debut in a 3–0 win over Derby County at the start of the 2003–04 season and helped the side to 11th place in the Championship, scoring five goals. Injury problems restricted him to a handful of appearances over the next two seasons – in the Potters' 1–0 win over Wigan Athletic in February 2005, Eustace suffered a knee injury and was then substituted, in only his 8th appearance of the season. It later became clear that his injury would keep him out for at least the rest of the season. He missed the rest of the 2004–05 season and all of the 2005–06 season because of the injury. However, Eustace signed a one-year contract extension at the beginning of the season, which lasted until the end of the 2006–07 season.
Eustace returned from his long injury lay off in June 2006. He made his first appearance for Stoke City in over 18 months in their 2–0 friendly win over local opposition Newcastle Town. On 13 October 2006, Eustace joined Hereford United on loan to gain first team football to aid his comeback. During his time at Edgar Street he was a key part of the Hereford midfield, and his loan was extended to the New Year. However, on 14 December 2006 he was suddenly recalled by Stoke due to them suffering several injuries in midfield. John's grandfather Ken Eustace also played one match for Hereford during the 1949–50 season.
Eustace returned to the Stoke starting line up in the 3rd round FA Cup match against Millwall. On 11 February 2007, he started his first league match of the season in Stoke's 1–0 loss to Birmingham City. In total, Eustace made 23 league appearances over the course of the season for Stoke and Hereford. Eustace later signed a one-year contract extension with the club, to take him up until the summer of 2008. He was a regular for Stoke during the first half of the 2007–08 season and captained the team up until his move to Watford on the last day of the transfer window.
Watford
On 31 January 2008, Eustace joined Watford from Stoke City for a fee of £250,000. On 20 September 2008, Eustace "scored" a bizarre opening own goal in the game between Watford and Reading, where a goalmouth scramble saw the ball go nowhere near the goal line, despite the linesman flagging for a goal to the bemusement of everyone in the ground. A corner from Stephen Hunt bounced off of Eustace and was hooked back by Noel Hunt. What could have been a debatable corner for Reading, initially given as a goal kick, was actually then given as a goal. The game ended Watford 2–2 Reading.
On 9 March 2009, he joined Championship rivals Derby County on loan until the end of the 2008/09 season, in order to help solve the Rams' midfield injury crisis. He made his Derby debut in the 1–1 draw away to Southampton, and scored against his parent club on the final day of the season. However, Eustace failed to secure a permanent move to Derby at the end of his loan spell with the club and returned to Watford at the beginning of May. However, Derby manager Nigel Clough said "He's got a year left at Watford. If he's still in the same situation at the start of next season, needing a loan, then we might look at that."
With his Hornets career seemingly in jeopardy, Eustace signed an amended contract stipulating that he would not receive his sizeable appearance fee, freeing up Malky Mackay to pick the tenacious midfielder. After being handed the number 28 jersey for the season, Eustace went on to play an instrumental role as Watford retained their Championship status for another season. Eustace was also handed the captaincy on a number of occasions with first-choice skipper Jay DeMerit sidelined through injury. Eustace made over forty appearances in league and cup competitions and was the 'Player's Player of the Season' as voted by his peers.
After much speculation throughout the 2009–10 off-season, Eustace finally put pen-to-paper on a new two-year contract with Watford. Eustace and Mackay later revealed that he had passed a medical at Leeds United, and that there was interest from other clubs.
Ahead of the season, Mackay handed Eustace the captaincy, after DeMerit was released on a Bosman transfer. He started the season in good form, scoring Watford's first goal of the season in a 3–2 win at Norwich City, followed a week later with an over-head finish in a 2–2 draw against former club Coventry which turned out to be 2010/11 goal of the season. Eustace kept the captain's armband following the managerial appointment of Sean Dyche in June 2011 and signed a new two-year contract until 2013 at the end of July despite interest from Derby County.
In June 2013, Eustace was offered a new contract with a player/coach role, which he declined, stating that he was not ready to turn away from playing just yet, therefore leaving the club as a free agent.
Derby County
In July 2013, it was confirmed by Derby County that Eustace had rejoined the club on trial, with a view to earning a contract and after impressing Nigel Clough in pre-season training and friendly games, Eustace verbally agreed a one-year contract with Derby and the move was made official on 24 July. Eustace was originally expected to play a bit part role and according to Clough Eustace was to act as cover in his natural central midfield position as well as being an emergency central defender. Eustace came on as a late substitute for Will Hughes in Derby's opening game against Blackburn Rovers. His first Derby start was in the 1–0 League Cup win at Oldham Athletic. Eustace scored the first goal of his second spell at Derby with a looping header against Queens Park Rangers on 10 February 2014, at Pride Park.
He picked up a serious knee cartilage injury against Ipswich Town in a 1–0 victory on 10 January 2015, a focal point in defensive central midfield, Eustace had only been on the losing side once in 14 appearances prior to his injury for Derby during the 2014–15 season. His manager Steve McClaren described Eustace's injury as a 'big blow'. The injury required an operation and ruled him out for the remainder of the season. Eustace was released by Derby in June 2015.
On 22 June 2015, Eustace was linked with a move to Scottish giants Rangers, with newly appointed manager Mark Warburton claiming, "People like John Eustace are few and far between, people like John are ultra-professional on and off the pitch. They are great role models. If you look at his record and the win ratio when John's playing, it's really important. He had a big role to play at Derby over the last few years." Despite the link to Rangers, Eustace retired from playing due to his injury.
Coaching career
Following his retirement as a player, Eustace moved into coaching. On 21 April 2016, he was named manager of National League side Kidderminster Harriers, signing a one-year contract until the end of the 2016–17 season. While at the club, Eustace transformed the side's style of play, with the Harriers being dubbed the "non-league Barcelona". Eustace led his side to the play-offs in two seasons, as well as the First Round Proper of the FA Cup.
He left the club on 25 May 2018 to join former manager Steve McClaren at Queens Park Rangers as assistant manager. At QPR, he had a brief spell as caretaker manager in 2019, helping the club avoid relegation from the Championship with 7 points from his 7 games in charge. Following Mark Warburton's arrival as manager in May 2019, Eustace remained as his assistant and began studying for his UEFA Pro Licence.
In March 2022 he was named as Assistant Manager of the Republic of Ireland team under manager Stephen Kenny, while he would also continue his existing role at QPR.
Eustace, along with Matt Gardiner, left his role at QPR in June 2022 following the appointment of new manager Michael Beale.
Birmingham City
Eustace succeeded Lee Bowyer as head coach of Championship club Birmingham City on 3 July 2022. His first managerial role in the football league, he signed a three-year contract. Eustace's first competitive game in charge was a 0–0 draw away to Luton Town. Eustace would gain his first victory as Birmingham manager in the following match day, beating Huddersfield Town at home on the 5th August 2022. Despite his side being the bookies' odds-on favourite to finish 24th in the 2022-23 EFL Championship, Eustace was able to guide the club to its highest points tally since 2016, successfully avoiding relegation amid a backdrop of off-field struggles.
On 9 October 2023, Eustace was sacked with the club citing the importance of the board of directors and management being fully aligned on the culture of the football club as the reason behind the decision. An impressive start to the season had seen the club sitting in sixth position with eighteen points from eleven matches.
Career statistics
As a player
Source:
As a manager
References
External links
1979 births
English men's footballers
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
Coventry City F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Dundee United F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Premier League players
Footballers from Solihull
Scottish Premier League players
English Football League players
English football managers
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. managers
Birmingham City F.C. managers
Queens Park Rangers F.C. non-playing staff
Association football coaches
National League (English football) managers
English Football League managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Eustace |
Fitting's theorem is a mathematical theorem proved by Hans Fitting. It can be stated as follows:
If M and N are nilpotent normal subgroups of a group G, then their product MN is also a nilpotent normal subgroup of G; if, moreover, M is nilpotent of class m and N is nilpotent of class n, then MN is nilpotent of class at most m + n.
By induction it follows also that the subgroup generated by a finite collection of nilpotent normal subgroups is nilpotent. This can be used to show that the Fitting subgroup of certain types of groups (including all finite groups) is nilpotent. However, a subgroup generated by an infinite collection of nilpotent normal subgroups need not be nilpotent.
Order-theoretic statement
In terms of order theory, (part of) Fitting's theorem can be stated as:
The set of nilpotent normal subgroups form a lattice of subgroups.
Thus the nilpotent normal subgroups of a finite group also form a bounded lattice, and have a top element, the Fitting subgroup.
However, nilpotent normal subgroups do not in general form a complete lattice, as a subgroup generated by an infinite collection of nilpotent normal subgroups need not be nilpotent, though it will be normal. The join of all nilpotent normal subgroups is still defined as the Fitting subgroup, but it need not be nilpotent.
External links
Theorems in group theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitting%27s%20theorem |
Relaxation labelling is an image treatment methodology. Its goal is to associate a label to the pixels of a given image or nodes of a given graph.
See also
Digital image processing
References
Further reading
(Full text: )
(Full text: )
Computer vision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxation%20labelling |
Regina Rajchrtová, married Kordová (5 February 1968), is a former tennis player from Czechoslovakia who competed for her native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. On 1 April 1991 she reached a career world ranking high of 26.
Personal life
Rajchrtová married top player Petr Korda, and the two have two daughters and a son: Jessica Regina, born on February 27, 1993; Nelly, born July 28, 1998, and; Sebastian, born July 5, 2000. Jessica and Nelly are currently professional golfers, and Sebastian is a professional tennis player.
ITF finals
Singles (2–3)
Doubles (3-3)
References
External links
1968 births
Czech female tennis players
Czechoslovak female tennis players
Hopman Cup competitors
Living people
Olympic tennis players for Czechoslovakia
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Havlíčkův Brod
Czech emigrants to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina%20Rajchrtov%C3%A1 |
The dual problem is a reformulation of a constraint satisfaction problem expressing each constraint of the original problem as a variable. Dual problems only contain binary constraints, and are therefore solvable by algorithms tailored for such problems. The join graphs and join trees of a constraint satisfaction problem are graphs representing its dual problem or a problem obtained from the dual problem removing some redundant constraints.
The dual problem
The dual problem of a constraint satisfaction problem contains a variable for each constraint of the original problem. Its domains and constraints are built so to enforce a sort of equivalence to the original problem. In particular, the domain of a variable of the dual problem contains one element for each tuple satisfying the corresponding original constraint. This way, a dual variable can take a value if and only if the corresponding original constraint is satisfied by the corresponding tuple.
The constraints of the dual problem forbid two dual variables to take values that correspond to two incompatible tuples. Without these constraints, one dual variable may take the value corresponding to the tuple while another dual variable takes the value corresponding to , which assigns a different value to .
More generally, the constraints of the dual problem enforce the same values for all variables shared by two constraints. If two dual variables correspond to constraints sharing some variables, the dual problem contains a constraint between them, enforcing equality of all shared variables.
In the dual problem, all constraints are binary. They all enforce two values, which are tuples, to agree on one or more original variables.
The dual graph is a representation of how variables are constrained in the dual problem. More precisely, the dual graph contains a node for each dual variable and an edge for every constraint between them. In addition, the edge between two variables is labeled by the original variables that are enforced equal between these two dual variables.
The dual graph can be built directly from the original problem: it contains a vertex for each constraint, and an edge between every two constraints sharing variables; such an edge is labeled by these shared variables.
Join graphs and join trees
In the dual graph, some constraints may be unnecessary. Indeed, dual constraints enforces equality of original variables, and some constraints may be redundant because of transitivity of equality. For example, if and are joined by an edge whose label contains , and so are and , equality of in all three dual variables is guaranteed. As a result, a dual constraint between and enforcing equality of is not necessary, and could be removed if present.
A graph obtained from the dual graph by removing some redundant edges is called a join graph. If it is a tree, it is called a join tree. The dual problem can be solved from a join graph since all removed edges are redundant. In turn, the problem can be solved efficiently if that join graph is a tree, using algorithms tailored for acyclic constraint satisfaction problems.
Finding a join tree, if any, can be done exploiting the following property: if a dual graph has a join tree, then the maximal-weight spanning trees of the graph are all join trees, if edges are weighted by the number of variables the corresponding constraints enforce to be equal. An algorithm for finding a join tree, if any, proceeds as follows. In the first step, edges are assigned weights: if two nodes represent constraints that share variables, the edge joining them is assigned weight . In the second step, a maximal-weight spanning tree is searched for. Once one is found, it is checked whether it enforces the required equality of variables. If this is the case, this spanning tree is a join tree.
Another method for finding out whether a constraint satisfaction problem has a join tree uses the primal graph of the problem, rather than the dual graph. The primal graph of a constraint satisfaction problem is a graph whose nodes are problem variables and whose edges represent the presence of two variables in the same constraint. A join tree for the problem exists if:
the primal graph is chordal;
the variables of every maximal clique of the primal graph are the scope of a constraint and vice versa; this property is called conformality.
In turn, chordality can be checked using a max-cardinality ordering of the variables. Such an ordering can also be used, if the two conditions above are met, for finding a join tree of the problem. Ordering constraints by their highest variable according to the ordering, an algorithm for producing a join tree proceeds from the last to the first constraint; at each step, a constraint is connected to the constraint that shares a maximal number of variables with it among the constraints that precede it in the ordering.
Extensions
Not all constraint satisfaction problems have a join tree. However, problems can be modified to acquire a join tree. Join-tree clustering is a specific method to modify problems in such a way they acquire a joint tree. This is done by merging constraints, which typically increases the size of the problem; however, solving the resulting problem is easy, as it is for all problems that have a join tree.
Decomposition methods generalize join-tree clustering by grouping variables in such a way the resulting problem has a join tree. Decomposition methods directly associate a tree with problems; the nodes of this tree are associated variables and/or constraints of the original problem. By merging constraints based on this tree, one can produce a problem that has a join tree, and this join tree can be easily derived from the decomposition tree. Alternatively, one can build a binary acyclic problem directly from the decomposition tree.
References
See also
Hidden transformation
Constraint programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint%20satisfaction%20dual%20problem |
Perry Rose is a Belgian-Irish singer, born in Brussels on 9 May 1962, and who has been active in Belgium, France, Switzerland and Ireland since the release of Because of You in 1991. Rose, who comes from circus families on both his mother and father's side, has since recorded eight albums and toured extensively.
At the end of 2001 Perry recorded Hocus Pocus in Belgium, Brittany and Ireland with Irish producers Graham Murphy and Chris O'Brien from The Production Suite in Dublin (whose credits include Dove, Clannad, Donna Lewis, The Human League, Trevor Horn, Aslan, Perry Blake, Máire Brennan, Picturehouse, Ronan Hardiman and Lord of the Dance). It came out mid April 2002 in France, Switzerland and Belgium, on France's L'Oz Production label.
Guests on the album include French pianist Didier Squiban and Uileann piper Ronan le Bars (known for his work with l’Héritage des Celtes and Dan Ar Braz). It was followed by the live album Happy live recorded at the venerable Brussels venue l’Ancienne Belgique.
Rose has also recorded "Fly" for Didier Laloy / S-TRES, "Stop the pain" for Amnesty International, several traditional Irish tunes in the company of Trio Trad for their compilation Le Monde est un village and a reworked version of "Glasgow" for the CD Eveil aux langues (2005).
Discography
1991: Because of You E.P. – Team For Action
1992: All Seasons
1996: The Bright Ring of the Day – Team for Action
1996: Green Bus
1998: The Triumphant March
1999: Celtic Circus
2002: Hocus Pocus
2004: Happy Live (recorded live at the Ancienne Belgique in Brussels)- Team for Action
2012: Wonderful – Team for Action
External links
Official Perry Rose site in English and French
Belgian people of Irish descent
Musicians from Brussels
Living people
1962 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry%20Rose |
Ubayy ibn Ka'b (, ) (died 649), also known as Abu Mundhir, was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a person of high esteem in the early Muslim community.
Biography
Ubayy was born in Medina (then known as Yathrib), into the tribe of the Banu Khazraj. He was one of the first to accept Islam and pledge allegiance to Muhammad at al-Aqabah before the migration to Medina, becoming one of the Ansar. He joined the second pledge at al-Aqabah. Later, he participated in the battle of Badr and other following engagements.
He acted as a scribe for Muhammad, writing letters for him. Ubayy was one of the few who put the Qur'anic Surahs into writing and had a Mushaf of his own. Following Muhammad's death, he was one of the twenty-five Hafiz, people who knew the Qur'an completely by heart.
He was part of the consultative group (mushawarah) to which the caliph Abu Bakr referred many problems. It included Umar, Uthman, Ali, Abd-al-Rahman ibn Awf, Muadh ibn Jabal, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, and Zayd ibn Thabit.
Umar later consulted the same group when he was caliph. Specifically for fatwas (legal judgments) he referred to Ali ibn Abi Talib, Uthman, Ubayy, and Zayd ibn Thabit.
Ubayy died in the year 649 CE (30 AH), during the caliphate of Uthman.
See also
Ubay (name)
Ka'b (name)
References
Ansar (Islam)
Sahabah hadith narrators
649 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Khazrajite people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubayy%20ibn%20Ka%27b |
Carl Hoefkens (; born 6 October 1978) is a Belgian former professional footballer who played as a defender. He is currently the head coach of Belgian Pro League club Standard Liège.
Club career
Early career
Born in Lier, Hoefkens started his career at K. Lierse S.K. and played there for six years. He made his breakthrough with Lierse in first division and won the Belgian Cup in 1999, beating Standard Liège in the final with 3–1. Afterwards, he made a move to Lommel but Lommel went bankrupt in 2003. In the summer of 2003, he came to Germinal Beerschot, a first division team in Antwerp. There, he became one of the pillars of the team. In his second season at Germinal Beerschot, he won the cup in the final against Club Brugge, then champions of Belgium. Hoefkens is still appreciated by Beerschot fans; a group of fans from the club have travelled to England on numerous occasions to watch him play.
Stoke City
In the summer of 2005 Stoke City manager, Johan Boskamp snapped him up for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut for the club in a 0–0 draw against Sheffield Wednesday on 6 August 2005. Hoefkens became an ever-present in the Stoke line-up and wore the number 2 shirt.
Hoefkens received acclaim for his performances in his first season in English football. He became a fans favourite at Stoke and was crowned 'Fans' Player of the year (2005–06). He then won his 9th cap for his country against Kazakhstan (0–0).
During the January 2007 transfer window he was linked with a return to Belgium, with Club Brugge reportedly interested in him. He was also penalty taker for Stoke before the arrival of Danny Higginbotham, however he still maintained a 100% record for the club. Hoefkens impressed both manager and fans alike with his technical ability during the 2006–07 season. He was also praised for his versatility, as he operated as a winger or a central midfielder on occasions in the latter stages of the season.
It was feared that Hoefkens had broken a bone in his foot in a Euro 2008 qualifier against Portugal however a scan revealed that there was no damage.
West Bromwich Albion
Stoke accepted a bid for Hoefkens from West Bromwich Albion on 4 August 2007. He joined Albion on 7 August 2007 in a £750,000 deal and was offered a two-year contract plus a further one-year as an option. Hoefkens made his Albion debut in a 2–1 defeat away at Burnley on the opening day of the 2007–08 season. One week later, Hoefkens was named in the Championship Team of the Week, following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Preston North End. He is known by his West Brom teammates as "Wolverine", due to his resemblance to the comic book hero from the X-Men.
Hoefkens was released in the summer of 2009.
Return to Belgium
On 25 August 2009 Club Brugge signed the former West Bromwich Albion's Belgian right-back on a two-year deal. He became captain in the season 2010–11. After the season ended, he signed for an extra year with the club. After 4 years and 127 appearances for the club, Hoefkens moved to Lierse in 2013, spending a season there before a move to Oostende.
Gibraltar and retirement
In August 2015, after his release from Oostende, Hoefkens signed for Gibraltar Premier Division side Manchester 62, who beat off competition from reigning champions Lincoln Red Imps for his signature. He signed undisclosed semi-professional terms for the side and aided in the development of David Ochello's young side, making his debut on 26 September in a 1–0 victory over Glacis United. After 19 league games and 2 goals as the Red Devils of Gibraltar finished 6th in the league, he retired at the end of the 2015–16 season.
International career
Hoefkens played 22 times for the Belgium national team, scoring once. He also represented Belgium in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship.
Hoefkens' one international goal came on 24 May 2006, in a friendly with Turkey in Genk. His last-minute goal secured a 3–3 draw.
Coaching and later career
At the end of January 2018, Hoefkens was hired as a scout for Knokke.
On 28 May 2018, it was confirmed, that Hoefkens would return to Club Brugge from the upcoming season as a beloftencoach/talentcoach, where he would function as assistant coach and talent coach for the U21 and U18 teams. In June 2019, Hoefkens was placed in a new role as a part of the first team staff, where he would have the specific task of guiding young talents and provide the link between the academy and the first team. In May 2022, Hoefkens took over as head coach of Club Brugge, signing a contract with indefinite duration. In the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League, he led Club Brugge to the knockout phase for the first time in the Champions League era. On 28 December 2022, Club Brugge announced the termination of his contract.
Hoefkens was named as manager of Standard Liège on 16 June 2023, on a three-year deal. He replaced Ronny Deila, who went to Bruges. Hoefkens named Yaya Touré as part of his coaching staff.
Personal life
Hoefkens married model Vanessa D'Hooghe in 2001.
Career statistics
Club
International
Score and result list Belgium's goal tally first, score column indicates score after Hoefkens goal.
Manager
Honours
Player
Lierse
Belgian First Division A: 1996–97
Belgian Cup: 1998–99
Belgian Super Cup: 1997, 1999
Beerschot A.C.
Belgian Cup: 2004–05
West Bromwich Albion
Football League Championship: 2007–08
Individual
Stoke City Player of the Year: 2006
Manager
Club Brugge
Belgian Super Cup: 2022
References
External links
Belgium Stats at Belgian FA
1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Lier, Belgium
Men's association football defenders
Belgian men's footballers
Belgium men's youth international footballers
Belgium men's under-21 international footballers
Belgium men's international footballers
Belgian expatriate men's footballers
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in England
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Gibraltar
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Gibraltar
Lierse S.K. players
K.F.C. Lommel S.K. players
Beerschot A.C. players
K.V.C. Westerlo players
Club Brugge KV players
Stoke City F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
K.V. Oostende players
Manchester 62 F.C. players
Belgian Pro League players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Club Brugge KV managers
Standard Liège managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Hoefkens |
San Javier is a city in the northeast of the , 156 km north-northeast from the provincial capital. It had about 13,000 inhabitants at the and it is the head town of the San Javier Department.
The town was founded in 1743 by Francisco de Echagüe y Andía, but only recognized as such by the provincial government in 1866. It attained the status of comuna (commune) on 1884-05-25, and became a city on 1979-12-02.
References
Populated places in Santa Fe Province
Populated places established in 1743
1743 establishments in the Spanish Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Javier%2C%20Santa%20Fe |
The Henry J is an American automobile built by the Kaiser-Frazer Corporation and named after its chairman, Henry J. Kaiser. Production of six-cylinder models began in their Willow Run factory in Michigan in July 1950, and four-cylinder production started shortly after Labor Day, 1950. The official public introduction was on September 28, 1950. The car was marketed through 1954.
Development
The Henry J was the idea of Henry J. Kaiser, who sought to increase sales of his Kaiser automotive line by adding a car that could be built inexpensively and thus affordable for the average American in the same vein that Henry Ford produced the Model T. The goal was to attract "less affluent buyers who could only afford a used car" and the attempt became a pioneering American compact car.
To finance the project, the Kaiser-Frazer Corporation received a federal government loan in 1949. This financing specified various particulars of the vehicle. Kaiser-Frazer would commit to design a vehicle that in its base form retailed (including federal tax and retail delivery preparation charge) for no more than $1,300.00 (US$ in dollars). It was to seat at least five adults, be capable of going at least for sustained periods of time, and be available for retail sale no later than September 30, 1950.
A compact car design proposal was made by Howard "Dutch" Darrin that utilized the already approved future Kaiser, but with a shortened wheelbase. However, Henry J. Kaiser wanted an entirely new car and decided on a design developed by American Metal Products, "a supplier of frames and springs for car seats." In an attempt to improve the appearance of the car, Darrin contributed a "dip" to the beltline, windshield, and rear window as well as adding little tailfins.
To accomplish the low price objective, the Henry J was designed to carry the fewest possible components, and built from the fewest parts. To save body stamping costs, early Henry Js did not have rear trunk lids; owners had to access the trunk by folding down the rear seat. Another cost-saving measure was to offer the car only as a two-door sedan with fixed rear windows. Also lacking in the basic version were glove compartment, armrests, passenger-side inside sun visor and flow-through ventilation.
Power for the Henry J was delivered by a four-cylinder engine. Later models were available with a L-head six-cylinder engine producing . The engines were supplied by Willys-Overland; the four-cylinder engine was the same engine used in the CJ-3A series Jeeps, with only slight modifications to component parts; the block and internal components were interchangeable with the CJ-3A engine. The Henry J production provided a substantial revenue source for Willys-Overland. This standard engine could achieve up to when driven conservatively.
Before the Henry J was released to the market the first production models were taken to Arkansas for road testing. Experts computed that driving on the roughest roads would equal of normal driving.
Marketing
While the Henry J was priced low, a Chevrolet 150 model could be bought for less than $200 more, and Chevy included operating rear windows and a trunk lid. The standard Chevrolet, Ford, Plymouth, and other low-priced competitors were also larger cars, offering more interior room. Kaiser-Frazer started offering the deck lid as part of an "Accessory Group" (preferred equipment group) during the 1951 model year, as well as a variety of other dress-up items. However, advertising for the Henry J still focused on operating costs at a time when the rationing of gasoline by the War Production Board ended and fuel sold for about 27 cents per gallon. The car could achieve and in 1953, a Henry J won the Mobil Economy Run.
The Henry J proved to be a sales disappointment for Kaiser. Leftover 1951 models were modified with an outside continental tire and an upgraded interior, to be marketed as the 1952 Henry J "Vagabond" versions. Available in either four- or six-cylinder engines, a total of 7,017 were sold.
In 1952, Kaiser began selling rebadged Henry Js through Sears, under the nameplate of Allstate. Allstates were nearly identical to Henry Js but they carried a unique grille, hood ornament, hubcaps, identification badges and interior trim, and Allstate-brand tires and batteries. After two years of disappointing sales, Sears dropped the car.
The Henry J was also available in Japan from 1951 to 1954, through a licensing deal with East Japan Heavy-Industries, part of the Mitsubishi group.
In 1952, the Henry J Corsair (four-cylinder) and Corsair DeLuxe (six-cylinder) models were introduced featuring improved styling and workmanship, as well as higher prices. The front end had a full-width grille while the taillamps were incorporated into the rear fender fins.
The 1953 Henry J Corsair had few styling changes and featured the smaller L-head four-cylinder engine. Kaiser's advertising promoted it as "the easiest car on the road to drive, handle, park, service, run, maintain, and of course the easiest to pay for." A padded dash became standard.
For 1954, the four-cylinder Corsair price was reduced to $1,286 with the six-cylinder Corsair DeLuxe listed for $1,437, or $124 lower than the previous year. New safety features included padded dashboard and the windshield was mounted so it would pop-out on impact, as well as a "Penny-Minder" carburetor that was claimed to achieve .
Sales declined each year the car was marketed. In 1950 it had 1.35% of the market while in 1954 it achieved only 0.02%. While the Henry J was inexpensive for consumers, its manufacturing and labor costs were high. Henry J. Kaiser had hoped to make a profit through volume production; however, the cars' slow sales negated his plan. The automobile market was competitive and challenging the U.S. "Big Three" — General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler — proved difficult as price wars began that had a devastating impact on small domestic automakers.
Concurrently, sales of Nash's compact Rambler were successful, in part because Nash introduced it in 1950 as a high-value convertible-only model and marketed the small car with numerous standard features to avoid consumers seeing it as inferior or substandard. By 1953, it was reviewed in Kiplinger's Personal Finance as "well-equipped and stylish, the little Rambler is economical and easy to drive" in either convertible, station wagon, or hardtop (no "B-pillar") body styles." On the other hand, the Henry J was a plainly trimmed two-door sedan model; consumers understood the difference between "inexpensive" and "cheap" and they perceived the Henry J in a negative fashion. By September 1953, the Henry J was described in a small car comparison by Kiplinger's Personal Finance as "in trouble ... the closest thing to a "basic transportation" car on the road today, and as such, does not appeal to today's car buyers ... In trade-in value, it ranks among the lowest."
End of the car
Kaiser's effort to boost sales in the low-priced market segment by adding a small car to its product offer came at a time when consumers were demanding big cars. With the acquisition of Willys-Overland's vehicle operations in early 1953 by the Kaiser Manufacturing Company division of Kaiser-Frazer (the division changed its name at that time to Willys Motors, Incorporated), management decided to discontinue the car at the end of the 1953 model year. Kaiser also leased the Willow Run factory to General Motors (because a fire had destroyed its automatic transmission plant in Livonia) and Kaiser's vehicle assembly was consolidated at Jeep's Toledo Complex. However, production of the Henry J was not moved from Michigan to the Ohio factory. Instead, the Willys Aero was a similar vehicle that continued to be made in Toledo. Efforts to sell off remaining vehicles resulted in an abbreviated run of Henry J automobiles as 1954 models that used up leftover or incomplete 1953 cars. They can be distinguished from the 1953 version only by their "54" prefix in the serial number.
Notes
References
External links
Kaiser Motors
Cars introduced in 1950
Henry J
1950s cars
Compact cars
Sedans
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20J |
Sara Louise Gomer (born 13 May 1964) is a retired tennis player from Great Britain. A left-hander, she competed for Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. She won two singles titles on the ITF Circuit, and reached her highest individual ranking on the WTA Tour on 26 September 1988, when she became number 46 in the world and number 1 in Great Britain. Gomer won one WTA singles title, the 1988 Northern California Open, in Aptos, California, coached by Chris Bradnam. She became the last British WTA title-winner until Heather Watson won the 2012 HP Open.
She played in four editions of the Wightman Cup, playing five singles and four doubles matches, which were all losses, from 1986 to 1989. When she lost in the first round of the 1985 U.S. Open, her opponent Mary Joe Fernández, aged 14 years and 8 days, became the youngest player to win a main draw match at any U.S. Open.
She played in the French Open in 1983, 1985–87, 1989, 1991, and 1992; in the Australian Open in 1983-85, 1987–88, and 1990-1992; and in the US Open in 1983, 1985–89, and 1991-92. She played at the Wimbledon Championships every year from 1981-1992.
She reached the quarterfinal of the 1987 Federation Cup and the final of the 1988 Federation Cup.
Gomer retired from competitive tennis in 1992. Soon afterwards she married John Palumbo, an IT expert. They have three children. She now only plays tennis occasionally.
WTA Tour finals
Singles (1 title)
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
English female tennis players
Olympic tennis players for Great Britain
Sportspeople from Torquay
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Tennis people from Devon
British female tennis players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara%20Gomer |
Arnold Lynch (3 June 1914 – 13 November 2004) was an English engineer, known for his work on an optical tape reader which was used in the construction of the Colossus, the first electronic computer. By 1944 ten Colossus computers were installed at Bletchley Park and used to read high-level (Fish or Tunny) German ciphers.
Lynch joined the Post Office Research Station in 1936, specialising in the measurement of the electrical and magnetic properties of materials. He retired in 1974, but continued to come to work at NPL in the dielectric area of RF and microwave electromagnetism up to the year of his death.
The Maths, Art and Design Technology Department at Dame Alice Owen's School was named after Lynch, in thanks for his work during his time at the school and his success as a scientist.
He married Edith Taylor in 1953. Their children are Cedric Lynch and two daughters.
References
External links
Times Obituary
The Times February 01, 2005
1914 births
2004 deaths
Bletchley Park people
English electrical engineers
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Lynch |
Puerto Plata, officially known as San Felipe de Puerto Plata, is a major coastal city in the Dominican Republic, and capital of the province of Puerto Plata. The city is a major trading port. Puerto Plata has resorts such as Playa Dorada and Costa Dorada, which are located east of the city proper. There are 100,000 hotel beds in the city. The first aerial tramway of the Caribbean is located in Puerto Plata, in which visitors can ride up to the Pico Isabel de Torres, a 793-meter (2600-foot) high mountain within the city.
The city’s history dates back to the early 16th century, when Spanish colonists founded a small colonial settlement in the region. During the first decades of the existence of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, the settlement was considered the main commercial and maritime port of the island. In 1605, it was depopulated and destroyed by order of Philip III of Spain to counter raids by English privateers and pirates; a hundred years later, the city was repopulated with farmers from the Canary Islands. From 1822 to 1844 the city was under Haitian control. From 1844 on began the period of the republic, in which the city began to recover its maritime and commercial boom. Beginning in 1865, the current Puerto Plata began to be built. This explains the Victorian style of much of its current architecture. By the end of the 19th century, Puerto Plata had become important for its cultural, social, maritime, and economic development.
Geography
The city sits on land that rises abruptly from the sea making it almost completely visible from the port. It is bordered on the north by the Atlantic Ocean and to the south and southwest by the hill Isabel de Torres.
The small bay around which the city was built provides a natural harbor. Puerto Plata is the largest city on the northern seaboard. Its subdivisions include: El Cupey, Maimón, Los Mameyes, Sabana Grande, El Toro, Tubagua and Yásica. The mountain Isabel de Torres is situated some 5 km to the southwest of the city of San Felipe. Geographically it forms part of the Cordillera Septentrional, reaching a maximum height of 800 m above sea level. It is possible to drive to the top of the mountain by following the highway Don José Ginebra. The highway, upon leaving the city, continues west, passing the populated areas of San Marcos, Piedra Candela and El Cruce, arriving at a paved section that continues southeast and then leads directly to the top. The area surrounding Loma Isabel de Torres has been declared a National Monument with an area that covers approximately 20 km2. At the summit there is a tropical botanical garden covering about , featuring 600 varieties of tropical plants.
Hydrography
The most significant rivers are Camú del Norte, San Marcos, Corozo, Muñoz, Maimón, El Violón, San Piñez, Río Seco, as well as the streams Fú, Blanco, Caballo, Culebra and San Cristóbal.
Climate
Puerto Plata has a tropical climate, more specifically a tropical monsoon climate, with hot, somewhat wet summers and warm, very wet winters (Köppen climate classification Am), due to its tropical location and the cold fronts that reach the region during the "winter" which typically brings the area humid, wetter weather.
Seal
In 1508, Serrano and Diego Nicuëza were sent to the Spanish court to beg the king to treat their cities as the cities in their home country. On December 6, 1508 the Spanish king granted the cities of Hispaniola their seal and their rights.
For "Puerto de Plata", as it was called in those years, it was described as follows:
A silver shield with a green mountain, on it was also a golden F and Y crowned and on the top of this, silver and blue. The initials are for the King and Queen of the Spanish Empire, the Catholic Monarchs Fernando and Ysabel (now usually "Isabel").
History
Since the founding of La Isabela, the first village in the New World, on January 2, 1494, Puerto Plata has been a town of firsts in the Americas. Historians are not clear on the exact year of Puerto Plata's founding. Emilio Rodríguez Demorizi, Américo Lugo, Jose Bordonada, and Samuel Hazard give the year 1502 as recorded by Nicolás of Ovando. Dr. Llenas affirmed that it was 1503. Dr. Joaquín Marino Incháustegui, in his Dominican history records, cites 1504. Dr. Manuel Arturo Roca Batlle indicates that the city was founded in 1505. The historians Alonso Rodriguez Demorizi (brother of Emilio) and Jacinto Gimbernard assert that it was in the year 1496, and Padre Español said it was in 1506.
Christopher Columbus, in his first trip, called the mountain Monte de Plata, observing that since the top is frequently foggy it had a silver-like appearance, hence the name of the port. The city was designed by the brothers Christopher and Bartolomé Columbus, in 1496. The aforementioned Nicolás de Ovando recorded a port existing in the northern coast of the island about 1502. In its first phase as a Spanish colony the town was considered the main commercial and maritime port of the island. Around 1555, Puerto Plata's importance as a port town was lost and it became one of the places of the Antilles frequented by pirates. In 1605 it was depopulated and destroyed by order of Philip III of Spain to counter raids by English privateers and pirates.
A hundred years later, the town was repopulated with farmers originating from the Canary Islands. During the Battle of Puerto Plata Harbor, the United States Marine Corps landed on the island and attacked a French ship and Fortaleza San Felipe. After capturing the French privateer Sandwich and spiking the guns at the fort, the Americans retired victorious. This was during the Quasi-War, an undeclared conflict between France and the United States from 1798 to 1800. From 1822 to 1844 the city was under Haitian control. From 1844 on began the period of the republic, in which the city began to recover its maritime and commercial boom.
The city grew under the influence of European immigrants, who left a cultural and social footprint that remains unique among other cities on the island. In 1863, during the Dominican Restoration War, the city was razed completely. Beginning in 1865, the current Puerto Plata began to be built, explaining the Victorian style of much of its current architecture. By the end of the 19th century, Puerto Plata had become important for its cultural, social, maritime, and economic development. In 1996, Birgenair Flight 301 crashed near Puerto Plata, killing all 189 people on board.
Economy
The Municipality of San Felipe de Puerto Plata is prominent in agrobusiness and tourism, making it a major contributor to the economic growth of the entire country. Other forms of income and economic development that serve to support some segments of the population include port management, sea vessel production, fishing, and textiles. The port has a significant impact in the national and provincial economy.
The port receives cruise ships as well as general bulk freighters which export a variety of merchandise, including farm products and manufactured products in the duty-free zones of the region. A new cruise terminal, closer to the city than Carnival's Amber Cove, is planned: Taino Bay, the new terminal is opened in December 2021.
Culture
The reports on the celebration of the carnival in the Puerto Plata date from the end of the 19th century. The central personage is the devil cojuelo, that in Puerto Plata becomes Taimáscaro, that produces deities Taínas in its masks, and a suit where elements of Spanish and culture are symbolized and the African essences, in multicolored tapes in its arms, and all that is complemented with the conches of the Atlantic Ocean, as natural elements of identity of the town Puertoplateño.
These festivities are celebrated during the months of February and March, in the avenue of the Jetty and the streets of the city. The people are entertained by the parades of disguises, the music, the popular dances, and the different demonstrations of the arts reflecting cultural identity. Each year the organizers of the carnival choose the King Momo, representing the city that has fought to maintain its traditions.
Architecture
The city of Puerto Plata is characterized by its dominant Victorian style architecture, combined with various other architectural styles, giving a varied character to the process of urban development. Inside this variety is the old style related to the colonial epoch, of which remains as an example the Fortress San Felipe.
Another it is the traditional style, originated when the city was founded by migrant canarios, and of the one that the balconies are inherited, and as an example is the bridge of the Guinea, of the year 1879. Then developed the Victorian model, because of the French, Italian, German, and English immigration, and from other European countries, which began after the Dominican Restoration War and had its height at the end of the 19th century and start of the 20th. This style was utilized in dwellings and in buildings destined for social activities. This type of construction gives its own image to the province.
Finally, Puerto Plata developed a modern architecture because of the American occupation (1916 and 1924), and continuing under Trujillo, based on cement block construction.
Downtown Puerto Plata
Education
Some of the illustrious educators who left a mark in the Puerto Plata education system include Antera Mota, Emilio Prud'Homme, Ana Isabel Jiménez, Mercedes Mota, José Dubeau, Doña Isabel Díaz-Alejo y Reyes, Doña Elvia Campillo, Isabel Meyreles, María Concepción Gómez Matos, among others. Currently, the municipality of San Felipe of Puerto Plata counts on 182 educational centers, of which the 67% correspond to the public sector and 39% to the private sector.
This municipality has a total of 29,279 students, of whom 1,567 are at the initial level, 19,395 at the basic level, 6,642 at the medium level, 1,505 students to the subsystem of adults, 84 students of special education and 86 of the labor school.
Besides the universities, four operations offer different careers of technical and upper degree. These universities are:
Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM)
Universidad Organización y Método
Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago (UTESA)
Centro Universitario Regional del Atlántico de la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (CURA-UASD)
Sports
Since the 1950s, the main sports institution of the municipality of San Felipe has been the League of the Atlantic one, which was founded on August 16, 1958, prompted by Fabio Rafael González. This institution celebrates activities during all the year, mainly baseball, and years later added basketball, with the time various clubs were incorporated; the Gustavo Behall, the Hugo Kunhard, and Juan Luis Plá, among others. Since the 1970, the main activities have been the school events that are celebrated during all the year, in its respective dates in which competes in the different disciplines. At present, in Golden Beach, Brugal & Company celebrates periodically the Club Golf Puerto Plata tournament, with the participation of the most noticeable athletes of this discipline, so much at the local level, as national and international.
Tourism
The city's tourist centers include Playa Dorada and Costa Dorada, located to the east of San Felipe of Puerto Plata. There are a total of 100,000 hotel beds in the city; there are a number of "all-inclusive" resort hotels.
Puerto Plata is served by Gregorio Luperón International Airport, situated around to the east of the city, near the town La Union.
In 2015, Carnival Cruise Line opened an $85 million cruise port called Amber Cove.
Fort
The fort is the main colonial monument of the city of Puerto Plata, since around it the city developed most of its history. In 1540, Álvaro Caballero went to the Court to request that a fortress be constructed in Puerto Plata. In 1549 the Archbishop and governing Fuenmayor was entrusted with its construction, but it was still not done even in 1560, when the Audiencia Real ordered it commence under the charge of the French-born judge Juan Echagoín to initiate its work. This work was finished in 1577. The purpose was to protect the city against the incursions of bandits, the corsairs and French and English pirates who continuously terrified inhabitants of Puerto Plata. Its name is in honor of FelipeII, in whose reign its construction was finished. In 1980 it was declared a national monument.
Ocean World
Ocean World is an adventure park located amidst the reefs of the Beach of Cofresí, boasting the largest man-made dolphin habitat in the world.
The park is a main tourist attraction, and is the largest and most complete park of its kind in the Caribbean.
The investment on this project is valued at more than 45 million dollars. It includes a yacht marina (the permanent residence of 19 dolphins), beaches, and forests, as well as fishbowls, picturesque and exotic birds, a casino, and Malayan tigers.
Ocean World is located within a tourist complex on the north coast of the Dominican Republic.
The investor and president of Ocean World, L. A. Meister, showed great interest in the tourist potential of Puerto Plata, in its first incursions in this city, as he was directed and oriented by Juan Carlos Moral, original owner of the lands of Cofresí.
Museums
Museo del Ámbar: The business Costa, Inc., a cultural company of family administration, directed by Aldo Costa, founded the Museo del Ámbar Dominicano in 1982 in the Villa Bentz, (more elegant Hotel of Puerto Plata of the year 1918, built by the Spanish architect Marín Gallart and Cantú). This museum is considered the first Museum of Amber of the Dominican Republic and at the same time, is a great historic monument of the city.
La Zona Colonial (Casas Victorianas): From 1857, it was initiated in Puerto Plata. The Victorian style originating from England, call thus, in honor of the Queen Victoria, manager of that epoch. This it extended to almost everyone and was considered it more modern.
The fundamental characteristics were the elaboration of the wood in artistic form, for the construction of dwellings. From that moment, Puerto Plata defined clearly their architectural style, evolving to what we have nowadays as our patrimony. The rise and development of that new modality in the art of construction, was what gave start, to the buildings of the Victorian houses of the decade from the 70 of the 19th century. Creating a unique style in the city, which him is known today as Victorian architecture of Puerto Plata.
El Faro
The cast-iron lighthouse was built in 1879, under the interim regime of Gregorio Luperón. It consists of a tower elevated on a masonry base, on Doric columns, and rising to above sea level. Due to its position on the coast the cast iron suffered from corrosion and for its poor condition it was included in the 2000 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund. American Express provided funds for a restoration project, which was completed in 2004. After the restoration, the Dominican Republic's Dirección Nacional de Patrimonio Monumental announced that the historic district around the lighthouse would also be revitalized.
Teleférico
The Teleférico cable car was inaugurated in 1975, with construction of Italian origin. It can carry 17 people and takes eight minutes to climb and descend the mountain. It is moved by an electric hydraulic system, conducted by a central operator, situated in the base station. This small train has protective glass walls, and offers the visitor a panoramic view of the city descending from the hill (which at its top is above sea level). Visitors can see the local landscape, including a garden of 215 features and the flora of the country, gift shops and a restaurant with Dominican food. It is managed by a patronage, which maintains it under the principles of conservation.
Beaches
With its golden sands and a mountainous natural landscape combined with the turquoise of the water that many times dresses of a turquoise tone with the reflections of the sun in the day, and of the moon at night. These beaches bring pleasing memories by their landscapes, stones, waves, sand, uveros, almonds, yawls, rowboats, music, and dances. Many of them represent an epoch of daydream and traditions, like at La Poza del Castillo, Cofresí, Costámbar, Long Beach, Marapicá, Playa Dorada, Maimón, and Bergantín. The beaches are considered one of the main tourist attractions of the city.
Mountain Pico Isabel de Torres
On the -high mountain Pico Isabel de Torres, the highest point of Puerto Plata, there is a botanical garden and a replica of Christ the Redeemer, the famous statue in Rio de Janeiro; though the statue is of a smaller size, the mountain itself is taller than that of Rio. The roads leading up the mountain are subject to large amounts of rain and are occasionally impassable.
Transportation
Puerto Plata is served by Gregorio Luperón International Airport which has service by 13 passenger and 3 cargo airlines.
Notable residents
Ulises Heureaux y Antonio Imbert former president of the Dominican Republic
Al Horford current NBA player
Chris Duarte current NBA player
Vojislav Stanimirović Journalist owns a villa overlooking the Puerto Plata Bay since 1990's .
Tito Horford former NBA player and father of Al Horford
Arthur Lithgow, American-Dominican actor and director; born in Puerto Plata in 1915
Gregorio Luperón former president of the Dominican Republic
Carlos Martínez, current MLB player
Carlos Felipe Morales former president of the Dominican Republic
Emilio Prud'Homme writer of the "National Anthem of the Dominican Republic"
José Fermín, current MLB player
Segundo Gonzáles Tamayo former vice-president of the Dominican Republic
Oscar Taveras MLB player, 2014 (d. 2014)
References
https://dominicantoday.com/dr/tourism/2019/12/14/new-cruise-terminal-in-puerto-plata-will-be-operational-in-2020/
External links
Puerto Plata Excursions
Trip Guide Destination
Puerto Plata Carnival
Live and timelapse webcam images from Puerto Plata province
Puerto Plata DR Travel Guide
Puerto Plata City Guide
the Amber Museum
Municipalities of the Dominican Republic
Populated places established in 1502
Populated places in Puerto Plata Province
1502 establishments in the Spanish Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto%20Plata%2C%20Dominican%20Republic |
In Roman mythology, Voluptas or Volupta is the daughter born from the union of Cupid and Psyche, according to Apuleius. The Latin word voluptas means 'pleasure' or 'delight'; Voluptas is known as the goddess of "sensual pleasures". She is often found in the company of the Gratiae, or Three Graces.
Some Roman authors mention a goddess named Volupia, a name which appears to signify "willingness".. She had a temple, the Sacellum Volupiae, on the Via Nova, by the Porta Romana. Sacrifices were offered to the Diva Angerona there.
The corresponding goddess in Greek mythology is Hedone.
See also
Hercules at the crossroads
References
External links
Theoi Project - Hedone/Voluptas
Roman goddesses
pt:Volúptas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluptas |
Anne Rose Brooks (born July 15, 1963, in Plainview, New York) is an American soap opera actress.
Career
Brooks most predominant roles were on soaps in the early 1980s, specifically Diana Frame on Another World (1981 to 1982) and Stephanie Aldrich on The Doctors (1982). Her first job, a print ad, was for a never released cereal product, Morning Power.
On Another World, Brooks was required to play the role of Diana Frame with an Australian accent, but in reality, Brooks was born and raised in the United States.
Personal life
Brooks's parents were poet and lawyer Eugene Brooks (1921-2001; born Eugene Ginsberg), the older brother of poet Allen Ginsberg, and his wife Constance. She had four brothers.
References
External links
American soap opera actresses
1963 births
Living people
People from Plainview, New York
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Rose%20Brooks |
Leigh Woods is a area of woodland on the south-west side of the Avon Gorge, close to the Clifton Suspension Bridge, within North Somerset opposite the English city of Bristol and north of the Ashton Court estate, of which it formed a part. Stokeleigh Camp, a hillfort thought to have been occupied from the third century BC to the first century AD and possibly also in the Middle Ages, lies within the reserve on the edge of the Nightingale Valley. On the bank of the Avon, within the reserve, are quarries for limestone and celestine which were worked in the 18th and 19th centuries are now derelict.
In 1909 part of the woodland was donated to the National Trust by George Alfred Wills, to prevent development of the city beside the gorge following the building of the Leigh Woods suburb. Areas not owned by the National Trust have since been taken over by Forestry England. Rare trees include multiple species of Sorbus with at least nine native and four imported species. Bristol rockcress (Arabis scabra) which is unique to the Avon Gorge can be seen flowering in April; various species of orchids and western spiked speedwell (Veronica spicata) are common in June and July. It is a national nature reserve and is included in the Avon Gorge Site of Special Scientific Interest.
Topography
The woods, which cover an area of , are on a ridge which mainly consists of limestone, with some sandstone which runs from Clifton to Clevedon, away on the Bristol Channel coast. At the southern end of the woods is Nightingale Valley (one of several thus named in the area), a dry valley which is cut into the side of the gorge. Its area slopes from the highest point nearly opposite the north gate of Ashton Court to the River Avon beside the western buttress of the Clifton Suspension Bridge. The woods are on the Monarch's Way long-distance footpath.
History
Within Leigh Woods is Stokeleigh Camp, a hill fort thought to have been occupied from the third century BC to the first century AD and also in the Middle Ages. It is situated on a promontory, bounding the north flank of the Nightingale Valley and occupying around . Stokeleigh Camp is thought to have been occupied from the late pre-Roman Iron Age, when it was in the area controlled by the Dobunni. Archaeological investigations suggest during the 1st century Belgae tribes may have been present with some of the pottery showing the influence of the Durotriges. There may have been a break in occupation before reuse in the middle to late 2nd century. In addition to the pottery recovered a possible coin of Gallienus dating from his reign between 253 and 268 has been recovered. An iron-involuted brooch of the La Tène II type has also been found. It is unclear whether the occupation of Stokeleigh Camp in the 3rd century was for a formal garrison or whether it was just used by "squatters" or as a place of refuge in times of crisis. Stokeleigh might have been connected with the Wansdyke, a series of defensive linear earthworks, consisting of a ditch and an embankment running at least from Maes Knoll in Somerset, to the Savernake Forest near Marlborough in Wiltshire; however, there is little evidence for this. It is also possible that the site was occupied in the Middle Ages.
North of Stokeleigh Camp are a series of limestone and mineral quarries, overlooking the River Avon, which are now disused. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries this had an important celestine quarry and a tramway which linked it to a dock on the Avon; both are now derelict. The area has in recent years been restored as an arboretum. At the northern end of the woods is Paradise Bottom. This is included in the Leigh Court Estate and was part of the ground laid out by Humphry Repton for Philip John Miles. Some of the first plantings of the giant redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum) and the Weymouth pine (Pinus strobus), among other "exotics" imported to the UK, were made here by Sir William Miles in the 1860s.
To the south of the woods is an affluent suburb of Bristol also known as Leigh Woods. It is situated at the western end of the Clifton Suspension Bridge, which opened in 1864, making the development of Leigh Woods as an upmarket residential area practicable. Houses in varying styles were built from the mid-1860s until the First World War.
In 1857 the mutilated body of a murdered woman was found in Nightingale Valley; the following year, John Beale was hanged at Taunton for the crime in January 1858. Another violent death occurred in 1948 when George Henry Chinnock, who had been living in the woods, was found with head injuries.
In 1909 part of the woodland was donated to the National Trust by the tobacco company owner George Alfred Wills. He did this to prevent housing development on the western side of the gorge as Bristol grew in size and population. In 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food bought the woodland associated with the Leigh Court estate. Areas not owned by the National Trust have since been taken over by Forestry England.
The Portishead Railway runs close to the river at the bottom of the woods. It was opened on 18 April 1867, but closed on 3 April 1981. The Great Western Railway built a small station with the aim of attracting tourists to the area; was not very successful and was only in use for less than five years, from 9 July 1928 until 12 September 1932. The line was reopened for freight traffic as far as Royal Portbury Dock on 21 December 2001 and local councils are proposing to reintroduce a passenger service to Portishead as part of their MetroWest plans, although this would not happen before 2019.
In 1957 a Filton-based RAF Vampire jet from 501 Squadron crashed into Leigh Woods. The pilot, Flying officer John Greenwood, was killed after he flew under the deck of the suspension bridge while performing a victory roll.
Small mountain biking circuits are present in the woods and the area is a popular walking and rock climbing area for Bristolians.
Flora and fauna
Because of the rare flora and fauna, the woods have been included in the Avon Gorge Site of Special Scientific Interest, which received the designation in 1952, and has been designated as a national nature reserve.
The south part of the woods is an area of former pasture woodland with old pollards, mainly oak and some small-leaved lime. To the north, the area comprises ancient woodland of old coppice with standards and contains a rich variety of trees. Rare trees include Bristol whitebeam (Sorbus bristoliensis) and wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis). There are multiple species of Sorbus within the woods with at least nine native and four imported species, making it one of the most important sites in Britain for this tree. Birds which live in the woods include the raven (Corvus) and peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Many butterflies and moths can be seen in summer including the white-letter hairstreak (Satyrium w-album).
On the steep grassy slopes above the River Avon, Bristol rockcress (Arabis scabra) which is unique to the Avon Gorge can be seen flowering in April; orchids and western spiked speedwell (Veronica spicata) are common in June and July. In autumn the woodland hosts over 300 species of fungi. Bilberry, a scarce plant in the Bristol area, is found in Leigh Woods, as is the parasitic plant yellow bird's-nest (Monotropa hypopitys). Lady orchid (Orchis purpurea) was discovered here in 1990, in Nightingale Valley; there is doubt as to whether this was a wild plant or an introduction. Green-flowered helleborine (Epipactis phyllanthes) is found on the western side of the gorge, in a wooded area next to the towpath below Leigh Woods.
References
Bibliography
External links
Leigh Woods information at the National Trust
Forestry England - Leigh Woods
North Somerset
National Trust properties in Somerset
Nature reserves in Somerset
Forests and woodlands of Somerset
National nature reserves in Somerset | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh%20Woods%20National%20Nature%20Reserve |
Gisele Miró (born November 1, 1968) is a former tennis player from Brazil.
Miró competed for her native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. She won two singles and one doubles titles in the ITF Women's Circuit, and reached her highest individual ranking on the WTA Tour on April 25, 1988, when she became the No. 99 of the world.
ITF finals
Singles (2–0)
Doubles (1–2)
References
External links
1968 births
Sportspeople from Curitiba
Living people
Brazilian female tennis players
Brazilian people of Spanish descent
Olympic tennis players for Brazil
Tennis players at the 1987 Pan American Games
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games medalists in tennis
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
20th-century Brazilian women
21st-century Brazilian women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisele%20Mir%C3%B3 |
Pontiac East Assembly (also known as Pontiac Assembly Center and GMC Truck & Coach Division Plant 6) was a General Motors manufacturing facility located in Pontiac, Michigan. The manufacturing complex at 2100 South Opdyke Road occupied a rectangular 162-acre site directly east of the GM Pontiac Centerpoint Complex. Hourly workers were represented by UAW Local 594.
The plant closed in 2009 and was demolished in 2011.
History
The plant was built for the GMC Truck & Coach Division; ground was broken in 1970 and the plant was completed in 1972. Production of medium-duty conventional cab trucks was moved from Plant 2 to the newly completed plant in 1973. GMC Truck & Coach Division became GM Truck & Bus Group in 1981.
In 1985, medium-duty Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC Topkick truck production was consolidated with GMC General and GMC Astro heavy-duty truck production at Pontiac Central Assembly, and the plant was renovated and re-tooled to produce the all-new GMT400 light-duty pickups. Floor space amounting to was added, including a second floor that housed the paint facility. Production of the GMT400 Chevrolet C/K and GMC Sierra began in December 1986.
In 1997 the plant was closed by an 84-day UAW strike, the longest strike against GM since 1972.
The plant closed in September 2009 and ownership was transferred to the RACER Trust, an organization marking surplus GM properties, as part of the General Motors bankruptcy settlement.
In late 2011, demolition of the plant began. According to the RACER Trust, the site where the plant stood has been sold. In early 2014 the buyer was identified as Challenge Manufacturing Co., of Walker, Michigan. Challenge plans to spend $50 million for a 400,000-square-foot plant on the site which will produce automotive components for General Motors. The new plant is expected to employ 450.
Other Associated GMC Facilities
Plant 1, 3, 4, and 5 – known as Pontiac West Assembly.
Plant 2 at 660 South Boulevard E – known as "Pontiac Central Assembly".
Vehicles produced
Chevrolet Kodiak
GMC TopKick
Chevrolet C/K
Chevrolet Silverado
GMC Sierra
GMT400
GMT800
GMT900
References
General Motors factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Pontiac, Michigan
1972 establishments in Michigan
Industrial buildings completed in 1972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac%20East%20Assembly |
The initials WLP may stand for several things, such as the following:
Wafer-level packaging, a type of integrated circuit (microchip) packaging
Weakest liberal precondition, a computer programming concept
WebSphere Liberty Profile, a computer software version
Windows Logo Program, a Microsoft Windows branding and certification program
Women's Learning Partnership for Rights, Development, and Peace, an international non-profit, non-governmental organization that is dedicated to women's leadership and empowerment.
Wikileaks Party, an Australian political party
World Library Publications, A former major publisher of Catholic liturgical music in the United States, now a division of GIA Publications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLP |
To Have or Not to Have (Dashtan Va Nadashtan) is a 2001 Iranian documentary film. It was the debut writing and directorial effort of Niki Karimi.
See also
Niki Karimi
Abbas Kiarostami
Cinema of Iran
External links
Review
2001 films
Iranian drama films
Films directed by Niki Karimi
2001 drama films
2000s Persian-language films
2001 directorial debut films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20Have%20or%20Not%20to%20Have |
Anne Minter (born 3 April 1963), also known as Anne Harris, is a former tennis player from Australia.
Ann competed for her native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder. Minter won four singles titles on the WTA Tour: 1987 Taipei, Singapore; 1988 Puerto Rico; 1989 Taipei. She was a quarterfinalist at the Australian Open in 1988, beating fourth seed Pam Shriver in the fourth round. She twice reached the fourth round at Wimbledon, upsetting ninth seed Hana Mandlíková in the third round in 1988. She reached her highest individual ranking at no. 23 on 4 July 1988. On 19 March 1990, she reached her career-high doubles ranking or 68. Her playing career spanned from 1981 until 1992. Minter's win–loss record for singles stands at 258–245.
Tennis career
Fed Cup
Minter made her Fed Cup debut for Australia in 1981 and played successively until 1989 only missing 1982 and 1983. In 1984, she led Australia to the final of the World Group where Australia lost narrowly 2–1 to Czechoslovakia. In 1989, Minter and the Australians lost in the semifinals to Spain, with Minter's losing in three sets to Arantxa Sánchez Vicario. This was her last appearance as an Australian player. By this time, her record stood at 20 wins (6 losses). In singles, it was a 16–6 winning record (4–0 in doubles).
Olympics and Grand Slam tournaments
Anne Minter played at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, reaching the second round of the tennis competition.
Her Grand Slam debut came in 1981. Her best performance was at the 1988 Australian Open when she reached the quarterfinals.
Personal life
Minter married her former tennis coach, Graeme Harris. They were married in a church in Box Hill, Australia. Together, they have three children. The eldest, Caterina Harris was born in 1992, followed by Andrew Harris in 1994, and lastly Samantha Harris in 1995.
Following her tennis career, Minter pursued tennis coaching.
WTA career finals
Singles: 7 (4 titles, 3 runner-ups)
Doubles: 1 title
Mixed doubles: 1 runner-up
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Australian female tennis players
Australian Open (tennis) junior champions
Olympic tennis players for Australia
Tennis people from Victoria (state)
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Australian Institute of Sport tennis players
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' singles
Sportswomen from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Minter |
Mayo Moran (born June 2, 1957) is a Canadian lawyer and academic. From 2006 to 2014, she was Dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of Toronto. She was the first female dean of that faculty. In addition, since 2014, she has been Provost of Trinity College, Toronto.
Early life
Moran is a native of the Canadian province of British Columbia. She was born on June 2, 1959, to Bridget Moran, then a social worker, later a writer, and Pat Moran.
Moran completed her LL.B. at McGill University (1990) and subsequently obtained an LL.M. from the University of Michigan (1992) and an S.J.D. from the University of Toronto (1999). She attended the University of British Columbia for her B.A. (1980, English and Sociology) and teacher training (1981) and subsequently taught at a secondary school in Prince George, British Columbia before attending law school.
Academic career
Moran is active in the fields of constitutional law, private law, and legal and feminist theory. She has worked on cases involving claims under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms equality guarantee and redress for historic injustice such as the Chinese Canadian Head Tax claim. She currently teaches first-year tort law at the Faculty of Law.
She has been Dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of Toronto since January 1, 2006, the first ever female dean of the Faculty of Law. She replaced former dean Ronald J. Daniels, who went on to become President of Johns Hopkins University. On July 1, 2014, she joined Trinity College, Toronto as the 15th Provost, replacing Andy Orchard. He had taken up the position of Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at the University of Oxford.
At the University of Toronto, she serves as Chair of the Deans of Single Departmental Faculties, and is a member of numerous committees including the Provost's executive committee and the President's Special Advisory Committee on Asset Management.
As Dean, Moran regarded upgrading the physical building of the Law School as her biggest challenge, along with budgetary considerations.
She has also served outside the University of Toronto in various capacities including as an External Reviewer of University of British Columbia Faculty of Law. Since 2007 she has also been the Chair of the Independent Assessment Process Oversight Committee that attempts to assist in the implementation of the Indian Residential Schools Agreement.
References
External links
Faculty profile, University of Toronto Faculty of Law
|-
1959 births
Canadian legal scholars
Living people
People from Prince George, British Columbia
University of Toronto alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto Faculty of Law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo%20Moran |
Fort Crook may refer to two U.S. military posts, both named after Gen. George Crook:
Fort Crook (California) (1857–1869), near Fall River Mills, California
Fort Crook, Nebraska (1891–1946), near Omaha, Nebraska, now Offutt Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Crook |
William George Tyrrell, 1st Baron Tyrrell, (17 August 1866 – 14 March 1947) was a British civil servant and diplomat. He was Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs between 1925 and 1928 and British Ambassador to France from 1928 to 1934.
Background and education
Tyrrell, grandson of an Indian princess, was educated in Germany (he spoke fluent German) and at Balliol College, Oxford.
Career
Tyrrell served in the Foreign Office from 1889 to 1928. He was private secretary to the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Thomas Sanderson from 1896 to 1903 and then secretary to the Committee of Imperial Defence from 1903 to 1904 before being appointed as second secretary at the British embassy in Rome. He returned firstly as precis-writer from 1905 to 1907 and later, with Louis Mallet, as private secretary to Sir Edward Grey from 1907 to 1915.
Tyrrell supported the Entente Cordiale with France and did not think a rapprochement with Imperial Germany was possible before 1914. There were secret renewal propose alliances with German Empire.
He appears to have been one of Grey's few intimates but an inherent laziness and frustration with red tape make an assessment of his influence difficult. Certainly however Tyrrell played a more important role than his title might suggest and, for example, in the autumn of 1913 he was sent to Washington as a personal ambassador by Grey to discuss the situation in Mexico following the overthrow of Francisco I. Madero.
In the spring of 1915 Tyrrell appears to have suffered an almost total breakdown (perhaps precipitated by the death of his younger son that year) and he was moved to a less stressful job at the Home Office before being made head of the Political Intelligence Department from 1916 to 1919. He was Permanent Under-Secretary from 1925 to 1928 and British Ambassador to France from 1928 to 1934. As Permanent Under-Secretary he did not think there was a military threat from Japan and that Russia was the enemy and as Ambassador he worked for an Anglo-French agreement. He was also suspicious of Nazi Germany. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1928 and made a Peer as Baron Tyrrell of Avon in the County of Southampton, in 1929. In 1935 he was appointed President of the British Board of Film Censors, a post he held until 1947.
Personal life
Lord Tyrrell married Margaret Ann, daughter of David Urquhart, in 1890. He died in March 1947, aged 80, when the barony became extinct as both his sons had been killed in the First World War.
Notes
References
John Ramsden, The Oxford Companion to 20th Century British Politics (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 654–55.
L.B. Namier, Avenues of History (London, 1952)
Zara S. Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy 1989–1914 (Cambridge, 1969)
F. H. Hinsley (ed.), British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey (Cambridge, 1977)
External links
1866 births
1947 deaths
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
Diplomatic peers
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to France
Civil servants in the Home Office
Private secretaries in the British Civil Service
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Principal Private Secretaries to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Barons created by George V
People of the British Council
20th-century British diplomats
Wakefield family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Tyrrell%2C%201st%20Baron%20Tyrrell |
Daniel Dimitri Rodriguez (November 10, 1967 – October 6, 1990), alias D-Boy Rodriguez, was a Christian rap artist. He released two albums that received moderate commercial success, before being murdered in 1990. His third album was released posthumously.
Career
Debut album
Rodriguez was signed to Frontline Records, who released his debut album Plantin' a Seed in 1989. Christian blue-eyed soul singer Tim Miner was instrumental in creating the album in a technical role as well as assisting with songwriting, playing various instruments and singing background vocals on the disc. Miner's future wife Cindy Cruse also sang backing vocals. "Pick Yourself Up", co-written with Miner and Tommy Sims of White Heart hit No. 8 on Christian radio from the album. It would be the only song D-Boy ever charted.
Second album
Rodriguez' second album, 1990's Lyrical Strength of One Street Poet (street poet was Rodriguez' preferred term for himself rather than 'rapper') was one of the first in Christian rap to make extensive use of sampling, using soundbites from Pee-Wee Herman ("Nobody hipped me to that, dude..") and Bill Cosby ("Read your Bible..Bible states") along with musical elements from Sly and the Family Stone, Steve Miller Band, The Isley Brothers amongst others. The album also has an early appearance on backing vocals by Nicole Bruce, who after marrying Christian rocker David Mullen would go on to greater recognition as Nicole Mullen. It peaked at No. 35 on Billboard's CCM album chart in early 1991. Christian radio, however, was not ready for its more raw rap sound and it got little airplay.
Death
Rodriguez died in 1990 after being shot upon leaving his East Dallas apartment. No official motive has yet been revealed for the shooting. According to his mother: "They say it was everything from mistaken identity to a robbery attempt, but nobody really knows."
Posthumous releases
In 1993 his final album, Peace to the Poet, was released. It contained a collection of outtakes and other scraps put out by his label posthumously. Labelmate Angie Alan recorded "Until We Meet Again" in his memory on her CD The Bottom Line. Rappers included tobyMac and Vanilla Ice. His sister, Genie Rodriguez-Lopez, began recording rap music herself to carry on his legacy as MC Gee Gee.
Fellow musicians Corey Red and Precise dedicated the song "Martyr's Anthem" to him. It is found on the 2004 album, Resistance Iz Futile. On April 28, 2006, his mother was in attendance as a concert in West Oak Cliff was held to mark the release of a Christian rap CD entitled The Fallen Soldier Compilation : A Tribute To D-Boy. The album features contributions from fellow Christian rap pioneer Fred Lynch (of P.I.D.), Dynamic Twins, IDOL King, Lingo, Heata and others.
Discography
Plantin' a Seed (Frontline 1989 CD-09082)
The Lyrical Strength of One Street Poet (Frontline 1990 CD-09216)
Peace to the Poet (Frontline 1993 FLD-9295)
Compilation Contributions
Yo Ho Ho (Forefront 1990 CD02694) - Track 7 "Winter Wonderland"
See also
List of murdered hip hop musicians
List of unsolved murders
References
External links
The Lyrical Strength of One Street Poet
1967 births
1990 deaths
1990 murders in the United States
20th-century American musicians
Deaths by firearm in Texas
Male murder victims
American murder victims
Musicians from Dallas
Musicians from the Bronx
People murdered in Texas
Performers of Christian hip hop music
Unsolved murders in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Rodriguez |
Dialog Control Language (DCL) is a high-level description language and interpreter within AutoCAD for creating simple graphical dialogs. AutoLISP extensions use it to interact with the user in the AutoCAD environment.
Features and usage
Unlike other major GUI APIs, DCL is not a complete GUI toolkit for application programming. It is only intended for providing simple dialogs within AutoCAD. It includes basic form widgets such as text boxes, buttons, checkboxes and list boxes. DCL is object-oriented; it allows re-use through inheritance and composition.
DCL syntax is based on defining and using 'tiles'. A 'tile' represents a GUI widget such as a text box or a text label. Tiles also represent widgets that hold other widgets, such as columns, radio button groups and the dialogs themselves. DCL provides built-in tiles for all major widgets, and new tiles can be defined through inheritance and composition of other tiles.
DCL allows interactions with the dialog at run-time by Lisp code. Certain widgets can have actions associated with them by naming an AutoLISP function to be run, and values to be passed to it. Unlike other types of GUIs, DCL dialogs cannot be changed substantially at run time. The contents of certain widgets such as text boxes and list boxes can be changed, but widgets cannot be removed from or added to the dialog.
Example
Here is an example DCL file (and accompanying AutoLISP file) demonstrating the major features of DCL.
name_button : button {
label = "Submit name";
action = "(change-name)";
}
hello : dialog {
label = "DCL Example";
: edit_box {
label = "Name: ";
key = "name";
}
: name_button {
key = "submit-name";
}
: text {
key = "greeting";
}
ok_only;
}
The dialog is created by inheriting from the built-in tile 'dialog'. Properties are set on the dialog and other widgets in name/value pairs. Tiles can be placed inside the dialog just by naming them, or by naming them and specifying additional properties. A new tile ('name_button') is defined for use by naming it and specifying properties for it.
; DCL is saved as "hello.dcl"
(defun change-name ()
(set_tile "greeting" (strcat "Hello, " (get_tile "name") "!")))
(setq hello-dcl (load_dialog "hello.dcl"))
(new_dialog "hello" hello-dcl)
(start_dialog)
(unload_dialog hello-dcl)
A DCL dialog is instantiated by calling a series of functions in an AutoLisp file. Tiles can call back into AutoLISP code on certain events, and Lisp can manipulate the contents of tiles while the dialog is running.
Alternative technologies
For creating more general GUIs and other extensions within CAD, AutoDesk provides several other choices. The ObjectARX API for C++ allows extensions to be built as within Microsoft Visual Studio. VBA allows drag-and-drop programming for AutoCAD as for Microsoft Office and other applications.
As of AutoCAD 2007 and later, AutoLISP or Visual-LISP programs can call routines written in Visual Studio .NET (VB or C#). Programmers can now create dialogs in VB or C# that have the full range of controls found in the .NET Forms API and can be called and accessed from Visual-LISP.
External links
Jeffrey P. Sander's DCL Tutorial
AfraLISP DCL Tutorials
AutoLISP-Exchange.com Getting Started with Dcl Dialogs
Markup languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialog%20Control%20Language |
This page indexes the individual year in association football pages. Each year is annotated with one or more significant events as a reference point.
Pre-1860s
1820s in football
Order imposed on folk football.
Public schools start devising versions of football.
The Foot Ball Club of Edinburgh was founded as the first club to play any type of organized football.
1830s in football
1840s in football
The Cambridge Rules are created in 1848.
Official referees appear for the first time in a football match at a match held in Cheltenham in 1849.
1850s in football
Sheffield F.C., the oldest surviving independent football club in the world, is founded in 1857. In 1858 it created its first set of rules, which would become known as the Sheffield Rules.
1860s in football
British railway builders introduce football to Argentina. The Football Association is founded in 1863 (the first football association in the world), and it ratifies the original 14 rules of the game. In 1860, the first non-British team in Europe, Lausanne Football and Cricket Club of Switzerland, is formed. In 1862, Notts County F.C. is founded. In 1865 Buenos Aires FC was formed by British residents. In 1866, the Football Association introduces a 'cross tape' between goalposts as a precedent to the 'crossbar'. The first ever football tournament, the Youdan Cup, is played by twelve Sheffield clubs in 1867; the Cromwell Cup, the second oldest football tournament in the world, takes place in 1868 with Sheffield Rules. Goal kicks are introduced in 1869 and Scottish club Kilmarnock F.C founded.
1870s
1870 in football
First "goalkeepers", and the transition from "dribbling game" to "passing game" is seen in club matches in Sheffield and London. The first international match arranged by the Football Association between England and Scotland on 5 March 1870 finishes in a 0–0 draw at the Kennington Oval in London. Combination Game developed by Royal Engineers AFC.
1871 in football
Charles William Alcock creates the Football Association Challenge Cup, the oldest cup tournament still extant.
1872 in football
Scotland and England draw 0–0 in the first FIFA-recognized international football match, played at the West of Scotland Cricket Club. Wanderers beat Royal Engineers in the first FA Cup final. Kick corner and ball fixture is introduced by The Football Association. The first Welsh football club, Wrexham A.F.C., is founded. Football introduced in France by English sailors, and Le Havre is founded. Rangers F.C. is founded in Scotland.
1873 in football
The Scottish Football Association is founded. The offside law is changed so that an offside position is determined when the ball is played by a teammate, rather than when it is received. The corner kick is defined. 1874 in football
The FA authorizes referees to send players off for certain offences and makes a rule requiring teams to change ends at halftime. The first shin pads are introduced. Aston Villa F.C. and Bolton Wanderers F.C are founded.1875 in football
The crossbar is introduced, replacing tape as the means of marking the top of the goal. Oxford University tour Germany and a number of German universities take up the game (one of first countries to play under FA rules outside of Britain). Blackburn Rovers F.C. is founded.1876 in football
Carlton Cricket Club (Canada) form football section and subsequently tours Britain. Middlesbrough F.C. were founded.1877 in football
The length of a match is set at 90 minutes. Wolverhampton Wanderers were founded.1878 in football
Referees begin to use whistles. West Bromwich Albion, Manchester United (as Newton Heath L&YR F.C.) and Everton (as St. Domingo's FC) are founded. The first football match to be staged under electric floodlighting takes place at Bramall Lane, Sheffield, between two local representative teams.1879 in footballKjøbenhavns Boldklub introduces itself as the first sports club in continental Europe. Sunderland A.F.C. and Doncaster Rovers F.C. are founded.
1880s 1880 in football
Irish Football Association founded. Clubs charge for admission. Players paid lost wages and expenses (players still part-time). Manchester City are founded as St. Marks.1882 in football
Queens Park Rangers FC, Tottenham Hotspur F.C., and Burnley F.C. are founded. The first club in Uruguay formed by an English professor at Montevideo University; another club later formed by British railway engineers. Two-handed throw-in introduced.1883 in football
Coventry City FC is founded.1884 in football
Played for the first time the British Home Championship, the oldest tournament for national teams: the Scotland national team emerges as winner. Derby County are founded along with Leicester City, who are founded as Leicester Fosse. 1885 in football
The Football Association legalises professionalism. The first non-European international was contested on 28 November 1885, at Newark, New Jersey, between the United States and Canada, the Canadians winning 1–0. Arbroath beat Bon Accord 36–0 in the Scottish Cup, a record which stands to this day.1886 in football
The FAs of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland form the International Football Association Board. The referee and the captain player for each team are introduced. Arsenal F.C. is founded.1887 in football
The first football team in South America is founded, Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata, Argentina. British introduce football to Russia. Hamburger SV is founded. Hibernian F.C. wins the Football World Championship against Preston North End, 2–1 in Edinburgh.1888 in football
The Football League, the world's first national football league competition, is founded in England by Aston Villa director William McGregor. Celtic F.C. is founded. Renton F.C. wins the Football World Championship against West Bromwich Albion, 4–1 in Glasgow.1889 in football
The Royal Dutch Football Association and the Danish Football Association are founded. The Danish association is the first non-British European football association.
The Football Alliance is formed as a rival to The Football League.
The first football association not admitted to FIFA is formed: the Cornwall County Football Association.
Rosario Central, and
Mohun Bagan A.C., the oldest football club in India, is founded. RC Recreativo de Huelva, the first club in Spain, is founded.
1890s 1890 in footballThe IFA Premiership (Irish League) is formed (NIFL Premiership).
The Scottish Football League is formed.
Goal nets used for the first time.1891 in football
The penalty kick is introduced. Liverpool engineer John Alexander Brodie invents the football net.
Assistant referees are first introduced as linesmen.
The first Oceanian football association is formed: the New Zealand Soccer Association.
The first ever championship outside of Britain takes place in Argentina: AAF Championship.
C.A. Peñarol is founded.1892 in football
The Football League introduces a second division. Liverpool F.C. and Newcastle United F.C. are founded. The first Asian football association is formed: the Football Association of Singapore. Argentina is the first country outside of Britain to have a national championship.1893 in football
Argentine Football Association is founded, the first South American football association. Genoa Cricket and Football Club, the first Italian club football team, and F.C. Porto are founded.1894 in football
Referee in complete control of game. 1894 in football
Floriana FC of Malta is founded. 1895 in football
The Federación de Fútbol de Chile, the Belgian Football Association and the Gibraltar Football Association are founded. Clube de Regatas do Flamengo is founded. Sunderland A.F.C. wins the Football World Championship against Hearts of Midlothian F.C., 5–3 in Edinburgh.1896 in football
Italy's first national championship is organised by the Italian Federation of Gymnastics. Football played at the first Summer Olympics in Athens as demonstration sport. The match length is set to 90 minutes. 1897 in football
The Football League introduces automatic promotion and relegation between its two divisions. Juventus F.C. is founded as Sport Club Juventus.1898 in football
The Italian Football Federation is formed. CR Vasco da Gama, Standard Liège and Portsmouth FC are founded. CS Constantine of Algeria is founded. 1899 in football
FC Barcelona, Club Nacional de Football and A.C. Milan are founded. The number of a football team is defined to be 11 players.
1900s 1900 in football
Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol and German Football Association were founded. FC Bayern Munich, AFC Ajax, RCD Espanyol, Borussia Mönchengladbach and S.S. Lazio (as Società Podistica Lazio) are founded. The first clubs dedicated to football still active in Brazil, Sport Club Rio Grande and Associação Atlética Ponte Preta are founded. The Malta Football Association is founded.1901 in football
Czechoslovak Football Association and Hungarian Football Federation are founded. The match between Tottenham Hotspur F.C. and Hearts of Midlothian F.C. for the Football World Championship finishes 0–0, in London. Hibernian win Scottish Cup on 23 April. Club Atlético River Plate is founded in Argentina, C.F. Pachuca is founded, Alianza Lima is founded in Peru. 1902 in football
The first international match between South American national teams is played between Uruguay 0–6 Argentina, and the first international match between non-British European national teams: Austria 5–0 Hungary. 26 people die and over 500 are injured when a section of the terracing collapses after a Scotland-England British Home Championship match at Ibrox Park. Five Spanish clubs compete for the 1902 Copa de la Coronación, which was unofficially the first Copa del Rey. The first Brazilian football league, Campeonato Paulista, is won by São Paulo Athletic Club. The first North American football association (geographically South American but affiliated to CONCACAF) is formed: the Guyana Football Federation. The penalty area is defined. Real Madrid, Olimpia Asunción and Fluminense Football Club are founded. Hearts of Midlothian F.C. won the Football World Championship against Tottenham Hotspur F.C., 3–1 in Edinburgh.1903 in football
Beşiktaş J.K., Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Racing Club de Avellaneda and Atlético Madrid are founded.1904 in football
FIFA is founded in Paris on 21 May. The first football association geographically in North America is formed: the Fédération Haïtienne de Football. Swedish Football Association is founded. S.L. Benfica, Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas and Argentinos Juniors are founded. Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) formed.1905 in football
The Muratti Vase, the oldest tournament for FAs not admitted to FIFA, played for the first time, won by Guernsey. Galatasaray, Chelsea F.C., Club Atlético Boca Juniors, Estudiantes de La Plata, Club Atlético Independiente and Sport Club do Recife are founded.1906 in football
England joins FIFA. Club Deportivo Guadalajara and Sporting Clube de Portugal is founded.1907 in football
Fenerbahçe S.K., Al-Ahly and Bradford Park Avenue A.F.C. are founded.1908 in football
For the first time, officially, a football tournament is played at the Summer Olympics in London, which was won by Great Britain. FC Internazionale, San Lorenzo de Almagro, Clube Atlético Mineiro, Feyenoord and Panathinaikos F.C. are founded. Organized in Italy the Torneo Internazionale Stampa Sportiva, the first international football tournament for clubs, but not officially.1909 in football
R.S.C. Anderlecht, Sport Club Internacional and Borussia Dortmund are founded. The first official national football tournament was organized in 1909 by the recently founded Romanian Football Federation, then called the Association of Athletic Societies in Romania. Played for the first time in Italy the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, considered the first official international football tournament for clubs.
1910s 1910 in football
Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield , Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, MKE Ankaragücü and FC St. Pauli are founded. The Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo 1910, played in and won by Argentina, is the first South American competition with more than two national teams, and is considered unofficially the first Copa América. 1911 in football
FK Austria Vienna, El Zamalek and Anorthosis Famagusta are founded.1912 in football
Goalkeepers banned from handling the ball outside their own penalty area. Santos FC and Karşıyaka S.K. are founded.1913 in football
Opposing players forced to stand at least ten yards away from a free kick. Royal Spanish Football Federation and United States Soccer Federation are founded.1914 in football
The oldest surviving club trophy soccer competition in the Americas, Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, is founded in the United States as National Challenge Cup and the Brooklyn Field Club (1898–1924) are crowned champions. Glentoran from Belfast wins first ever European competition, the Vienna Cup. Brazilian Football Confederation is founded. Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, Levski Sofia and Altay S.K. are founded.1916 in football
CONMEBOL is founded. Uruguay wins the first Copa América, held in Argentina. Club América is founded.
1918 in football
LDU Quito are founded under the name Club Universitario.1919 in football
Congolese Association Football Federation, the first African football association, French Football Federation and Polish Football Association are founded. Leeds United, Liga Deportiva Alajuelense, Valencia CF, Dacia Unirea Braila, U.S. Salernitana, Espérance Sportive de Tunis are founded.
1920s 1920 in football
For the first time an African national team plays an international match, which is also the first intercontinental national team match between Italy and Egypt, which ends 2–1, at the Summer Olympics in Belgium.1921 in football
Egyptian Football Association is founded. Cruzeiro Esporte Clube is founded. The IFA Premiership (Irish League) is now the national league of Northern Ireland, following partition.1923 in football
Bolton Wanderers defeat West Ham United in the first English FA Cup final played at Wembley Stadium, remembered as the White Horse Final. Rapid București , Gençlerbirliği S.K. and Turkish Football Federation are founded.1924 in football
Players allowed to score directly from a corner kick. For the first time a South American national team and a European national team play each other: Uruguay-Yugoslavia 7–0, at the Summer Olympics in France. Uruguay wins the gold medal. For the first time an Oceanian national team plays an international match: Australia-Canada 3–2. Chinese Football Association is founded. Following their Italian league victory in 1923–24, Genoa C.F.C. becomes the first team ever to add a scudetto patch to their shirt.1925 in football
The offside rule is changed: a player is now onside if a minimum of two (instead of three) opposing players are between him and the goal line. Étoile Sportive du Sahel, Colo-Colo and Olympiacos F.C. are founded.1926 in football
Huddersfield Town become the first team to win the Football League in three consecutive seasons. ACF Fiorentina PAOK and APOEL FC are founded.1927 in football
AC Sparta Prague wins the inaugural Mitropa Cup, the first international major European cup for clubs, the predecessor to the Champions League. Federación Mexicana de Fútbol Asociación is founded. FC Dynamo Kyiv and Cruz Azul are founded. First League match broadcast on radio.1928 in football
La Liga is formed. Uruguay wins the gold medal for the second time in a row.1929 in football
Lega Calcio Serie A is formed. Goalkeepers have to stand still on their lines for penalty kicks.
1930s 1930 in football
Thirteen teams enter the first World Cup, held in Uruguay. The hosts beat Argentina 4–2 in the final. Contested between the top national teams of continental Europe, Dr. Gerö Cup' first edition is won by Italy. São Paulo.1932 in football
Football is excluded from the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles due to the low popularity of the sport in the United States at the time. Bologna becomes the first Italian club to win a major international competition following their Mitropa Cup conquest. 1934 in football
Hosts Italy become the second World Cup winners and the first European team to do so, beating Czechoslovakia 2–1 in the final. For the first time a qualification stage occurs and an Asian national team plays an international match: Egypt-Palestine 7–1. Egypt becomes the first African team to compete.1935 in football
Deportivo Saprissa is founded.Juventus becomes the first team in Italian football history to win 5 national titles in a row.1936 in footballItaly wins gold at the Olympics in Berlin and joins Uruguay to become Olympic and World champion.1937 in football
The largest football crowd was recorded, 149,415 people turned up at Hampden Park, Glasgow, to see Scotland play England1938 in football
In the 1938 World Cup held in France, Italy beats Hungary 4–2 in the final and becomes the first team to successfully defend the title and the first to win on foreign soil. Vittorio Pozzo becomes the first coach and only at present to guide his team to two World Cup victories. Polish Ernest Willimowski becomes the first player to score four goals in a World Cup game during Poland's 6–5 loss against Brazil. Following the Anschluss with Germany, Austria withdraws and some Austrian players joins the German squad. Argentina and Uruguay boycott the tournament as it is held in Europe for the second successive time. First live TV transmission of FA Cup Final.1939 in football
Shirt numbering is made compulsory.
1940s 1941 in football
CCCF Championship Is organized for the first time by CCCF, won and hosted by Costa Rica.1945 in football
Red Star Belgrade is founded.1946 in football
The Burnden Park Disaster kills 33 Bolton Wanderers fans. The PFC is formed. JS Kabylie is founded.1947 in football
NAFC Championship is organized for the first time by North American Football Confederation in Cuba, and won by Mexico. Atlético Nacional and FC Steaua București are founded.1948 in football
CSKA Sofia and Dinamo București are founded.1949 in football
FC Barcelona win the inaugural Latin Cup, one of the forerunners of the European Cup. The Superga air disaster kills 31 people, including 18 Grande Torino players, the backbone of the Italy national football team. Raja Casablanca is founded.
1950s 1950 in football
Uruguay win the 1950 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil, when they beat the hosts 2–1 in the final group match of the tournament, also known as the Maracanazo, the highest attendance at any sporting match at 200,000. Earlier in the same tournament, one of the biggest upsets in football history occurs, when the United States shock England 1–0.1951 in football
Use of white ball permitted. Copa Rio, the first world tournament for clubs, is played for the first time in Brazil, and won by Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras.1952 in football
Hungary's revolutionary tactics help the Golden Team to win the football at the 1952 Summer Olympics. The Panamerican Championship is played for the first time in Chile, won by Brazil.1953 in football
England lose a home match for the first time, 6–3 to Hungary.1954 in football
UEFA is founded in Basel, Switzerland, Asian Football Confederation is formed. West Germany win the 1954 FIFA World Cup held in Switzerland (it was the first World Cup with a sponsor), coming back from 0–2 to win the final game 3–2 against Hungary, a match known as The Miracle of Bern. Club Universidad Nacional is founded.1955 in football
First European Cup starts. The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, considered the precursor of the UEFA Cup, is played for the first time and won by Barcelona.1956 in football
Real Madrid beat Stade de Reims-Champagne 4–3 in the first European Cup final. First RAI TV's transmission of football match Serie A happens in Italy in a match between Fiorentina and Napoli. The first Asian Cup is played in Hong Kong, won by Korea Republic. Saudi Arabia Football Federation is founded. Floodlighting used for first time at League match (Portsmouth). The Ballon d'Or is assigned for the first time to Stanley Matthews.1957 in football
CAF is founded; only three teams enter the first African Cup of Nations in Sudan, won by Egypt. Al-Hilal is founded.1958 in football
Pelé and Garrincha star as Brazil win their first World Cup in Sweden, beating the hosts 5–2 in the final. 23 people, including eight Manchester United players, are killed in the Munich air disaster. Just Fontaine becomes the first and to this day only player to score 13 goals in a single World Cup. Juventus becomes the first team in history to adopt a golden star above their crest to represent their tenth Serie A title, a national record then. 1959 in football
The first season of the Brazilian National Championship takes place and is won by Esporte Clube Bahia. Once Caldas is founded.
1960s 1960 in football
The first European Championship is played in France, won by USSR. The Copa Libertadores is played for the first time and won by C.A. Peñarol, and the Intercontinental Cup is played for the first time, won by Real Madrid. First European Cup Winners' Cup.1961 in football
CONCACAF is founded with the fusion of CCCF and NAFC. Benfica become the second team to win the European Cup, beating FC Barcelona 3–2 in the final. ACF Fiorentina wins the first edition of UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and becomes the first Italian team to win an UEFA competition. Football Federation Australia is founded.1962 in football
Brazil retain the 1962 World Cup, beating Czechoslovakia 3–1 in the final. The CONCACAF Champions League is organized for the first time, and won by Club Deportivo Guadalajara. FIFA reaches 100 members.1963 in football
The West German national league Bundesliga is formed. Lev Yashin becomes the first goalkeeper to win European Footballer of the Year. The first CONCACAF Championship is played in El Salvador, won by Costa Rica. Tottenham Hotspur become the first British club to win a European football competition, European Cup Winner's Cup beating Atlético Madrid 5–1 in the final.1964 in football
Internazionale wins the European Cup for the first time joining city rivals AC Milan as European champions. Milano becomes the first city and only at present to have won the Champions League with two different clubs. CAF Champions League organized for the first time and won by Oryx Douala.1965 in football
FC Twente is founded.1966 in football
England win the 1966 World Cup as hosts, beating West Germany 4–2 in the final as Geoff Hurst becomes the first player to score a hat-trick in the final. The OFC is founded.1967 in football
Celtic become the first British club to win the European Cup, beating Internazionale 2–1 in the final. Flórián Albert became the first Hungarian player who win the European Golden Boot. The AFC Champions League is played for the first time, won by Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.1968 in football
Manchester United win the European Cup ten years after the Munich air disaster killed eight of their players. Eusébio wins the inaugural Golden Boot award as the continent's top club scorer.1969 in football
2000 people die when El Salvador and Honduras declare war on each other following a World Cup qualifying match.
1970s 1970 in football
Brazil becomes the first national side to win a third World Cup in Mexico, the first ever held outside Europe and South America, beating Italy 4–1 in the final as their captain Pelé becomes the first player to win three World Cup medals. Earlier in the tournament, The Game of the Century occurs, Italy beats Germany 4–3 in the semifinal after five goals scored in extra time. Yellow and red cards for sendings off and admonitions appear. Paris was founded.1971 in football
66 die in the second Ibrox disaster. First UEFA Cup. The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is abolished. The first FIFA-recognised women's international match is played: France 4 Netherlands 0.1972 in football
Rangers F.C. wins the European Cup Winners' Cup. Tottenham Hotspur wins the first UEFA Cup. AFC Ajax wins the first edition of the UEFA Super Cup.1973 in football
Ajax win the European Cup for the third consecutive season. The first OFC Nations Cup is organized and won by New Zealand.1974 in football
Hosts West Germany win the 1974 World Cup, beating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final.1975 in football
The AFC Women's Asian Cup is organized for the first time in Hong Kong, won by New Zealand.1976 in football
Bayern Munich win the European Cup for the third consecutive season. Iran national team win its third consecutive Asian Cup, a record.1977 in football
Juventus become the first Italian and South European club to win the UEFA Cup. The first FIFA U-20 World Cup is organized in Tunisia, and won by USSR.1978 in football
Hosts Argentina win the 1978 World Cup, beating the Netherlands 3–1 in the final; Johann Cruyff refuses to play in the tournament.1979 in football
Nottingham Forest lift their first European Cup in Munich, defeating Malmö 1–0 in the final.
1980s 1980 in football
West Germany defeats Belgium 2–1 in the final at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to take the European Football Championship.1981 in football
The Football League begins awarding three points for a win instead of two. In Uruguay, to celebrate the 50 years of the World Cup, the 1980 Mundialito is organize; won by the hosts.1982 in football
The 1982 FIFA World Cup is played in Spain, the first with 24 teams, the tournament was won by Italy, after defeating West Germany 3–1 in the final in the Spanish capital of Madrid. It was Italy's third World Cup win and first since 1938. The holders Argentina were eliminated in the second group round. Algeria, Cameroon, Honduras, Kuwait and New Zealand made their first appearances in the finals. for the first time all continents were represented in the competition.
Aston Villa win the European Cup, beating Bayern Munich 1–0 in the final.1983 in football
Aberdeen beat Real Madrid to win their first European Trophy, the European Cup Winners' Cup soon followed by defeating Hamburg to win the European Super Cup. The OFC Women's Championship is played for the first time in New Caledonia, won by New Zealand.1984 in football
Michel Platini leads Juventus to the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, beating F.C. Porto in the final and the hosts France to the European Football Championship, beating Spain in the final. France also wins the gold medal in the 1984 Olympic Games, beating Brazil in the final at the Rose Bowl. The UEFA Women's Championship is organized for the first time, won by Sweden.1985 in football
On 29 May, the Heysel Stadium disaster takes place in Brussels prior the European Cup final between Liverpool and Juventus, leading to English clubs being banned from European club competition for five years. Juventus becomes the first club in the history of European football to have won all three major confederation competitions after defeating Liverpool 1–0 in that match, as well as the first in association football history to have won all possible international competitions after defeating Argentinos Juniors 6–4 (2–2 a.e.t.) in the Intercontinental Cup final at Tokyo's National Stadium on 8 December. The Bradford City stadium fire occurs at Valley Parade, taking the lives of 56 people and injuring another 200 during Bradford City's fixture with Lincoln City. For the first time, an African squad wins a FIFA tournament, the World Championship Under 16, as Nigeria surprisingly defeat favourites West Germany 2–0 in China. The Artemio Franchi Trophy is organized for the first time, won and hosted by France. Michel Platini wins for the third consecutive time the Ballon d'Or, a record then.1986 in football
The 1986 World Cup finals are played for the second time in Mexico, with Argentina defeating West Germany 3–2 for their second title at the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City; the tournament sees the dominance of Argentinian player Diego Maradona, scoring the infamous Hand of God goal, before his "Goal of the Century" solo dribble second goal, both in the quarterfinal against England. Alex Ferguson, the most decorated manager in English Football history, is appointed to be manager of Manchester United.1987 in football
F.C. Porto wins the European Cup for the first time after defeating Bayern Munich 2–1 in the final. In the second World Championship FIFA Under 16, the Soviet Union defeats Nigeria on penalties. The OFC Champions League is played for the first time and won by Adelaide City.1988 in football
The Netherlands, led by captain Ruud Gullit and top goal scorer Marco van Basten, defeat the Soviet Union 2–0 to win the Euro 1988 championship. Competing in Serie B, Atalanta reaches the Cup Winners' Cup semifinal, the best ever performance by a non-first division club in a major UEFA competition to this day. Start of the FIFA Fair Play campaign.1989 in football
The Hillsborough disaster occurs in Sheffield, England, before the FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, resulting in the loss of 96 lives. A football tournament is played for the first time at the Island Games, by FAs not admitted to FIFA, hosted and won by Faroe Islands. Saudi Arabia win the FIFA U-17 World Cup, the first time an Asian team wins a FIFA World Cup.
1990s 1990 in football
For the first time three clubs from the same country, Italy's Juventus, Sampdoria and A.C. Milan wins all four UEFA club competitions in the same season, a feat no more possible since the Cup Winner's Cup no longer exists. West Germany wins the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Rome, Italy, defeating defending champion Argentina 1–0 in the final. In their first appearance in the tournament, Republic of Ireland reaches the quarter-finals without winning a single game, the furthest a team has ever advanced without winning. "Waterloo Day" for Austrian football in Euro 92 qualifying at Landskrona, Sweden, where the Faroe Islands defeat Austria 1–0 in the former's first ever international match.1991 in football
In the inaugural Women's World Cup held in China, the USA win 2–1 over Norway (for the first time a Northern American team win a World Cup). After being banned for six years, English clubs are again allowed to participate in competitions sponsored by UEFA. Diego Maradona is banned for 15 months in Italy's Serie A after testing positive for cocaine in a drug test. The CAF Women's Championship is played for the first time won by Nigeria. The CONCACAF Women's Championship is played for the first time in Haiti, won by USA. The Sudamericano Femenino, CONMEBOL's main women's tournament, is played for the first time, hosted and won by Brazil. The FIFA World Player of the Year is assigned for the first time.1992 in football
The back-pass rule is applied, whereby a goalkeeper is no longer permitted to pick up or catch a ball played directly by a fellow team member's foot. In the final of Euro 92, Denmark surprisingly win 2–0 over Germany. Stadium Furiani disaster takes place in Bastia, Corsica. FA Premier League created as the top flight in English Football. The first FIFA Confederations Cup is organized in Saudi Arabia, and won by Argentina. Capello's Milan wins Serie A unbeaten.1993 in football
Olympique de Marseille becomes the first French club to win the European Cup, newly renamed as the UEFA Champions League, defeating AC Milan 1–0 at the Olympiastadion in Munich. Marseille also win Ligue 1, but are stripped of the title due to a corruption scandal. 18 members of the Zambia national team die in a plane crash. Manchester United win the first FA Premier League title. Brian Clough retires from his coaching role in Nottingham Forest after 18 years as coach.1994 in football
The 1994 World Cup held in the United States was the first to be decided on penalties, with Brazil edging out Italy in the final at the Rose Bowl to claim their fourth title. Russia's Oleg Salenko becomes the first player and only to this day to score five goals in a single World Cup game in his country's 6–1 win over Cameroon. In the same match, 42-year-old Roger Milla of Cameroon, becomes the oldest player ever to score in a World Cup match.1995 in football
The second FIFA Confederations Cup is organized in Saudi Arabia, and won by Denmark. The Bosman ruling allows all footballers playing in the European Union and not under contract to freely change clubs, and also abolishes foreign player quotas with respect to EU nationals. win the second FIFA Women's World Cup. Suwon Samsung Bluewings is founded.1996 in football
Bayern Munich becomes the third club in the history of European football to have won all three major UEFA competitions after winning the UEFA Cup. In the Euro 96 final, Germany defeat the Czech Republic 2–1 with a golden goal from Oliver Bierhoff; Nigeria become the first African team to win the Olympic Tournament. A football women's tournament is played for the first time at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, won by the United States.1997 in football
Helenio Herrera, legendary coach of Inter in the 1960s, dies.1998 in football
In the 1998 FIFA World Cup final, France win 3–0 over Brazil at Stade de France to claim their first World Cup. Palestinian Football Federation is admitted to FIFA. The first openly gay footballer, Justin Fashanu commits suicide.1999 in football
The USA, the hosting nation, defeat China in a penalty shootout to win the Women's World Cup in front of the largest crowd ever to witness a women's sporting event. Organized in Italy by UEFA the first continental tournament for regions: the UEFA Regions' Cup, won by Veneto. Mexico win the Confederations Cup: for the first time a male national team form Northern America win a FIFA tournament. The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup is abolished.
2000s 2000 in football
France wins their second European Championship title after beating Italy 2–1, with a golden goal in extra time. First FIFA Club World Cup, won by Sport Club Corinthians Paulista. FIFA Player of the Century, a one-off award created by FIFA to decide the greatest football player of the 20th century, is awarded to Pelé and Diego Maradona, shared: both men are officially considered winners of the award.2001 in football
Real Madrid sign playmaker Zinedine Zidane of Juventus in a world record transfer fee of 72 million euros. Colombia wins the 40th edition of Copa América, as hosts. Australia beats American Samoa 31–0 in 2002 World Cup qualification, the world record in an international match.2002 in football
Brazil sets up a record fifth title in World Cup competition, the first ever to be played in Asia (also the first outside Europe and the Americas), defeating Germany 2–0 in the 2002 FIFA World Cup final. The first FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship is held in Canada, with the USA defeating the hosts in the final 1–0 on a golden goal in extra time.2003 in football
Founded the NF-Board, the first international organization for FAs not admitted to FIFA. Paolo Maldini makes history by captaining AC Milan to a champions league victory, a feat his father Cesare did with the same club exactly 40 years before. Latvia is the first football team from the Baltic states to make an appearance in a major football competition, UEFA Euro 2004.2004 in football
Greece produce one of the shocks in football history and become surprise winners of the Euro 2004 football tournament, defeating hosts Portugal 1–0 in the final. Waitakere United is founded. Arsenal wins the 2003–04 FA Premier League unbeaten, the second time an English club goes undefeated for an entire season.2005 in football
The Champions League final in Istanbul sees Liverpool come back from a 0–3 half-time score to defeat A.C. Milan 3–2 in a penalty shootout, following a 3–3 draw. Also, a match-fixing scandal rocks German football, though it does not directly affect the Bundesliga. The Australian A-League is launched in replacement of the NSL to improve the quality of the game in the country.2006 in football
The 2006 World Cup is held in Germany and won by Italy on a penalty kick shootout over France, and Zinedine Zidane plays his last professional game in the final captaining France only to be sent off in extra time. A major match-fixing scandal erupts in Italy, with five Serie A teams implicated. Egypt record victory for the fifth time in the African Cup of Nations.2007 in football
Brazil wins the 42nd edition of Copa América, held in Venezuela. Iraq produce one of international football's greatest fairytale victories as the fractured, war-torn nation were crowned champions of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup. FIFA Women's World Cup is held in China and won by Germany. On 9 November Étoile Sportive du Sahel became the first African squad to have won all official club competitions recognized by CAF, after defeating Al-Ahly 3–1 in the CAF Champions League final in Susa.2008 in football
Spain win their second European Championship title after beating Germany 1–0. Italy and A.C. Milan becomes the first national and club side to wear on their jerseys the FIFA badge of World champions.. CONCACAF Champions Cup is replaced by the CONCACAF Champions League, modelled after the UEFA Champions League expand his participant teams from 8 to 24. The FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup is played for the first time in New Zealand, won by Korea DPR. The Women's Viva World Cup, the first World Cup for women's national teams not affiliated to FIFA, is played for the first time, hosted and won by Sapmi. 2009 in football
The FIFA Confederations Cup is won by Brazil and is held in South Africa (for the first time a FIFA tournament for senior national teams is held in Africa). Spain achieves two world records: most consecutive wins (15) and most matches without a loss (35, with Brazil). Barcelona achieves a sextuple: La Liga, Copa del Rey, Supercopa de España, UEFA Champions League, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. RB was founded.
2010s 2010 in football
The FIFA World Cup is held in South Africa, the first African nation to host the tournament. Spain win the World Cup for the first time, becoming the first nation outside of South America to win the tournament outside of Europe.
The FIFA Ballon d'Or is awarded for the first time (to Lionel Messi) after France Football's Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award were merged.
Egypt win the Africa Cup of Nations for the third time in a row.
Inter Milan win the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time, beating TP Mazembe, the first African club to reach the final.2011 in football
Japan defeat the United States in the FIFA Women's World Cup final to win the tournament for the first time.
Barcelona wins the FIFA Club World Cup for a then-record second time, beating Santos in the final.2012 in football
Zambia defeats third-time finalists Ivory Coast after a dramatic penalty shootout in the final, giving Zambia their first continental title, becoming the fourteenth nation to win the tournament.
Tahiti wins the OFC Nations Cup for the first time, becoming the first nation other than Australia or New Zealand to win the tournament.
The 2012 VIVA World Cup, played in Iraqi Kurdistan, with 9 participants, holds the largest number of participating teams for a non-FIFA tournament. The hosts emerge as winners in the final match played against Northern Cyprus, who fail to win a non-FIFA tournament in which they took part for the first time.
Spain wins the 2012 European Championship: for the first time the trophy was won by the same team twice in a row.
Lionel Messi scores 91 goals, establishing the new world record for most goals scored in a single calendar year, surpassing Gerd Müller's record of 85 set in 1972.
Corinthians wins the FIFA Club World Cup for the second time, beating Chelsea in the final.2013 in football Nigeria wins the Africa Cup of Nations for the third time, ending their 19-year wait after defeating surprise finalists Burkina Faso.
Nigeria wins the FIFA U-17 World Cup for a record fourth time.
Bayern Munich wins the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time, beating Raja Casablanca in the final.2014 in football
Japan wins the FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup for the first time.
The FIFA World Cup is held in Brazil for the second time, the first South American nation to host the tournament in 36 years.
Julio Grondona, continuous president of AFA since 1979 dies in office.
The FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup is held in Canada, the first nation to host the tournament twice.
Germany wins both competitions above.
German Miroslav Klose becomes the all time FIFA World Cup top scorer with 16 goals.
Real Madrid becomes the first team in European history to win 10 European titles and wins the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time, beating San Lorenzo in the final.2015 in football
The FIFA Women's World Cup is held in Canada, United States defeat Japan in the final to win the tournament for the third time.
Chile win the Copa America for the first time, in home soil after defeat Argentina in the final.
The FIFA Ballon d'Or is awarded (to Lionel Messi) and he won the fifth FIFA Ballon d'Or in his career.
Australia win the AFC Asian Cup for the first time.
Sepp Blatter (1998–2015) ends his tenure as president of FIFA and is replaced by the acting president Issa Hayatou.
Barcelona win the FIFA Club World Cup for the third time, beating River Plate, in the final.2016 in football
Lionel Messi (, Barcelona wins the 2015 FIFA Ballon d'Or and Carli Lloyd (, Houston Dash) wins 2015 FIFA Women's World Player of the Year.
Gianni Infantino is elected president of FIFA.
Copa America Centenario is hosted in the United States, the first time the Copa is held outside of South America. 16 teams from CONMEBOL and CONCACAF participate, and the tournament is won by Chile on penalties after defeating Argentina in the final.
Euro 2016 is held in France, the third time the nation hosts it. Portugal defeats France 1–0 in the final to claim their first major championship in their history.2017 in footballin January, The Best FIFA Football Awards 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo (, Real Madrid) wins The Best FIFA Men's Player and Carli Lloyd (Houston Dash, ) The Best FIFA Women's Player.
in May, Juventus becomes the first team in Italian football history to win 6 national titles in a row and the first in win the Italian Cup thrice consecutively, beating Lazio in the final.
In October, FIFA Council officially recognized all European and South American teams that won the Intercontinental Cup as club world champions with the same status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners.
Manchester United become the UEFA Europa League champions and Real Madrid won the UEFA Champions League. 2018 in footballLiverpool's Mohamed Salah breaks record for the most goals scored in a 38-game season in the Premier League. Salah also won goal of the year and the PL golden boot.
Real Madrid win their third consecutive Champions League by beating Liverpool. Atlético Madrid become Europa League Champions. Atlético Madrid beat derby rivals Real Madrid to become UEFA Super Cup champions.
The 21st edition FIFA World Cup is held in Russia and is won by France for the second time. The World Cup broke the record for most penalties.
UEFA launches the first edition of the UEFA Nations League
Switzerland and Lithuania hosted respectively the U-19 and U-17 feminine competitions. The masculine versions of U-19 and U-17 are hosted by Finland and England. These 4 competitions are won by Spain (feminine: both U-19 and U-17), Portugal (masculine: U-19) and the Netherlands (masculine: U-17).2019 in football The FIFA Women's World Cup is hosted by France and is won for the second time, and fourth overall, by the United States after defeating the Netherlands in the final.
Algeria win the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations and Brazil the 2019 Copa América.
Liverpool F.C. win the 2019 UEFA Champions League Final, the 2019 FIFA Club World Cup and the 2019 UEFA Super Cup, beating fellow English side Chelsea F.C. who won the 2019 UEFA Europa League Final in the latter.
Manchester City F.C. complete a clean sweep of the English trophies, winning the 2018–19 FA Premier League, 2019 FA Cup Final, 2019 EFL Cup Final and 2019 FA Community Shield.
2020s 2020 in football As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, most leagues are either suspended or abandoned. Amongst the postponed tournaments are the 2020 CONCACAF Nations League Finals, 2020 Copa América, UEFA Euro 2020 and the Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics, all of which are scheduled to be held in 2021.
During a match between Canada and Saint Kitts and Nevis, Christine Sinclair scores her 185th international goal, the most of any footballer in either gender.
Bayern Munich win the 2020 UEFA Champions League Final and the 2020 UEFA Super Cup, beating Europa League winners Sevilla in the latter.
Liverpool win their 19th English title, their first since 1989–90 and their first in the Premier League era.2022 in football'''
The 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup is held in Qatar and won by Argentina (their third time).
See also
List of association football competitions
History of association football
Timeline of English football
References
Football (soccer)
History of association football
Association football | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20association%20football |
Graffiti is a computer program which makes conjectures in various subfields of mathematics (particularly graph theory) and chemistry, but can be adapted to other fields. It was written by Siemion Fajtlowicz and Ermelinda DeLaViña at the University of Houston. Research on conjectures produced by Graffiti has led to over 60 publications by other mathematicians.
References
External links
Graffiti & Automated Conjecture-Making
Siemion Fajtlowicz
Chemistry software
Mathematical software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti%20%28program%29 |
Twelve ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Vesuvius or HMS Vesuve, after the volcano Mount Vesuvius. Another was planned but never completed, while doubt exists over the existence of another:
was an 8-gun fireship launched in 1691 and expended in 1693.
was an 8-gun fireship launched in 1693. She was stranded in 1695 but was refloated that year. She was condemned in 1705.
was a 16-gun fireship, previously the civilian Worcester. She was purchased in 1739 and broken up in 1742.
was an 8-gun fireship, previously the civilian King of Portugal. She was purchased in 1756, converted to a sloop that year, and was sold in 1763.
was an 8-gun fireship launched in 1771. She was converted to a sloop and renamed HMS Raven later that year and was sold in 1780.
was an 8-gun bomb vessel launched in 1776 and sold in 1812.
was a 3-gun gunvessel captured from the French in 1795 and sold in 1802.
HMS Vesuvius may have been an 8-gun bomb vessel purchased in 1797 and sold in 1813, though this may refer to the Vesuvius launched in 1776.
was an 8-gun bomb vessel launched in 1813 and sold in 1819.
HMS Vesuvius was to have been an 8-gun bomb vessel. She was ordered in 1823, cancelled in 1828, reordered in 1830 and cancelled in 1831.
was a wooden paddle sloop launched in 1839 and sold for scrapping in 1865.
was an iron screw torpedo boat launched in 1874. She was sold in 1923 and foundered under tow to the breakers.
was a torpedo-discharge lighter purchased in 1933 and renamed TL1 in 1940.
HMS Vesuvius was a minelaying tender launched in 1932 as . She was renamed HMS Vernon in 1938 and HMS Vesuvius in 1941. She was sold in 1957.
Royal Navy ship names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Vesuvius |
Romulus Engine is an automobile engine plant in Romulus, Michigan. Opened in 1976, the factory produces engines for General Motors vehicles. The factory receives cast engine blocks from Defiance Foundry in Defiance, Ohio and Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in Saginaw, Michigan.
On February 19, 2019, GM announced an investment of $20 million at the plant. The facility employs 1,382 hourly workers as of 2020.
Products
HFV6 Engine for Chevrolet Blazer, Colorado and Camaro, GMC Acadia and Canyon, Cadillac ATS, CTS, XT5 and CT6
10-Speed transmission for Chevrolet Tahoe, GMC Yukon and Cadillac Escalade
See also
List of GM factories
References
External links
Romulus Engine
General Motors factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Wayne County, Michigan
1976 establishments in Michigan
Romulus, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus%20Engine |
The Courtship of Princess Leia is a 1994 science fiction novel by American writer Dave Wolverton, part of the Star Wars franchise. It continued the streak of New York Times Bestsellers, which started with 1991's Heir to the Empire. The Courtship of Princess Leia is set in the Star Wars expanded universe, and deals with the downfall of Warlord Zsinj and the circumstances leading to the marriage of Han Solo and Princess Leia, characters that originated in the 1977 film Star Wars: A New Hope.
Plot
Background
Though the Battle of Endor resulted in the destruction of the Emperor and Darth Vader, along with the best of the Imperial Starfleet, the remnants of the Empire are still a danger. One of the recently formed New Republic's most dire foes is a splinter faction of the former Empire, led by Warlord Zsinj. Zsinj is a cunning strategist whose skills have earned him the allegiance of almost a full third of the entire galaxy. Both the Imperial Remnant and the New Republic have dedicated considerable forces to end his reign. But Zsinj has possession of one of the few Super Star Destroyers left, and whenever nearly cornered, slips away to a secret stronghold where the SSD Iron Fist is repaired.
Summary
At the opening of the novel, Han Solo, who from aboard the Mon Remonda has been prosecuting the search for this hidden fastness, wearily returns to the recently captured Coruscant expecting an end to the long separation between him and his beloved, Princess Leia, head of the New Republic. To his great surprise, when his vessel drops out of hyperspace and into the Coruscant system, what appears are a number of fearsome Imperial Star Destroyers, Hapan Battle Dragons, and Hapes Nova Class battle cruiser. Eventually, Han learns that the Hapes cluster had sent a delegation of some manner to the New Republic. He lands and enters the Imperial Palace, where, with the help of C-3PO, who translates and comments on the formal diplomatic reception, he watches the Hapes delegation present to Leia a number of stunning gifts: the dozen Star Destroyers Han had seen, a Hapan gun of command, a small plant resembling a bonsai which promotes longevity and intelligence, and the hand of the Hapes cluster's ruler Ta'a Chume's son, Prince Isolder, in holy matrimony.
The effect is devastating; Leia nearly accepts, driving Han into a frenzy of fear and jealousy. Han eventually wanders into a cantina in the lower reaches of Coruscant, where he participates in a high-stakes sabacc game. One of his opponents runs out of liquid financial instruments and instead proffers real estate: a deed to an entire habitable planet, Dathomir. Han thinks he has found a gift which would prove his worthiness to Leia and compare favorably with the gifts of Isolder (and provide a place to resettle the expatriates of Alderaan). When Leia examines his gift and points out that he has been conned (since Dathomir was in the section of the galaxy controlled by Zsinj), Han is further devastated. Isolder compounds insult with injury by denigrating the Millennium Falcon and offering Han a Nova battle cruiser if he abandons his quest to win Leia's heart. Han snaps. He abducts Leia using the Gun of Command, and flees with her and Chewbacca aboard his recently refitted Millennium Falcon to Dathomir. Prince Isolder pursues him with his Hapan fleet. He arrives at Dathomir shortly after Han despite Han's headstart, as Isolder is aided by the Jedi Master Luke Skywalker, who uses his Force powers to navigate a shorter (but still safe) path through hyperspace, shaving time off accepted conventional routes. There they both discovered that Zsinj had truly laid claim to Dathomir—in orbit around it was the Iron Fist, a number of other capital ships, and the complete orbital shipyard Han had hunted for so long.
The Millennium Falcon had been forced to land on Dathomir itself, where it is captured by the Imperial garrison Zsinj had marooned on the surface years ago. Isolder sets out in his Miy'til fighter accompanied by Luke's X-wing fighter while the Hapan fleet fights a covering action before it retreats into hyperspace to inform the New Republic, Imperial Remnant, and the Hapes Consortium of the whereabouts of Zsinj heretofore secret redoubt.
On the surface, Isolder and Luke discover the remnants of the star-borne Jedi training academy, the Chu'unthor. Luke had seen recordings noting how Yoda and a number of other Jedi knights had failed to retrieve the library of the Chu'unthor, due to interference by the Witches of Dathomir. The best they had been able to do was seal the vessel thoroughly, so thoroughly that only centuries later the first intruder would need a lightsaber to gain access. As they peruse the vessel, however, Isolder and Luke are captured by a Dathomiri witch, who enslaves them and takes them to her village.
Having learned about Han Solo's presence on the planet, Zsinj had dictated a combination of ultimatum and deal with the head of the Nightsisters, Gethzerion: they would give him Solo to torture and execute as he liked, and he would give them an Imperial shuttle to pilot where they like. If they did not, he would keep his "nightcloak" (an interconnected network of geostationary satellites, which reflected all solar emissions back into space) intact, which would slowly freeze Dathomir, ending all life on the planet.
Eventually, they infiltrate the Imperial garrison and steal the Falcon, piloting it out into the ongoing Battle of Dathomir. Solo allows the Iron Fist to acquire the Falcon with a tractor beam; once it is within the deflector shields, he breaks it free of the beam lock, piloting his vessel over the superstructure of the gigantic vessel. Arriving upon the main bridge, he launches two concussion missiles, destroying the bridge, killing Zsinj, and knocking out the ventral shields. With Iron Fist so exposed, the Hapan Battle Dragons move into position with their ion cannons, disabling Iron Fist. Defeated, Zsinj's empire soon crumbles. Shortly thereafter, Solo and Leia marry, having realized during their intrepid journey together that they loved each other. Isolder is consoled by the fact he has fallen in love with his captor, Teneniel Djo.
Reception
Reception for The Courtship of Princess Leia was predominantly positive and the book was a New York Times Bestseller in both its hardback and paperback formats. Both The Hamilton Spectator and the Milwaukee Sentinel have given positive reviews for the novel and the reviewer for the Milwaukee Sentinel commented that the book continued the "stellar tradition of George Lucas' Star Wars movies". Trade reviews were also mostly positive, and Publishers Weekly opined that although parts of the book were disappointing, "the novel [raised] expectations for Wolverton's future works once he moves on to other things". Tor.com included the book in a list of "Where to Begin with Star Wars Books", as they saw it as "one of the craziest Star Wars novels ever written" and that "after you read it you won’t be able to think of any other way that Han and Leia’s relationship could have progressed towards marriage".
Legacy
The Chu'unthor was mentioned in the 2010 reference book The Jedi Path, although in 2014, following the acquisition of Lucasfilm by Disney, all spin-off works up to that point (excluding The Clone Wars) were made non-canon.
Dathomir became a major location in The Clone Wars, retroactively established as the homeworld of both Darth Maul and Asajj Ventress (replacing Rattatak).
Dathomir, and the witches, were both referenced in The Book of Boba Fett when Fett receives a Rancor. Fett mentions wanting to ride the rancor, "Like the witches on Dathomir."
References
External links
1994 American novels
1994 science fiction novels
Star Wars Legends novels
Bantam Spectra books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Courtship%20of%20Princess%20Leia |
University School of Nashville is an independent, coeducational, day school located in Nashville, Tennessee.
History
Referred to colloquially as USN, the school was founded in 1888 by the Peabody Board of Trustees. The school was first founded as Winthrop Model School; in 1915, it became Peabody Demonstration School (PDS), a part of Peabody College intended to demonstrate the operation of a school. The school was founded by Richard Thomas Alexander. While it was Peabody Demonstration School, it became the second high school in Nashville to be desegregated, following Father Ryan High School, and the first one to be fully desegregated, meaning that extra-curricular activities were desegregated in addition to academics. The demonstration school was closed in 1974, several years before Peabody merged with adjacent Vanderbilt University. The students' parents bought the school; by a student vote, the school was established as University School of Nashville.
Historically, USN has been recognized by the National Merit Scholarship Program. In the Class of 2011, with 91 students, there were 12 semifinalists and 13 commended students recognized by the program. In 2010, both Presidential Scholars for Tennessee were USN students. USN also produced a Presidential Scholar in 2012 and in 2017.
Facilities and campuses
Perhaps the largest addition to the school in its history came in 1998, when an external campus was purchased for the purpose of housing athletic facilities. The River Campus currently houses a baseball field, a softball field, a full-sized track, and 5 multi-purpose fields that are rotated between men's and women's soccer, lacrosse, and ultimate frisbee. Construction has recently finished on tennis courts. In addition, this site originally had a sum of wetland, situated on the Cumberland River and Whites Creek. The original wetland was filled in for athletic fields and a new one of equivalent size was excavated and filled with water.
In 2003, USN opened the Christine Slayden Tibbott Center for the Visual Arts. The center also included a fitness center.
The next year, the school opened the Hassenfeld Library. This addition now houses 25,000 books, 2,400 educational videos, and 147 periodicals.
In 2012, USN revamped the cafeteria and dining area.
In 2015, as part of its 100-year anniversary celebration, the school revamped a large part of the 19th avenue entrance.
Notable alumni
Jad Abumrad, radio host, composer, and producer
Richard Thomas Alexander, educator and education theorist
Jenny Boucek, WNBA coach and player, NBA coach (Distinguished Alumnus Award, 2013)
Lucius E. Burch Jr., attorney, civil rights activist, and conservationist (Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1984)
Cheryl McKissack Daniel, civil engineer and businesswoman
Ned Davis, financial analyst and company founder (Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1999)
Gabe Dixon, musician
John Early, comedian
Phil Everly, singer
Russ Freeman, jazz guitarist, founder of The Rippingtons (Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1995)
Rosalind S. Helderman, journalist
Bruce Henderson, founder of Boston Consulting Group
Huell Howser, television personality, actor, producer, writer, singer, voice artist (Distinguished Alumnus Award, 2002)
Akiko Ichikawa, New York City-based multidisciplinary artist and art writer
Shooter Jennings, country music singer
Mark Levine, former broadcast journalist and host of the nationally syndicated radio/television show Inside Scoop on Washington; member of the Virginia House of Delegates
Robert K. Massie, author, historian, winner of the 1981 Pulitzer Prize (Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1983)
Stanford Moore, chemist and winner of the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1979)
John Wilkinson Taylor, former president of the University of Louisville (Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1990)
William Tyler, folk musician and guitarist
David Vise, journalist and author, winner of the 1990 Pulitzer Prize (Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1992)
Susan Yeagley, actress
Gideon Yu, sports executive and high-tech investor and advisor (Distinguished Alumnus Award, 2011)
References
External links
official website
The homepage for USN News & Publications
The USN Wetland website
Former university-affiliated schools in the United States
Preparatory schools in Tennessee
Private K-12 schools in Tennessee
Schools in Nashville, Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20School%20of%20Nashville |
French Leave is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United Kingdom on 20 January 1956 by Herbert Jenkins, London and in the United States on 28 September 1959 by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York.
French Leave was adapted from Guy Bolton's 1938 stage play, Three Blind Mice, which Bolton wrote under the pseudonym Stephen Powys. The play had been performed in London and adapted as a film three times: Three Blind Mice (1938), Moon Over Miami (1941), and Three Little Girls in Blue (1946). Bolton's play was also made into a Broadway stage musical, Walk With Music (1940).
In the novel, American chicken farmer Teresa "Terry" Trent spends her vacation with her sisters in the French towns of St. Rocque (introduced in Hot Water) and Roville, and falls in love with a French writer.
The title of the novel stems from the expression french leave – to leave without saying goodbye to one's host or hostess.
Plot
The Trent sisters, Teresa ("Terry"), Josephine ("Jo"), and Kate, run a farm with hens and bees in the village of Bensonburg in Long island. Henry Weems, who wants to marry Jo, works for a legal firm that has managed the sale of a play written by the sisters' late father for television, and each girl receives a large payment. Jo wants to go to St. Rocque for the Festival and to marry a millionaire, whereas Teresa, the youngest sister, wants to have fun in Roville and then return to farming. Jo and Teresa agree to pool their money and buy one set of nice clothes, with one girl acting as the rich Miss Trent and the other as Fellowes, Miss Trent's personal maid, for a month, and then vice versa. Kate, the oldest sister, disapproves of them squandering their money but accompanies them as an austere chaperone.
Nicolas Jules St Xavier Auguste, Marquis de Maufringneuse et Valerie-Moberanne ("Old Nick") has a minor civil service job in Paris. Nick is a widower by his first wife and divorced his second wife, both American. He is well-mannered but lazy and fired by his employer, Monsieur de La Hourmerie, though he inadvertently takes away a dossier with him. Nick had a son with his first wife named Jefferson "Jeff" Auguste, Comte d'Escrignon, a writer who was in the Maquis. Old Nick gets money from his son and goes to St. Rocque. Jeff follows when Nick needs more money after being tricked by his friend Prince Blamont-Chevry. Jo, who will be the rich Miss Trent first, hopes to court a rich American there, Chester Todd. Chester's wealthy friend Frederick "Freddie" Carpenter hides after his trousers are stolen. Terry gets Old Nick to assist him, and Nick is rewarded with a cruise on Carpenter's yacht to Roville. On the yacht will also be Chester's aunt, Hermione Pegler (Old Nick's ex-wife), and Chester's sister, Mavis Todd. Jo learns that Chester is married and goes home to marry Henry, while Terry and Kate head to Rovillle.
Old Nick, believing Terry is rich, introduces her to Jeff, and they soon fall in love. Mrs. Pegler has holdings in the sparkling water company controlled by Freddie and the rival company controlled by Mavis and Chester. She encourages a marriage between Mavis and Freddie to promote a merger between the companies that would increase the value of her holdings. Fearing that Old Nick will try to pair Jeff with Mavis and that Terry will steal Freddie, Mrs. Pegler pays Pierre Alexandre Boissonade, the brusque and unpleasant Commissaire of Police at Roville, to search Terry's room for anything incriminating. M. de La Hourmerie finds Old Nick and demands the missing dossier. Kate learns from him that Nick and Jeff have little money, and she tells Nick that Terry also has little money, which turns Nick against a match between Jeff and Terry. Jeff goes to Paris to see publisher J. Russell Clutterbuck, who is also a customer of the Trent farm. Terry is warned by Boissonade's sympathetic subordinate about the search, so she asks Freddie, a former American football player, to guard her room. He punches Boissonade, who escapes. Kate, Old Nick, and others discover Freddie with Terry in her room. Nick tells Freddie he must marry Terry and telephones a newspaper to announce the engagement.
Terry refuses to marry Freddie, and Freddie, who loves Mavis, gets engaged to her, to Mrs. Pegler's delight. Terry reconsiders marrying Freddie when she mistakenly thinks Jeff has gone to Paris to leave her, and similarly Jeff is misled by the newspaper announcement, but they eventually reconcile. Old Nick steals money from Mrs. Pegler under the pretense of borrowing it. Chester recognizes Terry as Jo's maid Fellowes, and Mrs. Pegler believes Terry stole the money. Boissonade confronts Terry, but Clutterbuck defends her. Nick confesses to Clutterbuck that he stole the money; Nick flees and Clutterbuck tells Boissonade the truth. Boissonade does not believe him, so Clutterbuck knocks him out, allowing Terry and Jeff to escape to America. Clutterbuck is left to explain everything to Kate. Nine months later, Terry sees Clutterbuck in New York. Jeff's novel has been turned into a successful play by Sam Behrman. Old Nick married a French cook, and Clutterbuck got him the job of head waiter at a New York restaurant, where Nick is the boss of his old friend Prince Blamont-Chevry.
Background
The plot of French Leave had been used in a play by Guy Bolton (Three Blind Mice, 1938) for which Bolton had already sold the rights to MGM, and which had been filmed as Three Blind Mice (1938), Moon Over Miami (1941) and Three Little Girls in Blue (1946). "Do we coyly reveal the fact that your play on which the book was founded has already been made into a picture three times?" Wodehouse wrote to him in 1962. "Secrecy and silence, I think, don't you? All moneys will be paid to me as apparently the sole author and I will slip you yours – in pounds, if you are still in England when the advance comes in, or in dollars if you are over here."
The titles of some of the French characters in the novel, the Marquis de Maufringneuse et Valerie-Moberanne, the Comte d'Escrignon and Prince Blamont-Chevry, are similar to those of some recurring characters in Honoré de Balzac's La Comédie humaine: the Duchesse de Maufrigneuse, the Marquis d'Esgrignon and the Princesse de Blamont-Chauvry. A Comtesse de Valérie-Moberanne made a fleeting appearance in The Triumphs of Eugène Valmont, by Robert Barr. The elusive dossier Quibolle is from Messieurs les ronds-de-cuir by Georges Courteline.
Publication history
A condensed version of the story was published in the Canadian magazine Star Weekly on 24 September 1955. It was also serialised in the London magazine John Bull from 12 November 1955 to 3 December 1955 in four parts, with illustrations by Edwin Phillips.
The first UK edition dust wrapper was illustrated by Sax, who also drew ten illustrations for the 1957 Popular Book Club edition (UK). The dust jacket of the first US edition was designed by Robert Shore.
The 1974 UK edition of the book reissued by Barrie & Jenkins included a new preface by Wodehouse.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with a list of characters
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
1956 British novels
Novels set in France
Herbert Jenkins books
British comedy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Leave%20%28novel%29 |
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