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John Tutchin (c.1660 or 1664 – 23 September 1707) was a radical Whig controversialist and gadfly English journalist (born in Lymington, Hampshire), whose The Observator and earlier political activism earned him multiple trips before the bar. He was of a Puritan background and held strongly anti-Catholic views.
The Bloody Assizes
In 1685 he wrote Poems on several occasions. With a pastoral. To which is added, a discourse of life at the same time that he was beginning his agitation against the possible accession of James II of England. He joined in the Monmouth Rebellion that year and was tried by Judge Jeffreys during the Bloody Assizes. Jeffreys mocked Tutchin's verse from the bench and sentenced him to:
seven years in prison,
a fine of 100 marks,
a surety for a lifetime of good behaviour,
to be whipped through all of the market towns of Devonshire once a year.
Tutchin, facing this sentence, appealed to be hanged, instead. His punishment became a cause célèbre among the Whig and Tory partisans, with the result that he was released after a year. He then married Elizabeth Hickes, the daughter of a Puritan minister who had been vocal and active in the anti-Jacobite causes.
The arrival of William III of Orange pleased Tutchin, and he wrote An heroick poem upon the late expedition of His Majesty to rescue England from popery, tyranny, and arbitrary government in 1689. William was not, however, republican enough, and Tutchin's political philosophy was moving toward overt republicanism. However, Tutchin was rewarded for his Williamite support, and possibly for his role in the Monmouth Rebellion and Bloody Assizes, by being appointed a minor post in the victualling office.
Tutchin was convinced, throughout his life, that corruption was rampant and that people were trying to defraud the government or serve an anti-English master, and in 1699 he was rewarded with £12 for his officious "saving so much of the bloody pickle which drained from the casks and binns which hold the flesh at the Victualling Office." This was indicative, in a sense, of Tutchin's terrier-like concern. At the same time, he grew disaffected by William's Dutch courtiers and wrote, in 1700 The Foreigners. The poem outlined a Lockean position on the social contract and suggested that William was not a valid sovereign. Tutchin was arrested, but, because he had slightly disguised the proper names of the figures he lampooned, the poem could be pronounced a "seditious libel," but Tutchin could not be tried for sedition. Daniel Defoe answered Tutchin with The True-Born Englishman.
The Observator
John Tutchin began The Observator in 1702, and it would continue past his death. The paper was shrill in its denunciations of Queen Anne and her Tory ministries. He and Defoe quarreled in their public writings, with Defoe representing a more Puritan stripe of the whig party and Tutchin the more democratic and Cromwellian side, and several authors would mention the two names together (including Alexander Pope, who has Defoe standing above a prostrate Tutchin in The Dunciad). The paper was written in dialogue form, where "Observator" or "Mr. Observator" and "Countryman" speak to one another.
In December 1703, The Observator was arraigned for scandalous libel on Parliament. In May 1704, Tutchin fled to France briefly to escape being seized. He contacted Robert Harley and sought his aid. Harley was a Tory, but he was also in contact with various Whig politicians and attempting to strike a middle line. (He was, for example, a friend to John Arbuthnot, who was an avowed enemy of Tutchin.) Tutchin was found guilty, but the conviction was overthrown on a technicality, as the evidence had been improperly presented. A number of Tory statesmen, MPs, and writers thought that the mistake in the proceedings had been intentional.
After he returned to England, Tutchin continued to rail at Jacobites and French agents everywhere. He accused the Navy of secretly supplying food for the French Navy. This got him arrested again. In October 1706 John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough wrote in a letter to Harley, of the matter, "If I can't have justice done me, I must find some friend that will break his and the printer's bones." Whether he did so or not, something terrible did happen to Tutchin in prison. He was beaten severely and died of his injuries in custody on 23 September 1707.
While The Observator, in particular, was a noted venue for anti-Jacobite opinion, Tutchin's tendency toward paranoid-seeming fears and suspicions about the government had gotten him few contemporary friends. Even after his death under suspicious circumstances, he was not widely mourned, and Alexander Pope, in particular, memorialized him viciously in The Dunciad a full seventeen years after his death, where he has the publisher Edmund Curll given a gift of a tapestry by Dulness showing the fates of dunces, where the whipping of Tutchin through the west country is a featured panel.
References
Downie, J. A. "John Tutchin". In Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. vol. 55, 708–711. London: OUP, 2004.
External links
British male journalists
1660s births
1707 deaths
People from Lymington
Monmouth Rebellion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Tutchin |
Mats Wilander defeated the defending champion Ivan Lendl in the final, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2, 6–2 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1985 French Open. It was his second French Open title.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Mats Wilander is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
John McEnroe (semifinals)
Ivan Lendl (finalist)
Jimmy Connors (semifinals)
Mats Wilander (champion)
Andrés Gómez (third round)
Anders Järryd (fourth round)
Joakim Nyström (quarterfinals)
Eliot Teltscher (second round)
Yannick Noah (fourth round)
Aaron Krickstein (fourth round)
Miloslav Mečíř (third round)
Henrik Sundström (fourth round)
Tomáš Šmíd (fourth round)
Stefan Edberg (quarterfinals)
Brad Gilbert (first round)
Jimmy Arias (first round)
Draw
Key
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild card
LL = Lucky loser
r = Retired
Finals
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1985 French Open Men's Singles draw
1985 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1985 Grand Prix (tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles |
Shooting incident reconstruction is the examination of the physical evidence recovered or documented at the scene of a shooting. Shooting reconstruction may also include the laboratory analysis of the evidence recovered at the scene. The goal is an attempt to gain an understanding of what may or may not have happened during the incident. Once all reasonable explanations have been considered, one can evaluate the significance of witness or suspect accounts of the incident.
In many cases valuable evidence necessary for reconstruction analysis exists at the crime scene. Should this evidence go undocumented or unrecovered during the initial processing of the shooting scene, the information it can give investigators may be lost forever. Poor shooting incident processing can not be compensated for by excellent laboratory work.
There are many questions that can be answered from the proper reconstruction of a shooting incident. Some of the questions typically answered by a shooting reconstruction investigation include (but not limited to) the distance of the shooter from the target, The path of the bullet(s), The number of shots fired and possibly the sequence of multiple discharges at a shooting incident.
The Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners is an international non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of firearm and tool mark identification, including shooting reconstruction.
References
External links
Association for Crime Scene Reconstruction
Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners
Shooting Reconstruction vs Shooting Reenactment
Further reading
Ballistics
Forensic techniques
Gun violence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20reconstruction |
Georgi (Grisha) Stanchev Filipov () (July 13, 1919 – November 2, 1994) was a leading member of the Bulgarian Communist Party.
Biography
He was born in the small town of Kadiivka, Ukraine, to a family of Bulgarian immigrants. In 1936, he and his family returned to Bulgaria, where Filipov studied at Lovech High School. Although he spoke the Bulgarian language fluently he did so with a heavy Russian accent, a fact that would make him somewhat unpopular amongst the wider Bulgarian population in later years. From 1938 to 1940 he was a student at Sofia University. He became a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party in 1940 and took an active part in the anti-fascist struggle of the Bulgarian students, for which he was arrested in 1942 and sentenced first to 12 and then to 15 years in prison. After the fall of fascism in 1944 he held politically sensitive posts and graduated in industrial economy and trade in Moscow (1951). He became a member of the Central Committee of the BCP in 1966, and in 1974, a member of the Politburo. From 1971 to 1981 and from 1986 to 1989 he was a member of the State Council of Bulgaria. Filipov became recognised as a leading economic expert in the Bulgarian government and became associated with the tendency that was sympathetic towards economic liberalisation.
Filipov was very close to Todor Zhivkov and was regularly touted as a potential successor. A leading member of the Politburo, he formed the 77th Bulgarian government on 16 June 1981 following elections to the National Assembly. He held the post until 21 March 1986 when Zhivkov replaced him with Georgi Atanasov. The move, which took place against the backdrop of reforms being brought in by Mikhail Gorbachev, was characterised as a cosmetic gesture aimed to create the illusion of change rather than a Bulgarian version of glasnost and perestroika.
After the fall of the socialist system in 1989 he was removed from all political posts and on 24 April 1990 he was expelled from the BCP.
On 14 July 1992, Filipov was arrested on charges of misappropriation of state funds, but was released a short time later on health grounds. He died in 1994 before he could be brought to trial.
References
Bibliography
Tashev, T. Министрите на България 1879 - 1999 (Ministers in Bulgaria 1879 - 1999). Marin Drinov Academic Publishing House, 1999.
Tsurakov, A. Енциклопедия Правителствата на България 1879 - 2005 (Encyclopedia of Bulgarian Ministers, 1879 - 2005). Petr Beron, 2005.
1919 births
1994 deaths
People from Kadiivka
Ukrainian people of Bulgarian descent
Soviet emigrants to Bulgaria
Bulgarian Communist Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Bulgarian resistance members
Heads of government who were later imprisoned | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisha%20Filipov |
Inhaca is a settlement in Mozambique, on the subtropical Inhaca Island (Ilha da Inhaca in Portuguese) off the East African coast. Inhaca settlement is centered on a mission station located about 32 km east of Maputo.
Geography and administration
The 52 km2 island separates Maputo Bay (Baía de Maputo) to the west from the Indian Ocean off its eastern shores. The island's irregular coastline approaches the mainland's Machangulo peninsula at Ponta Torres where a 500m-wide tidal race separates the two headlands. In administrative terms Inhaca is a municipal district of the municipality of Maputo, while the Machangulo peninsula is included under the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area and is part of the district of Matutuíne, Maputo Province.
Economy
A population of about 6,000 people subsist on fishing and agriculture. At low tide women harvest crabs, oysters and fish from the western shallows. At high tide fishing boats leave the island for deeper sea fishing. The island is a popular winter destination of South African tourists.
History
Tsonga chief Nhaca, a protector of early shipwrecked Portuguese sailors, lends his name to the later settlement. Later 16th century Portuguese traders established an Inhaca Island base to ply the Bay of the Lagoon's (Baía da Lagoa) rivers in search of ivory. A 1747 map by Emanuel Bowen records 'Inhaqua' settlement on the mainland peninsula while referring to the island as 'I. S. Maria'.
The first light house dates from 1894, and was upgraded in the 1920s. A marine biological station (the 'MBS') was built in 1951 and some of the shores were declared nature reserves in 1976. Of late the biological station came under administration of the Eduardo Mondlane University.
Traveller's destinations
The Inhacazul Lodge and Pestana Hotel are the main destinations of travellers from where different excursions are often undertaken, including scuba diving and snorkelling outings. Backpackers mostly visit a catering camping area within walking distance of the landing jetty, and are required to take bottled water and their own tents. Inhaca village is within a 5-minute drive from the camp where there are two restaurants, two bars, a grocery store and a marketplace.
The Island can be visited by means of a Ferry which departs from the Porto de Pesca, Maputo at 8:00 and returns at 15:00 every Saturday and Sunday. Travellers reach the island's landing jetty at high tide, but have to wade some sandy shallows during low tide.
There are also return flights that depart from Maputo airport and these 18 seater planes reach the island airstrip in fifteen minutes.
References and external links
Reader's Digest Atlas of Southern Africa
A natural history of Inhaca Island, Mozambique. Margaret Kalk, J de Koning, 1995
Mozambique, Islands in the Sun by Keri Harvey 26 October 2004
Destination Mozambique
Dive Mozambique
See also
Inhaca Island
Populated places in Mozambique
Geography of Maputo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhaca |
The MV Sea Empress was a single-hull Suezmax oil tanker that ran aground at the entrance to the Milford Haven harbour on the southwest coast of Wales in February 1996. The ensuing oil spill, Britain's third largest oil spillage and the 12th largest in the world at the time, devastated a considerable area of local coastline and killed many birds, and continued to affect the Pembrokeshire coast for years afterwards.
Grounding
On the evening of 15 February 1996 the Sea Empress was entering the mouth of the Cleddau Estuary on her way into Milford Haven in Pembrokeshire to discharge its oil cargo at the Texaco oil refinery. Sailing against the outgoing tide, at 20:07 UTC the ship was pushed off its course by the current and hit rocks in the middle of the channel, which punctured her starboard hull causing oil to pour out into the bay.
Short-term effects
Over the first few days of the disaster, an estimated 73,000 tonnes out of the ship's 130,000-tonne cargo of North Sea crude oil was spilt, most of which spread along either the shoreline of Milford Haven waterway or the coastline to the south. This caused an enormous amount of environmental and aesthetic damage to the coastline and its marine life in an area which lies within the protection of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
Birds
The most visible effect of the spill was seen in the large number of birds covered in oil that were shown on television and in newspapers. Amongst the birds affected were guillemots, razorbills and the worst affected bird, the common scoter duck. 83% of the birds affected were common scoter birds, and it is estimated that 5,000 of the 15,000 population in the area were killed. The RSPB set up a temporary bird hospital in Milford Haven to try to treat as many birds as possible. This centre is now a storage area but in the aftermath of the Sea Empress disaster it became a hive of activity where many birds were showered and cleaned as best as possible. Unfortunately, the life expectancy of a cleaned Guillemot or Razorbill that was oiled once it was let back into the sea was a very short 9 days. Members of the public also helped rescue the birds. It was later revealed in a study by the British Trust for Ornithology that the average survival time for a rescued oiled Auk (Razorbill or Guillemot) was seven days.
Seals
Although the Sea Empress ran aground near to a breeding area for the grey seal, the time of year meant that only a small number of seals were in the area. Although some seals showed signs of oil on their coats, there is no record of a seal dying as a result of the spill.
Beaches
201 kilometers of coastline were covered in crude oil.
The total cost of the cleanup operation was approximately £60 million
It took almost five years for the coastline to be fully cleaned up and restored by the Pembrokeshire Council, Texaco workers and subcontractors, and wildlife conservationists. There was much speculation in the media at the time over the inherent lack of safety of single-hull tankers, particularly in view of the MV Braer disaster in Scotland just three years earlier; the Braer also being a single-hull vessel.
Fate of the Sea Empress
The Sea Empress was recovered and subsequently renamed Sea Spirit and later Front Spirit. It was sold as Ocean Opal to Chinese buyers, who used it as a floating storage and offloading unit (FSO) from 2004. In 2009/2010, she was converted in Shanghai into a bulk carrier and reflagged to Panama as Welwind. In 2012, she was renamed for a fifth time and became Wind 3.
While being brought to Chittagong for dismantling in the Shitakunda ship breaking yard, as Wind 3, the vessel developed a crack in one side of its engine room. This resulted from a collision with a sunken ship, Hang Ro Bong, on the afternoon of 3 June 2012, when it was attempting to anchor at the B (Bravo) anchorage of the port. She was scrapped on 2 June 2012 at Chittagong.
See also
List of oil spills
Supertanker
Amoco Cadiz
Exxon Valdez
References
External links
MAIB - Report of the Chief Inspector of Marine Accidents into the grounding and subsequent salvage of the tanker SEA EMPRESS
The Sea Empress: A Diary Of Events pembrokeshiretv.com
BBC News: 10 years on
Shipwrecks in the Irish Sea
Shipwrecks of Wales
Oil tankers
Bulk carriers
Oil spills in the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in 1996
Maritime incidents in the United Kingdom
1992 ships
Environmental disasters in the United Kingdom
Cargo ships of Liberia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Sea%20Empress |
For a related disambiguation page see Moyna
Majna is a village in Contai I CD block in Contai subdivision of Purba Medinipur district in the state of West Bengal, India.
Geography
Location
Majna is located at .
Urbanisation
93.55% of the population of Contai subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 6.45% of the population live in the urban areas and it is considerably behind Haldia subdivision in urbanization, where 20.81% of the population live in urban areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Demographics
As per 2011 Census of India Majna had a total population of 4,653 of which 2,358 (51%) were males and 2,295 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 602. The total number of literates in Majna was 3,272 (80.77% of the population over 6 years).
Transport
A short stretch of a local road links Majna to State Highway 5.
There is a station at Sitalpur, located nearby, on the Tamluk-Digha line.
Healthcare
Majna Block Primary Health Centre at Majna (with 15 beds) is the main medical facility in Contai I CD block. There are primary health centres at Kulberia (with 6 beds) and Nayaput (with 10 beds).
References
Villages in Purba Medinipur district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majna |
The Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church (TPEC) was a jurisdiction of the Continuing Anglican movement in the Reformed Anglican tradition. It was founded in 1991 by Richard G. Melli, formerly a priest of the Anglican Catholic Church, Diocese of the South. This Christian church body saw itself as maintaining the original doctrine, discipline, and worship of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America and the evangelical, Protestant, and Reformed faith of historic Anglicanism.[citation needed]
The TPEC, which had one diocese that was named Diocese of the Advent, subscribed to the authority of Holy Scripture and the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion.[citation needed] The 1928 Book of Common Prayer was used and assent was given to the 1954 revision of the Constitution and Canons of the PECUSA. At its inception, the church consisted of twelve congregations, primarily low church "Morning Prayer" parishes, and as many clergy.[citation needed]
In September 2011, TPEC's Presiding Bishop, Charles E. Morley, and Canterbury Chapel in Fairhope, Alabama, were received by Presiding Bishop Jerry L. Ogles into the Anglican Orthodox Church.
References
External links
Church website - Archived
1986 establishments in the United States
2011 disestablishments in the United States
Anglican denominations in North America
Continuing Anglican denominations
Religious organizations disestablished in 2011
Christian organizations established in 1986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional%20Protestant%20Episcopal%20Church |
() was a military title and office in ancient and medieval Armenia. Under the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, the was the supreme commander of the kingdom's armed forces. During the Arsacid period and for some time afterwards, the office was held hereditarily by the senior member of the House of Mamikonian. Later in history, the title was held by members of other noble houses, such as the Bagratuni and Pahlavuni dynasties. The title was used in the medieval Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, where the bearer of the title was also called (), from the Byzantine and Western title of constable.
Etymology
The word is of Iranian origin, ultimately deriving from Proto-Iranian *spādapati- (“commander of the army”), which is composed of *cwáHdaH (“army”) and *pati- (“lord”). The word was borrowed into Armenian several times from different Iranian languages, yielding the alternative forms , , and ; the most common form, , was borrowed from Parthian. It is cognates with Middle Persian (whence modern ) and Georgian .
has been translated into English as "grand marshal," "commander-in-chief," and "high constable."
History
The exact period in which the office of emerged in Armenia is not known for certain. Historian Suren Yeremian believed it to have been instituted in the 2nd century BCE during the reign of Artaxias I, although according to another historian, it was established under the Arsacids, along with the other major hereditary state offices of Armenia.
In Arsacid Armenia, the was at all times in control of the royal cavalry units called the , and during times of war was the supreme commander of all military units of the Kingdom of Armenia. It is not clear to what extent the functions of the office coincided with those of the Sasanian . The title of came with considerable prestige and power, which gave its hereditary holders, the Mamikonians, a degree of influence rivalling that of the ruling Arsacids. Historian Nicholas Adontz writes:
{{Blockquote|text=The Mamikonean as sparapets, were said to stand above all the zoravark''' or military commanders. The Armenian army was made up of many contingents furnished by the princely houses. Each of these detachments was commanded by its own prince, but the supreme command belonged to the hereditary sparapets, the Mamikonean house, who, in this sense stood 'above all the princes and their armies'.}}In the late 4th century, the Arsacid king Varazdat ordered the murder of Mushegh Mamikonian and appointed a non-Mamikonian, Bat Saharuni, to the office. This was short-lived, however, as Mushegh's kinsman Manuel Mamikonian soon returned to Armenia and drove Varazdat out of the country. After the dethroning of the last Arsacid king of Armenia in 428, the Mamikonians continued to hold the title of sparapet under Sasanian rule. In the first half of the 8th century, during the period of Arab rule in Armenia, the office of sparapet was usurped by the Bagratunis, the traditional rivals of the Mamikonians. Later on, the title was borne by members of the Pahlavuni family.
In the medieval Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, the title of sparapet or gundstabl'' was no longer the hereditary privilege of one house. It was held by members of the Rubenid and Hethumid dynasties, as well as representatives of other noble houses.
Modern usage
The 18th century commander Mkhitar Sparapet led the Armenian efforts for independence in the Syunik province of Armenia.
The title "Sparapet of Syunik" (Սյունյաց սպարապետ) was held by the Garegin Nzhdeh, as supreme commander of the Republic of Mountainous Armenia, in 1920–21.
The title is also used for the Grand Commander of the Knights of Vartan, an Armenian-American fraternal order. The title was held by Alex Manoogian during his leadership of that organization.
Vazgen Sargsyan, Armenia's Defense Minister in 1991-92 and 1995–99, is often informally referred to as Sparapet in recognition of his leadership during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.
References
Sources
See also
Sempad the Constable
Sparapets
Military history of Armenia
Armenian words and phrases
Armenian noble titles
Armenian military ranks of Parthian origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparapet |
Quest Aerospace is a company based in Cedar City, UT, United States, that designs and produces model rocket kits.
Quest Aerospace was founded in 1992 by Bill Stine (son of G. Harry Stine) in Pagosa Springs, Colorado, and produces model rocket kits for various skill levels of modelers, from the beginner to the most highly skilled. In 1995, ToyBiz (now Marvel Entertainment) acquired Quest along with Spectra Star, Inc. In 2003, Bill Stine purchased back Quest Aerospace from Marvel. In 2014, Quest Aerospace was purchased by RCS rocket motor components (Aerotech Consumer Aerospace) and was moved from Pagosa Springs, CO to Cedar City, Utah.
Quest's products include model rockets powered by standard 18 mm motors as well as smaller rockets powered by Micro Maxx motors. The company produces both 18 mm motors and Micro Maxx motors for use in its model rocket kits. Powered by compressed black powder motors, some of these rockets can achieve altitudes of over 2000 feet. Quest also produces a small line of midpowered rocket kits and is currently in the works of converting from black powder motors to Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) motors. These new motors are called Q-jets and are currently being sent in to the National Association of Rocketry for certification testing. Once the motors are certified, the new Q-jets will be available for purchase.
In early 2018, Quest Aerospace announced some of their Q-Jet rocket motors, A3's, and B4s, made of Ammonium perchlorate. These motors are now available on Quest Aerospace's website.
In popular culture
The name Quest Aerospace was used in the 2002 film Spider-Man, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Quest was a competitor of Oscorp, the company owned by Norman Osborn (aka the Green Goblin). Quest was competing with Oscorp to sell an exoskeleton to the US Military, and after the Green Goblin destroyed it, the company restructured and was going to purchase Oscorp before the Goblin killed the Oscorp board of directors.
References
External links
Go to the Quest Aerospace Website
Companies based in Utah
1992 establishments in Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest%20Aerospace |
Montvale is an active commuter railroad station in the borough of Montvale, Bergen County, New Jersey. Located in the middle of an active road junction of East Grand Avenue (County Route 94) and Kinderkamack Road (County Route 503), the station serves trains on New Jersey Transit's Pascack Valley Line, serving as the first/last stop in New Jersey. The station consists of one low-level side platform with a mini-high-level platform to service handicapped customers under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
History
Railroad service in Montvale began on May 27, 1871, when railroad service from Hillsdale was extended to the junction with the Erie Railroad Piermont Branch at Nanuet on the Hackensack and New York Extension Railroad. The original station depot at Montvale exploded on October 11, 1921 when a local pyrotechnic lit the station and a nearby real estate office on fire that morning, resulting in complete demolition of the building.
Station layout
The station has one track and one low-level side platform.
Permit parking is operated by the Borough of Montvale. There are three permit parking lots available, with 60, 11 and 139 parking spots, respectively.
References
External links
Station House from Google Maps Street View
Station from Kinderkamack Road from Google Maps Street View
Montvale, New Jersey
NJ Transit Rail Operations stations
Railway stations in Bergen County, New Jersey
Former Erie Railroad stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1871
1871 establishments in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montvale%20station |
David Bailey (born December 31, 1961) is an American former professional motocross racer and current television sports commentator. He was one of the leading American motocross and supercross racers during the 1980s. During his eight-year professional motocross career, Bailey won 30 AMA national race victories and won three motocross national championships. His motorcycle racing career was cut short after a practice crash left him paralyzed just before the start of the 1987 season. After his injury, Bailey began a new career as an expert motocross television commentator.
Biography
Born in San Diego, California, Bailey is the adopted son of Gary "Professor" Bailey, also a former professional motocross racer. He began riding bicycles at the age of 3, and received his first bike, a 60cc Yamaha at age 10. He started racing that same year. In 1978 he won the 250cc Amateur National Championship on an antiquated Bultaco motorcycle. He turned professional the next year, but had a tough rookie season. For 1980 Bailey joined Kawasaki's Team Green, and was one of the first members of that program. He began showing major potential and earned national #45. 1981 was his last year on Kawasaki, and Bailey moved further and further up the rankings.
He was asked to ride for Team Honda in 1982, managed by multi-time motocross world champion Roger De Coster. That season, Bailey was a member of the Motocross des Nations team and, helped the American team to its second consecutive victory. Bailey joined the team as an alternate for 1982 National Supercross and Motocross champion Donnie Hansen.
In 1983 he won the 250cc Supercross and National Championships, and was awarded the Wrangler Grand National title. He also won the United States motocross Grand Prix (USGP) at Unadilla and repeated as Motocross Des Nations champion. The next season, he added the 500cc National title, won the King of Bercy title and led the US to victory in the Motocross Des Nations for the third straight year. Bailey won many more major races in the next few seasons, most notably two more MXdN titles, and coming out on top of a duel with teammate and fellow champion Rick Johnson at the 1986 Anaheim Supercross. Bailey rode his Honda CR500 to the win at the Motocross Des Nations that fall. The performance by the US team is regarded as one of the most dominant in history.
Prior to the start of the 1987 Supercross season, Bailey was injured in a practice crash in Lake Huron, California. There was significant spinal cord damage, and Bailey became a paraplegic, paralyzed from the waist down.
He re-emerged in 1994 as a supercross commentator for ESPN and columnist for RacerX magazine. In 1997 Bailey started training for the Hawaii Ironman triathlon. In his first two attempts, he finished 3rd, then 2nd, and finally in 2000 he became Ironman World Champion in his division, 13 years after his accident.
Bailey was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2004. Bailey continues his role as a TV broadcaster to this day. He is also active in many non-profit organizations dedicated to helping others with spinal cord injuries and contributing to finding a cure.
David became a world-class competitor in chair marathons, and has completed the Hawaii Ironman triathlon several times.
References
1961 births
Living people
Motorcycle racers from San Diego
AMA Motocross Championship National Champions
American motocross riders
People with paraplegia
American disabled sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Bailey%20%28motorcyclist%29 |
Kropotkin () is a town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the right bank of the Kuban River.
History
It was founded as Romanovsky Khutor in the late 18th century, and was renamed Kropotkin in honor of the outstanding natural scientist, geographer and revolutionary anarchist Prince Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin in 4 February 1921, when it was granted town status. Population: 70,000 (1972); 42,000 (1939); 27,000 (1926).
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the Town of Kropotkin—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the Town of Kropotkin is incorporated within Kavkazsky Municipal District as Kropotkinskoye Urban Settlement.
Transportation
The town's railway station is named Kavkazskaya.
References
Notes
Sources
Cities and towns in Krasnodar Krai
Peter Kropotkin
1921 establishments in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kropotkin%2C%20Krasnodar%20Krai |
Ivan Lendl defeated Mikael Pernfors in the final, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1986 French Open.
Mats Wilander was the defending champion, but lost in the third round to Andrei Chesnokov.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Ivan Lendl is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Ivan Lendl (champion)
Mats Wilander (third round)
Boris Becker (quarterfinals)
Yannick Noah (fourth round)
Stefan Edberg (second round)
Joakim Nyström (first round)
Anders Järryd (third round)
Henri Leconte (semifinals)
Andrés Gómez (quarterfinals)
Thierry Tulasne (second round)
Martín Jaite (fourth round)
Guillermo Vilas (quarterfinals)
Johan Kriek (semifinals)
Emilio Sánchez (fourth round)
n/a
Heinz Günthardt (first round)
Draw
Key
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild card
LL = Lucky loser
r = Retired
Finals
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1986 French Open Men's Singles draw
1986 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
1986
1986 Grand Prix (tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles |
Etone College (formerly Etone Community School and Technology College) is a secondary academy school in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England. It was founded in 1910 as the Nuneaton High School for Girls, and is now a mixed school.
History
Nuneaton High School for Girls was founded in 1910 with the strong support of the Director of Education Bolton King. The founding head was (later Dame) Emmeline Mary Tanner who would go on to shape the 1944 Education Act.
The school was the grammar school for girls passing the eleven plus exam. However, after the abolition of the tripartite system, the school became mixed sex and changed its name to 'Etone Community School'. In 2002, the school was granted Technology College status under the specialist schools programme. In 2006, the school established a loose federation with another local school, Hartshill School to share resources and expertise. It also gained specialist Language and Vocational College status in 2006 and 2007 respectively. On 1 January 2012 the school officially gained academy status
In March 2015 the school came out 15 months of "special measures" after achieving a rating of "good" by Ofsted, and now is seen as one of the best schools in the Nuneaton and Warwickshire area.
Etone College has four houses and they have different tie colours. Griffin house have a gold tie, Phoenix house have a red tie, Dragon house have a purple house and Centaur house have a blue tie.
Radio 1
In early 2007, the school was paid a visit by Radio 1, as part of its Star Pupil feature. Presenter Edith Bowman broadcast live from the school and introduced pop singers Paolo Nutini and Jamelia performing live in the school's main hall.
Notable former pupils
Etone Community School
Etone College
Saffiya Vorajee , Co-Director of The Azaylia Foundation opened in 2021.
Nuneaton High School for Girls
Dame Janet Gaymer, Commissioner for Public Appointments for England, Wales and Northern ireland from 2006–10
Caroline Graham, playwright, whose 1988 Inspector Barnaby books became ITV's Midsomer Murders in 1997
Prof Rebecca Posner, Professor of the Romance Languages from 1978-96 at the University of Oxford (St Hugh's College), President from 1996-2000 of the Philological Society
References
External links
Etone Website
Ofsted Report
Academies in Warwickshire
Secondary schools in Warwickshire
Nuneaton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etone%20College |
Beaucarnea is a genus of flowering plants native to Mexico and Central America. In the APG III classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae). Beaucarnea is sometimes treated as a synonym of the genus Nolina, with the species being then transferred to that genus. However, recent research shows that Beaucarnea should be treated as an independent genus.
The species are small tropical xerophytic trees growing to 6–10 m tall, with a trunk 20–40 cm diameter with a flared base; young plants are single-stemmed, branching only after flowering. The leaves are evergreen, linear, strap-shaped, 0.5-1.8 m long and 1.5–2 cm broad, leathery in texture, with a finely serrated margin. The flowers are produced only on old trees, forming on large panicles 75–110 cm long, the individual flowers numerous but very small (1.5 mm diameter), greenish-white, with six tepals.
Species
Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:
References
The Beaucarnea-Calibanus Page of the National University of Mexico: photographs of the species in the wild
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Beaucarnea
New York Botanic Garden: Beaucarnea pliabilis
Asparagaceae genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaucarnea |
Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom or Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom may refer to:
Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, the primary worship service in the Byzantine Rite.
It may refer also to choral compositions that set the liturgical text:
Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (Tchaikovsky), Op. 41, composed by Pyotr Tchaikovsky in 1880.
Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (Mokranjac), composed by Stevan Mokranjac in 1895.
Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (Rachmaninoff), Op. 31, composed by Sergei Rachmaninoff in 1910.
Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (Leontovych) musical setting composed by Mykola Leontovych in 1919. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy%20of%20Saint%20John%20Chrysostom%20%28disambiguation%29 |
North Warren Regional High School is a public high school and regional school district, located in Warren County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, that serves students in seventh grade through twelfth grade from the four constituent townships of Blairstown (where the school is located), Frelinghuysen, Hardwick and Knowlton. The school opened in September 1970, replacing the former Blairstown High School. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1984.
As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 658 students and 56.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.6:1. There were 45 students (6.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 11 (1.7% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "FG", the fourth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Awards, recognition and rankings
The school was the 87th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 115th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 138th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 194th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 167th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. Schooldigger.com ranked the school 156th out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (an increase of 47 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (80.8%) and language arts literacy (95.5%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).
Extracurricular activities
The Marching Patriots
In their 2007 competition season, the Marching Band earned 1st place in New Jersey for group 3A. In their 2008 competition season, the Marching Band earned 3rd place at the USSBA Group 3A championships held at Hershey, Pennsylvania on November 2, 2008. In their 2009 competition season, the Marching band earned 1st place in New Jersey for group 3A, winning the caption awards for Best Music and Best Visual Effect, as well as taking best in show. In their 2010 competition season, the Marching band earned 1st place in New Jersey for group 3A, again.
In 2013, the band had an undefeated season, finishing 7-0 and earned first place in New Jersey Group 3A state championship held at Rutgers University. The band also earned the title of 2013 USBands Group III A National Champions at Metlife Stadium, receiving an all-time high record score of 96.425.
In 2017, the band finished in first place in New Jersey Group III Open state championship held at Rutgers University.
Aurora Indoor Color Guard
From 1989 to 1994 North Warren Regional High School was also home to the award-winning Aurora Indoor Color Guard. Aurora began as a Scholastic Novice guard in the TIDA circuit, moving up to a Scholastic Intermediate guard in 1992, and moving up to a Scholastic Advanced guard in 1993. Also in 1993, performing to "I Melt With You" by Modern English, Aurora placed 8th in the world at the WGI World Championships in Dayton, Ohio as a WGI Scholastic A class Finalist. In May 1994, the Aurora indoor color guard performed for the last time, in Wildwood, New Jersey.
Athletics
The North Warren Regional High School Patriots compete in the Northwest Jersey Athletic Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools in Morris, Sussex and Warren counties in northwestern New Jersey, and operates under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA), having been established following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 407 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group I for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 75 to 476 students in that grade range. The football team competes in the National Blue division of the North Jersey Super Football Conference, which includes 112 schools competing in 20 divisions, making it the nation's biggest football-only high school sports league. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group I North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 184 to 471 students.
The school participates as the host school / lead agency for joint cooperative boys / girls lacrosse teams with Belvidere High School, while Belvidere is the host school for co-op boys / girls swimming teams. These co-op programs operate under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year.
The boys' soccer team won the Group I state championship in 2002 and 2003, defeating Arthur P. Schalick High School in the tournament final both seasons. The 2002 team finished the season with a record of 16-3-1 after winning the Group I title against Schalick by a score of 4–3 in overtime in the tournament final. The following year, North Warren again met Schalick in the 2003 Group I state championship and won 2–0 at the end of regulation to finish the season 17-3-1. In 2004, North Warren made it to the state championship game for the third consecutive time, again meeting Schalick, but fell short and lost by a score of 2–1.
The wrestling team won the North I Group I state sectional championship in 2006 and 2007
Notable alumni
David T. Little (born 1978), composer, record producer, and drummer known for his operatic, orchestral, and chamber works, most notably his operas JFK, Soldier Songs, and Dog Days.
Administration
Core members of the administration are:
District
Jeanene Dutt, superintendent
Jennifer Kerr, business administrator and board secretary
School
Carie Norcross-Murphy, principal
Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district. Seats on the board of education are allocated based on the population of the constituent municipalities, with four seats assigned to Blairstown Township, two to Frelinghuysen Township, two to Knowlton Township and one to Hardwick Township.
References
External links
North Warren Regional High School
School Data for the North Warren Regional High School, National Center for Education Statistics
North Warren Regional High School Marching Band
Blairstown, New Jersey
Frelinghuysen Township, New Jersey
Hardwick Township, New Jersey
Knowlton Township, New Jersey
1970 establishments in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1970
Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools
New Jersey District Factor Group FG
Public high schools in Warren County, New Jersey
Public middle schools in New Jersey
School districts in Warren County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Warren%20Regional%20High%20School |
Pisky () is a selo of Nizhyn Raion in Chernihiv Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. It belongs to Bobrovytsia urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.
The name in Ukrainian can be interpreted literally as "the Sands". The village is famous for being the location where one of the most influential Ukrainian poets of the 1920s, Pavlo Tychyna, was born.
Until 18 July 2020, Pisky belonged to Bobrovytsia Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernihiv Oblast to five. The area of Bobrovytsia Raion was merged into Nizhyn Raion.
References
External links
Villages in Nizhyn Raion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisky%2C%20Chernihiv%20Oblast |
Richard Patrick Tallentyre Gibson, Baron Gibson (5 February 1916 – 20 April 2004) was a British businessman in the publishing industry, and later arts administrator.
Life
Gibson was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. He became a stockbroker in 1937, and he joined the Middlesex Yeomanry on the outbreak of the Second World War. He served in North Africa, but was captured at Derna in Libya in April 1941. He was held as a prisoner-of-war at Camp 41 near Parma in northern Italy, where he shared a room with Edward Tomkins and Nigel Strutt, all three becoming firm friends. Strutt was repatriated on medical grounds, and Gibson and Tomkins were moved to another camp. He and Tomkins escaped from the new camp, and spent 81 days walking south to Bari, crossing the Apennines and German lines, to return to Allied-held territory. Gibson then served with Special Operations Executive and the Foreign Office.
He married Dione Pearson in 1945, a member of the Pearson PLC dynasty and granddaughter of Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray and of 1st Baron Brabourne. Gibson joined the family's Westminster Press group of regional newspapers in 1947 as a trainee journalist, rapidly rising up through the business, consolidating and expanding its media interests. He became a director of the Financial Times, The Economist, and of Pearson, and chairman of Pearson Longman in 1967, and of the Financial Times in 1975. He was chairman of the Pearson group from 1978 to 1983.
He was a member of the Arts Council of Great Britain from 1963, and chair from 1972 to 1977. During his period as chair, the council was under pressure due to government-wide spending cuts and reduced corporate patronage due to an economic down turn. Gibson argued against the imposition of admission fees for public museums and galleries (a measure that in the end was only briefly and partially in place) and defended the council's more controversial funding decisions against charges of elitism. From 1977 to 1986, he was Chairman of the National Trust, a position in which he had personal interest as the owner of Penns in the Rocks, a estate in Sussex previously owned by William Penn that he bought from the estate of Dorothy Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington in 1957. In this period, the National Trust acquired Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire, Belton House in Lincolnshire, Calke Abbey in Derbyshire, and The Argory in County Armagh.
He was made a life peer in 1975, becoming Baron Gibson, of Penn's Rocks in the County of East Sussex. In addition to his Sussex estate, he owned an 18th-century villa at Asolo, near Venice.
He also served as chairman of the advisory council of the Victoria and Albert Museum, a director of the Royal Opera House, a trustee of Glyndebourne, a member of the National Art Collections Fund committee, treasurer of the Historic Churches Preservation Trust, and advised the Gulbenkian Foundation.
He was survived by his wife and their four sons. Lady Gibson died in 2012.
Arms
References
External links
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 20 April 2004
1916 births
2004 deaths
Gibson
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
British Army personnel of World War II
British publishers (people)
British arts administrators
British stockbrokers
People educated at Eton College
World War II prisoners of war held by Italy
British Special Operations Executive personnel
Middlesex Yeomanry officers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Gibson%2C%20Baron%20Gibson |
Musical Starstreams (also known as Starstreams) is a terrestrial and internet radio program that first aired in the San Francisco bay area in December 1981. Originally known as Music for Your Inner Space, it has been produced, programmed and hosted by Forest, originally in Mill Valley and now from Maui, for its entire forty year history, except for a twelve-month period from mid-2002, when Madison Cole hosted the show.
In 1983 the two-hour weekly show began syndication on commercial terrestrial radio, and in 1985 was picked up for distribution outside the US. It has been heard on over 200 noncommercial and commercial radio stations, cable systems, the internet, XM satellite radio channels and DirecTV. Although initially scoring good ratings nationwide, the show peaked in numbers of terrestrial stations in 1991, the same year it was nominated for Billboard magazine's 'Adult Syndicated Program of the Year.' With the volatile nature of commercial radio stations continually changing formats, terrestrial station coverage has significantly declined to a point where by their own website's count, they list around a dozen radio stations which they attribute to the decline in terrestrial station listening and the increased popularity of the internet where more listeners have chosen to listen online to the program in its current form. A more music intensive version of Starstreams can currently be heard online on Mixcloud and iHeart Media.
Back in the 1980s the show played a mix of electronic, new-age and a small amount of jazz, Today, it has more of a Chill music core, sometimes characterized as mid- to down-tempo "exotic electronica". Back in the early days it was also sometimes described as "Marin County hot-tub music" a tongue in cheek reference to its former home just across the Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco.
See also
Echoes, a nightly ambient music show produced by music critic John Diliberto
Hearts of Space, a US-based ambient radio programme produced since 1973 by Stephen Hill
Star's End, a weekly ambient music programme broadcast on public radio in Philadelphia since 1976, hosted by Chuck van Zyl
Ultima Thule Ambient Music, a weekly ambient music radio show broadcast on community radio in Australia since 1989
References
External links
American music radio programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical%20Starstreams |
Alexander John Bruce-Lockhart, Baron Bruce-Lockhart, (4 May 1942 – 14 August 2008), commonly known as Sandy Bruce-Lockhart, was a British Conservative politician and a senior figure in English local government. He was the leader of Kent County Council and then Chairman of the Local Government Association. He was succeeded in the latter post by Simon Milton, ex-Leader of Westminster Council.
Early life
Bruce-Lockhart was born on 4 May 1942 into the Scottish Bruce Lockhart family, which held close ties to the diplomatic service. His father, John Bruce Lockhart, was deputy director of MI6 and a university administrator. His mother was Margaret Evelyn Hone. He was educated at the Dragon School, Sedbergh, and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.
He was the younger brother of James Bruce Lockhart (1941–2018), a diplomat, intelligence officer, author, and artist.
Career
He left the United Kingdom to work in the then Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), managing a large farm for a South African owner. After a period in Australia, he returned to live in Kent in 1968, where he had a dairy farm, then a fruit farm, in Headcorn.
He became a county councillor for Maidstone Rural East in 1989. At the time he was chairman of a rail committee in the Weald of Kent preservation society, which had been protesting about what he then regarded as the destructive route of the Channel tunnel rail link. He became leader of the opposition Conservative group in 1993 and leader of the Council in 1997, retaining the post until 2005. While leader of Kent County Council, Bruce-Lockhart became a controversial figure on the national political stage for his introduction of a local version of the recently repealed anti-gay Section 28 legislation. In July 2004, having been vice-chairman for two years, Lord Bruce-Lockhart succeeded Sir Jeremy Beecham to become Chairman of the Local Government Association, following the Conservatives becoming the largest political group in the Association as the result of the local elections in May.
He was made a Knight Bachelor in the New Year's Honours List of December 2002, having previously been appointed OBE. On 11 April 2006, it was announced that he was to be elevated to a life peerage, and on 9 June 2006 he was gazetted as Baron Bruce-Lockhart, of The Weald in the County of Kent. On 24 May 2007 it was announced that he had been appointed as Chair of English Heritage.
On 17 June 2008, Lord Bruce-Lockhart was made an honorary Freeman of the City of Canterbury. After a battle with cancer, he died in 2008, aged 66.
Personal life
In 1966, Bruce-Lockhart married Tess Pressland, and they had two sons and a daughter.
Death
He died on 14 August 2008.
References
1942 births
2008 deaths
Alumni of the Royal Agricultural University
Sandy
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Knights Bachelor
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at The Dragon School
People educated at Sedbergh School
People from Maidstone
Politicians from Wakefield
Deaths from cancer in England
Members of Kent County Council
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Chairs of the Local Government Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Bruce-Lockhart%2C%20Baron%20Bruce-Lockhart |
Jude Dibia (born 5 January 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria) is a Nigerian novelist. In 2007, he won the Ken Saro-Wiwa Prize for Prose for his novel Unbridled.
Education
Dibia studied at the University of Ibadan, and earned a B.A. in Modern European Languages (German).
Career
Jude's novels have been described as daring and controversial by readers and critics in and out of Africa. Walking with Shadows is said to be the first Nigerian novel that has a gay man as its central character and that treats his experienpositivegreat insight, inviting a positive response to his situation. Unbridled, too, stirred some controversy on its publication; it is a story that tackles the emancipation of its female protagonist, who had suffered incest and various abuse from men.
Dibia's short stories have appeared on various online literary sites, including AfricanWriter.com and Halftribe.com. One of his short stories is included in the anthology One World: A global anthology of short stories, alongside stories by such critically acclaimed writers as Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and Jhumpa Lahiri.
Academic analysis of Jude Dibia's writings
Sesan, Azeez Akinwumi. Sexuality, Morality and Identity Construction in Jude Dibia's Walking with Shadows. Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018): 453–468.
Sotunsa, Ebunoluwa Mobolanle & Festus Alabi. The Portrayal of Homosexuality in Jude Dibia's Walking with Shadows. Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018):437-452.
Award
Winner for the 2007 Ken Saro-Wiwa Prize for Prose for Unbridled
Finalist for the 2007 Nigeria Prize for Literature award for Unbridled
Works
Walking with Shadows (BlackSands Books, 2005)
Unbridled (2007)
Blackbird (2011).
Among Strangers
References
External links
"I want to tell stories people are not bold enough", Sun newspaper, November 1, 2005.
Olusola Agbaje, "12 Things You Didn’t Know About Jude Dibia", Aphroden.
1975 births
Living people
21st-century Nigerian novelists
University of Ibadan alumni
Nigerian male novelists
21st-century short story writers
21st-century male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude%20Dibia |
Dimitar Iliev Popov (Pokriva) ( ; 26 June 1927 – 5 December 2015) was a leading Bulgarian judge and the first Prime Minister of the country not to be a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party since 1946. He was also the first Prime Minister since 1944 who was not a Communist or a fellow traveler.
Popov, who did not have any party affiliation and was chosen for his perceived impartiality as a member of the judiciary, was selected to head the new government after the resignation of Andrey Lukanov in December 1990 in the face of mass demonstrations and a general strike. As Prime Minister, Popov oversaw the drafting of the new constitution as well as the second open elections. Although overseeing the beginnings of the policy of privatization, Popov's government was more of a caretaker administration.
Popov died at the age of 88 on December 5, 2015.
References
1927 births
2015 deaths
People from Kula, Bulgaria
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Bulgarian judges
Judiciary of Bulgaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar%20Iliev%20Popov |
"Dare to Be Stupid" is an original song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a musical pastiche of the band Devo.
Lyrics and style
Lyrically, the song encourages the listener to be stupid in various ways; mostly by advising them to do the opposite of common idioms (e.g. "let the bedbugs bite" or "put all your eggs in one basket"), with the occasional absurd non sequitur (e.g. "stick your head in the microwave and get yourself a tan"). The song also encourages the listener to "...let your babies grow up to be cowboys," a reference to a popular country song, and to "squeeze all the Charmin you can while Mr. Whipple's not around," a reference to a long-running series of ads.
The tune somewhat resembles that of "Deep Sleep", "Time Out For Fun" and "Big Mess" from Devo's Oh, No! It's Devo album. Al's line "Yes!" in a slightly altered voice is reminiscent of the "Yes!" from "Explosions" on the same album. A descending synth line heard before some verses is similar to one used in "Deep Sleep." The recurring synth line heard throughout the song is very similar to the opening synth line from "Time Out For Fun". A descending three-note synth line heard throughout the chorus is very reminiscent of one used heavily in "Whip It".
Music video
The music video is, according to Yankovic, also a "style parody" of Devo's works:
Yankovic and his band wear the yellow radiation suits from Devo's cover of The Rolling Stones' "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" video throughout. Many of the performance segments of the video are modeled on the "Satisfaction" music video, including the man attempting to breakdance on a carpeted wall and floor. This is a parody of dancer Craig Allen Rothwell, nicknamed "Spazz Attack," who was featured in Devo's video with his signature flip onto his back.
Segments of the video are reminiscent of several of Devo's other videos:
"Devo Corporate Anthem" – In one scene, the band is standing in the same pose as Devo.
"Jocko Homo" – In another segment, the band wears nylon stockings over their heads.
"Beautiful World" – There are also several scenes of black-and-white stock footage, directed by Al (wearing a costume different from the one he wore in the rest of the video) in front of an Interocitor. In addition, "tell me, what did I say?" also resembles the line from this song, and the aforementioned costume resembles the one worn on stage by Mark Mothersbaugh (As Booji Boy) when Devo performed the song live during their tour for Oh, No! It's Devo in 1982.
"Time Out for Fun" – The scenes where they come together and sing the main chorus is similar to where Devo comes together in the music video for this song and sings their main chorus.
"Come Back Jonee" – In one scene, the elderly men dressed up in cowboy suits are reminiscent of the elderly men bowling in the "Come Back Jonee" video.
"The Day My Baby Gave Me a Surprize" – In this part the group passes in front of very simple computer graphics on a blue screen while playing their instruments.
"Freedom of Choice" – The use of stop-motion animation and computer graphics is also reminiscent of this Devo video. The use of Roman togas also comes from "Freedom of Choice," and at one point, a man must choose between a banana and an accordion - in Devo's original, it's a gun or a grenade.
"Whip It" – The guitarist is alone, wearing a cowboy outfit (although the guitarist wearing a cowboy outfit was from the music video to the theme from the movie Doctor Detroit, which Devo performed, it is likely a coincidence, as the set was based on the "Whip It" video). There are cowboys in the "Whip it" video as well.
"Love Without Anger" – The scene in which the lyrics "you can just give up the ship" is displayed on a screen mimics the display of the lyrics "love without anger isn't love at all" in the Devo video.
In addition, the scene of moving Mr. Potato Heads is reminiscent of a sequence in a Devo video shown at the start of live performances during their New Traditionalists tour and other subsequent tours, in which Mr. Potato Head figures emulate a concert crowd. Likewise, the woman signing lyrics mirrors a portion of the same video.
A General Boy lookalike makes an appearance with three other generals, all wearing orange traffic safety cones on their heads while standing around a battlefield map.
The video also includes much bizarre imagery, which, for the most part, is irrelevant to the lyrics, such as Yankovic's face emerging from a screen filled with tiny baby figurines (a nod to the similarly Devo-esque scene in the video of "Mexican Radio" from early 80's band - and friend of Devo's - Wall of Voodoo, when lead singer Stan Ridgway's face emerges from a bowl of cooked pinto beans).
The machine Yankovic controls during parts of the video is an interocitor from the film This Island Earth.
The swim goggles Yankovic wears over his eyes resembles those of Devo vocalist Mark Mothersbaugh's in the "Satisfaction", "The Day My Baby Gave Me A Surprise" and "Come Back Jonee" videos.
The scenes in the video are supposedly taking place in a man's dream.
In popular media
In an interview on VH1's Behind the Music, Devo's Mark Mothersbaugh stated in reaction to the song that: "I was in shock. It was the most beautiful thing I had ever heard. He sort of re-sculpted that song into something else and... I hate him for it, basically."
The song has an ongoing relationship with the Transformers franchise, spanning both television and film. The song was featured in The Transformers: The Movie in 1986, appearing during a battle scene featuring the characters Wreck-Gar and the Junkions. It was subsequently released as a double A-side along with "The Touch" by Stan Bush. Yankovic would later guest star in the 2007 TV series Transformers: Animated as a new version of Wreck-Gar, who makes an allusion to the song in his dialogue ("I am Wreck-Gar! I dare to be stupid!").
Track listing
"The Touch" by Stan Bush – 3:54
"Dare to Be Stupid" – 3:23
Personnel
"Weird Al" Yankovic – lead and backing vocals, keyboards, synthesizers
Steve Jay – bass guitar
Jim West – electric guitar
Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz – acoustic and electronic drums
Pat Regan – additional synthesizer
See also
List of songs recorded by "Weird Al" Yankovic
Sapere aude
References
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
1986 singles
Transformers music
Songs written by "Weird Al" Yankovic
Devo
1985 songs
American new wave songs
American synth-pop songs
Scotti Brothers Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dare%20to%20Be%20Stupid%20%28song%29 |
Workplace bullying is a persistent pattern of mistreatment from others in the workplace that causes either physical or emotional harm.
It can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, and physical abuse, as well as humiliation. This type of workplace aggression is particularly difficult because, unlike the typical school bully, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society. In the majority of cases, bullying in the workplace is reported as having been done by someone who has authority over the victim. However, bullies can also be peers, and subordinates. When subordinates participate in bullying this phenomenon is known as upwards bullying .The least visible segment of workplace bullying involves upwards bullying where bully- ing tactics are manipulated and applied against “the boss,” usually for strategically designed outcomes.
Research has also investigated the impact of the larger organizational context on bullying as well as the group-level processes that impact on the incidence and maintenance of bullying behaviour. Bullying can be covert or overt. It may be missed by superiors; it may be known by many throughout the organization. Negative effects are not limited to the targeted individuals, and may lead to a decline in employee morale and a change in organizational culture. It can also take place as overbearing supervision, constant criticism, and blocking promotions.
Definitions
While there is no universally accepted formal definition of workplace bullying, and some researchers even question whether a uniform definition is possible due to its complex and multifaceted forms, but several researchers have endeavoured to define it:
According to the widely used definition from Olweus, "[Workplace bullying is] a situation in which one or more persons systematically and over a long period of time perceive themselves to be on the receiving end of negative treatment on the part of one or more persons, in a situation in which the person(s) exposed to the treatment has difficulty in defending themselves against this treatment".
According to Einarsen, Hoel, Zapf and Cooper, "Bullying at work means harassing, offending, socially excluding someone or negatively affecting someone's work tasks. In order for the label bullying (or mobbing) to be applied to a particular activity, interaction or process it has to occur repeatedly and regularly (e.g. weekly) and over a period of time (e.g. about six months). Bullying is an escalated process in the course of which the person confronted ends up in an inferior position and becomes the target of systematic negative social acts."
According to Tracy, Lutgen-Sandvik, and Alberts, researchers associated with the Arizona State University's Project for Wellness and Work-Life, workplace bullying is most often "a combination of tactics in which numerous types of hostile communication and behaviour are used"
Gary and Ruth Namie define workplace bullying as "repeated, health-harming mistreatment, verbal abuse, or conduct which is threatening, humiliating, intimidating, or sabotage that interferes with work or some combination of the three."
Pamela Lutgen-Sandvik expands this definition, stating that workplace bullying is "persistent verbal and nonverbal aggression at work, that includes personal attacks, social ostracism, and a multitude of other painful messages and hostile interactions."
Catherine Mattice and Karen Garman define workplace bullying as "systematic aggressive communication, manipulation of work, and acts aimed at humiliating or degrading one or more individual that create an unhealthy and unprofessional power imbalance between bully and target(s), result in psychological consequences for targets and co-workers, and cost enormous monetary damage to an organization's bottom line"
Dr. Jan Kircher attempts to redefine workplace bullying, what she calls persistent workplace aggression, as an issue thought primarily about through the lens of individual conflict to an issue of organizational culture, arguing, "One of the biggest misconceptions that people have about workplace bullying it that it is similar to conflict and therefore, persistent workplace aggression is handled like conflict." However, according to Kircher, this approach is detrimental, and actually prevents organizations from being able to effectively prevent, handle or resolve bullying situations in the work environment.
The most common type of complaint filed with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission involves retaliation, where an employer harasses or bullies an employee for objecting to illegal discrimination. Patricia Barnes, author of Surviving Bullies, Queen Bees & Psychopaths in the Workplace, argues that employers that bully are a critical but often overlooked aspect of the problem in the United States.
Because it can occur in a variety of contexts and forms, it is also useful to define workplace bullying by the key features that these behaviours possess. Bullying is characterized by:
Repetition (occurs regularly)
Duration (is enduring)
Escalation (increasing aggression)
Power disparity (the target lacks the power to successfully defend themselves)
Attributed intent
This distinguishes bullying from isolated behaviours and other forms of job stress and allows the term workplace bullying to be applied in various contexts and to behaviours that meet these characteristics. Many observers agree that bullying is often a repetitive behaviour. However, some experts who have dealt with a great many people who report abuse also categorize some once-only events as bullying, for example with cases where there appear to be severe sequelae. Expanding the common understanding of bullying to include single, severe episodes also parallels the legal definitions of sexual harassment in the US.
According to Pamela Lutgin-Sandvik, the lack of unifying language to name the phenomenon of workplace bullying is a problem because without a unifying term or phrase, individuals have difficulty naming their experiences of abuse, and therefore have trouble pursuing justice against the bully. Unlike sexual harassment, which named a specific problem and is now recognized in law of many countries (including the U.S.), workplace bullying is still being established as a relevant social problem and is in need of a specific vernacular.
Euphemisms intended to trivialize bullying and its impact on bullied people include: incivility, disrespect, difficult people, personality conflict, negative conduct, and ill treatment. Bullied people are labelled as insubordinate when they resist the bullying treatment.
There is no exact definition for bullying behaviours in workplace, which is why different terms and definitions are common. For example, mobbing is a commonly used term in France and Germany, where it refers to a "mob" of bullies, rather than a single bully; this phenomenon is not often seen in other countries. In the United States, aggression and emotional abuse are frequently used terms, whereas harassment is the term preferred in Finland. Workplace bullying is primarily used in Australia, UK, and Northern Europe. While the terms "harassment" and "mobbing" are often used to describe bullying behaviors, "workplace bullying" tends to be the most commonly used term by the research community.
Statistics
Approximately 72% of bullies outrank their victims.
Prevalence
Research suggests that a significant number of people are exposed to persistent workplace bullying, with a majority of studies reporting a 10 to 15% prevalence in Europe and North America. This figure can vary dramatically upon what definition of workplace bullying is used.
Statistics from the 2007 WBI-Zogby survey show that 13% of U.S. employees report being bullied currently, 24% say they have been bullied in the past and an additional 12% say they have witnessed workplace bullying. Nearly half of all American workers (49%) report that they have been affected by workplace bullying, either being a target themselves or having witnessed abusive behaviour against a co-worker.
Although socioeconomic factors may play a role in the abuse, researchers from the Project for Wellness and Work-Life suggest that "workplace bullying, by definition, is not explicitly connected to demographic markers such as sex and ethnicity".
According to the 2015 National Health Interview Survey Occupational Health Supplement (NHIS-OHS), the national prevalence rate for workers reporting having been threatened, bullied, or harassed by anyone on the job was 7.4%.
In 2008, Dr. Judy Fisher-Blando wrote a doctoral research dissertation on Aggressive behaviour: Workplace Bullying and Its Effect on Job Satisfaction and Productivity. The scientific study determined that almost 75% of employees surveyed had been affected by workplace bullying, whether as a target or a witness. Further research showed the types of bullying behaviour, and organizational support.
Gender
In terms of gender, the Workplace Bullying Institute (2007) states that women appear to be at greater risk of becoming a bullying target, as 57% of those who reported being targeted for abuse were women. Men are more likely to participate in aggressive bullying behaviour (60%), however when the bully is a woman her target is more likely to be a woman as well (71%).
In 2015, the National Health Interview Survey found a higher prevalence of women (8%) workers who were threatened, bullied, or harassed than men.
However, varying results have been found. The research of Samnani and Singh (2012) reviews the findings from 20 years' literature and claims that inconsistent findings could not support the differences across gender. Carter et al. (2013) found that male staff reported higher prevalence of workplace bullying within UK healthcare.
It is important to consider if there may be gender differences in level of reporting.
Race
Race also may play a role in the experience of workplace bullying. According to the Workplace Bullying Institute (2007), the comparison of reported combined bullying (current plus ever bullied) prevalence percentages in the USA reveals the pattern from most to least:
Hispanics (52.1%)
Blacks (46%)
Whites (33.5%)
Asian (30.6%)
The reported rates of witnessing bullying were:
Asian (28.5%)
Blacks (21.1%)
Hispanics (14%)
Whites (10.8%)
The percentages of those reporting that they have neither experienced nor witnessed mistreatment were:
Asians (57.3%)
Whites (49.7%)
Hispanics (32.2%)
Blacks (23.4%)
Research psychologist Tony Buon published one of the first reviews of bullying in China in PKU Business Review in 2005.
Marital status
Higher prevalence rates for experiencing a hostile work environment were identified for divorced or separated workers compared to married workers, widowed workers, and never married workers.
Education
Higher prevalence rates for experiencing a hostile work environment were identified for workers with some college education or workers with high school diploma or GED, compared to workers with less than a high school education.
Age
Lower prevalence rates for experiencing a hostile work environment were identified for workers aged 65 and older compared to workers in other age groups.
With respect to age, conflicting findings have been reported. A study by Einarsen and Skogstad (1996) indicates older employees tend to be more likely to be bullied than younger ones.
Industry
The prevalence of a hostile work environment varies by industry. In 2015, the broad industry category with the highest prevalence was healthcare and social assistance 10%. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 16,890 workers in the private industry experienced physical trauma from nonfatal workplace violence in 2016.
Occupation
The prevalence of hostile work environment varies by occupation. In 2015, the occupation groups with the highest prevalence was protective services (24%) and community and social services (15%).
Within UK healthcare, it has been found that 20% of staff have experienced bullying, and 43% witnessed bullying, with managers being the most common source of bullying.
Disability
In the UK's National Health Service, individuals with disabilities are also at a higher risk of experiencing workplace bullying.
Profiling
Researchers Caitlin Buon and Tony Buon suggest that attempts to profile 'the bully' have been damaging. They state that the "bully" profile is that 'the bully' is always aware of what they are doing, deliberately sets out to harm their 'victims', targets a particular individual or type of person, and has some kind of underlying personality flaw, insecurity, or disorder. But this is unproven and lacks evidence. The researchers suggest referring to workplace bullying as generic harassment along with other forms of non-specific harassment, as this would enable employees to use less emotionally charged language for starting a dialogue about their experiences, rather than being repelled by having to define their experiences as victims. Tony Buon and Caitlin Buon also suggest that the perception and profile of the workplace bully does not facilitate interventions. They suggest that to make significant progress and achieve long-term behaviour change, organisations and individuals need to embrace the notion that everyone potentially houses 'the bully' within them and their organisations. It exists in workplace cultures, belief systems, interactions, and emotional competencies, and cannot be transformed if externalization and demonization further the problem by profiling 'the bully' rather than talking about behaviours and interpersonal interactions.
Relationship among participants
Based on research by H. Hoel and C.L. Cooper, most perpetrators are supervisors. The second most common group is peers, followed by subordinates and customers. The three main relationships among the participants in workplace bullying:
Between supervisor and subordinate
Among co-workers
Employees and customers
Bullying may also occur between an organization and its employees.
Bullying behaviour by supervisors toward subordinates typically manifests as an abuse of power by the supervisor in the workplace. Bullying behaviours by supervisors may be associated with a culture of bullying and the management style of the supervisors. An authoritative management style, specifically, often includes bullying behaviours, which can make subordinates fearful and allow supervisors to bolster their authority over others.
If an organization wishes to discourage bullying in the workplace, strategies and policies must be put into place to dissuade and counter bullying behavior. Lack of monitoring or of punishment/corrective action will result in an organizational culture that supports/tolerates bullying.
In addition to supervisor – subordinate bullying, bullying behaviours also occur between colleagues. Peers can be either the target or perpetrator. If workplace bullying happens among the co-workers, witnesses will typically choose sides, either with the target or the perpetrator. Perpetrators usually "win" since witnesses do not want to be the next target. This outcome encourages perpetrators to continue their bullying behaviour. In addition, the sense of the injustice experienced by a target might lead that person to become another perpetrator who bullies other colleagues who have less power than they do, thereby proliferating bullying in the organization.
Maarit Varitia, a workplace bullying researcher, found that 20% of interviewees who experienced workplace bullying attributed their being targeted to their being different from others.
The third relationship in the workplace is between employees and customers. Although less frequent, such cases play a significant role in the efficiency of the organization. Overly stressed or distressed employees may be less able to perform optimally and can impact the quality of service overall.
The fourth relationship in the workplace is between the organization or system and its employees. An article by Andreas Liefooghe (2012) notes that many employees describe their employer as a "bully".
These cases, the issue is not simply an organizational culture or environmental factors facilitating bullying, but bullying-like behaviour by an employer against an employee. Tremendous power imbalances between an organization and its employees enables the employer to "legitimately exercise" power (e.g., by monitoring and controlling employees) in a manner consistent with bullying.
Although the terminology of bullying traditionally implies an interpersonal relationship between the perpetrator and target, organizations' or other collectives' actions can constitute bullying both by definition and in their impacts on targets. However, while defining bullying as an interpersonal phenomenon is considered legitimate, classifying incidences of employer exploitation, retaliation, or other abuses of power against an employee as a form of bullying is often not taken as seriously.
Organizational culture
Bullying is seen to be prevalent in organizations where employees and managers feel that they have the support, or at least the implicit blessing of senior managers to carry on their abusive and bullying behaviour. Vertical violence is a specific type of workplace violence based on the hierarchical or managerial structure present in many healthcare based establishments. This type of workplace violence, “is usually generated by a power imbalance, whether due to a real hierarchical structure or perceived by professionals. It generates feelings of humiliation, vulnerability, and helplessness in the victims, limiting their ability to develop competency and defend themselves” (Pérez-Fuentes et al. 2021, pg 2) Furthermore, new managers will quickly come to view this form of behaviour as acceptable and normal if they see others get away with it and are even rewarded for it.
When bullying happens at the highest levels, the effects may be far reaching. People may be bullied irrespective of their organizational status or rank, including senior managers, which indicates the possibility of a negative domino effect, where bullying may cascade downwards, as the targeted supervisors might offload their own aggression onto their subordinates. In such situations, a bullying scenario in the boardroom may actually threaten the productivity of the entire organisation.
Workplace bullying and occupational stress
The relationship between occupational stress and bullying was drawn in the matter of the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) issuing an Improvement Notice to the West Dorset General Hospital NHS Trust. This followed a complaint raised with the HSE by an employee who was off sick having suffered from bullying in the workplace. His managers had responded by telling him that in the event of his returning to work it was unlikely that anything would be done about the bullying. The HSE found that the Trust did not have an occupational stress policy and directed them to create one in accordance with the soon to be published HSE Management Standards. These are standards that managers should meet in their work if they are to ensure a safe workplace, as is required by the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 as was amended by the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, the latter directing that risks in the workplace must be identified, assessed and controlled. These risks include those hazards known to cause occupational stress. One of the six standards relates to managing relationships between employees, a matter in which the Trust had shown itself to be deficient.
UK Legal protection from workplace bullying
The six HSE Management Standards define a set of behaviours by managers that address the main reported causes of occupational stress. Managers that operate against the standards can readily be identified as workplace bullies i.e. have no regard for the demands, remove control whenever possible, let them struggle, allow bullying to run uncontrolled and never let them know what is going to happen next (mushroom management) i.e. 'show them who is in charge'. The standards define the main known causes of occupational stress, in accord with the DCS Model, but also provide a 'bullying checklist'.
The HSE Management Standards
Demands – this includes issues such as workload, work patterns and the work environment
Control – how much say the person has in the way they do their work
Support – this includes the encouragement, sponsorship and resources provided by the organisation, line management and colleagues
Relationships – this includes promoting positive working to avoid conflict and dealing with unacceptable behaviour
Role – whether people understand their role within the organisation and whether the organisation ensures that they do not have conflicting roles
Change – how organisational change (large or small) is managed and communicated in the organisation
Geographical culture
Research investigating the acceptability of the bullying behaviour across different cultures (e.g. Power et al., 2013) clearly shows that culture affects the perception of the acceptable behaviour.
National background also influences the prevalence of workplace bullying (Harvey et al., 2009; Hoel et al., 1999; Lutgen-Sandvik et al., 2007).
Humane orientation is negatively associated with the acceptability of work-related bullying.
Performance orientation is positively associated with the acceptance of bullying. Future orientation is negatively associated with the acceptability of bullying. A culture of femininity suggests that individuals who live and work in this kind of culture tend to value interpersonal relationships to a greater degree.
Three broad dimensions have been mentioned in relation to workplace bullying: power distance; masculinity versus femininity; and individualism versus collectivism (Lutgen-Sandvik et al., 2007).
In Confucian Asia, which has a higher performance orientation than Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa, bullying may be seen as an acceptable price to pay for performance. The value Latin America holds for personal connections with employees and the higher humane orientation of Sub-Saharan Africa may help to explain their distaste for bullying. A culture of individualism in the US implies competition, which may increase the likelihood of workplace bullying situations.
Culture of fear
Ashforth discussed potentially destructive sides of leadership and identified what he referred to as petty tyrants, i.e., leaders who exercise a tyrannical style of management, resulting in a climate of fear in the workplace. Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt. When employees get the sense that bullies "get away with it", a climate of fear may be the result. Several studies have confirmed a relationship between bullying, on the one hand, and an autocratic leadership and an authoritarian way of settling conflicts or dealing with disagreements, on the other. An authoritarian style of leadership may create a climate of fear, where there is little or no room for dialogue and where complaining may be considered futile. In professions where workplace bullying is common, and employees do not receive sufficient support from their coworkers or managers, it often generates feelings of resignation that lead them to believe that the abuse is a normal and inevitable part of the job. In a study of public-sector union members, approximately one in five workers reported having considered leaving the workplace as a result of witnessing bullying taking place. Rayner explained these figures by pointing to the presence of a climate of fear in which employees considered reporting to be unsafe, where bullies had "got away with it" previously despite management knowing of the presence of bullying.
Kiss up kick down
The workplace bully may be respectful when talking to upper management but the opposite when it comes to their relationship with those whom they supervise: the "kiss up kick down" personality. Bullies tend to ingratiate themselves to their bosses while intimidating subordinates. They may be socially popular with others in management, including those who will determine their fate. Often, a workplace bully will have mastered kiss up kick down tactics that hide their abusive side from superiors who review their performance.
As a consequence of this kiss up kick down strategy:
A bully's mistakes are always concealed or blamed on underlings or circumstances beyond their control
A bully keeps the target under constant stress
A bully's power base is fear, not respect
A bully withholds information from subordinates and keeps the information flow top-down only
A bully blames conflicts and problems on subordinate's lack of competence, poor attitude, or character flaws
A bully creates an unnatural work environment where people constantly walk on eggshells and are compelled to behave in ways they normally would not
The flow of blame in an organization may be a primary indicator of that organization's robustness and integrity. Blame flowing downwards, from management to staff, or laterally between professionals or partner organizations, indicates organizational failure. In a blame culture, problem-solving is replaced by blame-avoidance. Confused roles and responsibilities also contribute to a blame culture. Blame culture reduces the capacity of an organization to take adequate measures to prevent minor problems from escalating into uncontrollable situations. Several issues identified in organizations with a blame culture contradicts high reliability organizations best practices. Blame culture is considered a serious issue in healthcare organizations by the World Health Organization, which recommends to promote a no-blame culture, or just culture, a means to increase patients safety.
Fight or flight
The most typical reactions to workplace bullying are to do with the survival instinct – "fight or flight" – and these are probably a victim's healthier responses to bullying. Flight is often a response to bullying. It is very common, especially in organizations in which upper management cannot or will not deal with the bullying. In hard economic times, however, flight may not be an option, and fighting may be the only choice.
Fighting the bullying can require near heroic action, especially if the bullying targets just one or two individuals. It can also be a difficult challenge. There are some times when confrontation is called for. First, there is always a chance that the bully boss is labouring under the impression that this is the way to get things done and does not recognize the havoc being wrought on subordinates.
Typology of bullying behaviours
With some variations, the following typology of workplace bullying behaviours has been adopted by a number of academic researchers. The typology uses five different categories.
Threat to professional status – including belittling opinions, public professional humiliation, accusations regarding lack of effort, intimidating use of discipline or competence procedures.
Threat to personal standing – including undermining personal integrity, destructive innuendo and sarcasm, making inappropriate jokes about the target, persistent teasing, name calling, insults, intimidation.
Isolation – including preventing access to opportunities, physical or social isolation, withholding necessary information, keeping the target out of the loop, ignoring or excluding.
Overwork – including undue pressure, impossible deadlines, unnecessary disruptions.
Destabilisation – including failure to acknowledge good work, allocation of meaningless tasks, removal of responsibility, repeated reminders of blunders, setting target up to fail, shifting goal posts without telling the target.
Tactics
Research by the Workplace Bullying Institute, suggests that the following are the 25 most common workplace bullying tactics:
Falsely accused someone of "errors" not actually made (71%).
Stared, glared, was nonverbally intimidating and was clearly showing hostility (68%).
Unjustly discounted the person's thoughts or feelings ("oh, that's silly") in meetings (64%).
Used the "silent treatment" to "ice out" and separate from others (64%).
Exhibited presumably uncontrollable mood swings in front of the group (61%).
Made-up rules on the fly that even they did not follow (61%).
Disregarded satisfactory or exemplary quality of completed work despite evidence (discrediting) (58%).
Harshly and constantly criticized, having a different standard for the target (57%).
Started, or failed to stop, destructive rumours or gossip about the person (56%).
Encouraged people to turn against the person being tormented (55%).
Singled out and isolated one person from other co-workers, either socially or physically (54%).
Publicly displayed gross, undignified, but not illegal, behaviour (53%).
Yelled, screamed, threw tantrums in front of others to humiliate a person (53%).
Stole credit for work done by others (plagiarism) (47%).
Abused the evaluation process by lying about the person's performance (46%).
Declared target "insubordinate" for failing to follow arbitrary commands (46%).
Used confidential information about a person to humiliate privately or publicly (45%).
Retaliated against the person after a complaint was filed (45%).
Made verbal put-downs/insults based on gender, race, accent, age or language, disability (44%).
Assigned undesirable work as punishment (44%).
Created unrealistic demands (workload, deadlines, duties) for person singled out (44%).
Launched a baseless campaign to oust the person; effort not stopped by the employer (43%).
Encouraged the person to quit or transfer rather than to face more mistreatment (43%).
Sabotaged the person's contribution to a team goal and reward (41%).
Ensured failure of person's project by not performing required tasks, such as sign-offs, taking calls, working with collaborators (40%)
Abusive workplace behaviours
According to Bassman, common abusive workplace behaviours are:
Disrespecting and devaluing the individual, often through disrespectful and devaluing language or verbal abuse
Overwork and devaluation of personal life (particularly salaried workers who are not compensated)
Harassment through micromanagement of tasks and time
Over evaluation and manipulating information (for example concentration on negative characteristics and failures, setting up subordinate for failure).
Managing by threat and intimidation
Stealing credit and taking unfair advantage
Preventing access to opportunities
Downgrading an employee's capabilities to justify downsizing
Impulsive destructive behaviour
According to Hoel and Cooper, common abusive workplace behaviours are:
Ignoring opinions and views
Withholding information in order to affect the target's performance
Exposing the target to an unmanageable workload
Threatening employees’ personal self esteem and work status.
Giving tasks with unreasonable or impossible targets or deadlines
Ordering the target to do work below competence
Ignoring or presenting hostility when the target approaches
Humiliation or ridicule in connection with work
Excessive monitoring of a target's work (see micromanagement)
Spreading gossip
Insulting or making offensive remarks about the target's person (i.e. habits and background), attitudes, or private life
Removing or replacing key areas of responsibility with more trivial or unpleasant tasks.
According to Faghihi, some abusive workplace behaviors include:
Excessive workload
Placement in an area where there is less experience or uncomfortable
Low salary
Working overtime without benefits
Poor work environment
Increase in stress in the workplace
Lack of facilities
Abusive cyberbullying in the workplace can have serious socioeconomic and psychological consequences on the victim. Workplace cyberbullying can lead to sick leave due to depression which in turn can lead to loss of profits for the organisation.
In specific professions
Academia
Several aspects of academia, such as the generally decentralized nature of academic institutions and the particular recruitment and career procedures, lend themselves to the practice of bullying and discourage its reporting and mitigation.
Blue-collar jobs
Bullying has been identified as prominent in blue collar jobs including on oil rigs, and in mechanical areas and machine shops, warehouses and factories. It is thought that intimidation and fear of retribution cause decreased incident reports, which, in the socioeconomic and cultural milieu of such industries, would likely lead to a vicious circle. This is often used in combination with manipulation and coercion of facts to gain favour among higher ranking administrators. For example, an investigation conducted following a hazing incident at Portland Bureau of Transportation within the city government of Portland, Oregon, found ritual hazing kept hidden for years under the guise of "no snitching", where whistleblowing was punished and loyalty was praised. Two-thirds of the interviewed employees in this investigation declared they deemed the best way they found to deal with the workplace's bad behaviors was "not to get involved", as they "feared retaliation if they did intervene or report the problems."
Information technology
A culture of bullying is common in information technology (IT), leading to high sickness rates, low morale, poor productivity and high staff turnover. Deadline-driven project work and stressed-out managers take their toll on IT workers.
Legal profession
Bullying in the legal profession is believed to be more common than in some other professions. It is believed that its adversarial, hierarchical tradition contributes towards this. Women, trainees and solicitors who have been qualified for five years or less are more impacted, as are ethnic minority lawyers and lesbian, gay and bisexual lawyers.
Medicine
Bullying in the medical profession is common, particularly of student or trainee doctors. In a study on the violence that occurs in healthcare, it was found that from 2002 to 2013 alone, the occurrence of abuse became four times as likely. It is thought that this is at least in part an outcome of conservative traditional hierarchical structures and teaching methods in the medical profession which may result in a bullying cycle.
Military
Bullying exists to varying degrees in the military of some countries, often involving various forms of hazing or abuse by higher members of the military hierarchy.
Nursing
Bullying has been identified as being particularly prevalent in the nursing profession although the reasons are not clear. It is thought that relational aggression (psychological aspects of bullying such as gossiping and intimidation) are relevant. Relational aggression has been studied amongst girls but not so much amongst adult women. A lot of bullying directed towards nurses is inflicted by patients, and nurses are at such higher risk because the most patient exposure out of any healthcare professional. Especially today with the shortage of nurses, nurses are seeing more patients for longer amounts of time which can lead to increased stress levels if they are a victim of bullying.
Teaching
School teachers are commonly the subject of bullying but they are also sometimes the originators of bullying within a school environment.
Volunteering
Bullying can be common in volunteering settings. For example, one study found bullying to be the most significant factor of complaints amongst volunteers. Volunteers often do not have access to protections available to paid employees, so while laws may indicate that bullying is a violation of rights, volunteers may have no means to address it.
Forms
Tim Field suggested that workplace bullying takes these forms:
Serial bullying – the source of all dysfunction can be traced to one individual, who picks on one employee after another and destroys them, then moves on. Probably the most common type of bullying.
Secondary bullying – the pressure of having to deal with a serial bully causes the general behaviour to decline and sink to the lowest level.
Pair bullying – this takes place with two people, one active and verbal, the other often watching and listening.
Gang bullying or group bullying – is a serial bully with colleagues. Gangs can occur anywhere, but flourish in corporate bullying climates. It is often called mobbing and usually involves scapegoating and victimisation.
Vicarious bullying – two parties are encouraged to fight. This is the typical "triangulation" where the aggression gets passed around.
Regulation bullying – where a serial bully forces their target to comply with rules, regulations, procedures or laws regardless of their appropriateness, applicability or necessity.
Residual bullying – after the serial bully has left or been fired, the behaviour continues. It can go on for years.
Legal bullying – the bringing of a vexatious legal action to control and punish a person.
Pressure bullying or unwitting bullying – having to work to unrealistic time scales or inadequate resources.
Corporate bullying – where an employer abuses an employee with impunity, knowing the law is weak and the job market is soft.
Organizational bullying – a combination of pressure bullying and corporate bullying. Occurs when an organization struggles to adapt to changing markets, reduced income, cuts in budgets, imposed expectations and other extreme pressures.
Institutional bullying – entrenched and is accepted as part of the culture.
Client bullying – an employee is bullied by those they serve, for instance subway attendants or public servants.
Cyberbullying – the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behaviour by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others.
Adult bullying can come in an assortment of forms. There are about five distinctive types of adult bullies. A narcissistic bully is described as a self-centred person whose egotism is frail and possesses the need to put others down. An impulsive bully is someone who acts on bullying based on stress or being upset at the moment. A physical bully uses physical injury and the threat of harm to abuse their victims, while a verbal bully uses demeaning language and cynicism to debase their victims. Lastly, a secondary adult bully is portrayed as a person that did not start the initial bullying but participates in afterwards to avoid being bullied themselves ("Adult Bullying").
Emotional intelligence
Workplace bullying is reported to be far more prevalent than perhaps commonly thought. For some reason, workplace bullying seems to be particularly widespread in healthcare organizations; 80% of nurses report experiencing workplace bullying. Similar to the school environment for children, the work environment typically places groups of adult peers together in a shared space on a regular basis. In such a situation, social interactions and relationships are of great importance to the function of the organizational structure and in pursuing goals. The emotional consequences of bullying put an organization at risk of losing victimized employees. Bullying also contributes to a negative work environment, is not conducive to necessary cooperation and can lessen productivity at various levels.
Bullying in the workplace is associated with negative responses to stress. The ability to manage emotions, especially emotional stress, seems to be a consistently important factor in different types of bullying. The workplace in general can be a stressful environment, so a negative way of coping with stress or an inability to do so can be particularly damning. Workplace bullies may have high social intelligence and low emotional intelligence (EI). In this context, bullies tend to rank high on the social ladder and are adept at influencing others. The combination of high social intelligence and low empathy is conducive to manipulative behaviour, such that Hutchinson (2013) describes workplace bullying to be. In working groups where employees have low EI, workers can be persuaded to engage in unethical behaviour. With the bullies' persuasion, the work group is socialized in a way that rationalizes the behaviour, and makes the group tolerant or supportive of the bullying.
Hutchinson & Hurley (2013) make the case that EI and leadership skills are both necessary to bullying intervention in the workplace, and illustrates the relationship between EI, leadership and reductions in bullying. EI and ethical behaviour among other members of the work team have been shown to have a significant impact on ethical behaviour of nursing teams. Higher EI is linked to improvements in the work environment and is an important moderator between conflict and reactions to conflict in the workplace. The self-awareness and self-management dimensions of EI have both been illustrated to have strong positive correlations with effective leadership and the specific leadership ability to build healthy work environments and work culture.
Related concepts
Abusive supervision
Abusive supervision overlaps with workplace bullying in the workplace context. Research suggests that 75% of workplace bullying incidents are perpetrated by hierarchically superior agents. Abusive supervision differs from related constructs such as supervisor bullying and undermining in that it does not describe the intentions or objectives of the supervisor.
Power and control
A power and control model has been developed for the workplace, divided into the following categories:
Workplace mobbing
Workplace mobbing overlaps with workplace bullying. The concept originated from the study of animal behaviour. It concentrates on bullying by a group.
Workplace incivility
Workplace bullying overlaps to some degree with workplace incivility but tends to encompass more intense and typically repeated acts of disregard and rudeness. Negative spirals of increasing incivility between organizational members can result in bullying, but isolated acts of incivility are not conceptually bullying despite the apparent similarity in their form and content. In bullying, the intent of harm is less ambiguous, an unequal balance of power (both formal and informal) is more salient, and the target of bullying feels threatened, vulnerable and unable to defend themself against negative recurring actions.
Lateral/Vertical Violence
Terms often used within nursing and healthcare. Lateral violence (also known as horizontal violence) refers to bullying behaviours exhibited by colleagues. Vertical violence refers to bullying behaviours exhibited by supervisors to employees below them hierarchically. Despite the use of the term violence, these terms often do not encompass physically aggressive behaviours.
Personality disorders and dysfunctional personality characteristics
Executives
In 2005, psychologists Belinda Board and Katarina Fritzon at the University of Surrey, UK, interviewed and gave personality tests to high-level British executives and compared their profiles with those of criminal psychiatric patients at Broadmoor Hospital in the UK. They found that three out of eleven personality disorders were actually more common in executives than in the disturbed criminals. They were:
Histrionic personality disorder: including superficial charm, insincerity, egocentricity and manipulation
Narcissistic personality disorder: including grandiosity, self-focused lack of empathy for others, exploitativeness and independence.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: including perfectionism, excessive devotion to work, rigidity, stubbornness and dictatorial tendencies.
They described these business people as successful psychopaths and the criminals as unsuccessful psychopaths.
According to leading leadership academic Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries, it seems almost inevitable these days that there will be some personality disorders in a senior management team.
Industrial/organizational psychology research has also examined the types of bullying that exist among business professionals and the prevalence of this form of bullying in the workplace as well as ways to measure bullying empirically.
Psychopathy
Narcissism, lack of self-regulation, lack of remorse and lack of conscience have been identified as traits displayed by bullies. These traits are shared with psychopaths, indicating that there is some theoretical
cross-over between bullies and psychopaths. Bullying is used by corporate psychopaths as a tactic to humiliate subordinates. Bullying is also used as a tactic to scare, confuse and disorient those who may be a threat to the activities of the corporate psychopath Using meta data analysis on hundreds of UK research papers, Boddy concluded that 36% of bullying incidents were caused by the presence of corporate psychopaths. According to Boddy there are two types of bullying:
Predatory bullying – the bully just enjoys bullying and tormenting vulnerable people for the sake of it.
Instrumental bullying – the bullying is for a purpose, helping the bully achieve their goals.
A corporate psychopath uses instrumental bullying to further their goals of promotion and power as the result of causing confusion and divide and rule.
People with high scores on a psychopathy rating scale are more likely to engage in bullying, crime and drug use than other people. Hare and Babiak noted that about 29% of corporate psychopaths are also bullies. Other research has also shown that people with high scores on a psychopathy rating scale were more likely to engage in bullying, again indicating that psychopaths tend to be bullies in the workplace.
A workplace bully or abuser will often have issues with social functioning. These types of people often have psychopathic traits that are difficult to identify in the hiring and promotion process. These individuals often lack anger management skills and have a distorted sense of reality. Consequently, when confronted with the accusation of abuse, the abuser is not aware that any harm was done.
Narcissism
In 2007, researchers Catherine Mattice and Brian Spitzberg at San Diego State University, USA, found that narcissism revealed a positive relationship with bullying. Narcissists were found to prefer indirect bullying tactics (such as withholding information that affects others' performance, ignoring others, spreading gossip, constantly reminding others of mistakes, ordering others to do work below their competence level, and excessively monitoring others' work) rather than direct tactics (such as making threats, shouting, persistently criticizing, or making false allegations). The research also revealed that narcissists are highly motivated to bully, and that to some extent, they are left with feelings of satisfaction after a bullying incident occurs.
Machiavellianism
According to Namie, Machiavellians manipulate and exploit others to advance their perceived personal agendas. In his view, Machiavellianism represents one of the core components of workplace bullying.
Health effects
According to Gary and Ruth Namie, as well as Tracy, et al., workplace bullying can harm the health of the targets of bullying. Organizations are beginning to take note of workplace bullying because of the costs to the organization in terms of the health of their employees.
According to scholars at The Project for Wellness and Work-Life at Arizona State University, "workplace bullying is linked to a host of physical, psychological, organizational, and social costs." Stress is the most predominant health effect associated with bullying in the workplace. Research indicates that workplace stress has significant negative effects that are correlated to poor mental health and poor physical health, resulting in an increase in the use of "sick days" or time off from work (Farrell & Geist-Martin, 2005).
The negative effects of bullying are so severe that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and even suicide are not uncommon. Tehrani found that 1 in 10 targets experience PTSD, and that 44% of her respondents experienced PTSD similar to that of battered women and victims of child abuse. Matthiesen and Einarsen found that up to 77% of targets experience PTSD.
In addition, co-workers who witness workplace bullying can also have negative effects, such as fear, stress, and emotional exhaustion. Those who witness repetitive workplace abuse often choose to leave the place of employment where the abuse took place. Workplace bullying can also hinder the organizational dynamics such as group cohesion, peer communication, and overall performance.
According to the 2012 survey conducted by Workplace Bullying Institute (516 respondents), Anticipation of next negative event is the most common psychological symptom of workplace bullying reported by 80%. Panic attacks afflict 52%. Half (49%) of targets reported being diagnosed with clinical depression. Sleep disruption, loss of concentration, mood swings, and pervasive sadness and insomnia were more common (ranging from 77% to 50%). Nearly three-quarters (71%) of targets sought treatment from a physician. Over half (63%) saw a mental health professional for their work-related symptoms. Respondents reported other symptoms that can be exacerbated by stress: migraine headaches (48%), irritable bowel disorder (37%), chronic fatigue syndrome (33%) and sexual dysfunction (27%).
Depression
Workplace depression can occur in many companies of various size and profession, and can have negative effects on positive profit growth. Stress factors that are unique to one's working environment, such as bullying from co-workers or superiors and poor social support for high pressure occupations, can build over time and create inefficient work behavior in depressed individuals. In addition, inadequate or negative communication techniques can further drive an employee to become disconnected from the company's mission and goals. One way that companies can combat the destructive consequences associated with employee depression is to offer more support for counseling and consider bringing in experts to educate staff on the consequences of bullying. Ignoring the problem of depression and decreased workplace performance creates intergroup conflict and lasting feelings of disillusionment.
Financial costs to employers
Several studies have attempted to quantify the cost of bullying to an organization.
According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), mental illness among the workforce leads to a loss in employment amounting to $19 billion and a drop in productivity of $3 billion.
In a report commissioned by the ILO, Hoel, Sparks, & Cooper did a comprehensive analysis of the costs involved in bullying. They estimated a cost 1.88 billion pounds plus the cost of lost productivity.
Based on the replacement cost of those who leave as a result of being bullied or witnessing bullying, Rayner and Keashly (2004) estimated that for an organization of 1,000 people, the cost would be $1.2 million US. This estimate did not include the cost of litigation should victims bring suit against the organization.
A recent Finnish study of more than 5,000 hospital staff found that those who had been bullied had 26% more certified sickness absence than those who were not bullied, when figures were adjusted for base-line measures one year prior to the survey (Kivimäki et al., 2000). According to the researchers these figures are probably an underestimation as many of the targets are likely to have been bullied already at the time the base-line measures were obtained.
The city government of Portland, Oregon, was sued by a former employee for hazing abuse on the job. The victim sought damages of $250,000 and named the city, as well as the perpetrator Jerry Munson, a "lead worker" for the organization who was in a position of authority. The suit stated a supervisor was aware of the issue, but "failed to take any form of immediate appropriate and corrective action to stop it". After an investigation, the municipal government settled for US$80,000 after it believed that "there is risk the city may be found liable."
Researcher Tamara Parris discusses how employers need to be more attentive in managing various discordant behaviors such as bullying in the workplace, as they not only create a financial cost to the organization, but also erode the company's human resource assets. In an effort to bring about change in the workplace, Flynn discusses how employers need to not only support regulations set in place but also need to support their staff when such instances occur.
By country
Workplace bullying is known in some Asian countries as:
Japan: power harassment
South Korea: gapjil
Singapore: In an informal survey among 50 employees in Singapore, 82% said they had experienced toxicity from their direct superior or colleagues in their careers, with some 33.3% experiencing it on a daily basis. Some of the other reports was failing to agree with the boss was considered being a trouble maker, always having to give praise to the superior, the senior colleague has a tendency to shout at people. Many respondents reported that they had to quit because of the toxic environment. In other surveys, it is clear that the company is aware but does nothing. A Kantar survey in 2019 suggested that employees in Singapore were the most likely to be made to "feel uncomfortable" by their employers, compared with those in the other countries that the company polled.
History
Research into workplace bullying stems from the initial Scandinavian investigations into school bullying in the late 1970s.
Legal aspects
See also
Academic journals
Aglietta M, Reberioux A, Babiak P. "Psychopathic manipulation in organizations: pawns, patrons and patsies", in Cooke A, Forth A, Newman J, Hare R (Eds), International Perspectives and Psychopathy, British Psychological Society, Leicester, pp. 12–17. (1996)
Aglietta, M.; Reberioux, A.; Babiak, P. "Psychopathic manipulation at work", in Gacono, C.B. (Ed), The Clinical and Forensic Assessment of Psychopathy: A Practitioner's Guide, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 287–311. (2000)
References
Business ethics
Organizational behavior
Abuse
Ethically disputed working conditions
Deviance (sociology)
1990s neologisms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace%20bullying |
The Worth Four Light Test, also known as the Worth's four dot test or W4LT, is a clinical test mainly used for assessing a patient's degree of binocular vision and binocular single vision. Binocular vision involves an image being projected by each eye simultaneously into an area in space and being fused into a single image. The Worth Four Light Test is also used in detection of suppression of either the right or left eye. Suppression occurs during binocular vision when the brain does not process the information received from either of the eyes. This is a common adaptation to strabismus, amblyopia and aniseikonia.
The W4LT can be performed by the examiner at two distances, at near (at 33 cm from the patient) and at far (at 6 m from the patient). At both testing distances the patient is required to wear red-green goggles (with one red lens over one eye, usually the right, and one green lens over the left) When performing the test at far (distance) the W4LT instrument is composed of a silver box (mounted on the wall in front of the patient), which has four lights inside it. The lights are arranged in a diamond formation, with a red light at the top, two green lights at either side (left and right) and a white light at the bottom. When performing the test at near (at 33 cm ) the lights are arranged in exactly the same manner (diamond formation), with the difference being that at near, the lights are located in a hand-held instrument which is similar to a light torch.
Because the red filter blocks the green light and the green filter blocks the red light, it is possible to determine if the patient is using both eyes simultaneously and in a coordinated manner. With both eyes open, a patient with normal binocular vision will appreciate four lights. If the patient either closes or suppresses an eye they will see either two or three lights. If the patient does not fuse the images of the two eyes, they will see five lights (diplopia).
Indications for use
The Worth Four Light Test is indicated for use when assessing the binocular functions, the ability of eyes to work in coordination, of an individual. It can be used to develop a diagnosis or to support or confirm an initial diagnosis. It can be used when wanting to assess whether the individual has a normal or abnormal binocular single vision response (BSV). It can be used to establish whether a patient has the ability for the eyes to fuse the light that is received from each eye into 4 lights. The test is indicated with the use of a presence of a prism in individuals with a strabismus and fusion is considered present if 4 lights are maintained, with or without the use of a prism. The W4LT can also be indicated when aiding a person to develop and strengthen their fusional capacities.
If the images are unable to be fused the W4LT is still indicated to help to determine if an individual appreciates diplopia (double vision) or are suppressing an image from one eye. In cases of manifest strabismus the test can help in determining the nature and type of the diplopia or which eye is suppressing. Therefore, is indicated in cases of a suspected central suppression scotoma as it can be used to detect where the lights may not be appreciated from the eye with the scotoma though in some cases of minimal deviation in the eye as demonstrated in a microtropic deviation a normal response of 4 lights may be reported. Though it can be used in these patients to prove the presence of peripheral fusion and that they have bi-foveal fixation.
Other indications for the test include establishing an individual's dominant eye dominant eye compared to the other and when evaluating reduced monocular visual acuity which shows no improve on pinhole testing.
Whilst there are no contraindications of the W4LT there needs to be caution in interpreting the results of individuals with BSV in natural conditions as they may show a diplopic response under the dissociation of the test. Also in individuals who have abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) they may provide an unexpected response, and those who have misaligned visual axis whom in natural conditions suppress may actually provide a diplopic response upon testing.
Method of assessment
The Worth Four Light Test is relatively simple to undertake. First you must place the red/green goggles over the patients eyes, with the red goggle traditionally placed over the right eye.
Next you must dim the room lighting. This allows the patient to see the lights better.
For a distance measurement, you should have the patient set up six metres away from the light source. For a near measurement, the test should be performed at approximately one third of a metre, or thirty three centimetres, with a handheld Worth's Four Lights torch.
Then, ask the patient what they see. They should respond with "I see … number of lights" provided they have understood what you have asked them.
Ask them to describe the lights to you. You must ask about the colour of the lights. If they see five lights, ask whether the green dots are higher or lower than the red dots. Ask about the positioning of the dots, for example are the red dots to the left or the right of the green dots. Also ask if the dots are flashing on and off or switching between red and green.
This series of questions is essential in order to ensure you correctly record exactly what the patient is seeing, so that the clinician can interpret the patient's results and then make an accurate diagnosis.
Recording and interpreting outcomes
When recording results for the W4LT it is important to ask the patient a series of questions in order to ensure you correctly record exactly what they are seeing. This is essential in order to interpret the patient's results and then make an accurate diagnosis.
The questions are:
How many lights are you seeing?
What colour are they? Where are they located?
Are all the lights in line? Or are some higher than the others?
Do all the lights show up at one time, or are they flashing on and off?
When recording results it is important to indicate the test used, a description of the lights seen and an indication of what the result means. It is also important to note the distance at which the test was conducted and whether or not the patient wore their own refractive correction.
Where communication is difficult between clinician and patient, such as in the presence of a language barrier, or when working with a child, it may be a good idea to get the patient to draw what they are seeing. The clinician can then interpret the results from the image.
Results
There are a number of possible results demonstrated by a W4LT
Normal retinal correspondence
In the absence of a deviation, the patient will see the lights exactly as they appear. When questioned they will report that:
They see 4 lights, 1 red, 2 green and one mixed colour
The two green lights will be to either side with the red light slightly above them and the mixed coloured light below the red
This is recorded as :
W4LT (D): 4 lights (BSV)
Abnormal retinal correspondence
It will be demonstrated on cover test that the patient has a manifest deviation. When questioned about the lights the patient will give a normal response and will see the lights exactly as they appear.
They will report that:
They see 4 lights, 1 red, 2 green and one mixed colour
The two green lights will be to either side with the red light slightly above them and the mixed coloured light below the red
This is recorded as :
W4LT (D): 4 lights (ARC)
NB: ARC can only be confirmed in conjunction with additional clinical tests for retinal correspondence. The patient must demonstrate a manifest deviation on cover test. Despite their apparent deviation, when tested with the W4LT they will produce a normal BSV result, indicating the presence of Abnormal Retinal Correspondence.
Esotropia
In an Esotropic (ET) deviation, the patient will experience uncrossed diplopia. When questioned about the position of the lights, they will report that:
They see 5 lights, 2 red and 3 green
The lights are horizontally displaced, seen side by side
The 2 red lights from the right eye are seen on the right side
The 3 green lights from the left eye are seen on the left side
This is recorded as: W4LT (D): 5 lights (Uncrossed Diplopia) ET
NB: The clinician will be unable to indicate which eye is the deviating eye based on these results alone. The results should be interpreted with other clinical findings in order to produce a final diagnosis.
Exotropia
In an Exotropic (XT) deviation, the patient will experience crossed diplopia.
When questioned about the position of the lights, they will report that:
They see 5 lights, 2 Red and 3 Green
The lights are horizontally displaced, and are seen side by side
The 2 Red Lights from the Right eye are on the left side
The 3 Green lights from the Left eye are on the right side
This is recorded as:
W4LT (D): 5 lights (Crossed Diplopia) XT
NB: The clinician will be unable to indicate which eye is the deviating eye based on these results alone. The results should be interpreted with other clinical findings in order to produce a final diagnosis.
Hypotropia or hypertropia
In cases of vertical deviations, patients will report that:
They see 5 lights: 2 red and 3 green
The lights are vertically displaced in relation to one another
The green lights (left eye) are on top of the red lights (right eye),
which is interpreted as : R HT or LHypoT
The red lights (right eye) are on top of the green lights (left eye),
which is interpreted as: RHypoT or L H T
This is recorded as: W4LT (D): 5 lights (vertical diplopia)
The clinician can relate the position of the lights directly back to the deviation and height of the eye (i.e.) the higher lights belong to the lower eye, and the lower lights belong to the higher eye.
NB: If the lights are not situated directly above one another, but are also separated horizontally, it is normally indicative of a mixed deviation where there is a horizontal, as well as vertical strabismus present.
Suppression
In cases of manifest strabismus, it is not always expected that the patient will experience diplopia.
Suppression is indicated when the patient reports that:
They see only the 3 Green lights from the Left eye
Which is interpreted as R Suppression
They see only the 2 Red lights from the Right eye
Which is interpreted as L Suppression
They see 2 Red lights OR 3 Green lights
All 5 lights are never present at the same time, but the patient is switching between the two responses.
This result is interpreted as Alternating Suppression
This can be recorded as:
W4LT (D): 3 Lights (R Supp.)
W4LT (D): 2 Lights (L Supp.)
W4LT (D): 2 or 3 Lights (Alt. Supp.)
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
Can be quick and simple to perform in the clinic as the test is easy to orientate and the red green goggles are simply put over the eyes. There is no turning of lenses, as in Bagolini Striated Glasses Test which is another test measuring binocular functions, making the interpretation of the results less complicated
There are no large glasses frames such as in the Bagolini striated glasses test so the goggles are minimally obstructive to the patient's vision
Refractive correction can be worn under the goggles
Good starting point when investigating the nature of diplopia i.e. to find manifest, intermittent, crossed or uncrossed diplopia
It is less dissociative than a cover test
Can be used to determine if a patient will demonstrate binocular single vision with corrective prism or head posture
Relatively easy to record and interpret the results
Disadvantages
Subjective in nature and relies on patient responses
The patient must have fusion and stereopsis to get accurate results
It is a highly dissociative test resulting in responses being less relevant to what the patient sees in their normal daily environment, as the environment would normally be different
A. Lights need to be off or dimmed in order to see the dots / lights
B. There is no common colour to fuse
C. Dark filters in the goggles are used and are less like natural conditions and therefore less relevant to what the patient sees in their normal daily environment
People with Red/green colour blindness cannot accurately perform the test as the colours used on the test are red and green
The test results are only useful in combination with other testing and results and not on their own
If performing the test twice, for example at near and at distance, the patient (especially children) may remember their previous answer and simply give the same answer from the last test, providing inaccurate results
See also
Eye examination
Diplopia
Strabismus
References
Eskridge, JB, Amos, JF, Bartlett, JD. Clinical procedures in Optometry. Lippincott Co. New York 1991.
Carlson, NB, et al. Clinical Procedures for Ocular Examination. Second Ed. Mc Graw-Hill. New York 1996.
Madge, SN, Kersey, JW, Hawker, MJ, Lamont, M. Clinical Techniques in Ophthalmology. Churchill Livingstone. London 2006.
Ansons, A. & Davis, H. (2008). Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders, Third Edition. [Wiley Online Library]. DOI: 10.1002/9780470698839
Pratt-Johnson, J, Tillson, G. Management of Strabismus and Amblyopia, Second Edition. Thieme. New York 2001.
Gunter, K, Von Noorden, Emilio, C. Campos Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility (Theory and Management of Strabismus), 6th Edition Page (230)
Anson, A, Davies, H. Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Mobility Disorders, Fourth Edition. John Wilet & Sons. West Sussex, 2014.
Pratt-Johnson, J, Tillson G, Management of Strabismus and Amblyopia: A Practical Guide. Thieme Medical Publishers, 2006.
Mitchell, P. R., Parksm M, M (2006) Sensory Tests and Treatment of Binocular Vision Adaptations. Retrieved from http://www.eyecalcs.com/DWAN/pages/v1/v1c009.html
American Academy of Ophthalmology (2014). Worth's 4-Dot Test Retrieved http://one.aao.org/bcscsnippetdetail.aspx?id=8200e4a2-f7ee-47f4-b8b7-985b30b52f67
Diagnostic ophthalmology
Medical equipment
Optometry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worth%204%20dot%20test |
The 1982 AFC Youth Championship was held from 18 to 22 December 1982 in Bangkok, Thailand.
Qualifying tournament
Qualified Teams
took the place of , who were disqualified after the AFC handed the North Korean FA a two-year suspension for assaulting match officials following the final whistle of their Asian Games semi-final.
Final standings
Matches and Results
Winners
Qualified for the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship
External links
RSSSF
References
Youth
1982
1982
1982 in Thai sport
1982 in youth association football
December 1982 sports events in Thailand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%20AFC%20Youth%20Championship |
Defending champion Ivan Lendl defeated Mats Wilander in the final, 7–5, 6–2, 3–6, 7–6(7–3) to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1987 French Open.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Ivan Lendl is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Ivan Lendl (champion)
Boris Becker (semifinals)
Stefan Edberg (second round)
Mats Wilander (finalist)
Miloslav Mečíř (semifinals)
Yannick Noah (quarterfinals)
John McEnroe (first round)
Jimmy Connors (quarterfinals)
Henri Leconte (first round)
Andrés Gómez (quarterfinals)
Kent Carlsson (fourth round)
Pat Cash (first round)
Mikael Pernfors (first round)
Martín Jaite (fourth round)
Brad Gilbert (second round)
Johan Kriek (first round)
Draw
Finals
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1987 French Open Men's Singles draw
1987 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1987 Grand Prix (tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles |
Timeless: The Classics is a 1992 album of cover versions by Michael Bolton. It was #1 on the Billboard charts when it was released. After a rather long chart run, the album has been certified 4× Platinum in the US and has sold over 7 million copies worldwide.
Track listing
Production
Producers – Michael Bolton (all tracks); David Foster (Tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 & 10); Walter Afanasieff (Tracks 3, 6, 8 & 9).
Engineers – Dave Reitzas and Bill Schnee (Tracks 1, 2, 4, 5 & 7); Dana Jon Chappelle (Tracks 3, 6, 8 & 9); Al Schmitt (Track 10).
Vocal Engineer (Tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 & 10) – Dave Reitzas
Orchestra Engineer (Tracks 1, 2, 4, 5 & 7) – Al Schmitt
Additional and Assistant Engineers (Tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 & 10) – Kyle Bess, Craig Brock, Chris Fogel, Steve Harrison, Noel Hazen, Steve Milo, Marnie Riley, Eric Rudd, Brian Scheuble and Brett Swain.
Second Engineers (Tracks 3, 6, 8 & 9) – Kyle Bess, Mark Hensley, Manny LaCarubba and Eric Rudd.
Mixing – Al Schmitt (Tracks 1, 5, 7 & 10); Mick Guzauski (Tracks 2 & 4); Dana Jon Chappelle (Tracks 3, 6, 8 & 9).
Mastered by Vlado Meller at Sony Music Studio Operations (New York, NY).
Additional Credits
Art Direction and Design – Christopher Austopchuk
Photography – Matthew Rolston
Management – Louis Levin and Jill Tiger
Grooming – Nancy Sprague
Styling – Gemina Aboitiz
Personnel
Michael Bolton – lead vocals, arrangements (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10), rhythm arrangements (1, 2, 5, 7), backing vocals (6)
David Foster – arrangements (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10), rhythm arrangements (1, 2, 5, 7), additional keyboards (2, 5)
Randy Kerber – acoustic piano (1, 2, 4, 5, 8), Hammond B3 organ (6), organ (7), electric piano (10)
Greg Phillinganes – organ (2), acoustic piano (7)
Robbie Buchanan – additional keyboards (2, 5)
Walter Afanasieff – keyboards (3, 9), synthesizers (3, 9), Hammond B3 organ (3, 8, 9), bass (3, 9), rhythm programming (3, 9), acoustic piano (6), horn arrangements (6, 8)
Gary Cirimelli – Akai programming (3), Macintosh programming (3, 6, 8, 9), Synclavier programming (3, 9), additional backing vocals (9)
Ren Klyce – Synclavier programming (3, 9), Akai programming (3, 9)
Ian Underwood – acoustic piano (10)
Dean Parks – acoustic guitar (1, 5)
Michael Thompson – electric guitar (1, 2, 4, 5, 7), guitar (6, 8)
Vernon "Ice" Black – guitar (3)
Michael Landau – additional guitar (6, 8), guitar (9)
Neil Stubenhaus – bass (1, 4, 5, 8)
Nathan East – bass (2, 7)
Randy Jackson – bass (6)
John Robinson – drums (1, 2, 4–8)
Joel Peskin – saxophone solo (4)
Portia Griffin – backing vocals (2, 7, 8), additional backing vocals (3, 9)
Pat Hawk – backing vocals (2, 7, 8), additional backing vocals (3, 9)
Vann Johnson – backing vocals (2, 7, 8), additional backing vocals (3, 9)
Janis Liebhart – backing vocals (2, 7, 8), additional backing vocals (3, 9)
Carmen Twillie – backing vocals (2, 7), additional backing vocals (3)
Mona Lisa Young – backing vocals (2, 7, 8), additional backing vocals (3, 9)
The Four Tops – backing vocals (3)
Yvonne Williams – backing vocals (8), additional backing vocals (9)
Claytoven Richardson – additional backing vocals (9)
The PH1 Choir – backing vocals (9)
Patrick Henderson – choir director and vocal arrangements (9)
Tower Of Power Horn Section (Tracks 6 & 8)
Stephen "Doc" Kupka – baritone saxophone
Emilio Castillo – tenor saxophone
Gary Herbig – tenor saxophone
Lee Thornburg – trombone, trumpet
Greg Adams – trumpet, horn arrangements
Orchestra (Tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 & 10)
Johnny Mandel – orchestra arrangements and conductor (1, 5, 7, 10)
Jeremy Lubbock – orchestra arrangements and conductor (2)
David Foster – string arrangements (4)
Gerald Vinci – concertmaster
Debbie Datz-Pyle – contractor
Patti Zimmitti – contractor
Jim Atkinson, Jeff DeRosa, Brian O'Connor, Calvin Smith, Richard Todd and Brad Warnaar – French horn
Donald Ashworth, Jon Clarke, Gary Foster, Glen Garrett, Dan Higgins, Marty Kristall, Jack Nimitz and Bob Sheppard – woodwinds
Larry Bunker – percussion
Chuck Domanico, Edward Meares, Buell Neidlinger and Margaret Storer – bass
Robert Adcock, Jodi Burnett, Larry Corbett, Ronald Cooper, Christine Ermacoff, Marie Fera, Paula Hochholter, Judy Johnson, Anne Karam, Suzie Katayama, Dane Little, Frederick Seykora, Christina Soule and David Speltz – cello
Gayle Levant – harp
Denyse Buffum, Brian Dembow, Alan DeVeritch, Roland Kato, Donald McInnis, Cynthia Morrow, Carole Mukogawa, Dan Neufeld, Kazi Pitelka, Harry Shirinian, Linn Subotnick, Ray Tischer and Mihail Zinovyev – viola
Dixie Blackstone, Mari Botnick, Robert Brousseau, Russ Cantor, Isabelle Daskoff, Assa Drori, Henry Ferber, Ronald Folsom, Armen Garabedian, Berj Garabedian, Harris Goldman, Gwen Heller, Reginald Hill, Bill Hybel, Lisa Johnson, Karen Jones, Kathleen Lenski, Norma Leonard, Rene Mandel, Michael Markman, Betty Moor, Irma Neumann, Donald Palmer, Claudia Parducci, Sheldon Sanov, Haim Shtrum, Robert Sushel, Gerald Vinci and Dorothy Wade – violin
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
Michael Bolton albums
1992 albums
Covers albums
Columbia Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless%3A%20The%20Classics |
Dumai-Malacca Cable System or DMCS is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking Indonesia and Malaysia across the Strait of Malacca
It has landing points in:
Dumai, Riau Province, Indonesia
Melaka City, Malacca, Malaysia
It has a design transmission capacity of 320 Gbit/s of which 20 Gbit/s were lit at inception, and a total cable length of 150 km. It was inaugurated on 17 February 2005.
References
Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean
Indonesia–Malaysia relations
2005 establishments in Indonesia
2005 establishments in Malaysia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumai-Malacca%20Cable%20System |
Fishnish () is a ferry terminal on the Isle of Mull, roughly halfway between Tobermory and Craignure. It is owned and operated by Caledonian MacBrayne. It is served by the ferry that crosses the Sound of Mull to and from Lochaline.
It consists of a slipway sticking out into the Sound of Mull with a vehicle queuing area stretching back onto the road, a car park next to the slipway, and a small café next to the slipway with public toilets and an electronic display showing ferry times and other information.
There is a forest open to the public for walks in and around Fishnish. Beside the current Fishnish is Ceadha Leth Torcail (Gaelic for "the pier of Torquil's half-share", an historic cattle harbour).
Footnotes
Buildings and structures on the Isle of Mull
Ports and harbours of Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishnish |
Juan Fernando Ortega (born March 2, 1957) is a singer-songwriter in contemporary Christian music. He is noted both for his interpretations of many traditional hymns and songs, such as "Give Me Jesus", "Be Thou My Vision" and "Praise to the Lord, the Almighty", and for writing clear and easily understood songs such as "This Good Day".
Biography
Ortega was born and raised in Albuquerque, New Mexico, near the banks of the Rio Grande. He started learning piano at eight years of age. Through his father's work with the United States Department of State, he also spent time in Ecuador and Barbados. His family lived in Chimayó, New Mexico, for eight generations, a legacy cited as an influence on his music.
Ortega graduated from Valley High School and the University of New Mexico, where he received his bachelor's degree in music education. He is a member and former worship leader at an Anglican church in Albuquerque.
It is from his heritage and classical training at the University of New Mexico that Ortega derives his sound, embracing country, classical, Celtic, Latin American, world, modern folk and rustic hymnody.
Discography
In a Welcome Field (1991/2000)
Meditations of the Heart - piano solos (1993)
Hymns and Meditations (1994)
Night of Your Return (1996)
This Bright Hour (1997)
The Breaking of the Dawn (1998)
Give Me Jesus – EP (1999)
Home (2000)
Camino Largo (2001)
Storm (2002)
Hymns of Worship (2003)
Fernando Ortega (2004)
Live In St. Paul – DVD (2004)
Beginnings (2005)
The Shadow of Your Wings: Hymns and Sacred Songs (2006)
Christmas Songs (2008)
Meditations of the Heart: Encore – piano solos (2011)
Come Down O Love Divine (2011)
Best Of – Live In St. Paul – CD (2015)
The Crucifixion Of Jesus (2017)
Other appearances include:
Calvary Chapel Music Praise, Vol. 1 ("How I Love You Lord" and "Teach Me Your Ways")
Calvary Chapel Worship Alive, Vol. 1 ("I Will Delight" and "Lord, Listen to Your Children Praying")
Next Door Savior ("How Deep the Father's Love For Us")
The Making of a Godly Man ("Jehová, Señor De Los Cielos" and "Jesus, You Are My Life") (1997)
The Odes Project ("Sing Allelu" and "I Stretched Out My Hands")
Unknown Albums: "I Will Sing the Wondrous Story" and "O For a Thousand Tongues to Sing"
Charts
Storm reached No. 197 on the Billboard 200 in 2002.
Christmas Songs reached No. 36 on the Billboard Christmas Album Chart in 2009.
Awards
Dove Awards
1998
Bluegrass Song: "Children of the Living God"
2000
Inspirational Album: Home
2002
Special Event Album of the Year: City on a Hill (various artists)
Gallery
References
External links
Official Site
1957 births
American gospel singers
Christian music songwriters
American male singers
Living people
American Anglican Church in North America members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Ortega |
The Greek island affair () was an Israeli political scandal involving David Appel, Ariel Sharon, at the time a minister in the Likud party, and others close to Sharon. The scandal consisted of charges, later dropped, that Appel had obtained favourable treatment from Sharon and his allies, which would help him and his fellow investors purchase the small rocky island of Patroklos at the tip of Attica, in the town of Palaia Fokaia, for the purpose of building a multimillion-dollar resort complex. The project was illegally obstructed.
While Ariel Sharon was Foreign Minister under Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in 1999, the indictment asserted, Appel contracted to pay Gilad Sharon, Ariel's son, then 30 years old and a business novice , US$20,000 a month as a business consultant to Appel's development project. It was reported that Gilad may have received up to 3 million euros, had the project been successful.
Israeli prosecutors argued that Appel signed the contract with Gilad Sharon in order to secure his father's help in facilitating the resort project. Sharon later hosted the deputy foreign minister of Greece during his visit to Israel. The indictment also charged that Appel had assisted Ehud Olmert's campaign for mayor of Jerusalem.
On June 14, 2004 Israel's Attorney General Menachem Mazuz decided to close the case without criminal proceedings because of lack of evidence. The land deal was actually negotiated before Sharon was Foreign Minister, and Sharon had voted against Appel's interests when he was Housing Minister in an earlier government. Mazuz also commented negatively on the prosecution: "There was a goal at the outset which influenced the decision-making process."
Sources
Political scandals in Israel
Ariel Sharon
Greece–Israel relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%20island%20affair |
The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to the U.S. State of Nebraska.
0–9
.ne.us – Internet second-level domain for the state of Nebraska
37th state to join the United States of America
A
Adjacent states:
State of Colorado
State of Iowa
State of Kansas
State of Missouri
State of South Dakota
State of Wyoming
Agriculture in Nebraska
airports (category)
American West
"Old West" or "Wild West"
Amusement parks in Nebraska
Arbor Day
Arboreta in Nebraska
commons:Category:Arboreta in Nebraska
Archaeology of Nebraska
:Category:Archaeological sites in Nebraska
commons:Category:Archaeological sites in Nebraska
Architecture of Nebraska
Art museums and galleries in Nebraska
commons:Category:Art museums and galleries in Nebraska
Astronomical observatories in Nebraska
commons:Category:Astronomical observatories in Nebraska
B
Berkshire Hathaway
Botanical gardens in Nebraska
commons:Category:Botanical gardens in Nebraska
Boy Scouts of America
Scouting in Nebraska
Buildings and structures in Nebraska
commons:Category:Buildings and structures in Nebraska
C
California Trail
Capital of the state of Nebraska
Capital punishment
Executions by the state
Capitol of the State of Nebraska
commons:Category:Nebraska State Capitol
Census Designated Places in Nebraska
Census statistical areas in Nebraska
cities
state capital
Climate of Nebraska
Climate change in Nebraska
colleges
community colleges
Communications in Nebraska
commons:Category:Communications in Nebraska
companies (category)
congressional districts
U.S. House of Representatives (District 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
legislators
state (category)
federal
Convention centers in Nebraska
commons:Category:Convention centers in Nebraska
cottonwood
Counties of the state of Nebraska
commons:Category:Counties in Nebraska
name etymologies
Culture of Nebraska
:Category:Nebraska culture
commons:Category:Nebraska culture
breweries (category)
Omaha (category)
museums (category)
musical groups (category)
religion (category)
churches (category)
theaters (category)
writers (category)
D
Demographics of Nebraska
Dust Bowl
Nebraska Department of Roads
E
East Omaha
Economy of Nebraska
:Category:Economy of Nebraska
commons:Category:Economy of Nebraska
Education in Nebraska
:Category:Education in Nebraska
commons:Category:Education in Nebraska
colleges and universities
high schools
school districts
Elections in the state of Nebraska
commons:Category:Nebraska elections
Environment of Nebraska
commons:Category:Environment of Nebraska
etymologies
county names
executions
F
Farming
Festivals in Nebraska
commons:Category:Festivals in Nebraska
Flag of the state of Nebraska
Ford, Gerald Rudolph, Jr.
Forts in Nebraska
:Category:Forts in Nebraska
commons:Category:Forts in Nebraska
G
Geography of Nebraska
:Category:Geography of Nebraska
commons:Category:Geography of Nebraska
Geology of Nebraska
commons:Category:Geology of Nebraska
Ghost towns in Nebraska
:Category:Ghost towns in Nebraska
commons:Category:Ghost towns in Nebraska
Goldenrod
Government of the state of Nebraska website
:Category:Government of Nebraska
commons:Category:Government of Nebraska
government agencies
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
Governor of the state of Nebraska
List of governors of the territory of Nebraska
List of governors of the state of Nebraska
Great Plains
Great Seal of the State of Nebraska
H
Heritage railroads in Nebraska
commons:Category:Heritage railroads in Nebraska
Highway routes in Nebraska
Lincoln Highway
list
interstate (category)
Nebraska Department of Roads (category)
state (category)
U.S. (category)
Hiking trails in Nebraska
commons:Category:Hiking trails in Nebraska
History of Nebraska
Historical figures
Historical outline of Nebraska
Homestead Act
hospitals
Houses (category)
I
Images of Nebraska
commons:Category:Nebraska
Interstate Highways (category)
commons:Category:Nebraska Department of Roads
J
Job's Daughters was founded in Omaha in 1920 by Ethel T. Wead Mick.
K
Kansas–Nebraska Act
L
Lakes of Nebraska
commons:Category:Lakes of Nebraska
Lancaster, Nebraska Territory
Landmarks in Nebraska
commons:Category:Landmarks in Nebraska
law
executions by the state
Lincoln, Nebraska, territorial and state capital since 1867
Buildings and structures (category)
Lincoln Highway
Lists related to the state of Nebraska:
List of airports in Nebraska
List of census statistical areas in Nebraska
List of cities in Nebraska
List of colleges and universities in Nebraska
List of counties in Nebraska
List of dams and reservoirs in Nebraska
List of forts in Nebraska
List of ghost towns in Nebraska
List of governors of Nebraska
List of high schools in Nebraska
List of highway routes in Nebraska
List of hospitals in Nebraska
List of individuals executed in Nebraska
List of lakes in Nebraska
List of law enforcement agencies in Nebraska
List of museums in Nebraska
List of National Historic Landmarks in Nebraska
List of newspapers in Nebraska
List of people from Nebraska
List of power stations in Nebraska
List of radio stations in Nebraska
List of railroads in Nebraska
List of Registered Historic Places in Nebraska
List of rivers of Nebraska
List of school districts in Nebraska
List of state parks in Nebraska
List of state prisons in Nebraska
List of symbols of the state of Nebraska
List of television stations in Nebraska
List of United States congressional delegations from Nebraska
List of United States congressional districts in Nebraska
List of United States representatives from Nebraska
List of United States senators from Nebraska
List of villages in Nebraska
Louisiana Purchase
M
Maps of Nebraska
commons:Category:Maps of Nebraska
meadowlark
metropolitan areas
Omaha
Lincoln
Sioux City
Midwestern United States
Missouri River
Mormon Trail
Mountains of Nebraska
commons:Category:Mountains of Nebraska
Museums in Nebraska
:Category:Museums in Nebraska
commons:Category:Museums in Nebraska
Music of Nebraska
commons:Category:Music of Nebraska
:Category:Musical groups from Nebraska
:Category:Musicians from Nebraska
N
National Forests of Nebraska
commons:Category:National Forests of Nebraska
National Recreation Trails in Nebraska
National Wildlife Refuges (category)
Natural history of Nebraska
commons:Category:Natural history of Nebraska
Nature centers in Nebraska
commons:Category:Nature centers in Nebraska
navy ships named USS Nebraska
NE – United States Postal Service postal code for the state of Nebraska
Nebraska website
:Category:Nebraska
commons:Category:Nebraska
commons:Category:Maps of Nebraska
Nebraska Extreme
Nebraska Library Commission
Nebraska Religious Coalition for Science Education
Nebraska State Capitol
Nebraska State Historical Society
Nebraska State Patrol
newspapers (category)
North Omaha
North Platte River
O
Old West
Omaha, Nebraska, territorial capital 1854-1867
See here for a complete listing of categories.
Oregon Trail
Outdoor sculptures in Nebraska
commons:Category:Outdoor sculptures in Nebraska
Olson Nature Preserve
P
Prairie
Nebraska Panhandle
Panorama Point
parks, state
People from Nebraska
:Category:People from Nebraska
commons:Category:People from Nebraska
:Category:People by city in Nebraska
:Category:People from Nebraska by county
:Category:People from Nebraska by occupation
Pine Ridge
Platte River
politicians (category)
Politics of Nebraska
commons:Category:Politics of Nebraska
prisons, state
Protected areas of Nebraska
commons:Category:Protected areas of Nebraska
Q
R
radio stations
railroads
Union Pacific
Rainwater Basin
Registered Historic Places
Religion in Nebraska
:Category:Religion in Nebraska
commons:Category:Religion in Nebraska
Rivers of Nebraska
Missouri River
Platte River
:Category:Rivers of Nebraska
commons:Category:Rivers of Nebraska
Roads
Rock formations in Nebraska
commons:Category:Rock formations in Nebraska
S
Spade Ranch
Sandhills
school districts
high schools
Scouting in Nebraska
seal
senators
Settlements in Nebraska
Cities in Nebraska
Villages in Nebraska
Townships in Nebraska
Census Designated Places in Nebraska
Other unincorporated communities in Nebraska
List of ghost towns in Nebraska
slavery
state (category)
United States
ships of the U.S. Navy, USS Nebraska
Smith Falls
Sports in Nebraska
:Category:Sports in Nebraska
commons:Category:Sports in Nebraska
:Category:Sports venues in Nebraska
commons:Category:Sports venues in Nebraska
State of Nebraska website
Government of the state of Nebraska
:Category:Government of Nebraska
commons:Category:Government of Nebraska
state highways (category)
State Patrol of Nebraska
state prisons
state universities
Structures in Nebraska
commons:Category:Buildings and structures in Nebraska
Symbols of the state of Nebraska
:Category:Symbols of Nebraska
commons:Category:Symbols of Nebraska
T
Telecommunications in Nebraska
commons:Category:Communications in Nebraska
Telephone area codes in Nebraska
television stations
Territory of Dakota, (1861–1882)-1889
Territory of Louisiana, 1805–1812
Territory of Missouri, 1812–1821
Territory of Nebraska, 1854–1867
Tourism in Nebraska website
commons:Category:Tourism in Nebraska
Transportation in Nebraska
:Category:Transportation in Nebraska
commons:Category:Transport in Nebraska
U
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska
United States of America
States of the United States of America
United States census statistical areas of Nebraska
United States congressional delegations from Nebraska
United States congressional districts in Nebraska
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
United States District Court for the District of Nebraska
United States Representatives from Nebraska
United States Senators from Nebraska
Universities and colleges in Nebraska
U.S. highway routes in Nebraska
US-NE – ISO 3166-2:US region code for the state of Nebraska
USS Nebraska
V
Villages in Nebraska
W
Waterfalls of Nebraska
commons:Category:Waterfalls of Nebraska
Wikimedia
Wikimedia Commons:Category:Nebraska
commons:Category:Maps of Nebraska
Wikinews:Category:Nebraska
Wikinews:Portal:Nebraska
Wikipedia Category:Nebraska
Wikipedia:WikiProject Nebraska
:Category:WikiProject Nebraska articles
:Category:WikiProject Nebraska participants
wildlife
cougar
coyote
hunting
meadowlark
National Wildlife Refuges (category)
pronghorn
white-tailed deer
Wild West
Wildcat Hills
X
Y
Z
Zoos in Nebraska
commons:Category:Zoos in Nebraska
See also
Topic overview:
Nebraska
Outline of Nebraska
National Register of Historic Places listings in Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20Nebraska-related%20articles |
DMCS may refer to:
DEC Multinational Character Set, a character set by Digital Equipment Corporation
Des Moines Christian School, a Christian centered private school in the Des Moines, Iowa area
Dumai-Melaka Cable System (cable system) a submarine telecommunications cable system
Chlorodimethylsilane
Deluxe Music Construction Set, software by Electronic Arts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMCS |
Jack's Back is a 1988 American mystery thriller film written and directed by Rowdy Herrington in his directorial debut. It stars James Spader in a dual role, Cynthia Gibb, Jim Haynie, Robert Picardo, Rod Loomis, and Rex Ryon. It follows a serial killer who celebrates Jack the Ripper's 100th birthday by committing similar murders.
The film began a limited theatrical release in the United States on May 6, 1988. It received mixed reviews from critics, while Spader's performance was praised and earned him a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actor.
Plot
A young doctor in Los Angeles named John Wesford becomes a suspect when a series of Jack the Ripper copycat killings is committed. He and another young doctor (Jack Pendler) are at the scene of the final crime in the series; they know each other because they both work for the same medical unit, reporting to the abusive Dr. Sidney Tannerson. Pendler seems to realize that John Wesford's testimony will likely lead to his being arrested as the killer, and in an ambiguously staged scene, murders him, staging the scene to resemble a suicide. The police quickly name John Wesford as the copycat killer and hypothesize that he killed himself out of guilt.
To the surprise of everybody involved, John Wesford's identical twin brother, Rick, arrives and claims to know his brother did not kill himself because he has seen visions of the true killer. In flashbacks, the viewer sees that Rick Wesford saw Jack Pendler killing his brother. The police humor Rick briefly, but only because his existence calls into question the eyewitness testimony that had put the identical-looking John at the scene of the crime, and Rick's suspicious knowledge of the crime scene (from his visions) make him an attractive suspect himself. Under scrutiny by the police, Rick allies himself with another of his brother's colleagues, Dr. Chris Moscari, and carries out his own investigation. He successfully identifies, tracks down, and confronts Pendler, who attacks him and is arrested. Pendler is in some regards an excellent suspect — physical evidence puts him at the scene of the final murder. But in other regards he is a terrible one, not matching known characteristics or habits of the killer.
Rick continues to dream about his brother's murder and asks the police psychologist to hypnotize him to clarify these visions. In the refined vision he again sees Pendler attack his brother, but also notices that Pendler's shoes do not match those worn by the copycat killer, and that Dr. Tannerson had been at the scene. He intuits that Tannerson will next attack Dr. Moscari and speeds to her house, attracting a string of police cars with his reckless driving. Moscari survives and Rick avenges his brother's death by killing Tannerson, who (it is implied) had manipulated Pendler into murdering the unfortunate twin.
Cast
Release
Theatrical
Jack's Back premiered in New York City on May 6, 1988, and was released in Los Angeles and other Southern California locations on May 13, 1988. The film opened in Chicago on June 3, 1988.
Home media
UK-based distributor Slam Dunk Media released the film on DVD in May 2007 in 1.33:1 full frame format. It is the only DVD release to date in that area. It was available on Netflix video streaming service in SD widescreen format. Scream Factory released the film in fall 2015 for the first time on Blu-ray Disc in the US, and also included a DVD in the package knowing that the film had never made it to the format in North America.
Reception
Critical response
Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and stated, "It's not a great movie, but it's the kind of film that makes you curious about what Harrington will do next." Ebert particularly praised Spader's performance, writing that "But apart from the pleasures of the plot, what makes Jack's Back worth seeing is the work of Spader, a young actor who I believe has as much promise as anyone of his generation."
Odie Henderson opined, "Jack's Back maintains a giddy storyteller's glee from beginning to end, painting itself into corner after corner, only to escape every time. It works because of its stubborn belief in all aspects of the pulpy yarn it spins. There's real charm in its compulsive desire to tie its preposterous loose ends, no matter how complicated the knots become."
On the other hand, Caryn James of The New York Times gave the film a negative review and wrote that it "is so dull it leaves you plenty of time to marvel at how a plot can be this rickety, how a production can look this shabby, and how the first-time writer and director Rowdy Herrington could borrow a story with so relentless a grip on our imaginations and in no time at all declaw it."
Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times called the film "a psychological shocker that carves up the Jack the Ripper legend in convoluted but predictable ways" and wrote that "Herrington gets stuck in his triple-twists, stock characters, chases and movie-movie plotting." Wilmington also stated, "But beyond Spader's performance, the only really interesting thing about Jack's Back is the lighting."
Accolades
Soundtrack and film's title
Originally the director wanted to call the film Red Rain and have the song of the same name by Peter Gabriel playing as the opening credits theme. However the budget didn't allow for licensing the song, and so instead Paul Saax was brought on board to co-write a new theme "Red Harvest". The movie name was changed to Jack's Back as a result.
References
External links
1988 films
1988 directorial debut films
1988 crime thriller films
1988 horror films
1988 independent films
1980s American films
1980s English-language films
1980s horror thriller films
1980s mystery thriller films
1980s psychological thriller films
1980s serial killer films
1980s slasher films
American crime thriller films
American horror thriller films
American independent films
American mystery thriller films
American psychological thriller films
American serial killer films
American slasher films
Murder mystery films
Films about Jack the Ripper
Films about physicians
Films about twin brothers
Films directed by Rowdy Herrington
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%27s%20Back |
Iran's annual Fajr International Film Festival (), or Fajr Film Festival (little: FIFF; ), has been held every February and April in Tehran since 1982. The festival is supervised by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. It takes place on the anniversary of the 1979 Islamic Revolution. The awards are the Iranian equivalent to the American Academy Awards.
The festival has been promoted locally and internationally through television, radio and webinars; speakers have come from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany.
Organizations contributing to the event have included the Farabi Cinema Foundation, Iran film foundation, Press TV, HispanTV and Iran's multi-lingual film channel IFilm. From 2015, the festival has been separated into a national festival in February, which is notable for premieres of the most important domestic movies, and an international one, held in April.
Eligibility
Entries into the International Competition section must not have premiered in Central Asia, Caucasia and Anatolia (with the exception of the country of origin), or the Middle East to be considered. Films entered into the competitive sections must have completion dates in the years 2019-2020, while Popular Genre Films, and Docs in Focus, and Special Screenings must have completion dates within 2018-2020. Feature films must have a running time of greater than 70 minutes, while short films must not exceed 15 minutes running time. Films cannot be submitted if they have been submitted in a previous edition of the Festival.
Awards
The 38th Fajr International Film Festival offered awards at the Closing Ceremony on April 20, 2020. Awards are given for Iranian films competing in categories outlined in the FIFF Rules and Regulations, which change in monetary amount from year to year.
International
Golden Simurgh for Best Film (awarded to the film director) + 800.000.000 Iranian Rial (IRR) Cash Prize (jointly to producer and director)
Silver Simurgh for Best Director + 400.000.000 IRR Cash Prize
Silver Simurgh for Best Script + 300.000.000 IRR Cash Prize
Silver Simurgh for Best Actress
Silver Simurgh for Best Actor
In the decision of International Jury, the prize list must not contain joint awards and no film can receive more than two awards.
Silver Simurgh for Best Short Film + 100.000.000 IRR Cash Prize (awarded to the film director)
Eastern Vista Awards
Golden Simurgh for Best Feature Film (awarded to the film director) + 600.000.000 IRR Cash Prize (jointly to producer and director)
Silver Simurgh for Best Feature Film Director + 300.000.000 IRR Cash Prize
Silver Simurgh for Best Feature Film Script + 150.000.000 IRR Cash Prize
Silver Simurgh for Special Jury Prize for Outstanding Artistic Contribution in a Feature Film in the categories of camera, editing, music score, costume or scene design
Silver Simurgh for Best Short Film + 100.000.000 IRR Cash Prize (awarded to the film director)
National Competition
Crystal Simorgh for Best Film
Crystal Simorgh for Best Director
Crystal Simorgh for Best Screenplay
Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor
Crystal Simorgh for Best Actress
Crystal Simorgh for Best Cinematography
Crystal Simorgh for Best Editor
Crystal Simorgh for Best Original Score
Crystal Simorgh for Best Makeup
Crystal Simorgh for Best Supporting Actor
Crystal Simorgh for Best Supporting Actress
Crystal Simorgh for Best Sound Recording
Crystal Simorgh for Best Sound Effects
Crystal Simorgh for Best Production Design
Crystal Simorgh for Best Costume Design
Crystal Simorgh for Best Special Effects
Crystal Simorgh for Best Visual Effects
Crystal Simorgh for Best National Film
Crystal Simorgh of Special Jury Prize
Crystal Simorgh for Audience Choice of Best Film
Other awards
For all:
Golden Tablet
Diploma Honorary
Golden Flag
Single:
Audience Award
Golden Banner
Inter-Faith
Abbas Kiarostami Award
Competitions
Competition of Asian Cinema
Competition of Spiritual Cinema
International Competition
International Competition of Short Films
International Competition of Documentary Works
Competition of Iranian Cinema
Competition of Iranian Short Film
Competition of Documentary Works
Juries
International Competition Jury
Competition of Spiritual Cinema Jury
Competition of Asian Cinema Jury
Record holders
• Crystal Simorgh for Best Film: Ebrahim Hatamikia
(Wins: 5)
• Crystal Simorgh for Best Director: Majid Majidi
(Wins: 4)
• Crystal Simorgh for Best Screenplay: Kambozia Partovi
(Wins: 4)
• Crystal Simorgh for Best Cinematography: Mahmoud Kalari
(Wins: 4)
• Crystal Simorgh for Best Actor: Parviz Parastouei
(Wins: 4)
• Crystal Simorgh for Best Actress: Hedieh Tehrani, Leila Hatami, Baran Kosari, Merila Zarei, Parvaneh Masoumi, Hengameh Ghaziani, Fatemeh Motamed-Arya
(Wins: 2)
Fajr International Film Festival editions
1st Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1983)
2nd Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1984)
3rd Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1985)
4th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1986)
5th Fajr International Film Festival (2–12 February 1987)
6th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1988)
7th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1989)
8th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1990)
9th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1991)
10th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1992)
11th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1993)
12th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1994)
13th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1995)
14th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1996)
15th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1997)
16th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1998)
17th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 1999)
18th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2000)
19th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2001)
20th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2002)
21st Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2003)
22nd Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2004)
23rd Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2005)
24th Fajr International Film Festival (20–30 January 2006)
25th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2007)
26th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2008)
27th Fajr International Film Festival (31 January–10 February 2009)
28th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2010)
29th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2011)
30th Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2012)
31st Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2013)
32nd Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2014)
33rd Fajr International Film Festival (1–11 February 2015)
2016
34th Fajr Film Festival (1–11 February 2016)
34th Fajr International Film Festival (20–25 April 2016)
2017
35th Fajr Film Festival (1–11 February 2017)
35th Fajr International Film Festival (21–28 April 2017)
2018
36th Fajr Film Festival (1–11 February 2018)
36th Fajr International Film Festival (19–27 April 2018)
2019
37th Fajr Film Festival (1–11 February 2019)
37th Fajr International Film Festival (18–26 April 2019)
2020
38th Fajr Film Festival (1–11 February 2020)
38th Fajr International Film Festival (16–24 April 2020)
2021
39th Fajr Film Festival (1–11 February 2021)
38th Fajr International Film Festival (26 May–2 June 2021)
2022
40th Fajr Film Festival (1–11 February 2022)
Visitors
Over the years the Festival has had numerous film figures attend, some of whom have worked closely with the festival as jury members. These include: Volker Schlondorff, Krzysztof Zanussi, Robert Chartoff, Semih Kaplanoglu, Bruce Beresford, Percy Adlon, Paul Cox, Shyam Benegal, Bela Tarr, Jan Troell, Helma Sanders-Brahms, Elia Suleiman, Agnieszka Holland, Andrey Zvyagintsev, Rustam Ibragimbekov and Costa-Gavras.
Boycotts
Two Italian film directors, Eugenio Barba and Romeo Castellucci, have announced that they will not be attending the 2020 Fajr Festival in Tehran. They made this decision at the request of some Iranian artists who have already boycotted the festival. So far, 139 people, including director Masoud Kimiai and various movie stars are boycotting the festival in a show of sympathy for the families of those killed in the January 2020 Iranian downing of a Ukrainian passenger flight.
See also
Fajr decade
Notes
References
External links
Film festivals established in 1982
1982 establishments in Iran
Winter events in Iran
Crystal Simorgh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajr%20International%20Film%20Festival |
Radio West Middlesex is the volunteer-run hospital radio station of the West Middlesex Hospital in Isleworth, Middlesex. It broadcasts to the patients of the hospital online.
Radio West Middlesex has been broadcast in the West Middlesex University Hospital since 1967. It began broadcasting 24 hours a day in 2003.
The station was the winner of the Station of the Year Bronze award at the Hospital Broadcasting Awards in 2007 and was commended at 2008 Hospital Broadcasting Awards in the same category.
Patients can request music on the 4 weekly request programmes via the station's website, by text, email or telephone.
Radio West Middlesex is a registered charity, number 1050841.
External links
Hospital Broadcasting Association website
Radio stations in London
Hospital radio stations
Radio stations established in 1967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20West%20Middlesex |
The EXIT procedure, or ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure, is a specialized surgical delivery procedure used to deliver babies who have airway compression. Causes of airway compression in newborn babies result from a number of rare congenital disorders, including bronchopulmonary sequestration, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, mouth or neck tumor such as teratoma, and lung or pleural tumor such as pleuropulmonary blastoma. Airway compression discovered at birth is a medical emergency. In many cases, however, the airway compression is discovered during prenatal ultrasound exams, permitting time to plan a safe delivery using the EXIT procedure or other means.
Process
The EXIT is an extension of a standard classical Caesarean section, where an opening is made on the midline of the anesthetized mother's abdomen and uterus. Then comes the EXIT: the baby is partially delivered through the opening but remains attached by its umbilical cord to the placenta, while a pediatric otolaryngologist-head & neck surgeon establishes an airway so the fetus can breathe. Once the EXIT is complete, the umbilical cord is clamped then cut and the infant is fully delivered. Then the remainder of the C-section proceeds.
The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure was originally developed to reverse temporary tracheal occlusion in patients who had undergone fetal surgery for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). In a select group of fetuses with CDH, tracheal occlusion is used to obstruct the normal flow of fetal lung fluid and to stimulate lung expansion and growth. With the airway obstructed, airway management at birth is critical. The solution was to arrange delivery in such a way that the occlusion could be removed and the airway secured while the baby remained on placental support. If the uterus was kept relaxed and the utero-placental blood flow kept intact, the fetus could remain on a maternal 'heart-lung machine' while the airway was secured. While the technique of tracheal occlusion remains under study in clinical trials, EXIT procedures have been shown to be useful for management of other causes of fetal airway obstruction.
Challenges
The EXIT is much more complex than a standard C-section, as it requires careful coordination between the mother's physicians and the specialists operating on the newborn baby. The difficulty lies in preserving enough blood flow through the umbilical cord, protecting the placenta, and avoiding contractions of the uterus so that there is sufficient time to establish the airway. Also, the umbilical cord should not be manipulated, but should be kept in warmed fluids to avoid physiological occlusion.
See also
Fetal intervention
References
External links
EXIT Procedure at SSM Health St. Louis Fetal Care Institute
Trachey Kids - Exit Procedure - New Zealand
Obstetric surgery
Caesarean sections | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXIT%20procedure |
Community College of Denver (CCD) is a public community college in Denver, Colorado. The main campus is at Auraria Campus and it has two other locations in the Denver metropolitan area. CCD focuses on underserved, first-generation, and minority students.
CCD is one of 13 colleges in the Colorado Community College System. The college offers over 100 degree and certification options, including workforce training, career planning and transfer to other state schools. It is the only two-year college in the nation that shares a campus and facilities with two four-year universities, Metropolitan State University of Denver and the University of Colorado Denver.
History
Originally established in 1967 for the Colorado Legislature, CCD is housed in the oldest neighborhood in Denver. The campus, known as The Auraria Higher Education Center (AHEC) was completed in 1976 and accommodates three colleges: CCD, Metropolitan State University of Denver and University of Colorado Denver. In 1985 CCD North opened on Downing Street, six miles northeast of Auraria. CCD North houses the trade programs of welding and precision machining. The Nursing and Allied Health programs are located on the Lowry Campus (formerly Lowry Air Force Base), in Aurora.
Enrollment
CCD has over 9,000 students, 28% of which are full-time and 72% are part-time (Fall 2015 census data).
Academic programs
CCD is an "open door" higher education institution offering four degrees: Associate of Arts, Associate of Science, Associate of Applied Science, and Associate of General Studies. With more than 100 areas of study in subject areas ranging from articulation and transfer, general education, career and technical education, to health sciences and nursing, Community College of Denver awards more than 700 associate degrees and certificates annually, serving almost 10,000 students per semester.
Accreditation
CCD is regionally accredited by The Higher Learning Commission which is a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA). CCD participates in the Academic Quality Improvement Program (AQIP).
References
External links
Colorado Community College System
Auraria Campus
Universities and colleges in Denver
Universities and colleges established in 1967
Education in Aurora, Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community%20College%20of%20Denver |
Labour CND (Lab CND) is a 'Specialist Section' of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, specifically relating to CND-supporting members the Labour Party.
History
Labour CND was established in 1979 and exists to this day. High-profile members of Labour CND include the former Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn MP, former MPs Alice Mahon and until his death in 2019, Walter Wolfgang. Former Prime Minister Tony Blair and former Foreign Secretary Jack Straw were once members as young MPs.
External links
Labour CND Archive at University of Warwick
1979 establishments in the United Kingdom
1979 in politics
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
Organisations associated with the Labour Party (UK) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%20CND |
Lenthionine is a cyclic organosulfur compound found in shiitake mushrooms, onions, and garlic, and it is partly responsible for their flavor. The mechanism of its formation is unclear, but it likely involves the enzyme C–S lyase.
Preparation
Lenthionine has been isolated from mushrooms by submerging them in water and allowing them to set overnight. The mushrooms were then centrifuged, and dissolved in chloroform, which was later evaporated to form a yellow oil layer. Chromatography was then used to isolate the lenthionine.
Lenthionine has been prepared in situ bubbling hydrogen sulfide gas through a solution of sulfur and sodium sulfide until the pH reached 8. Then, the solution had a large amount of dichloromethane added, and it was stirred at room temperature until an organic layer formed, which contained the lenthionine.
References
Organic disulfides
Pungent flavors
Sulfur heterocycles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenthionine |
Amund Skiri (born 25 February 1978) is a Norwegian former footballer that played for Åndalsnes before he played for Aalesund and Vålerenga in Norwegian Premier League. He's known for putting away the deciding penalty kick in the Norwegian cup final in 2009, giving Aalesund the victory and the medal. On 1 January 2017 he became assistant coach for Vålerenga.
Career statistics
References
External links
Profile at Aafk.no
Guardian Football
1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Oslo
Men's association football defenders
Norwegian men's footballers
Vålerenga Fotball players
Aalesunds FK players
Eliteserien players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amund%20Skiri |
Reneta Ivanova Indzhova ( ) (born 6 July 1953) is a Bulgarian politician and manager. Between October 1994 and January 1995 she served as Prime Minister of Bulgaria, the first, and so far, only, woman in Bulgaria to hold this office.
Biography
Reneta Indzhova was born 6 July 1953 in Nova Zagora. She studied at the university, obtained a PhD and became professor of political economy. She married and had a child, but later divorced. She worked as a financial expert for the liberal-conservative Democratic Union (UDF) and was head of Bulgaria's Privatization Agency (1992–1994).
Interim Prime Minister of Bulgaria
Indzhova was appointed by President Zhelev, former leader of the UDF, to head a caretaker government after the collapse of Lyuben Berov's cabinet. During her brief time in office she gained some popularity for her efforts to combat organized crime.
Subsequent roles
In 1995 Indzhova ran for Mayor of Sofia as an independent, finishing third. In 2001 she took part in the presidential elections but failed to garner significant support.
In 2014 she appeared in the headlines for the first time in more than a decade. As head of the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria, she accused her two direct subordinates for exerting undue political pressure in the institution.
Notes
1953 births
20th-century Bulgarian women politicians
Living people
People from Nova Zagora
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Women prime ministers in Europe
University of National and World Economy alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reneta%20Indzhova |
The One Thing is the ninth album by Michael Bolton, released on November 16, 1993. Although it produced the hit single "Said I Loved You...But I Lied", which reached number 6 in the US, it did not match the sales of his previous three albums. Nevertheless, the album was still a respectable hit on its own, reaching number 3 on the Billboard 200 and being certified triple platinum in the US. It was also certified Platinum in the United Kingdom.
Like his previous album, Bolton co-produced all the tracks and co-wrote all but two songs.
Track listing
Personnel
Michael Bolton – lead vocals, arrangements (3, 4, 8, 9)
Phillip Nicholas – keyboards (1, 2), programming (1, 2, 7)
Walter Afanasieff – arrangements (3, 4, 6, 8, 9), keyboards (3, 4, 6, 8, 9), synthesizers (3, 4, 6, 8, 9), synth bass (3, 4, 6, 8, 9), drum programming (3, 4, 6, 8, 9), rhythm programming (3, 4, 6, 8, 9), Hammond B3 organ (6)
Gary Cirimelli – synthesizer programming (3, 4, 6, 8, 9), Macintosh programming (3, 4, 6, 8, 9), digital programming (4, 8, 9), backing vocals (9)
Simon Franglen – additional synthesizer programming (3, 10)
Ren Klyce – synthesizer programming (3, 6)
David Foster – keyboards (5), arrangements (5), orchestra arrangements (5)
Claude Gaudette – synthesizer programming (5)
Randy Kerber – keyboards (10)
Dann Huff – guitar (1, 2, 7), additional guitar (4), nylon guitar (4), guitar solo (9)
Michael Landau – guitar (3, 4, 6, 8, 9)
Michael Thompson – guitar (5)
John Robinson – drums (5)
Stephen "Doc" Kupka – baritone saxophone (6)
Emilio Castillo – tenor saxophone (6)
David Mann – tenor saxophone (6)
Lee Thornburg – trombone (6), trumpet (6)
Greg Adams – trumpet (6)
Jeremy Lubbock – orchestra arrangements (5, 10) conductor (10)
Joey Melotti – arrangements (6)
Mutt Lange – backing vocals (1, 2, 7), rhythm guitar (7)
Bridgette Bryant – backing vocals (3)
Jim Gilstrap – backing vocals (3, 4, 6, 9)
Pat Hawk – backing vocals (3, 4, 6, 7, 9)
Dorian Holley – backing vocals (3, 4, 6, 9)
Phillip Ingram – backing vocals (3, 4, 9)
Van Johnson – backing vocals (3, 4, 6, 7, 9)
Janis Liebhart – backing vocals (3, 4, 6, 7, 9)
Johnny Britt – backing vocals (6)
Portia Griffin – backing vocals (6)
Phil Perry – backing vocals (6)
Carmen Twillie – backing vocals (6)
Mona Lisa Young – backing vocals (6)
Patty Darcy – backing vocals (7)
Stevie Vann – backing vocals (7)
Skyler Jett – backing vocals (9)
Claytoven Richardson – backing vocals (9)
Production
Producers – Michael Bolton (all tracks); Robert John "Mutt" Lange (Tracks 1, 2 & 7); Walter Afanasieff (Tracks 3, 4, 6, 8 & 9); David Foster (Tracks 5 & 10)
Engineers – Dave Reitzas (Tracks 1-10); Dana Jon Chappelle (Tracks 3, 4, 6, 8 & 9); Jan Mullaney (Track 4, 6 & 8); Humberto Gatica (Track 5)
Second Engineers – Max Hayes (Tracks 1, 2 & 7); Geoff Hunt (Tracks 1, 2 & 7); Stephen McNamara Tracks 1, 2 & 7); Kyle Bess (Tracks 3, 4, 6, 8 & 9); Craig Brock (Tracks 3, 4, 6, 8, & 9); Bill Leonard (Tracks 3, 4 & 6); Steve Milo (Tracks 3, 4, 6, 8 & 9); Michael Reiter (Tracks 4, 5, 9 & 10); Manny Maroquin (Track 9)
Mixing – Dave Bascome (Tracks 1, 2 & 7); Mick Guzauski (Tracks 3 & 6); Dana Jon Chappelle (Track 4, 8 & 9); Al Schmitt (Tracks 5 & 10)
Mixed at The Enterprise (Burbank, California); Record Plant (Los Angeles, California); Out of Pocket Productions
Mastered by Vlado Meller at Sony Music Studio Operations (New York, New York)
Art Direction – Christopher Austopchek
Design – June Hong
Photography – Timothy White
Grooming – Nancy Sprague
Stylist – Genina Aboittz
Charts
Certifications
References
Michael Bolton albums
1993 albums
Albums produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Albums produced by David Foster
Albums produced by Walter Afanasieff
Columbia Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20One%20Thing%20%28album%29 |
Love Jones: The Music is the soundtrack to Theodore Witcher's 1997 film Love Jones. It was released on March 11, 1997, via Sony Music.
Track listing
Notes
Tracks 6, 7, 8, 12 are not featured in the film.
Personnel
Stephen Marcussen — mastering
Toby Emmerich — executive producer
Dana Sano — executive producer
Lori Silfen — executive producer
Jon McHugh — executive producer
Nick Wechsler — executive producer
Theodore Witcher — executive producer
Melodee Sutton — music coordinator
Pilar McCurry — music supervisor
Michael T. Mauldin — A&R
Samuel J. Sapp — A&R
Randy Jackson — A&R
Glen Brunman — A&R
Christine Wilson — design
Charts
Certifications
References
External links
1997 soundtrack albums
Drama film soundtracks
Albums produced by Bob Thiele
Albums produced by Lauryn Hill
Albums produced by Wyclef Jean
Albums produced by Marcus Miller
Albums produced by Randy Jackson
Albums produced by Jermaine Dupri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Jones%20%28soundtrack%29 |
Zug is a city in Switzerland.
Zug or ZUG may also refer to:
People
Zug (surname), a surname
Places
Canton of Zug, Switzerland
Lake Zug (German: Zugersee), a lake in Central Switzerland, situated between Lucerne and Zurich
Zug, Iran, a village in South Khorasan Province
Zug Island, in Detroit
Zug, Western Sahara
Other uses
EV Zug, ice hockey team
Linear progression
Zug, the German equivalent of a platoon
Z User Group
Zug, an evil Sark from the TV show Hot Wheels Battle Force 5
Zug (Tugs), a fictional character from the 1989 UK children's television series
Zug 94, football team
Zug (website), or ZUG, a comedy website that was founded in 1995 by Sir John Hargrave and Genevieve Martineau
Zug massacre
Zug Izland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zug%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Mats Wilander defeated Henri Leconte in the final, 7–5, 6–2, 6–1 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1988 French Open. It was his third and final French Open singles title. Leconte remains the most recent Frenchman to reach the final.
Ivan Lendl was the two-time defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Jonas Svensson.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Mats Wilander is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Ivan Lendl (quarterfinals)
Stefan Edberg (fourth round)
Mats Wilander (champion)
Pat Cash (fourth round)
Boris Becker (fourth round)
Yannick Noah (fourth round)
Kent Carlsson (fourth round)
Tim Mayotte (second round)
Andre Agassi (semifinals)
Anders Järryd (first round)
Henri Leconte (finalist)
Emilio Sánchez (quarterfinals)
Andrés Gómez (second round)
Andrei Chesnokov (quarterfinals)
Guillermo Pérez Roldán (quarterfinals)
John McEnroe (fourth round)
Draw
Finals
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1988 French Open Men's Singles draw
1988 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
1988
1988 Grand Prix (tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles |
The Yaoundé Convention was a convention signed in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon between the European Economic Community (EEC) and the AASM (Associated African States and Madagascar) in 1963 (ASMM (African States, Madagascar and Mauritius) in 1969 respectively).
The First Convention (1964–1969)
The first association agreement between the EEC and the 18 African ex-colonies that had recently gained independence, was signed in Yaoundé on 20 July 1963 and entered into force on 1 June 1964. It was mainly based on the previous treaty between the EEC and its overseas territories and had a validity period of 5 years.
The Second Convention (1971–1975)
After the first treaty expired, a new one was signed on 29 July 1969. It later entered into force on 1 January 1971, with Madagascar and Mauritius becoming the 19th African states to take part in the convention. There was a tight link between the ASMM and the African Great Lakes countries of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. The EEC therefore wanted the Arusha Agreement with the three nations to enter into force on the same date as the Second Yaoundé Convention. Both agreements ended and constituted the basis for the broader Lomé Convention of 1975.
See also
African and Malagasy Union
References
External links
http://www.europarl.eu.int/facts/6_4_5_en.htm
Trade blocs
Treaties entered into by the European Union
1963 in Cameroon
1969 in Cameroon
20th century in Cameroon
1963 in Africa
Treaties concluded in 1963
Treaties entered into force in 1969
Treaties concluded in 1969
Treaties entered into force in 1971
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of Mauritania
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of Uganda
Treaties of Tanzania
Events in Yaoundé | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9%20Convention |
Leonard Welsted (baptised 3 June 1688 – August 1747) was an English poet and "dunce" in Alexander Pope's writings (both in The Dunciad and in Peri Bathos). Welsted was an accomplished writer who composed in a relaxed, light hearted vein. He was associated with Whig party political figures in his later years (the years in which he earned Pope's enmity), but he was tory earlier, and, in the age of patronage, this seems to have been more out of financial need than anything else.
He was the son of a Church of England priest and was orphaned at six. He attended Trinity College, Cambridge but left without a degree. He married Frances Purcell, the orphaned daughter of Henry Purcell, around 1707, and the couple had a daughter, also named Frances. However, the mother died in 1712, and Welsted married Anna Maria Walker, the sister of an admiral, that year. In his poetry, he referred to her as Zelinda. Frances Welsted, the daughter, died in 1726, seventeen years old, and Welsted mourned her loss in Hymn to the Creator the next year.
He wrote many poems in an attempt to get a position from patronage. He wrote two odes to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough in 1709 as well as an elegy to John Philips the poet. Nothing was forthcoming, however. In 1712, with the tories in power, he began to court the opposition whigs with laudatory verse. He also translated On the Sublime, although Jonathan Swift argued that he had translated Boileau's translation, and not Longinus's original. In 1714, Welsted attacked Robert Harley, the fallen head of the Tory party, with The Prophecy. Harley replied, and Harley's friends in the Scriblerus Club were thereafter Welsted's enemies.
Welsted continued to antagonize the Scribblerans. In 1717, he wrote Palaemon to Caelia, or, The Triumvirate, which was a satire of John Gay, Alexander Pope, and John Arbuthnot and their play Three Hours After Marriage. In 1724, he mocked one of Pope's lines from Essay on Criticism, and therefore Thomas Cooke made Welsted the champion who opposes Pope in his The Battel of the Poets.
When the Hanoverian succession occurred, Welsted benefited. He wrote An Epistle to Mr. Steele on the King's Accession, and he became Richard Steele's secretary or assistant. He contributed to Steele's and Ambrose Philips's respective newspapers in the coming years, and he wrote a prologue and epilogue to Steele's The Conscious Lovers of 1722. During that time he also continued to write poems with fawning dedications to various members of the nobility.
The wheedling paid off for Welsted, as he was made a clerk and received an annual salary of £25. In 1726, his play, The Dissembled Wanton, was acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields. It netted him £138 for the author's benefit and another £30 for the printed rights. He also attempted several subscriptions for translations that did not work out. One of his best poems, Oikographia, dates from 1725 and details his living in the Tower of London (but not the prison) and the simple pleasures of a contented life with a loving wife.
In 1728, Pope struck back against Welsted. In Peri Bathos, Welsted's obsequiousness is isolated and presented for derision, and in The Dunciad Pope accused him of writing poetry that flows like its inspiration: beer. In fact, Pope presented Welsted several places in The Dunciad as a laughable poetaster. Welsted attempted to fight back, and he teamed up with another of Pope's dunces, James Moore Smythe, for One Epistle to Mr. A. Pope in 1730, and in 1732 he wrote two attacks on Pope, Of Dulness and Scandal and Of False Fame. In return, Pope satirized Welsted again in the Epistle to Arbuthnot in 1735. Welsted was also satirized by Jonathan Swift. In Swift's 1733 On Poetry: A Rhapsody, he first compared Welsted's bad versifying with Stephen Duck's bad rhymes and then Welsted's "translation" of Longinus's Peri Hupsos, which was actually a translation of Boileau's French translation.
In 1730 and 1731, he was promoted in his civil service job, going to a salary of £70 and then one of £150 as a commissioner of the lottery. These promotions may have been due to the intercession of well-known politicians and leading whigs, such as Bishop Hoadley. His late works include a prose work of theodicy entitled The Scheme and Conduct of Providence in 1736, and the poem The Summum bonum, or, Wisest Philosophy, which again praises the simple joy of retired life.
References
Sambrook, James. "Leonard Welsted". In Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. vol. 58, 91–92. London: OUP, 2004.
James Sambrook: The life of the English poet Leonard Welsted (1688–1747) : the culture and politics of Britain's eighteenth-century literary wars, Lewiston [u.a.] : Edwin Mellen Press, 2014,
External links
Leonard Welsted at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
1688 births
1747 deaths
18th-century English poets
18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers
English male poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20Welsted |
Format shifting is the conversion of media files into different file format or data compression (video coding format and audio coding format). This may be required to play the media on different devices, for example when converting or ripping audio files on CDs into digital formats such as MP3. Other media shifting processes include time shifting (also known as place shifting), a process whereby a radio or television broadcast is recorded to disk storage and played back at a different time, and space shifting where media is stored on one device and can be accessed from another place through another device which is normally located at another location.
Archiving and preservation
Format shifting is central to preservation and archiving, particularly for sound recordings and films. In addition to efforts to preserve works created in deteriorating formats format shifting is also necessary to keep works accessible. As technology develops the technical formats get outdated and the technology necessary for accessing original formats is no longer available. Copyright law of the United Kingdom does not allow libraries and archives to format shift for preservation and archiving purposes. By the time copyright term in a work ends the original work may have disintegrated or deteriorated to such an extent that the cost of preservation increases.
See also
Media server (Consumer)
Space shifting (also known as place shifting)
Time shifting
Copyright
Private copying
References
Copyright law
Digital rights
Ripping | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format%20shifting |
In nautical parlance, the draft or draught of a sail refers to the amount and shape of curvature in a horizontal cross-section. Any sail experiences a force from the prevailing wind just because it impedes the air's passage. A sail with draft also functions as an airfoil when set at an angle slightly greater than the angle of the wind, producing lift which then propels the vessel.
The word "belly" is also used in reference to the draft of a sail (i.e. "More belly in the main sail.").
See also
Forces on sails
Sail components
References
Nautical terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft%20%28sail%29 |
An academic genealogy (or scientific genealogy) organizes a family tree of scientists and scholars according to mentoring relationships, often in the form of dissertation supervision relationships, and not according to genetic relationships as in conventional genealogy. Since the term academic genealogy has now developed this specific meaning, its additional use to describe a more academic approach to conventional genealogy would be ambiguous, so the description scholarly genealogy is now generally used in the latter context.
Overview
The academic lineage or academic ancestry of someone is a chain of professors who have served as academic mentors or thesis advisors of each other, ending with the person in question. Many genealogical terms are often recast in terms of academic lineages, so one may speak of academic descendants, children, siblings, etc. One method of developing an academic genealogy is to organize individuals by prioritizing their degree of relationship to a mentor/advisor as follows: (1). doctoral students, (2). post-doctoral researchers, (3). master's students and (4). current students, including undergraduate researchers.
Through the 19th century, particularly for graduates in sciences such as chemistry, it was common to have completed a degree in medicine or pharmacy before continuing with post-graduate or post-doctoral studies. Until the early 20th century, attaining professorial status or mentoring graduate students did not necessarily require a doctorate or graduate degree. For instance, the University of Cambridge did not require a formal doctoral thesis until 1919, and academic genealogies that include earlier Cambridge students tend to substitute an equivalent mentor. Academic genealogies are particularly easy to research in the case of Spain's doctoral degrees, because until 1954 only Complutense University had the power to grant doctorates. This means that all holders of a doctorates in Spain can trace back their academic lineage to a doctoral supervisor who was a member of Complutense's Faculty.
Websites such as the Mathematics Genealogy Project or the Chemical Genealogy document academic lineages for specific subject areas, while some other sites, such as Neurotree and Academic Family Tree aim to provide a complete academic genealogy across all fields of academia.
Influence
Academic genealogy may influence research results in areas of active research. Hirshman et al. examined a controversial medical question, the value of maximal surgery for high grade glioma, and demonstrated that a physician's medical academic genealogy can affect his or her findings and approaches to treatment.
References
External links
The Academic Family Tree: A project combining academic genealogies of 38 (as of August 2015) academic disciplines
Neurotree: The neuroscience family tree
Linguistree: The linguistics family tree
Mathematics genealogy search (includes much of computer science and physics)
The Astronomy Genealogy Project
Chemical genealogy
Scientific genealogy master list (two sections: Scientists Associated with Concepts in Chemistry & Physics; Scientists Associated with Discovering the Elements)
How to trace your scientific genealogy
Philosophy Family Tree
Automatic doctoral advisor genealogy diagram using Wikipedia by Nghia Ho
Genealogy
Genealogy
History of science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic%20genealogy |
Enlightened Rogues is the sixth studio album by American rock band the Allman Brothers Band. Produced by Tom Dowd, the album was released in February 1979 in the United States by Capricorn Records and PolyGram Records elsewhere. The Allman Brothers Band had broken up in 1976 following internal turmoil, amplified by escalating drug use. The band members splintered into different acts — among those Great Southern, Sea Level, and the Gregg Allman Band. Guitarist Dickey Betts approached his bandmates in 1978 with the prospects of a reunion. After two former members declined to return, they added new members which made it the first to feature guitarist Dan Toler and bassist David Goldflies. Living together in Sarasota, Florida, they rehearsed and wrote the material for their next album in fall 1978.
They began recording Enlightened Rogues that December, and recording stretched into the new year. Sessions took place in Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida with producer Tom Dowd, who worked on a trio of early Allman Brothers albums. The group stayed at a home overlooking Biscayne Bay, which promoted unity within the members. The recording process was smooth and pleasant, with members showing courtesy to one another in comparison to ill feelings felt earlier. The album's title comes from a quote original guitarist Duane Allman used to describe the band: "The world is made of two great schools, enlightened rogues and religious fools."
The album was a commercial success in the United States, peaking at #9 and earning a RIAA gold certification. "Crazy Love" was the group's second of three Top 40 hits, reaching #29. Despite this, Capricorn would file for bankruptcy that fall, leading the Allman Brothers to sign to Arista Records.
Background
Following the critical and commercial failure of their fifth studio album, Win, Lose or Draw (1975), the Allman Brothers Band continued to tour nationwide, playing 41 shows to some of the biggest crowds of their career. The shows were considered lackluster and the members were excessive in their drug use. The "breaking point" came when Gregg Allman testified in the trial of erstwhile road manager Scooter Herring. Bandmates considered him a "snitch," and he received death threats, leading to law-enforcement protection. Herring was convicted on five counts of conspiracy to distribute cocaine and received a 75-year prison sentence, which were later overturned as he received a lesser sentence. For his part, Allman always maintained that Herring had told him to take the deal and he would take the fall for it, but nevertheless, the band refused to communicate with him. As a result, the band finally broke up; Leavell, Williams, and Jaimoe continued playing together in Sea Level, Betts formed Great Southern, and Allman founded the Gregg Allman Band.
Betts approached Allman with the prospect of a reunion in 1978. Allman, who was addicted to Dilaudid and vodka, met with his former bandmates after completing a detox program. He, Betts, Trucks, and Jaimoe all agreed to reform. "No one was pleased with how things had ended back in ’76, and the combination of the passing of time, missing each other musically, and money all made it easier for us to put the past behind us," Allman later wrote. Together, the rest of the band joined Great Southern for five songs during an August concert in New York's Central Park. Williams and Leavell were invited for the reunion, but were busy with Sea Level (Jaimoe had left the band several months prior). As a result, the Allman Brothers added two new members from Great Southern: guitarist "Dangerous" Dan Toler and bassist David "Rook" Goldflies. Jaimoe summarized the performance: "We were a little rusty—maybe a lot rusty—and we were playing with some different guys, but it felt good to be together." Following this, the band made an appearance at the annual Capricorn Records picnic.
The band were immediately pressured to record a new album, but declined, in order to see how everyone communicated "musically and spiritually." The band went into rehearsals in Sarasota, Florida, staying together at the Pirates Den on Anna Maria Island. The main reason for living together at the Pirates Den was to see if they could simply get along together. Meanwhile, former record label Capricorn Records had been splintering, and the band were not receiving their royalty payments. An audit revealed Capricorn was deep in debt to PolyGram Records; manager Phil Walden had borrowed $4 million he could not return. Steve Massarsky became the band's manager during this time, and helped renegotiate a deal with Capricorn Records. Despite their past royalty troubles, they trusted in Walden to get the record significant airplay and sales. Despite this, "Dickey Betts filed suit against Walden, alleging nonpayment of record and publishing royalties."
Recording and production
Enlightened Rogues was recorded between December 1978 and January 1979 at Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida. The album was produced by Tom Dowd. The band had not recorded at Criteria, or with Dowd, since 1971. For the album, the band strived to reach their "classic" sound, typified by their earliest releases. Criteria owned a row of houses along Biscayne Bay they allowed artists to stay in while recording; Eric Clapton had named his album 461 Ocean Boulevard after his residence while there. Allman recalled they stayed "three doors down" from that location while recording, and held fond memories for the location: "That place just calmed us all out—really helped us travel back in time. It was just a groove, man, one big family again. The house was huge, so there was plenty of room for all of us." A cook prepared breakfast and dinner for the group, and while all were still regularly using drugs, it was more controlled than it had been in the past.
Things went smoothly during the recording process. Goldflies remarked that Allman and Betts got along well: "What I saw many times, especially towards the beginning, was a real effort from both Gregg and Dickey to be really gracious to each other. I sensed there was a real effort to make it work. They tried to make it happen." Allman described reuniting with Dowd: "We had communication, and I mean the utmost communication. Tom was a master at getting everyone's attention focused on one little item, and I picked up so many little ways to go about things from him, and to keep from wasting time." The band lacked a slide guitarist, leading Betts to take over the role, which he disliked. He later noted that it altered the band's sound, which in its earlier days relied on Betts's guitar and a slide guitar working together with guitarist John Lundahl, a Chicago native. Allman partnered with former confidant Twiggs Lyndon once more as his manager, despite the wishes of Betts. Following a small altercation with Allman, he left the area and ceased being his manager.
Allman wrote "Just Ain't Easy" as a description of years living in Hollywood with pop star Cher, whom he was married to from 1975 to 1979. "It's about defeat and resignation, being on the bottom," he wrote. The album's title comes from a term original guitarist Duane Allman used to describe the band. An avid reader, Duane once told his brother a quote from a poem he read that he felt would make good lyrics: "The world is made of two great schools, enlightened rogues and religious fools." Trucks later summarized the album's recording and release as thus: "The chemistry wasn’t there. The only reason the first album was half successful was that Tom Dowd produced it and worked so hard."
Release
Capricorn Records filed for bankruptcy in October 1979. Betts won a substantial arbitration settlement, and "the rest of the Allman Brothers' members were next in line, likely to be followed by a litany of other Capricorn artists."
Track listing
Side one
"Crazy Love" (Dickey Betts) – 3:44
"Can't Take It With You" (Dickey Betts, Don Johnson) – 3:33
"Pegasus" (Dickey Betts) – 7:31
"Need Your Love So Bad" (John Mertis) – 4:01
Side two
"Blind Love" (B.B. King, Jules Taub) – 4:37
"Try It One More Time" (Dickey Betts, David Goldflies) – 5:04
"Just Ain't Easy" (Gregg Allman) – 6:06
"Sail Away" (Dickey Betts, John Lundahl) – 3:34
Personnel
Gregg Allman - Organ, Fender Rhodes, Clavinet, Lead Vocals, Backing Vocals,
Dickey Betts - Electric, Acoustic & Slide Guitar, Lead Vocals on 1, 8, Co-Lead Vocals on 6, Backing Vocals
Dan Toler - Electric & Acoustic Guitar
David Goldflies - Bass
Jaimoe - Drums, Congas
Butch Trucks - Drums, Congas, Backing Vocals
Additional musicians:
Joe Lala - Percussion (3, 5, 6)
Bonnie Bramlett - Background Vocals (1)
Jim Essery - Harmonica (2, 4, 5, 7)
John Lundahl - Rhythm Guitar (2)
Mimi Hart - Background Vocals (8)
Notes
References
External links
1979 albums
The Allman Brothers Band albums
Albums produced by Tom Dowd
Capricorn Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened%20Rogues |
Alone in the Dark is a 1982 American slasher film co-written and directed by Jack Sholder in his directorial debut, and starring Jack Palance, Martin Landau, Donald Pleasence, Dwight Schultz, and Erland Van Lidth. The plot tells about a psychiatrist's family who are besieged by four escaped mental patients during a power blackout. Following Stunts and Polyester, it was one of the first films produced by New Line Cinema.
Plot
Psychiatrist Dan Potter is appointed on the staff of Dr. Leo Bain's experimental psychiatric hospital, known as the Haven, in New Jersey. His predecessor, Dr. Merton, has taken a new position in Philadelphia. Dan, his wife Nell, and their daughter Lyla, move into a rural home in the area. At Haven, Dr. Bain uses lenient security methods, except with the third-floor patients, whom he keeps contained with an electric security door. Among them are former POW Frank Hawkes, pyromaniac evangelist Byron "Preacher" Sutcliff, obese child molester Ronald Elster, and a shy serial killer John "the Bleeder" Skagg, who refuses to show his face. Angered by Dr. Merton's departure, the third-floor patients irrationally blame Dan, believing he has murdered Merton and taken his place. The four men make plans to kill Dan, and retrieve his address from Dr. Bain's office.
Dan's younger sister, Toni, who has recently suffered a nervous breakdown, arrives to visit. Dan, Nell, and Toni go to a local rock club, while Lyla is left with babysitter Bunky. A regional power outage occurs. The security system at Haven fails, and the four men on the third floor escape, killing security guard Ray in the process, before killing another doctor and stealing his car. They stop by a local strip mall that is being looted during the blackout and arm themselves with weapons from a sporting goods store. They leave Skagg behind after he kills an innocent bystander.
The next morning, Preacher arrives at the Potter residence, pretending to be delivering a telegram, but Dan is not home. While Lyla is at school, Nell accompanies Toni to a nuclear power protest, where the women are arrested. Lyla arrives home from school and finds Ronald in the house, claiming to be a babysitter. After Nell phones Dan from jail explaining what has happened, Dan calls Bunky, who goes to check on Lyla. She finds Lyla asleep in her room, and invites her boyfriend Billy there to have sex. Preacher kills Billy by dragging him beneath the bed and stabbing him, while Ronald strangles Bunky. Lyla later awakens unharmed, but Ronald has vanished. Dan arrives home with Nell, Toni, and Tom, a fellow protester Nell and Toni met in jail, whom Toni is attracted to. They find police at the house, and Detective Barnett interviewing Lyla about the missing Bunky and Billy. Lyla explains that a man named Ronald babysat her; Dan recognizes him as one of the Haven patients.
Dan and Nell invite Detective Barnett to stay for dinner. While investigating a noise outside, Barnett is killed with a crossbow by Frank, which is witnessed by the entire family. Finding the phone lines cut, the family barricade themselves in the house. Meanwhile, Dr. Bain arrives after unsuccessfully attempting to reach Dan by phone, but is hacked to death by Preacher with an axe. Dan attempts to reason with the men, assuring them he has not killed Dr. Merton. Ronald throws Barnett's body through a window, and Preacher manages to infiltrate the basement, where he starts a fire. Dan bludgeons Preacher with an extinguisher canister before putting out the fire, locking the basement door behind him.
Ronald enters the kitchen and attempts to kill the family, but they work together to disarm him, before Tom kills him with a cleaver. Dan flees outside to retrieve Leo's car. While he does, Tom's nose begins bleeding profusely, revealing his identity as Skagg, the fourth patient. Hearing the screams, Dan flees back into the house. Skagg attempts to kill Toni, but Nell stabs him to death. Moments later, Preacher bursts out of the basement, but Dan stabs him to death. Frank appears with his crossbow, proclaiming, "It's not just us crazy ones who kill." Dan pleads with Frank to spare his family. Suddenly, the electricity is restored, and Frank witnesses Dr. Merton being interviewed on a local news station about the missing patients. Hysterical, Frank smashes the television and flees into the night.
A short time later, Frank arrives at the local rock club. A drunken woman approaches him inside. He pulls out a pistol, pointing it to her neck. Assuming he is playing a joke, the woman laughs, and so does Frank.
Cast
Production
Alone in the Dark was the first film produced by New Line Cinema, which had previously been exclusively a film distribution company. According to director Jack Sholder, he had listened to New Line founder Robert Shaye mull over the idea of getting into production of low-budget horror films, and pitched the idea of "a group of criminally insane guys escaping from a mental hospital during a blackout in NYC and creating mayhem and then getting rounded up by the mafia", citing a New York City blackout he had experienced several years prior as an inspiration. The script was considered too expensive to produce, so it was re-written as a home-invasion thriller (without the "mafia" angle). While New Line raised money for the film, Sholder worked as the editor of the 1981 slasher The Burning, which he credits with helping him learn about "building scares and how to build suspense and tension".
Sholder has said that the character of Dr. Leo Bain is based on Scottish psychiatrist R. D. Laing, who espoused a similar philosophy regarding the treatment of mentally ill patients.
Release
Alone in the Dark premiered in the United States on November 19, 1982. It was later screened at the 16th Annual Sitges Film Festival in October 1983, where Elizabeth Ward received an award for Best Actress for her work in the film.
Reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Alone in the Dark holds a 69% approval rating based on 13 critic reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10.
Brett Gallman from Oh, the Horror gave the film a positive review, commending the film for its tense atmosphere, dark humor, and Pleasence's performance. Felix Vasquez from Cinema Crazed offered similar praise, commending its unique style, gradual building of tension, performances, and twist ending. Vasquez concluded his review by writing, "Sholder succeeds in building the sense of isolation and dread in the climax, and sure, the plot twist with our characters is completely telegraphed minutes in advance, but it's still a fantastic revelation nonetheless". Dennis Schwartz from Ozus' World Movie Reviews rated the film a grade B: "Though the plot is hokey and its message is crazy, the maniacs- on -the -loose thriller is chilling". TV Guide awarded the film a negative 2/5 stars, calling it "a cut above the average maniacs-on-the-loose entry".
Home media
Alone in the Dark was released on RCA CED Videodisc in 1982, Also on DVD by Image Entertainment on September 13, 2005. Image would later re-release the film on June 5, 2007, as a part of a two-disk four movie pack. It was released for the first time on Blu-ray by Shout! Factory on September 14, 2021.
See also
Blackout - 2008 American horror film featuring a similar premise.
List of films featuring home invasions
References
External links
1982 films
1982 horror films
1982 thriller films
1980s slasher films
American horror thriller films
American independent films
American serial killer films
American slasher films
1980s English-language films
Films about psychiatry
Films directed by Jack Sholder
Films set in New Jersey
Home invasions in film
New Line Cinema films
Backwoods slasher films
1982 directorial debut films
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone%20in%20the%20Dark%20%281982%20film%29 |
Be Good is a 2005 album by Alex Fong (方力申).
Track listing
ABC君 (Mr. ABC)
自欺欺人 ft. 傅穎 (Self-Deception)
我們不是朋友 (We Are Not Friends)
密碼 (Password)
石像 (Statue)
自導自戀 (Directing Your Own Love)
好走 (Better Go)
希望我聽錯 (I Hope I Didn't Hear That)
你記得嗎? (Do You Remember?)
幸福家庭 (Happy Family)
2005 albums
Alex Fong (singer) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%20Good%20%28Alex%20Fong%20album%29 |
Eric Radomski is a producer best known as a co-creator of Batman: The Animated Series (as well as the co-director of the series' theatrical film Batman: Mask of the Phantasm). He has also acted as producer for Spawn: The Animated Series, Freakazoid!, Xiaolin Showdown, Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!, Ultimate Spider-Man, Avengers Assemble, Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. and Guardians of the Galaxy.
Career
Eric Radomski's career took off in the 1990s at Warner Bros. Animation with Batman: The Animated Series, with Radomski responsible for the show's iconic art style. After his contract with WBA expired, he joined HBO's Spawn. However, he returned to WBA for Xiaolin Showdown and Shaggy and Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!.
On March 7, 2008, Throwback Entertainment appointed Eric Radomski as its Chief Creative Officer
In 2010, he joined Marvel Animation as senior vice president, a role he's held ever since.
References
External links
American television producers
American people of Polish descent
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Radomski |
DSRV-1 Mystic is a deep-submergence rescue vehicle that is rated to dive up to 5,000 feet (1,500 m). It was built by Lockheed for the US Navy at a construction cost of $41 million and launched 24 January 1970. It was declared fully operational in 1977 and named Mystic.
The submarine was intended to be air transportable; it was long and in diameter, and it weighed 37 tons. The sub was capable of descending to below the surface and could carry 24 passengers at a time, in addition to its crew. It was stationed at Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego and was never required to conduct an actual rescue operation. Mystic was replaced by the SRDRS on September 30, 2008, and began deactivation on October 1, 2008. In October 2014, the submarine was donated to the Naval Undersea Museum.
See also
Awards
Meritorious Unit Citation with 3 stars (4 awards)
Navy E Ribbon (3 awards)
National Defense Service Medal with star (2 awards)
References
External links
NavSource Online: Submarine Photo Archive Mystic (DSRV-1)
USN Factfile DSRV 1 & 2
Liewer, Steve, "Goodbye To Mystic Minisub, Hello To Falcon", San Diego Union-Tribune, March 6, 2009.
Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicles
Cold War submarines of the United States
Ships built in the San Francisco Bay Area
1970 ships
Lockheed Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSRV-1%20Mystic |
The Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects, more commonly known as CROWCASS, was an organisation set up to assist the United Nations War Crimes Commission and Allied governments in tracing ex-enemy nationals suspected of committing war crimes or atrocities in Europe during the Second World War. The organisation was originally set up by the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) in 1945.
In 1947, CROWCASS published a four volume list divided into Germans, Non Germans and two supplementary lists of people suspected of committing war crimes between September 1939 and May 1945. To Allied Nazi hunters the CROWCASS lists became known as the 'Nazi Hunter's Bible'. The lists contain over 60,000 people in all. Not all of them are war criminals (some were simply being sought for interrogation or to act as witnesses), however within the pages of CROWCASS are the alleged perpetrators of tens of thousands of war crimes. Among those on the list are Case Registry No 1: Adolf Hitler - wanted for murder by Poland, Czechoslovakia and Belgium.
In 2005, the British government sanctioned the publication of the CROWCASS Consolidated Wanted Lists. Originally the lists were not intended to be in the public domain until the year 2023.
See also
Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects from the Kingdom of Italy
Footnotes
References
Simpson, Christopher. Blowback: The first full account of America's recruitment of Nazis, and its disastrous effects on our domestic and foreign policy, Chapter 6 'CROWCASS' pp. 66–79, 1988, Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company. 398 pp.
The Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects, Consolidated Wanted Lists (1947), 2005, The Naval and Military Press, Uckfield
International judicial organizations
Organizations established in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Registry%20of%20War%20Criminals%20and%20Security%20Suspects |
The đàn gáo (chữ Nôm: 彈𣂋) ("coconut shell fiddle") is a bowed string instrument, a part of the traditional Vietnamese orchestra. It is similar to the đàn hồ. The instrument originated from South Viet Nam, and is used in entertainment contexts. It can be played alone, as part of an orchestra, or to accompany cải lương (Vietnamese folk opera). The instrument’s name can be broken down as “đàn” meaning string instrument, and “gáo” literally translated as an aged coconut shell used as a scooper. The đàn gáo is most closely related to the fiddle in Anglo-American culture, and the yehu and banhu in Chinese culture.
Construction and design
The resonator of the đàn gáo is the coconut shell covered by leather. The neck extends from the coconut shell without frets. The head of the neck bends back and offers string adjusters. There are only two strings for this instrument, and the material is silk, which today can also be substituted with metal. The bow can be made of wood or bamboo, and the strings are also made of silk. By gliding the bow along the strings of the đàn gáo, high and full pitched sounds are produced. The sounds can be played with varying ranges of loudness as well as pitch range as long as the interval between the strings is a perfect fifth.
The đàn gáo, if not specifically described this way, can also be mixed up for other Vietnamese orchestral instruments- the đàn nhị and đàn ho. These primarily differ in the shape and material of the resonator, and the sound produced.
See also
Banhu
Cải lương
Đàn nhị
Yehu - Chinese instrument in the huqin family, similarly made with coconut
Music of Vietnam
References
Vietnamese musical instruments
Bowed instruments
Necked bowl lutes
Huqin family instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n%20g%C3%A1o |
The Sender is a 1982 British psychological horror thriller film directed by Roger Christian and written by Thomas Baum. It stars Kathryn Harrold, Željko Ivanek (in his film debut), Shirley Knight, and Paul Freeman.
Plot
A young, disheveled-looking man is awakened on the side of a road by passing traffic. He walks to a nearby lake and attempts to drown himself by filling his clothing with rocks and walking into the water, but is pulled out and taken to a nearby mental hospital for treatment. He is suffering from retrograde amnesia, unable to remember his name or details of his personal life, other that he lives in a house within several miles and has no father to speak of. Without any form of identification, the patient is designated “John Doe #83”, and placed under the care of psychiatrist Dr. Gail Farmer. Almost immediately, John begins to display odd behavior, with a fellow patient nicknamed “The Messiah” suddenly developing a delusion that he intends to behead him.
At her home later that night, Gail hears a window being broken and witnesses John entering her house and stealing a necklace from her nightstand. When she calls the police, they can find no evidence of a break-in, and her colleagues at the hospital tell her that John is fast asleep in his dormitory. Farmer quickly suspects that John is not all that he seems, as she continues to have strange visions while he is asleep. She theorizes to her boss Dr. Denman that John has some form of telepathy, wherein he “sends” his dreams into the minds of other people, causing them to experience semi-corporeal sensory hallucinations for the duration of the dream. Denman dismisses Gail's hypothesis as her developing a maternal bond with the young patient, and plans to have him treated with electroshock therapy against her wishes. Meanwhile, both Gail and John are haunted by the presence of a middle-aged woman named Jerolyn, apparently John's mother, who tells Gail that she must release John for everyone's well-being but disappears before she can be questioned further.
After John attempts suicide a second time, he's taken in by Denman for electroshock therapy. The moment the current is activated, John unconsciously sends violent and destructive hallucinations towards everyone in the hospital, both staff and patients. Gail rushes in and removes the electrodes. Now believing her hypothesis, Denman begins intensive study of John, while Gail continues to see Jerolyn and other cryptic visions sent by John, including one in which he lies dead with his body covered in rats. She suspects that the visions are memories of the recent past, repressed into the subconscious due to trauma. After John tells her that his mother used to lock him up in the house, she theorizes that Jerolyn, who believed that her son was a miraculous virgin birth, kept him trapped inside her house for his entire life, eventually trying to kill him with carbon monoxide poisoning when she believed he'd leave her.
John's telepathy quickly becomes more and more uncontrollable, especially after he begins “sending” while conscious. Despite Gail's protestations, John is taken into the surgical ward to have an intracranial operation to identify and neutralize the receptors causing his powers. Before the operation begins, the local Sheriff arrives to tell Denman and Gail that they found John's house and mother, but that she's been dead of carbon monoxide poisoning for five days, indicating that he killed her and not the other way around. John's placed under guard, but the moment the surgeons pierce his skull with a drill he suddenly lashes out again, this time causing the room to explode into flames. In the chaos, John steals Gail's car keys and escapes, guided by a vision of his mother.
When they arrive at their house, he turns on the gas stove to kill a swarm of cockroaches, but as he lies in bed he suddenly realizes that his mother is trying to kill him and snaps out of his hallucination. Gail bursts in and drags a suffocating John away, as they're pursued by the projection of his Jerolyn. They manage to get out of the house just before the gas ignites, destroying the house.
Some time later, John has regained his memory and tells his story – his mother tried to kill him, and when he realized what was happening, he fought her and inadvertently knocked her unconscious, leaving her to suffocate while fleeing the house. Unable to cope with what he'd done, his id took the form of a projection of his mother, trying to compel him to kill himself on multiple occasions. Seemingly cured, he leaves the hospital as Gail looks on, only to enter his truck with his mother sitting next to him, indicating he's still suffering from his condition and is bound to relapse.
Cast
Kathryn Harrold as Dr. Gail Farmer
Željko Ivanek as John Doe #83
Shirley Knight as Jerolyn
Paul Freeman as Dr. Joseph Denman
Sean Hewitt as The Messiah
Harry Ditson as Dr. Hirsch
Olivier Pierre as Dr. Erskine
Al Matthews as Herb
Marsha Hunt as Nurse Jo
Angus MacInnes as Sheriff Prouty
John Stephen Hill as Policeman
Jana Shelden as Nurse Reimbold
Tracy Harper as Young Girl
Monica Buford as Dr. Warren
Mary Ellen Ray as Nursing Staff
Production
Development
The screenplay was written by Thomas Baum, who based in on his own experiences growing up with an agoraphobic and overly protective mother.
The script was first purchased by 20th Century Fox, who were hoping for a quasi follow-up to Brian De Palma’s The Fury (1978)—a box office hit about another youth with devastating psychic powers—but the production floundered and was dumped before it got off the ground. The production was, almost immediately, picked up by Paramount Pictures who, after Friday the 13th (1980) and My Bloody Valentine (1981), were looking for something else to tap the lucrative slasher film market. However, director Roger Christian didn’t approach The Sender as a slasher-horror in the slightest, remarking that he wanted to make a film that was “more Bergman than Carpenter.”
Christian made his feature directorial debut with The Sender after producers were impressed with his previously directed short films, Black Angel and The Dollar Bottom. Several of his previous collaborators, including composer Trevor Jones, cinematographer Roger Pratt, and special effects supervisor Nick Allder, were retained by Christian for the film.
Casting
The titular role was played by a then-unknown Željko Ivanek, who had previously only ever acted on-stage. The other leading roles were played by Kathryn Harrold, Shirley Knight, and Paul Freeman. Among the supporting actors were Al Matthews, an American-born singer and radio personality living in the UK who later gained fame for his role in Aliens, and Angus MacInnes, a Canadian character actor known for his supporting roles playing North American characters in British films and television programmes.
Filming
Exteriors were filmed in the American state of Georgia, while interiors were filmed at Shepperton Studios in Surrey.
During filming, several scenes from the script were either changed or cut. Among these were a different ending, in which the character of Gail Farmer seemingly develops telepathic powers of her own.
Post-production
Dissatisfied with Christian's initial workprint cut as “overly slow” and “artsy”, studio executives ordered the film re-edited to start with the ending and tell the story in flashback. After some argument, in which editor Alan Strachan sided with Christian, it was put back in the original sequence.
Release
Due to Paramount Pictures’ lukewarm reception towards the film's initial cut and poor test screenings, the film was only given a limited release theatrically in the United States by Paramount Pictures in October 1982. It grossed $1,054,328 at the box office, less than its initial production budget. However one of Christian's foreign agents had been touting the film and it was selected to open for the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival in Avoriaz, France, where it was well received by the audience there and championed by director George Miller. It was then given a theatrical release in the United Kingdom by United International Pictures, and later Mexico.
Legacy
The film is often cited by critics as an influence on A Nightmare on Elm Street, with its mental hospital setting and use of surrealist, dream-like imagery particularly pertinent to the third film in the series, Dream Warriors. Elm Street writer-director Wes Craven was known to be a fan of writer Thomas Baum, asking him to co-develop his television series Nightmare Cafe.
On the commentary track for the DVD release of Hot Fuzz, Quentin Tarantino described The Sender as his favorite horror film of 1982.
References
Further reading
"Returning to Sender" by John Nicol, Fangoria magazine #318, November 2012, pages 64–66. Interview of director Roger Christian. Three-page article has seven photos. In the interview, he says he would be interested in doing a remake and discusses Quentin Tarantino's interest in the film.
External links
1982 films
1982 horror films
1980s psychological thriller films
British horror films
Films about amnesia
Films directed by Roger Christian
Paramount Pictures films
Films scored by Trevor Jones
1982 directorial debut films
Films produced by Edward S. Feldman
1980s English-language films
1980s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sender |
Stefan Antonov Sofiyanski ( ) (born November 7, 1951) is a Bulgarian politician who served as interim Prime Minister of Bulgaria in 1997 and was a three-term Mayor of Sofia. He was a leading member of the Union of Democratic Forces.
Sofiyanski was born in Sofia in 1951. He was a statistics graduate from the Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics and held a number of positions in the Ministry of Communications and Information during communist rule. He served in the cabinet of Filip Dimitrov and became one of the leading members of the UDF. He was elected Mayor of Sofia in 1995 and served in this position, being re-elected twice - in 1999 and 2003, until 2005 when he resigned to become a parliamentary deputy. He was appointed as caretaker Prime Minister by President Petar Stoyanov in 1997 until such time as Ivan Kostov could form a government.
In 2001 he announced that he was to leave the UDF and form his own party. He ultimately formed the Union of Free Democrats and, although it initially remained a part of the UDF, Sofiyanski and his party threw in their lot in with the Bulgarian People's Union. On January 1, 2007 he joined the European Parliament as one of Bulgaria's interim members until the elections in May of the same year.
In June 2008 Sofiyanski drew criticism from human rights advocates for his homophobic remarks following Bulgaria's first gay pride parade. In an interview for Darik Radio Sofiyanski said he "would never have authorized the parade," had he still been Sofia's mayor. With regard to the LGBT community, he stated that "those people have their rights to personal choice and privacy, however, homosexuality is condemned by the Bible and is unnatural, and has no right to publicity. It is as if thieves had a parade — because those people are thieves of morality."
References
External links
Biography of Sofiyanski
1951 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Mayors of Sofia
University of National and World Economy alumni
Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria) politicians
Bulgarian People's Union MEPs
Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20Sofiyanski |
Graham Anthony Devine (born 1971 in Liverpool, Merseyside) is an English classical guitarist.
Devine studied with Gordon Crosskey at Chetham's School of Music in Manchester. He moved to Brazil at the age of nineteen and quickly became known there as a teacher and performer.
Devine has been a laureate of many international competitions, including the Mottola International Guitar Competition in Italy, the Certamen Francisco Tárrega in Benicàssim, Spain, and the Stotsenberg International Guitar Competition in the United States. He won first prize at the 2002 Alhambra International Guitar Competition in Alcoy, Spain, and again at the Emilio Pujol Guitar Competition in Italy.
He has recorded three CDs for Naxos Records, featuring music by Leo Brouwer, Antonio Carlos Jobim, Alan Rawsthorne, Heitor Villa-Lobos and William Walton, among others. His other recordings for Granary-Guitars include music by Johann Sebastian Bach, Enrique Granados, Manuel Ponce, Joaquín Rodrigo and Domenico Scarlatti and the first recording of Federico Moreno Torroba's Sonata-Fantasia.
Graham Anthony Devine is known for his varied use of tone colour on the guitar, a style which many have compared with that of Julian Bream, whom Devine has called "the greatest guitarist of the 20th century."
He is currently a guitar tutor at Trinity College of Music in London.
References
External links
Graham Anthony Devine's website
Discography
Appassionata (Granary Guitars 2002) Granary Guitars
Leo Brouwer: Guitar Music, Vol. 3 (Naxos 2003)
Burgalesa (Granary Guitars 2004)
Manhã de Carnaval: Guitar Music from Brazil (Naxos 2004)
British Guitar Music (Naxos 2005)
Leo Brouwer: Guitar Music, Vol. 4 to be released (Naxos 2007)
English classical guitarists
English male guitarists
1971 births
Living people
Musicians from Liverpool
21st-century British guitarists
21st-century British male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Anthony%20Devine |
Gustav Simon (2 August 1900– 18 December 1945) was a Nazi Party official who served as Gauleiter of Gau Moselland from 1931 to 1945 and, from 1940 until 1942, as Chief of Civil Administration in occupied Luxembourg. In this position, he was chiefly responsible for the Holocaust in Luxembourg.
Early years
Gustav Simon's father was a railway official. His parents farmed small plots on the Hunsrück. Simon went to a volksschule in Saarbrücken, and thereafter underwent training as a schoolteacher in Merzig. Although he passed his teaching examinations, he was not able to secure a teaching job. He then decided to work towards obtaining his abitur, and meanwhile he was employed as a railway assistant in Hermeskeil and as a customs broker from 1920 to 1922. He passed his abitur, and studied economics and law at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main from 1922 to 1925, planning to become a teacher. In 1923, while still a student, Simon was a member of a völkisch College Group (völkische Hochschulgruppe) in Frankfurt, and was elected to the position of Second Chairman that year.
Nazi Party career
In 1924, when the Nazi Party was banned after the failed Beer Hall Putsch, Simon joined the National Socialist Freedom Party, a Nazi front organization. After the Nazi Party was re-founded, Simon joined it on 14 August 1925, with membership number 17,017, thereby becoming one of the "Old Fighters" ("alte Kämpfer") who would later automatically be decorated with the Golden Party Badge. Shortly after joining, Simon founded the Hochschulgruppe Frankfurt of the National Socialist German Students' League and in 1927, he was chosen by the majority of students to be President of the General Students' Committee. In addition, he had already founded a local NSDAP local branch (Ortsgruppe) in Hermeskeil in autumn 1926. After completing his studies in May 1927, he was employed as a business teacher in Völklingen. Before a year was even out, though, he left the school and began working full-time for the Nazi Party at the invitation of Robert Ley, then the Gauleiter of the southern Rhineland.
Beginning in 1928, Simon quickly rose in the Party hierarchy. In 1928 he became NSDAP Bezirksleiter (District Leader) for the Trier-Birkenfeld district, and in 1929 for the Koblenz-Trier district. In November 1929, he was elected to the Koblenz City Council and the Landtag of Rhine Province. On 14 September 1930, he was elected a member of the Reichstag for electoral district 21, Koblenz-Trier. On 1 June 1931, Adolf Hitler appointed him Gauleiter of the newly created Gau Koblenz-Trier when Ley’s Gau was divided in two. In 1933 Simon published a Nazi newspaper, the Coblenzer Nationalblatt and served as its editor-in-chief. After the Nazi seizure of power, he was appointed the President of the Rhineland Landtag on 10 April 1933 and became a member of the Prussian State Council in July 1933. In 1934 came an appointment as a Prussian Provincial Councilor for the Rhineland and, in September 1935, he was made a member of the Academy for German Law. Unlike most other Gauleiters, Simon did not belong to the SA or the SS; however, he was a member of the National Socialist Motor Corps (Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps, NSKK) being promoted to NSKK-Gruppenführer on 9 November 1935 and NSKK-Obergruppenführer on 30 January 1939.
At the start of the Second World War, Simon was made a member of the Defense Committee for Wehrkreis (Military District) XII that included his Gau, which was renamed Moselland on 24 January 1941. On 16 November 1942, Simon was named Reich Defense Commissioner for the Gau. In this capacity, he had responsibility for civil defense, air defense and evacuation matters, as well as wartime rationing and suppression of black market activity.
Simon had the reputation of a notoriously corrupt administrator. Considered by many as one of the least able and most arrogant of the Gauleiters, his jurisdiction was riddled with corruption and nepotism. Due to his short stature and toxic personality, he was derisively referred to as the "Toadstool of Hermeskeil."
Chief of Civil Administration in Luxembourg
After the German invasion and conquest on 10 May 1940, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg first fell under the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France, commanded by General der Infanterie, Alexander von Falkenhausen. Under this commander, Simon took over civil administration of Luxembourg on 25 July 1940. The military occupation status ended on 2 August 1940, when Simon was appointed Chief of Civil Administration (Chef der Zivilverwaltung, CdZ) by a decree from the Führer (Führererlass). His representative in this function was the Regierungspräsident (Government District President) of Trier, . Their job was to give the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg – now the CdZ-Gebiet Luxemburg – German administrative structures, and to prepare it to become an integral part of the Greater German Reich.
Political assimilation
On 6 August 1940, Simon ordered all police functions removed from the Luxembourg gendarmerie and entrusted to German police units. On 14 August, he proscribed references to the “State” or “Grand Duchy” of Luxembourg and suspended its constitution. On 26 August, the Reichsmark was introduced as legal tender and, on 20 January 1941, the Luxembourg franc was abolished. All existing political parties were banned and the only authorized political institution was the Volksdeutsche Bewegung (Ethnic German Movement) whose slogan was "Heim ins Reich" (Home to the Reich). Its declared aim was the full incorporation of Luxembourg into Nazi Germany. On 23 October 1940, Simon issued proclamations dissolving the Parliament and Council of State. In January 1941, all manual laborers were required to join the German Labor Front. Finally, on 30 August 1942, Luxembourg was formally annexed to the Greater German Reich, becoming part of Gau Moselland. Simon ordered that all Luxembourger males born between 1920 and 1924 were subject to compulsory military conscription into the Wehrmacht. In protest, a general strike broke out the next day and was ruthlessly suppressed by Simon who declared martial law. He threatened striking workers with execution unless they returned to their factories, and 20 strike leaders were eventually executed at the Hinzert concentration camp. In addition, some 2,000 persons were arrested and 290 high school students who had participated were deported to “re-education” camps in Germany.
Germanization
In addition to the political assimilation, Simon pursued a harsh and unrelenting policy of cultural Germanization. On 6 August 1940, he ordered the closure of all French schools and banned the use of the French language and the Luxembourgish language. German was declared the exclusive official language for government, education, the media, law and the economy. All commercial signs, building inscriptions, advertising and printed matter, as well as all traffic, street and road signs were required to be in German. Violations were punishable by fine or imprisonment.
Additionally, on 31 January 1941, Simon issued orders that Luxembourgers with non-German or foreign given names were required to adopt the German version of that name or, if no such form existed, to select a German given name. Likewise, those whose surname had been of German origin but had later been changed to a non-German form, were required to resume the original surname.
Jewish persecution and genocide
There were estimated to be about 3,500 Jews in Luxembourg at the beginning of the Nazi occupation and Simon immediately began the process of attempting to make the area Judenfrei. On 5 September 1940, he issued an order for the expropriation of the Jewish population. This was followed by the introduction of the Nuremberg Laws into Luxembourg. Jews were encouraged to emigrate voluntarily, principally to Vichy France or Portugal. In September 1941, the public wearing of the Star of David to identify Jews was ordered, and Jews were rounded up and confined to an internment camp near Troisvierges. By October 1941, only about 750 Jews remained in the country and forced deportations began to ghettos or extermination camps in the east. Nearly all were forcibly removed in eight transports between October 1941 and September 1943. It is estimated that of the 634 deported, only 36 survived. In total, about 1,945 of Luxembourg’s Jews perished by the war’s end.
Capture and death
Simon fled Luxembourg on 9 September 1944, ahead of the advancing U.S. Army that entered Luxembourg City without a fight the next day. On 25 September 1944, Simon was made commander of the Nazi militia, the Volkssturm, in Gau Moselland. However, in spring 1945, the Allied offensive continued and the Gau's capital, Koblenz, fell on 19 March. Simon fled eastward and, when the war ended in May, he went into hiding in Upsprunge, a community in Salzkotten, Westphalia, using his mother's maiden name of Woffler and posing as a gardener. On 10 December 1945, he was seized by British Captain Hanns Alexander and a detachment of soldiers. The next day he was taken to a British Army prison in Paderborn where he unsuccessfully tried to kill himself by cutting his wrists.
Following his death on 18 December 1945, several contradictory rumors persisted about the place and the circumstances of Simon's end. The stories, however, can be grouped into two fundamental versions:
The official version has it that Simon died in Paderborn, as the registry office there recorded on the death certificate (registration number 66/1946, February 1946). Simon is said to have hanged himself in his cell with a piece of rope fashioned from his bedding, shortly before he was to have been handed over to Luxembourg.
The second, unofficial version has it that Simon died in Luxembourg. After the British Occupation Administration agreed to hand him over, he was to have been taken by car by two Luxembourgers from Paderborn to Luxembourg City so that he could be brought to book before a court there. Shortly before reaching Luxembourg, at Waldhaff, there was an incident provoked by Simon in which he was killed. This version has it that to cover up the murder, the media, among them the agency DANA (Deutsch-Amerikanische Nachrichtenagentur) and the Tageblatt, were furnished with information by Captain Alexander, about the "suicide in Paderborn."
In any event, Simon's body was taken to the prison in Grund, a neighbourhood in the capital, where it was photographed by the press, and then buried. Simon’s premature death thwarted any trial. The murder version has been investigated in studies based on both British and Luxembourgish archival documents. Thomas Harding revealed that his great-uncle, Hanss Alexander, was believed by his family to have been involved in the murder:
Gustav Simon had been alive when Hanns picked him up from Paderborn prison, and that he did not hang himself, as Hanns had written in his field report. Instead, Hanns had then been joined by seven Luxembourg partisans, Captain Leone Muller among them, taken Simon to a forest outside of Paderborn and executed him. Having sworn an oath never to reveal what took place, Hanns was alleged to have covered up the murder, presenting the 'official version' at the press conference the next day in Luxembourg. This alternative account is bolstered by various inconsistencies with the official version: why, for instance, if Simon had committed suicide in prison on 18 December 1945, was a death certificate not issued until 8 February 1946, a full two months after his death? Equally, how could a man who was 1.6m high possibly hang himself from a bedpost that was 1.4m high? Even if such a feat was technically possible, how could the guard posted outside his door on suicide watch, for twenty-four hours a day, not have noticed what was taking place inside the cell? Finally, if the suicide had taken place, why had so many people come forward saying that the official version was untrue? According to this unofficial account, the murder was motivated either by Luxembourg collaborators, who did not want Simon to reveal their identities in court or by partisans, angry at Simon's treatment of the Luxembourg nationalists and Jews.
See also
List of people who died by suicide by hanging
References
Sources
Arndt, Ino: Luxemburg. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hg.): Dimension des Völkermords. Die Zahl der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Sources and accounts of contemporary history, published by the Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Band 33, R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München 1991, S. 95-104, .
Dostert, Paul: Luxemburg zwischen Selbstbehauptung und nationaler Selbstaufgabe. Die deutsche Besatzungspolitik und die Volksdeutsche Bewegung 1940-1945. Diss. Freiburg, Luxembourg 1985.
Kienast, E. (Hg.): Der Großdeutsche Reichstag. IV. Wahlperiode, Beginn am 10. April 1938, verlängert bis zum 30. Januar 1947. Berlin 1943.
Schneider, Volker: Gauleiter Gustav Simon, der "Moselgau" und das ehemalige SS-Sonderlager/KZ Hinzert. In: Hans-Georg Meyer/Hans Berkessel (Hg.): Die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus in Rhineland-Palatinate. Für die Außenwelt seid ihr tot. Hermann Schmidt, Mainz 2000, Bd. 2, S. 276-307, .
Spang, Paul: Gustav Simons Ende. In: Hémecht. Zeitschrift für Luxemburger Geschichte. Revue d'histoire luxembourgeoise 44 (1992) 3, S. 303-317.
External links
Gustav Simon in the Rhineland-Pfalz State Archive Administration
Destruction of the Jews of Luxembourg in the Holocaust Research Project
1900 births
1945 deaths
1945 suicides
Gauleiters
German newspaper editors
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
German schoolteachers
Holocaust perpetrators in Germany
Holocaust perpetrators in Luxembourg
Luxembourg in World War II
Members of the Academy for German Law
Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
National Socialist Freedom Movement politicians
National Socialist Motor Corps members
Nazis who committed suicide in Germany
Nazis who died by suicide in prison custody
People from Saarbrücken
People from the Rhine Province
Prisoners who died in British military detention
Suicides by hanging in Germany
Volkssturm personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Simon |
The Artistry of Michael Bolotin is an album by Michael Bolton. The third and final album, using his given name. It is a compilation from his first 2 RCA albums (Michael Bolotin, 1975 and Everyday of My Life, 1976).
Track listing
"Rocky Mountain Way"
"Time Is on My Side"
"Your Love"
"You're No Good"
"It's Just A Feeling"
"Take Me As I Am"
"Dancing In The Street"
"These Eyes"
"If I Had Your Love"
"Lost In The City"
References
Michael Bolton compilation albums
1993 albums
RCA Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Artistry%20of%20Michael%20Bolotin |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Jamaica face legal and social issues not experienced by non-LGBT people. Consensual sexual intercourse between same-sex partners is legally punishable by imprisonment.
Jamaica has long held strongly conservative views towards homosexuality, with recent polls stating that the majority of Jamaicans are against the acceptance of homosexuality. Most of the population is affiliated with Christianity and the Rastafari movement, which have both encouraged negative feelings towards homosexuality. Discrimination and violence against LGBT persons are very common and LGBT people in Jamaica often remain closeted to avoid discrimination or harassment. In 2006, Time magazine labelled Jamaica "the most homophobic place on Earth", and in 2013 the majority of LGBT people said they were subject to homophobic violence in public.
The government of Jamaica said in 2012 that it "is committed to the equal and fair treatment of its citizens and affirms that any individual whose rights are alleged to have been infringed has a right to seek redress." The government also claimed that "there is no legal discrimination against persons on the grounds of their sexual orientation" though there is widespread homophobia and a sodomy law (The Offenses Against the Person Act of 1864) that is still in effect.
Laws, policies, and the Jamaican constitution
History of the criminalisation of LGBT individuals
Islands in the Commonwealth Caribbean adopted British buggery laws; however these laws were not as strictly regulated in the Caribbean as they were in the United Kingdom up until the Victorian era. Prior to this era, recounts were made of the island's British occupants engaging in sodomy, which may correlate with the fact that the first colonists were mostly men. The slave communities in Jamaica and the rest of the British Caribbean were made up of men and women from West Africa, the men being more sought after by slave owners.
In England, the Buggery Law of 1861 was liberalized in 1967. By this point, Jamaica had already gained its independence in 1962, and thus its buggery law adopted from the British constitution, remained intact and is still in force to this day.
Laws against same-sex sexual activity: The Offences Against the Person Act (1864)
Jamaica's laws do not criminalise the status of being LGBT but instead outlaw associated conduct, including anal sex and any sex between men. The Offences Against the Person Act (OAPA) provides as follows:
Section 76. Unnatural Offences. Whosoever shall be convicted of the abominable crime of buggery, committed either with mankind or with any animal, shall be liable to be imprisoned and kept to hard labour for a term not exceeding ten years.
Section 77. Attempt. Whosoever shall attempt to commit the said abominable crime, or shall be guilty of any assault with intent to commit the same, or of any indecent assault upon any male person, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and being convicted thereof, shall be liable to be imprisoned for a term not exceeding seven years, with or without hard labour.
Section 79. Outrages on decency. Any male person who, in public or private, commits, or is a party to the commission of, or procures or attempts to procure the commission by any male person of, any act of gross indecency with another male person, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and being convicted thereof shall be liable at the discretion of the court to be imprisoned for a term not exceeding two years, with or without hard labour.
"Gross indecency" is not defined by the OAPA but has been interpreted as "referring to any kind of physical intimacy", including merely holding hands.
According to Human Rights Watch, regardless of how often persons are convicted of buggery or gross indecency, "the arrests themselves send a message." The Jamaican press publishes the names of men arrested for those crimes, "shaming them and putting them at risk of physical injury." The gross indecency law in Section 79 made LGBT persons "vulnerable to extortion from neighbours who threatened to report them to the police as part of blackmailing schemes."
Section 80. Other matters. Any constable may take into custody, without a warrant, any person whom he shall find lying or loitering in any highway, yard, or other place during the night, that is to say the interval between 7 o'clock in the evening and 6 o'clock in the morning of the next succeeding day, and whom he shall have good cause to suspect of having committed, or being about to commit any felony in this Act mentioned, and shall take such person, as soon as reasonably may be, before a Justice, to be dealt with according to law.
Police have great discretion in detaining individuals under Section 80. This and other laws are used by police to detain LGBT men who are engaged in sodomy or other sexual acts or forms of intimacy with another man, or who are abusing animals.
Decriminalisation efforts
The European Parliament in 2005 passed a resolution calling on Jamaica to repeal its "antiquated and discriminatory sodomy laws and to actively combat widespread homophobia".
Following Jamaican Prime Minister Portia Simpson's pledge that "no one should be discriminated against because of their sexual orientation", and that the government will seek a review of the buggery law (which did not happen), LGBT rights campaigner Maurice Tomlinson filed a case against Jamaica at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in February 2012. He had fled the country because of death threats after news about his marriage to his partner Tom Decker in Canada reached the local media.
In February 2013, AIDS-Free World filed a legal complaint with the Jamaica Supreme Court on behalf of Javed Jaghai, who said his landlord kicked him out of his home because of his sexual orientation. In June 2013, the court began hearing the case. In August 2014, he was forced to withdraw his lawsuit, citing death threats and concerns for his personal safety and that of his family.
In November 2015, LGBT activist Tomlinson filed another lawsuit with the Jamaican Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of Jamaica's laws criminalizing consensual sex between men, saying that the colonial-era statute violates several provisions of the Jamaican constitution, including the right to privacy. He also argues the sodomy law violates “the right to protection from inhuman or degrading punishment or other treatment.” The legal challenge is being supported by the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network and AIDS-Free World. In February 2016, the court held a first hearing of the constitutional challenge. The Public Defender (PD) Arlene Harrison Henry applied to be joined as interested parties. It was adjourned to 26 April 2016 when the applications by the various parties were heard. In July 2016, the court blocked Henry from participating in the suit, and as a result, she sought leave to appeal the denial of participation to the court of appeal. The Supreme Court suspended the hearing of the case pending the decision of the Appeal Court. After a two-year delay, the Court of Appeal upheld the Supreme Court ruling barring Henry from joining Tomlinson in the lawsuit, leaving him alone in the case. A preliminary hearing was held attempting to block Tomlinson from making a Charter of Rights argument. The judge determined in 2022 that the issues could not be separated. There is no date set for the main hearing.
In 2012, a gay man named Gareth Henry and a lesbian woman, Simone Edwards, filed complaints at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. The two members of Jamaica's LGBT community have put themselves forward as petitioners in the case. Both claim they fled Jamaica because of those laws. Gareth Henry sought asylum in Canada in 2008 after enduring repeated attacks by homophobic gangs and police brutality, and said he was forced to flee Jamaica in fear of his life. Simone Edwards fled Jamaica and was granted asylum in the Netherlands in 2008 after two men in a homophobic gang fired shots at her house. They also tried to kill her two brothers, one of whom is gay. Six years later, in July 2018, The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights announced it would review whether it could make a case to challenge Jamaica's anti-buggery laws. The IACHR in its report setting out the decision, acknowledged the victims' concerns about "violence and discrimination against LGBT people and the impact of buggery laws,” and noted that, “if proved, the alleged facts relating to threats to life, personal integrity, interference with private and family life, obstacles to the right of residence and movement, unequal treatment, lack of access to justice and judicial protection, and interference in access to health care, could establish possible violations of (…) the American Convention [on Human Rights]”. The Government of Jamaica has objected to the admissibility of the Petition and defended its anti-gay laws. The case remains pending, as of 2023.
In December 2018, a Jamaican parliamentary committee recommended holding a national referendum on repealing the country's anti-sodomy law. The recommendation was criticised by LGBT activists, who felt a referendum was not needed and that people should "stay out of gays' bedrooms".
Efforts to increase criminal penalties
In 2009, Ernest Smith, a Labour Party member of Parliament, stated during a parliamentary debate that "homosexual activities seem to have taken over" Jamaica, described homosexuals as "abusive" and "violent", and called for a stricter law outlawing homosexual conduct between men that would impose sentences of up to life in prison.
Absence of laws protecting LGBT people from discrimination
The Civil Service Staff Orders of 2004 (which have the force of law) protect Jamaican civil servants from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation.
According to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Jamaica has "no law which prevents discrimination against an individual on the basis of his or her or their sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. There is no legislation addressing hate crimes in Jamaica."
Jamaican Charter Of Rights
In 2011, a national Bill of Rights was formally added to the Jamaican Constitution (Chapter 3). While it does guarantee all citizens numerous civil and political rights, it pointedly stipulates that the charter does not invalidate laws dealing with sexual offenses, pornography, or "the traditional definition of marriage".
Recognition of same-sex relationships
In 2011, the Parliament passed The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (Constitutional Amendment) Act, 2011 which explicitly banned same-sex marriage and any other kind of union to be recognized in Jamaica.
In 2019, both Prime Minister Andrew Holness of the Jamaica Labour Party and the Leader of the Opposition Peter Phillips of the People's National Party announced their opposition to the legalisation of same-sex marriage.
In July 2019, after previously speaking out and filing several lawsuits against Jamaica's homophobic laws, Maurice Tomlinson petitioned the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), requesting that it rule that Section 18 (2) of the Constitution of Jamaica, which does not recognise same-sex marriages, contravenes various articles of the American Convention on Human Rights ratified by Jamaica. He argues that because the Jamaican constitution does not recognise same-sex marriage, he and his husband Tom Decker are unable to enjoy the benefits and protections afforded to them. Tomlinson wants to return to Jamaica, with his Canadian husband in order to work and look after his ageing parents, who are in rapidly declining health. The petition also says that by virtue of this constitutional ban against non-heterosexual unions, there is neither an adequate nor effective domestic remedy available to him and/or his same-sex husband under Jamaican law. It also outlined several instances in which persons believed to be members of the LGBT community had been killed. He is asking the IACHR to require Jamaica to fulfil its human-rights obligations under the convention and to recommend that the government repeal Section 18 (2) of the Constitution of Jamaica in order to comply with the country's obligations under the convention. Further, he wants the IACHR to recommend that the government allow the naturalisation of same-sex spouses of Jamaican citizens on the same conditions as heterosexual spouses of Jamaican citizens. He also wants the Jamaican government to condemn and monitor serious human-rights violations, including discrimination and hate speech, as well as incitement to violence and hatred. A letter dated July 18, 2019, has subsequently been sent to Ambassador Audrey Marks, permanent representative of Jamaica to the Organisation of American States, requesting a government response to the petition in three months.
Jamaican political parties
Neither one of the two major political parties in Jamaica has expressed any official support for legal rights for its LGBT citizens. However, at a televised debate in late December 2011 between opposition leader (and former prime minister) Portia Simpson-Miller of the People's National Party (PNP) and then-Prime Minister Andrew Holness, Simpson-Miller said she would consider appointing anyone she felt was most qualified for her cabinet, regardless of sexual orientation, and added that she wanted to see conscience votes allowed by the major parties on LGBT rights issues in parliament. Although Simpson-Miller was criticised by some social conservatives for her stance, it did not affect the PNP's sweeping election victory days later.
During the 2001 elections, the Jamaican Labour Party adopted "Chi Chi Man" by T.O.K., controversial for its lyrics which promote the murder of gays, as its theme song. In April 2006, then-opposition leader and future prime minister Bruce Golding vowed that "homosexuals would find no solace in any cabinet formed by him". Two years later, when asked if LGBT people could be in the cabinet, he said, "Sure they can be in the cabinet - but not mine."
The conservative National Democratic Movement opposes LGBT rights on religious grounds, alongside the more leftist economic parties such as the People's National Party and the New Nation Coalition.
LGBT rights movement in Jamaica
Organisations
J-FLAG
J-FLAG, the Jamaican Forum for Lesbians, All-Sexuals and Gays, was founded in December 1998, and operates underground and anonymously. It is the first LGBT human rights organisation in Jamaican history, and its primary efforts include legal reform and advocacy, public education, crisis intervention, and support programs.
Quality of Citizenship Jamaica
Quality of Citizenship Jamaica (QCJ), founded by Jalna Broderick and Angeline Jackson in 2013, was an organisation that works toward creating safe spaces to empower the LGBT community. Its primary goal was to improve the lives of lesbian and bisexual women as well as transgender individuals, and part of the organisation's vision was to enhance the healthcare opportunities for LGBT women and youth, specifically regarding mental health and HIV/AIDS awareness. In his visit to the University of the West Indies in Kingston, United States president Barack Obama stated about Jackson, Instead of remaining silent, she chose to speak out and started her own organisation to advocate for women like her, and get them treatment and get them justice, and push back against stereotypes, and give them some sense of their own power.
QCJ ended operations in 2018.
Important people
Brian Williamson
One of the best-known Jamaican gay rights activities and co-founder of J-FLAG. He was one of the first publicly out gay figures in Jamaica, while the rest of J-FLAG was still operating as an underground organization.
In June 2004, he was brutally murdered. He was set to have an interview with a researcher from Human Rights Watch the same day. The researcher witnessed a crowd outside his home celebrating the murder and chanting slurs.
Maurice Tomlinson
Maurice Tomlinson is a Jamaican lawyer, law professor, and gay rights activist currently living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In 2011, the Jamaica Observer, a local newspaper published an article with a photograph of him with his Canadian husband during their wedding ceremony. After the article was published, Tomlinson began receiving death threats and moved to Toronto. On 27 November 2015, he filed a Jamaican Supreme Court case challenging the nation's sodomy law. He stated in the court filings, "the laws of Jamaica that criminalise consensual sexual intimacy between men essentially render me an un-apprehended criminal." He says that the 1864 law was worsened when the requirement of the convicted to carry offender identification was added in 2011, punishable by an additional twelve months in prison and a one million dollar fine. He argues that the law as a whole encourages violence, and in a blogpost for Human Rights First in January, 2016, he stated the following:I filed a constitutional challenge against Jamaica’s sodomy law, citing the law’s violation of the protections outlined in Jamaica’s Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. These include the rights to liberty and freedom of the person, freedom of expression, privacy and family life, and freedom from inhuman or degrading punishment or other treatment, among others.Since then, Tomlison has continued to speak out against homophobia in Jamaica.
Dr. J. Carolyn Gomes
Carolyn Gomes is currently the executive director of the Caribbean Vulnerable Communities Coalition (CVC), which works with Caribbean populations who are particularly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS and have social and financial barriers barring them from treatment and aid. Prior to assuming this role in January 2014, Gomes served as executive director of Jamaicans for Justice (JFJ), which she founded in Kingston in 1999 in order to fill the gap needed in Jamaica for a citizens' rights action group that works towards eradicating corruption in the judicial system and the public sphere as well as imbalances in the socio-economic system. She resigned from JFJ in 2013 after nationwide pushback on the sexual education leaflets the organisation produced for adolescents, due to their mentioning of anal sex. She speaks out on LGBT issues as they relate to her organisation and in part due to the fact that her sister is a homosexual woman.
Nicolette Bryan
Nicolette Bryan is a queer Jamaican woman who is a co-founder of Women's Empowerment for Change (WE-Change) and has been serving as the Executive Director since November 2017, upon her return from the United Kingdom as a Chevening Scholar. She is one of the more notable young women's rights activists in the country and can be credited with being an instrumental in the abortion reform movement currently ongoing in Jamaica.
International opinion
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in 2012 said that "discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression is widespread throughout Jamaica, and ... discrimination against those in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and intersex ... communities is entrenched in Jamaican State institutions. Those who are not heterosexual or cisgender face political and legal stigmatisation, police violence, an inability to access the justice system, as well as intimidation, violence, and pressure in their homes and communities."
Human Rights Watch said in 2012 that because of homophobia, "human rights defenders advocating the rights of LGBT people are not safe in Jamaica".
United Nations
A Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of Jamaica was completed in 2011 under the auspices of the United Nations Human Rights Council. In its report,
Jamaica stressed that, although consensual sex between adult males remained proscribed by law, there was no legal discrimination against persons on the grounds of their sexual orientation. Jamaica pointed out that Jamaican law did not criminalise lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender orientation, nor did the Government condone discrimination or violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons. It added that there had been no credible cases of arbitrary detention and/or harassment of such persons by the police, nor was there any such official policy. Likewise, there was no evidence of any mob-related killing of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender persons. Jamaica stressed that the issue of male homosexuality was one of great sensitivity in Jamaican society, in which cultural norms, values, religious and moral standards underlay a rejection of male homosexual behaviour by a large majority of Jamaicans; and that the Government was committed to ensuring that all citizens were protected from violence.
During the UPR working group meeting, Australia encouraged Jamaica to repeal its laws against same-sex activities and condemn homophobic statements made by public figures. The Netherlands expressed concern about harassment of LGBT persons and stated that legislation criminalising consensual same-sex activities might contribute to the problem. The United States "remained concerned about continuing discrimination, violence and exploitation, especially against the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community."
Slovenia stated that the abuse and harassment of LGBT persons by law enforcement officials were "highly worrisome". The United Kingdom encouraged Jamaica to promote tolerance and end discrimination against LGBT persons. Sweden expressed concern about the criminalisation of consensual sex between men and inquired about whether there were initiatives to decriminalise it.
Jamaica refused to support the recommendations made about LGBT rights. "In response to questions regarding sexual orientation, Jamaica ... noted that sexual orientation was not criminalised, only a specific act. Jamaica stated that it was aware of existing concerns and observed that this was a sensitive issue." In addition, "Jamaica explained that the government has raised public awareness" about sexual orientation and discrimination and "will continue to do so, but that this needed resources."
Living conditions
Anti-LGBT violence
Human rights non-governmental organisations and governmental entities have agreed that violence against LGBT people, primarily by private citizens, was widespread in 2012. The Jamaican Forum for Lesbians, All-Sexuals and Gays (J-FLAG) in 2012 "continued to report serious human rights abuses, including assault with deadly weapons, 'corrective rape' of women accused of being lesbians, arbitrary detention, mob attacks, stabbings, harassment of gay and lesbian patients by hospital and prison staff, and targeted shootings of such persons."
According to the Bureau of Democracy for Human Rights and Labor at the U.S. Department of State, "Police often did not investigate such incidents. During 2012, J-FLAG received 68 reports of sexually motivated harassment or abuse, which included 53 cases of attempted or actual assault, including at least two killings, and 15 reports of displacements. J-FLAG data showed that young people, ages 18 to 29, continued to bear the brunt of violence based on sexual orientation." In Jamaican prisons, there were numerous reports in 2012 of violence against gay inmates, perpetrated by wardens and other inmates, but few inmates sought recourse through the prison system.
Amnesty International has "received many reports of vigilante action against gay people by members of the community, and of ill-treatment or torture by the police. Gay men and lesbian women have been beaten, cut, burned, raped and shot on account of their sexuality. ... We are concerned that these reports are just the tip of the iceberg. Many gay men and women in Jamaica are too afraid to go to the authorities and seek help." This violence has prompted many gay persons to emigrate and hundreds of LGBT Jamaicans to seek asylum in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.
Violence against HIV positive people is commonplace, but legal repercussions for the aggressor are rare. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS representatives for Jamaica have described the blind-eye towards homophobic violence as "legalised discrimination" and have claimed that the violence has driven the HIV epidemic further underground, making access to treatment and outreach more difficult.
In January 2018, Jamaica banned Steven Anderson, from the Faithful Word Baptist Church in Tempe, Arizona, a Holocaust-denying anti-gay pastor, after an outcry from activists on the island. The pastor said he was about to board a flight to Kingston when he was informed he would not be allowed into Jamaica.
In January 2019, Director of Tourism Donovan White said that gay tourists are welcome, and that Jamaicans harboured no open hostility towards gay visitors during a press conference at the Caribbean Travel Marketplace in Montego Bay.
In September 2019, Mayor Omar Davis of Montego Bay, and Councillor Charles Sinclair (both elected officials) blocked the use of the local cultural center by the local LGBT group in a bid to protect the "sacredness" of the building. The government's actions forced the cancellation of the pride events; no other venues would rent their premises to the LGBT group, following the actions of Davis and Sinclair. Other venues cancelled their reservations made by the LGBT group owing to fear of a backlash. Furthermore, the policed advised that because of the mayor and councillor's actions, and the homophobic hysteria that had been whipped up, they could not provide any kind of protection to LGBT Jamaicans. These circumstances forced the cancellation of the scheduled Pride events that were to be held in October 2019.
Media
In 2012, in what was called "an unprecedented constitutional legal challenge "a case was filed by LGBT activist Maurice Tomlinson in the Supreme Court of Jamaica against Jamaican television stations for refusing to air a 30-second advertisement “Love and Respect.” The ad, which promotes recognition of the humanity of LGBT people, was rejected by Television Jamaica (TVJ), Public Broadcasting Corporation (PBCJ) and CVM Television (CVM TV). in May 2013, the lawsuit was heard. In November 2013, the case Maurice Tomlinson v TVJ, CVM and PBCJ the Constitutional Court ruled against Tomlinson. The case was appealed. in February 2016, the Jamaican Court of Appeal heard the appeal, after it was originally scheduled in July 2015. The TV station Public Broadcasting Corporation (PBCJ) was not included in the appeal, and CVM withdrew from the case saying that they would accept any decision from the court. The court reserved its judgement, and the decision is pending.
Particular incidents
In June 2004, founding member and the public face of the Jamaican Forum for Lesbians, All-Sexuals and Gays (J-FLAG), and Jamaica's leading gay-rights activist, Brian Williamson, was stabbed to death in his home. Police ruled that the murder was the result of a robbery, but J-FLAG believes his murder was a hate crime. Human Rights Watch (HRW) researcher Rebecca Schleifer had a meeting with Williamson that day, and arrived at his home not long after his body had been discovered:
She found a small crowd singing and dancing. One man called out, "Battyman he get killed." Others were celebrating, laughing and shouting "Let's get them one at a time", "That's what you get for sin". Others sang "Boom bye bye", a line from a well-known dancehall song by Jamaican star Buju Banton about shooting and burning gay men. "It was like a parade", says Schleifer. "They were basically partying."
HRW also reported that police helped a suspect evade identification, and consistently refused to consider the possibility of a homophobic motive for the killing, with the senior officer responsible for the investigation claiming "most of the violence against homosexuals is internal. We never have cases of gay men being beaten up [by heterosexuals]."
A friend of Williamson's, Lenford "Steve" Harvey, who worked in Targeted Interventions at Jamaica AIDS Support for Life, was shot to death on the eve of World AIDS Day the following year. Gunmen reportedly burst into his home and demanded money, demanding to know: "Are you battymen?" "I think his silence, his refusal to answer that question sealed it," said Yvonne McCalla Sobers, the head of Families Against State Terrorism. "Then they opened his laptop and saw a photograph of him with his partner in some kind of embrace that showed they were together. So they took him out and killed him." Six people were charged with the killing. Their trial began, and was then postponed, in 2007. It was resumed in 2012; in 2014, one of the accused was set free.
In April 2006, students at the Mona campus of the University of the West Indies rioted as police attempted to protect a man who had been chased across the campus because another student had claimed the man had propositioned him in a bathroom. The mob demanded that the man be turned over to them. It only dispersed when riot police were called in and an officer fired a shot in the air.
In November 2012, two campus security guards beat a reportedly gay university student when he sought refuge from a mob of fellow students who were chasing him. The security company fired the two guards, and their action was condemned by the University of Technology, as well as the security company. The university established a working group to develop a sensitisation and education program to deal with intolerance and bullying, and to recommend corrective measures.
In July, a mob in St. James stabbed to death a gender-nonconforming 16-year-old, Dwayne Jones. The murder attracted international attention and outrage, especially in North America, resulting in condemnation of the killing by human rights groups. Police investigated the murder, however, no one has been arrested or charged, and the crime is still considered unsolved, as of 2022.
In August 2013, Dean Moriah, a gay businessman in Montego Bay, was stabbed to death in his home. His house was then set on fire and his car was stolen in the same incident. Following the murder, an investigation was launched to determine whether Moriah had been targeted due to his sexuality and both local and international gay rights activists argued that the murder was a homophobic hate crime. In 2014, a nineteen-year-old man was formally charged with the murder.
Also in August 2013, two men who were perceived by angry residents to be gay were forced to take refuge in a police station after a minor car accident.
In August 2017, Dexter Pottinger, a Jamaican gay activist, fashion designer, and face of Jamaica Pride 2016 and 2017, was robbed and found murdered with 25 knife stab wounds at his home in St. Andrew. In April 2019, in what has been described as a gay panic defense case, Romario Brown, who was initially charged with the murder of Pottinger, pleaded guilty to the lesser offence of manslaughter after his caution statement revealed that his actions were caused by provocation by the deceased. In May 2019, he was sentenced to 12 years for manslaughter. Pottinger's relatives said that the sentence was too short. His sister, Tashan Adams, said that the family was not satisfied and questioned the claims of the murderer.
Public attitudes toward LGBT people
A poll in 2001 showed that 96 percent of Jamaicans were opposed to any move that would seek to legalise homosexual relations.
Results from the "National Survey of Attitudes and Perceptions of Jamaicans Towards Same Sex Relationships" were published in 2011. Based on a random survey in late 2010 of 1,007 Jamaicans, aged 18–84, 85.2 percent were opposed to legalising homosexuality among consenting adults. In addition, 82.2 percent said that male homosexuality was immoral, 75.2 percent believed that female homosexuality was immoral, and 75.3 percent believed that bisexual relationships were immoral.
In 2008, a poll of 1,008 Jamaicans was conducted that read, "Whether or not you agree with their lifestyle, do you think homosexuals are entitled to the same basic rights and privileges as other people in Jamaica?" 26 percent said "yes", 70 percent said "no", and 4 percent did not know.
In 2012, a poll revealed that about a third of the population—over 900,000 Jamaicans—believe the government is not doing enough to protect LGBT people from violence and discrimination.
A 2016 poll from J-Flag shows that 88 percent of those polled disapprove of homosexuality.
Gender
Homophobia based on masculine idealization
Jamaica has a heavily male-dominated social structure. Consequently, heterosexual relations are praised as signs of male virility in the lyrics of popular songs, particularly in Jamaican dancehall. Homosexual intercourse in this context is seen as a potential affront to the male "ideal". Popular music similarly reproduces and enforces heteronormativity and aggressive homophobia in Jamaican culture. The chorus of Jamaican dancehall hit "Boom Bye Bye" by Buju Banton repeats: "Boom bye bye Inna batty bwoy head, Rude boy no promote no nasty man Dem haffi ded". The song, commonly played in Jamaica for over ten years after it released, explicitly calls for the murder of men who have sex with men. This trope is rather common in dancehall music and reflects the "remarkably ubiquitous" homophobia in Jamaica. Aggressive homophobic attitudes in Jamaica are mostly attributable to the norms of hypermasculinity, which is roughly equivalent to the machismo found in Central and South America.
Homophobia in Jamaica is bolstered by the contemporary association of homosexuality with colonization, and by extension, of homophobia with anti-colonialism. Scholar Wayne Marshall describes that, in Jamaica, acts of homosexuality are believed to be "decadent products of the West" and "are thus to be resisted alongside other forms of colonization, cultural or political." This sentiment is easily demonstrated in the Jamaican dancehall hit "Dem Bow" by Shabba Ranks, in which homosexuality is violently condemned alongside a call for the "freedom for Black people."
Jamaican male sexual identity has long been defined in opposition to homosexuality. According to Dr. Kingsley Ragashanti Stewart, a professor of anthropology at the University of the West Indies, "A lot of Jamaican men, if you call them a homosexual, ... will immediately get violent. It's the worst insult you could give to a Jamaican man." Dr. Stewart believes that homophobia influences almost every aspect of life and shapes the everyday language of ghetto youth. "It's like if you say, 'Come back here,' they will say, 'No, no, no don't say 'come back'.' You have to say 'come forward,' because come back is implying that you're 'coming in the back,' which is how gay men have sex."
Attitudes about lesbians
Jamaica Gleaner columnist Morris Cargill, who supported the "nurture" view with respect to environment and sexual orientation, opinionated in 1999:
There seems to be a certain logic in female homosexuality. For if it is true, broadly speaking, we acquire our first sexual proclivities in infancy, girl children who are petted and fondled by their mothers, nurses and female relatives acquire what might be said to be a "normal" sexual affection for their own sex. But this is not true of male children, so it seems to me that there is a very fundamental difference between male and female homosexuality.
Amnesty International, however, has received reports of violence against lesbians, including rape and other forms of sexual violence. Lesbians reportedly have been attacked on the grounds of "mannish" physical appearance or other visible "signs" of sexuality. Some reports of abduction and rape come from inner-city communities, where local non-governmental organisations have expressed concerns about high incidences of violence against women.
Although lesbian civil ceremonies have taken place, Jamaica does not recognise any legal basis for partnerships between women. In 2012, American couple Jamaican-born Nicole Y. Dennis-Benn and Emma Benn held the first lesbian wedding in Jamaica, although their marriage was not legally recognised in Jamaica, they were by law, legally married in New York State (which legalised same-sex marriage in 2012) where they reside. The couple had their celebration ceremony in Jamaica after being lawfully married in the United States.
Transgender individuals
What makes the lives of transgender individuals in Jamaica different from those in other countries is the fact that Jamaican society has an exceptionally low tolerance for LGBTQ individuals, especially male-to-female transgender women, according to a case study done by the University of West Indies’ Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social Economic Studies. The stigmas placed upon these individuals influence their perception of the world, and upon internalising these stigmas, the treatment process becomes more difficult. The viewpoint arises that doctors will stigmatise patients or treat them badly because of the unconventionality of the treatment being carried out. Ultimately, low tolerance leads patients to obtain less treatment overall.
Religion
Homophobia based on religion
Many Jamaicans identify as devoutly Christian and claim that their anti-gay stance is based on religious grounds.
In June 2013, Jamaican church pastors rallied nearly 1,500 people in Kingston to support the country's buggery laws. Pastor Leslie Buckland of the Church of Christ argued that LGBT activists were trying to "take over the world" with their challenge of the laws. Buckland said that if the laws were repealed, activists would "go back to the court to make it a criminal offense to speak against the homosexual lifestyle."
In February 2006, a coalition of church leaders and members of the Lawyers' Christian Fellowship declared their opposition to the privacy provisions of a proposed Charter of Rights that would form the basis of an amended Jamaican Constitution. Chief among the concerns was that homosexuality could be made legal, although Justice Minister A. J. Nicholson and the leader of the opposition, Bruce Golding, denied this and opposed decriminalising buggery.
Cecil Gutzmore at the University of the West Indies has written that religious fundamentalists believe that the Bible variously declares homosexuality to be an "abomination", a "vile affection", "unseemly", "not natural", or a "form of ungodliness".
Those who commit this great sin are thus unequivocally construed ... as legitimate subjects to be punished by terminal violence, a fate not only dealt out directly by God Himself but, presumably, also by those regarding themselves as His faithful servants and the possible agents of His will. These persons feel a kind of righteous justification for ... acting violently on God's behalf against perceived homosexuals and homosexuality. ... In Jamaica metaphorical stones enthusiastically and destructively cast take the form of homophobic song lyrics, passionate sermons, and parliamentary and party conference speeches that voice a refusal to liberalize anti-homosexuality laws.
Local LGBT-rights group J-FLAG acknowledges that anti-LGBT sentiment is influenced by certain passages from the Bible, but counters that,
the appropriation by legislatures of the Christian condemnation of homosexuals is a purely arbitrary process, guided largely by individual biases and collective prejudices. In the case of adultery, of which much more mention is made in Biblical text, Jamaica has no law pertaining to its condemnation or prosecution. The same applies to the act of fornication.
Attitudes of Rastafari from Jamaica
There are some homophobic attitudes in the Rastafari movement, according to an anonymous, well-educated Rasta elder in 2007:
The real reason why the average "Jah D" in Jamaica has this extreme, rational aversion to male homosexuality is not ... because of "fear of the other", it is not because of Biblical injunction; it is not because of its supposed "un-Africanness" nor the fact that Jamaica is nominally a "Christian country". It is simply that he cannot condone the abandonment of the clean "nip and tuck" of normal heterosexual relations for the unhygienic foray amid waste matter, unfriendly bacteria and toxic germs.
Senior Rastafari Ras Iyah V opposes the repeal of Jamaica's buggery laws. "I would have to stand with those who oppose homosexuality because that is not our way. From a moral and traditional African point of view, homosexuality is not acceptable."
Some Rastafari from Jamaica, however, have supported gay rights. British-born writer Benjamin Zephaniah said in 2005, "[I]t hurts when I see that [Jamaica] ... is now associated with the persecution of people because of their sexual orientation. I believe it is my duty to call upon all the progressive people of Jamaica ... to take a stand against homophobia." Mista Mahaj P, a Jamaican-born Rastafari based in the United States, released in 2011 reggae's first pro-gay album entitled Tolerance. King B-Fine, a Rastafari Reggae artist born in Jamaica, openly supports gay rights. He clarified this after some controversy about his song "Jah Nah Dead".
Pop culture
Portrayal of LGBT people in popular Jamaican music
Jamaica's popular culture has a strong tradition of music, including reggae and dancehall. As a consequence, performers are high profile, both influencing popular opinion and reflecting it. The United States Department of State said that in 2012 "through the songs and the behavior of some musicians, the country's dancehall culture helped perpetuate homophobia." In its 2011 review of Jamaica for compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the United Nations Human Rights Committee expressed regret over "virulent lyrics by musicians and entertainers that incite violence against homosexuals" and recommended that Jamaica investigate, prosecute, and sanction persons who do so.
Artists such as Buju Banton, Bounty Killer, Beenie Man, Mavado, Sizzla, Elephant Man, Capleton, T.O.K., Vybz Kartel and Shabba Ranks have during their careers written or performed, or both, songs that advocate attacking or killing gays and lesbians.
Buju Banton, according to Time Magazine, "is an avowed homophobe whose [1992] song Boom Bye-Bye decrees that gays 'haffi dead' ('have to die')." The song also "boasts of shooting gays with Uzis and burning their skin with acid 'like an old tire wheel'." Buju Banton's manager, Donovan Germain, has insisted that "Buju's lyrics are part of a metaphorical tradition. They're not a literal call to kill gay men."
One of Beenie Man's songs contains the lyrics: "I'm a dreaming of a new Jamaica, come to execute all the gays." Bounty Killer has urged his listeners to burn "Mister Fagoty" and make him "wince in agony." Elephant Man said in one of his songs, "When you hear a lesbian getting raped / It's not our fault ... Two women in bed / That's two Sodomites who should be dead." Lyrics from Sizzla's songs include: "Shot battybwoy, my big gun boom." (Shoot queers, my big gun goes boom.)
Some Rastafari have advocated for violence and discrimination against LGBT people. When singing about gay males, those advocates have used terms like "MAUMA MAN (Maama Man), FASSY HOLE (or simply FASSY), MR. BURN, PUSSYHOLE, FAGGOT, FISHMAN, FUNNY MAN, BUJU MAN, FREAKY MAN, POOP MAN, BUGGER MAN and the most commonly used, BATTY MAN (butt man) and CHI CHI MAN (chi chi, in Jamaica, is the slang for vermin)."
When singing about gay women, they have used terms like "SODOMITE, CHI CHI GAL or simply LESBIAN." The Bobo Ashanti, including dancehall singers Sizzla, Capleton, and Anthony B, condemn everything in conflict with their beliefs: "Fire pon politicians, Fire pon Vatican, Fire pon chi chi man..." Some singers have defended themselves by saying that it is "a 'spiritual fire.'"
An international campaign against homophobia by reggae singers was headed by OutRage!, the UK-based gay activism group, and the UK-based Stop Murder Music Coalition. An agreement to stop anti-gay lyrics during live performances and not to produce any new anti-gay material or re-release offending songs was reached in February 2005 between dancehall record labels and organisations opposed to anti-gay murder lyrics.
According to a 2005 published report, the Canadian High Commission in Jamaica was also requiring performers who wished to tour in Canada to sign an Entertainer Declaration that stated that they had read and fully understood excerpts from the Criminal Code, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and the Canadian Human Rights Act and would not "engage in or advocate hatred against persons because of their ... sexual orientation." Calls for a boycott of Jamaica and its music in Canada had provoked a debate over censorship and free expression in both Jamaica and Canada.
In August 2013, Queen Ifrica made anti-gay comments at the Grand Gala independence celebrations in Kingston, which were promptly criticised and labelled as inappropriate by the government's Ministry of Youth and Culture. The promoters of Rastafest in Toronto, held later the same month, then dropped her from the concert lineup after various persons and groups protested her inclusion.
A 2010 random survey of Jamaican adults showed that among those who most listened to reggae music, 65.0 percent expressed repulsion (the most negative emotion among the Riddle scale's eight possibilities) about persons in same-sex relationships. The percentages for dancehall music were 62.8 percent, 47.5 percent for rhythm and blues, 45.4 percent for those with no music preference, 42.9 percent for old hits and gospel, 35.3 percent for rock/alternative, and 30.8 percent for hip hop/rap.
In 2022, during Pride Month, Jamaican Canadian singer Mark Clennon released a music video for his song "Kingston", which featured a romantic storyline between Clennon and male model Jean-Julien Hazoumi. The music video, filmed in Kingston and co-directed by Clennon and Canadian filmmaker M. H. Murray, became the first music video shot in Jamaica to feature an on-screen romance between two men.
Portrayal of LGBT people in literature
LGBT individuals are represented in the work of Jamaican authors such as Claude McKay, who left Jamaica in 1912 to pursue his writing career in Harlem. McKay is among the first Jamaican fiction authors to write about homosexuality; however, he refrained from being open about his own sexuality. In his novels Home to Harlem and Banjo, he creates "homosocial" worlds in which men engage sexually exclusively with other men. McKay is more widely known and accepted among the black community as a powerful figure in the Harlem Renaissance than as a pivotal figure in the queer community.
LGBT Pride events in Jamaica
In 2015, Jamaica held its first LGBT Pride celebrations, known as PRIDEJA, a week-long event used to highlight the island's efforts to tackle discrimination and hate against the LGBT community. However, there was no parade, as it would have been risky for the marchers, according to J-FLAG. The Mayor of Kingston, Angela Brown-Burke, attended and spoke at the event, voicing her support by saying: "I come from the point of view that I, as mayor, have a responsibility to all the individuals of Kingston. There are individuals who are minorities who have been struggling in terms of their identity and finding their own space. It is important for us to provide safe spaces for them." Then Minister of Justice Mark Golding issued a statement in support of the gay Pride celebration, saying "I support the right of all Jamaicans, including members of the LGBT community, to express their opinions through any lawful means. As the LGBT community embarks on a week of activities to build awareness of the rights and needs of their members, I urge all Jamaicans to respect their right to do so in peace." Hollywood actor Elliot Page also attended the event. At the 2018 event, the cocktail reception was jointly hosted by the Charge d’ Affaires of the US Embassy, Eric Khant; British High Commissioner to Jamaica, Asif Ahmad and Canadian High Commissioner to Jamaica, Laurie Peters. It has been yearly celebrated ever since.
In October 2015, another pride event, Montego Bay Pride, was held for the first time, and has been yearly celebrated ever since. Growing from about 150 participants in 2015, it expanded to over 300 persons in 2016, to over 850 in 2017, and to over 900 in 2018. The 2017 pride saw Jamaica's first ever LGBT film festival, with four nights of documentaries highlighting the work for LGBT human rights in Canada, the United States, Uganda, and India. The 2018 pride saw a walk for acceptance and equality despite fear of attacks. Venues of pride events are not disclosed for security reasons.
Health and wellness
Mental health
In a study by the International Journal of Sexual Health in 2007, in which LGBT individuals were selected from groups for sexual minority support, human rights, and HIV/AIDS care and prevention, 13% of individuals interviewed were diagnosed with depression, and 11% met the criteria for substance abuse. 76% of the participants reported that they were victims of abusive experiences up to twelve months prior to the interview, of whom 19% reported physical violence. There are several human rights and sexual minority support groups and HIV/AIDS programs already existing in Jamaica that provide social support, information services, counselling, legal representation, and education, but many argue that these programs lack organisation and do not have enough mental health counsellors.
HIV/AIDS
Established and underlying determinants
According to a study conducted in 2015, adverse life events and low literacy have an effect on the prevalence of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Jamaica. Through the survey method, the researchers in this experiment found that these two factors are underlying determinants of the infection, and HIV was found most prevalent in MSM who were sex workers and had been raped. These men had lower self-esteem, which often leads to a reduction in ability to practice safe sex. Risk factors of HIV that have already been classified as established determinants such as receptive anal intercourse and casual sex partners tended to be more common among those MSM who had dealt with the issues formerly stated. Other underlying determinants of HIV include employment as sex workers, which made up 41.1% of those surveyed, and identifying as transgender, as did 52.9% of the survey participants. Overall, 31.4% of the MSM surveyed were HIV positive.
Prevention efforts
There are many efforts to combat HIV/AIDS in Jamaica and the broader Caribbean today. In 2001, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Heads of Government declared AIDS as a regional priority of the Caribbean, and the Pan Caribbean AIDS Partnership (PANCAP) was formed in order to initiate the region's response to HIV.
In Jamaica itself, there is a National Human Immunodeficiency Virus program based in the Jamaican Ministry of Health designed to slow the epidemic and decrease its impact. It has been a national plan in Jamaica to respond to HIV since 1988 when the National AIDS Committee was established to lead the island's multi-sectoral response to HIV/AIDS. To prevent the epidemic, information, education, and communication campaigns have been formed to promote condom use, control sexually transmitted infections (STI), and form workplace programs, HIV testing, and counselling.
There have also been efforts to minimize the stigma and discrimination surrounding issues relating to HIV and AIDS in Jamaica. In 2001, antiretroviral therapy was introduced in order to prevent vertical transmission of HIV from mother to child. In 2004, a public access treatment program was introduced, and in 2005 parliament unanimously adopted a national HIV/AIDS policy. The 2007-2012 National Strategic Plan included in it Jamaica's efforts toward aims to achieve access to HIV prevention worldwide.
Homophobia and HIV/AIDS in Jamaica
An estimated 1.8 percent of the age 18–49 population of Jamaica was HIV positive in 2011. The rate for men who have sex with men was 32.8 percent. The highest rates of infection were in the most urbanised parishes and in tourist areas. The HIV epidemic has been closely tied to poverty and developmental and socio-cultural issues, including slow economic growth, high levels of unemployment, early sexual debut, the culture of multiple partnerships, and the informal drug and commercial sex sectors.
In 2004, Human Rights Watch issued a report on the status of LGBT people in Jamaica. The report documented widespread homophobia and argued that the high level of intolerance was harming public efforts to combat violence and the AIDS-HIV pandemic.
The way Jamaicans associate HIV with homosexual anal sex has been partly shaped by the international media coverage at the beginning of the epidemic. Dr. Robert Carr, widely recognised as one of the world's leading researchers on cultural forces and the unfolding of the HIV pandemic, said:
AIDS was seen as a disease of gay, White, North American men. And people were really afraid of it. There were no treatments available in the Caribbean at the time, so AIDS really was a death sentence. You had people with Kaposi's sarcoma, people with violent diarrhoea, who were just wasting away and then dying in really horrible and traumatic ways. To call what was going on here "stigma and discrimination" was really an understatement. In the ghettos[,] they were putting tires around people who had AIDS and lighting the tires on fire. They were killing gay people because they thought AIDS was contagious. It was a very extreme environment, and really horrible things were happening.
Stigma has been associated with HIV in Jamaica since the beginning of the epidemic, partly because of its association with male homosexuality. Jamaican men, in particular, are so concerned about being associated with homosexuality that they are hesitant to seek HIV treatment and prevention services. Poor men living with HIV are assumed to have participated in same-sex sexual acts, and poor men who participate in those acts are assumed to be HIV positive. Some people in Jamaica become suicidal when they first receive their HIV diagnosis, rooted in the fear of isolation and discrimination that will result from others finding out and not from the potential of death associated with it. HIV is a reportable disease, resulting in a visit by a contact investigator who asks for the names of sexual partners.
The spread of HIV also encourages a cycle of blame and violence, which marginalises and encourages violence against a gay lifestyle. This cycle takes on further meaning under Jamaican law, which criminalises all anal sex and often turns a blind eye to violence against homosexuals. Few are willing to take up the language of human rights against what is happening to homosexuals and HIV positive individuals because they are considered responsible for the spread of HIV.
A study conducted by AIDS researchers found that half of surveyed university students in Jamaica felt sympathetic towards heterosexual men and non-sex workers who were HIV positive, but did not feel the same for homosexual men and female sex workers. Essentially this study showed that less blame is attached to people who became positive through "less controllable" acts such as voluntary heterosexual intercourse or drug use. Many Jamaicans felt that sex workers and homosexuals are not to be pitied for contracting HIV because they were acting in a way that knowingly put themselves at higher risk.
The secretive nature of gay culture in Jamaica makes outreach nearly impossible. Fear of being identified as gay has forced many men into early marriages in the hopes of avoiding future accusations. Miriam Maluwa, the UNAIDS country representative for Jamaica, said, "[Gay men] marry fairly rapidly, they have children fairly rapidly to regularise themselves, and that is really a ticking bomb". Gay men forced into heterosexual marriage are thus likely to have extramarital affairs, putting their wives at high risk for infection too.
Summary table
See also
Human rights in Jamaica
LGBT rights in the Americas
LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations
References
Further reading
External links
Persecution of LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20rights%20in%20Jamaica |
White Mountain Cooler was an alcoholic beverage that debuted in the US market in 1985. It was produced by the Stroh Brewery Company. By 1987, it was ranked fifth in the malted beverage cooler market.
White Mountain was originally formulated as a malternative, and was the top-selling brand of malternative beverages which were very popular in the mid-to-late 1980s. White Mountain was often called a wine cooler but was more accurately labeled a "beer cooler" by many, as its base was an alcoholic malt beverage rather than wine. The beverage was very sweet and came in strong fruit flavors such as Wild Raspberry, Original Citrus, and Cranberry Splash that obscured the taste of its alcoholic base. It was considered a popular alternative to beer, and was often targeted toward women and younger consumers.
White Mountain was sold in 12 oz. bottles, with an alcohol content similar to that of beer (approximately 5% ABV). It was also available on draft (draught), and in 32 and 40 oz. bottles in select markets.
Variants
Stroh's changed the formulation to a wine base shortly before discontinuing the product line. With Miller and Anheuser-Busch, Inc. exiting the cooler market in 1989 and 1987 respectively, White Mountain Cooler remained as the only brewery-produced wine cooler.
Trademark
In March 1988, Stroh's began using the slogan, WHITE MOUNTAIN COOLER - CRISP AND REFRESHING - COLORADO PREMIUM COOLER COMPANY
Stroh's filed a U.S. federal trademark registration for it later that year in July 1988. It was registered in 1990, and canceled in 1996.
Advertising
Radio ads for White Mountain Cooler were mostly unscripted. An associate creative director at Grey Advertising assisted with the creation of the White Mountain Cooler Comedy Tour. In 1990, Stroh's announced it would no longer be using Grey's for White Mountain Cooler advertising.
Related products
Competitors to White Mountain included Gallo's Bartles and Jaymes wine coolers, Seagram's Coolers, Brown Forman's California Cooler, Canandaigua Wine Company's Sun Country Wine Cooler, Miller Brewing Company's Matilda Bay Coolers, and Anheuser-Busch's Dewey Stevens coolers and malt-based beverages like G.Hielmans Champale and Malt Duck. Wine cooler sales started to fall sharply by the end of the decade, and White Mountain, along with the entire industry, virtually disappeared in the early 1990s. The emergence of Zima as the new malternative marked the end of White Mountain. Miller and Anheuser Busch exited the wine cooler market. California Cooler and Sun Country ceased production. Gallo and Seagram's switched their Coolers to malt-based in the late 1980s.
A renaissance in the malternative industry that began with Zima and continued through the late 1990s introducing brands such as Mike's Hard Lemonade and Smirnoff Ice has been marked by better advertising and crisper-tasting products than the White Mountain Cooler. However, for many members of Generation X, White Mountain marked the genesis of beer-based beverages for people who did not like to drink beer.
See also
Comparison of alcopops
References
Alcopops
American alcoholic drinks
Alcoholic drink brands
Premixed alcoholic drinks
Products introduced in 1985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Mountain%20Cooler |
Think Tank (1994-2010) — also known as Think Tank with Ben Wattenberg — was a discussion program that aired on Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), hosted by Ben Wattenberg. Andrew Walworth was co-creator and executive producer. The program was a co-production of New River Media and BJW Inc.
In addition to its weekly half-hour broadcast, Think Tank produced a number of special editions, including The First Measured Century, a three-hour documentary series and Heaven On Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism (2005), a three-hour documentary series on the history of socialism, based on the book of the same title by Joshua Muravchik. The series aired from 1994 to 2010.
External links
Official Think Tank Page
Archive of full-length episodes on video
References
1994 American television series debuts
1990s American television talk shows
2000s American television talk shows
2010s American television talk shows
PBS original programming
2010 American television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think%20Tank%20with%20Ben%20Wattenberg |
Ark 21 Records was a record label established by Miles Copeland III and Stewart Copeland in 1997. It was based in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles.
Artists
Kathem Al-Saher
Ragheb Alamah
Aswad
The Badlees
The Beautiful South
John Berry
Belinda Carlisle
Paul Carrack
Concrete Blonde
Delinquent Habits
Farrah
Faudel
Hakim
Wayne Hancock
Darren Holden
The Human League
Waylon Jennings
Eric Johnson
Khaled
Liquid Soul
Pat MacDonald
Cheb Mami
Manu Chao
Mohamed Mounir
Alannah Myles
Neon Steam Dreams
Ocean Colour Scene
Pentaphobe
Porcupine Tree
Emma Shapplin
Maia Sharp
Steve Stevens
Strontium 90
Rachid Taha
Therapy?
Simon Townshend (Pete Townshend's younger brother)
Transglobal Underground
Defunct record labels of the United States
Pop record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%2021%20Records |
Julaybib was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and martyr in the early Muslim community.
Name
His name was acquired prior to his acceptance of Islam and is considered semantically unusual in Arabic; julaybib means "small grown" being the diminutive form of the word jalbab, referring to Julaybib's unusually short stature. Sources also describe him as being damim, suggesting physical unattractiveness or deformity.
Family
Julaybib's lineage was unknown and there is no record of his parents or what tribe he belonged to. All that was known of him was that he was an Arab and that he was one of the Ansar in Medina.
Marriage
Muhammad suggested Julaybib as a match for a woman from the Ansar known for her beauty, modesty, and devotion. While the girl's parents—particularly the mother—were unsatisfied with the proposal at first, the daughter willingly consented and was married to Julaybib. The couple lived together until he was martyred in an expedition soon after. It is said that Julaybib's wife was the most eligible unmarried woman in Medina.
Martyrdom
Soon after his marriage, Julaybib participated in a military expedition with Muhammad and was martyred.
A hadith found in Sahih Muslim reports that after the expedition when accounting for missing persons, Muhammad ordered a search for Julaybib. He was found lying next to seven enemies he had slain in the battle before being killed. When he was found, Muhammad said, "He is from me and I am from him," and then he lifted Julaybib's body himself. Thereafter, he was buried. Some sources in the Islamic tradition report that the sky was filled with thousands of angels who had come to participate in his funeral.
References
See also
Salaf
Sahaba
Medieval Arabs killed in battle
Arab Muslims
Sahabah martyrs
6th-century Arab people
7th-century Arab people
Sahabah killed in battle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julaybib |
Breweries in the U.S. state of Colorado produce a wide range of beers in different styles that are marketed locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally. In 2012 Colorado's 161 breweries and brewpubs and 3 wholesalers employed 5,000 people directly, and more than 22,000 others in related jobs such as wholesaling and retailing. Including people directly employed in brewing, as well as those who supply Colorado's breweries with everything from ingredients to machinery, the total business and personal tax revenue generated by Colorado's breweries and related industries was more than $2.5 billion. Consumer purchases of Colorado's brewery products generated another $118 million in tax revenue. In 2012, according to the Brewers Association, Colorado ranked 3rd in the number of craft breweries, and 6th per capita with 154.
According to the Beer Institute, the state ranked number one in terms of gross beer production, producing over 23,370,848 barrels in 2006. Colorado is home to 4 of the top-50 brewing companies in the nation.
For context, at the end of 2013 there were 2,822 breweries in the United States, including 2,768 craft breweries subdivided into 1,237 brewpubs, 1,412 microbreweries and 119 regional craft breweries. In that same year, according to the Beer Institute, the brewing industry employed around 43,000 Americans in brewing and distribution and had a combined economic impact of more than $246 billion.
Breweries
3 Freaks Brewery – Highlands Ranch
300 Suns – Longmont
Adolph Coors Company – Golden; the largest single brewery in the world, producing up to 22 million barrels of beer each year
Asher Brewing Company – Boulder
Avery Brewing Company – Boulder
Beyond The Mountain Brewing- Boulder
Black Bottle Brewery – Fort Collins
Bootstrap Brewing Company - Longmont
Boulder Beer Company – Boulder
Breckenridge Brewery – Littleton; acquired by Anheuser-Busch in 2015
Brewability - Englewood
Call to Arms Brewing Company, Denver
Camber Brewing Company - Fraser
Cannonball Creek Brewing Company – Golden
Collision Brewing Company - Longmont
Crabtree Brewing Company – Greeley
Declaration Brewing Company – Denver
DeSteeg Brewing, Denver
Dillon Dam Brewery – Dillon
Dry Dock Brewing Co. – Aurora
Eddyline Brewery, Salida
Elk Mountain Brewing Company – Parker
Flyeco Craft Brewing - Denver
Fort Collins Brewery – Fort Collins
Front Range Brewing Co. - Lafayette
Great Divide Brewing Company – Denver
Grossen Bart Brewery - Longmont
Hogshead Brewery - Denver
Kokopelli Beer Company - Westminster
Left Hand Brewing Company – Longmont
Living the Dream Brewing – Littleton – taproom, opened in 2014
Little Machine Beer, Denver
Locavore Beer Works – Littleton – taproom, opened in 2014
Mad Jack's Mountain Brewery – Bailey taproom, opened in 2016
Mountain Toad Brewing - Golden
New Belgium Brewing – Fort Collins; the first wind-powered brewery in the U.S. and is currently the largest of its kind in the world
Oasis Brewing Company, Denver
Odell Brewing Company – Fort Collins
Oskar Blues Brewery – Lyons and Longmont
Paonia United Brewing Company – Paonia
Paradox Beer Company – Divide
The Post Brewing Company – Lafayette
Seestock Brewery, Denver
Rails End Beer Company - Broomfield
Ska Brewing – Durango
South Park Brewing, Fairplay
Snowbank Brewing – Fort Collins
Three Barrel Brewing Co, Del Norte
Tommyknocker Brewery – Idaho Springs
Upslope Brewing Company – Boulder
Walnut Brewery – Boulder
WestFax Brewing Company, Denver
Wibby Brewing - Longmont
Wiley Roots Brewing Company – Greeley
Wonderland Brewing - Broomfield
Wynkoop Brewing Company – Denver
Pop culture
In Dumb and Dumber, Lloyd refers to Aspen, Colorado as "a place where the beer flows like wine".
Denver has been nicknamed "the Napa valley of beer," but it is unclear how this nickname came to be. Referenced by the Denver Business Journal, it's rumored that the nickname was created by the Sheraton Hotel chain as part of their "Chief Beer Officer" promotion in 2008.
According to legend, Denver's first permanent structure was a saloon. While there is evidence of a saloon and brothel at 2009 Market Street of historical significance, it seems likely that the true location of the first permanent structure is forever unknown. According to The City and The Saloon, Denver 1858-1916, there were numerous saloons in the Denver area during the city's early days.
See also
Beer in the United States
List of breweries in the United States
List of microbreweries
Bibliography of Colorado
Geography of Colorado
History of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
List of Colorado-related lists
Outline of Colorado
References
External links
Colorado Brewery List
Colorado Breweries Directory
Colorado Breweries
Boulder, Colorado Craft Brewery Guide
Colorado, List of breweries in
Lists of buildings and structures in Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20breweries%20in%20Colorado |
Gavin Hamilton may refer to:
Gavin Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews) (died 1571), archbishop of St Andrews
Gavin Hamilton (bishop of Galloway) (1561–1612), bishop of Galloway
Gavin Hamilton (artist) (1723–1798), Scottish artist
Gavin Hamilton (lawyer) (1751–1805), Friend of Robert Burns
Gavin Hamilton, 2nd Baron Hamilton of Dalzell (1872–1952), British politician
Gavin Hamilton (British Army officer) (1953–1982), SAS officer killed in Falklands War
Gavin Hamilton (cricketer) (born 1974), Scottish cricketer
See also
Gawen Hamilton (1698–1737), artist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin%20Hamilton |
Dulness is the goddess who presides over Alexander Pope's The Dunciad. She is the central character, introduced at the start of the work.
Dulness is the daughter of Chaos and "eternal Night", and her mission is to convert all the world to stupidity ("To hatch a new Saturnian age, of Lead"). Her triumph is part of the (the inverse of the ). As "enlightenment" moves ever westward, darkness follows behind. In Pope's poem, she already has control of all political writing and seeks to extend her reign to drama. Hence, she chooses as a champion Lewis Theobald (Dunciad A) and Colley Cibber (Dunciad B).
Pope presents the power of Dulness as inexorable and irresistible, and in Book IV of the Dunciad B he asks only that she pause a moment to let him write his poem before she takes "the singer and the song" into her oblivion. She is not motivated by any particular malice, and she even shows mercy at one point, if being reduced to insensibility is mercy, for, when a deflowered nun comes before her, she drops her cloak of shamelessness over the ruined woman. Instead, she has an essential antipathy toward learning and independent thinking, and, for Pope, loss of the ability to discern, to think, and to appreciate is a living death and the license of all evil.
For Pope, who was a Roman Catholic, absolute monarchy, foreign language opera, flattery, the replacement of sound architecture for politically well placed hacks, the redesign of good (classically ordered) buildings, and the money grubbing of what would now be called the tabloid press are all signs of the triumph of Dulness over reason and light. Each of these things represents choosing the less thoughtful over the more rational choice, each requires credulity and acceptance over curiosity and independence, and therefore Pope blames, at least as much as any agent of Dulness, an indifferent and uneducated public.
References
Fictional goddesses
1728 introductions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulness |
Gavin Hamilton (1723, Lanarkshire – 4 January 1798, Rome) was a Scottish neoclassical history painter,
who is more widely remembered for his searches for antiquities in the neighbourhood of Rome. These roles in combination made him an arbiter of neoclassical taste.
Biography
Born in Lanarkshire, Scotland, in 1723, by 1744 he was in Italy, and probably studied in Rome in the studio of Agostino Masucci. From 1748 to 1750 he shared an apartment with James Stuart, Matthew Brettingham and Nicholas Revett, and with them visited Naples and Venice. On returning to Britain, he spent several years portrait-painting in London (1751–1756). At the end of that period, he returned to Rome. He lived there for the next four decades, until his death in 1798.
Aside from a few portraits of friends, the Hamilton family, and British people on the Grand Tour, most of his paintings, many of which are very large, were of classical Greek and Roman subjects. His most famous is a cycle of six paintings from Homer's Iliad, intended to have a pictorial impact equivalent to the epic grandeur of Homer as identified by Thomas Blackwell in his An Enquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer (1735), and also influenced by George Turnbull's Treatise on Ancient Painting (1740). As engraved by Domenico Cunego and reproduced, these were widely disseminated widely and were enormously influential. Also influential was Hamilton's Death of Lucretia (1760s), also known as the Oath of Brutus. This inspired a series of "oath paintings" by European painters, which included Jacques-Louis David's noted Oath of the Horatii (1784). Like most later paintings of the scene, it placed it over Lucretia's dead body. In Livy it is made later, after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy.
As a painter of classical subjects, Hamilton was highly regarded by Johann Joachim Winckelmann, writer Goethe, young sculptor Antonio Canova and others in Rome, but was less appreciated in Britain. He did receive a commission to paint the altar piece of Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi, the Scottish national church in Rome, for which he portrayed the Martyrdom of St Andrew.
As an art dealer and archaeologist, Hamilton undertook excavations at Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli in 1769–1771, at first to acquire marble for his sculptor to restore sculptures. His excavators reopened the outlet of a low-lying swampy area and "after some weeks' work underground by lamp-light and up to the knees in muddy water" retrieved sculptures from the muck, where they had been thrown centuries before with timber when Christians levelled the sacred grove.(Smith 1901:308). From 1771 Hamilton excavated other sites in the environs of Rome: Cardinal Flavio Chigi's Tor Colombaro, 1771–72, Albano, 1772, Monte Cagnolo 1772–73, Ostia 1774–75, the Villa Fonseca on the Caelian Hill in Rome, Roma Vecchia (the Villa dei Quintili), ca 1775 Castel di Guido and Gabii.
In an age when restorations to Roman sculptures were broadly conceived and the refinishing of whole surfaces was still common practice, Hamilton maintained a reputation as an honest man who did not tamper unduly with the sculptures that passed through his hands. Hamilton sold many of the works of art he recovered to his British clients, most notably to Charles Townley, to whom the painter wrote: "the most valuable acquisition a man of refined taste can make, is a piece of fine Greek Sculpture"; and to William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne at Shelburne, later Lansdowne House, London. In 1771 Hamilton discovered the Warwick Vase at Hadrian's Villa. He sold it to Sir William Hamilton, a connoisseur and the British envoy at Naples.
Gavin Hamilton worked closely with Giovanni Battista Piranesi. He was an early advisor of Antonio Canova, a young sculptor whom he met at a dinner party in December 1779 on Canova's first visit to Rome. The painter advised the younger man to put aside his early, Rococo manner and concentrate on conflating the study of nature with the best of antiquities and a narrow range of classic modern sculptors.
In 1785 Hamilton bought Leonardo da Vinci's Virgin of the Rocks and sent it to London for sale. His purchase was the version now held by the National Gallery, London.
Such hunting and sale of antiquities was considered a marginally shady undertaking. Hamilton was successful in making generous offerings to the Vatican's Museo Pio-Clementino, as the Pope claimed one-third of all excavated works and had the right to forbid export of outstanding treasures. In addition, Hamilton paid landowners for excavating rights, so kept his peace with them.
He died in Rome on 4 January 1798.
Gallery
Further reading
B. Cassidy, ed., The Life & Letters of Gavin Hamilton (1723–1798): Artist & Art Dealer in Eighteenth-Century Rome (2 vols., 2012)
Ilaria Bignamini, 'British Conquerors of the Marbles, 1 Gavin Hamilton as Archaeologist', in Ilaria Bignamini and Clare Hornsby, Digging And Dealing in Eighteenth-Century Rome (2010. Yale U.P.), p. 194–207
M. Cima, 'Gavin Hamilton a Gabii ...', in Villa Borghese: storia e gestione, ed. A. Campitelli (2005)
B. Cassidy, 'Gavin Hamilton, Thomas Pitt and statues for Stowe', in Burlington Magazine; 146 (2004 December), p. 806–814
A Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers to Italy, 1701–1800, Compiled from the Brinsley Ford Archive by John Ingamells (1997), p. 447
David Irwin, 'Gavin Hamilton Archaeologist, Painter and Dealer', in The Art Bulletin; 44:2 (1962 June), p. 87–102
Duncan Macmillan, Scottish Painting: Ramsay to Raeburn, in Parker, Geoffrey (ed.), Cencrastus No. 17, Summer 1984, pp. 25 - 29,
Duncan Macmillan, Scotland and the Origins of Modern Art, Lund Humphries, London (2023), pp. 26 - 64,
A. H. Smith, 'Gavin Hamilton's Letters to Charles Townley', in The Journal of Hellenic Studies; 21 (1901), p. 306–321
See also
William Hamilton (diplomat)
Charles Townley
Notes
External links
Works in the National Galleries of Scotland
A biography of Gavin Hamilton
4 works from the ArtFund
2 works from Tate Britain
People from Lanarkshire
18th-century British painters
Neoclassical painters
Scottish antiquarians
Scottish archaeologists
1723 births
1798 deaths
British art dealers
18th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
People of the Scottish Enlightenment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin%20Hamilton%20%28artist%29 |
Maysky (masculine), Mayskaya (feminine), or Mayskoye (neuter) may refer to:
People
Ivan Maysky (1884–1975), Soviet diplomat, historian, and politician
Mischa Maisky (b. 1948), Latvian-born Israelian cellist
Places
Maysky District, a district of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia
Maysky Urban Settlement, several municipal urban settlements in Russia
Maysky (inhabited locality) (Mayskaya, Mayskoye), several inhabited localities in Russia
Other
Maisky, a pet monkey in Anthony Powell's 1957 novel At Lady Molly's
Mayskoye mine, a gold mine in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia
See also
Ayano-Maysky District, a district of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia
Ust-Maysky District, a district of the Sakha Republic, Russia
May (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysky |
Winston "Scotty" Fitzgerald (1914–1987) was a Cape Breton fiddler. He was a pioneer in recorded performances of the music, and has heavily influenced the style and repertoire of later generations of players.
Bio
Fitzgerald was born on February 16, 1914, at White Point, Victoria County, Nova Scotia, a remote fishing village on the northeastern tip of Cape Breton Island. His parents were of Irish-French descent. Both his father and older brother, Bob Leonard Fitzgerald, played the violin, and he began to take an interest in playing at age eight. His first public performance was at a picnic at age twelve. The Fitzgerald men worked as fishermen in the summer, and in the 1930s Fitzgerald also worked at the shipyards in Halifax during the winter months. During this time, Fitzgerald played radio shows and tours with Hank Snow for about two and a half years.
Fitzgerald served a stint in the army during World War II, then settled in Sydney after the war. He took a correspondence course from the U.S. School of Music, learning a lot of useful bowing techniques. In 1947, he formed a group called the "Radio Entertainers" with Beattie Wallace (piano) and Estwood Davidson (guitar). The group recorded numerous 78s, as well as four LPs. As he became better known, Fitzgerald also got exposure playing on the "Cliff MacKay" and "Don Messer" shows. Later, he played as part of the Cape Breton Symphony on The John Allan Cameron Show. Never a full-time musician, he worked at a variety of jobs, including cooking, carpentry, and aluminum siding work.
Many of Fitzgerald's recordings are now out of print, but a selection culled from his albums has been reissued as Classic Cuts by Breton Books & Music. A significant portion of his repertoire has been preserved in a book called Winston Fitzgerald: A Collection of Fiddle Tunes, issued by Cranford Publications.
References
Cranford, Paul (1997), Winston Fitzgerald: A Collection of Fiddle Tunes
MacGillivray, Allister (1981), The Cape Breton Fiddler, College of Cape Breton Press. .
External links
Winston Fitzgerald: Classic Cuts
Musicians from Nova Scotia
Canadian male violinists and fiddlers
1914 births
1987 deaths
Cape Breton fiddlers
20th-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
20th-century Canadian male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston%20Fitzgerald |
The (, Chữ Nôm: 彈二), also called , is a Vietnamese bowed string instrument with two strings. The word nhị means "two" in Sino-Vietnamese, and means "instrument". Its sound box is generally covered on one end with snakeskin.
There is some variation in construction between different forms of the đàn nhị. Instruments colloquially referred to as đàn cò are often more similar to the Chinese Erxian Khmer tro and Thai saw duang, while instruments referred to as đàn nhị are often constructed more similarly to the modern erhu of China. However, in the past, both names referred to what is now generally called the đàn cò. In the past, it was often paired with the Đàn gáo, not unlike the pairing of the Yehu and Erxian/Gaohu in Cantonese music, or the pairing of the Saw duang and Saw u in Thailand, although this pairing is a bit more rare in modern times as the đàn gáo is falling into disuse. As well, the traditional handmade đàn nhị have been replaced by Erhus purchased from China in Nhạc dân tộc cải biên ensembles.
It is related to the huqin family of instruments of China. Some Austroasiatic groups in Vietnam also have their version of the đàn cò. The Mường have the cò kè, the Chứt have the t'rơbon, the Khua have the karong, and the Khmer have the tro.
References
External links
Đàn nhị page from DanTranh.com site
Đàn nhị photo
đàn nhị Video from YouTube
Đàn nhị video Đàn nhị played in a more lively fashion by Ngo Hong Quang at the Onder de Stuwwal Festival, the Netherlands, 2011
See also
Music of Vietnam
Huqin
Drumhead lutes
Necked lutes
Huqin family instruments
Vietnamese musical instruments
Bowed instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n%20nh%E1%BB%8B |
Earl Grant Harrison (April 27, 1899 – July 28, 1955) was an American attorney, academician, and public servant. He worked on behalf of displaced persons in the aftermath of the Second World War, when he brought attention to the plight of Jewish refugees in a report, commonly known as the Harrison Report, that he produced for President Harry S. Truman. He was Dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School from 1945 to 1948. He also had a distinguished career as an attorney in the Philadelphia area and was a name partner in the law firm of Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP.
Early years
Harrison was born in the Frankford section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 27, 1899, the son of grocer Joseph Layland Harrison (born in England) and stock-company Scotch-Irish actress Anna MacMullen (born in Northern Ireland). During World War I he was a Second Lieutenant of Infantry in 1918. He graduated from Frankford High School and earned his A.B from University of Pennsylvania as a valedictorian in 1920, and his LLB from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1923, where he was Case Editor of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review. He practiced law at the firm of Saul, Ewing, Remick, and Saul from 1923 to 1945, becoming a partner in 1932. In 1944 he became Dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School.
Government career
Harrison served in the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, first as Director of Alien Registration in the United States Department of Justice for six months from July 1940 to January 1941. He was the United States Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization from 1942 to 1944. During his tenure, the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service experienced significant reform and restructuring following its transfer from the Department of Labor to the Department of Justice.
Harrison Report
President Roosevelt appointed him the U.S. representative on the Intergovernmental Commission on Refugees on March 15, 1945. He became Vice-President of the University of Pennsylvania and dean of its law school the same year. On June 22, President Truman asked Harrison to conduct an inspection tour of camps holding displaced persons (DPs) in Europe. He left in early July as the head of a small delegation that split up to visit more than two dozens camps for DPs. He produced a report on his findings dated August 24.
Later years
In the spring of 1946, Harrison testified on behalf of a black student denied admission to the University of Texas Law School and isolated in a one-student school in the case of Sweatt v. Painter, a forerunner of Brown v. Board of Education.
Harrison resigned as dean in 1948, effective August 31, when the University of Pennsylvania's board of trustees named Harold Stassen university president, a post for which Harrison had been considered a likely candidate. He joined the law firm of Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis in 1948 as a name partner, where he worked until his death in 1955.
Other activities
Harrison was recognized for his unfailing responsiveness to the needs of the community and his dedication to public service. He was described by his contemporaries as "spare-framed, square-jawed, red haired," "a Roosevelt Republican," and "an almost indefatigable worker." In addition to his work for the United States government and his professional career, he was an officer and director of the World Affairs Council of Philadelphia and general campaign chairman of the Philadelphia United War Chest, a predecessor of the United Way. Harrison also served as director of the Philadelphia Area Council of the National Conference of Christians and Jews, the American Civil Liberties Union and the NAACP. He was a trustee of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and of the University of Pennsylvania. He was considered for nomination as a candidate for governor of Pennsylvania in 1946.
He died on July 28, 1955.
References
External links
Harrison Report at Commons
Truman's letter to Eisenhower; Harrison Report on the Treatment of Displaced Jews
United States Holocaust Museum: Harrison Report
Larry Teitelbaum, "The Harrison Report: Post World War II Bombshell," Penn Law Journal (Spring 2006)
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel
Commissioners of the Immigration and Naturalization Service
Displaced persons camps in the aftermath of World War II
Activists for African-American civil rights
Deans of law schools in the United States
Pennsylvania lawyers
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Deans of University of Pennsylvania Law School
Lawyers from Philadelphia
1899 births
1955 deaths
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
American civil rights lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20G.%20Harrison |
This Is the Time: The Christmas Album is an album by Michael Bolton, released on October 1, 1996. Bolton's first Christmas release, it contains two new songs: "This Is the Time" (performed with Wynonna Judd), and "Love Is the Power", while the others were covers of traditional Christmas songs. "Ave Maria" was performed with Spanish tenor Plácido Domingo. "White Christmas" was a single off the album Timeless: The Classics, but was also included on this album. The CD was an "enhanced" CD containing additional material viewable on a computer, including a video of "White Christmas", a discography, and a preview of a Bolton CD-ROM which was never released.
The album was released during Christmas time, narrowly missing the top 10 hitting #11. In United States the album was certified platinum.
Track listing
"Silent Night" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr) – 4:06
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (John Frederick Coots, Haven Gillespie) – 4:06
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin) – 4:02
"Joy to the World" (Lowell Mason, Isaac Watts) – 4:07
"Ave Maria" (with Plácido Domingo) (Traditional) – 4:42
"The Christmas Song" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 4:10
"O Holy Night" (Adolphe Adam, John Sullivan Dwight) – 4:54
"White Christmas" (Irving Berlin) – 3:44
"This Is the Time" (with Wynonna Judd) (Michael Bolton, Gary Burr) – 4:06
"Love Is the Power" (Walter Afanasieff, Bolton, Diane Warren) – 5:38
Certifications
References
Michael Bolton albums
1996 Christmas albums
Albums produced by David Foster
Albums produced by Walter Afanasieff
Christmas albums by American artists
Pop Christmas albums
Columbia Records Christmas albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Is%20the%20Time%3A%20The%20Christmas%20Album |
KLI may refer to:
Klingon Language Institute − promoting the constructed Klingon language
Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
Korean Language Institute
Kli rishon (or K'li), a "heated vessel" in Judaism, e.g. in Sabbath food preparation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLI |
Mitchell Shannon Berger (born June 24, 1972) is a Canadian former professional football player who was a punter in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Colorado Buffaloes and was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the sixth round of the 1994 NFL Draft.
Berger has also been a member of the Cincinnati Bengals, Chicago Bears, Indianapolis Colts, Green Bay Packers, Minnesota Vikings, St. Louis Rams, New Orleans Saints, Arizona Cardinals, Pittsburgh Steelers and Denver Broncos. He won Super Bowl XLIII with the Steelers against the Cardinals.
Early years
Berger attended North Delta Senior Secondary School in Delta, British Columbia and was a letterman in football and basketball. In football, as a senior, he won All-Provincial honours as both, a kicker and as a punter, and was also the team's starting quarterback. In basketball, he won All-Provincial honours. Mitch Berger graduated from North Delta Secondary School in 1990.
College career
Berger attended Tyler Junior College in Tyler, Texas and won honorable mention All-American honors as a sophomore. He finished his college career by transferring to the University of Colorado.
Professional career
Philadelphia Eagles
Berger was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the sixth round of the 1994 NFL Draft. He was also drafted in the first round of the 1994 CFL Draft by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.
Minnesota Vikings
Perhaps Berger's best seasons came as a member of the Minnesota Vikings in the late 1990s. He was most noted for his booming kickoffs, which often sailed into the end zone for touchbacks; afterwards, he would take a bite of a Snickers bar that he would keep in his spare shoe on the sideline.
Pittsburgh Steelers
Berger was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers after an injury to punter Daniel Sepulveda to compete with signing Paul Ernster. Berger won the job as Ernster was released on August 30 during final cuts. After experiencing hamstring problems, Berger was released by the Steelers on November 5 and the team re-signed Ernster. Following three poor performances by Ernster, Berger was re-signed by the Steelers on November 24. Berger developed into a great tackling punter, as evidenced by his five tackles in the 2008 season. He had two key touchdown-saving tackles.
Berger won his first Super Bowl with the Steelers at Super Bowl XLIII in which he had three punts for a 46.3 yard average and one inside the 20 yard-line.
Denver Broncos
Berger signed with the Denver Broncos on October 26, 2009, after they waived Brett Kern. He was released after the 2009 season.
Personal life
Berger owns a set of nightclubs and restaurants in his hometown of Vancouver, British Columbia. He appeared on Millionaire Matchmaker on March 12, 2013 and is now married to Bambi.
References
External links
Arizona Cardinals bio
Pittsburgh Steelers bio
1972 births
Living people
American football punters
Arizona Cardinals players
Canadian expatriate American football people in the United States
Chicago Bears players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Colorado Buffaloes football players
Denver Broncos players
Indianapolis Colts players
Minnesota Vikings players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
New Orleans Saints players
Sportspeople from Delta, British Columbia
Philadelphia Eagles players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Sportspeople from Kamloops
St. Louis Rams players
Tyler Apaches football players
Green Bay Packers players
Players of American football from British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch%20Berger |
The Lincoln Custom is a custom limousine and long-wheelbase touring sedan that was built by Lincoln in 1941 and 1942 and the lower level series Lincoln produced in 1955. Initially it was a replacement for the previous Model K Lincolns (produced from 1934 to 1939) and earlier luxury cars of the 1920s and 1930s. The body work for the Custom was provided by the factory and came in one appearance and abandoned the previous Model L and Model K of years past of manufacturing only the chassis then a long list of coachbuilders would provide coachwork to the customer's preference. In later years it was simply the base model series.
Overview
The Lincoln Custom was based on the Lincoln-Zephyr, a smaller, unit-bodied, mid-range priced vehicle introduced in 1936 with a smaller 267 cu. inch V-12 (based on the Ford V-8) while drawing many similarities to the De Luxe Ford. This engine was enlarged to 292-ci for 1938, 305 ci 1942 only, but reduced to 292 ci after the war for the sake of durability, the "Ford-and-a-half" engine never a paragon of such. This car competed with the Packard Super Eight, Cadillac Sixty Special and Buick Limited while the Lincoln-Zephyr was considered the "junior" introduced in the mid-1930s to a shrinking luxury car market as engineering advances diminished the difference in performance between the outsized earlier luxe and the newer, more rational, affordable offerings. The earlier Lincoln Model K sold 3024 units in 1934, the first year of its production, only 133 units in 1939, 18 in 1940. 1940 saw the Zephyr and the higher priced Continental carrying the Lincoln name.
The wheelbase of the Lincoln Custom was compared to the Zephyr's , and only the seven-passenger sedan or limousine were offered. The interior choices offered a choice of broadcloth upholstery, while a long list of custom interior choices were available including leather. The Zephyr and Custom used the same V-12 engine that was enlarged for 1942 to with . The engine was the weakest point of the 1942 models, being very prone to overheating and premature wear. The 305 cubic inch version was reduced to a , version after World War II in an attempt to promote longevity. The V-12 was the only engine used in Lincolns until the new 1949 models came out with a flathead V-8 based on a Ford truck engine.
The 168H (1941) and 268H (1942) Lincoln Customs featured two models: the Model 31 eight passenger sedan listed for US$2,950 ($ in dollars ) and the model 32 eight passenger limousine listed for US$3,075 ($ in dollars ). Differences included a division window and different front seat upholstery for the limousine. Both utilized a three speed transmission with Borg-Warner overdrive and Columbia two-speed rear axle. A small number were modified by the few custom coach builders left in the United States before the war. The 1942 models introduced power windows to the luxury car field; electric and hydro-electric powered limousine dividers having previously been offered.
Specifications were:
For 1942, the Zephyr-based waterfall grill was changed to a broad full-width grill that extended above and below the hood and was also used in the 1946-1948 models (Lincoln sedan and Lincoln Continental). These changes were undoubtedly due to the major Cadillac and Packard grill design changes during these immediate pre-war years, whose production and sales far outpaced Lincoln.
After World War II, production of these vehicles was not resumed. The former Zephyr became the only Lincoln sedan and was available in both standard and DeLuxe versions. The famous Lincoln Continental remained as a limited production, very expensive (and not very reliable) semi-custom offering from the luxury division of Ford Motor Company. For 1949, a major revamp of the entire Lincoln line was made, eliminating the slant-back Zephyr and custom Continental and introducing relatively modern V-8 power.
In 1955, the Lincoln Custom name returned (for one year only) as the lower level series. Brakes were 12" drums.
Presidential limousine
A special 1942 limousine was provided to the White House for the President's use. This car weighed more than and was refitted with a 1946 grill clip after the war for modernization. Cadillac and Lincoln vied for visibility and prestige by supplying limousines and other special vehicles to the White House (generally by means of a $1.00 per year or other low-cost lease arrangement). Packard and Chrysler were rarely able to penetrate this exclusive advertising strategy.
References
Custom
1940s cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%20Custom |
Thaddeus Laddins Betts (February 4, 1789 – April 7, 1840) was the 32nd and 34th lieutenant governor of the state of Connecticut from 1832 to 1833 and from 1834 to 1835, and a United States Senator from Connecticut from 1839 to 1840. He had previously served in the Connecticut Senate representing the 12th District and Connecticut House of Representatives from Norwalk, Connecticut.
Biography
Betts was born in Norwalk, Connecticut. He was the son of William Maltby Betts (1759-1832) and Lucretia (Gregory) Betts (1763-1830). He completed preparatory studies, then attended and was graduated from Yale College in 1807. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1810. He began his law practice in Norwalk. He married Antoinette Cannon who was born on April 20, 1789, and died on February 26, 1864.
Career
Betts was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1815. He was a member of the Connecticut Senate in 1828 as a senator at-large, and was again a member of the state house of representatives in 1830. Betts was then a member of the Connecticut Senate in 1831 representing the 12th District.
In 1832 and 1834, Betts was elected the 32nd and 34th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut and served two terms, under Governors John Samuel Peters from 1832 to 1833 and under Samuel A. Foot from 1834 to 1835.
Elected as a Whig to the U.S. Senate, Betts served from March 4, 1839 until his death in 1840.
Death
Betts died in Washington, D.C., on April 7, 1840 (age 51 years, 63 days). The funeral took place at the Capitol with the Chaplains to Congress officiating and the President of the United States, Martin Van Buren, attending. He is interred at Union Cemetery, Norwalk, Connecticut. There is a cenotaph for him at the Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D.C.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
References
External links
1788 births
1840 deaths
Connecticut lawyers
Connecticut Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Connecticut state senators
Lieutenant Governors of Connecticut
Members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Politicians from Norwalk, Connecticut
United States senators from Connecticut
Whig Party United States senators
Yale College alumni
Connecticut National Republicans
19th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus%20Betts |
Hell Night is a 1981 American slasher film directed by Tom DeSimone, and starring Linda Blair, Vincent Van Patten, Kevin Brophy, and Peter Barton. The film depicts a night of fraternity hazing set in an old manor—the site of a familial mass murder—during which a deformed killer terrorizes and murders many of the college students. The plot blends elements of slasher films and Gothic haunted house films. Filmmaker Chuck Russell served as an executive producer, while his long-time collaborator Frank Darabont served as a production assistant.
Hell Night was written by Randy Feldman, then a recent college graduate who shopped the spec script to several film studios, among them Irwin Yablans's Compass International Pictures. Producer Bruce Cohn Curtis subsequently became involved with the project and secured the lead role for Blair, with whom he had collaborated on several films, among them Roller Boogie (1979), another Compass International release. It marked the first horror film role for Blair in several years, following her performances in The Exorcist (1973) and Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977). Principal location photography of Hell Night took place in Redlands, California at the Kimberly Crest Mansion in late 1980, with interior photography subsequently occurring in Los Angeles. The film was shot by Swedish cinematographer Mac Ahlberg. The production's shooting schedule was considerably tight, and required the cast and crew to shoot throughout the holiday season.
The film opened theatrically in August 1981, and was the final film released by Compass International Pictures. It was a minor box office success, grossing $2.3 million against a $1.4 million budget. Critical reception was generally mixed, with some critiquing it for its similarity to other slasher films as well as for Blair's performance, while others praised it for its art direction and found the film frightening. In the years since its release, the film has gone on to develop a cult following. Some critics and film scholars have noted the film for its subtext regarding social class, as well as for its depiction of Blair's character as a resourceful and intelligent final girl.
Plot
During a college costume party, Peter prepares to initiate four new pledges into Alpha Sigma Rho. The four consist of Jeff, a boy from an opulent upbringing; Marti, an intelligent girl from a poor background; Denise, a promiscuous party girl from England; and Seth, a surfer from Southern California. As part of the initation, the group are forced to spend the night in Garth Manor, an abandoned mansion once owned by Raymond Garth, who murdered his wife and three deformed children Morris, Margaret, and Suzanne. Garth then hanged himself. While he had a fourth deformed child, Andrew, his body was never found nor the body of Morris. Folklore states that Morris and Andrew still lurk within the mansion.
Peter and the students lock the pledges on the grounds behind the estate's large iron gates. Jeff and Marti bond by discussing their contrasting social classes while Seth and Denise hook up. The group endures several scares that Peter, along with two students, May and Scott, have set up around the mansion to frighten them. May and Scott are murdered by an unseen assailant. Peter discovers Scott's body strung up on the roof and flees into the hedge maze, where a second assailant murders him with a scythe.
Meanwhile, Seth goes to use the restroom, only to return and discover Denise missing and May's severed head on the bed. Panicked, he alerts Marti and Jeff and scales the gates to escape and get the police. Jeff investigates a light in the maze that he discovers is Peter's flashlight near his body. Back at the house, a figure attacks them in the bedroom and Jeff uses a pitchfork to wound the assailant, who disappears. They remove the rug, discovering a trapdoor through which the assailant fled. The couple descends into the tunnels, where they discover Denise's corpse set at a table with the preserved remains of Garth's family members.
Seth arrives at the local police station, begging for help, but the police believe him to be playing a fraternity prank. Seth steals a shotgun from the station and carjacks a vehicle. Meanwhile, Jeff and Marti escape the deformed Garth brothers. Seth returns to the mansion, where he shoots and kills Morris Garth. Jeff and Marti meet him in the foyer but Andrew kills Seth before pursuing the couple back to the bedroom. Jeff urges Marti to escape out a window. Before he can follow suit, Andrew hurls him out the window, killing him.
Marti enters the hedge maze, where she finds Peter's corpse and pries the gate keys from his fingers. She unlocks the gates and escapes in Seth's stolen vehicle, knocking over one of the iron gates in her attempt. Ambushed by Andrew, she drives the car into the fallen gate, impaling Andrew on its spikes. She awakes as the sun rises over the mansion, and emerges from the car, stoically walking away.
Cast
Themes
James Tucker of Rue Morgue magazine notes that Hell Night contains a subtext regarding social class in both the central characters (the working-class Marti and wealthy Jeff discuss at length the differences between their respective low and high-class backgrounds) as well as the villains of Andrew and Morris Garth, deformed brothers who were neglected by their wealthy father and concealed in the family's sprawling mansion.
Literary critic and film scholar John Kenneth Muir cites the character of Marti as emblematic of the working class, writing: "She's a smart young woman who fixes cars (her father is a garage mechanic), is resolutely blue collar, in contrast to the other pledges, and shares an interesting conversation regarding capitalism and the division between the rich and poor with the ill-fated Jeff."
Production
Development
Randy Feldman, then a recent graduate of the University of California, Berkeley, wrote the screenplay for Hell Night over an approximate five-week period. Feldman was loosely inspired by the plot of Black Christmas (1974), which centers on a killer preying on sorority sisters in their sorority house. Feldman stated in a 2018 interview that he approached the writing of the screenplay in a literary manner, owing to his background as a college English major, and admitted the original draft was excessively detailed.
Feldman shopped the spec script to several film studios, among them Irwin Yablans's Compass International Pictures, who had distributed John Carpenter's Halloween (1978). Producer Bruce Cohn Curtis, a colleague of Yablans, subsequently contacted Feldman, and expressed interest in purchasing the film rights. Mark L. Lester had also read the screenplay, but passed on directing the project. Curtis and his brother helped finance the film, which Curtis pitched to director Tom DeSimone, with whom he had worked on Chatterbox (1977). Several of the film's financiers were businesspeople in Washington, D.C., who were friends of Curtis's brother.
Feldman's screenplay was slightly altered after it was purchased by Curtis, mainly in its implementation of an additional villain; the original draft had only featured one of the Garth brothers as a killer instead of two. Chuck Russell, who would later direct A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987), served as executive producer on the film.
Casting
Actress Linda Blair was the first to become attached to the project through her working relationship with producer Curtis, who had produced several of her previous films, including Born Innocent (1974) and Roller Boogie (1979). The film marked her first horror film in several years, following The Exorcist (1973) and Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977).
Johanna Ray served as the film's casting director, and it was her first feature film credit. Curtis sought Peter Barton for the role of Jeff. Barton, a model, was hesitant to take the role and was considering abandoning his acting career at the time, but Curtis convinced him to star in the film. Vincent Van Patten was subsequently cast Seth, while Suki Goodwin, an English actress, was cast in the role of Denise.
Filming
Principal photography for Hell Night took 40 days in the fall and winter of 1980, between November 1980 and January 1981 with Swedish cinematographer Mac Ahlberg. Frank Darabont, a collaborator of the film's executive producer, Chuck Russell, served as a production assistant.
The original filming budget for Hell Night was $1 million, but the shoot's duration through the holidays extended the budget an additional $400,000. The film's shooting schedule reportedly consisted of six-day weeks and was described as grueling. Star Linda Blair recalled the daily shoots lasting from 5:00a.m. to 11:00p.m., and that the tight schedule demanded the cast and crew spend Thanksgiving working on the film, with the production renting a double-decker bus used to serve them a Thanksgiving meal.
The majority of the film was shot in three locations: The exterior of Garth Manor was shot at the Kimberly Crest Mansion in Redlands, California. The hedge maze was brought in as there was no actual garden maze on the mansion property. The inside of Garth Manor was filmed in a residential home in Pasadena, California. The frat party was filmed in an apartment lobby in Los Angeles, with the exteriors of the party filmed at the University of Redlands. The seemingly many tunnels in the movie were actually only two corridors through which the director had the actors repeatedly running from different angles. Additional interior photography took place at Raleigh Studios in Hollywood.
Director De Simone stated he wanted a "classic Gothic look" for the film: "I don't like these horror films where people are walking around haunted houses wearing jeans and T-shirts. So we threw our heads together and I said I wanted Linda in a Gothic kind of wardrobe. And we came up with the idea to make the hell night party a costume party. And that way we were able to have everyone in those kinds of costumes that suited their personality." During filming, producer Curtis urged DeSimone to implement an extended chase sequence for Linda Blair's character after seeing Jamie Lee Curtis's chase sequence in Terror Train (1980); this was the basis of the chase sequence that takes place in the tunnels under the mansion.
The two actors who portrayed the Garth killers are not listed anywhere in the credits, although their real names are believed to be Valentino Richardson and Chad Butler. However, on the film's DVD commentary, it was noted that they are both German nationals who spoke little or no English, and that one of them (the middle-aged bearded man) died shortly after the release of the film.
Release
Box office
Hell Night was given a regional limited theatrical release in the United States beginning August 7, 1981 by Compass International Pictures, opening in cities such as Detroit and Miami. During its opening week in Detroit, the film was the highest-grossing release in the city, out-earning Raiders of the Lost Ark, with box office receipts totaling $187,000.
Three weeks later, on August 28, 1981, the film expanded to a wide theatrical release before having its Los Angeles and New York City openings on September 4, 1981. During the September 4 weekend, the film ranked at number eleven at the U.S. box office, with earnings of $832,000. The film grossed a total of USD$2,300,000 in the United States by the end of its theatrical run.
Critical response
Hell Night received mixed-to-negative reviews at the time of its release. John Corry of The New York Times gave the film a middling review, concluding that, "Hell Night does make one original contribution to the genre. One college student, played by Linda Blair of Exorcist fame, does escape from that terrible house. Miss Blair is throaty and rather vacant, but the character she plays is a child of the working class. Her father runs a gas station. Get it? Those nasty privileged children are only getting what they deserve. Maybe the new film makers are only sentimental liberals, after all."
Time Out wrote "Amazing [...] what a competent director, cameraman and cast can do to help out a soggy plot", calling the film "tolerably watchable by comparison with the average Halloween rip-off." The Washington Posts Tom Shales criticized Blair's performance, and summarized: "Director Tom De Simone handles the shocks competently but not imaginatively, and most people will be able to guess from which side of the frame the beastie will leap... Cinematographer Mac Ahlberg (I, a Woman) fails to make the most of the handsome 16-room mansion in Redlands, Calif., where most of the picture was filmed, perhaps in one night."
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a one-star review, writing: "You know a movie is in trouble when what is happening on the screen inspires daydreams. I had lasted through the first reel, and nothing had happened. Now I was somewhere in the middle of the third reel, and still nothing had happened. By "nothing," by the way, I mean nothing original, unexpected, well-crafted, interestingly acted, or even excitingly violent." A review published by TV Guide noted the film contained "a few effective moments," adding: "Although the actual gore content is low, the titillation content is high, an avenue DeSimone would continue to explore in his future exploitation movies."
Critic Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote of the film favorably, praising Blair's performance, and remarking that its art direction and costume design "contribute substantially to Hell Nights overall superior craftsmanship... It's the kind of picture that just might give adults as well as youngsters nightmares." Thomas Fox of The Commercial Appeal similarly felt the film was frightening, writing: "Hell Night is scary. Silly, predictable and sometimes unintentionally funny. But scary." The Evansville Courier & Presss Patrice Smith felt the screenplay was "penned with a moderate dose of intelligence" and praised the film's cinematography and performances, adding that it "reverts to classical directorial approaches to suspense... That method alone is praiseworthy."
Linda Blair was nominated for a Razzie Award in the category of Worst Actress for her performance, losing to Faye Dunaway for Mommie Dearest and Bo Derek for Tarzan, the Ape Man, who were tied.
, 57% of 14 critics on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a favorable review, with an average weighted rating of 5/10. On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 36 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".
Home media
The film was released on VHS by Media Home Entertainment in 1982. It was later released on DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment on August 31, 1999. This release featured an audio commentary with Linda Blair, producers Bruce Cohn Curtis and Irwin Yablans, and director Tom DeSimone; it also included television spots and the original theatrical trailer as bonus material.
On January 2, 2018, Scream Factory released the film for the first time on Blu-ray in a Collector's Edition set, which features four hours of new interviews, as well as the bonus materials contained on the 1999 Anchor Bay DVD. The British distributor 101 Films issued a limited edition Blu-ray on July 26, 2021.
Legacy
Hell Night has attained a cult following in the years since its release. Critic Robin Wood retrospectively praised the film for portraying a strong lead character, Marti, calling her "an active and resourceful heroine capable of doing more than screaming and falling over." Anton Bitel, writing for Little White Lies in 2021, similarly observes that the film "reconfigures the slasher as social struggle, with Marti not just its final girl, but also its working-class heroine. And while she may continue to embrace liberty and equality, Marti learns to turn her back on fraternity. Literary scholar John Kenneth Muir similarly notes that the character of Marti has been cited as one of several female heroines of slasher films that bear a unisex name, adding that, "whether or not that's significant, Blair crafts a unique and interesting character."
In his book The Gorehound’s Guide to Splatter Films of the 1980s (2003), film scholar Scott Stine wrote of the film: "Hell Night is one of those early '80s stalk 'n' slash quickies that—although almost universally despised at the time, despite the fact they made money—is actually quite endearing in retrospect.
In 2013, Ray Fulk, a Lincoln, Illinois resident, bequeathed his $1 million estate—including a farm—to the film's two stars, Peter Barton and Kevin Brophy, of whom he was a fan. In his will, Fulk described Barton and Brophy as friends, though neither of the actors had ever met him.
Notes
References
Sources
External links
1981 films
1981 horror films
1980s horror thriller films
1981 independent films
1980s mystery films
1980s serial killer films
1980s slasher films
1980s teen horror films
American teen horror films
American haunted house films
American independent films
American monster movies
American slasher films
Films about brothers
Films about fraternities and sororities
Films about fratricide and sororicide
Films about pranks
Films about social class
Films produced by Irwin Yablans
Films set in abandoned houses
Films set in country houses
Films shot in California
Films directed by Tom DeSimone
Gothic horror films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%20Night |
Japan-US (or Japan-US Cable Network – JUSCN or JUCN or J-US or JUS) is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the North Pacific Ocean linking the United States and Japan.
It has landing points in:
Shima, Mie Prefecture, Japan
Maruyama, Chiba Prefecture, Japan
Kitaibaraki, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan
Mākaha, Oahu, Hawaii, United States
Point Arena, Manchester, Mendocino County, California, United States
Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo County, California, United States
It has a design transmission capacity of 640 Gbit/s, starting operation at 80 Gbit/s and a total cable length of 21,000 km. It started operation in August 2001. It was upgraded to be capable of 1.28 Tbit/s operation in March 2008.
See also
References
Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
Mendocino County, California
Japan–United States relations
2001 establishments in California
2001 establishments in Hawaii
2001 establishments in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan-US%20%28cable%20system%29 |
All That Matters is an album by Michael Bolton, released in 1997, and was his first studio album since 1993's The One Thing. Bolton was aided in production by Babyface and Tony Rich, and among the songwriters are Bolton, Diane Warren, Babyface, Lamont Dozier, Gary Burr, and Tony Rich. Bolton’s U.S. fans were puzzled by the album’s title, "All That Matters", until the phrase was found on the bonus track, "When There Are No Words", on the UK version of the album. The two singles from the album, "The Best of Love", and "Safe Place from the Storm" were disappointing in sales and radio play, and fans were disappointed that the songs were performed only a handful of times during Bolton’s 1998 tour in support of the album.
Bolton recorded the pop version of "Go the Distance" for the soundtrack to the animated film Hercules. The song was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, but ultimately lost both to Celine Dion's hit "My Heart Will Go On" from Titanic. "Go the Distance" peaked at #24 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and went to #1 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, Bolton's ninth song to top this chart. The song was also included on the All That Matters album.
Despite the lead single's relative success (#24 on the Hot 100), the album failed to achieve substantial success, partly because subsequent singles from the album failed to make any significant impact on the charts and due to the altering musical tastes (which were in favor of teen-pop at the time). Thus, the album debuted at a disappointing #39 and after some weeks of descending the chart it completely disappeared from the Billboard Top 200.
Track listing
Personnel
Michael Bolton – lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 7)
Derek Nakamoto – keyboards (1–3, 6, 9, 11)
Walter Afanasieff – keyboards (4, 13), synthesizers (4), bass programming (4), drum programming (4), rhythm programming (4), synth bass (13)
Dan Shea – additional keyboards (4, 13), additional drum programming (4), additional rhythm programming (4), computer programming (4, 13), sound designer (4)
Tony Rich – keyboards (5, 12, 14), drums (5, 12, 14), backing vocals (5, 12, 14), bass (12)
Keith Thomas – acoustic piano (7), synthesizers (7), bass and drum programming (7)
Barry J. Eastman – keyboards (8, 10), drum programming (8, 10)
Eric Rehl – synthesizer programming (8, 10)
David Gleeson – Synclavier programming (13)
Dann Huff – guitar (2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13), electric guitar (12, 14)
Dean Parks – guitar (2)
Michael Landau – guitar (4, 13)
Peter Moore – acoustic guitar (5, 12, 14)
Don Kirkpatrick – guitar (6)
Jerry McPherson – guitar (7)
Ira Siegel – guitar (8), acoustic guitar (10), electric guitar (10)
Paul Jackson Jr. – guitar (9)
Reggie Hamilton – bass guitar (2, 3, 6, 9, 11)
LaMarquis Jefferson – bass guitar (5)
Brian Borwell – drums (1)
Robert Chiarelli – drum programming (2, 3, 6, 9, 11)
Denny Weston Jr. – drums (3), percussion (3, 9, 11)
Chad Cromwell – drums (7)
Mark Hammond – additional drum programming (7)
Sammy Merendino – additional drum programming (8, 10)
John Robinson – drums (13)
Terry McMillan – percussion (7)
Bashiri Johnson – percussion (8, 10)
Jeremy Lubbock – orchestra arrangement and conductor (13)
Jesse Levy – orchestra contractor (13)
Valerie Davis – backing vocals (1)
Marc Nelson – backing vocals (1, 2, 6, 8, 9)
Guy Roche – backing vocals (1)
Bob Bailey – backing vocals (3)
Kim Fleming – backing vocals (3)
Vicki Hampton – backing vocals (3)
Jamie Houston – backing vocals (3, 9)
Alex Brown – backing vocals (4)
Lynn Davis – backing vocals (4)
Jim Gilstrap – backing vocals (4)
Phillip Ingram – backing vocals (4)
Gary Burr – backing vocals (7)
Lisa Cochran – backing vocals (7)
Tim Davis – backing vocals (7)
Sharon Bryant-Gallowey – backing vocals (8, 10)
Cindy Mizelle – backing vocals (8, 10)
Audrey Wheeler – backing vocals (8, 10)
Gordon Chambers (10)
Philip D. Hunter – backing vocals (11)
Jean McClain – backing vocals (11)
Pam Trotter – backing vocals (11)
Sandy Griffith – backing vocals (13)
Claytoven Richardson – backing vocals (13)
Jeanie Tracy – backing vocals (13)
Tumeko Allen – backing vocals (14)
Production
Producers and Arrangements – Michael Bolton (all tracks); Guy Roche (Track 1); Jamie Houston (Tracks 2, 3, 6, 9 & 11); Walter Afanasieff (Tracks 4 & 13); Tony Rich (Tracks 5, 12 & 14); Keith Thomas (Track 7); Barry J. Eastman (Tracks 8 & 10).
Executive Producers – Michael Bolton and Louis Levin
Engineers – Mario Luccy (Track 1); Michael Scott Reiter (Tracks 1, 2, 3, 6, 8-12); Moana Suchard (Track 1, 6 & 12); Steve Milo (Tracks 1, 3-12 & 14); Thom Russo (Track 1); Jeff Balding (Tracks 2, 4, 6 & 12); David Gleeson (Track 4); John Frye (Tracks 5, 12 & 14); Bill Whittington (Track 7); Barry J. Eastman (Tracks 8 & 10); Mark Partis (Track 8 & 10); Dana Jon Chappelle (Track 13).
Assistant Engineers – Dave Reed (Tracks 1–3, 6, 9 & 11); Moana Suchard (Track 1); John Mooney (Track 1); Mike Baumgartner (Tracks 1, 6 & 12); Tom Bender (Tracks 1 & 8); Steve Milo (Tracks 2 & 13); Aaron Lepley (Tracks 2, 3 & 11); Errin Familia (Tracks 2, 3, 6, 9 & 11); John "Geetus" Aguto (Tracks 2, 3, 6, 8-11 & 14); Kyle Bess (Track 2); Mark Hagen (Tracks 2, 4, 6 & 12); Phil Blackman (Tracks 2, 3, 6, 9 & 11); Shawn McLean (Track 2); John Saylor (Tracks 3 & 11); Mike Rew (Track 3 & 6); Steve Brawley (Track 4); Tyson Leeper (Track 4); Greg Parker (Track 7); Brian Vieberts (Tracks 8 & 10); Jason Goldstein (Tracks 8, 10 & 11); Steve Durkee (Track 9); James Saez (Track 10); Tim Lauber (Track 11); Bill Kinsley (Track 13); Chris Theis (Track 13); Glen Marchese (Track 13); Greg Gasparino (Track 13).
Additional Engineer on Track 13 – David Gleeson
Strings on Track 13 recorded by John Kurlander
Mixing – Mick Guzauski (Tracks 1, 8, 13 & 14); Jon Gass (Tracks 2 & 12); Michael Scott Reiter (Tracks 3, 6 & 11); Dave Reiztas (Tracks 4, 5 & 10); Bill Whittington (Track 7); Robert Chiarelli (Track 9).
Mixed at Barking Dog Recording (Mount Kisco, NY); The Hit Factory and Quad Studios (New York, NY); Brandon's Way Recording and Record Plant (Los Angeles, CA); Larrabee North (Studio City, CA); The Bennett House (Franklin, TN);
Digital Editing on Track 7 – Shaun Shankel
Mastered by Bob Ludwig at Gateway Mastering (Portland, ME).
Art Direction – Christopher Austopchuk
Design – Kerstin Bach
Photography – Naomi Kaltman
Make-up – Mel Rau
Stylists – Gemina Aboitiz and Chris McMillan
Management – Louis Levin
Certifications
References
Michael Bolton albums
1997 albums
Columbia Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20That%20Matters%20%28Michael%20Bolton%20album%29 |
The Complete Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong on Verve is a compilation album released on Verve Records in 1997. It comprises three compact discs containing the three studio albums made for the label by Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong, released during 1956 through 1958.
Its 47 tracks are collated from Ella and Louis, Ella and Louis Again, and Porgy and Bess. Two tracks are from an August 15, 1956, concert at the Hollywood Bowl with the duo backed by Armstrong's touring band, the All Stars. Disc one tracks one through eleven comprise Ella and Louis, while disc one tracks 12 through 16 and disc two tracks one through 14 comprise Ella and Louis Again. The Hollywood Bowl performances are on tracks 15 and 16 of disc two, and disc three contains the Porgy and Bess album. Not all tracks are vocal duets and are indicated below.
Track listing
Disc one
Disc two
Disc three
Personnel
Ella Fitzgerald — vocals
Louis Armstrong — vocals; trumpet on disc one tracks one through eleven and "Autumn in New York," "Stompin' at the Savoy," "Gee Baby Ain't I Good to You," "Willow Weep for Me," "Love Is Here to Stay," "Learnin' the Blues," "You Won't Be Satisfied," "Undecided," "Summertime," "I Got Plenty o' Nuttin'," "It Ain't Necessarily So," "A Woman Is a Sometime Thing," and "There's a Boat Dat's Leavin' Soon for New York"
Accompaniment on discs one and two
Trummy Young — trombone on "You Won't Be Satisfied" and "Undecided"
Edmond Hall — clarinet on "You Won't Be Satisfied" and "Undecided"
Oscar Peterson — piano on disc one and disc two tracks one through 14
Billy Kyle — piano on "You Won't Be Satisfied" and "Undecided"
Herb Ellis — guitar on disc one and disc two tracks one through 14
Ray Brown — bass on disc one and disc two tracks one through 14
Dale Jones — bass on "You Won't Be Satisfied" and "Undecided"
Buddy Rich — drums on disc one tracks one through eleven
Louie Bellson — drums on disc one tracks 12 through 16 and disc two tracks one through 14
Barrett Deems — drums on "You Won't Be Satisfied" and "Undecided"
Orchestra on disc three
Russell Garcia – arranger, conductor
Victor Arno, Robert Barene, Jacques Gasselin, Joseph Livoti, Dan Lube, Amerigo Marino, Erno Neufeld, Marshall Sosson, Robert Sushel, Gerald Vinci, Tibor Zelig — violins
Myron Bacon, Abraham Hochstein, Raymond Menhennick, Myron Sandler — violas
Justin Di Tullio, Kurt Reher, William Van Den Burg — cellos
Frank Beach, Buddy Childers, Cappy Lewis — trumpets
Milt Bernhart, Marshall Cram, James Henderson, Lloyd Ulyate — trombones
Vincent DeRosa – French horn
Bill Miller, Paul Smith – piano
Tony Rizzi – guitar
Joe Mondragon – bass
Alvin Stoller – drums
Additional personnel
Norman Granz — original producer
Val Valentin — session engineer
Phil Stern — photography
References
Ella Fitzgerald albums
Louis Armstrong albums
Vocal duet albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
1997 compilation albums
Verve Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Complete%20Ella%20Fitzgerald%20%26%20Louis%20Armstrong%20on%20Verve |
My Secret Passion: The Arias is the first classical album by Michael Bolton featuring the Philharmonia Orchestra under the direction of Steven Mercurio. The album includes a duet with Renée Fleming.
Due to lack of substantial promotion the album peaked on the Billboard Top 200 at an extremely low #112, marking the end of the period of chart success for Bolton.
Track listing
"Pourquoi me réveiller?" from Werther by Jules Massenet - 2:57
"Nessun dorma" from Turandot by Giacomo Puccini - 3:14
"Una furtiva lagrima" from L'elisir d'amore by Gaetano Donizetti - 4:52
"M'apparì" from Martha by Friedrich von Flotow - 3:08
"Che gelida manina" from La bohème by Giacomo Puccini - 4:49
"O soave fanciulla" from La bohème by Giacomo Puccini (Duet with Renée Fleming) - 4:26
"Vesti la giubba" from Pagliacci by Ruggero Leoncavallo - 3:14
"E lucevan le stelle" from Tosca by Giacomo Puccini - 3:17
"Recondita armonia" from Tosca by Giacomo Puccini - 2:24
"È la solita storia" from L'arlesiana by Francesco Cilea - 4:42
"Celeste Aïda" from Aïda by Giuseppe Verdi - 3:38
Credits
Producers – Grace Row and Michael Bolton
Vocals produced by Michael Bolton and Dave Reitzas.
Recorded by Rob Rapley at Abbey Road Studios (London, England), Passion Studios (Westport, CT), Record Plant (Los Angeles, CA) and Sony Music Studios (New York, NY).
Mixed by Dave Reitzas at The Hit Factory (New York, NY).
Mastered by Vlado Meller at Sony Music Studios.
Design – Joel Zimmerman
Illustration – Tom Woodruff
Photography – Sheila Metzner
References
Michael Bolton albums
1998 albums
In Popular Culture
In season 5 of the sitcom “The Nanny” lead characters Fran and Maxwell go to launch party of this album on what winds up a disastrous date. Michael Bolton makes an appearance and performs “Nessun Dorma” in the episode. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Secret%20Passion%3A%20The%20Arias |
Ka'b ibn Asad () was the chief of the Qurayza, a Jewish tribe that lived in Medina until 627. A tribesman, Al-Zabir ibn Bata, claimed that his face "was like a Chinese mirror, in which the girls of the tribe could see themselves", presumably meaning that Kaab had a youthful and innocent appearance.
Battle of Buath
In 617 the pagan tribes of Medina, the Khazraj and the Aws, were in conflict. The Aws asked the Qurayza and the Nadir for assistance. The Khazraj heard about it and demanded for the Jews to send 40 hostages as a pledge of their neutrality. Once they had the hostages in their power, the Khazraj then threatened to kill them unless the Jews handed their lands over to the Khazraj. Some of the Jews were willing to submit, but Ka'b insisted that they should not sacrifice their ancestral homes and so most of the hostages were killed. As a result, the Qurayza and the Nadir allied themselves with the Aws. That led to the Battle of Bu'ath, in which the Aws narrowly defeated the Khazraj.
Early interactions with Muhammad
When the Islamic prophet Muhammad arrived in Medina in 622, Ka'b bound himself to the Constitution of Medina on behalf of his tribe. Among other conditions, he agreed that each tribe would bear its own expenses, there would be freedom of religion, acts of violence and injustice would be punished, all tribes would unite to defend Medina against an outside attack and unresolved disputes would be referred to Muhammad.
Shortly afterwards, the Qurayza in fact referred a legal case to Muhammad. Ka'b apparently used this as an opportunity to test Muhammad's claim to be a prophet. He reminded Muhammad that he was a rabbi and a leader among his people, who would be sure to follow his example if he became a Muslim. He offered to recognise Muhammad's prophethood if he would settle the case in favour of the Qurayza. A man who accepted the bribe would presumably betray himself as a false prophet. However, Muhammad did not fall into the trap but announced: "If thou judgest, judge in equity, for Allah loveth those who deal fairly".
The lawsuit in question was a dispute about blood money. According to Ibn Ishaq, a Qurayza had slain some Nadir noblemen and wanted to pay only half the usual blood money. (It appears that for historical reasons, the Qurayza usually paid the Nadir usually double the blood money that the Nadir paid to them.) Muhammad settled it by decreeing that both tribes should pay equal fines. According to Abu Daw’ud, writing a century later, the situation was that a Nadir had killed a Qurayza. The custom was that a Qurayza who killed a Nadir was killed but a Nadir who killed a Qurayza paid blood money. In the lawsuit, the Qurayza demanded capital punishment for the Nadir, but the Nadir went to Muhammad to plead their right to pay blood money, as usual. Muhammad decreed "a life for a life" on the grounds that judgments based on situations from the days of paganism were no longer relevant.
Muhammad called Ka'b to accept Islam, but he replied that he did not believe Muhammad to be a prophet and would remain a Jew. Muhammad then announced the revelation: "O ye to whom the Book was sent, believe in what We have sent down in confirmation of what ye have, before We efface [your] features and turn them back to front or curse you as We cursed the Sabbath-breakers when Allah's command was carried out".
Ka'b was one of 13 Jewish leaders representing all three major tribes who came to Muhammad to make a formal declaration of their joint unbelief. They asked: "Is it true, Muhammad, that what you have brought is the truth from God? For our part, we cannot see that it is arranged as the Torah is". Muhammad replied: "You know quite well that it is from Allah; you will find it written in the Torah that you have. If men and jinn came together to produce its like, they could not”. The Jews challenged Muhammad to bring down from Heaven a book that they would recognise as a companion to their Torah; otherwise, they themselves would produce a book like the Qur'an.
Conflict between Ka'b and Muhammad
From 624, Muhammad distanced himself from the Jews. In February, the qibla, the direction of prayer, was changed from Jerusalem to Mecca After the Battle of Badr, he expelled the Jewish Qaynuqa tribe from Medina after their conspiracies against the Muslims were discovered. In the fourth year of Hijrah, the Banu Nadir tribe, at the instigation of Quraysh, planned the murder of Muhammad. Muhammad sent a message to them to leave Madinah within ten days but they rejected the message and shut themselves in their fortresses. Muhammad led an army against them and besieged them. The siege lasted for two weeks after which the Jews surrendered and were exiled from Medina.
In the fifth year of Hijrah, after the Battle of Trench, Muhammad advanced against the fortresses of Banu Quraiza who had, in violation of the treaty with the Muslims, openly helped the aggressors against the Muslims in the Battle of Trench. The siege lasted for about a month after which Banu Quraiza surrendered. They agreed to accept the decision made by Sa'ad Bin Mu'az regarding them, who they hoped would treat them softly as he had alliance with them in the past. Sa'ad Bin Mu'az applied the law of the Old Testament and he decided to slay all the men, enslave all the women and children, and take all the lands of the Jewish tribe. This has been mentioned in the Qur'an in the following words "And He brought down those who supported them among the People of the Scripture from their fortresses and cast terror into their hearts [so that] a party you killed, and you took captive a party. And He caused you to inherit their land and their homes and their properties and a land which you have not trodden. And ever is Allah, over all things, competent."
Battle of the Trench
In April 627 a confederacy of Arab tribes attacked Medina, led by the chief of Mecca, Abu Sufyan, and the exiled Huyayy ibn Akhtab. Their stated goal was to destroy Muhammad; they had an army of 10,000 and could easily have overpowered the Muslims if they could enter the city. However, the Muslims had built a wide ditch around Medina so the only possible point of entry was through the Qurayza fortresses. Huyayy, therefore, came to visit Ka'b to ask him to open his door and admit the invading army to Medina. According to Ibn Ishaq,
When Ka'b heard of Huyayy’s coming, he shut the door of his fort in his face, and when [Huyayy] asked permission to enter, [Ka'b] refused to see him, saying that he was a man of ill omen and that he himself was in treaty with Muhammad and did not intend to go back on his word because he had always found him loyal and faithful.... Huyayy kept on wheedling Ka'b until at last he gave way.... Thus Ka'b broke his promise and cut loose from the bond that was between him and the apostle.
A Muslim spy discovered Ka'b's intentions and managed to persuade him that the confederates were about to lift the siege and to abandon him to Muhammad. Ka'b therefore asked the confederates for hostages as a pledge of good faith, but the same informant also told the confederates that Ka'b was insincere and would abuse any hostages. When the confederates refused to send hostages, Ka'b refused to open his door for them. Abu Sufyan complained in a list of various difficulties for his army, "The Qurayza tribe have broken their word to us and we have not received what we wanted from them.... Be off, for I am going!" The confederates then lifted the siege.
Siege of the Qurayza Quarter
The next day, Muhammad brought his army to besiege the Qurayza stronghold. The siege lasted 25 days. When it became clear that the Qurayza could not hold out much longer, Ka'b offered his people three alternative ways out of their predicament: to embrace Islam, to kill their children and women and then fight with Muhammad and his followers to the sword to either kill the Muslims or be killed, or to take Muhammad and his people by surprise on Saturday, a day mutually understood to witness no fighting. None of the alternatives appealed them so their chief, angrily turned to them: "You have never been decisive in decision-making since you were born!"
The next morning, the Qurayza surrendered to Muhammad. They agreed to accept the verdict from Sa'ad ibn Mu'az. People thought that there would be a form of leniency on the Qurayza Quarter since Sa'ad ibn Mu'az was a former ally of the tribe, but they refused to accept his appeals to keep your pledges with Muhammad, which they denied in arrogance and support from Huyayy. Sa'ad ibn Mu'az, who was wounded during the previous battle, then arrived with several men to come and pass judgement on the tribe. He decided that all their warriors should be killed, with the women and children enslaved and their wealth divided among the Muslim fighters.
The Qurayza warriors were kept in the Najjar quarter, where Muhammad’s own kinsmen lived, and the Muslims went to the marketplace to dig trenches. Then, Muhammad sent for them in batches of five or six. The Qurayza men asked Ka'b what he thought was happening. He replied: “Don’t you understand? Don’t you see that the summoner never stops, and those who are taken away do not return? By God, it is death!” Ka'b was brought out with the rest to the marketplace, where he was made to kneel down in a trench, and his head was struck off. He had already poked small holes in his robe before he was taken so that his garments would not be taken as spoils.
See also
Non-Muslim interactants with Muslims during Muhammad's era
Ka'b (name)
Asad (name)
Notes
Banu Qurayza
Islam and Judaism
627 deaths
Year of birth unknown
7th-century Arabian Jews
Opponents of Muhammad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27b%20ibn%20Asad |
The Saugus Advertiser was an American newspaper covering the town of Saugus, Massachusetts. It was the newspaper of record in Saugus, as it is was the only place Saugus legal notices were printed.
History
The Saugus Advertiser was founded by Colonel Alfred Woodward in 1946. He remained the newspaper's publisher until his death in 1970. He was succeeded by his wife, Virginia. In 1983 she sold the paper to Andrew P. Quigley, who also published the Chelsea Record, the Winthrop Sun Transcript and the East Boston Sun-Transcript. It was later purchased by Neil P. Collins and Mary L. N. McGrew. In 1990 they sold the paper to North Shore Weeklies. In 1996, North Shore Weeklies was dissolved by its parent company, Community Newspaper Company. CNC was later purchased by GateHouse Media, who dissolved CNC into GateHouse Media New England in 2011. In 2022, parent company Gannett ceased publishing the paper.
References
1946 establishments in Massachusetts
2022 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Mass media in Essex County, Massachusetts
Newspapers established in 1946
Saugus Advertiser
Saugus, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saugus%20Advertiser |
Jabez Williams Huntington (November 8, 1788November 1, 1847) was a United States representative and Senator from Connecticut.
Biography
Born in Norwich, son of Zachariah Huntington and Hannah Mumford Huntington, Huntington pursued classical studies. He graduated from Yale College in 1806. Jabez taught in the Litchfield South Farms Academy for one year, and studied law at the Litchfield Law School during 1808. He was admitted to the bar in 1810 and commenced practice in Litchfield. He married Sally Ann Huntington, the youngest daughter of his first cousin Joseph Huntington, on May 22, 1833. They did not have any children.
Career
Huntington was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from Litchfield in 1828. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in the Twenty-first, Twenty-second, and Twenty-third U.S. Congresses, He served from March 4, 1829, to August 16, 1834, when he resigned and moved to Norwich to accept the appointment of judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors. He held that office from 1834 to 1840.
In 1840 Huntington was elected as a Whig to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Thaddeus Betts. He was reelected, and served from May 4, 1840 until his death. During the Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eight Congresses, he was chairman of the Committee on Commerce.
Death
Huntington died in Norwich on November 1, 1847, a week shy of his 59th birthday. He is interred at the Old Norwich Town Cemetery.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
References
External links
Information on relatives.
United States senators from Connecticut
Members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
Connecticut lawyers
1788 births
1847 deaths
Yale College alumni
Connecticut Whigs
Whig Party United States senators
19th-century American legislators
Justices of the Connecticut Supreme Court
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabez%20W.%20Huntington |
Guazú Cuá (Guaraní: Guasu Kua) is a village and distrito in Paraguay, located 14 kilometres south of Escobar. Guazú Cuá is a small rural community of around 440 people. Guazú Cuá has a school that goes up to the 11th grade, a well run healthpost, a police station, a church, soccer field with lights for night-time games and its own bus line, Linea 10 GuasuKua.
Sources
World Gazeteer: Paraguay – World-Gazetteer.com
Populated places in the Ñeembucú Department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guazu-Cua |
The Septizodium (also called Septizonium or Septicodium) was a building in ancient Rome. It was built in 203 AD by Emperor Septimius Severus. The origin of the name "Septizodium" is from Septisolium, from the Latin for temple of seven suns, and was probably named for the seven planetary deities (Saturn, Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus) or for the fact that it was originally divided into seven parts. The building had no known practical purpose and was probably meant to be a decorative façade, known as a nymphaeum. Ancient and medieval sources describe its purpose as being to impress Severus' fellow north Africans as they entered the city, as it was located at the place where the Via Appia passes the Palatine and leads east towards the Forum Romanum. Other examples of septizodia are known, all from Africa.
Ammianus Marcellinus refers to the building in an ambiguous passage: "The plebs...had come together at the Septemzodium, a popular place, where Marcus Aurelius built a Nymphaeum in a rather ostentatious style."
By the 8th century, the edifice was already ruined and had been incorporated in one of the numerous baronial fortresses of the medieval city, held in the 12th-13th century by the Frangipani family.
In August 1241, after the death of Pope Gregory IX, the 11 cardinals who were able to get into Rome through the lines of Emperor Frederick II's army came together in the ramshackle palace of the Septizodium. The two-month-long election was arduous, not only because of the deep political crisis but the physical hardships. There was a frightful heat and the rain leaked through the roof of the chamber of the cardinals, mingled with the urine of Matteo Rosso Orsini's guards on the rooftiles. One of the cardinals fell ill and died. The new pope, Celestine IV, was also very worn out, and died 16 days after his election.
In 1588, during the reign of Pope Sixtus V, the eastern facade of the building was demolished under the direction of Domenico Fontana. The stones obtained were used for the basement of the Flaminio Obelisk of Piazza del Popolo, the restoration of the Column of Marcus Aurelius, the pope's tomb in St. Mary Major and other structures.
See also
List of ancient monuments in Rome
References
Sources
Ammianus Marcellinus: The Later Roman Empire (AD 354–378) translated by Walter Hamilton. Penguin, London 1986.
Theodor Dombart: Das palatinische Septizonium zu Rom. Beck, Munich, 1922
Karl Hampe: Ein ungedruckter Bericht über das Konklave von 1241 im römischen Septizonium. (= Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse; Jg. 1913, Abh. 1). Winter, Heidelberg 1913
Christian Hülsen: Das Septizonium des Septimus Severus. 46. Programm zum Winkelmannsfeste der Archäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1886, S. 1-36
Platner, Samuel Ball and Thomas Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (1929): "Septizonium"
Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Rome
Buildings and structures completed in the 3rd century
Buildings and structures demolished in the 16th century
Palatine Hill
Septimius Severus
Sites of papal elections | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septizodium |
Timeless: The Classics Vol. 2 is an album of covers by Michael Bolton, released in 1999.
The album is a follow-up to Bolton's 1992 covers album Timeless: The Classics. Unlike that album, however, which reached #1 and ultimately sold over 9 million copies, Vol. 2 failed to chart altogether on the Top 200, becoming Bolton's first album to not chart since 1985's Everybody's Crazy.
Track listing
"Warm and Tender Love" was not included on American releases of the album, which makes "Whiter Shade of Pale" the eleventh and final track on that edition.
Personnel
Michael Bolton – lead vocals
Rob Mathes – keyboards and programming (1, 4-6, 8, 10, 12)
Dave Delhomme – keyboards (1, 2, 3, 5-8)
Greg Phillinganes – keyboards (1, 2, 3, 5-8), rhythm arrangements (1, 2, 3, 5-8)
Andre Betts – programming (1)
Jan Folkson – programming (1, 4-6, 8, 10, 12)
Tony Harrell – Hammond B3 organ (4, 9, 10, 12), keyboards (4, 9, 10, 12), synthesizers (4, 9, 10, 12)
John Hobbs – acoustic piano (4, 9, 10, 12), synthesizers (4, 9, 10, 12)
Dann Huff – electric guitar (1, 7, 9), guitar (4, 12)
Jeff Mironov – guitar (1-3, 5-8)
Michael Thompson – electric guitar (2, 3)
Blue Miller – acoustic guitar (4, 9, 10, 12)
Kenny Greenberg – electric guitar (4, 9, 10, 12)
Steve Lukather – guitar (5, 6, 8, 10)
Neil Jason – bass (1-3, 5-8), programming (1, 10, 12)
Michael Rhodes – bass (4, 9, 10, 12)
Shawn Pelton – drums (1-3, 5-8)
Eddie Bayers – drums (4, 9, 10, 12)
Bashiri Johnson – percussion (1-5, 9, 10, 12)
Dave Koz – alto saxophone (3, 5)
Michael Brecker – tenor saxophone (6)
Bob Bailey – backing vocals (1, 3, 5)
Lisa Cochran – backing vocals (1, 3, 5)
Melonie Daniels – backing vocals (1, 5-7)
Kim Fleming – backing vocals (1, 3, 5)
Vicki Hampton – backing vocals (1, 3, 5)
Trey Lorenz – backing vocals (1, 5-7)
Mary Ann Tatum - backing vocals (1, 5-7)
Lisa Amann – backing vocals (2, 6)
Michael Mellett – backing vocals (2, 4, 6)
Wendy Moten – backing vocals (2, 4, 6)
Nicol Smith – backing vocals (2, 4, 6)
Chris Rodriguez – backing vocals (4)
Production
Producers – Michael Bolton and Phil Ramone; Barry Beckett (tracks 4, 9, 10 & 12).
Engineers – Pete Greene, Steve Milo, Dave Reitzas and Eric Schilling.
Assistant Engineers – Dave Boyer, Andrew Felluss, Tim Harkins and Jason Stasium.
Recorded at A&M Studios (Hollywood, CA); Emerald Entertainment (Nashville, TN); Passion Studios (Westport, CT); Right Track Recording (New York, NY).
Mixing – Mick Guzauski (tracks 1-8, 10, 11 & 12); Dave Reitzas (track 9).
Mix Assistants – Tom Bender and Nick Marshall
Mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound (New York, NY).
Production Manager and Musical Contractor – Jill Dell'Abate
Production Coordinator – Gina Cheshire (tracks 4, 9, 10 & 12)
Art Direction and Design – Christopher Austopchuck and Joel Zimmerman
Photography – Timothy White
References
See also
1999 in music
Michael Bolton albums
1999 albums
Covers albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless%3A%20The%20Classics%20Vol.%202 |
Cindy Cohn is an American civil liberties attorney specializing in Internet law. She represented Daniel J. Bernstein and the Electronic Frontier Foundation in Bernstein v. United States.
Education
She received her undergraduate degree at the University of Iowa and the London School of Economics and her Doctor of Jurisprudence from the University of Michigan.
Law Career
In 1997 Cohn was recognized by California Lawyer Magazine as one of the "Lawyers of the Year" for her work. After serving for 15 years as legal director and general counsel for the Electronic Frontier Foundation, she became its executive director in 2015.
In addition to Bernstein, some of Cohn's significant cases include Hepting v. AT&T (class action against AT&T for collaborating with the National Security Agency program to wiretap and data-mine Americans' communications), In re Sony BMG Tech. litigation (class action against Sony BMG for placing dangerous digital rights management (DRM) on customers' computers), OPG v. Diebold (Diebold was held liable for sending out unfounded cease and desist notices to internet service providers (ISPs) in an effort to stop public discussion of the flaws in its electronic voting machines), and DVD CCA v. Bunner (representing Andrew Bunner against the DVD Copy Control Association defending his right to republish a computer program that he found republished elsewhere on the Internet).
Awards and honors
In 2006 Cohn was named one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America by the National Law Journal. In November 2018, she was featured among "America's Top 50 Women In Tech" by Forbes. Cohn also serves on the board of directors of the nonprofits Human Rights Advocates and the Verified Voting Foundation.
References
External links
Cindy Cohn's Bio on EFF Site
Human Rights Advocates Home Page
21st-century American lawyers
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21st-century American women lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy%20Cohn |
Poplar may refer to:
Plants
Populus, the plant genus which includes most poplars, as well as aspen and cottonwood
Black poplar (Populus nigra)
Carolina or Canadian poplar, Populus × canadensis
Grey poplar (Populus × canescens)
White poplar
Populus alba, native to Eurasia
Populus grandidentata, bigtooth aspen
Populus tremuloides, American aspen
Liriodendron, the genus of tulip poplars
Yellow poplar or tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Liriodendron chinense, Chinese tulip poplar
Places
Canada
Poplar, Ontario, a community in the township of Burpee and Mills
Poplar Creek, British Columbia, a ghost town
United Kingdom
Poplar, London
Poplar High Street
Metropolitan Borough of Poplar (1900–1965)
Poplar DLR station
Poplar (UK Parliament constituency)
Poplar and Limehouse (UK Parliament constituency)
Poplar Walk, Christ Church Meadow, Oxford
United States
Poplar, California
Poplar, Iowa
Poplar, Minnesota
Poplar, Montana
Poplar, North Carolina in Mitchell County
Poplar, Philadelphia
Poplar, Virginia
Poplar, Wisconsin
Other uses
Poplar (convenience store), a Japanese company
Poplar Taneshima, a main character from the Working!! manga and anime series
See also
Poplar Island (disambiguation)
Poplar River (disambiguation)
Poplar station (disambiguation)
Poplar Tree Incident in Korea
Popular (disambiguation)
Populous (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar |
Only a Woman Like You is an album by Michael Bolton, released in 2002 (see 2002 in music).
The album constituted a comeback for Bolton peaking at #36. Nevertheless, the album's success could by no way be compared to the success of his previous efforts. The album failed to gain any certification, selling about 400,000 copies in the US and less than 1 million globally.
Track listing
"Dance with Me" (Bolton, Gary Haase, Billy Mann) – 3:30
"I Wanna Hear You Say It" (Bolton, Mann, Rudy Pérez) – 3:13
"Only a Woman Like You" (Robert John "Mutt" Lange, Shania Twain, Max Martin, Rami) – 4:07
"All That You Deserve" (Bolton, Andy Goldmark, Hex Hector) – 3:41
"Love with My Eyes Closed" (Walter Afanasieff, Bolton, Mann) – 4:36
"To Feel Again" (Bolton, Gary Burr, Desmond Child) – 3:19
"The Center of My Heart" (Afanasieff, Bolton, Mann) – 4:49
"This Is the Way" (Bolton, Goldmark, Robert John "Mutt" Lange) – 3:36
"Simply" (Bolton, Goldmark, Mark Mueller) – 3:26
"Slowly" (Bolton, Dan Hill, Richard Marx) – 4:38
"I Surrender" (Bolton, Lange, Marx) – 4:01
"Eternally" (Bolton, Marx) – 4:46
"As" (Stevie Wonder) – 3:41
"All for Love"* version of Marcos Vianna's song "Somente Por Amor" (Vianna – Portuguese Lyrics and music, Bolton – English Lyrics) – "O Clone" Original Soundtrack, Only released in Brazil.
Personnel
Michael Bolton – lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 2, 4–6, 8, 9), arrangements (1, 4, 5, 7-11)
Gary Haase – all other instruments (1), additional programming (1), arrangements (1)
Nemo – keyboard programming (2)
Clay Perry – keyboard programming (2)
Mark Portmann – keyboard programming (2)
Henry Sommerdahl – grand piano (3)
Chris DeStefano – keyboards (4, 8), bass (4, 8), drum programming (4, 8)
Andy Goldmark – keyboards (4, 8, 9), bass (4, 8), drum programming (4, 8), arrangements (4, 8, 9)
C.J. Vanston – keyboards (4, 8), bass (4, 8), drum programming (4, 8), keyboard programming (10, 12), arrangements (10, 12), programming (13)
Walter Afanasieff – keyboards (5, 7), bass (5, 7), drum programming (5, 7), rhythm programming (5, 7), arrangements (5, 7)
Robert Conley – programming (5, 7)
Paul Santo – keyboards (6), programming (6), guitars (6), backing vocals (6)
Brett Laurence – keyboards (9)
Richard Marx – arrangements (10–12), backing vocals (10–12), keyboards (11), acoustic piano (12)
John Blasucci – keyboard programming (11), drum programming (11)
Richard Hilton – programming (13)
Nataraj – programming (13)
Paul Pimsler – electric guitar (1)
Rudy Pérez – guitars (2), arrangements (2)
Ebsjörn Öhrwall – acoustic guitar (3), electric guitar (3)
Johan Lindström – steel guitar (3)
Michael Thompson – acoustic guitar (4), electric guitar (4, 10), guitars (8, 11, 12)
Michael Landau – electric guitar (5)
Ike Woods – guitars (6)
Tomas Lindberg – bass (3)
Rico Suarez – bass (6)
Nathan East – bass (9)
Todd Sucherman – drums (10)
Rolando Morales-Matos – percussion (1)
D. Lopez – percussion (5)
Amir Sosi – tabla (8)
Jan Bengtsson – flute (3)
Billy Mann – arrangements (1, 2)
Henrik Janson – string arrangements (3)
Ulf Janson – string arrangements (3)
Snyko – strings (3)
Paul Buckmaster – string arrangements (9)
Nikki Richards – backing vocals (1)
Mutt Lange – backing vocals (3)
Marc Nelson – backing vocals (4, 8, 9)
Skyler Jett – backing vocals (5, 7)
Conesha Owens – backing vocals (5, 7)
Claytoven Richardson – backing vocals (5, 7)
Gene Miller – backing vocals (10, 11)
Production
Louis Levin – executive producer
Michael Bolton – executive producer, producer (1, 2, 5-13)
Gary Haase – producer (1)
Billy Mann – producer (1, 2)
Rudy Pérez – producer (2)
Mutt Lange – producer (3)
Max Martin – producer (3)
Rami Yacoub – producer (3)
Andy Goldmark – producer (4, 8, 9)
Walter Afanasieff – producer (5, 7)
Desmond Child – producer (6)
Richard Marx – producer (10–12)
Nile Rodgers – producer (13)
Nataraj – co-producer (13)
Jackie Murphy – art direction, design
Nigel Parry – photography
Technical
Chaz Harper – mastering
Gary Haase – recording (1)
Steve Milo – recording (1, 4-10, 12, 13), vocal recording (11)
Joel Numa – recording (2)
Felipe Tichauer – recording (2)
Bruce Weedon – recording (2), mixing (2)
Robert Wellorfors – recording (3)
Hakon Wollgard – recording (3)
Kevin Churko – vocal engineer (3), vocal editing (3)
David Cole – recording (4, 8-13), mixing (8, 10-13)
Chris DeStefano – recording (4, 8, 9)
Frank Wolf – recording (4, 8, 9)
Greg Bieck – recording (5, 7)
David Gleeson – recording (5, 7)
David Reitzas – recording (5, 7-10, 12)
Jules Gondar – recording (6)
Craig Lozowick – recording (6)
Brett Laurence – recording (9)
Matt Prock – recording (12)
Richard Hilton – recording (13)
Andy Zulla – mixing (1, 2)
Max Martin – mixing (3)
Rami Yacoub – mixing (3)
Mick Guzauski – mixing (4, 5, 7, 9)
Carlos Alvarez – mixing (6)
Simon Simantob – recording assistant (2)
Steve Genewick – recording assistant (4, 8)
Jimmy Hoyson – recording assistant (4, 8, 12)
Jason Rankins – recording assistant (4)
German Villacorta – recording assistant (4, 8)
Mike Zainer – recording assistant (4)
Pete Krawiec – recording assistant (5, 7)
Nicholas Marshall – recording assistant (5, 7, 8, 10, 12)
Nick Thomas – recording assistant (5, 7)
Conrad Golding – recording assistant (6)
Dan Gomez – recording assistant (6)
Greg Landon – recording assistant (6)
Nathan Malki – recording assistant (6)
Marcelo Marulanda – recording assistant (6)
Jay Goin – recording assistant (8, 10, 12)
John Hendrickson – recording assistant (8)
Matt Marrin – recording assistant (9)
Grayson Sumby – recording assistant (12)
Alan Ford – recording assistant (13)
Darrell Herbert – recording assistant (13)
Tom Bender – mix assistant (4, 5, 7, 9)
Chris Trevett – additional post mixing (9)
Studios
Recorded at Passion Studios and Le Crib Studios (Westport, CT); Renegade Studios (Chicago, IL); The Gentlemen's Club (Miami Beach, FL); Emerald Sound Studio and Ocean Way Nashville (Nashville, TN); Headman Sound (New York, NY); Final Approach (Encino, CA); The Enterprise (Burbank, CA); Conway Studios, Ocean Way Recording, Henson Recording Studios and Capitol Studios (Hollywood, CA); The Treehouse (North Hollywood, CA); Record Plant, Westlake Audio and The Village Recorder(Los Angeles, CA); Wallyworld; Dig's Spot; Polar Studios and Maritone Studios (Stockholm, Sweden).
Mixed at Sound Decision (New York, NY) and Playroom Studios (Miami, FL).
Mastered at Battery Mastering Studios (New York, NY).
References
2002 albums
Michael Bolton albums
Jive Records albums
Albums produced by Billy Mann
Albums produced by Desmond Child
Albums produced by Max Martin
Albums produced by Rami Yacoub
Albums produced by Richard Marx
Albums produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Albums produced by Walter Afanasieff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only%20a%20Woman%20Like%20You |
Diallyl disulfide (DADS or 4,5-dithia-1,7-octadiene) is an organosulfur compound derived from garlic and a few other genus Allium plants. Along with diallyl trisulfide and diallyl tetrasulfide, it is one of the principal components of the distilled oil of garlic. It is a yellowish liquid which is insoluble in water and has a strong garlic odor. It is produced during the decomposition of allicin, which is released upon crushing garlic and other plants of the family Alliaceae. Diallyl disulfide has many of the health benefits of garlic, but it is also an allergen causing garlic allergy. Highly diluted, it is used as a flavoring in food. It decomposes in the human body into other compounds such as allyl methyl sulfide.
History
In 1844, Theodor Wertheim separated by steam distillation a pungent-smelling substance from garlic and named it "allyl sulfur." However, only in 1892 could Friedrich Wilhelm Semmler identify diallyl disulfide as one of the components of distilled garlic oil. The natural precursor of diallyl disulfide, allicin, was discovered in 1944 by Chester J. Cavallito and John Hays Bailey. In 1947, A. Stoll and E. Seebeck found that allicin in turn can be produced from the cysteine derivative alliin using the enzyme alliinase.
Occurrence
Diallyl disulfide and trisulfide are produced by decomposition of allicin, which is released upon breaking the cells of the Alliaceae plants, especially garlic. The diallyl disulfide yield is the highest for the steam distillation of garlic bulbs which contain about 2 wt.% of diallyl disulfide-rich oil. Diallyl disulfide can also be extracted from garlic leaves, but their oil content is significantly lower at 0.06 wt.%.
Extraction and representation
On an industrial scale, diallyl disulfide is produced from sodium disulfide and allyl bromide or allyl chloride at temperatures of 40–60 °C in an inert gas atmosphere; sodium disulfide is generated in situ by reacting sodium sulfide with sulfur. The reaction is exothermic and its theoretical efficiency of 88% has been achieved in practice.
Smaller quantities can be synthesized from the same starting materials, but in air and using tetrabutylammonium bromide as a catalyst. The corresponding yield is below 82%. The major problem, both in the industrial synthesis and in the extraction from plants, is separation of diallyl disulfide from higher sulfides (diallyl trisulfide (DATS), etc.). They have very similar physical properties and therefore, a typical commercial product contains only 80% of diallyl disulfide. The conversion of allicin to diallyl disulfide and trisulfide takes place particularly rapidly above 37 °C.
Properties
Physical characteristics
Diallyl disulfide has a strong garlic smell. It is a clear, yellowish liquid which boils at 138–139 °C (for the typical 80% purity) and has its flash point at 50 °C, a density of about 1.0 g/mL and a vapor pressure of 1 mmHg at 20 °C. It is non-polar; therefore, diallyl disulfide is insoluble in water and is soluble in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene.
Chemical reactions
Diallyl disulfide can be readily oxidized to allicin with hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid. Allicin in turn can hydrolyze giving diallyl disulfide and trisulfide. Reaction of diallyl disulfide with liquid sulfur gives a mixture containing diallyl polysulfides with as many as 22 sulfur atoms in a continuous chain identified. When diallyl disulfide is heated it decomposes giving a complex mixture. The carbon-sulfur bond of diallyl disulfide is 16 kcal mol−1 weaker than the sulfur-sulfur bond (46 kcal mol−1 versus 62 kcal mol−1, respectively), with the consequence that on heating diallyl disulfide gives the allyldithio radical (AllSS•), which through addition to the double bonds in diallyl disulfide followed by fragmentation and subsequent reactions generates numerous organosulfur compounds, many of which are found in trace amounts in distilled garlic oil. In the presence of a catalyst, diallyl disulfide can combine with alkyl halides forming 1-alkylthio-3-allylthio-1-propene and 1,3-di(alkylthio)propene.
Applications
In the presence of iron chloride or copper chloride catalyst, or of liquid sulfur at 120 °C Diallyl disulfide can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of higher diallyl polysulfides (polysulfanes). In agriculture, diallyl disulfide and related diallyl polysulfides show useful activity as environmentally-benign nematicides. Diallyl disulfide is also a starting material for the synthesis of allicin. In the food industry, diallyl disulfide is used to improve the taste of meat, vegetables and fruits.
Biological importance
Smell and taste
The unpleasant smell of diallyl disulfide is perceived through the transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1 (TRPA1). This ion channel had long been present not only in humans and animals, but even in fungi. Thus, Alliaceae plants have likely developed the diallyl disulfide-TRPA1 protection mechanism against predators at the early stages of the evolution.
Poisoning and detoxification
Diallyl disulfide is an efficient agent for detoxication of the cells. It significantly increases the production of the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST), which binds electrophilic toxins in the cell. Garlic therefore supports, for example, the detoxification function of liver cells in vitro and protects nerve cells from oxidative stress, also in vitro. The detoxification effect may prevent symptoms of inflammation. This was confirmed in a study on rats where prolonged administration of diallyl disulfide protected poisoning of their intestinal cells. This study also showed that certain side effects of high doses of garlic oil are not attributable to the diallyl disulfide. By supporting the detoxification activity in the liver, diallyl disulfide might offer liver protection during the chemotherapy, e.g. against cyanide detoxification.
Antimicrobial effect
The release of organosulfur compounds upon destruction of Alliaceae plant cells has great importance, because of the antimicrobial, insecticidal and larvicidal properties of those compounds. In particular, diallyl disulfide is the main reason for inhibiting the growth of molds and bacteria by garlic oil. It is also acts against the stomach ulcer germ Helicobacter pylori, however not as efficiently as allicin. Because of its antimicrobial effects, diallyl disulfide, together with tobramycin, is included in preparations which are used for selective decontamination of the organs (e.g. gut) before surgical operations. A clinical study showed that such preparations prevent endotoxemia in heart valve operations.
Protection against colon cancer
Garlic can prevent colorectal cancer, and several studies revealed that diallyl disulfide is a major component responsible for this action. The effect is dose dependent as demonstrated on mice. Diallyl disulfide affects cancer cells much more strongly than normal cells. It also results in a strong and dose-dependent accumulation of several agents, such as reactive oxygen species, which activate enzyme and lead to destruction of cancer cells.
Protection against cardiovascular disease
There is evidence that garlic may prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases. A possible reason for some of these diseases, such as atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease is oxidative stress. The latter is reduced by diallyl disulfide by assisting in the detoxification of the cell, as well as some other mechanisms. By activating the TRPA1 ion channel, diallyl disulfide leads to a short-term lowering of blood pressure.
Safety
Diallyl disulfide is a skin irritant and an allergen. In particular, it is the main cause of garlic allergy (allergic contact dermatitis to garlic). The allergy usually starts at the fingertips and cannot be prevented by wearing gloves because diallyl disulfide penetrates through most commercial glove types.
The median lethal dose (LD50) for oral intake in rats is 260 mg per kg of body weight and it is 3.6 g/kg for dermal intake. High doses of 5 g/kg placed on the skin of cats cause death through hemolytic anemia.
Diallyl disulfide can be easily detected in the air or in the blood with gas chromatography.
See also
Allyl propyl disulfide
References
Organic disulfides
Allyl compounds
Nematicides
Histone deacetylase inhibitors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diallyl%20disulfide |
Roman Zdzisław Wilhelmi (June 6, 1936 in Poznań – November 3, 1991 in Warsaw) was a Polish theatre and film actor, notable for his roles in two of the most popular Polish television series of the 1980s.
In 1958, he graduated from the National Higher School of Theatre in Warsaw and started his career in various Warsaw-based theatres. A talented young actor, he also appeared in numerous films of the time. His stage debut was the role of Stanley in Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire. In 1960, he debuted on screen in the role of Jamot in Aleksander Ford's Teutonic Knights, based on Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel, The Teutonic Knights.
The following years he made his appearance in the role of Olgierd Jarosz in Four Tank Men And A Dog, one of the most popular Polish television series ever. This role gained him much popularity in Poland and made him one of the most popular Polish actors of the time. Other of his notable roles include the appearance as Fornalski in Zaklęte rewiry based on a prose by Henryk Worcell, Nikodemus Dyzma in Career of Nicodemus Dyzma based on a popular novel by Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz and as Stanisław Anioł, an autocratic janitor in Alternatywy 4 TV series. As a stage actor he continued to act in Warsaw-based Ateneum and Nowy theatres. Among the notable roles were Lovka in Sunset by Isaac Babel, the lead role in Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen, McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey and Danton in Danton's Death by Georg Büchner.
In 1981 he won the award for Best Actor at the 12th Moscow International Film Festival for his role in The Moth.
He died of liver cancer on November 3, 1991 in Warsaw.
References
External links
Roman Wilhelmi at the Akademia Polskiego Filmu
Roman Wilhelmi at the Culture.pl
Wilhelmi Roman
Polish film actors
Polish male stage actors
Polish television actors
1936 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Polish male actors
Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Wilhelmi |
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