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The Bolingbrook Golf Club, a municipal facility located in Bolingbrook, Illinois, United States, features an 18-hole course designed by golf course architect Arthur Hills.
The onsite clubhouse includes a casual restaurant "The Nest Bar and Grill," a restaurant "The East Room," a pro shop, and banquet and meeting facilities. The property also includes the "Golf Academy" featuring a driving range, putting green, and chipping area. The area is open to the public and is accessible by Kings Road.
The facility is managed by KemperSports Management and the web site and digital media was developed by the Ateki Corporation, which is also located in Bolingbrook, IL.
References
External links
Bolingbrook Golf Club website
Golf clubs and courses in Illinois
Bolingbrook, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolingbrook%20Golf%20Club |
Eric Fromm (born June 27, 1958) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.
Tennis career
Fromm's best result at a Grand Slam was reaching the fourth round of the French Open in 1983 in singles, where he lost in straight sets to world No. 1 in the world Jimmy Connors and the semifinals of the 1984 French Open doubles with Shlomo Glickstein of Israel, where they lost in five sets to Yannick Noah and Henri Leconte. Fromm's career highlights include a top 50 ranking in singles and top 30 ranking in doubles as well as wins over Yannick Noah at Wimbledon and Pat Cash at the US Open. He retired from the pro tour in 1986 and was inducted into the Eastern Tennis Hall of Fame in 2016.
After pro tennis
Fromm completed his undergraduate degree at Columbia University and earned an MBA from Columbia Business School. He joined SPORTIME in 2002 as managing partner of SPORTIME Harbor Island in Mamaroneck, New York and was promoted to the executive management team of SPORTIME in 2007. He became general manager and director of Tennis of the historic Orange Lawn Tennis Club in 2018.
Fromm raised his family in Chappaqua, New York with his wife Lori. Fromm has three children, a son Daniel, and two daughters, Carly and Alana. Fromm and his wife reside in New Rochelle, New York.
Career finals
Singles (1 runner-up)
Doubles (9 runner-ups)
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
American male tennis players
Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens men's tennis players
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Sportspeople from Queens, New York
Tennis players from New York City
People from Chappaqua, New York
Sportspeople from Westchester County, New York
Columbia Business School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Fromm |
Abd Allah ibn Hudhafa al-Sahmi () (died 653) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is best known in Islamic tradition for his role as the courier of a letter from Muhammad to Khusraw Parvez, the King of Persia, and for his imprisonment and torture by Heraclius, the Byzantine Emperor.
In Muhammad's era
Letter to Khosrow II
Abd Allah bin Hudhafa al-Sahmi carried the letter of Muhammad to Khosrow II, the emperor of the Sassanid Empire (Persia). When Abd Allah entered the kingdom, Khosrow sent his messenger to get the letter off him but Abd Allah refused, saying Muhammad had ordered him to present the letter to the King only and he was not going to break the instructions of Muhammad. Khosrow was enraged by the letter, tearing it into shreds. When Muhammad heard Khosrow had torn his letter, he made a prayer that Allah tears his kingdom. Khosrow sent a couple of troopers to arrest Muhammad and bring him to his presence. As soon as the men reached Madina, Muhammad was informed by Divine Revelation that Perves, the emperor of Persia, had been murdered by his own son, which Muhammad disclosed to the troopers.
The leader of an expedition
Muslim scholars says that, and according to hadith of Sihah Sittah and Tafsir Ibn Kathir, the verse of Obedience about uli al-Amr was revealed about an incident of sahaba Abd Allah ibn Hudhafa. Muhammad once sent him as a military leader of some sahabas, on the way he became furious and told them to make coils of fire, and to plunge into it. However, Imam Asakir Zuhri said, Abdullah was a humorous person. He made this order in jest. After returning from the expedition, the Islamic prophet Muhammad said, obedience to the leader is only wajib in those matters which Allah has permitted.
In Caliph Umar's era
In 639 (19AH), during the Caliphate of Umar, he sent an army to Rome. There, Heraclius, the emperor of the Byzantine Empire, attempted to convert Abd Allah to Christianity with bribery and torture, but Abd Allah refused to recant. Heraclius attempted all sorts of torture, such as boiling other sahaba in front of him. He attempted to send a prostitute to Abd Allah's cell, but his firm belief in Islam led him to run around in his cell to get away from the woman. She eventually grew bored and gave up. Heraclius then attempted to scare him, by ordering his soldiers to shoot arrows at him, but not hit him. Again, this didn't faze Abd Allah ibn Hudhafa. When Heraclius boiled the other sahaba in front of Abd Allah, Abd Allah began to cry. Heraclius thought he had finally broken him and mocked him. Abd Allah, then declared that he wasn't crying out of fear, rather he was crying that he knew he could only die once, and proclaimed that he wishes he was blessed with 1000 lives in order to die in the same way, due to the strength of his faith in Islam. After all this, Heraclius tried on the last attempt. He told Abd Allah, "If you kiss my head, I will let you go." Abd Allah refused and said, "I wouldn't let you kiss my head". Heraclius then said, "Kiss my forehead and I will let go of 60 sahaba and you." Abd Allah refused. This kept on going until Heraclius said: "Kiss my forehead and I will let go of 300 sahaba". Abd Allah agreed.
Abd Allah and the Sahaba were freed and made their way back to the Muslim lands. When talk of Abd Allah's bravery spread throughout the land, the Islamic Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, order all the Muslims to kiss the forehead of Abd Allah ibn Hudhafa al-Sahmi, and kissed him on his forehead first.
Death
He died in Egypt in 653 (33AH) during the caliphate of Uthman.
References
Year of birth missing
653 deaths
Companions of the Prophet
Banu Sahm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%20Allah%20ibn%20Hudhafa |
The Hikes-Hunsinger House is a historic residence in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Although it was built in the 1820s as a farmhouse, it is now surrounded by the city, but it retains much of its original architecture, and it has been named a historic site.
Architecture
Built in 1823, the house is a Federal structure, built of brick on a stone foundation and two stories tall. The facade is divided into five bays and features a double entryway with a fanlight but no sidelights. The house may have been built with a porch or stoop, but whatever was present at the time of construction has since disappeared; the entrance is surrounded by a newer porch of artificial stone constructed before 1924. An ell is attached to the house's northwest-facing rear section. Among the premier components of the interior is the main stairway, which dominates the hallway between the first and second floors. The floor plan includes a parlor, a living room, a kitchen, and a dining room on the first floor, while the large majority of the second floor is divided among multiple bedrooms.
History
George Hikes Jr., a member of one of the leading families of early Louisville, constructed the present house and several others in the area. For over a century and a half, the house was owned by members of the Hikes family, who for many years continued to operate the farm, mill, and distillery that their ancestor had established along with the house. According to oral traditions preserved among the Hikes family, the property has been occupied by ghosts and by Union Army soldiers heading toward Perryville, and some of the details on an associated smokehouse were placed in order to demonstrate the owners' devotion to the ideals of Southern hospitality.
Preservation
No longer is the Hikes House located amid farming country as in its early days. Part of the house's long lane is now the busy Hikes Lane, suburbia now encompasses the house on all sides, and much of the original farm is now occupied by subdivisions and a school. Nevertheless, the house retains much of its original architecture, due in part to consistent maintenance throughout its history. In recognition of its historically significant architecture, the Hikes-Hunsinger House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in late 1975. It is one of more than four hundred different buildings and historic districts in the city of Louisville with this distinction.
References
Houses completed in 1823
Federal architecture in Kentucky
Houses in Louisville, Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Louisville, Kentucky
1823 establishments in Kentucky
19th-century buildings and structures in Louisville, Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikes-Hunsinger%20House |
Westbroek is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of De Bilt, and lies about 6 km northwest of Bilthoven.
Westbroek consists mainly of a ribbon of farms along a dike. The village is surrounded by a number of polders: the Polder Westbroek, the Kerkeindse Polder, and the Polder Achttienhoven in the north, and the Molenpolder and Polder de Kooi in the south. The Molenpolder is a nature reserve.
History
Westbroek used to be a separate municipality. It merged into Maartensdijk in 1957, and has been a part of the De Bilt municipality since 2001.
The church dates from 1467.
On 26 December 1481, Westbroek was the site of a major battle, known as the Battle of Westbroek, between the armies of the prince-bishopric of Utrecht and Holland, with Holland winning a decisive victory.
Gallery
References
External links
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Former municipalities of Utrecht (province)
De Bilt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbroek |
Dalar can refer to:
Ab-i-Dalar, a village in Zanjan Province, Iran
Dalar, Armenia, a village
Delal sauce or dalar, a condiment from Northern Iran
See also
Swedish riksdaler, a form of outdated Swedish currency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalar |
Highlands Historic District may refer to:
Original Highlands, Louisville, Kentucky, listed as Highlands Historic District on the NRHP in Kentucky
Highlands Historic District (Fall River, Massachusetts), listed on the NRHP in Massachusetts
Highlands Historic District (Meridian, Mississippi), listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
Highlands Historic District (Moose, Wyoming), listed on the NRHP in Wyoming
See also
Highland Historic District (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands%20Historic%20District |
Fernando Luna Vicente (born 24 April 1958) is a former tennis player from Spain.
The right-handed achieved his highest ATP singles ranking of world No. 33 in May 1984 and finished runner-up in two Grand Prix finals during his career: Aix-En-Provence in 1984 Madrid in 1988. Luna reached the fourth round of the 1983 French Open, defeating José Luis Clerc en route.
Career finals
Singles (2 losses)
External links
1958 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Ciudad Real
Spanish male tennis players
Tennis players from Castilla–La Mancha
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Spain
Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Spain
Mediterranean Games medalists in tennis
Competitors at the 1979 Mediterranean Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Luna%20%28tennis%29 |
The Owl's Hill Nature Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in northwestern Williamson County, Tennessee.
Fossil traces in Ordovician limestone and 350-year-old giant trees, vestiges of the great eastern deciduous forest that once covered Tennessee, are important collections on the site, as are pioneer trees and seasonal wildflowers. The ponds and wetlands provide valuable amphibian habitat, home to more than a dozen species. 125 species of birds have been recorded on site through population surveys performed by the National Audubon Society. Nearly all mammals native to Middle Tennessee are in residence at Owl’s Hill.
In 1990, an ambitious Master Plan was adopted to restore the natural habitat by overcoming almost a century of farm usage. First, wildlife conditions were improved through removal of several miles of wire fencing; water sources were improved and added; old orchard trees were pruned to restore their productivity. Increases in both predator and prey populations indicate that a healthy ecosystem is now evolving. The second phase included the construction of a trail system, teaching platforms, and remodeling of the visitor center to enhance environmental education programming. Finally, in 2007, the Sanctuary initiated an exotic plant removal project. Native trees, shrubs, wildflowers and grasses are being reintroduced. Emphasis in all these areas continues to expand with current efforts directed at preserving the land surrounding the sanctuary against encroaching development.
Through public programs and working with the Land Trust for Tennessee (founded by governor Phil Bredesen) Owl’s Hill has become a focal point for neighboring landowners interested in placing conservation easements on their land. In the fall of 2000, a species inventory was completed. Owl's Hill retained two biologists to undertake a 20-month survey using scientific sampling techniques to document amphibian and reptile populations. Addenda to the inventory catalogue include wildflower, tree, butterfly, bird and mammal populations.
References
External links
Owl's Hill Nature Sanctuary
Nature centers in Tennessee
Protected areas of Williamson County, Tennessee
Education in Williamson County, Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl%27s%20Hill%20Nature%20Center |
Maartensdijk is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of De Bilt, and lies about 4 km north of Bilthoven.
History
Maartensdijk was a separate municipality until 2001, when it merged with De Bilt. Until 1812 Maartensdijk was called Oostveen which is pronounced as 'oastfain'. Oostveen means "east fen". A fen is a wetland characterized by sphagnum moss, peat and an alkaline or neutral pH. Rendering this wetland into agricultural land was initiated by Bishop Godebald van Utrecht (1114–1127) when the Kromme Rijn ("Crooked Rhine") was dammed in 1122 at Wijk bij Duurstede. The same Bishop Godebald gave land development contracts to those who would completely drain this land and make it arable; Oostveen was a large section of this area. The oldest settlement in the area is the village of Voordorp, which gradually became known as Blauwkapel because the chapel's interior was entirely blue. The name Voordorp has been revived and applied to a new northern district of the city of Utrecht. Blauwkapel still exists and is part of the Waterline and Fort defense system established to protect the provinces of Holland from inland invaders by flooding the land strategically and building fortresses where flooding was not feasible. Such a fort, the largest in this defense systems surrounds the old chapel. As land reclamation of Oostveen moved northward, a new settlement arose on the Oostveen lands that was dedicated by the dean of the Utrecht cathedral "in protectione et iustitia Sancti Martini". This settlement was the seat of the gerecht or canton of Oostveen, and in 1812 was renamed Maartensdijk.
Notable people
Nicolaas van Nieuwland (1510 in Maartensdijk – 1580), Bishop of Haarlem and abbot of Egmond Abbey 1562 to 1569
Anne Sjerp Troelstra (1939 in Maartensdijk – 2019), math professor
Madelon Hooykaas (born 1942 in Maartensdijk), video artist
Frans Rijnbout (born 1945 in Maartensdijk) theatre professor
References
Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2001
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Former municipalities of Utrecht (province)
De Bilt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maartensdijk |
Anthony Ivo (pronunciation: Eye-voh) is a supervillain in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a mad scientist who is the creator of the android villain Amazo and, along with villainous scientist T. O. Morrow, the co-creator of the android Tomorrow Woman. As a result of his thanatophobia, Ivo has used his own scientific discoveries to make himself nearly immortal and invulnerable, causing him to become monstrous in the process.
Anthony Ivo appeared in the second season of the live-action Arrowverse show Arrow and was played by Dylan Neal.
Publication history
Anthony Ivo first appeared in The Brave and the Bold #30 (June 1960) and was created by Gardner Fox and Mike Sekowsky. The same story featured his immortality elixir and his most famous android creation Amazo.
Fictional character biography
Anthony Ivo grows up with thanatophobia, a deep fear of death so strong that he even avoids his own mother's funeral. As he discovers a talent for science, avoiding death and becoming immortal became his life's obsession. Ivo studies cybernetics and genetics, and eventually engages in criminal acts to acquire the resources he needs to continue his strange experiments. He concludes he could create an "immortality elixir" by studying and experimenting on animal life known to have long lifespans, and decides he will become immortal and dominate the Earth. To act at his agent in criminal operations and conquest, Ivo creates Amazo, an android built with "absorption cell" technology (later compared to microscopic nanite technology) so he can mimic the abilities of superhumans he encounters. Amazo stalks the founding members of the Justice League (except for Superman and Batman), then uses their powers to steal long-lived animals and kidnap an elderly person. Ivo creates and ingests his immortality elixir. Ivo then attempts to permanently remove the superheroes' powers and memories, but the League defeats him and his android. Ivo is imprisoned and given a sentence of 500 years in case his immortality elixir was successful.
The later story JLA: Year One revised Ivo's history to say that before he created Amazo he worked as a research scientist for the criminal organization Locus, which gives him access to advanced technology recovered from aliens and super-villains, and allows him to dissect the bodies of alien warriors from the planet Appellax who are able to shift their biology and cause other life forms to mimic their own forms. The story implies this research into advanced tech and the fluxing biology of Appellaxians is what helped Ivo create Amazo later.
Years later, Ivo discovers his immortality causes disfigurement that makes his skin scaly and his face monstrous. He blames this on the Justice League and becomes mentally unstable, leading to further criminal actions and attacks on the League. To keep him company, Ivo builds android duplicates of himself that eventually lock him up, repulsed by his insanity. The android then carry out Ivo's desire for revenge by attacking the newly reformed Justice League, killing new team member Vibe.
Later, Ivo builds a private island populated by robots and then discovers that his disfigurement is progressing, causing pain and increased immobility. Deciding he wishes to destroy himself but unable to do it directly, he creates Amazoids, versions of Amazo who can each steal one power. The androids take the powers of Red Star, Rebis, Valor, Power Girl, Starman and Geo-Force, then turn their abilities on Ivo but are unable to kill him. Ice of the Justice League sympathizes with Ivo, unknowingly invoked the power of Guy Gardner's Power Ring to cure him of his condition and restore his original human form.
Despite his disfiguring experience, Ivo succumbs to his death phobia and once again creates an immortality elixir, drinking it and accepting that once again he suffers a monstrous disfigurement, though now of a different nature. Deciding to target the Justice League again, he teams up with fellow mad scientist villain T. O. Morrow and they develop a friendly rivalry, bickering and trying to impress each other while also clearly respecting each other and enjoying their collaboration. They construct the android Tomorrow Woman, designed to act as a superhero to infiltrate the League and eventually kill them with an electromagnetic pulse that can disrupt brain functions. To Ivo's annoyance and Morrow's pleasant surprise, Tomorrow Woman becomes a true hero and sacrifices herself to save the Justice League. Discovering her true nature, the team then tracks down and arrests both Ivo and Morrow as they share a toast.
Years later, the time-manipulating Hourman android seeks out Anthony Ivo to discuss the deeper nature of androids. In exchange for this talk, Ivo asks to know whether he will one day actually die. Hourman tells him but the reader is not privy to the answer. Ivo decides to meditate on it.
Anthony Ivo returns in Infinite Crisis as a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains. Later on, in Justice League of America (vol. 2) #4, he attempts to create a new Amazo body that can be inhabited by the mind of the villain Solomon Grundy.
The Secret Society of Super Villains later assigns Ivo to collect soil samples in Auschwitz, Nazi German-occupied Poland which will be used to create the Wonder Woman villain Genocide. He does not care to create the villain, but agrees to do so in hopes that the Society's resources can cure his disfigurement at last. Anthony Ivo brings along his newest android Red Volcano as an aid.
Maxwell Lord later approaches Anthony Ivo with a job to reprogram the Metal Men and to help Lord build OMAC Prime, an android who, like Amazo, can copy super powers.
The New 52
In 2011, The New 52 presents a reboot of the DC Comics universe. During the New 52 origin of the Justice League, in Justice League (vol. 2) #4, S.T.A.R. Labs Employee files revealed Anthony Ivo as a 37-year-old male who serves as Head of the Cellular and Structural Biology department at Ivy University for over a decade before joining and becoming director of the S.T.A.R. Labs project known as the Red Room (tasked with collecting and analyzing foreign, extraterrestrial and sentient technology deemed dangerous). Anthony Ivo pioneers the "organic pattern process", technology that mimics organic life down to a cellular level, which leads to the creation of the A-Maze Operating System. A parallel support program based on Ivo's design, the B-Maze Operating System, is built without Ivo's knowledge. It has showed results comparable to those of A-Maze OS. The same files note that Ivo is unpredictable, disappearing for days at a time and often consumed by personal projects not authorized or approved by S.T.A.R. Labs. Ivo's thanatophobia manifests in panic attacks and drug use, and leads to several confrontations with Ivo's fellow team members.
Year later, Amazo fights and is defeated by the Justice League, apparently the result of further development of the A-Maze OS. Ivo fakes his death, then teams up with a mysterious villain known as the Outsider to establish a new Secret Society of Super Villains. It is also revealed that he created his version of Shaggy Man.
In the pages of Dark Nights: Metal, Anthony Ivo appears as a member of the Science Squad at the time of Barbatos' invasion.
Powers and abilities
Anthony Ivo is a criminal mastermind and a scientific genius, skilled in genetics, biology, programming, robotics, artificial intelligence, and engineering. According to JLA: Year One, he was able to obtain some of his knowledge and expertise by studying the technology and biology of aliens and super-villains. He is responsible for the creation of various artificially intelligent androids including Amazo and, with help from T.O. Morrow, the Tomorrow Woman. Ivo has intense thanatophobia, with the one exception being a short time when he believed suicide was preferable to increasing pain and immobility (though even then, his fear prevented him from attempting the act himself).
As a result of his immortality elixir, Ivo's skin seems to be invulnerable to conventional weapons, fire, and most forms of energy attack. It is not known if his aging has been completely halted, but Ivo himself believed his first elixir would extend his life for five hundred years and that he could consume more elixir when it wore off. The elixir presumably makes him immune to all disease and poison as well. Ivo has never succeeded in making a version that didn't cause disfigurement or mutation, and has never been able to remove the disfigurement without also removing his immortality.
Ivo's androids
The following androids were created by Anthony Ivo:
Amazo - Android capable of mimicking physical abilities, superpowers, and creating copies of weapons.
Amazoid - Androids similar to Amazo, but each can only duplicate the abilities of one superhuman.
Composite Superman - In one version of Anthony Ivo's origin, his android Composite Superman is an early attempt to duplicate the Justice League's powers before later creating Amazo.
Kid Amazo - The "Son" of Amazo, a techno-organic being created with Amazo technology and manipulation of human biology.
Red Volcano - An android with great speed and heat-based abilities.
Tomorrow Woman - An artificial life-form with telekinetic powers, artificial respiration and pulse, and false memories of a human life; co-created by T.O. Morrow and originally designed to infiltrate and eventually destroy the Justice League.
In other media
Television
Anthony Ivo appears in Young Justice, voiced by Peter MacNicol. This version is a member of the Light who is assisted by a legion of monkey-like robots dubbed M.O.N.Q.I.s and an android duplicate who is serving time in Belle Reve in his place.
Anthony Ivo appears in the "Vibe" segment of DC Nation Shorts, voiced by Jason Marsden.
Anthony Ivo appears in flashbacks depicted in the second season of Arrow, portrayed by Dylan Neal. In his quest to find a sunken Japanese submarine containing the Mirakuru serum and save his wife Jessica from an unspecified, worsening illness, he employed the crew of the ship, the Amazo, traveled to the island of Lian Yu, and rescued Sara Lance from the sinking Queen's Gambit yacht. While on the island, Ivo encountered the stranded Oliver Queen and claimed that he intended to "save the human race" before forcing him to choose between whether Lance or Shado dies by his hand. After killing Shado and losing his right hand and the Amazo to a crazed Slade Wilson, Ivo started to suffer from blood poisoning and is eventually killed by Queen.
Anthony Ivo appears in My Adventures with Superman, voiced by Jake Green. This version is the CEO of AmazoTech who is suspected of being involved in illegal activities, is served by a personal assistant named Alex (voiced by Max Mittelman), and is wary of Superman's intentions. Additionally, he utilizes the energy-draining Parasite armor and joins Task Force X later in the series.
Film
Anthony Ivo makes a cameo appearance in Justice League: War as a S.T.A.R. Labs scientist.
Video games
Anthony Ivo appears in a picture depicted in Lego DC Super-Villains.
Miscellaneous
Anthony Ivo appears in DC Super Friends #1. This version intended to become famous via his robotics genius, but was overshadowed by the Super Friends.
Anthony Ivo appears in Smallville Season 11 #10 as a S.T.A.R. Labs scientist.
Anthony Ivo appears in the Injustice 2 prequel comic. After the League of Assassins kidnap his family, he builds a powerful version of Amazo for Ra's al Ghul. Upon learning from Jason Todd his family was murdered, Ivo retakes control of Amazo and allows the Justice League Task Force and Supergirl to destroy it. For his betrayal, Ivo is executed by Batman and Talia al Ghul's daughter, Athanasia al Ghul.
References
Characters created by Gardner Fox
Characters created by Mike Sekowsky
Comics characters introduced in 1960
DC Comics characters with immortality
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics scientists
DC Comics supervillains
Fictional biologists
Fictional engineers
Fictional geneticists
Fictional mad scientists
Fictional roboticists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor%20Ivo |
Charles Stuart, 5th Earl of Lennox (April or May 1557 – April 1576), was the fourth son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox and Lady Margaret Douglas, daughter of Margaret Tudor and granddaughter of King Henry VII of England. His brother was Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots. He was the uncle of King James VI and I.
Life and family
The 4th Earl of Lennox until his death in 1571 was regent for his young grandson, King James VI of Scotland. Charles's elder brother and James's father was Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley who had died in 1567. As a result, the Earldom of Lennox on the death of the 4th Earl was inherited by James VI and the title merged with the Crown. However, shortly after his father's death, the title was bestowed on Charles, amounting to a new creation of the title albeit in a cadet (younger) branch of the same family.
Charles proceeded to incur the displeasure of Queen Elizabeth I of England by a hasty marriage to Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick, apparently at his mother's instigation. The couple had one child, Lady Arbella Stuart. King James, who was still a minor, acquired the earldom despite the intervention of Queen Elizabeth I of England on her behalf. Lady Arbella Stuart married William Seymour. She was later imprisoned in the Tower of London and died there in 1615.
Charles Stuart died in early April 1576 from consumption.
References
1550s births
1576 deaths
Stuart, Charles
Charles
16th-century Scottish peers
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Charles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Stuart%2C%205th%20Earl%20of%20Lennox |
Christophe Roger-Vasselin (; born 8 July 1957) is a French former professional tennis player.
Notably in his singles career, he reached the French Open semifinals in 1983, beating No. 1 seed Jimmy Connors in the quarterfinals, but lost to eventual champion Yannick Noah. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP ranking on 20 June 1983, when he became world No. 29.
Roger-Vasselin won two doubles titles during his professional career.
In the autumn of 1977 he briefly played with a double-strung racket, the so-called spaghetti racket, with which he reached the final of the Porée Cup in Paris. The racket was banned shortly afterwards.
His son Édouard Roger-Vasselin followed him into the profession and is currently active on the ATP Tour, and went on to win the French Open in doubles in 2014.
Career finals
Singles (2 losses)
Doubles (2 wins)
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
French male tennis players
French Open junior champions
Tennis people from Greater London
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe%20Roger-Vasselin |
Faina is a municipality in central-west Goiás state, Brazil. The population in 2020 was 6,576 in a total area of .
Location and connections
Faina is located 218 km. from Goiânia in the central-west area of the state. It is part of the Rio Vermelho Microregion. The main access highways are GO-070 Goianira-Itaberaí to the crossroads at Cidade de Goiás, and GO-164.
Municipal boundaries:
North: Araguapaz
South: Goiás
East: Itapuranga
West: Matrinchã
Political data
Eligible voters: 5,981 (December 2007)
Mayor: Caio Vellasco de Castro Curado (January 2009)
Councilmembers: 9
Demographic data
Population density: (2007)
Population growth rate 2000/2007: -0.99.%
Urban population in 2007: 3,862
Rural population in 2007: 3,056
Economic data
The main economic activities were cattle raising and agriculture. There were 146,000 head of cattle in 2006. There was modest production of rice, corn, bananas, sugarcane, papaya and passion fruit.
Education and health
Literacy rate: 79.4%
Infant mortality rate: 28.53 in 1,000 live births
Schools: 19 with 2,288 students in 2006
Hospitals: 2 with 29 beds in 2007
HDI-M: 0.703
State ranking: 208 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 2,945 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000)
Tourism
There are several waterfalls in the area, including Cachoeira das Três Quedas, which has a fall of . There is also a cavern s deep with several large chambers containing both stalagmites and stalactites.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faina%2C%20Goi%C3%A1s |
Platymantis is a genus of frogs in the family Ceratobatrachidae. They are commonly known as wrinkled ground frogs, ground frogs, and forest frogs.
As currently defined, Platymantis is a large genus with up to as many as 60 species found mostly in the Philippines. However, it is known to be paraphyletic. Solving this problem will likely lead to a more narrowly defined Platymantis, possibly by transferring some species to a larger Ceratobatrachus (with Batrachylodes).
Species
There are currently at least 30 extant species in this genus. Brown, et al. (2015) estimates that there may be a total of 50-60 species in Platymantis if all cryptic species were to be described.
In addition, there is an extinct species:
Platymantis megabotoniviti, Giant Fiji ground frog
Species moved to genus Cornufer
Brown, et al. (2015) moved the Platymantis species of Oceania into the newly proposed genus Cornufer. Species in the Philippines remained in Platymantis.
Cornufer aculeodactylus Brown, 1952
Cornufer admiraltiensis Richards, Mack & Austin, 2007
Cornufer akarithymus Brown & Tyler, 1968
Cornufer batantae Zweifel, 1969
Cornufer bimaculatus Günther, 1999
Cornufer boulengeri (Boettger, 1892)
Cornufer browni Allison & Kraus, 2001
Cornufer bufonulus Kraus and Allison, 2007
Cornufer caesiops Kraus and Allison, 2009
Cornufer cheesmanae Parker, 1940
Cornufer citrinospilus Brown, Richards, and Broadhead, 2013
Cornufer cryptotis Günther, 1999
Cornufer desticans Brown & Richards, 2008
Cornufer gilliardi Zweifel, 1960
Cornufer guppyi (Boulenger, 1884)
Cornufer latro Richards, Mack & Austin, 2007
Cornufer macrops (Brown, 1965)
Cornufer macrosceles Zweifel, 1975
Cornufer magnus Brown & Menzies, 1979 (synonym: Platymantis magna)
Cornufer mamusiorum Foufopoulos and Brown, 2004
Cornufer manus Kraus and Allison, 2009
Cornufer mimica Brown & Tyler, 1968
Cornufer nakanaiorum Brown, Foufopoulos, and Richards, 2006
Cornufer neckeri (Brown & Myers, 1949)
Cornufer nexipus Zweifel, 1975
Cornufer papuensis Meyer, 1875
Cornufer parilis Brown & Richards, 2008
Cornufer parkeri (Brown, 1965)
Cornufer pelewensis Peters, 1867
Cornufer punctatus Peters & Doria, 1878
Cornufer schmidti Brown & Tyler, 1968
Cornufer solomonis (Boulenger, 1884)
Cornufer sulcatus Kraus and Allison, 2007
Cornufer vitianus (Duméril, 1853)
Cornufer vitiensis (Girard, 1853)
Cornufer weberi Schmidt, 1932
Cornufer wuenscheorum Günther, 2006
Endemic ranges
Many Platymantis species are endemic to highly restricted geographical areas within the Philippines.
Widespread
Platymantis corrugatus
Platymantis dorsalis
Luzon
Northern Luzon
Platymantis cagayanensis: Palaui Island; NE Luzon
Platymantis sierramadrensis: Sierra Madre
Platymantis taylori: Sierra Madre
Platymantis cornutus: Cordillera Central (Luzon)
Platymantis subterrestris: Cordillera Central (Luzon)
Platymantis pygmaeus: northern Luzon
Central Luzon
Platymantis biak: Biak-na-Bato National Park
Platymantis polillensis: Polillo Island; Aurora Province
Platymantis mimula: Mount Makiling
Platymantis banahao: Mount Banahaw
Platymantis indeprensus: Mount Banahaw
Platymantis montanus: Mount Banahaw
Platymantis naomii: Mount Banahaw
Platymantis pseudodorsalis: Mount Banahaw
Platymantis quezoni: Quezon Protected Landscape
Bicol Region
Platymantis isarog: Mount Isarog
Platymantis diesmosi: Malinao Volcano
Platymantis luzonensis: SE Luzon
Visayas
Platymantis lawtoni: Romblon
Platymantis levigata: Romblon
Platymantis insulatus: South Gigante Island near Panay
Platymantis paengi: Pandan, Antique, Panay
Platymantis panayensis: Panay
Platymantis negrosensis: Panay; Negros
Platymantis hazelae: Negros
Platymantis spelaea: southern Negros
Platymantis bayani: Taft, Eastern Samar
Platymantis rabori: Bohol; Leyte; Mindanao
Platymantis guentheri: Bohol; Leyte; Mindanao
References
External links
BITC / Species Descriptions - Example Platymantis
Ceratobatrachidae
Amphibians of Asia
Amphibians of the Philippines
Amphibians of Oceania
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Albert Günther | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platymantis |
CFRY (920 AM) is a simulcasting radio station that broadcasts a country format. Licensed to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, the station serves the Central Plains Region. The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting, and is located at 2390 Sissons Drive, along with CHPO-FM and CJPG-FM.
It first began broadcasting in 1956 at 1570 kHz, before moving to its current dial position in 1966. An in-town repeater, CFRY-1-FM 93.1 MHz, was added in 1995.
On October 2, 2013, Golden West received approval from the CRTC to convert CFRY-FM-1 to a separate station, using the same facilities and parameters as the repeater, though broadcasting at 27,000 watts. When it began broadcasting, it carried a country format as CHPO-FM, while CFRY continued its country format.
References
External links
CFRY 920 AM
Radio Locator information for CFRY-AM
FRY
FRY
FRY
Portage la Prairie
Radio stations established in 1956
1956 establishments in Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFRY |
The Katima Mulilo Bridge (also known as Bridge 508 in the Namibian Bridge Register) carries the TransCaprivi Highway over the Zambezi River between Katima Mulilo, Namibia and Sesheke, Zambia. It is a road bridge, completed in 2004, 900 metres long and with 19 spans. It links Namibia's Trans–Caprivi Highway to the Zambian road network, forming a section of the trade route from south-central Africa to the Atlantic known as the Walvis Bay Corridor (Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road). It also carries tourist traffic.
Requirement for the bridge
Pedestrians and passenger vehicles used to cross the river nearby by ferry. Plans for the bridge, the only one over the Zambezi for hundreds of kilometers, were first considered in Namibia in 1982, and the number 508 was allocated to the project. However, the occupying South African government was opposed to the project and considered it an act of high treason to build a bridge to independent, racially not segregated, Zambia.
The initiator of the planning, Klaus Dierks, was subsequently dismissed as Chief Bridge Engineer of the territory.
Only after Namibian independence was planning resumed in 1990. The bridge was built entirely on Zambian soil because Zambia was a least developed country at the time and thus qualified for a grant to build it, while Namibia did not have this status and would have had to repay a loan. Today, this bridge is part of Zambia's M10 Road (Livingstone-Mongu Road).
It is a major point on the Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road.
Construction
As the bridge was built on Zambian soil, it is entirely part of Zambia and is part of Zambia's M10 Route. When coming from the town of Sesheke, the entire bridge is crossed before the border post with Namibia is reached.
In 2002 the contract for construction was awarded to Concor of South Africa and Hochtief of Germany, with the bridge completed on schedule in 2004. The bridge was constructed using the German technique of incremental launching (Taktschiebe-Verfahren), with the deck of the bridge constructed on location and then hydraulically pushed segment-by-segment across the river.
Opening
The bridge was officially opened by the President of Namibia, Dr. Sam Nujoma, and President of Zambia, Levy Mwanawasa on 13 May 2004, in Katima Mulilo.
See also
List of crossings of the Zambezi River
References
External links
Project Profile at SMEC website
International bridges
Road bridges
Bridges in Zambia
Bridges in Namibia
Namibia–Zambia border crossings
Bridges completed in 2004
Bridges over the Zambezi River
2004 establishments in Zambia
2004 establishments in Namibia
Buildings and structures in Western Province, Zambia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katima%20Mulilo%20Bridge |
CHPO-FM is a radio station which broadcasts a country format on the frequency of 93.1 MHz in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada. This radio station also provides local news, sports and weather to its listeners. The station is owned by Golden West Broadcasting, and is located at 2390 Sissons Drive, along with CFRY and CJPG-FM.
History
The owners received approval by the CRTC on October 2, 2013, which will replace CFRY AM's current repeater, CFRY-FM-1. The new station will broadcast using the same facility and parameters as CFRY-FM-1, with a maximum effective radiated power of 27,000 watts (non-directional antenna with an effective height of antenna above average terrain of 73.5 metres).
Originally, it was planned to broadcast as CFRY-FM, while its original parent station, CFRY AM, continued its country format. It was later revealed that the station would switch to a classic rock format under the new call letters of CHPO-FM, ending its 19-year FM simulcast as CFRY-1-FM. However, the station instead launched as Country 93.1 FM, the current format.
References
External links
Country 93
Fry-Fm
Fry-Fm
Portage la Prairie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHPO-FM |
Jan Gunnarsson (born 30 May 1962) is a former tennis player from Sweden, who won one singles in Vienna in 1985 (beating Libor Pimek in the final) and nine doubles titles on the world tour during his professional career. In 1989 he reached the semi-finals of Australian Open where he lost in straight sets to Miloslav Mečíř.
Along with Michael Mortensen he won the longest tie-break in tennis history at Wimbledon in 1985. The Swedish/Danish duo defeated John Frawley and Víctor Pecci in the first round.
The right-hander reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 25 in December 1985.
Summer 2012 Olympics controversy
Gunnarsson was an expert commentator for the Summer 2012 Olympic Games. His position on Swedish television became controversial after he made xenophobic comments in response to negative comments made by the Swedish Culture and Sports Minister Lena Adelsohn Liljeroth about financial support for future Swedish applications for major championships. On his Facebook page, Gunnarsson posted the comment, "There's not enough money when the state is paying welfare for 27,000 Somalis." His comment was criticized by SVT's sports editor Per Yng, and he removed the comment shortly after.
Career finals
Singles (1 title, 4 runner-ups)
Doubles (9 titles, 10 runner-ups)
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
People from Olofström Municipality
Swedish male tennis players
Sportspeople from Blekinge County
20th-century Swedish people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Gunnarsson |
The cuff title (German: Ärmelstreifen) is a form of commemorative or affiliation insignia placed on the sleeve, near the cuff, of German military and paramilitary uniforms. The tradition can be traced back to the foundation of the "Gibraltar" band, which was authorised in 1783 by King George III for regiments of the Electorate of Hanover.
Cuff titles are often associated with the Second World War and units of the Waffen SS but were widely used by all branches of the German military, including paramilitary and civilian organizations.
Description
The base portion of a cuff title is made of either wool, cotton, rayon or a cotton/rayon mix. It is approximately 4 cm (1.6 inches) wide and bears a name or symbol that identifies the wearer belonging to a particular unit or has served in a specific campaign. Machine woven cuff titles became more common as the second world war progressed and newer titles were introduced. The colors of the fabric as well as the lettering varied. The cuff titles of the Waffen-SS, the combat branch of the paramilitary SS organisation of Nazi Germany, reflected the colours of the SS (black and silver) and were generally black in colour with grey or white lettering.
Lettering could be in Latin, Gothic or Sütterlin style script, as shown on the Grossdeutschland cuff title. Block letters were also used.
Types
Unit Cuff Titles – These generally referred to the name of a division, although some regiments also had distinctive titles.
The Allgemeine or General SS, the paramilitary corps of the German Nazis, manufactured the largest amount in variations of cuff bands from Standarten to Oberabschnitte - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine-SS_regional_commands - Ref: Ian Blanthorn
Branch of Service Cuff Titles – These identified those who served in a specific branch of service like the military police and war correspondents. The cuff title of the Feldgendarmerie (Military Police) wore a distinctive cuff title, often in conjunction with a unit cuff title, if entitled.
Both were named Ärmelstreifen. To differentiate it, there was another cuff title, named Ärmelband, which was used for
Campaign Cuff Titles – a total of four were authorised during the Second World War to reward participation in the campaigns in Crete, Africa, Metz and Courland.
There are several patterns of cuff titles known to have been used; some units had several unique patterns. Among the more interesting designs were:
The British Free Corps had a cuff title in block Gothic script with the name of the unit in English.
The "Afrikakorps" cuff title was worn informally as a campaign title until replaced with an "Afrika" cuff title bearing that name as well as depictions of palm trees.
The 3rd SS Division Totenkopf had a version of their cuff title that was only a skull and crossbones design.
The 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler had "Adolf Hitler" written on their cuff title in the German Sütterlin script. Contrary to a common belief, the design did not bear any resemblance to Adolf Hitler's signature.
Method of wear
As worn on Second World War uniforms, the bottom edge of German cuff titles were generally placed at the top of the split seam of a jacket cuff. This is how the measurement of 14.5 cm to 15 cm (5.7 to 5.9 inches) came about, because the split seam of the sleeve of a German enlisted man's field blouse is approximately 14.5 cm. The Germans had no defined measurement in their regulations as to how high the cuff title went, just that it was to be placed alongside the cuff's split seam. Wartime photographic evidence exists of jackets with the cuff title placed lower than 14.5 cm to 15 cm from the cuff edge. This is usually due to a reduced sleeve length. On jackets with a French cuff (the cuff turned back), the cuff title was placed above the cuff if it was an Army (Heer), Air force (Luftwaffe), or Navy (Kriegsmarine) uniform, and placed just below the cuff edge on the cuff itself on SS jackets (usually between the edge of the cuff and the seam of the cuff's edge, approximately 1 mm to 1.5 mm).
In the Bundeswehr the cuff title are worn at the cuff on both sides.
In the Army, Air force, or Navy, the unit cuff title was in, tradition with the regranted GIBRALTAR cuff title, worn on the right arm. In the SS, the cuff title was worn on the left arm. All campaign cuff titles were worn on the left arm. For example, someone who was in the army and fought in North Africa and later transferred to Grossdeutschland had an "Afrika" campaign cuff title on their left arm and their Grossdeutschland cuff title on their right arm (General Manteuffel's leather coat was an anomaly to this rule). An SS soldier who fought in Crete as a paratrooper and later joined 2nd SS Division Das Reich would have both of his cuff titles on the left arm. In this case one would usually see the unit cuff title placed below the campaign cuff title because the chances are that the individual received his jacket with his unit cuff title beforehand and then had his campaign cuff title affixed after the fact, but this was not always the case.
More than one title could be worn if the soldier was entitled. General Manteuffel wore the "Afrika" campaign cuff title above his Grossdeutschland cuff title during the period he commanded that division. Unit cuff titles were not granted as a mark of prior service in the same manner that divisional patches were and continues to be worn on the right sleeve of US Army uniforms. However, members who were entitled to wear a unit cuff title, who were also military policemen, combat correspondents, or members of the Führerhauptquartier (Hitler's headquarters), could wear both their unit's cuff title and the cuff title of their specialty service. An example of this would be a military policeman in the 17th SS Division "Götz von Berlichingen", who would or could wear both this SS-Feldgendarmerie (SS Military Police) cuff title and his Götz von Berlichingen cuff title. In this specific case, they would both be worn on the left arm. Soldiers sent to schools also wore the school's cuff over that of the unit, if any.
Status
Cuff titles were considered a special honour. The book The History of the Panzerkorps Grossdeutschland by Helmuth Spaeter describes an instance in which the motorcycle company of the Infantry Regiment "Grossdeutschland" was held to account for losing a position; they were forbidden from wearing their cuff titles until they had earned the privilege back by success in a later battle.
When Waffen SS divisions failed to perform satisfactorily near Vienna in April 1945, Adolf Hitler ordered the units involved to remove their cuff titles as a punishment. SS-Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich was enraged, and reportedly sent his own back to Berlin in a night vase (chamber pot).
Soldiers in training were usually presented the cuff title only on completion of that training, and the award of the title was seen as a rite of passage. This rite is described in the book The Forgotten Soldier.
Post World War II
The East German Nationale Volksarmee continued the tradition of cuff titles, most notably worn by Border Guards and Guard Regiments named after famous German communists and Personalities of the Eastern Bloc.
The West German Luftwaffe (Federal German Air Force) regranted the tradition of awarding cuff titles to its Traditionsverbände such as: "Jagdgeschwader Immelmann", "Jagdgeschwader Steinhoff", "Jagdgeschwader Richthofen" and "Jagdgeschwader Boelke", which were named after famous fighter pilots of the First and Second World Wars. The cuff title for "Jagdgeschwader Mölders" was later withdrawn.
The German Army continues to wear some distinctive cuff titles today. The first, used by the German Army Aviation Corps is a stylized silver grey "wing" on a black band with silver piping on the top and bottom edges. The second for its Armoured Training Battalion (and School) which is a silver grey embroidered "Panzerlehrbrigade 9" in Gothic script. Also the schools "Offizierschule des Heeres" and "Unteroffizierschule des Heeres" have granted cuff title.
The third for its Wachbataillon which is a silver grey embroidered "Wachbataillon" in Gothic script on a black band with silver piping on the top and bottom edges.
Sources
Ian Blanthorn Military Historian.
References
External links
German military uniforms
Armwear | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuff%20title |
Size is an important aspect of dinosaur paleontology, of interest to both the general public and professional scientists. Dinosaurs show some of the most extreme variations in size of any land animal group, ranging from tiny hummingbirds, which can weigh as little as two grams, to the extinct titanosaurs, which could weigh as much as .
The latest evidence suggests that dinosaurs' average size varied through the Triassic, early Jurassic, late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and dinosaurs probably only became widespread during the early or mid Jurassic. Predatory theropod dinosaurs, which occupied most terrestrial carnivore niches during the Mesozoic, most often fall into the category when sorted by estimated weight into categories based on order of magnitude, whereas recent predatory carnivoran mammals peak in the range of . The mode of Mesozoic dinosaur body masses is between one and ten metric tonnes. This contrasts sharply with the size of Cenozoic mammals, estimated by the National Museum of Natural History as about .
Size estimation
Scientists will probably never be certain of the largest and smallest dinosaurs. This is because only a small fraction of animals ever fossilize, and most of these remains will either never be uncovered, or will be unintentionally destroyed as a result of human activity. Of the specimens that are recovered, few are even relatively complete skeletons, and impressions of skin and other soft tissues are rarely discovered. Rebuilding a complete skeleton by comparing the size and morphology of bones to those of similar, better-known species is an inexact art (though governed by some established allometric trends), and reconstructing the muscles and other organs of the living animal is, at best, a process of educated guesswork, and never perfect. Mass estimates for dinosaurs are much more variable than length estimates given the lack of soft tissue preservation in the fossilization process. Modern mass estimation is often done with the laser scan skeleton technique that puts a "virtual" skin over the known or implied skeleton, but the limitations inherent in previous mass estimation techniques remain.
Sauropodomorphs
Sauropodomorph size is difficult to estimate given their usually fragmentary state of preservation. Sauropods are often preserved without their tails, so the margin of error in overall length estimates is high. Mass is calculated using the cube of the length, so for species in which the length is particularly uncertain, the weight is even more so. Estimates that are particularly uncertain (due to very fragmentary or lost material) are preceded by a question mark. Each number represents the highest estimate of a given research paper. One large sauropod, Maraapunisaurus fragillimus, was based on particularly scant remains that have been lost since their description by paleontologists in 1878. Analysis of the illustrations included in the original report suggested that M. fragillimus may have been the largest land animal of all time, possibly weighing and measuring between long. One later analysis of the surviving evidence, and the biological plausibility of such a large land animal, suggested that the enormous size of this animal was an over-estimate due partly to typographical errors in the original report. This would later be challenged by a different study, which argued Cope's measurements were genuine and that there was no basis for assuming typographical errors. The study, however, also reclassified the species and correspondingly gave a much lower length estimate of and a mass of . This in itself would later be disputed as being too small for an animal of such size, with some believing it to be even larger at around and weighing around .
Another large but even more controversial sauropod is Bruhathkayosaurus which had a calculated weight ranging between and a length of Although the existence of this sauropod had long been dismissed as a potential fake or a misidentification of a petrified tree trunk, recent photographic evidence emerged, confirming its existence. More recent and reliable estimates in 2023 have rescaled Bruhathkayosaurus to weigh around with its most liberal estimate being , making it incredibly massive for such an animal. If the upper size estimates were to be taken at face value, Bruhathkayosaurus would not only be the largest dinosaur to have ever lived, but also the largest animal to have lived, exceeding even the largest blue whale recorded. According to Gregory S. Paul, 'super-sauropods' or 'land-whales' such as Maraapunisaurus, Bruhathkayosaurus and the Broome Titanosaur footprints as he calls them, should not be surprising as sauropods were more heat tolerant and grew rapidly, which allowed them to reach truly titanic sizes that rivalled the largest whales in mass despite the prevalence of air sacs. Other potential factors for such extreme sauropod sizes include increasing bone robustness and load-distributing cartilaginous features to better redistribute and support such massive weights.
Generally, the giant sauropods can be divided into two categories: the shorter but stockier and more massive forms (mainly titanosaurs and some brachiosaurids), and the longer but slenderer and more light-weight forms (mainly diplodocids).
Because different methods of estimation sometimes give conflicting results, mass estimates for sauropods can vary widely causing disagreement among scientists over the accurate number. For example, the titanosaur Dreadnoughtus was originally estimated to weigh 59.3 tonnes by the allometric scaling of limb-bone proportions, whereas more recent estimates, based on three-dimensional reconstructions, yield a much smaller figure of 22.1–38.2 tonnes.
The sauropods were the longest and heaviest dinosaurs. For much of the dinosaur era, the smallest sauropods were larger than almost anything else in their habitat, and the largest were an order of magnitude more massive than anything else known to have walked the Earth since. Giant prehistoric mammals such as Paraceratherium and Palaeoloxodon (the largest land mammals ever discovered) were dwarfed by the giant sauropods, and only modern whales approach or surpass them in weight, though they live in the oceans. There are several proposed advantages for the large size of sauropods, including protection from predation, reduction of energy use, and longevity, but it may be that the most important advantage was dietary. Large animals are more efficient at digestion than small animals, because food spends more time in their digestive systems. This also permits them to subsist on food with lower nutritive value than smaller animals. Sauropod remains are mostly found in rock formations interpreted as dry or seasonally dry, and the ability to eat large quantities of low-nutrient browse would have been advantageous in such environments.
One of the tallest and heaviest dinosaurs known from good skeletons is Giraffatitan brancai (previously classified as a species of Brachiosaurus). Its remains were discovered in Tanzania between 1907 and 1912. Bones from several similar-sized individuals were incorporated into the skeleton now mounted and on display at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin; this mount is tall and long, and would have belonged to an animal that weighed between . One of the longest complete dinosaurs is the Diplodocus, which was discovered in Wyoming in the United States and displayed in Pittsburgh's Carnegie Natural History Museum in 1907.
There were larger dinosaurs, but knowledge of them is based entirely on a small number of fragmentary fossils. Most of the largest herbivorous specimens on record were discovered in the 1970s or later, and include the massive titanosaur Argentinosaurus huinculensis, which is the largest dinosaur known from uncontroversial and relatively substantial evidence, estimated to have been and long. Some of the longest sauropods were those with exceptionally long, whip-like tails, such as the Diplodocus hallorum (formerly Seismosaurus) and the Barosaurus.
In 2014, the fossilized remains of a previously unknown species of sauropod were discovered in Argentina. The titanosaur, named Patagotitan mayorum, was estimated to have been around long weighing around , larger than any other previously found sauropod. The specimens found were remarkably complete, significantly more so than previous titanosaurs. It since been suggested that Patagotitan was not necessarily larger than Argentinosaurus and Puertasaurus. In 2019, Patagotitan was estimated to have been long and massive.
The largest of non-sauropod sauropodomorphs was Euskelosaurus. It reached in length and in weight. Another large sauropodomorph Yunnanosaurus youngi reached long.
Theropods
Tyrannosaurus was for many decades the largest and best-known theropod to the general public. Since its discovery, however, a number of other giant carnivorous dinosaurs have been described, including Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, and Giganotosaurus. These large theropod dinosaurs are estimated to rival or even exceeded Tyrannosaurus rex in size, though more recent studies and reconstructions show that Tyrannosaurus, although shorter, was the bulkier animal overall. Specimens such as Sue and Scotty are both estimated to be the most massive theropods known to science. There is still no clear explanation for exactly why these animals grew so bulky and heavy compared to the land predators that came before and after them.
The largest extant theropod is the common ostrich, up to tall and weighs between .
The smallest non-avialan theropod known from adult specimens may be Anchiornis huxleyi, at in weight and in length, although later study discovered larger specimen reaching . However, some studies suggest that Anchiornis was actually an avialan. The smallest dinosaur known from adult specimens which is definitely not an avialan is Parvicursor remotus, at and measuring long. However, in 2022 its holotype was recognized as a juvenile individual. Among living dinosaurs, the bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) is smallest at and long. The smallest theropod overall (including avians) is the currently extant Bee Hummingbird at 6.12cm long and 2.6g for females, and 5.51cm long and 3.25g for the males.
In the theropod lineage leading to birds, body size shrank continuously over a period of 50 million years, from an average of down to . This was the only dinosaur lineage to get continuously smaller over such an extended time period, and their skeletons developed adaptations at about four times the average rate for dinosaurs.
See also
Largest prehistoric animals
List of largest birds
Megafauna
Pterosaur size
References
External links
The Biggest Carnivore: Dinosaur History Rewritten
(Dinosaur size#References)
"Dinosaur records", Czech article by Vladimír Socha; DinosaurusBlog.com, August 1, 2016
Animal size
Dinosaur paleobiology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur%20size |
In the United States Government, the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (EAP, originally the Office of Chinese Affairs) is part of the United States Department of State and is charged with advising the Secretary of State and Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs on matters of the Asia-Pacific region, as well as dealing with U.S. foreign policy and U.S. relations with countries in the region. It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, who reports to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
Organization
The offices of the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs direct, coordinate, and supervise U.S. government activities within the region, including political, economic, consular, public diplomacy, and administrative management issues.
Office of Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Island Affairs (EAP/ANP) – Coordinates policy on Australia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Antarctica
Office of China Coordination (China House) (EAP/CHINA) – Coordinates policy regarding China
Office of Regional and Security Policy (EAP/RSP)
Office of Public Affairs (EAP/P) – Coordinates the bureau's media engagement and domestic public outreach, and prepares press guidance for the Department Spokesperson in the Bureau of Public Affairs
Office of Japanese Affairs (EAP/J) – Oversees Japan–United States relations
Office of Mainland Southeast Asian Affairs (EAP/MLS) – Coordinates policy on Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam
Office of Maritime Southeast Asian Affairs (EAP/MTS) – Coordinates policy on Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore.
Office of Korean and Mongolian Affairs (EAP/KM) – Coordinates policy towards North Korea and South Korea. Since 2022 this office as also coordinated bilateral relations with Mongolia.
Office of Public Diplomacy (EAP/PD)
Office of Multilateral Affairs (EAP/MLA) – Coordinates policy regarding the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the East Asia Summit, the ASEAN Regional Forum, the Lower Mekong initiative and the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific
Office of Taiwan Coordination (EAP/TC) – Oversees Taiwan–United States relations
Office of Economic Policy (EAP/EP)
Office of the Executive Director (EAP/EX) – Oversees the bureau's human resources and resource management
Budget
Its budget for FY 2020 was $336 million for diplomatic engagement and $760 million for foreign assistance.
References
External links
EAP
United States diplomacy
United States–Asian relations
United States–Oceanian relations
United States and the Antarctic
Australia–United States relations
Brunei–United States relations
Cambodia–United States relations
China–United States relations
East Timor–United States relations
Fiji–United States relations
Indonesia–United States relations
Japan–United States relations
Kiribati–United States relations
Laos–United States relations
Malaysia–United States relations
Marshall Islands–United States relations
Federated States of Micronesia–United States relations
Mongolia–United States relations
Myanmar–United States relations
Nauru–United States relations
New Zealand–United States relations
North Korea–United States relations
Palau–United States relations
Papua New Guinea–United States relations
Philippines–United States relations
Samoa–United States relations
Singapore–United States relations
Solomon Islands–United States relations
South Korea–United States relations
Taiwan–United States relations
Thailand–United States relations
Tonga–United States relations
Tuvalu–United States relations
United States–Vanuatu relations
United States–Vietnam relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau%20of%20East%20Asian%20and%20Pacific%20Affairs |
Altınova is a town in Yalova Province in the east of Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Altınova District. Its population is 9,042 (2022). The mayor is Metin Oral (AK Party).
Geography
The district is located in the narrowest part of Kocaeli Bay. The coastal part of the district is formed by the Hersek delta formed by Yalakdere. Floristry in Altınova has become a large economic sector.
Shipyards area
The increasing demand for new construction, maintenance and repair in the maritime sector resulted in such a level of orders that could not be met. The establishment of a new center of shipbuilding in Yalova Province became inevitable. The main factor in selecting Yalova for the new shipyard area was iys proximity to industrial areas and its location on the transit route of metropolitan cities such as Istanbul, Bursa and Kocaeli. From 2007 on, more and more shipyards were established at the coast of Altınova. As of 2020s, there are over 30 shipyards. The Altinova Shipyard Area was realized as a project by the private sector without any governmental contribution other than the allocation of space. A joint stock company founded in 2004 by more than 40 entrepreneurs in the shipbuilding business was essential in the planning, implementing and coordinating the investments.
References
District municipalities in Turkey
Populated places in Altınova District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nova |
Armutlu is a town in Yalova Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Armutlu District. Its population is 8,227 (2022). The mayor is Mustafa Tokat (MHP).
See also
Armutlu Peninsula
References
External links
Populated places in Yalova Province
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Armutlu District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armutlu%2C%20Yalova |
Çınarcık is a town in Yalova Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çınarcık District. Its population is 20,454 (2022).
Çınarcık has a permanent population of about 20,000 but its location near Istanbul has made it a popular location for summer homes. On hot weekends during the summer, the population can swell to 300,000 and construction of new summer homes in the town is fast-paced.
Çınarcık is located on a small strip of flat land on the coast with mountains rising sharply in back of it.
References
Seaside resorts in Turkey
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Populated places in Çınarcık District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1narc%C4%B1k |
Çiftlikköy is a town in Yalova Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çiftlikköy District. Its population is 43,547 (2022). The mayor is Ali Murat Silpagar (AKP).
References
Populated places in Çiftlikköy District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iftlikk%C3%B6y |
The Delfield Company is a United States commercial food service equipment manufacturer specializing in food holding equipment including serving lines, refrigerators, prep tables and custom manufactured equipment. Delfield is a part of The Manitowoc Company, and one of the members of its Food Service Group.
The Delfield Company has locations in Mount Pleasant, MI, and Covington, TN, and is the third-largest employer in greater Mount Pleasant, following Soaring Eagle Casino and Central Michigan University.
See also
Foodservice Equipment Distributors Association
References
External links
Companies based in Michigan
Food manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Delfield%20Company |
"I Love Her" is a song recorded by American R&B singer Marques Houston. It is the first single from Houston's fourth studio album Mr. Houston. The song features a rap verse from American rapper Jim Jones.
Chart performance
References
2009 singles
Marques Houston songs
Jim Jones (rapper) songs
2009 songs
Universal Records singles
Songs written by Marques Houston
Songs written by Jim Jones (rapper)
The Ultimate Group singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Love%20Her |
Termal is a town in Yalova Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Termal District. Its population is 3,409 (2022). It is renowned for its hot springs, Yalova Thermal Baths (). It is about 80 km away from Istanbul. The huge hot springs complex, lying on a land of about 1.6 square kilometres, is located 12 km away from Yalova. There are four hotels in the complex, one of which is an apart. There are also five baths which possess historical value. The mayor is Hüseyin Sinan Acar (AK Party).
Festivals
A periodic Sufi festival is held at the Rasim Mutlu Kültür Merkezi, founded by Rahmi Oruç Güvenç (aka Oruch Baba), which attracts visitors from all over the world. Participants perform the sema continuously for days in a row.
Gallery
References
Termal District
Populated places in Yalova Province
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termal |
CJPG-FM is a Canadian radio station being licensed to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, serving the Central Plains Region broadcasting at 96.5 FM with a hot adult contemporary format branded as Mix 96. This radio station also provides local news, sports and weather to its listeners. The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting, and is located at 2390 Sissons Drive, along with sister stations CFRY and CHPO-FM. While the transmitter is located west of Portage La Prairie.
External links
Mix 96
Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2003-439
Jpg
Jpg
Jpg
Portage la Prairie
Radio stations established in 2004
2004 establishments in Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJPG-FM |
Boğazkale ("Gorge Fortress") is a town of Çorum Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, located from the city of Çorum. It is the seat of Boğazkale District. Its population is 1,203 (2022). Formerly known as Boğazköy ("Gorge Village"), Boghaz Keui or Boghazköy, this small town (basically one street of shops) sits in a rural area on the road from Çorum to Yozgat. The town consists of 4 quarters: Yekbas, Çarşı, Hattusas and Hisar.
Boğazkale is the site of the ancient Hittite city Hattusa and its sanctuary Yazılıkaya. Because of its rich historic and architectural heritage, the town is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions (EAHTR).
Gallery
References
External links
Bogazkale Homepage
Populated places in Çorum Province
Boğazkale District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazkale |
Dodurga is a town in Çorum Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Dodurga District. Its population is 2,409 (2022). It is located at 42 km north of the city of Çorum, 35 km from the town of Osmancık on the road to İskilip. The mayor is Mustafa Aydın (AKP).
Geography
Dodurga sits in a plain surrounded on three sides by mountains, the eastern edge is formed by a 17 km long valley of the River Kızılırmak. 64% of the land area is the plain, 23% the valley and the remaining 12% being the mountains. Dodurga has a dry climate typical of Central Anatolia, the summers are hot and dry (July average 24 degrees C) and winters are cold (Jan. ave. 1.5) although the nearby Black Sea brings wetter weather in winter.
Most of the population live from farming. The land is fertile and mainly used for growing rice and grains as well as pulses such as chick peas, while mountain and meadow are used for grazing livestock. Since 1942 a second source of income has been coal mining. There is no industry except a flour mill and some bakeries.
History
Also known as Totırga, Dodurga is named after a branch of the Bozok clan of Oghuz Turks, who settled here in the 14th century. The name derives from an old Turkish word for settlement or nation.
The area was first settled by Turkish people in the waves of invasion following the defeat of Byzantium at the battle of Malazgirt in 1074. Dodurga controlled an important route between the towns of İskilip and Osmancık and was subsequently fought over and conquered by Danishmend lords, Mongols and Seljuk Turks.
References
External links
Dodurga municipality web site
Populated places in Çorum Province
Dodurga District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodurga%2C%20%C3%87orum |
Kargı is a town in Çorum Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is located at from the city of Çorum. It is the seat of Dodurga District. Its population is 5,537 (2022).
History
The first settlement in Kargı is known in the Hellenistic period as Blaene, mentioned by Strabo. From 1867 until 1922, Kargı was part of Angora vilayet.
Economy
The district is known for growing high-quality rice and okra and for producing a particular type of crumbly goat's milk cheese called tulum peyniri.
References
Populated places in Çorum Province
Kargı District
District municipalities in Turkey
Paphlagonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karg%C4%B1%2C%20%C3%87orum |
Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge is a digital EP by the Irish rock band U2, released exclusively through the iTunes Store in the United States and Canada on 8 December 2004. The four tracks have only been released digitally as AAC .m4p files. As of 12 May 2009, this EP is no longer available from the iTunes store.
All the tracks were recorded live on 22 November 2004, at a "surprise" concert held in Brooklyn, New York under the Brooklyn Bridge at Empire-Fulton Ferry State Park. The concert was performed after a full day of filming the music video for "All Because of You" in New York City. The concert itself was filmed for an MTV special.
Track listing
Personnel
Bono – lead vocals, guitar (on "She's a Mystery to Me")
The Edge – guitar, keyboards, vocals
Adam Clayton – bass guitar
Larry Mullen Jr. – drums
Entire concert setlist
This is a listing of all the tracks played at the Brooklyn Bridge concert on 22 November 2004. Only noted tracks have been officially released.
"Vertigo"
"All Because of You" – released on digital EP
"Miracle Drug"
"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" – released on digital EP
"City of Blinding Lights" – released as a digital single on iTunes in Europe and Australia
"Original of the Species"
"She's a Mystery to Me" – released on "All Because of You" single in Europe, Australia, and Japan.
"Beautiful Day"
Encore
"Out of Control" – released on "City of Blinding Lights" single in Germany
"I Will Follow" – released on digital EP
"Vertigo" (reprise) – released on digital EP
See also
U2 discography
External links
Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge at U2 Wanderer, with comprehensive details on various editions, cover scans, lyrics, and more
ITunes-exclusive releases
Live EPs
2004 EPs
U2 EPs
U2 live albums
2004 live albums
Brooklyn Bridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20from%20Under%20the%20Brooklyn%20Bridge |
The Tarzan/Lone Ranger Adventure Hour is an animated television series produced by Filmation that aired on CBS during the early 1980s.
The series consisted of reruns of Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle paired with new episodes of Filmation's versions of The Lone Ranger and, in the second season, The New Adventures of Zorro, at which point the series was retitled The Tarzan/Lone Ranger/Zorro Adventure Hour. The series ran from 1980 to 1982.
Don Diamond who voiced Sergeant Gonzales in this animated series previously portrayed Corporal Reyes in Disney's 1950s live-action series of Zorro.
Voice cast
Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle (1980–1982)
Robert Ridgely as Tarzan
The Lone Ranger (1980–1982)
14 episodes, each consisting of two 15-minute shorts.
William Conrad as The Lone Ranger (credited as "J. Darnoc", Conrad spelled backwards)
Ivan Naranjo as Tonto
Frank Welker as various characters (uncredited)
The New Adventures of Zorro (1981–1982)
Henry Darrow as Zorro / Don Diego de la Vega
Julio Medina as Miguel
Eric Mason as Captain Ramon
Don Diamond as Sergeant Gonzales
Home media
BCI Eclipse Entertainment (under its Ink & Paint classic animation entertainment brand) released The Lone Ranger (which was formerly owned by Entertainment Rights and was later acquired by Classic Media, then it was bought by DreamWorks Animation in 2012 and renamed into DreamWorks Classics and ultimately become the property of Universal Studios as of 2016) and The New Adventures of Zorro on DVD. However, the rights to the Tarzan property rest with the estate of Edgar Rice Burroughs, and as such, their authorization is needed for the series to be released.
The New Adventures of The Lone Ranger and Zorro - Volume One (December 18, 2007)
The New Adventures of The Lone Ranger and Zorro - Volume Two (July 15, 2008)
References
External links
1981 American television series debuts
1983 American television series endings
1980s American animated television series
CBS original programming
Animated Tarzan television series
Tarzan
Zorro television series
Television series by Filmation
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated superhero television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tarzan/Lone%20Ranger%20Adventure%20Hour |
Ortaköy is a town in Çorum Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, located at 57 km from the city of Çorum. It is the seat of Ortaköy District. Its population is 2,033 (2021). The mayor is Taner İsbir (AKP).
Archaeological sites
The oldest settlement in the area of Ortaköy is found on top of a mound, whereas the later Hittite city of Sapinuwa was laid out on the plain. This city dates to the second millennium BC.
Sapinuwa overlooks a fertile plain and was a key point on the road to Hattusa from the west. The city was an important administrative, political, military and religious center in the Hittite kingdom. The site was later used as a cemetery during the Roman period.
Excavations started in 1990 by Turkish archaeologists from Ankara university. The most important finds discovered so far are an official building with an archive of cuneiform tablets dating to the Hittite empire, and a large store house.
References
External links
Ortaköy - Shapinuwa (A Hittite City)
Populated places in Çorum Province
Archaeological sites in the Black Sea Region
Ortaköy District, Çorum
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y%2C%20%C3%87orum |
The newsvendor (or newsboy or single-period or salvageable) model is a mathematical model in operations management and applied economics used to determine optimal inventory levels. It is (typically) characterized by fixed prices and uncertain demand for a perishable product. If the inventory level is , each unit of demand above is lost in potential sales. This model is also known as the newsvendor problem or newsboy problem by analogy with the situation faced by a newspaper vendor who must decide how many copies of the day's paper to stock in the face of uncertain demand and knowing that unsold copies will be worthless at the end of the day.
History
The mathematical problem appears to date from 1888 where Edgeworth used the central limit theorem to determine the optimal cash reserves to satisfy random withdrawals from depositors.
According to Chen, Cheng, Choi and Wang (2016), the term "newsboy" was first mentioned in an example of the Morse and Kimball (1951)'s book. The modern formulation relates to a paper in Econometrica by Kenneth Arrow, T. Harris, and Jacob Marshak.
More recent research on the classic newsvendor problem in particular focused on behavioral aspects: when trying to solve the problem in messy real-world contexts, to what extent do decision makers systematically vary from the optimum? Experimental and empirical research has shown that decision makers tend to be biased towards ordering too close to the expected demand (pull-to-center effect) and too close to the realisation from the previous period (demand chasing).
Overview
This model can also be applied to period review systems.
Assumptions
Products are separable
Planning is done for a single period
Demand is random
Deliveries are made in advance of demand
Costs of overage or underage are linear
Profit function and the critical fractile formula
The standard newsvendor profit function is
where is a random variable with probability distribution representing demand, each unit is sold for price and purchased for price , is the number of units stocked, and is the expectation operator. The solution to the optimal stocking quantity of the newsvendor which maximizes expected profit is:
where denotes the generalized inverse cumulative distribution function of .
Intuitively, this ratio, referred to as the critical fractile, balances the cost of being understocked (a lost sale worth ) and the total costs of being either overstocked or understocked (where the cost of being overstocked is the inventory cost, or so total cost is simply ).
The critical fractile formula is known as Littlewood's rule in the yield management literature.
Numerical examples
In the following cases, assume that the retail price, , is $7 per unit and the purchase price is , is $5 per unit. This gives a critical fractile of
Uniform distribution
Let demand, , follow a uniform distribution (continuous) between and .
Therefore, the optimal inventory level is approximately 59 units.
Normal distribution
Let demand, , follow a normal distribution with a mean, , demand of 50 and a standard deviation, , of 20.
Therefore, optimal inventory level is approximately 39 units.
Lognormal distribution
Let demand, , follow a lognormal distribution with a mean demand of 50, , and a standard deviation, , of 0.2.
Therefore, optimal inventory level is approximately 45 units.
Extreme situation
If (i.e. the retail price is less than the purchase price), the numerator becomes negative. In this situation, the optimal purchase quantity is zero since due to a marginal loss.
Derivation of optimal inventory level
Critical fractile formula
To derive the critical fractile formula, start with and condition on the event :
Now use
where . The denominator of this expression is , so now we can write:
So
Take the derivative with respect to :
Now optimize:
Technically, we should also check for convexity:
Since is monotone non-decreasing, this second derivative is always non-positive, so the critical point determined above is a global maximum.
Alternative formulation
The problem above is cast as one of maximizing profit, although it can be cast slightly differently, with the same result. If the demand D exceeds the provided quantity q, then an opportunity cost of represents lost revenue not realized because of a shortage of inventory. On the other hand, if , then (because the items being sold are perishable), there is an overage cost of . This problem can also be posed as one of minimizing the expectation of the sum of the opportunity cost and the overage cost, keeping in mind that only one of these is ever incurred for any particular realization of . The derivation of this is as follows:
The derivative of this expression, with respect to , is
This is obviously the negative of the derivative arrived at above, and this is a minimization instead of a maximization formulation, so the critical point will be the same.
Cost based optimization of inventory level
Assume that the 'newsvendor' is in fact a small company that wants to produce goods to an uncertain market. In this more general situation the cost function of the newsvendor (company) can be formulated in the following manner:
where the individual parameters are the following:
– fixed cost. This cost always exists when the production of a series is started. [$/production]
– variable cost. This cost type expresses the production cost of one product. [$/product]
– the product quantity in the inventory. The decision of the inventory control policy concerns the product quantity in the inventory after the product decision. This parameter includes the initial inventory as well. If nothing is produced, then this quantity is equal to the initial quantity, i.e. concerning the existing inventory.
– initial inventory level. We assume that the supplier possesses products in the inventory at the beginning of the demand of the delivery period.
– penalty cost (or back order cost). If there is less raw material in the inventory than needed to satisfy the demands, this is the penalty cost of the unsatisfied orders. [$/product]
– a random variable with cumulative distribution function representing uncertain customer demand. [unit]
– expected value of random variable .
– inventory and stock holding cost. [$ / product]
In , the first order loss function captures the expected shortage quantity; its complement, , denotes the expected product quantity in stock at the end of the period.
On the basis of this cost function the determination of the optimal inventory level is a minimization problem. So in the long run the amount of cost-optimal end-product can be calculated on the basis of the following relation:
See also
Infinite fill rate for the part being produced:
Constant fill rate for the part being produced:
Demand varies over time:
Several products produced on the same machine:
References
Further reading
Ayhan, Hayriye, Dai, Jim, Foley, R. D., Wu, Joe, 2004: Newsvendor Notes, ISyE 3232 Stochastic Manufacturing & Service Systems.
E. J. Lodree: A Simulation Optimization Approach for the Two-Product Newsvendor Problem
P. Mileff, K. Nehez: An Extended Newsvendor Model for Customized Mass Production, AOM – Advanced modeling and Optimization. Electronic International Journal, Volume 8, Number 2. pp 169–186. (2006)
P. Mileff, K. Nehez: Evaluating the Proper Service Level In a Cooperate Supply Chain Environment, MIM'07. IFAC workshop on manufacturing modelling, management and control. Budapest, Hungary. pp 123–126. (2007)
Tsan-Ming Choi (Ed.) Handbook of Newsvendor Problems: Models, Extensions and Applications, in Springer's International Series in Operations Research and Management Science, 2012.
Inventory optimization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsvendor%20model |
Uğurludağ is a town of Çorum Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is located at 66 km from the city of Çorum. It is the seat of Uğurludağ District. Its population is 2,630 (2022). The mayor is Remzi Torun (MHP).
Name
Formerly known as Kızılören, renamed Uğurludağ after Urlu Mountain which stands behind the town. The name means 'lucky mountain' and is traditionally a place of healing. Other than some caves said to inhabit healing spirits there is little of historical or archaeological interest. But the mountain scenery, with the snow on the peak even in summer, does attract visitors.
Economy
Uğurludağ is a small market town in an agricultural district. The new generations are mostly migrating to larger cities in search of jobs and careers.
Uğurludağ was formerly within the district of İskilip and there is mutual dislike between the people of the two towns.
References
Populated places in Çorum Province
Uğurludağ District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%9Furluda%C4%9F |
Sergio Berlioz (born 1963 in Mexico City) is a composer and musicologist who has participated in over 4000 conferences, round tables and concerts; with almost four decades of academic experience, Sergio Berlioz has taught and given seminars and lectures on music and history of art at various universities and cultural institutions throughout Mexico and the Czech Republic. He currently teaches in Casa Lamm, where his "Musical wednesday" conferences have become popular, and in the Instituto Cultural México Israel where he was recognized in 2015 as a valuable teacher and lecturer collaborating over twenty years in that institution.
Life
Berlioz has published more than a thousand articles and essays in Mexico, Hungary, Greece, United States, Argentina, Peru, Turkey, Morocco, Belgium and Israel.
As musical conductor, he has worked with Lorin Maazel, George Sebastian, Plácido Domingo, Ramón Vargas, Samuel Máynez, Horacio Franco and Juan Trigos, among others; and has served as personal assistant to Kurt Redel, Eduardo Díaz-Muñoz (Orquesta Filarmónica del Conservatorio Nacional de Música de la Ciudad de México and the Orquesta Filarmónica de la UNAM), and to Leonard Bernstein.
He has been guest conductor for the Orquesta Sinfónica and the Orquesta de Cámara de la Universidad de Guanajuato, Orquesta Sinfónica de San Luis Potosí, the Orquesta Sinfónica de Coyoacán, the Orquesta Filarmónica del Conservatorio Nacional de Música, the Coro del Instituto Cardenal Miranda, the Ensamble Contemporáneo and the Orquesta de Cámara de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, the Symphony Orchestra of the City of Puebla . and currently the Filarmonic Orchestra Five of May (City of Puebla) In 1986, Berlioz founded the Orquesta de Cámara Ensamble Contemporáneo Independiente, of which he has been Director, and with which he has toured through Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Puebla and Mexico City, premiering in this city original compositions by Messiaen, Estrada, Bartók and Janáček, as well as by a new generation of Mexican composers.
Composition
He has composed six symphonies, eleven string quartets, a requiem, symphonic poems, as well as concertos for flute, cello, clavecin, oboe, guitar, cello, fagot also an octet for cello, sonatas, trios, quintets, and others. Some highlights include the Second String Quartet “Yizkor”, Three Postcards for Oboe and Double String Orchestra, First Symphony Etz Chaim (Tree of Life), Second Symphony Undefeated Voices, for symphonic orchestra, soloists and double mixed chorus, Réquiem por las almas de arena (For the Souls of Sand), the symphonic poems Las vías del tiempo: Homenaje a Claudio Magris (The Rails of Time, for Claudio Magris), and Toledo: La ciudad de las generaciones (Toledo, City of Generations), his Concerto for flute, chorus, and strings Ángeles de proa (Rowing Angels), and his Concerto for cello Chalomei Assaf (The Dreams of Assaf).
In 2012, Sergio Berlioz performed for the first time with an unprecedent success his Fifth symphony "La luz de mayo" ("The May light"), commissioned by The Government of the State of Puebla commemorating 150 years of The Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862, during the French intervention in Mexico.
The Sixth symphony "Elegía heroica" ("Heroic elegy") is a work commissioned to Sergio Berlioz in the year 2012 by The Government of the State of Puebla to commemorate 150 years of the Siege of Puebla (March 16–17, 1863) during the French intervention in Mexico, was written between 2012–13 but it was not until 2016 when the "Elegia heroica" finally was world premiered with great success.
Other works
He is also the author of "Educar con música" published in 2002 by Aguilar editorial (México) about the multiple benefits of music in children's develop, even before birth as he says in the introduction : "It has been proven that children with musical training improve their capabilities abstraction, psychomotor response, mediate and immediate memory, oral expression of feelings and complex concepts, besides presenting a healthy trend towards social integration. Music is an ideal gateway to the consequent appreciation of other artistic expressions and academic disciplines in general." But to Sergio Berlioz despite the develop of abilities is the deep meaning of music in live: " music not only improves the ability to think and direction and quality objectives; humanizes the meaning of actions is a conglomerate, a multivitamin for the person who give oneself to it ".
Currently, he is host of the cultural show on Mexican radio "Biblioteca Pública", which can be heard every Sunday at 12 noon on Radio Red 1110 AM.
Awards
He is the winner of the 1989 Premio Nacional de Periodismo, and in 1992 the Honorary Mention of the Premio Nacional de Periodismo Musical “Esperanza Pulido”. He was also awarded the Premio Instituto Cultural México-Israel 2003 for his outstanding career as a journalist in Mexico and Israel.
In December 1998, he was acknowledged by the Hungarian government for his research on the music of Béla Bartók; and in June 1999 he was given the Leoš Janáček Medal in the Czech Republic.
References
External links
Sergio Berlioz and Cristina Pacheco talk show interview
Fifth symphony Opus 59 "La luz de mayo" (2012)
Sixth symphony Opus 62 "Elegía heroica" (2013)
1963 births
Living people
Writers from Mexico City
Musicians from Mexico City
Mexican male classical composers
Mexican classical composers
Mexican musicologists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio%20Berlioz |
Freedom deficit is a term coined by a group of Arab scholars for the UNDP Arab Human Development Report in 2002. As defined in the report, a freedom deficit exists when there is "a substantial lag between Arab countries and other regions in terms of participatory government," where "freedom" is thus synonymous with "democracy."
A measure of the freedom deficit is calculated by assessing political participation and accountability, freedom of expression and political corruption. The 2002 Arab Human Development Report attempted to account for the fact that the Arab region does poorly on the Human Development Index, yet does not suffer the same economic woes of similar nations. These scholars posited three deficits: freedom, women's empowerment, and knowledge.
Since 2002, the term has been used by politicians and pundits alike. Shortly after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, US Defense undersecretary Douglas J. Feith noted that once free of Saddam Hussein, Iraq would no longer suffer from a freedom deficit. US President George W. Bush acknowledged the role of Western nations in contributing to the freedom deficit in the Middle East. The conservative American Enterprise Institute issued a commentary in 2004 defending the War on Terrorism as being crucial to ending the freedom deficit. United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice used the term in December 2006 during a press conference on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict to describe the "core problem" of the Middle East.
Beyond the Middle East, libertarian blogger John Pugsley applied the term to China, noting that the US/China trade deficit is really a result of a freedom deficit in China.
References
External links
UNDP Arab Human Development Report 2002
Arab Governance: Citizens Getting Organized to Bargain
Addressing the 'Freedom Deficit' in the Arab World, Council on Foreign Relations
See also
Democratic deficit
Human Development Index
International relations
Political science terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20deficit |
Atkaracalar is a town in Çankırı Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Atkaracalar District. Its population is 2,214 (2021). The town consists of 6 quarters: Gazibey, Mollaosman, Kıran, Ilker, Hoca and Ilıpınar.
Atkaracalar is a typical Central Anatolian town, the inhabitants of Atkaracalar are primarily agricultural with barley, wheat, beans. And animal husbandry is most common in the district.
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Atkaracalar District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkaracalar |
Bayramören is a small town in Çankırı Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Bayramören District. Its population is 476 (2021).
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Çankırı Province
Bayramören District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayram%C3%B6ren |
Ptychadena is a genus of frogs in the grassland frog family, Ptychadenidae. They are distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as nilotic Egypt. The common names of this genus are ridged frogs and grass frogs. This type of family have many different characteristics such as the species, Ptychadena neumanni who have long hindlimbs and a large ear drum compared to the Ptychadena erlangeri, for example. They also have a unique bone structure which is a fusion between the presacral vertebrae and sacrum.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Ptychadena :
References
Ptychadenidae
Amphibians of Africa
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptychadena |
Championship Manager 2 is a football management computer game in the Sports Interactive's Championship Manager series. It was released in September 1995 for PC. An Amiga version was released in 1997.
New features
Championship Manager 2 introduced a far better quality of graphics compared to previous versions. The game included SVGA graphics and photorealistic background pictures. Possibly the most notable new feature was the audio commentary engine. As well as the traditional text-based match commentary, there was also optional voice commentary on CD ROM, provided by famous British football commentator Clive Tyldesley. The game greatly expanded the number of stats and tactical possibilities, and made transfers and contract negotiations more realistic, with the Bosman ruling included in future updates.
Another milestone was the inclusion of playable Scottish leagues, albeit only in the PC version. For the first time in the series there was a selection of leagues to choose from at the start of the game - only one could be run at a time, however.
Gameplay
In terms of the underlying gameplay, not a great deal had been changed since the original Championship Manager. The look and feel had been improved but it was still very much a text-based, menu-driven game and the user interface was almost identical to previous games, albeit at a much higher resolution.
Versions
Two new versions of Championship Manager 2 were later released allowing users to play leagues from across Europe. One version contained the Spanish, Belgian and Dutch leagues, the other contained French, German and Italian, leagues. Only one league could be run at a time but this was still a big milestone for the series and signalled the intent of Sports Interactive to expand the Championship Manager universe across the globe.
The Amiga port was developed by Sterling Games. The Amiga version did not include all the features of the PC version, including the Scottish League, international management, player histories and backgrounds). Furthermore, it could not be installed to a hard drive.
Reception
The new game brought critical reviews including 49% from PC Gamer who urged the series to "stop plastering its face with make-up" and "allow itself to be led quietly off to the old people's home, where it will be remembered kindly".
References
External links
Official Championship Manager website
- Information for the Amiga Version of CM2 and CM2 96/97
1995 video games
Amiga games
Domark games
Eidos Interactive games
Multiplayer hotseat games
Video game sequels
Windows games
Association football management video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Multiplayer and single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship%20Manager%202 |
WRVQ (94.5 FM "Q94") is a commercial radio station licensed to Richmond, Virginia, and serving Central Virginia. WRVQ is owned and operated by Audacy, Inc. It airs a Top 40 (CHR) radio format. The syndicated Elvis Duran show from former sister station WHTZ in New York City is heard in morning drive time. The studios and offices are located just north of Richmond city limits on Basie Road in unincorporated Henrico County, Virginia.
WRVQ's transmitter is on WRVA Road in Henrico, co-located with the towers for sister station WRVA 1140 AM. WRVQ has an unusually high effective radiated power (ERP) of 200,000 watts. It broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format. The HD2 digital subchannel carries the sports radio programming of sister station WRNL 910 AM.
History
Early years as WRVB, WRVA-FM
On August 10, 1948, the station signed on as WRVB. It was the FM counterpart to WRVA. WRVA and WRVB were owned by a tobacco company, Larus & Brother, with studios in the Hotel Richmond. WRVB had an effective radiated power of 25,000 watts, mostly simulcasting WRVA, including the line-up of CBS Radio Network dramas, comedies, sports and news, during the "Golden Age of Radio."
In 1956, Larus & Brother signed on WRVA-TV (now WWBT). At the same time, the FM call sign was switched to WRVA-FM. When the TV station became an NBC network affiliate, WRVA-AM-FM switched to the NBC Radio Network as well.
Superpower authorization
In the 1960s, WRVA-FM was one of several Richmond FM stations receiving permission from the Federal Communications Commission for unusually high power. Today, Richmond is in Zone 1, limited to a maximum of 50,000 watts effective radiated power (ERP). Before these rules were strictly enforced, WFMV (now WURV) was permitted to operate at 74,000 watts, WRNL-FM (now WRXL) broadcast at 120,000 watts, and, to this day, 94.5 is grandfathered at 200,000 watts. Over time, those stations reduced their power but kept their coverage area by locating on taller towers. WRVQ has remained at 200,000 watts, but uses a relatively short tower of in height above average terrain (HAAT).
In the 1960s, WRVA-FM began to broadcast its own programming, mostly easy listening music, with the AM station's news and other shows simulcast during some hours.
Top 40 WRVQ
In 1969, WRVA-AM-FM were sold to Southern Broadcasters. On June 30, 1972, Southern Broadcasters switched WRVA-FM to a new Top 40 format as WRVQ. Until the 1970s, Top 40 stations were mostly on the AM band. In Richmond, the big contemporary stations were WTVR (now WBTK) and WLEE (now WTOX). Most home and car radios could only receive AM broadcasts at this time.
At midnight on June 30, 1972, the operations manager, Bill Garcia, was the first voice and the first song play was Celebrate by Rare Earth. WRVQ known as Super Q had Live DJ's from the start. In 1978, Southern Broadcasters became Harte-Hanks Radio. In 1984, WRVA and WRVQ were sold to Edens Broadcasting, and were in turn sold to Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia) in 1992. Through all the sales, WRVQ has stayed in the same format, as the leading Top 40 station in the Richmond radio market.
Entercom ownership
On November 1, 2017, iHeartMedia announced that it would swap its stations in Richmond and Chattanooga to Entercom, in exchange for stations in Boston and Seattle being divested by Entercom to comply with FCC ownership caps during its merger with CBS Radio. In March 2021, Entercom changed its name to Audacy, Inc.
WRVQ HD-2
WRVQ broadcasts in the HD Radio format. WRVQ-HD2 formerly carried "The Planet", an automated classic rock format. On January 1, 2018, WRVQ-HD2 and FM translator W241AP 96.1 MHz, were converted to an FM simulcast of WRVA, returning the station to the same programming as its original AM sister station for the first time in decades.
The HD2 subchannel later changed to a simulcast of co-owned sports radio station WRNL 910 AM. WRVA is now heard on the HD2 subchannel of co-owned 98.1 WTVR-FM, which in turn feeds the W241AP translator.
References
External links
RVQ
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1948
Audacy, Inc. radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRVQ |
Çerkeş is a town in Çankırı Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çerkeş District. Its population is 9,634 (2021). The elevation of the town is .
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Çankırı Province
Çerkeş District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87erke%C5%9F |
Berwick Kaler (born 31 October 1946) is a British actor most famous for playing the dame in York Theatre Royal's annual pantomime, which he also wrote and directed until 2020. In 2021 he parted ways with York Theatre Royal and took his brand of traditional panto to the York Grand Opera House. He has been awarded the freedom of the city, and in 2002 received an honorary degree from the University of York. Having grown up in "the slums of Sunderland", Kaler left school at 15 to seek success on the London stage. He got taken on at Dreamland Margate to learn his trade. He has had TV roles in such shows as The New Statesman, Crocodile Shoes, Auf Wiedersehen, Pet and Spender as well as steady theatre work. However, it is his role in the York pantomime that has won him the most acclaim.
Many pantomimes in recent years have relied heavily on celebrity guest stars and risque humour. Kaler's pantos reject this and hark back to a more traditional form of pantomime. Kaler comments: "I want everyone to laugh at the same joke". Kaler's central role in writing, producing and directing has led Dominic Cavendish of The Telegraph to call him the "panto's biggest asset and its biggest liability." Kaler has assembled a cast of actors who regularly return to the panto.
Towards the end of each pantomime at the York Theatre Royal, Kaler throws Wagon Wheels, as one might a Frisbee, to the audience, as well as handing out a bottle of Newcastle Brown Ale to a father seated in the stalls.
In November 2010 Kaler followed in the footsteps of actress Jean Alexander and TV presenter Harry Gration in switching on the Christmas lights in the village of Burn. In recognition of the village's Victorian market he dressed as Queen Victoria, something he often does in each pantomime. During the event, he was appointed Honorary Dame of Burn.
In 2012, he was featured on the documentary Michael Grade's History of the Pantomime Dame, which also featured clips from the 2011 pantomime The York Family Robinson, a parody of the novel The Swiss Family Robinson by Johann David Wyss. The programme aired in December 2012 on BBC Four.
He officially retired from the York pantomime in February 2019. His 'glitterball' costume from the final performance, was donated to York Castle Museum and went on public display on 1 May 2019. Despite retiring, Kaler was still heavily involved in the 2019 panto Sleeping Beauty, as he wrote the script, co-directed (with Matt Aston) and appeared via films that were screened on stage. The panto was poorly received and led to the Theatre Royal seeking a new change of direction for their future pantomimes, citing poor ticket sales as the main reason (something Kaler disputed). This led to an acrimonious split with the Theatre Royal which became known as 'Panto Wars'.
Berwick left retirement in 2021 to reunite with his cast members for Dick Turpin Rides Again at a new venue, The Grand Opera House, York, after changes to the York Theatre Royal creative team. However, he was forced to pull out of the production after testing positive for Covid-19 and wrote a letter, read out during the final performance, by stand-in dame Alan McHugh.
Selected appearances
Michael Grade's History of the Pantomime Dame (2012) as himself.
A Knight's Tale (2001) as Man in Stocks
The Worst Witch (1998–1999) as Frank Blossom. Left after Series 2.
Jude (1996)
Spender (1991-1993) as Detective Sergeant Dan BoydA Very British Coup as SmithThe Man With Two Heads (1972)The Rats Are Coming, The Werewolves Are Here (1971)Nightbirds (1970)Bloodthirsty Butchers (1970)The Body Beneath (1970)Annie Get Your Gun (1986) as Foster Wilson and Chief Sitting Bull
References
External links
Review in The Stage of The Lad Aladdin2004 interview with Kaler in the Independent.
2005 interview with Kaler in The Daily Telegraph''.
York Theatre Royal
1946 births
Living people
Pantomime dames
British mimes
Male actors from County Durham
Male actors from Tyne and Wear
Actors from Sunderland
English male stage actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick%20Kaler |
Eldivan is a town in Çankırı Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Eldivan District. Its population is 3,291 (2021).
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Çankırı Province
Eldivan District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldivan |
Storm Across Europe is a grand strategy video game written by Dan Cermak and released for the Commodore 64 in 1989 by Strategic Simulations. Versions for the Amiga and MS-DOS followed in 1990. The game covers World War II in Europe on a grand strategic scale between 1939 and 1945.
Gameplay
Three major powers are playable: Germany (Axis), the Allies and the Soviet Union. However, Germany cannot be played by the computer. In the game you are in charge of your chosen major power and its land, air and naval forces. You also control production and research of military equipment.
The map covers Europe, North Africa and Middle East and the Baltic, North Sea, eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, Black Sea and Persian Gulf. The map covers 224 areas and 37 different countries. Each area has different terrain (affecting combat), and possible manpower, raw materials and industry (needed for production and research).
Reception
Compute! stated that the Commodore 64 version of Storm Across Europe was "one of the best games of the year", approving of the game's strategic emphasis. Computer Gaming World gave the game three stars out of five. The magazine stated that despite the "8-bit" graphics and user interface, Storm Across Europe might appeal to fans of Colonial Conquest and those looking for a strategy game they could complete relatively quickly; Clash of Steel, however, "makes this embarrassingly unplayable".
References
External links
Storm Across Europe at Amiga Hall of Light
1989 video games
Amiga games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Computer wargames
Video games developed in the United States
World War II video games
World War II grand strategy computer games
Turn-based strategy video games
Strategic Simulations games
Grand strategy video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm%20Across%20Europe |
Theoktistos or Theoctistus (; died November 20, 855) was a leading Byzantine official during the second quarter of the 9th century and the de facto head of the regency for the underage emperor Michael III from 842 until his dismissal and murder in 855. A eunuch courtier, he assisted in the ascent of Michael II to the throne in 820, and was rewarded with the titles of patrikios and later magistros. He held the high posts of chartoularios tou kanikleiou and logothetēs tou dromou under Michael and his son Theophilos. After Theophilos' death in 842, Theoktistos became member of the regency council, but soon managed to sideline the other members and establish himself as the virtual ruler of the Empire. Noted for his administrative and political competence, Theoktistos played a major role in ending the Byzantine Iconoclasm, and fostered the ongoing renaissance in education within the Empire. He also continued the persecution of the Paulician sect, but had mixed success in the wars against the Arabs. When Michael III came of age in 855, his uncle Bardas persuaded him to throw off the tutelage of Theoktistos and his mother, the Empress-dowager Theodora, and on 20 November 855, Theoktistos was assassinated by Bardas and his followers.
Early life
Nothing is known of Theoktistos' early life. He is called a eunuch in Theophanes Continuatus and al-Tabari and is generally accepted as such by modern scholars, although an accusation by his rival Bardas of wanting to marry Empress Theodora or one of her daughters appears incompatible with this. By 820 he held an unspecified position at the court of Emperor Leo V the Armenian (), possibly as a member of the imperial guard. Theoktistos played a major role in the plot to assassinate Leo, and was rewarded by the new emperor, Michael II the Amorian (), with the rank of patrikios, and the confidential court post of chartoularios tou kanikleiou ("secretary of the ink-pot"). Under Michael's son and successor, Theophilos (), he apparently continued to be a trusted advisor, as he rose to the rank of magistros, and was appointed logothetēs tou dromou, effectively the Empire's foreign minister. A further mark of imperial confidence was Theophilos appointing Theoktistos as a member of the regency council for his two-year-old son Michael III shortly before his death in January 842, alongside the empress-dowager Theodora, and the magistros Manuel the Armenian.
Regency
Following Theophilos' death, the regency council took over the conduct of affairs of state. Theodora's brothers Bardas and Petronas and her relative Sergios Niketiates also played an important role in the early days of the regency.
The regency moved quickly to end Byzantine Iconoclasm, which had dominated Byzantine religious and political life for over a century with deleterious effects. In early 843, an assembly of selected officials and clerics convened in the house of Theoktistos to form the Council of Constantinople. The council repudiated iconoclasm, re-affirmed the decisions of the 787 Second Council of Nicaea, and deposed the pro-iconoclast patriarch John the Grammarian. In his stead was elected Methodios I, who had been imprisoned by Theophilos for his iconophile beliefs. This event is commemorated as the "Triumph of Orthodoxy" by the Eastern Orthodox Church ever since. Theoktistos played a major role in these events. He is credited by almost all sources—Theophanes Continuatus, Genesios, John Skylitzes, and Zonaras—as a driving force behind the restoration of the icons, and particularly behind the deposition of John the Grammarian. He is commemorated as a saint by the Orthodox Church on 20 November.
A week after that, Theoktistos and Sergios Niketiates were sent on a campaign to recover Crete, which had been conquered in the 820s by Andalusian exiles. The expedition at first went well, as the Byzantine army landed and took control over most of the island, confining the Andalusians to their capital, Chandax. At this juncture, Theoktistos heard a rumour that in his absence, Theodora intended to raise her brother Bardas to the imperial throne. He hastily abandoned the army under Niketiates and returned to Constantinople, only to find the rumours false. Once in Constantinople, news arrived of an invasion of Asia Minor by Umar al-Aqta, emir of Malatya. Theoktistos was sent at the head of an army to confront him, but the resulting Battle of Mauropotamos ended in a Byzantine defeat. At the same time, the expeditionary corps left in Crete was defeated and almost annihilated by the Andalusians, who killed Niketiates.
Despite his personal involvement in these military disasters, Theoktistos was able to use them to sideline his competitors: Bardas was blamed for the desertions that plagued the Byzantines at Mauropotamos and exiled from Constantinople, while the magistros Manuel was slandered and forced to retire. With Niketiates dead, Theoktistos was now the undisputed head of the regency, a position described by the Byzantine chroniclers, like Symeon Logothetes and Georgios Monachos, as "paradynasteuon of the Augusta".
Theoktistos continued the persecution of the Paulicians, which had been initiated by Theodora in 843. Many fled to Arab territory, where with Umar al-Aqta's aid they established a state of their own at Tephrike under their leader Karbeas. Theoktistos concluded a truce with the Abbasid Caliphate and arranged an exchange of prisoners that took place on 16 September 845. Nevertheless, in the same year, the execution of the surviving Byzantine prisoners from the Arab Sack of Amorium in 842 took place in the Abbasid capital, Samarra. After 845, the Arab raids in the east died down for a few years after a winter raid launched by Ahmad al-Bahili, the Abbasid emir of Tarsus, was defeated by the strategos of Cappadocia. They did not recommence until 851, when the new emir of Tarsus, Ali al-Armani, launched summer raids for three successive years, albeit with little apparent impact. The Byzantines responded with a naval expedition in 853 that sacked the port of Damietta in Egypt, while in the next year a Byzantine army invaded Arab lands in Cilicia and sacked Anazarbus. Around 20,000 prisoners were taken, some of whom were executed on Theoktistos' orders after they refused to convert to Christianity, probably as a gesture of retaliation for the Caliphate's execution of the prisoners of Amorium in 845.
To the north, the Bulgar frontier remained quiet, except for a Bulgar raid that was defeated, leading to the renewal of the 30-year peace treaty of 815, which was later reconfirmed by the new Bulgar khan Boris (). Byzantium thus enjoyed a period of peace except in the West, where the Byzantine government proved unable to halt the ongoing Muslim conquest of Sicily. Modica fell in 845, but although Constantinople used the relative quiet in the East to send reinforcements to the island, these were heavily defeated at Butera, where the Byzantines lost about 10,000 men. In the wake of this disaster, Leontini in 846 and then Ragusa in 848 fell to the Muslims, while an attempt by the Byzantine fleet to land troops near Palermo in winter 847/848 failed. Over the next few years, the Muslims raided the Byzantine territories on the eastern half of the island unopposed, capturing several minor fortresses and securing ransom and prisoners from others.
Only fragmentary evidence survives concerning Theoktistos' domestic policies. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium credits him with "continuing the sound fiscal policies of Theophilos", leading to the accumulation of considerable monetary reserves in the imperial treasury, to the amount of 19,000 pounds of gold and 30,000 pounds of silver by 856. He also promoted the career of Constantine-Cyril, whom he first met , helping him to acquire a good education and later to find a post as chartophylax in the patriarchal library, after Constantine rejected an offer of becoming a provincial strategos. Theoktistos' sponsorship of men like Constantine and Leo the Mathematician contributed to the revival of secular learning in Byzantium. Theoktistos was also engaged in building activity, erecting new structures in the Apsis near the Great Palace of Constantinople, installing a new iron door in the Chalke Gate, as well as sponsoring unspecified buildings in the Thracian suburbs of Constantinople, notably Selymbria.
Downfall and death
In 855, Michael III turned fifteen and thus came nominally of age. His mother and Theoktistos both underestimated the young emperor's desire to free himself from their custodianship, and antagonized him further when they arranged a bride show and selected Eudokia Dekapolitissa as his bride, disregarding Michael's attachment to his mistress, Eudokia Ingerina. Theodora's brother Bardas was able to use Michael's resentment for the high-handed manner in which he was treated and began to turn him against the regency. With Michael's backing, Bardas was allowed to return to the capital, and on 20 November 855, Theoktistos was murdered. Theodora was compelled to retire to a monastery a few months later, bringing the regency officially to an end.
References
Sources
855 deaths
9th-century Byzantine people
9th-century regents
Assassinated Byzantine people
Byzantine courtiers
Byzantine eunuchs
Byzantine officials
Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
Byzantine regents
Magistroi
Patricii
Year of birth unknown
Logothetai tou dromou
Assassinated regents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoktistos |
Ilgaz (), formerly Koçhisar, is a town in Çankırı Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Ilgaz District. Its population is 7,825 (2021). It lies at the southern foot of the Ilgaz Mountains, that extend between Çankırı and Kastamonu provinces. The mountain is home to ski resorts.
References
External links
Ilgaz
Ski areas and resorts in Turkey
Populated places in Çankırı Province
Ilgaz District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilgaz |
Kızılırmak is a town in Çankırı Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It takes its name from the river Kızılırmak. It is the seat of Kızılırmak District. Its population is 2,604 (2021).
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Çankırı Province
Kızılırmak District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak%2C%20%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1 |
Smoke inhalation is the breathing in of harmful fumes (produced as by-products of combusting substances) through the respiratory tract. This can cause smoke inhalation injury (subtype of acute inhalation injury) which is damage to the respiratory tract caused by chemical and/or heat exposure, as well as possible systemic toxicity after smoke inhalation. Smoke inhalation can occur from fires of various sources such as residential, vehicle, and wildfires. Morbidity and mortality rates in fire victims with burns are increased in those with smoke inhalation injury. Victims of smoke inhalation injury can present with cough, difficulty breathing, low oxygen saturation, smoke debris and/or burns on the face. Smoke inhalation injury can affect the upper respiratory tract (above the larynx), usually due to heat exposure, or the lower respiratory tract (below the larynx), usually due to exposure to toxic fumes. Initial treatment includes taking the victim away from the fire and smoke, giving 100% oxygen at a high flow through a face mask (non-rebreather if available), and checking the victim for injuries to the body. Treatment for smoke inhalation injury is largely supportive, with varying degrees of consensus on benefits of specific treatments.
Epidemiology
The U.S. Fire Administration reported almost 1.3 million fires in 2019 causing 3,704 deaths and almost 17,000 injuries. Residential fires were found to be most often cooking related and resulted in the highest amount of deaths when compared to other fire types such as vehicle and outdoor fires. It has been found that men have higher rates of fire-related death and injury than women do, and that African American and American Indian men have higher rates of fire-related death and injury than other ethnic and racial groups. The age group with the highest rate of death from smoke inhalation is people over 85, while the age group with the highest injury rate is people of ages 50–54. Some reports also show increased rates of death and injury in children, due to their lower physical and mental capabilities. In 2019, the overall U.S. national fire death rate was 10.7 people per million population and the injury rate was 50.6 people per million population. Smoke inhalation injury is the most common cause of death in fire victims. Fire victims with both burns to their body and smoke inhalation injury have increased mortality rate and length of hospital stay compared to those with burns alone.
Signs and symptoms
Some of the signs and symptoms of smoke inhalation injury include recent fire exposure followed by cough, wheezing, stridor, confusion, difficulty breathing, low oxygen saturation, smoke debris (especially on face and/or in saliva), burns (especially of the face), singed facial or nose hairs, and/or hoarse voice. A careful history can be helpful in determining where the fire occurred and therefore, what chemical fumes could have been inhaled with accompanying systemic toxicities.
Smoke inhalation injury can lead to respiratory complications ranging from minor to major. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a relatively delayed complication of smoke inhalation injury caused by chemical fumes inducing an inflammatory response in the lung tissue, especially the small air sacs known as alveoli where critical gas exchange occurs. Another potential complication is swelling of the upper airway from both heat and chemical damage, and can become profound enough to obstruct breathing. The onset of airway swelling can be relatively delayed making it difficult to intubate later on, thus endotracheal intubation should be considered early in certain patients. Other possible complications include pneumonia, vocal cord damage and/or dysfunction, and tracheal stenosis (usually delayed).
Mechanism
Inhalation of chemical toxins produced by combusting materials can cause damage to tissues of both the upper (above larynx) and lower respiratory tract (below larynx). Damage to lower airways, air sacs, and lung tissue is due to an inflammatory cascade in response to the noxious chemicals which causes a variety of downstream effects such as increased secretions and exudative material thus clogging the airways and/or air sacs, collapse of air sacs (atelectasis), vascular permeability leading to pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs), bronchoconstriction, activation of the coagulation cascade, and impaired function of the mucociliary escalator.
Inhalation of hot fumes can cause thermal damage to tissues, usually limited to the upper respiratory tract (above larynx). Damage in this location can result in sloughing of the damaged tissue and swelling, both of which can cause obstruction of the respiratory tract, ulceration, increased secretions, and redness (erythema).
Systemic toxicity can occur from inhalation of chemical compounds produced as byproducts of combustion in a fire. Carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common systemic toxicity after smoke inhalation, and can cause organ failure from lack of oxygen (often heart attack). Carbon monoxide is a common byproduct of combusting substances in fires and is colorless and odorless. It has a much higher binding affinity for hemoglobin compared to oxygen and thus can block oxygen from binding to hemoglobin, causing hypoxia. Additionally, carbon monoxide decreases the ability of oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin to diffuse into tissues, thus causing hypoxia.
Treatment
First responders often take the victim away from the fire and smoke, give 100% oxygen at high flow through a face mask (non-rebreather if available), assess level of consciousness, and check the victim for burns and/or injuries to the body for initial care. Upper respiratory tract injury due to heat exposure often results in swelling. Intubation should be considered early given that the swelling can have a slow, delayed onset but once present, will make intubation very difficult.
Lower respiratory tract injury due to exposure to noxious fumes often consists of supportive measures such as intubation and ventilator support if indicated, suctioning of the airways (pulmonary hygiene), and other supportive measures. Intravenous fluids are a mainstay in treatment of fire victims with extensive burns to the body, however, there are differing perspectives on the risks/benefits of IV fluids in fire victims with both burns and smoke inhalation injury due to the potential worsening of pulmonary edema with large amounts of IV fluids typically given in burn victims.
Other treatments with differing perspectives and study findings on utility in smoke inhalation injury include nebulized bronchodilators (such as beta-2-agonists), IV corticosteroids, nebulized corticosteroids, nebulized epinephrine, nebulized heparin, and nebulized N-acetylcysteine.
Carbon monoxide poisoning is initially treated with high flow 100% oxygen. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be considered but there are differing views on its clinical benefit in terms of outcomes.
Systemic poisonings
Products with systemic effects are mainly asphyxiating gases, such as carbon monoxide and cyanides.
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (СО), which is absorbed by the lungs, diffuses into the capillaries and dissolves in the plasma and erythrocytes, binding to haemoglobin. As its affinity is more than 200 times that of oxygen, the amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin is reduced, leading to anoxia. In addition, carbon monoxide released at the tissue level binds to mitochondrial enzyme systems, resulting in the inability of cells to utilise oxygen. When exposed to excess CO, one of the body's natural reactions is to breathe faster. This further increases the CO level in the blood, eventually leading to cardiac arrest.
Cyanides
Once the cyanide ion (CN-) enters the bloodstream, it diffuses into body cells. It binds to the trivalent iron of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, causing its inhibition and hence tissue anoxia. The metabolism shifts towards anaerobic metabolism, leading to an increase in lactacidemia.
See also
Acute inhalation injury
References
External links
Injuries
Pulmonology
Causes of death
Smoke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke%20inhalation |
Korgun is a town in Çankırı Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Korgun District. Its population is 2,619 (2021).
References
Populated places in Çankırı Province
Korgun District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korgun |
Kurșunlu, formerly Karacaviran, is a town in Çankırı Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Kurşunlu District. Its population is 4,908 (2021). The town consists of 12 quarters: Beşpınar, Cömertler, Çal, Hacıbekir, Kalekapı, Yeni, Yeşil, Erenler, Kale, Müslüm, Çavundur and Çiyni. Its elevation is . It was affected by the Kurșunlu earthquake in 1951.
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Kurşunlu District
District municipalities in Turkey
Paphlagonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C5%9Funlu |
Orta, formerly Kari Pazarı, is a town in Çankırı Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Orta District. Its population is 3,635 (2021). Its elevation is .
See also
Gökçeören, Orta
References
External links
District municipality's official website
Populated places in Orta District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta%2C%20%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1 |
Sundern () is a town in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The name Sundern is common in Westphalia, as it means "ground given away for private usage" in the Westphalian dialect.
Geography
Sundern is situated approximately south-west of Arnsberg. Around Sundern extends the nature park Homert which attracts tourists, many from the Netherlands. Winter tourism is also substantial, primarily in the municipality Wildewiese with its skiing area. The Sorpesee, an artificial lake, is used by watersportsmen, campers and fishermen.
Neighbouring municipalities
Division of the town
Sundern consists of 16 Ortschaften (subdivisions):
Allendorf
Altenhellefeld
Amecke
Endorf
Enkhausen
Hachen
Hagen
Hellefeld
Hövel
Langscheid
Linnepe
Meinkenbracht
Stemel
Stockum
Sundern
Westenfeld
International relations
Sundern is twinned with:
Benet (France)
Schirgiswalde (Germany)
Torfou (France)
Architectural structures
Schomberg Observation Tower
Industry
The main industries of Sundern are several domestic and industrial lighting companies, household appliances and packaging businesses.
SEVERIN Elektrogeräte GmbH has its headquarters in Sundern.
Notable people
William Danne, actor
Joseph Machalke, priest
Andrea Renzullo, singer and finalist in season 4 of "Das Supertalent"
Heinrich Luebke, German President from 1959 to 1969, born in Enkhausen
References
External links
Official site
Hochsauerlandkreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundern |
Şabanözü is a town in Çankırı Province, Turkey. It is nearly from Ankara and from Çankırı. It is the seat of Şabanözü District. Its population is 8,843 (2021). The town consists of 7 quarters: Cumhuriyet, Sağlık, Yeni, Mahmudiye, Gürpınar, Gümerdiğin and Karaören. Its elevation is .
Economy
Every Monday is the day for bazaar (farmer's market) which takes place in the centrum. Wheat, beans, corn and various fruit are the agricultural products of the fields that are rich of natural water resources. Gümerdiğin is one of the biggest towns of the district.
Unemployment rate is zero in Şabanözü and it is the record for Turkey.
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Çankırı Province
Şabanözü District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaban%C3%B6z%C3%BC |
CILT-FM (96.7 MHz), branded as Mix 96, is a radio station broadcasting a hot adult contemporary/classic hits format, similar to CKNO-FM in Edmonton. Licensed to Steinbach, Manitoba, it serves southeastern Manitoba, even to Winnipeg. It first began broadcasting in 1998 with an adult contemporary format as Lite 96.7. The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting. By 2006, the station changed formats to hot adult contemporary/classic hits under the branding Mix 96.7.
References
External links
Mix 96.7
Ilt
Ilt
Ilt
Mass media in Steinbach, Manitoba
Radio stations established in 1998
1998 establishments in Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CILT-FM |
Yapraklı is a town in Çankırı Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Yapraklı District. Its population is 2,151 (2021). The town consists of 6 quarters: Aşağı, Camikebir, Yukarı, Akyazı, İğdir and Kavak. Its elevation is .
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Populated places in Yapraklı District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaprakl%C4%B1 |
Cartwright Point is a cape and neighbourhood in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Located east of the city's downtown along the St. Lawrence River in the former Pittsburgh Township, it is bordered by Deadman Bay on its western side, and faces Wolfe Island on its southeastern side. Off the southern tip is Cedar Island and one of Kingston's four Martello Towers. Cartwright Point offers excellent views of the Thousand Islands and historic Fort Henry.
Cartwright Point is named for the Cartwright family who owned the land and rented it out on 100 year terms.
References
Neighbourhoods in Kingston, Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartwright%20Point%2C%20Ontario |
A Ulysses pact or Ulysses contract is a freely made decision that is designed and intended to bind oneself in the future. The term is used in medicine, especially in reference to advance directives (also known as living wills), where there is some controversy over whether a decision made by a person in one state of health should be considered binding upon that person when they are in a markedly different, usually worse, state of health.
The term refers to the pact that Ulysses (Greek name Ὀδυσσεύς, Odysseus) made with his men as they approached the Sirens. Ulysses wanted to hear the Sirens' song although he knew that doing so would render him incapable of rational thought. He put wax in his men's ears so that they could not hear and had them tie him to the mast so that he could not jump into the sea. He ordered them not to change course under any circumstances and to keep their swords upon him and to attack him if he should break free of his bonds.
Upon hearing the Sirens' song, Ulysses was driven temporarily insane and struggled with all of his might to break free so that he might join the Sirens, which would have meant his death. His men, however, kept their promise, and they refused to release him.
Psychiatric context
Psychiatric advance directives are sometimes referred to as Ulysses pacts or Ulysses contracts, where there is a legal agreement designed to override a present request from a legally incompetent patient in favor of a past request made by that previously competent patient. An example of when Ulysses contracts are invoked is when people with schizophrenia stop taking their medication at perceived remission times.
Technological context
In the wake of the Snowden revelations, digital technology companies and commentators have had to consider the situation of a technology provider being ordered by a government to act in a way that they feel morally opposed to. One example is that Apple, as part of the FBI–Apple encryption dispute, decided to engineer the iPhone in a way that made it impossible for them to read the data on it, which has been described as "a digital Ulysses pact". A related example is that of a warrant canary, which Cory Doctorow describes as being a Ulysses pact (albeit a "weak" one, since the issuer of the canary can fail or be forced not to kill the canary), as is binary transparency (applying the idea of certificate transparency to binary executable files), which he describes as a "much stronger, more effective Ulysses pact", since a public append-only log is harder to censor.
Policy context
Ulysses clauses in public policy are provisions that discourage or prevent future changes. For example, in the state of California initiatives generally include a Ulysses clause to prevent amendments.
See also
Advance health care directive
Decision theory
Greek mythology
Escalation of commitment
References
Bibliography
Decision-making
Medical ethics
Mental health law
Behavioral economics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses%20pact |
The Antigua Trades and Labour Union (ATLU) is the national trade union of Antigua and Barbuda. It was formed in 1939 and is closely related to the Antigua Labour Party. It has a membership of 7,000 and is led by Wigley George as president.
History
The organization, whose first president was Reginald Stevens, was first formally registered in 1940, after a new changed trade union law that was installed in December 1939. Despite the increase of wages, the wage was initially not sufficient for the subsistence of the residences considering the inflation that was perceived by the residents, and strikes for higher wages continued in the 1940s. After the war, however, the union gained political success as they won a seat in the legislative council and the political committee. In 1967, the Antigua Workers' Union broke out from the group becoming a rival group, and the political parties Antigua labor party(ALP) and Progressive Labour Movement(PLM) was born from it.
See also
List of trade unions
References
International Trade Union Confederation
Trade unions in Antigua and Barbuda
Trade unions established in 1939
1939 establishments in Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda in World War II
British Leeward Islands in World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua%20Trades%20and%20Labour%20Union |
14 Weeks of Silence is the third album by Russian singer Zemfira which became her second best-selling album after Forgive Me My Love with sales around 1 million copies sold in Russia and 500,000 sold in Ukraine according to her label. In comparison with her earlier albums it showcases softer and more polished sound, with prominent use of keyboards, inspired by work of such bands as Radiohead.
Track listing
References
External links
2002 albums
Zemfira albums
Russian-language albums
Sony Music albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%20Weeks%20of%20Silence |
Pyxicephalus (πυξίς, pyxis = "(round) box," κεφαλή, kephalē = "head") is a genus of true frogs from Sub-Saharan Africa, commonly referred to as African bull frogs or bull frogs. They are very large (P. adspersus) to large (remaining species) frogs, with females significantly smaller than males. They may take decades to reach their full size potential and they are some of the longest-living frogs, possibly able to reach ages as high as 45 years.
These bulky and voracious predators will eat any animal (including small vertebrates and conspecifics) they can fit in their large mouth that has two fang-like projections on the lower jaw, but they are themselves commonly eaten by humans, predatory birds, mammals and monitor lizards. They remain hidden—they are fossorial—for much of the year, but emerge to breed in temporary pools after rains. The tadpoles often are guarded by the male.
Species
There are four recognized species:
Pyxicephalus adspersus Tschudi, 1838 – African bullfrog
Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982
Pyxicephalus edulis Peters, 1854 – edible bullfrog
Pyxicephalus obbianus Calabresi, 1927 – Calabresi's bullfrog
P. edulis has long been confused with P. adspersus, and species limits between them are not fully understood. Additionally, P. angusticeps was only revalidated in 2013, and some authorities still do not recognize it. Another sometimes used name is P. cordofanus Steindachner, 1867, but it is a nomen dubium.
References
Pyxicephalidae
Amphibians of Sub-Saharan Africa
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Johann Jakob von Tschudi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyxicephalus |
Næstved Boldklub is a Danish association football team based in Næstved in the South of Zealand. Næstved Boldklub is the professional superstructure of the parent club Næstved Idræts Forening (Næstved IF) and currently plays in the Danish 1st Division, the second tier of Danish football league system.
The team's regular colours have been green and white throughout the club's history. It plays its home games at TintShop Park. The main rivals are Nykøbing FC (former B1901) and Slagelse B&I. Other rivals are Herfølge Boldklub and Køge Boldklub (the two clubs now merged to HB Køge).
Formerly a regular team in the top half of the Danish Superliga, Næstved has been tempting fate in the second and third tier since after the relegation. Since then Næstved Boldklub have been struggling financially which have been a factor in the club's struggles limiting and sometimes banning the club from signing contracts with players, however the club have recently had a lot of success and is now a top contender in the Danish 1st Division.
History
Næstved Idræts Forening (Næstved IF) was formed in 1939 as a union of Næstved Idræts Klub and Næstved Boldklub the latter which had already played a season in the Mesterskabs-serien (then the best league in Denmark). During the Second World War the Danish football leagues were replaced by geographical divisions. With the beginning of the 1945–1946 season the football pyramid was reestablished with Næstved being placed in the 3rd Division.
In 1970 Næstved won promotion to the 2nd Division finishing third the following season to secure promotion to the 1st Division (the then top division in Denmark). Again Næstved finished third in their first season after promotion winning bronze medal in 1972.
After the club's three mostly successful decades from the 1970s until the 1990s, including two time runner-up in the league (1980 in front of an all time capacity record of 20,315 spectators at Næstved Stadion and again in 1988), the club was relegated following the 1995–1996 season after finishing last.
In 1996 Næstved Boldklub became the professional superstructure of the parent club Næstved Idræts Forening (Næstved IF).
In 2000 Næstved was relegated to the 2nd Division (third tier in Danish football league structure) for the first time since 1963. Enduring financial trouble the club was then several times just about to be relegated to Danmarks Serien (non-league), and if that would have happened, it would be the first time ever for Næstved not to be in one of the three best divisions of Denmark.
The team were promoted to the 1st division and participated in NordicBetLiga season 2018/2019.
During the season Næstved was in the battle for a promotional spot, but in the last round of the season it was decided that Lyngby took 3rd place in front of Næstved, who finished 4th.
During the Summer of 2019 and as preparation for the 2019/20 season, Næstved sacked manager Michael Hemmingsen.
Honours
Danish Championship
Runners-up (2): 1980, 1988
Danish Cup
Runners-up (1): 1994
Other results:
2003 – Danish indoor soccer champions
1994 – Danish Cup runners-up (losing the cup-final against Brøndby IF after penalties)
1988 – Silver medal winners
1987 – European Futsal indoor soccer champions
1986 – Bronze medal winners
1981 – Bronze medal winners
1980 – Silver medal winners
1975 – Bronze medal winners
1972 – Bronze medal winners
Achievements
24 seasons in the Highest Danish League
33 seasons in the Second Highest Danish League
13 seasons in the Third Highest Danish League
Players
Current squad
Updated 1 September 2023
Out on loan
Shirt number 7
On 12 June 2006, Næstved midfielder Rasmus Green suddenly collapsed during training and was – in spite of subsequent reviving-attempts from fellow players, the physio and a present doctor – dead on arrival at Næstved Hospital. The number seven is retired in his memory.
Recent history
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Season
!
! Pos.
! Pl.
! W
! D
! L
! GS
! GA
! P
!Cup
!Notes
|-
|2005–06
|2D
| style="text-align:right; background:green;"|1
|align=right|26||align=right|17||align=right|6||align=right|3
|align=right|64||align=right|22||align=right|57
||Fourth round
|Promoted
|-
|2006–07
|1D
| style="text-align:right; background:;"|8
|align=right|30||align=right|12||align=right|7||align=right|11
|align=right|54||align=right|35||align=right|43
||First round
|
|-
|2007–08
|1D
| style="text-align:right; background:;"|8
|align=right|30||align=right|11||align=right|7||align=right|12
|align=right|36||align=right|39||align=right|40
||Quarter-finals
|
|-
|2008–09
|1D
| style="text-align:right; background:;"|5
|align=right|30||align=right|14||align=right|10||align=right|6
|align=right|55||align=right|34||align=right|52
||Fourth round
|
|-
|2009–10
|1D
| style="text-align:right; background:;"|6
|align=right|30||align=right|13||align=right|5||align=right|12
|align=right|44||align=right|34||align=right|44
||First round
|
|-
|2010–11
|1D
| style="text-align:right; background:;"|10
|align=right|30||align=right|8||align=right|9||align=right|13
|align=right|43||align=right|44||align=right|33
||Third round
|
|-
|2011–12
|1D
| style="text-align:right; background:red;"|13
|align=right|26||align=right|6||align=right|4||align=right|16
|align=right|32||align=right|51||align=right|22
||Third round
|Relegated
|-
|2012–13
|2D
| style="text-align:right; background:;"|4
|align=right|30||align=right|17||align=right|8||align=right|5
|align=right|64||align=right|32||align=right|59
||Third round
|
|-
|2013–14
|2D
| style="text-align:right; background:;"|2
|align=right|30||align=right|18||align=right|7||align=right|5
|align=right|69||align=right|34||align=right|61
||Third round
|
|-
|2014–15
|2D
| style="text-align:right; background:green;"|1
|align=right|30||align=right|22||align=right|1||align=right|7
|align=right|66||align=right|30||align=right|67
||First round
|Promoted
|-
|2015–16
|1D
| style="text-align:right; background:;"|10
|align=right|33||align=right|10||align=right|4||align=right|19
|align=right|37||align=right|48||align=right|34
||Third round
|
|-
|2016–17
|1D
| style="text-align:right; background:red;"|11
|align=right|33||align=right|9||align=right|8||align=right|16
|align=right|45||align=right|51||align=right|35
||Quarter-finals
|Relegated
|-
|2017–18
|2D
| style="text-align:right; background:green;"|2
|align=right|22||align=right|14||align=right|4||align=right|4
|align=right|41||align=right|21||align=right|46
||Third round
|Promoted
|-
|2018–19
|1D
| style="text-align:right; background:;"|4
|align=right|33||align=right|13||align=right|11||align=right|9
|align=right|43||align=right|40||align=right|50
||Quarter-finals
|
|-
|2019–20
|1D
| style="text-align:right; background:red;"|12
|align=right|33||align=right|5||align=right|11||align=right|17
|align=right|29||align=right|50||align=right|26
||Second round
|Relegated
|-
|2020–21
|2D
| style="text-align:right; background:;"|4
|align=right|26||align=right|12||align=right|7||align=right|7
|align=right|48||align=right|31||align=right|43
||Second round
|-
|2021–22
|2D
| style="text-align:right; background:green;"|1
|align=right|32||align=right|22||align=right|7||align=right|3
|align=right|60||align=right|33||align=right|73
||First round
|Promoted
|-
|2022–23
|1D
| style="text-align:right; background:;"|5
|align=right|32||align=right|11||align=right|10||align=right|11
|align=right|50||align=right|48||align=right|43
||Third round
|
|}
Note: 1D = Danish 1st Division, 2D = Danish 2nd Division
Records
Club records
Biggest attendance
20,315 v Kjøbenhavns Boldklub, Danish 1st Division, 1980
Biggest league victory
7–0 v Værløse BK, Danish 2nd Division East, 21 July 2006
7–0 v Korup Idrætsforening, Danish 2nd Division, 15 July 2003
7–0 v Arbejdernes Idrætsklub Aarhus, 24 October 1965
Biggest victory in European cups
7-0 v Bellinzona, Inter Toto Cup, 4 July 1987
Biggest league defeat
0–9 v Odense Boldklub, Danish 1st Division, 11 October 1998
Biggest defeat in European cups
0–7 v PSV Eindhoven, UEFA Cup, 16 September 1981
Player records
Most appearances
Most European appearances: Mogens Hansen, 6 UEFA Cup matches
Top goalscorer in all competitions: Mogens Hansen, 157
Top European goalscorer: Mogens Hansen, 2
Danish internationals
European performances
UEFA Cup 1973–74
Fortuna Düsseldorf won 3–2 on aggregate.
UEFA Cup 1976–77
RWD Molenbeek won 7–0 on aggregate.
UEFA Cup 1981–82
PSV Eindhoven won 8–2 on aggregate.
UEFA Cup 1989–90
Zenit St. Leningrad won 3–1 on aggregate.
1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup Group 4
References
External links
Official site (in Danish)
Football clubs in Denmark
Association football clubs established in 1939
1939 establishments in Denmark
Næstved | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6stved%20Boldklub |
Krypton-85 (85Kr) is a radioisotope of krypton.
Krypton-85 has a half-life of 10.756 years and a maximum decay energy of 687 keV. It decays into stable rubidium-85. Its most common decay (99.57%) is by beta particle emission with maximum energy of 687 keV and an average energy of 251 keV. The second most common decay (0.43%) is by beta particle emission (maximum energy of 173 keV) followed by gamma ray emission (energy of 514 keV). Other decay modes have very small probabilities and emit less energetic gamma rays. Krypton-85 is mostly synthetic, though it is produced naturally in trace quantities by cosmic ray spallation.
In terms of radiotoxicity, 440 Bq of 85Kr is equivalent to 1 Bq of radon-222, without considering the rest of the radon decay chain.
Presence in Earth atmosphere
Natural production
Krypton-85 is produced in small quantities by the interaction of cosmic rays with stable krypton-84 in the atmosphere. Natural sources maintain an equilibrium inventory of about 0.09 PBq in the atmosphere.
Anthropogenic production
As of 2009 the total amount in the atmosphere is estimated at 5500 PBq due to anthropogenic sources. At the end of the year 2000, it was estimated to be 4800 PBq, and in 1973, an estimated 1961 PBq (53 megacuries). The most important of these human sources is nuclear fuel reprocessing, as krypton-85 is one of the seven common medium-lived fission products. Nuclear fission produces about three atoms of krypton-85 for every 1000 fissions (i.e., it has a fission yield of 0.3%). Most or all of this krypton-85 is retained in the spent nuclear fuel rods; spent fuel on discharge from a reactor contains between 0.13–1.8 PBq/Mg of krypton-85. Some of this spent fuel is reprocessed. Current nuclear reprocessing releases the gaseous 85Kr into the atmosphere when the spent fuel is dissolved. It would be possible in principle to capture and store this krypton gas as nuclear waste or for use. The cumulative global amount of krypton-85 released from reprocessing activity has been estimated as 10,600 PBq as of 2000. The global inventory noted above is smaller than this amount due to radioactive decay; a smaller fraction is dissolved into the deep oceans.
Other man-made sources are small contributors to the total. Atmospheric nuclear weapons tests released an estimated 111–185 PBq. The 1979 accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant released about . The Chernobyl accident released about 35 PBq, and the Fukushima Daiichi accident released an estimated 44–84 PBq.
The average atmospheric concentration of krypton-85 was approximately 0.6 Bq/m3 in 1976, and has increased to approximately 1.3 Bq/m3 as of 2005. These are approximate global average values; concentrations are higher locally around nuclear reprocessing facilities, and are generally higher in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere.
For wide-area atmospheric monitoring, krypton-85 is the best indicator for clandestine plutonium separations.
Krypton-85 releases increase the electrical conductivity of atmospheric air. Meteorological effects are expected to be stronger closer to the source of the emissions.
Uses in industry
Krypton-85 is used in arc discharge lamps commonly used in the entertainment industry for large HMI film lights as well as high-intensity discharge lamps. The presence of krypton-85 in discharge tube of the lamps can make the lamps easy to ignite. Early experimental krypton-85 lighting developments included a railroad signal light designed in 1957 and an illuminated highway sign erected in Arizona in 1969. A 60 μCi (2.22 MBq) capsule of krypton-85 was used by the random number server HotBits (an allusion to the radioactive element being a quantum mechanical source of entropy), but was replaced with a 5 μCi (185 kBq) Cs-137 source in 1998.
Krypton-85 is also used to inspect aircraft components for small defects. Krypton-85 is allowed to penetrate small cracks, and then its presence is detected by autoradiography. The method is called "krypton gas penetrant imaging". The gas penetrates smaller openings than the liquids used in dye penetrant inspection and fluorescent penetrant inspection.
Krypton-85 was used in cold-cathode voltage regulator electron tubes, such as the type 5651.
Krypton-85 is also used for Industrial Process Control mainly for thickness and density measurements as an alternative to Sr-90 or Cs-137.
Krypton-85 is also used as a charge neutralizer in aerosol sampling systems.
References
Fission products
Krypton-085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton-85 |
Nagorny (masculine), Nagornaya (feminine), or Nagornoye (neuter) may refer to:
Places in Russia
Nagorny (inhabited locality) (Nagornaya, Nagornoye), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
Nagorny District in Southern Administrative Okrug of Moscow
Nagornaya (Moscow Metro), a station of the Moscow Metro
Nagorny Park in Barnaul, Altai Krai
Trade Union Sport Palace (KRK Nagorny), an ice sports arena in Nizhny Novgorod
Other
Nagorny (surname)
See also
Nahirne (disambiguation) (Nagornoye), one of many villages in Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorny |
This is a list of members of Parliament (MPs) elected in the 1892 general election, held over several days from 4 July to 26 July 1892.
By-elections
8 February 1893: County Cork North East - Michael Davitt (Irish National Federation) replacing William O'Brien (Irish National Federation) who had been elected for two seats and chose to sit for Cork City
17 February 1893: Meath South - Jeremiah Jordan (Irish National Federation) replacing Patrick Fullam (Irish National Federation) who was unseated on petition
21 February 1893: Meath North - James Gibney (Irish National Federation) replacing Michael Davitt (Irish National Federation) who was unseated on petition
27 June 1895: Cork City - J. F. X. O'Brien (Irish National Federation) replacing William O'Brien (Irish National Federation) who had resigned his seat
Sources
Whitaker's Almanack 1893
See also
List of parliaments of the United Kingdom
1892 United Kingdom general election
1892
List
UK MPs
1892 United Kingdom general election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20MPs%20elected%20in%20the%201892%20United%20Kingdom%20general%20election |
Bestwig is a municipality in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Bestwig is situated on the river Ruhr, approx. 10 km east of Meschede. It lies on the German Autobahn A 46. Bestwig has a railway station, connecting the town through local trains to Dortmund Hauptbahnhof, Winterberg and Hagen Hauptbahnhof.
Neighbouring municipalities
Olsberg
Schmallenberg
Meschede
Rüthen
Warstein
Subdivisions
Since 2009, the municipality is officially divided into 6 so-called Ortschaften, each containing of one to five villages (Ortsteile).
Economy
Bestwig, surrounded by many acres of pine tree forests, is a centre of Christmas tree production.
Tourism, however, is the most important source of income. The Sauerland forests are popular among hikers and, in winter, skiing is possible.
Twin towns
Bestwig has no official partnership with another town, but has close to ties to Niederorschel (Thuringia, Germany) and Niederwiesa (Saxony, Germany).
Coat of arms
The coat of arms shows a silver Saint Andrew's Cross on blue ground.
The Saint Andrew's Cross is a reference to the patron of the parish church in Velmede, Saint Andrew. The colors silver and blue show the allegiance to the former county of Arnsberg.
Notable natives
Franz Hoffmeister (1898-1943), Roman Catholic priest
Theo Bücker (born 1948), coach of Lebanon's national football team
Wilhelmine Lübke (1885–1981), First Lady
Ferdinand von Lüninck (born 1888), German nobleman (a Freiherr i.e. a Baron) Roman Catholic, who participated in plans to overthrow Hitler on 20 July 1944. Arrested after plot failed and sentenced to death. Hanged on 14 November 1944.
Hedwig von Beverfoerde (born 1963), German noblewoman, right-wing political activist and Traditional Catholic
Notable places in Bestwig
Wasserfall'' is named after its famous waterfall, a popular sight during walking tours. It is one of the largest cascades in North Rhine-Westphalia.
Bergkloster Monastery, the motherhouse of the European Province of the Sisters of St Maria Magdalena Postel
References
External links
Official site
Hochsauerlandkreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestwig |
Katanin is a microtubule-severing AAA protein. It is named after the Japanese sword called a katana. Katanin is a heterodimeric protein first discovered in sea urchins. It contains a 60 kDa ATPase subunit, encoded by KATNA1, which functions to sever microtubules. This subunit requires ATP and the presence of microtubules for activation. The second 80 kDA subunit, encoded by KATNB1, regulates the activity of the ATPase and localizes the protein to centrosomes. Electron microscopy shows that katanin forms 14–16 nm rings in its active oligomerized state on the walls of microtubules (although not around the microtubule).
Mechanism and regulation of microtubule length
Structural analysis using electron microscopy has revealed that microtubule protofilaments change from a straight to a curved conformation upon GTP hydrolysis of β-tubulin. However, when these protofilaments are part of a polymerized microtubule, the stabilizing interactions created by the surrounding lattice lock subunits into a straight conformation, even after GTP hydrolysis. In order to disrupt these stable interactions, katanin, once bound to ATP, oligomerizes into a ring structure on the microtubule wall - in some cases oligomerization increases the affinity of katanin for microtubules and stimulates its ATPase activity. Once this structure is formed, katanin hydrolyzes ATP, and likely undergoes a conformational change that puts mechanical strain on the tubulin subunits, which destabilizes their interactions within the microtubule lattice. The predicted conformational change also likely decreases the affinity of katanin for tubulin as well as for other katanin proteins, which leads to disassembly of the katanin ring structure, and recycling of the individual inactivated proteins.
The severing of microtubules by katanin is regulated by protective microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), and the p80 subunit (p60 severs microtubules much better in the presence of p80). These mechanisms have different consequences, depending on where in the cell they are activated or disrupted. For example, allowing katanin-mediated severing at the centrosome releases microtubules for free movement. In one experiment, anti-katanin antibodies were injected into a cell, causing a large accumulation of microtubules around the centrosome and inhibition of microtubule outgrowth. Therefore, katanin-mediated severing may serve to maintain organization in the cytoplasm by promoting microtubule disassembly and efficient movement. During cell division, severing at the spindle pole produces free microtubule ends and allows poleward flux of tubulin and retraction of the microtubule. Severing microtubules in the cytoplasm facilitates treadmilling and mobility, which is important during development.
Role in cell division
Katanin-mediated microtubule severing is an important step in mitosis and meiosis. It has been shown that katanin is responsible for severing microtubules during M-phase in Xenopus laevis. The disassembly of microtubules from their interphase structures is necessary to prepare the cell and the mitotic spindle for cell division. This regulation is indirect: MAP proteins, which protect the microtubules from being severed during interphase, dissociate and allow katanin to act. In addition, katanin is responsible for severing microtubules at the mitotic spindles when disassembly is required to segregate sister chromatids during anaphase.
Similar results have been obtained in relation to katanin's activity during meiosis in C. elegans. It was reported that Mei-1 and Mei-2 to encode similar proteins to the p60 and p80 subunits of katanin. Using antibodies, these two proteins were found to localize at the ends of microtubules in the meiotic spindle, and, when expressed in HeLa cells, these proteins initiated microtubule severing. These findings indicate that katanin serves a similar purpose in both mitosis and meiosis in segregating chromatids toward the spindle poles.
Role in development
Katanin is important in the development of many organisms. Both elimination and overexpression of katanin is deleterious to axonal growth, and, thus, katanin must be carefully regulated for proper neural development. In particular, severing microtubules in specific cellular spaces allows fragments to test various routes of growth. Katanin has proved necessary in this task. An experiment using time-lapse digital imaging of fluorescently labeled tubulin demonstrated that axon growth cones pause, and microtubules fragment, at sites of branching during neural development.
A similar experiment using fluorescently labeled tubulin observed local microtubule fragmentation in newt lung cell lamellipodia during developmental migration, in which the fragments run perpendicular to the advancing cell membrane to aid exploration. The local nature of both fragmentation events likely indicates regulation by katanin because it can be concentrated in specific cellular regions. This is supported by a study that demonstrated that the Fra2 mutation, which affects a katanin orthologue in Arabidopsis thaliana, leads to an aberrant disposition of cellulose microfibrils along the developing cell wall in these plants. This mutation produced a phenotype with reduced cell elongation, which suggests katanin's significance in development across a wide range of organisms.
Function in neurons
Katanin is known to be abundant in the nervous system and even modest levels of it can cause significant microtubule depletion. But microtubules need to be severed throughout other compartments of the neuron so that sufficient numbers of microtubules can undergo rapid transport.
In the nervous system, the ratio of the two subunits is dramatically different from other organs of the body. So it is important to be able to regulate the ratio to control microtubule severing. The monomer p80 is found in all the compartments of the neuron, which means its function cannot be solely to target katanin. The p80 katanin has multiple domains with different functions. One domain targets the centrosome, another augments microtubule severing by the p60 katanin, and the last suppresses microtubule severing. The abundance of katanin in the neurons show they can move along the axon. There is breakage of microtubules at the axonal branch points and in the growth cones of the neurons. The distribution of katanin in the neuron helps understand the phenomenon for regulating microtubule length and number, as well as releasing the microtubules from the centrosome.
Katanin is believed to be regulated by the phosphorylation of other proteins. Bending enhances the access of katanin to the lattice, facilitating severing.
Function in plants
Katanin is also found to have similar functions in higher plants. The form and structure of a plant cell is determined by the rigid cell wall, which contains highly organized cellulose, the orientation of which is affected by microtubules that serve to guide the deposition of forming fibers. The orientation of the cellulose microfibrils within the cell wall is determined by the microtubules, which are aligned perpendicular to the major axis of cell expansion. Because plant cells lack traditional centrosomes, katanin accumulates at the nuclear envelope during pre-prophase and prophase, where the spindle microtubules are forming.
During cell elongation, microtubules must adjust their orientation constantly to keep up with the increasing cell length. This constant change in microtubule organization was proposed to be performed by the rapid disassembly, assembly, and translocation of microtubules. Recently, mutations in the plant katanin homologue have been shown to alter transitions in microtubule organization, which, in turn, cause impairments in the proper deposition of cellulose and hemicellulose. This is presumed to be caused by the plant cell's lack of ability to regulate microtubule lengths.
There is no homologue for the p80 katanin regulatory subunit. Therefore, a His-tagged At-p60 was made to describe its functions in plants. The His-At-p60 can sever microtubules in vitro in the presence of ATP. It directly interacts with microtubules in co-sedimentation assays. The ATPase activity was stimulated in a non-hyperbolic way. ATP hydrolysis is stimulated at a low tubulin/At-p60 ratio and inhibited at higher ratios. The low ratios favor the katanin subunit interactions, whereas the high ratios show impairment. The At-p60 can oligomerize like the ones in animals. The At-p60 interacts directly with microtubules, whereas the animal p60 bind via their N-termini. The N-terminal part of p60 is not well conserved between the plant and animal kingdoms.
See also
Microtubule-severing ATPase
References
External links
Hartman, Jim. "Katanin, an AAA ATPase that Takes Apart Stable Microtubules." 2004.
McNally Lab research. "katanin" 2006
Proteins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanin |
Health care prices in the United States of America describe market and non-market factors that determine pricing, along with possible causes as to why prices are higher than in other countries.
Compared to other OECD countries, U.S. healthcare costs are one-third higher or more relative to the size of the economy (GDP). According to the CDC, during 2015, health expenditures per-person were nearly $10,000 on average, with total expenditures of $3.2 trillion or 17.8% of GDP. Proximate reasons for the differences with other countries include higher prices for the same services (i.e., a higher price per unit) and greater use of healthcare (i.e., more units consumed). Higher administrative costs, higher per-capita income, and less government intervention to drive down prices are deeper causes. While the annual inflation rate in healthcare costs has declined in recent decades, it still remains above the rate of economic growth, resulting in a steady increase in healthcare expenditures relative to GDP from 6% in 1970 to nearly 18% in 2015.
Nature of the healthcare markets
Coverage
Health insurance coverage is provided by several public and private sources in the United States. During 2016, the U.S. population overall was approximately 325 million, with 53 million persons 65 years of age and older covered by the federal Medicare program. The 272 million non-institutional persons under age 65 either obtained their coverage from employer-based (155 million) or non-employer based (90 million) sources or were uninsured (27 million). Approximately 15 million military personnel received coverage through the Veteran's Administration. During the year 2016, 91.2% of Americans had health insurance coverage. An estimated 27 million people under the age of 65 were uninsured.
Price transparency issues
Unlike most markets for consumer services in the United States, the healthcare market generally lacks transparent market-based pricing. Patients are typically not able to comparison shop for medical services based on price, as medical service providers do not typically disclose prices prior to service. Government mandated critical care and government insurance programs like Medicare also impact the market pricing of U.S. health care. According to the New York Times in 2011, "the United States is far and away the world leader in medical spending, even though numerous studies have concluded that Americans do not get better care" and prices are the highest in the world.
In the U.S. medical industry, patients generally do not have access to pricing information until after medical services have been rendered. A study conducted by the California Healthcare Foundation found that only 25% of visitors asking for pricing information were able to obtain it in a single visit to a hospital. This has led to a phenomenon known as "surprise medical bills", where patients receive large bills for service long after the service was rendered.
Since the majority (85%) of Americans have health insurance, they do not directly pay for medical services. Insurance companies, as payors, negotiate health care pricing with providers on behalf of the insured. Hospitals, doctors, and other medical providers have traditionally disclosed their fee schedules only to insurance companies and other institutional payors, and not to individual patients. Uninsured individuals are expected to pay directly for services, but since they lack access to pricing information, price-based competition may be reduced. The introduction of high-deductible insurance has increased demand for pricing information among consumers. As high-deductible health plans rise across the country, with many individuals having deductibles of $2500 or more, their ability to pay for costly procedures diminishes, and hospitals end up covering the cost of patients care. Many health systems are putting in place price transparency initiatives and payments plans for their patients so that the patients better understand what the estimated cost of their care is, and how they can afford to pay for their care over time.
Organizations such as the American Medical Association (AMA) and AARP support a "fair and accurate valuation for all physician services". Very few resources exist, however, that allow consumers to compare physician prices. The AMA sponsors the Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee, a private group of physicians which largely determine how to value physician labor in Medicare prices. Among politicians, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich has called for transparency in the prices of medical devices, noting it is one of the few aspects or U.S. health care where consumers and federal health officials are "barred from comparing the quality, medical outcomes or price".
Recently, some insurance companies have announced their intention to begin disclosing provider pricing as a way to encourage cost reduction. Other services exist to assist physicians and their patients, such as Healthcare Out Of Pocket, Accuro Healthcare Solutions, with its CarePricer software. Similarly, medical tourists take advantage of price transparency on websites such as MEDIGO and Purchasing Health, which offer hospital price comparison and appointment booking services.
According to the estimation of the US government, hundreds of thousands of Americans (Californians ) traveled to Mexico annually to get healthcare services.
Government-mandated critical care
In the United States and most other industrialized nations, emergency medical providers are required to treat any patient that has a life-threatening condition, irrespective of the patient's financial resources. In the U.S., the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act requires that hospitals treat all patients in need of emergency medical care without considering patients' ability to pay for service.
This government mandated care places a cost burden on medical providers, as critically ill patients lacking financial resources must be treated. Medical providers compensate for this cost by passing costs on to other parts of the medical system by increasing prices for other patients and through collection of government subsidies.
Healthcare is not a typical market
Harvard economist N. Gregory Mankiw explained in July 2017 that "the magic of the free market sometimes fails us when it comes to healthcare." This is due to:
Important positive externalities or situations where the actions of one person or company positively impact the health of others, such as vaccinations and medical research. The free market will result in too little of both (i.e., the benefit is under-estimated by individuals), so government intervention such as subsidies is required to optimize the market outcome.
Consumers don't know what to buy, as the technical nature of the product requires expert physician advice. The inability to monitor product quality leads to regulation (e.g., licensing of medical professionals and the safety of pharmaceutical products).
Healthcare spending is unpredictable and expensive. This results in insurance to pool risks and reduce uncertainty. However, this creates a side-effect, the decreased visibility of spending and a tendency to over-consume medical care.
Adverse selection, where insurers can choose to avoid sick patients. This can lead to a "death spiral" in which the healthiest people drop out of insurance coverage perceiving it too expensive, leading to higher prices for the remainder, repeating the cycle. The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C., advocated individual mandates in the late 1980s to overcome adverse selection by requiring all persons to obtain insurance or pay penalties, an idea ultimately included in the Affordable Care Act.
Medicare and Medicaid
Medicare was established in 1965 under President Lyndon Johnson, as a form of medical insurance for the elderly (age 65 and above) and the disabled. Medicaid was established at the same time to provide medical insurance primarily to children, pregnant women, and certain other medically needy groups.
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported in October 2017 that adjusted for timing differences, Medicare spending rose by $22 billion (4%) in fiscal year 2017, reflecting growth in both the number of beneficiaries and in the average benefit payment. Medicaid spending rose by $7 billion (2%) in part because of more persons enrolled due to the Affordable Care Act. Unadjusted for timing shifts, in 2017 Medicare spending was $595 billion and Medicaid spending was $375 billion. Medicare covered 57 million people as of September 2016. While on the other hand, Medicaid covered 68.4 million people as of July 2017, 74.3 million including the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP).
Medicare and Medicaid are managed at the Federal level by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). CMS sets fee schedules for medical services through Prospective Payment Systems (PPS) for inpatient care, outpatient care, and other services. As the largest single purchaser of medical services in the U.S., Medicare's fixed pricing schedules have a significant impact on the market. These prices are set based on CMS' analysis of labor and resource input costs for different medical services based on recommendations by the American Medical Association.
As part of Medicare's pricing system, relative value units (RVUs) are assigned to every medical procedure. One RVU translates into a dollar value that varies by region and by year; in 2005 the base (not location adjusted) RVU equaled roughly $37.90. Major insurers use Medicare's RVU calculations when negotiating payment schedules with providers, and many insurers simply adopt Medicare's payment schedule. The AMA-sponsored committee in charge of determining RVUs of medical procedures that inform Medicare's payment to physicians has been shown to grossly inflate their figures.
Employer-based market
An estimated 155 million persons under the age 65 were covered under health insurance plans provided by their employers in 2016. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated that the health insurance premium for single coverage would be $6,400 and family coverage would be $15,500 in 2016. The annual rate of increase in premiums has generally slowed after 2000, as part of the trend of lower annual healthcare cost increases.
The Federal Government subsidizes the employer-based market by an estimated $250 billion per year (about $1,612 per person covered in the employer market), by excluding health insurance premiums from employee income. This subsidy encourages people to buy more extensive coverage (which places upward pressure on average premiums), while also encouraging more young, healthy people to enroll (which places downward pressure on premium prices). CBO estimates the net effect is to increase premiums 10-15% over an un-subsidized level.
The Kaiser Family Foundation estimated that family insurance premiums averaged $18,142 in 2016, up 3% from 2015, with workers paying $5,277 towards that cost and employers covering the remainder. Single coverage premiums were essentially unchanged from 2015 to 2016 at $6,435, with workers contributing $1,129 and employers covering the remainder.
The President's Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) described how annual cost increases have fallen in the employer market since 2000. Premiums for family coverage grew 5.6% from 2000-2010, but 3.1% from 2010-2016. The total premium plus estimated out-of-pocket costs (i.e., deductibles and co-payments) increased 5.1% from 2000-2010 but 2.4% from 2010-2016.
Affordable Care Act (ACA) marketplaces
Separate from the employer market are the ACA marketplaces, which covered an estimated 12 million persons in 2017 who individually obtain insurance (e.g., not as part of a business). The law is designed to pay subsidies in the form of premium tax credits to the individuals or families purchasing the insurance, based on income levels. Higher income consumers receive lower subsidies. While pre-subsidy prices rose considerably from 2016 to 2017, so did the subsidies, to reduce the after-subsidy cost to the consumer.
For example, a study published in 2016 found that the average requested 2017 premium increase among 40-year-old non-smokers was about 9 percent, according to an analysis of 17 cities, although Blue Cross Blue Shield proposed increases of 40 percent in Alabama and 60 percent in Texas. However, some or all of these costs are offset by subsidies, paid as tax credits. For example, the Kaiser Foundation reported that for the second-lowest cost "Silver plan" (a plan often selected and used as the benchmark for determining financial assistance), a 40-year old non-smoker making $30,000 per year would pay effectively the same amount in 2017 as they did in 2016 (about $208/month) after the subsidy/tax credit, despite large increases in the pre-subsidy price. This was consistent nationally. In other words, the subsidies increased along with the pre-subsidy price, fully offsetting the price increases.
This premium tax credit subsidy is separate from the cost sharing reductions subsidy discontinued in 2017 by President Donald Trump, an action which raised premiums in the ACA marketplaces by an estimated 20 percentage points above what otherwise would have occurred, for the 2018 plan year.
Deductibles
While health insurance premium cost increases have moderated in the employer market, some of this is because of insurance policies that have a higher deductible, co-payments and out-of-pocket maximums that shift costs from insurers to patients. In addition, many employees are choosing to combine a health savings account with higher deductible plans, making the impact of the ACA difficult to determine precisely.
For those who obtain their insurance through their employer ("group market"), a 2016 survey found that:
Deductibles grew by 63% from 2011 to 2016, while premiums increased 19% and worker earnings grew by 11%.
In 2016, 4 in 5 workers had an insurance deductible, which averaged $1,478. For firms with less than 200 employees, the deductible averaged $2,069.
The percentage of workers with a deductible of at least $1,000 grew from 10% in 2006 to 51% in 2016. The 2016 figure drops to 38% after taking employer contributions into account.
For the "non-group" market, of which two-thirds are covered by the ACA exchanges, a survey of 2015 data found that:
49% had individual deductibles of at least $1,500 ($3,000 for family), up from 36% in 2014.
Many marketplace enrollees qualify for cost-sharing subsidies that reduce their net deductible.
While about 75% of enrollees were "very satisfied" or "somewhat satisfied" with their choice of doctors and hospitals, only 50% had such satisfaction with their annual deductible.
While 52% of those covered by the ACA exchanges felt "well protected" by their insurance, in the group market 63% felt that way.
Prescription drugs
According to the OECD, U.S. prescription drug spending in 2015 was $1,162 per person on average, versus $807 for Canada, $766 for Germany, $668 for France, and is capped in the UK at £105.90($132)
Reasons for higher costs
The reasons for higher U.S. healthcare costs relative to other countries and over time are debated by experts.
Relative to other countries
U.S. healthcare costs in 2015 were 16.9% GDP according to the OECD, over 5% GDP higher than the next most expensive OECD country. With U.S. GDP of $19 trillion, healthcare costs were about $3.2 trillion, or about $10,000 per person in a country of 320 million people. A gap of 5% GDP represents $1 trillion, about $3,000 per person relative to the next most expensive country. In other words, the U.S. would have to cut healthcare costs by roughly one-third ($1 trillion or $3,000 per person on average) to be competitive with the next most expensive country. Healthcare spending in the U.S. was distributed as follows in 2014: Hospital care 32%; physician and clinical services 20%; prescription drugs 10%; and all other, including many categories individually making up less than 5% of spending. These first three categories accounted for 62% of spending. A 2022 study revealed that the United States is one of the most expensive countries for a 15 minute private doctors visit. The average cost of a visit in the U.S. is $104, while the global average is $40, ranking the U.S. as the #8 most expensive country.
Important differences include:
Administrative costs. About 25% of U.S. healthcare costs relate to administrative costs (e.g., billing and payment, as opposed to direct provision of services, supplies and medicine) versus 10-15% in other countries. For example, Duke University Hospital had 900 hospital beds but 1,300 billing clerks. Assuming $3.2 trillion is spent on healthcare per year, a 10% savings would be $320 billion per year and a 15% savings would be nearly $500 billion per year. For scale, cutting administrative costs to peer country levels would represent roughly one-third to half the gap. A 2009 study from Price Waterhouse Coopers estimated $210 billion in savings from unnecessary billing and administrative costs, a figure that would be considerably higher in 2015 dollars.
Cost variation across hospital regions. Harvard economist David Cutler reported in 2013 that roughly 33% of healthcare spending, or about $1 trillion per year, is not associated with improved outcomes. Medicare reimbursements per enrollee vary significantly across the country. In 2012, average Medicare reimbursements per enrollee ranged from an adjusted (for health status, income, and ethnicity) $6,724 in the lowest spending region to $13,596 in the highest.
The U.S. spends more than other countries for the same things. Drugs are more expensive, doctors are paid more, and suppliers charge more for medical equipment than other countries. Journalist Todd Hixon reported on a study that U.S. spending on physicians per person is about five times higher than peer countries, $1,600 versus $310, as much as 37% of the gap with other countries. This was driven by a greater use of specialist doctors, who charge 3-6 times more in the U.S. than in peer countries.
Higher level of per-capita income, which is correlated with higher healthcare spending in the U.S. and other countries. Hixon reported a study by Princeton Professor Uwe Reinhardt that concluded about $1,200 per person (in 2008 dollars) or about a third of the gap with peer countries in healthcare spending was due to higher levels of per-capita income. Higher income per-capita is correlated with using more units of healthcare.
Americans receive more medical care than people in other countries. The U.S. consumes 3 times as many mammograms, 2.5x the number of MRI scans, and 31% more C-sections per-capita than peer countries. This is a blend of higher per-capita income and higher use of specialists, among other factors.
The U.S. government intervenes less actively to force down prices in the United States than in other countries. Stanford economist Victor Fuchs wrote in 2014: "If we turn the question around and ask why healthcare costs so much less in other high-income countries, the answer nearly always points to a larger, stronger role for government. Governments usually eliminate much of the high administrative costs of insurance, obtain lower prices for inputs, and influence the mix of healthcare outputs by arranging for large supplies of primary-care physicians and hospital beds while keeping tight control on the number of specialist physicians and expensive technology. In the United States, the political system creates many “choke points” for diverse interest groups to block or modify government’s role in these areas."
Relative to prior years
The Congressional Budget Office analyzed the reasons for healthcare cost inflation over time, reporting in 2008 that: "Although many factors contributed to the growth, most analysts have concluded that the bulk of the long-term rise resulted from the health care system's use of new medical services that were made possible by technological advances..." In summarizing several studies, CBO reported the following drove the indicated share (shown as a range across three studies) of the increase from 1940 to 1990:
Technology changes: 38-65%. CBO defined this as "any changes in clinical practice that enhance the ability of providers to diagnose, treat, or prevent health problems."
Personal income growth: 5-23%. Persons with more income tend to spend a greater share of it on healthcare.
Administrative costs: 3-13%.
Aging of the population: 2%. As the country ages, more persons require more expensive treatments, as the aged tend to be sicker.
According to Federal Reserve data, healthcare annual inflation rates have declined in recent decades:
1970-1979: 7.8%
1980-1989: 8.3%
1990-1999: 5.3%
2000-2009: 4.1%
2010-2016: 3.0%
While this inflation rate has declined, it has generally remained above the rate of economic growth, resulting in a steady increase of health expenditures relative to GDP from 6% in 1970 to nearly 18% in 2015.
See also
Financial toxicity
Medical debt
Medical debt in the United States
Charge description master
Health care finance in the United States
Healthcare reform debate in the United States
American Health Care Act of 2017
Healthcare rationing in the United States
Health system
References
External links
Dept. of HHS Report on Govt. Payments for Indigent Care
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
AMA Description of RBRVS
Price Check: The Mystery of Hospital Pricing (California HealthCare Foundation study, December 2005)
Medical Costs Vary Wildly Around The Country (state-by-state and intrastate charts)
Medical Prices may be much higher with health insurance than without? (The New York Times, August 22, 2021)
Health economics
Social problems in medicine
Waste of resources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20prices%20in%20the%20United%20States |
Raymond Garneau, (born January 3, 1935) is a Canadian businessman and politician.
Early life
Born in Plessisville, Quebec (located 30 km from Victoriaville, Quebec), the son of Daniel Garneau and Valérie Gosselin, he received a master's degree in commercial sciences from Université Laval in 1958 and a licence in economics from the University of Geneva in 1963.
Provincial politics
From 1965 to 1970, he was the executive secretary and later executive assistant to Jean Lesage. He was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec as a Liberal in the riding of Jean-Talon in 1970. He was re-elected in 1973 and 1976. He held cabinet posts as Minister of Public Service (1970), Minister of Finance (1970–1976), president of the Treasury Board (1971–1976), and Minister of Education (1975–1976). He ran for the 1978 Quebec Liberal Party leadership election but lost to Claude Ryan. He resigned in 1978.
Corporate interlude
In 1979, he became vice president of development for the Laurentian Group. From 1980 to 1984, he was the chairman and chief executive officer of the Montreal City and District Savings Bank and CEO of Credit Foncier.
Federal politics
In 1984, he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal in the Quebec riding of Laval-des-Rapides. He lost in 1988 by 692 votes. From 1984 to 1986, he was the president of the Quebec Liberal caucus and Liberal leader John Turner's Quebec lieutenant.
Back to private life
From 1988 to 2005, he was the president and chief operating officer, president and chief executive officer, and chairman of the board of the Industrial Alliance Insurance and Financial Services Inc.
In 1996, he was appointed to the board of directors of the Bank of Canada. In 1991, he was elected director on the board of Laval University and became chairman of that board in 1997. In 2005, he was appointed chairman of the Advisory Commission for the Phase II: the Recommendations Phase of the Gomery Commission.
Honours
In 1994, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for having "fulfilled his responsibilities with the utmost competence, efficiency, judgment and integrity, always seeking to contribute to the improved economic and social well-being of his fellow citizens".
References
External links
1935 births
Businesspeople from Quebec
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Officers of the Order of Canada
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Université Laval alumni
People from Centre-du-Québec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Garneau |
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), sometimes referred to as thermoplastic rubbers, are a class of copolymers or a physical mix of polymers (usually a plastic and a rubber) that consist of materials with both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties. While most elastomers are thermosets, thermoplastics are in contrast relatively easy to use in manufacturing, for example, by injection moulding. Thermoplastic elastomers show advantages typical of both rubbery materials and plastic materials. The benefit of using thermoplastic elastomers is the ability to stretch to moderate elongations and return to its near original shape creating a longer life and better physical range than other materials. The principal difference between thermoset elastomers and thermoplastic elastomers is the type of cross-linking bond in their structures. In fact, crosslinking is a critical structural factor which imparts high elastic properties.
Types
There are six generic classes of commercial TPEs (designations according to ISO 18064) together with one unclassified category:
Styrenic block copolymers, TPS (TPE-s)
Thermoplastic polyolefinelastomers, TPO (TPE-o)
Thermoplastic Vulcanizates, TPV (TPE-v or TPV)
Thermoplastic polyurethanes, TPU (TPU)
Thermoplastic copolyester, TPC (TPE-E)
Thermoplastic polyamides, TPA (TPE-A)
Unclassified thermoplastic elastomers, TPZ
Examples
TPE materials that come from the block copolymers group include CAWITON†, MELIFLEX, THERMOLAST K†, THERMOLAST M†, Chemiton, Arnitel, Hytrel, Dryflex†, Mediprene, Kraton, Pibiflex, Sofprene†, Tuftec†and Laprene†.
† indicates styrenic block copolymers (TPE-s).
Laripur, Desmopan and Elastollan are examples of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU).
Sarlink, Santoprene, Termoton, Solprene, THERMOLAST V, Vegaprene, and Forprene are examples of TPV materials.
Examples of thermoplastic olefin elastomers (TPO) compound are For-Tec E or Engage. Ninjaflex used for 3D printing.
Criteria for thermoplastic elastomers
In order to qualify as a thermoplastic elastomer, a material must have these three essential characteristics:
The ability to be stretched to moderate elongations and, upon the removal of stress, return to something close to its original shape
Processable as a melt at elevated temperature
Absence of significant creep
Background
TPE became a commercial reality when thermoplastic polyurethane polymers became available in the 1950s. During the 1960s styrene block copolymer became available, and in the 1970s a wide range of TPEs came on the scene. The worldwide usage of TPEs (680,000 tons/year in 1990) is growing at about nine percent per year. The styrene-butadiene materials possess a two-phase microstructure due to incompatibility between the polystyrene and polybutadiene blocks, the former separating into spheres or rods depending on the exact composition. With low polystyrene content, the material is elastomeric with the properties of the polybutadiene predominating. Generally they offer a much wider range of properties than conventional cross-linked rubbers because the composition can vary to suit final construction goals.
Block copolymers are interesting because they can "microphase separate" to form periodic nanostructures, as in the styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer shown at right. The polymer is known as Kraton and is used for shoe soles and adhesives. Owing to the microfine structure, a transmission electron microscope (TEM) was needed to examine the structure. The butadiene matrix was stained with osmium tetroxide to provide contrast in the image. The material was made by living polymerization so that the blocks are almost monodisperse, so helping to create a very regular microstructure. The molecular weight of the polystyrene blocks in the main picture is 102,000; the inset picture has a molecular weight of 91,000, producing slightly smaller domains. The spacing between domains has been confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering, a technique which gives information about microstructure.
Since most polymers are incompatible with one another, forming a block polymer will usually result in phase separation, and the principle has been widely exploited since the introduction of the SBS block polymers, especially where one of the block is highly crystalline. One exception to the rule of incompatibility is the material Noryl, where polystyrene and polyphenylene oxide or PPO form a continuous blend with one another.
Other TPEs have crystalline domains where one kind of block co-crystallizes with other block in adjacent chains, such as in copolyester rubbers, achieving the same effect as in the SBS block polymers. Depending on the block length, the domains are generally more stable than the latter owing to the higher crystal melting point. That point determines the processing temperatures needed to shape the material, as well as the ultimate service use temperatures of the product. Such materials include Hytrel, a polyester-polyether copolymer and Pebax, a nylon or polyamide-polyether copolymer.
Advantages
Depending on the environment, TPEs have outstanding thermal properties and material stability when exposed to a broad range of temperatures and non-polar materials. TPEs consume less energy to produce, can be colored easily by most dyes, and allow economical quality control. TPE requires little or no compounding, with no need to add reinforcing agents, stabilizers or cure systems. Hence, batch-to-batch variations in weighting and metering components are absent, leading to improved consistency in both raw materials and fabricated articles. TPE materials have the potential to be recyclable since they can be molded, extruded and reused like plastics, but they have typical elastic properties of rubbers which are not recyclable owing to their thermosetting characteristics. They can also be ground up and turned into 3D printing filament with a recyclebot.
Processing
The two most important manufacturing methods with TPEs are extrusion and injection molding. TPEs can now be 3D printed and have been shown to be economically advantageous to make products using distributed manufacturing. Compression molding is seldom, if ever, used. Fabrication via injection molding is extremely rapid and highly economical. Both the equipment and methods normally used for the extrusion or injection molding of a conventional thermoplastic are generally suitable for TPEs. TPEs can also be processed by blow molding, melt calendaring, thermoforming, and heat welding.
Applications
TPEs are used where conventional elastomers cannot provide the range of physical properties needed in the product. These materials find large application in the automotive sector and in household appliances sector. For instance, copolyester TPEs are used in snowmobile tracks where stiffness and abrasion resistance are at a premium. Thermoplastic olefins (TPO) are increasingly used as a roofing material. TPEs are also widely used for catheters where nylon block copolymers offer a range of softness ideal for patients. Thermoplastic silicone and olefin blends are used for extrusion of glass run and dynamic weatherstripping car profiles. Styrene block copolymers are used in shoe soles for their ease of processing, and widely as adhesives.
Owing to their unrivaled abilities in two-component injection molding to various thermoplastic substrates, engineered TPS materials also cover a broad range of technical applications ranging from automotive market to consumer and medical products. Examples of those are soft grip surfaces, design elements, back-lit switches and surfaces, as well as sealings, gaskets, or damping elements. TPE is commonly used to make suspension bushings for automotive performance applications because of its greater resistance to deformation when compared to regular rubber bushings. Thermoplastics have experienced growth in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) industry due to the function, cost effectiveness and adaptability to modify plastic resins into a variety of covers, fans and housings. TPE may also be used in medical devices, electrical cable jacket and inner insulation, sex toys, and some headphone cables.
References
Further reading
PR Lewis and C Price, Polymer, 13, 20 (1972)
Modern Plastic Mid-October Encyclopedia Issue, Introduction to TPEs, page:109-110
Latest Material and Technological Developments for Activewear, (Joanne Yip, 2020, page 66-67)
Biomaterials
Polymers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic%20elastomer |
Eslohe is a municipality in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Eslohe is situated approximately 25 km south-west of Meschede.
Neighbouring municipalities
Finnentrop
Lennestadt
Meschede
Schmallenberg
Sundern
Division of the town
After the local government reforms of 1975 Eslohe consists of the following districts:
Twin towns
Kisbér (Hungary)
Notable people
Georg Milbradt (born 1945), politician (CDU)
References
External links
Official site
Hochsauerlandkreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslohe |
Quick was an electronic purse system available on Austrian bank cards to allow small purchases to be made without cash. The history of the Quick system goes back to 1996. Quick was discontinued on July 31, 2017.
The system was aimed at small retailers such as bakeries, cafés, drink, and parking automats (but even small discount shops such as Billa accept it) and intended for purchases of less than €400. The card was inserted into a handheld Quick reader by the merchant who enters the transaction amount for the customer. The customer then confirms the purchase by pushing a button on the keypad, the exact amount debited from the card within a few seconds.
As well as the multipurpose bank card version, anonymous cards (also smart cards) are available for the use of people without bank accounts, such as children and tourists. At ATMs, one can transfer money for free between bank cards and the Quick chip (either on a standalone smart card, or contained in the bank card).
The scheme was operated by Europay Austria and most of the Maestro cards in use contain Quick support, but new ones are not issued without it.
See also
Octopus card
Moneo
External links
The official Quick site (in German)
Quick, Austria’s electronic purse
Banking in Austria
Smart cards
Payment cards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick%20Wertkarte |
AM 748 I 4to is an Icelandic vellum manuscript fragment containing several Eddaic poems. It dates to the beginning of the 14th century. AM 748 I is split into two parts. AM 748 I a 4to is kept in the Arnamagnæan Institute in Copenhagen. AM 748 I b 4to is kept at the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies in Reykjavík. The six sheets which have been preserved of AM 748 I a 4to contain the following poems, all mythological.
Grímnismál (complete)
Hymiskviða (complete)
Baldrs draumar (complete)
Skírnismál (partial)
Hárbarðsljóð (partial)
Vafþrúðnismál (partial)
Völundarkviða (only the beginning of the prose prologue)
AM 748 I a 4to is the only mediaeval manuscript to preserve Baldrs draumar. The other poems are also preserved in Codex Regius.
References
AM 748 I 4to Facsimile edition and information.
Icelandic manuscripts
14th-century books
Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies collection | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM%20748%20I%204to |
CHSM (1250 AM, AM 1250 Radio) is a radio station broadcasting an easy listening format. Licensed to Steinbach, Manitoba, Canada, it serves southeastern Manitoba. It began broadcasting at 7 pm on April 16, 1964 and was originally owned and operated by Southern Manitoba Broadcasting Co. Ltd. The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting. This station is also targeted to the nearby Winnipeg market, but since CFRW flipped to sports in 2010, CHSM is the only AM music station in Winnipeg.
The station simulcasts some programming from its sister stations CFAM and CJRB.
CHSM is a sister station to CILT-FM and Country 107.
References
External links
AM 1250 Radio
HSM
HSM
CHSM
Radio stations established in 1964
1964 establishments in Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHSM |
The Caretakers (released in the UK as Borderlines) is a 1963 American drama film starring Robert Stack, Polly Bergen, Diane McBain, Joan Crawford and Janis Paige in a story about a mental hospital.
The screenplay was adapted by Henry F. Greenberg from a story by Hall Bartlett and Jerry Paris based on the 1959 novel The Caretakers by Dariel Telfer. The film was produced and directed by Bartlett, co-produced by Paris and distributed by United Artists. The Caretakers is reminiscent of The Snake Pit (1948), a film set in a similar hospital. The on-screen text in opening credits states: "Dedicated to the caretakers whose research and sacrifice discover truth. For Beba, Alice, Paul, Cathy, Laurie, Pearl, Margaret, Warren, Arthur".
Plot
Optimistic psychiatrist Dr. Donovan MacLeod wants to prove his theory that mental patients can benefit from group therapy. His method of treatment, with no violence or punishment, is met with a great deal of resistance from his unyielding and self-righteous head nurse, Lucretia Terry, who believes in traditional methods such as strait-jackets and padded cells for treating the mentally ill.
Head of the hospital Dr. Harrington is weak-willed. Terry's assistant, nurse Bracken, supports her superior's stand. After much trial and error and the harrowing near-rape of a patient, MacLeod's ideas prevail in spite of the opposition and meet some success.
Patients include distraught mother Lorna Medford, former prostitute Marion, pyromaniac Edna, and former schoolteacher Irene.
Cast
Robert Stack as Dr. Donovan MacLeod
Polly Bergen as Lorna Melford
Diane McBain as Alison
Joan Crawford as Lucretia Terry
Virginia Munshin as Ruth
Ellen Corby as Irene
Barbara Barrie as Edna
Herbert Marshall as Dr. Harrington
Sharon Hugueny as Connie
Robert Vaughn as Jim Melford
Susan Oliver as Cathy
Ana St. Clair as Ana
Constance Ford as Nurse Bracken
Van Williams as Dr. Larry Denning
Janis Paige as Marion
Production
Co-writer/co-producer Jerry Paris appears in The Caretakers as a passerby Lorna bumps into on the street.
Joan Crawford arranged for each day's scenes with veteran actor Herbert Marshall, an old friend who was in frail health, to be shot first, thus allowing him to finish his work early in the day.
Crawford was on the board of directors of PepsiCo, and product placements for Pepsi-Cola include a scene at the hospital picnic, which features a wagon that is dispensing the soft drink.
Reception
Variety wrote "Miss Crawford doesn't so much play her handful of scenes as she dresses for them, looking as if she were en route to a Pepsi board meeting", and called the film a "superficial, ineptly-plotted drama" Bosley Crowther of The New York Times noted "Altogether, this woman's melodrama is shallow, showy, and cheap - a badly commercial exploitation of very sensitive material." Some individual performances were better received by reviewers. Variety said "Diane McBain and Susan Oliver, as nurses, and Sharon Hugueny, as a young patient, do nicely." James Powers wrote in the Hollywood Reporter, "Diane McBain and Susan Oliver are good as young nurses."
Despite some negative reviews, the film grossed over $3 million worldwide, ranking #57 on Variety's list of top-grossing films for 1963.
Awards and nominations
The Caretakers received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White for Lucien Ballard. It received Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Motion Picture - Drama, Best Motion Picture Actress - Drama for Polly Bergen, and Best Motion Picture Director for Hall Bartlett.
Home media
The Caretakers was released on Region 1 DVD on April 15, 2010, through Amazon.com as part of the MGM Limited Edition Collection.
See also
List of American films of 1963
References
Sources
External links
1963 films
1963 drama films
American black-and-white films
American drama films
Films scored by Elmer Bernstein
Films about psychiatry
Films based on American novels
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
United Artists films
Films directed by Hall Bartlett
1960s English-language films
1960s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Caretakers |
Sphaerotheca is a genus of true frogs. They can be found in South Asia. Molecular data suggest that they are closely related to Fejervarya, perhaps as a monophyletic group within a paraphyletic Fejervarya.
Species
There are currently 11 described species in Sphaerotheca:
Spaerotheca bengaluru
Sphaerotheca breviceps (Schneider, 1799)
Sphaerotheca dobsoni (Boulenger, 1882)
Sphaerotheca leucorhynchus (Rao, 1937)
Sphaerotheca magadha Prasad, Dinesh, Das, Swamy, Shinde, and Vishnu, 2019
Sphaerotheca maskeyi (Schleich and Anders, 1998)
Sphaerotheca pashchima Padhye, Dahanukar, Sulakhe, Dandekar, Limaye, and Jamdade, 2017
Sphaerotheca pluvialis (Jerdon, 1853)
Sphaerotheca rolandae (Dubois, 1983)
Sphaerotheca strachani (Murray, 1884)
Sphaerotheca swani (Myers and Leviton, 1956)
References
Dicroglossidae
Amphibian genera
Frogs of Asia
Taxa named by Albert Günther | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerotheca%20%28frog%29 |
Lee Duncan is an American character actor.
Films
White Man's Burden (1995) - Police Officer #2
Filmography
The Mack as Sergeant Duncan
7th Heaven as Ed
Cannon as Player
Darkroom as Steve
Knight Rider as Clark
Murder, She Wrote as Police Officer
Picket Fences as Justice Thomas
Sanford and Son as Deputy
Saved by the Bell as Chair Umpire
Sealab 2021 as Boardroom Actor
Star Trek as Lieutenant Evans
The Jersey as Charles Simms
The Mod Squad as Hanson, First Deputy
Then Came Bronson as Arthur Tate
The Odd Couple as Airline Employee
The Pretender as Detective
The X-Files as Al Cawdry
External links
American male television actors
American male film actors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Duncan |
Canvention is the Canadian national science fiction convention, where the Prix Aurora Awards are presented. Normally it is held as part of an existing convention.
Conventions
The list of past Canventions may be referenced in the programme books of the hosting conventions.
2019: CAN-CON (convention) 2019 will host in Ottawa, Ontario on October 18-20, 2019
2018: VCON 42 held in Richmond, BC on October 05-07, 2018
2017: Hal-Con 2017 held in Halifax on September 22-24, 2017
2016: When Words Collide, held in Calgary on August 12-14, 2016
2015: SFContario 6, was held on November 20-22, 2015
2014: VCON 39, was held in Vancouver on October 3-5, 2014
2013: CAN-CON, was held in Ottawa on October 4-6, 2013
2012: When Words Collide, held in Calgary on August 10-12, 2012
2011: SFContario 2, held in Toronto on November 18–20
2010: Keycon 27, held in Winnipeg on May 21–24
2009: Anticipation, also 67th World Science Fiction Convention (the 2009 Worldcon), held in Montréal on August 6–10
2008: Keycon 25, held in Winnipeg on May 16–19
2007: VCON 32, held in Vancouver on October 19–21
2006: Toronto Trek 20, held in Toronto on July 7–9
2005: Westercon 58, held in Calgary on July 1–4
2004: Boréal, held in Montreal on October 29–31
2003: Torcon 3 (also the 2003 Worldcon), held in Toronto on August 28-September 1
2002: Con-Version 19, held in Calgary on August 9–11
2001: VCON 26, held in Burnaby on May 4–6
2000: Toronto Trek 14, held in Toronto on July 14–16
1999: inCONsequential, held in Fredericton on October 15–17
1998: Con*Cept, held in Montreal on October 2–4
1997: Primedia, held in Markham, Ontario on October 31-November 2
1996: Con-Version XIII, held in Calgary on July 19–21
1995: CAN-CON '95, held in Ottawa on May 12–14
1994: ConAdian (the 1994 Worldcon), held in Winnipeg on September 1–5
(Note: technically, ConAdian did not host Canvention. The award presentation and business meeting were held there, hosted by SF Canada.)
1993: Wolfcon 6, held in Wolfville, Nova Scotia on March 12–14
1992: Wilfcon 8, held in Waterloo, Ontario at Wilfrid Laurier University on June 27–28
1991: ConText '91, held in Edmonton on June 7–9
1990: Con-Version 7, held in Calgary on July 20–22
1989: PineKone 2, held in Ottawa on October 13–15
1988: KeyCon 5, held in Winnipeg on May 20–22
1987: Ad Astra 7, held in Toronto on June 12–14
1986: VCON 14, held in Vancouver on May 23–24
1985: Halcon 8, held in Halifax on March 22–24
1983: Maplecon 5, held in Ottawa on July 15–17
1982: NonCon 5, held in Edmonton on October 8–11
1981, VCON 9, held in Vancouver on May 22–24
1980: Halcon 3, held in Halifax on March 7–9
Clint Budd is now the current Chair of the CSFFA (elected May 2015). Prior to that, Cliff Samuels was the most recent administrator of the Prix Aurora Awards (retired in 2015). Clint Budd was administrator from 2007-2012. Dennis Mullin was administrator for many years before that. The original award creators were John Bell and Sheldon Goldman.
Notes and references
External links
A history of the Aurora Awards and the Canventions
Science fiction conventions in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvention |
Stenløse Boldklub is an association football club based in the town of Stenløse. The team currently plays in the Zealand Series, the fifth tier of the Danish football league system and the highest tier of the local DBU Zealand.
Stenløse BK's home ground is the 3,000-capacity Stenløse Stadion.
In 2011, the club merged with the neighboring club Ølstykke FC and became SC Egedal. In 2015, Stenløse left the merger and continued under its old name.
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in Denmark
Association football clubs established in 1911
1911 establishments in Denmark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenl%C3%B8se%20BK |
Staurois is a small genus of minuscule true frogs. Most species in the genus are restricted to Borneo, but two species are from the Philippines. This genus is a quite ancient member of the true frog family, Ranidae. They are typically found in or near rapidly flowing, small rocky streams, and are sometimes known as splash frogs or foot-flagging frogs. The latter name refers to their unusual behavior of conspicuously waving their hindlegs and feet, as a way of signalling other members of the species. Similar behavior has also been documented in other frog genera, notably Hylodes and Micrixalus.
Species
The six currently recognized species in the genus are:
Staurois guttatus - Borneo; formerly included in S. natator
Staurois latopalmatus - Borneo
Staurois natator - Philippines
Staurois nubilus - Philippines; formerly included in S. natator
Staurois parvus - Borneo; sometimes included in S. tuberilinguis
Staurois tuberilinguis - Borneo
References
Matsui, Masafumi; Mohamed, Maryati; Shimada, Tomohiko & Sudin, Ahmad (2007): Resurrection of Staurois parvus from S. tuberilinguis from Borneo (Amphibia, Ranidae). Zool. Sci. 24(1): 101–106. (HTML abstract)
Stuart, Bryan L. (2008): The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46(1): 49–60. (HTMl abstract)
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurois |
Nikolayevka may refer to:
Amrakits or Nikolayevka, Armenia
Jraber or Nikolayevka, Armenia
Dzerjinovka or Nikolayevka, Azerbaijan
Nikolaevka, Bulgaria, a village in Suvorovo Municipality, Bulgaria
Nikolayevka, Russia, name of several inhabited localities in Russia
Mykolaivka, name similar in meaning of several populated places in Ukraine
See also
Nikolayevsk (disambiguation)
Nikolayev (disambiguation)
Nikolayevsky (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolayevka |
Madig was an Iranian king who ruled in present-day northern Iraq. He is mentioned in a historical text called the Book of the Deeds of Ardashir son of Babak.
Origins
Although he is called a “Kurd” in the book, the word was used as a social term during this period, designating Iranian nomads, rather than a concrete ethnic group.
According to James Boris, the word first became an ethnic identity in the 12th and 13th century.
Biography
According to the Book of the Deeds of Ardashir son of Babak, Ardashir I, after having defeated the Parthian Artabanus V, began subduing the vassal-states of the fallen Parthian Empire. With reinforcements from Zavul, he invaded the domains of Madig, but was repelled by the latter. However, Ardashir later returned with an army of 4,000 men, and defeated Madig in a night attack. The Book says the following thing:
References
3rd-century Iranian people
Zoroastrian monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madig |
William Henry Denham Rouse (; 30 May 1863 – 10 February 1950) was a pioneering British teacher who advocated the use of the "direct method" of teaching Latin and Greek.
Life
Rouse was born in Calcutta, British India on 30 May 1863. After his family returned home on leave to Britain Rouse was sent to Regent's Park College in London, where he studied as a lay student. In 1881 he won a scholarship to Christ's College, Cambridge. He achieved a double first in the Classical Tripos at the University of Cambridge, where he also studied Sanskrit. He became a Fellow of Christ's College in 1888.
After brief spells at Bedford School (1886–1888) and Cheltenham College (1890–1895), he became a master at Rugby School, where he encouraged Arthur Ransome to become a writer, against his parents' wishes. Ransome later wrote: "My greatest piece of good fortune in coming to Rugby was that I passed so low into the school ... that I came at once into the hands of a most remarkable man whom I might otherwise never have met. This was Dr W.H.D. Rouse."
Rouse was appointed headmaster of The Perse School, Cambridge, in 1902. He restored it to a sound financial footing following a crisis. He believed firmly in learning by doing as well as by seeing and hearing. Although the curriculum at the Perse was dominated by classics, he urged that science should be learned through experiment and observation. He was described by the archivist of The Perse School as the school's greatest headmaster: "Rouse was strongly independent to the point of eccentricity. He hated most machines, all bureaucracy and public exams." He retired from teaching in 1928.
In 1911 Rouse started a successful series of summer schools for teachers to encourage the use of the direct method of teaching Latin and Greek. The Association for the Reform of Latin Teaching (ARLT) was formed in 1913 as a result of these seminars.
The same year, James Loeb chose W.H.D. Rouse, together with two other eminent classical scholars, T. E. Page and Edward Capps, to be founding editors of the Loeb Classical Library.
Rouse is known for his plain English prose translations of Homer's Odyssey (1937) and Iliad (1938). He is also recognized for his translations of some of Plato's dialogues, including The Republic, Apology, Crito, and Phaedo.
Rouse died on Hayling Island on 10 February 1950.
References
Further reading
Great Dialogues of Plato translated by W. H. D. Rouse (Signet Classics)
The Living Word: W. H. D. Rouse and the Crisis of Classics in Edwardian England by Christopher Stray (Bristol Classical Press, 1992) ()
External links
1863 births
1950 deaths
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Alumni of Regent's Park College, London
English classical scholars
Fellows of Christ's College, Cambridge
People educated at Cheltenham College
Greek–English translators
Headmasters of the Perse School
Translators of Homer
Presidents of the Folklore Society
British people in colonial India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20H.%20D.%20Rouse |
SERC, Serc, etc. may refer to:
Places
Sérc, a municipality in Austria
Chemistry
Phosphoserine transaminase, an enzyme
Medicine
Serc, a brand name of the antivertigo drug betahistine
Organizations
State Electricity Regulatory Commissions, in India
South Eastern Regional College, in Northern Ireland
State Emergency Response Commission, in the US; See Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Stock Exchange Rifle Club, in England
Science and technology organizations
Science Education Resource Center, an office of Carleton College in Minnesota, US, that provides resources for geoscience faculty
Science and Engineering Research Council, a UK agency that oversaw publicly funded scientific research until 1994
SERC Reliability Corporation, one of nine regional electric reliability councils of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, an environmental research center in Maryland, US
Solar Energy Research Center, one of various independent solar energy research centers
Space Environment Research Center, at Kyushu University located in Fukuoka, Japan
Supercomputer Education Research Centre, a central computing facility at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, India
See also
Circ (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SERC |
Abdullah Abbas Nadwi (25 December 1925 – 1 January 2006) was an Indian Islamic scholar.
He was the author of the Vocabulary of the Holy Qur'an (1983, ). The entries are supplied with examples from Qur'an, searchable by 3-letter roots. He also authored Learn the Language of the Holy Qur'an (1987, ).
He was a prominent teacher of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama. He also served in Jamia Ummul Qura University in Makkah as a teacher for several years.
References
External links
Dr Abdullah Abbas Nadwi and His Works
2006 deaths
1925 births
Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni
Indian Muslim scholars of Islam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah%20Abbas%20Nadwi |
A squadron, or naval squadron, is a significant group of warships which is nonetheless considered too small to be designated a fleet. A squadron is typically a part of a fleet. Between different navies there are no clear defining parameters to distinguish a squadron from a fleet (or from a flotilla), and the size and strength of a naval squadron varies greatly according to the country and time period. Groups of small warships, or small groups of major warships, might instead be designated flotillas by some navies according to their terminology. Since the size of a naval squadron varies greatly, the rank associated with command of a squadron also varies greatly.
Before 1864 the entire fleet of the Royal Navy was divided into three squadrons, the red, the white, and the blue. Each Royal Navy squadron alone was more powerful than most national navies. Today, a squadron might number three to ten vessels, which might be major warships, transport ships, submarines, or small craft in a larger task force or a fleet. A squadron may be composed of one type of ship of various types tasked with a specific mission such as coastal defense, blockade, or minesweeping. In the United States Navy, the term squadron has always been used for formations of destroyers and submarines.
Command element
A fleet is usually commanded by a flag officer such as a vice admiral or a rear admiral, but squadrons are sometimes commanded by commodores or simply the most senior captain (often one and the same), depending on the importance of the command. A large squadron will sometimes be divided into two or more divisions, each of which might be commanded by a subordinate captain. Like a fleet, a squadron is usually, but not necessarily, a permanent formation.
Squadron types
There are several types of squadron:
Independent squadrons. In effect, these are formations that are too small to be called a fleet. Independent squadrons may be assigned to and named after a particular ocean or sea, and the admiral commanding the squadron may be the naval commander in chief in that theatre. An example of this type unit was the US Navy's Asiatic Squadron stationed in China between 1868 and 1902
Temporary sub-divisions of a fleet. In the Age of Sail, fleets were divided into van, centre, and rear squadrons, named after each's place in the line of battle. A temporary detachment from a fleet would also be called a squadron.
Permanent battle formations. As warships evolved during the 19th century, larger warships began to be formed into and trained as permanent, numbered squadrons of the same class of warship such as the 5th Battle Squadron of the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet. U.S. Navy squadron types have included Battleship Squadrons, Cruiser Squadrons (CruRons), Destroyer Squadrons (DesRons), Escort Squadrons, Transport Squadrons (TransRons), and Submarine Squadrons (SubRons).
In modern navies, squadrons have tended to become administrative units. Most navies began to abandon the squadron as a tactical formation during the Second World War. The need to provide capital ships with the anti-submarine protection of a destroyer screen and air cover from an aircraft carrier led to the increasing use of the carrier battle group, or ad hoc task forces, composed of whichever ships were available for a particular operation.
As warships have grown larger, the term squadron has gradually replaced the term flotilla for formations of destroyers, frigates and submarines in many navies.
See also
Division (naval)
References
External links
Squadron. GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
Naval units and formations by size
Naval units and formations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron%20%28naval%29 |
Strongylopus ('strongylos'=round, 'pus'=foot) is a genus of pyxicephalid frogs native to Africa. They are found in the area from southwestern South Africa and Namibia to northern Tanzania. Their common name is stream frogs.
Description
Strongylopus are small to medium-sized frogs: adult snout–vent lengths are typically in the range of . Species within this genus may be found at altitudes from sea level up to 3250 m in elevation. They generally occur in riparian habitats, including fynbos heath, grassland, montane flooded grassland, savanna and forest edge. Some species occur in more specific habitats, such as Strongylopus kilimanjaro in alpine moorland near cold water streams.
Species
These species belong to this genus:
Strongylopus bonaespei (Dubois, 1981) – Banded stream frog
Strongylopus fasciatus (Smith, 1849) – Striped stream frog
Strongylopus fuelleborni (Nieden, 1911) – Fuelleborn's stream frog
Strongylopus grayii (Smith, 1849) – Gray's stream frog
Strongylopus kilimanjaro (Clarke and Poynton, 2005)
Strongylopus kitumbeine (Channing and Davenport, 2002)
Strongylopus merumontanus (Lönnberg, 1910)
Strongylopus rhodesianus (Hewitt, 1933) – Chimanimani stream frog
Strongylopus springbokensis (Channing, 1986) – Namaqua stream frog
Strongylopus wageri (Wager, 1961) – Wager's stream frog
References
Pyxicephalidae
Amphibians of Sub-Saharan Africa
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Johann Jakob von Tschudi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylopus |
Nadwi is title held by Islamic scholars who attended Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama. It may refer to one of the following:
Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi, Indian Islamic scholar and author
Abdul Bari Nadvi, Firangi Mahal Indian Islamic scholar
Abdullah Abbas Nadwi, Indian Islamic scholar
Bahauddeen Muhammed Jamaluddeen Nadwi, Indian Islamic scholar and Vice Chancellor of Darul Huda Islamic University
Ijteba Nadwi, Indian Muslim scholar
Mohammad Akram Nadwi, Indian Islamic scholar
Rabey Hasani Nadwi, Indian scholar
Salman Nadwi, Indian scholar and professor in the Islamic sciences
Shihabuddin Nadvi, Indian Islamic philosopher, religious reformer and writer
Sulaiman Nadvi, Pakistani historian, writer and scholar of Islam
Syed Ehtisham Ahmed Nadvi, Indian scholar of Arabic language and Islamic studies
Abdul Hafeed Nadwi,
Freelance journalist,translator and a teacher
See also
Nadvi, alternative transcription
Arabic-language surnames
Islamic scholars
Surnames of Indian origin
Urdu-language surnames
Toponymic surnames
People from Lucknow
Nisbas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadwi |
This is a list of newspapers in Kazakhstan.
Newspapers
Caravan — Russian language newspaper.
Egemen Kazakhstan — Republic newspaper.
Kazakhskaya Pravda — National newspaper of Kazakhstan.
The Times of Central Asia — Independent newspaper covering Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
Vremya — Russian language newspaper.
Zonakz — Online newspaper Russian language.
Vechernii Almaty — Daily official city newspaper in Almaty. Published in Russian language.
Diapazon — Independent socio-political newspaper of Aktobe.
Liter — Republican socio-political newspaper of Kazakhstan.
Akmolinskaya Pravda — Social and political newspaper.
Kursiv — Republican business weekly.
Biznes and vlast — Business newspaper.
Vechernyaya Astana — Socio-political, information newspaper.
Delovoy Kazakhstan — Republican economic newspaper.
Kapital — Business weekly.
Novaya Gazeta. Kazakhstan — Russian language newspaper.
Express-K — Republican socio-political newspaper.
Kore Ilbo — Korean and Russian-language newspaper
Magazines
Forbes — Business magazine.
Banki Kazakhstana — Financial magazine.
Exclusive — Review and Analytical magazine.
News agencies
Ak Zhaik — News service English/Kazakh/Russian language .
Khabar — State news agency.
Tengrinews.kz — Information portal of Kazakhstan English/Kazakh/Russian languages.
Kazakh TV — Kazakh TV news service, English/Kazakh/Russian languages.
Bnews — News in Kazakhstan English/Kazakh/Russian languages.
Kazinform — International news agency English/Kazakh/Russian languages.
Astana Times — International news from Astana Times English/Kazakh/Russian languages.
Interfax Kazakhstan — Information Agency Interfax Kazakhstan English/Kazakh/Russian languages.
Qazaqstan — Kazakhstan state television channel English/Kazakh/Russian languages.
Kazakhstan Today — Information portal of Kazakhstan English/Kazakh/Russian languages.
Total — Information portal of Kazakhstan Kazakh/Russian languages.
Aqparat — Information portal of Kazakhstan Kazakh/Russian languages.
Zakon — Information portal of Kazakhstan Kazakh/Russian languages.
365info — Information portal of Kazakhstan Kazakh/Russian languages.
Baq.KZ— Informational portal of Kazakhstan.
Informburo — Kazakhstan news, Kazakh/Russian languages.
NUR — Informational portal of Kazakhstan.
LS — Information Agency of Kazakhstan.
Other news sources
Embassy of Kazakhstan to the US and Canada — up-to-date information on recent developments, as well as history, culture and traditions, of Kazakhstan; includes information about getting visas
See also
Media of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Newspapers
Kazakh-language mass media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Kazakhstan |
Tomopterna (common names: sand frogs, burrowing frogs, Old World bullfrogs) is a genus of frogs from sub-Saharan Africa.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Tomopterna:
Tomopterna ahli (Deckert, 1938)
Tomopterna branchi Wilson and Channing, 2019
Tomopterna cryptotis (Boulenger, 1907) — common sand frog
Tomopterna delalandii (Tschudi, 1838) — Delalande's sand frog
Tomopterna elegans (Calabresi, 1927)
Tomopterna gallmanni Wasonga & Channing, 2013
Tomopterna kachowskii Nikolskii, 1900
Tomopterna krugerensis Passmore & Carruthers, 1975 — knocking sand frog
Tomopterna luganga Channing, Moyer & Dawood, 2004
Tomopterna marmorata (Peters, 1854) — marbled sand frog
Tomopterna milletihorsini (Angel, 1922)
Tomopterna monticola (Fischer, 1884)
Tomopterna natalensis (Smith, 1849) — Natal sand frog
Tomopterna tandyi Channing & Bogart, 1996 — Tandy's sand frog
Tomopterna tuberculosa (Boulenger, 1882) — rough sand frog
Tomopterna wambensis Wasonga & Channing, 2013
References
Pyxicephalidae
Amphibians of Sub-Saharan Africa
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Gabriel Bibron
Taxa named by Auguste Duméril | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomopterna |
Fazenda Nova is a municipality in central-west Goiás state, Brazil.
Location
Fazenda Nova is located northwest of the state capital, Goiânia, which is 206 km. away taking highways GO-418 and GO-060. Fazenda Nova belongs to the Iporá Microregion.
Municipal boundaries are with:
Buriti de Goiás, Córrego do Ouro, Israelândia, Jaupaci, Jussara, Montes Claros de Goiás and Novo Brasil.
Districts, villages, and hamlets
Districts: Bacilândia and Serra Dourada.
Villages: Iapiruara e São Sebastião do Indaia.
Hamlet: Três Marcos.
Demographics
Population in 1980: 9.887
Population in 2007: 6.373
Urban population: 4.257
Rural population: 2.116
Population growth rate: -1.50% 1996/2007
The economy
The main economic activities were agriculture, cattle raising, and milk production. There was one banking institution—Banco do Brasil S.A (08/2007) and one dairy—Laticínios Morrinhos Ind. e Com. Ltda.; - Coop. Prod. de Leite da Regional de Fazenda Nova (2007). In 2006 there were 116,000 head of cattle. Agricultural production was modest with main crops being corn, soybeans, manioc, hearts of palm, and bananas.
GDP (PIB) (R$1,000.00): 54,904 (2005)
GDP per capita (R$1.00): 7,790 (2005)
Motor vehicles
Automobiles: 414
Pickup trucks: 90
Number of inhabitants per motor vehicle: 13
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 873
Total area: 116,273 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 189 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 1,379 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 87,951 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 26,811 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 2,500
Farms with tractors: 62
Number of tractors: 78
Cattle herd: 116,000 head
Health and education
In 2000 the literacy rate was 84.1% while the infant mortality rate was 18.35 in 1,000 live births. There were 11 schools with 1,610 students in 2006, while there was one hospital with 28 beds in 2007. The Municipal Human Development Index was 0.746, which was ranked 89 in the state.
History
The history of Fazenda Nova begins in 1945 on the Tres Ilhas cattle ranch owned by José de Paula Barbosa. The first settlement took the name of Paulápolis to honor its founder. Its rapid economic development made it pass from the category of "povoado" (village) directly to that of municipality in 1953.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazenda%20Nova |
The written (as opposed to oral) history of the San Diego, California, region began in the present state of California when Europeans first began inhabiting the San Diego Bay region. As the first area of California in which Europeans settled, San Diego has been described as "the birthplace of California."
Explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo claims to have discovered San Diego Bay in 1542, roughly 200 years before other Europeans settled the area; in truth, Native Americans such as the Kumeyaay people had been living in the area for as long as 12,000 years prior to any European presence.
A fort and mission were established in 1769, which gradually expanded into a settlement under first Spanish and then Mexican rule. San Diego officially became part of the U.S. in 1848, and the town was named the county seat of San Diego County when California was granted statehood in 1850. It remained a very small town for several decades, but grew rapidly after 1880 due to development and the establishment of multiple military facilities. Growth was especially rapid during and immediately after World War II. Entrepreneurs and boosters laid the basis for an economy based today on the military, defense industries, biotech, tourism, international trade, and manufacturing. San Diego is now the eighth largest city in the country and forms the heart of the larger San Diego metropolitan area.
Kumeyaay and Colonial Spanish period (Prehistory–1821)
Pre-European Contact
La Jolla complex (~8000 BCE – 1000CE)
The first inhabitants of the region were the people of the La Jolla complex, also known as the Shell Midden people, who lived in the region between 8000 BCE and 1000 CE.
Kumeyaay Period (1000 CE – 1770s)
Yuman groups began migrating from the east and settling the area, who became known as the Kumeyaay. The Kumeyaay scattered villages across the region, including the village of Cosoy (Kosa'aay) which was the Kumeyaay village that the future settlement of San Diego would stem from in today's Old Town. Other villages include Nipaquay (Mission Valley), Choyas (Barrio Logan), Utay (Otay Mesa), Jamo (Pacific Beach), Onap (San Clemente Canyon), Ystagua (Sorrento Valley), and Melijo (Tijuana River Valley).
The Kumeyaay, in what is known as San Diego, spoke two different dialects of the Kumeyaay language. North of the San Diego river, the Kumeyaay spoke the Ipai dialect, which included the villages of Nipaquay, Jamo, Onap, Ystagua, and Ahmukatlatl. South of the San Diego river, the Kumeyaay spoke the Tiipai dialect, which was spoken in the villages of Kosa'aay, Choyas, Utay, and Melijo.
Spanish exploration and colonial period
The first European to visit the region was Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542. His landing is re-enacted every year at the Cabrillo Festival sponsored by Cabrillo National Monument, but it did not lead to settlement.
The bay and the area of present-day San Diego were given their current name sixty years later by Sebastián Vizcaíno when he was mapping the coastline of Alta California for Spain in 1602. Vizcaino was a merchant who hoped to establish prosperous colonies. After holding the first Catholic service conducted on California soil on the feast day of San Diego de Alcala, (also the patron saint of his flagship), he renamed the bay. He left after 10 days and was enthusiastic about its safe harbor, friendly natives, and promising potential as a successful colony. Despite his enthusiasm, the Spanish were unconvinced; it would be another 167 years before colonization began.
In 1769, Gaspar de Portolà and his expedition founded the Presidio of San Diego (military post) above the village of Cosoy, and on July 16, Franciscan friars Junípero Serra, Juan Viscaino and Fernando Parron raised and 'blessed a cross', establishing the first mission in upper Las Californias, Mission San Diego de Alcala. Colonists began arriving in 1774. In the following year the Kumeyaay indigenous people rebelled against the Spanish, which resulted in the deaths of a priest and two others, and burned the mission. Serra organized the rebuilding, and a fire-proof adobe and tile-roofed structure was completed in 1780. By 1797 the mission had become the largest in California, with a population of more than 1,400 presumably converted Native American "Mission Indians" relocated to and associated with it. The tile-roofed adobe structure was destroyed by an 1803 earthquake but replaced by a third church in 1813.
In 1804, the Province of Las Californias split between the provinces of Alta California and Baja California, with San Diego being governed by Alta California from the regional capital in Monterey.
Mexican period (1821–1848)
First Mexican Empire and First Mexican Republic (1821–1835): Pueblo de San Diego
In 1821, Mexico ousted the Spanish in the Mexican War of Independence and created the Province of Alta California. The San Diego Mission was secularized and shut down in 1834 and the land was sold off. 432 residents petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde ("municipal magistrate"), defeating Pío Pico in the vote. Beyond town Mexican land grants expanded the number of California ranchos that modestly added to the local economy.
The original town of San Diego, Pueblo de San Diego, was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. Imported goods and exports (primarily tallow and hides) had to be carried over the La Playa Trail to the anchorages in Point Loma. This arrangement was suitable only for a very small town. In 1830 the population was about 600. In 1834 the presidio was described as "in a most ruinous state, apart from one side, in which the commandant lived, with his family. There were only two guns, one of which was spiked, and the other had no carriage. Twelve half-clothed and half-starved-looking fellows composed the garrison, and they, it was said, had not a musket apiece." The settlement composed about forty brown huts and three or four larger, whitewashed ones belonging to the gentry.
Centralist Republic of Mexico (1835–1846): Decline of San Diego
In 1836, the Alta California and Baja California territories merged as the Department of Las Californias as part of the reforms made under Las Siete Leyes formalized under then President Antonio López de Santa Anna.
Kumeyaay raids on San Diego
In 1838 the town lost its pueblo status because of its dwindling population, estimated as 100 to 150 residents, and became a sub-prefecture of the Pueblo de Los Ángeles. This was due to souring relations between the Mexican regime and the Kumeyaay, which threatened the stability and the security of the town. Between 1836 and 1842, ranchos were abandoned as the Kumeyaay pillaged the countryside, with an initial attack on El Cajon in 1836 and Tijuana falling into Kumeyaay hands in 1839.
San Diego was first attacked circa 1836–1837 when a Mexican expedition to rescue two hostages failed and a large force of Kumeyaay launched an attack on the town, but were caught off guard when an armed merchant vessel, Alert, docked on the bay fired upon the Kumeyaay warriors forcing the Kumeyaay to retreat. Sir Edward Belcher of the British Navy on board HMS Sulphur on its way to fight in the First Opium War in Qing China, docked in the San Diego Bay in October of 1839, and noted that it would appear that San Diego would soon be taken by the "Indians" or another nation.
In June 1842, it culminated in a Kumeyaay raid on San Diego in an attempt to expel the Mexican settlers, after doing so to the Californios in the surrounding rancho countryside. While the pueblo was able to defend against the attack, the Kumeyaay managed to control much of the south, east, and most of the north of the settlement, with the town becoming dependent on sea access to maintain connections to the rest of Mexico. Joining with the existing Quechan resistance in the east, the Kumeyaay and the Quechan cut off Alta California from all land routes to the rest of the Mexican republic between the Colorado River and the Pacific Ocean (around the modern US-Mexican border) up until the Mexican-American War, further threatening Mexican control of the southern Alta California coast.
Mexican–American War
During the Mexican–American War the control of the city was exchanged three times: once in July 1846 when the USS Cyane and the California Battalion took control, in October 1846 when Californio forces took control, and again in October 1846 when the American flag was raised again over the pueblo. By November 1846, American control was secured with the arrival of reinforcements from the USS Congress. The Americans met the Mexican and Californio armies in the Battle of San Pasqual in December, and were defeated, making it the only American defeat in the war. Following events near San Gabriel in early January 1847, peace returned to California.
An American town (1847–1900)
Alta California became part of the United States in 1848 following the U.S. victory in the Mexican–American War and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, with the US-Mexican border established just south of the town. The resident "Californios" became American citizens with full voting rights. California was admitted to the Union as a state in 1850. San Diego, still little more than a village, was incorporated on March 27 as a city and was named the county seat of the newly established San Diego County. The United States Census reported the population of the town as 650 in 1850 and 731 in 1860.
San Diego promptly got into financial trouble due to overspending on a poorly designed jail. In 1852 the state repealed the city charter, in effect declaring the city bankrupt, and installed a state-controlled three-member board of trustees to manage San Diego. The trustees stayed in control until 1887, when a mayor-council form of government was installed under a new city charter.
San Diego Tax Rebellion of 1851
San Diego was still far from secure after the Mexican-American war, as the American administration inherited the Kumeyaay still controlled the inland regions near the town. In 1851, the American-led San Diego County imposed property taxes on Native American tribes in the county and threatened to confiscate land and property should they fail to pay up the $600 tax. This led to a revolt by Cupeño and Kumeyaay, who were asked to pay in a currency they never encountered. The revolt led by Cupeño leader, Antonio Garra, who went on to attack Warner's Ranch and opening up the western theatre of the Yuma War to secure indigenous control of the Laguna Mountains and Imperial Valley. This attack shocked the residents of San Diego, as many many residents began to prepare for another attack by the Kumeyaay. While the conflict ended in America's favor, San Diego would remain of military interest as the US sought to secure its position in the Pacific and the new San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line route which operated between 1857 and 1861.
Davis Era – Founder of New Town San Diego
In 1850, with California being admitted into the Union, William Heath Davis, an American-Hawaiian pioneer, envisioned a thriving city on the bay and spent $60,000 to develop a 160 acre subdivision which included the city's streets, Pantoja Park, a warehouse, a wharf at the foot of today's Market Street, and ten New England saltbox houses shipped in from Maine. It was completed by August 1851, but was seldom used. In 1853, the steamer Los Angeles collided with the wharf. The damage was never repaired. Unused and poorly built, the damage was not worth fixing. Davis tried unsuccessfully to sell it. Finally, in 1862, the Army destroyed it, using timbers for firewood.
The failure of the wharf was only one indication of depressed times. Houses were dismantled and shipped to more promising settlements. By 1860, many of the enterprises that had been established during the early 1850s had closed. The few businesses that survived suffered from water shortages, high costs of shipping, and a declining population. Davis, however, kept trying. He continued to speculate in land in the business district, and constructed hotels and stores. Unfortunately, in 1851, a year after he created New Town, fire destroyed his San Francisco warehouse, costing him a fortune and he soon ran out of money. Leadership in boosterism passed to Alonzo Horton.
In 1851, the first newspaper of San Diego, the San Diego Herald, was published by John Judson Ames. He continued to publish the Herald until April 1860.
Horton Era – Successor of New Town San Diego
The town seemed rundown in 1867 when Horton arrived, but he could only see glittering opportunity: "I have been nearly all over the world and it seemed to me to be the best spot for building a city I ever saw." He was convinced that the town needed a location nearer the water to improve trade. Within a month of his arrival, he had purchased more than 900 acres of today's downtown for a total of $265, an average of 27.5 cents an acre. He began promoting San Diego by enticing entrepreneurs and residents. He built a wharf and began to promote development there. The area was referred to as New Town or the Horton Addition. Despite opposition from the residents of the original settlement, which became known as "Old Town", businesses and residents flocked to New Town, and San Diego experienced the first of its many real estate booms. In 1871, government records were moved to a new county courthouse in New Town, and by the 1880s New Town (or downtown) had totally eclipsed Old Town as the heart of the growing city. Horton also called for city land set aside for a new central park, which eventually came to fruition as Balboa Park.
In 1878, San Diego was predicted to become a rival of San Francisco's trading ports. To prevent that, the manager of Central Pacific Railroad Charles Crocker, decided not to build an extension to San Diego, fearing that it would take too much trade from San Francisco. In 1885, a transcontinental railroad route came to San Diego, and the population boomed, reaching 16,159 by 1890. In 1906 the San Diego and Arizona Railway of John D. Spreckels was built to provide San Diego with a direct transcontinental rail link to the east by connecting with the Southern Pacific Railroad lines in El Centro, California. It became the San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway. In 1933 the Spreckels heirs sold it to the Southern Pacific Railroad.
Emergence of a regional city (1900–1941)
The city grew in bursts, especially in the 1880s and again from 1900 to 1930, when it reached 148,000.
The Gibraltar of the Pacific
In the 1890–1914 period the nation became greatly interested in Pacific naval affairs, as seen in the Spanish–American War of 1898; the U.S. acquisition of Guam, the Philippines, and Hawaii; and the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. San Diego was in a strategic location and sought to become "the Gibraltar of the Pacific." Civic leaders such as real-estate developer D. C. Collier and other leaders of the Chamber of Commerce, assisted by Congressman William Kettner actively lobbied the Navy and the federal government to make San Diego a major location for naval, marine, and air bases. During World War I the U.S. greatly expanded the Navy, and the city was eager to help. By the time the Marine Base and Naval Training Center opened in the early 1920s, the Navy had built seven bases in San Diego at a cost of $20 million, with another $17 million in the pipeline. The city's 'culture of accommodation' determined the way the city would grow for the next several decades, and created a military-urban complex rather than a tourist and health resort. With the reduction in naval spending after 1990, the Chamber turned its focus to tourism and conventions.
San Diego had the great harbor and the weather; it seemed poised to become a world-class metropolis. But it was overshadowed by both San Francisco and Los Angeles. Businessman John D. Spreckels expressed the enthusiasm of San Diego's boosters in 1923, as well as the disappointment that it had not fully developed.:
"Why did I come to San Diego? Why did any of you come? We came because we thought we saw an unusual opportunity here. We believed that everything pointed to this as the logical site for a great city and seaport. In short, we had faith in San Diego's future. We gave of our time and our strength and our means...to help develop our city, and naturally, our own fortunes. ... What is the matter with San Diego? Why is it not the metropolis and seaport that its geographical and other unique advantages entitle it to be? Why does San Diego always just miss the train, somehow?"
Military installations
The southern portion of the Point Loma peninsula was set aside for military purposes as early as 1852. Over the next several decades the Army set up a series of coastal artillery batteries and named the area Fort Rosecrans. After World War II the former site of Fort Rosecrans in Point Loma was used for multiple Navy commands, including a submarine base and a Naval Electronics Laboratory; they were eventually consolidated into Naval Base Point Loma. Other portions of Fort Rosecrans became Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery and Cabrillo National Monument.
Significant U.S. Navy presence began in 1901, with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station in Point Loma, and expanded greatly during the 1920s. Camp Kearny was established in 1917, closed in 1920, and later reopened; since 1996 it has been the site of Marine Corps Air Station Miramar. In the interim it was in whole or part Camp Elliot (during World War II), the Sycamore Canyon Test Facility, and Naval Air Station Miramar (with its "Top Gun" fighter school). The Marine base Camp Matthews, which was joined by Camp Callan from 1941 to 1945, occupied a mesa near La Jolla from 1917 until 1964; the site is now the campus of University of California, San Diego. Naval Base San Diego was established in 1922, as was the San Diego Naval Hospital. The Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego was commissioned in 1921 and the San Diego Naval Training Center in 1923; the Naval Training Center was closed in 1997.
In 1942 the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton was set up 45 miles north of the city on 250,000 acres. It remains one of the main Marine Corps training facilities. It became the home of the 1st Marine Division in 1946 and later the I Marine Expeditionary Force as well as several training commands. In 1975 the Marine Corps opened the Camp Pendleton Refugee Camp to care for some of the hundreds of thousands of South Vietnamese and Cambodians refugees who fled after the Vietnam War was lost.
In the early 1990s, twenty percent of the San Diego region's economy was dependent on defense spending.
Progressive reform
San Diego gave strong support to the Progressive Movement that swept California in the early 20th century in order to purify the state from oppressive bossism and corporate rule. Progressive Republicans resented the political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad and the role of "Boss" Charles Hardy. Reformers organized and fought back beginning with the 1905 municipal election. In 1906, they formed the Roosevelt Republican Club, and in 1907 reformers backed a Nonpartisan League. Led by Edgar Luce, George Marston and Ed Fletcher, the Roosevelt Republican Club became the Lincoln-Roosevelt Republican League. The mayoralty election of 1909 marked a sweeping victory for the League, as did the 1910 election of Hiram Johnson as governor.
In 1912, City Council restrictions on soapbox oratories led to the San Diego free speech fight, a confrontation between the Industrial Workers of the World on the one side and law enforcement and vigilantes on the other.
Marston was defeated for mayor in 1913 (against Charles F. O'Neall) and again in 1917 (against Louis J. Wilde). The 1917 race in particular was a classic growth-vs.-beautification debate. Marston argued for better city planning with more open space and grand boulevards; Wilde argued for more business development. Wilde called his opponent "Geranium George", painting Marston as unfriendly to business. Wilde's campaign slogan was "More Smokestacks", and during the campaign he drew a great smokestack belching smoke on a truck through the city streets. The phrase "smokestacks vs. geraniums" is still used in San Diego to characterize this type of debate between environmentalists and growth advocates.
World's fairs
San Diego hosted two World's fairs, the Panama-California Exposition in 1915–1916, and the California Pacific International Exposition in 1935–1936. The expositions left a lasting legacy in the form of Balboa Park and the San Diego Zoo, and by popularizing Mission Revival Style and Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture locally and in Southern California as a regional aesthetic and nationwide design influence. The Spanish Colonial Revival architecture used in the design of the 1915 Fair was designed by architect Bertram Goodhue of the firm Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson in Boston, Massachusetts. He was inspired by his studies of the architecture of Mexico. The Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA) helped fund the 1935 fair, which was designed by architect Richard S. Requa.
Tuna industry
From the 1910s through the 1970s, the American tuna fishing fleet and tuna canning industry were based in San Diego, acclaimed by boosters as the "tuna capital of the world." San Diego's first large tuna cannery, the Pacific Tuna Canning Company, was founded in 1911. Others such as Van Camp Seafood, Bumble Bee and StarKist followed. A large fishing fleet supported the canneries, mostly staffed by immigrant fishermen. Portuguese began arriving to San Diego in the 1860s, and began immigrating in large numbers in the early 20th century, becoming the largest population of foreign-born fishermen in San Diego. Japanese owners and fishermen were an important part of the industry, making up half of the workforce; at the height of their involvement they caught more than eighty percent of the albacore catch. Later the workforce was dominated by immigrants from the Portuguese Azores and Italy.
By 1920, there were about 700 boats in Southern California engaged in the tuna industry, and ten canneries in San Diego. In 1922, Van Camp Seafood Company consolidated their canning facilities to San Diego, closing a facility in San Pedro. By the mid-1930s housewives in the Great Depression appreciated the cheap, easy-to-serve food. By 1939 the fleet's tuna catch exceeded 100 million pounds. By the 1930s, legislation was passed that attempted to limit Japanese fishermen, and due to World War II the boats owned by Japanese Americans were confiscated by the U.S. Navy.
During World War II when fishing was not possible, 53 tuna boats and about 600 crew members served the U.S. Navy as the "yippie fleet" (so called because of service numbers beginning with YP, for Yard Patrol), also called the "pork chop express", delivering food, fuel and supplies to military installations all over the Pacific. Twenty-one of the vessels were lost and dozens of crew members were killed on these hazardous missions. Yippie ships won more than a dozen battle stars and several Presidential Unit Citations.
In the 1950s tuna fishing and canning was the third largest industry in San Diego, after the Navy and aviation. In 1951 there were over eight hundred fishing boats and almost three thousand fisherman homeported in San Diego. The San Diego tuna fleet reached a peak of 160 vessels, and in 1962 employed around forty thousand San Diegans. Banker C. Arnholt Smith, a top civic leader, was a major investor. With Japan offering cheaper tuna after 1950, Smith worked to break the union using new technology and Peruvian canneries.
The industry suffered due to rising costs and foreign competition. In 1980, Mexico seized American tuna ships, and confiscated those ships fishing equipment (particularly their fishing nets), after declaring an exclusive economic zone; this led to an embargo which heavily impacted the tuna fleet, and also led to increased importation of frozen tuna. Severely impacting the American tuna fleet, many ships moved to Mexico, or were sold to operators in other countries. The last cannery closed in 1984, with a loss of thousands of jobs.
The legacy of the tuna fleet is still felt in Little Italy, where most of the Italian fishermen settled, and in the Point Loma neighborhood of Roseville, still sometimes referred to as "Tunaville," where many Portuguese fishermen and boat owners settled. There is a sculpture dedicated to the cannery workers in Barrio Logan and a "Tunaman's Memorial" statue representing the fishermen on Shelter Island. The tuna industry is also commemorated by Tuna Harbor Park on San Diego Bay. The Bumble Bee Foods company is still headquartered in San Diego.
Philanthropy
Philanthropy was an important part of San Diego's expansion. For example, wealthy heiress Ellen Browning Scripps underwrote many public facilities in La Jolla, was a key supporter of the fledgling San Diego Zoo, and together with her brother E. W. Scripps established the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Another notable philanthropist of this era was George Marston, businessman and owner of Marston's Department Store. Wanting to see Balboa Park become a grand city park like those in other cities, he hired architect John Nolen on two occasions, 1908 and 1926, to develop a master plan for the park. In 1907 he bought Presidio Hill, site of the original Presidio of San Diego, which had fallen into ruins. Recognizing its importance as the site of the first European settlement in California, he developed it into a park (planned by Nolen) with his own funds, and built the Serra Museum (designed by architect William Templeton Johnson). In 1929 he donated the park to the city, which still owns and operates it; it is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Great Depression
San Diego met the challenge of the Great Depression better than most parts of the country. The population of San Diego County grew 38%, from 210,000 to 290,000, from 1930 to 1940, while the city itself went from 148,000 to 203,000—a much better rate than the state as a whole. There was money enough to build a new municipal golf course and tennis courts, to improve the water system, and open a new Spanish-style campus for San Diego State College (now San Diego State University). The New Deal used PWA relief money to expand the fleet, bringing more money into the city. In 1935 the entire Pacific Fleet assembled with 48 warships, 400 naval aircraft, 55,000 sailors and 3000 officers to demonstrate the importance of sea power to the city, and to exhibit to Japan and the rest of the world America's interest in the Pacific. The expansion of naval and army aviation led Consolidated Aircraft Corporation of Buffalo New York to bring all its 800 employees to San Diego, opening a major assembly plant, Convair, which built Navy flying boats. Ryan Aeronautical Company, which built the Spirit of St. Louis for the famous 1927 flight of Charles Lindbergh, also flourished. The 7.2 million visitors to the California-Pacific International Exposition in 1935–36 were impressed with the city's prosperity, as well as the 400 exhibits from 23 nations.
War and postwar period (1941–present)
Since World War I, the military has played a leading role in the local economy. World War II brought prosperity and gave millions of soldiers, sailors and airmen en route to the Pacific a view of the opportunities in California. The aircraft factories grew from small handcraft shops to gigantic factories. The city's population soared from 200,000 to 340,000, as the Navy and Marines opened training facilities and the aircraft factories doubled their employment rosters every few months. With 40,000 to 50,000 sailors off duty every weekend, the downtown entertainment districts soon became saturated. The red-light district was officially shut down, but opportunities were easily available a few miles south in Tijuana, Mexico. Workers poured in from the towns and from across the country, creating a severe housing shortage. Public transportation (trolleys and buses) could barely keep up with the demand, and automobiles were rationed to only 3 gallons a week. Many wives who relocated while their husbands were training stayed in the city when their men shipped out and took high-paying jobs in the defense industries. The dramatic increase in the need for fresh water led the Navy in 1944 to build the San Diego Aqueduct to import water from the Colorado River; the city financed the second pipeline in 1952. By 1990, San Diego was the sixth largest city in the United States.
Industrial change
After World War I, and through World War II, San Diego County was home to multiple parachute manufacturers. During World War II one of those manufactures, Pacific Parachute Company, was owned by two African Americans: Eddie Rochester Anderson of the Jack Benny Show, who funded the project, and Howard "Skippy" Smith". They hired a diverse workforce, and was awarded in 1943 the National Negro Business League's Spaulding Award. After the end of war, with the drop in demand, these parachute manufacturers closed down in San Diego. However, the building still stands today at 627 Eighth Avenue.
Convair was the largest employer in San Diego, with 32,000 well-paid workers in the mid-1950s. In 1954 it was bought out and became the Convair Division of General Dynamics, a large aerospace conglomerate based in Texas. Convair had been highly successful in the 1950s with the B-36, a very long-range bomber that became the workhorse of the Strategic Air Command. General Dynamics refocused Convair on commercial aviation as the Convair 240, a two-engine passenger plane, proved highly successful in the world market. Convair decided to move up to the very rapidly growing world market for medium-range jet passenger planes with the Convair 880. It was designed to rival Boeing's proposed 707, and Douglas's proposed DC-8. Financial and technical delays left Convair lagging far behind. After heavy losses, General Dynamics moved all the airplane elements to Texas, and left the San Diego factory with small-scale space and missile projects. Convair's employment fell to 3300 in San Diego.
As the Cold War ended, the military shrunk and so did defense spending. San Diego has since become a center of the emerging biotech industry and is home to telecommunications giant Qualcomm. Starting in the 1990s the city and county developed a nationally known craft beer industry; the area is sometimes referred to as "America's Craft Beer capital". As of the end of 2021 there are over 150 microbreweries and brewpubs in the county.
Tourism Industry
Not long after the Panama-California Exposition in Balboa Park, John D. Spreckels opened the Belmont Park amusement park in 1925. San Diego's tourism offerings beyond beaches and Balboa Park began to develop a tourism industry supporting animal theme parks. The first aquatic theme park franchise, SeaWorld, began in San Diego when SeaWorld San Diego was completed in 1964. The San Diego Zoo opened the San Diego Zoo Safari Park as the San Diego Wild Animal Park in 1972.
Historical buildings reflecting the city's Spanish and Mexican heritage, such as Old Town San Diego State Historic Park and Mission San Diego de Alcalá were designated as historical landmarks by local and federal agencies in the 1970s. San Diego also received the decommissioned USS Midway, as a museum ship which opened as the USS Midway Museum in 2004.
The region also welcomed Legoland California in Carlsbad in 1999, the first Legoland park outside of Europe. Cedar Fair opened a Knott's Soak City park in Chula Vista in 1997, which was sold to SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment and rebranded as Aquatica San Diego in 2013. The water park was rebranded for a third time as Sesame Place in 2022, themed on the Sesame Street children's television series.
Universities
After acquiring the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1912, the University of California (UC) built up a presence, with an emphasis on scientific research and cultural opportunities. For years UC operated an extension program in San Diego. In 1960, following wartime and postwar increases in population and economic growth in San Diego, UC broke ground for a new campus there, and classes at UCSD began in 1964. Under Richard C. Atkinson, chancellor from 1980 to 1995, UCSD strengthened its ties with the city of San Diego by encouraging technology transfer with developing companies, transforming San Diego into a world leader in technology-based industries. Private giving rose from $15 million to nearly $50 million annually, faculty expanded by nearly 50%, and enrollment doubled to about 18,000 students during his chancellorship.
San Diego State University (SDSU) is the largest and oldest higher education facility in San Diego County. It was founded in 1897 as San Diego Normal School, a state school for the preparation of teachers, located on Park Avenue in University Heights. In 1931 it moved to a larger location on Aztec Mesa, overlooking Mission Valley, at what was then the eastern edge of San Diego. In 1935 it expanded its offerings beyond teacher education and became San Diego State College. In 1970 it became San Diego State University, part of the California State University system. SDSU has grown to a student body of more than 30,000 and an alumni base of more than 260,000.
The University of San Diego, a private Catholic school, began as the San Diego College for Women in 1952, sponsored by the Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. In 1957 the campus on a hilltop site called Alcala Park also became home to the Immaculate Heart Major Seminary and St. Francis Minor Seminary. The landmark Immaculata Chapel also opened that year. In 1972 the San Diego College for Women merged with the nearby San Diego College for Men and the School of Law to become the University of San Diego.
Point Loma Nazarene University, formerly Pasadena College, relocated to San Diego's Point Loma neighborhood in 1973 after purchasing the campus of the former California Western University. PLNU is a private Protestant university known for its academics, scenic coastal campus and annual Writer's Symposium by the Sea conference which has included the likes of Cornel West, Alice Walker, Ray Bradbury and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Its campus features the only Greek theater on the West Coast and its baseball field has been named 'America's Most Scenic Ballpark' by MLB.
Downtown
In the 1930s and early 1940s, the area around Fifth and Island had a concentration of Asian American businesses, specifically of the Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino American communities. These businesses, particularly the Chinese American businesses, had a place in downtown as early as the 1860s. In the late 20th century, the area was designated the Asian Pacific Thematic Historic District.
During World War II, the internment of Japanese Americans impacted the make up of Downtown San Diego, as their businesses had to close. The efforts to remove Japanese Americans were supported by local elected officials. In early April 1942, the Japanese Americans who lived in San Diego, were transported by train to Santa Anita Park. Personal belongings were taken to a Buddhist temple for storage during the internment, but were lost following a fire in 1943.
Up through the 1950s the downtown area was a focus of civic and cultural life, featuring elegant hotels like the U.S. Grant and the El Cortez, as well as Marston's, an upscale department store. During the 1970s that focus shifted to Mission Valley with its modern shopping centers. The hotels fell into disrepair, Marston's closed, and the downtown area developed a seedy reputation. The transformation of the downtown areas from a zone of poverty and poor housing to a major tourist attraction with large numbers of jobs began in 1968 with the creation of the Centre City Development Corporation. Its urban renewal project focused on the Gaslamp Quarter beginning in 1968, with the goal of making the area a national historic district and bringing upper- and middle-class tourists and suburban residents to downtown San Diego. Since the 1980s the city has seen the opening of the former Horton Plaza shopping center, the revival of the Gaslamp Quarter, and the construction of the San Diego Convention Center.
Gentrification
A recent boom on the construction of condos and skyscrapers (especially focusing on mixed-use facilities), a gentrification trend especially in Little Italy, and the inauguration of Petco Park in the once blighted East Village highlight the continuing development of downtown. Center city population is expected to rise to 77,000 residents by 2030; 30,000 people currently reside in downtown San Diego.
A successful renewal by 'gentrification' is the Hillcrest neighborhood, known for its historic architecture, tolerance, diversity, and locally owned businesses, including restaurants, cafés, bars, clubs, trendy thrift-stores, and other independent specialty stores. Hillcrest has a high population density, compared to many other neighborhoods in San Diego, and it has a large and active lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community.
This renewal extended to the surrounding neighborhoods in the 1990s, especially in older urban neighborhoods immediately north of Balboa Park such as North Park and City Heights.
Annexations and Suburban expansion
Prior to WWII, San Diego annexed East San Diego in 1923. After the war, development sprawled into University City, Clairemont Mesa, Linda Vista, and Mira Mesa, and the city of San Diego began rapidly expanding its city limits.
In 1957, San Diego annexed San Ysidro as well as parts of Otay Mesa, the rest of Otay Mesa would be annexed in 1985.
In the north, there were many large-scale annexations made by the City of San Diego. In 1962, Rancho Bernardo was annexed by the city with plans to annex further up north. By the end of 1964, San Diego annexed most of what makes up the northern city-limits of San Diego, which included the current neighborhoods such as Rancho Peñasquitos, Carmel Valley, Pacific Highlands Ranch, Black Mountain Ranch, and San Pasqual Valley. San Diego's efforts to annex Poway failed, which incorporated into a city in 1980.
'City of Villages'
In 1979, the City of San Diego adopted a tiered growth management categorization system as a component of the 'Progress Guide and General Plan', which classified the entire city as either "Urbanized, Planned Urbanizing, or Future Urbanizing". This policy set the pace for the suburban sprawl north towards North County, as well as south bay sprawl in Otay Mesa from San Ysidro. This framework phased the development of the Torrey Highlands, Pacific Highlands Ranch, Black Mountain Ranch, and Del Mar Mesa under the North City Future Urbanizing Area Framework Plan, as well as Torrey Hills, Torrey Pines, and Rancho Encantada on separate circumstances. Rapid suburban growth after the 1980s replaced rural communities for large master planned suburban development as other small scale development fell out of favor, and new freeways were constructed to serve these new developments.
In 2006, the city of San Diego set its planning policy to be centered on the "city of villages" strategy, which would promote modest density and mixed-use development within 'village centers' as San Diego runs out of land to be developed.
Conventions
In July 1971 the Republican National Committee chose San Diego to be the site of the 1972 Republican National Convention, despite initial opposition from the city's mayor, Frank Curran, and despite the fact that the city did not initially bid for the opportunity. It was widely believed that San Diego was selected because it was the preferred choice of President Richard Nixon. The city and the party were making preparations for the convention when in March 1972 a $400,000 donation to the event by ITT Corporation was publicized and became a national scandal. In addition, there were ongoing problems with the proposed venue (the San Diego Sports Arena) and concerns about adequate hotel space. In May 1972 the Republican National Committee voted to move the convention to Miami, Florida. In response, Mayor Pete Wilson proclaimed the week of the convention as "America's Finest City Week", giving rise to the city's current unofficial slogan "America's Finest City".
The 1996 Republican National Convention was held in San Diego in August 1996, headquartered at the San Diego Convention Center.
The largest annual convention held in San Diego is San Diego Comic-Con International, founded as the Golden State Comic Book Convention in 1970. According to Forbes, it is the "largest convention of its kind in the world".
Scandals
The United States National Bank, headquartered in San Diego and owned by C. Arnholt Smith, grew during the 1960s to become the 86th largest bank in the country with $1.2 billion in total assets. It failed in 1973 in the largest bank failure to date. The cause was bad loans to Smith-controlled companies, which exceeded the bank's legal lending limit. Smith had used the bank's money for his private business and bribed bank inspectors to cover it up. He was convicted of embezzlement and tax fraud and served seven months in federal prison in 1984.
During the 1980s the city was rocked by the disclosure that J. David & Co., an investment company run by the well-connected J. David "Jerry" Dominelli, was in reality a Ponzi scheme which had bilked hundreds of investors for an estimated $80 million. Dominelli was convicted in 1984 and served 10 years in prison. His affiliation with then-mayor Roger Hedgecock led to a pair of sensational trials in which Hedgecock was convicted of conspiracy and perjury in connection with contributions he received from Dominelli. Hedgecock was forced to resign from office; his convictions were eventually overturned, except for one which was reduced to a misdemeanor.
A civic scandal exploded in 2003 with the discovery that city finances had been manipulated with massive losses in the pension fund scandal. It left the city with an estimated $1.4 billion pension fund gap. One result was replacing the council-manager form of government with a mayor-council system in 2004. Although not charged with any wrongdoing, Mayor Dick Murphy resigned effective July 2005. Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet took over as acting mayor but had to resign three days later, when he and fellow city councilmember Ralph Inzunza were convicted in federal court for taking bribes in a scheme to overturn the city's "no touch" law at strip clubs. Their felony conviction required them to resign from the city council. A third accused councilmember had died before trial. Zucchet's conviction was later overturned. Inzunza was sentenced to 21 months in prison.
In July 2013, Mayor Bob Filner was accused by multiple women of repeated sexual harassment, and many individuals and groups, including former supporters, called for him to resign. On August 19 Filner and city representatives entered a mediation process, as a result of which Filner agreed to resign, effective August 30, 2013, while the city agreed to limit his legal and financial exposure. Filner subsequently pleaded guilty to one felony count of false imprisonment and two misdemeanor battery charges, and was sentenced to house arrest and probation.
Beyond the issues regarding the city government, San Diego has experienced scandal on the Federal level as well. On November 28, 2005, Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham resigned after pleading guilty to bribery charges; he was sentenced to 8 years in prison.
Ethnic and cultural groups history
Californios and Chicano/Hispanic
In 1830, San Diego had 520 residents, land was owned by the government, with only seven ranchos awarded to retired soldiers. In 1835, Mission San Diego was secularized, and more ranchos were authorized, however due to increasing attacks by Native Americans on Californios the ranchos were evacuated and abandoned. Thirty-One Californios, joined the American forces to retake Los Angeles. Californios were automatically conferred United States Citizenship when the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed. After 1848 the Californios comprised a numerical majority and owned most of the property; they secured cultural and social recognition, but they failed to control the political system. During the 1850s most ranchero owners were "beleaguered and penniless landowners". By 1860, most had left the area and the remainder were on the decline economically.
In World War II Hispanics made major breakthroughs in employment San Diego and in nearby farm districts. They profited from the new skills, contacts, and experiences provided by the military, filled many newly opened unskilled labor jobs, gained some high-paying jobs in the military installations and aircraft factories, and were welcomed by the labor unions, especially the Cannery Workers Union.
In recent decades advertisers have recognized the purchasing power of the local Latino community. They have invested in Spanish language television, especially Univisión and Telemundo. The older generations watch Spanish broadcasts. The younger generations of Hispanics in San Diego (and other ethnic groups as well) seldom can read Spanish and rapidly abandon the spoken form except in dealing with their elders. Rumbaut et al. conclude, "Mexican immigrants arriving today can expect only 5 of every 100 of their great grandchildren to speak fluent Spanish."
African Americans
The African American population was small before the great naval expansion of World War II. Starting in 1953, the Urban League brought together black and white professionals and businessmen and encouraged white business owners to hire blacks. Unlike other Urban League chapters, it built coalitions with San Diego's Mexican American community. According to the 2010 United States Census, African Americans are only 6.6% of San Diego's total population.
For over 100 years San Diego's second oldest neighborhood, Logan Heights, was home to African Americans. This neighborhood, together with Downtown and Sherman Heights, was one of only a few areas where blacks were allowed to buy and live in homes. After the 1960s and the Civil Rights Act, blacks started to move out of Logan Heights into area like Emerald Hills, Encanto and Oak Park. Logan Heights is still home to a great many black churches, some as old as 100 years old. On any given Sunday, hundreds of blacks return to Logan Heights to attend the churches they grew up in. Old Victorian homes still dot the Logan Heights area.
The founding fathers of the black community are all buried in the Logan Heights/Mountain View area in the Mount Hope Cemetery and Greenwood Cemetery. There are streets named after some of the founding fathers in Logan Heights, including Julian, Irving, and Logan. For more than 70 years the population of Logan Heights was 90% black, but starting in the 1980s its demographic shifted to predominantly Hispanic. The neighborhood has complained that it does not get suitable respect or attention from city leaders because of its minority status.
The history of the African American community in San Diego from the 1940s to the 1980s is documented in the Baynard Collection, an exhibit of 120 selected photographs by Norman Baynard, who ran a photography studio in Logan Heights for 46 years. The collection is on display at the Jacobs Center for Neighborhood Innovation.
East African
Somalis began arriving in San Diego in the 1980s, as Somalis fled the Horn of Africa during the Ogaden War and the subsequent Somali Civil War. San Diego became a destination as Somali military personnel were already stationed with US troops in Camp Pendleton when the war broke out, who would then provide logistics and language assistance for local refugee resettlement. The refugee community concentrated around City Heights, among other war refugee groups. An estimated 10,000 Somalis lived in San Diego in the 2010s. Refugees from Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea were also resettled in San Diego, making the city the largest East African community in California and is informally known as "Little Mogadishu".
Asian/Pacific Islanders
Chinese
Immigrants from China began arriving in the 1860s and settled in two waterfront fishing villages, one in Point Loma, the other in the New Town area where the San Diego Convention Center now stands. Chinese were harshly discriminated against in California and forced into Chinatowns. In San Diego there was much more freedom; there were no attacks on the 50 or so Chinese fishermen based there. Indeed, they were pioneers in the industry in the 1860s; their peak came in the 1880s. They specialized in abalone for export to Chinese communities up and down the Pacific coast. One journalist reported, "Even the fins of the shark are eaten by Chinamen, and are by them esteemed to be a great delicacy—as much of a delicacy as a Chinaman would be to a shark." By the 1890s the fishermen had gone; some returned to China, others took jobs on land.
The Chinese continued to settle in San Diego and found work in the fishing industry, railroad construction, service industry, general construction work, food industry, and merchandising. They were forced into a closed Chinatown but otherwise received less violent attention than suffered by Chinese elsewhere in the West.
They soon formed district associations, family and clan associations, secret societies, and business guilds, including the Chee Kung Tong (est. 1885), the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (est. 1907), the Bing Kung Tong (est. 1922), and the Ying On Tong (est. 1945). In the 1870s and 1880s, two Chinese Christian missions were organized to help the Chinese with housing, employment, recreational activities, and English language instruction. The Chinese population increased dramatically, especially after the 1965 Immigration Act allowed large numbers of businessmen and professionals to migrate from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. During this period, San Diego elected its first nonwhite councilmember, Tom Hom of Chinese descent, to the San Diego City Council in 1963, and state assemblyman in 1968.
The late-20th-century San Diego Chinese community is made up of a heterogeneous population that includes Cantonese-speaking, Mandarin-speaking, and Hokkien-speaking members, as well as those from a variety of places of origin, including Southeast Asia. The center of San Diego's Chinese community slowly moved away from what is now Asian Pacific Thematic Historic District, and moved north with suburbanization and upper-middle class Chinese immigration to areas north of Interstate 8 and around Kearny Mesa, as well as areas north of MCAS Miramar in the I-15 Corridor and Carmel Valley. The main concentration of Chinese business in the region is centered in the Convoy District, which was dedicated as a Pan-Asian cultural district.
Filipinos
San Diego has historically been a popular destination for Filipino immigrants, and has contributed to the growth of its population. The first documentation of Filipinos arriving in San Diego, while part of the United States, occurred in 1903 when Filipino students arrived at State Normal School; they were followed as early as 1908 by Filipino Sailors serving in the United States Navy. Due to discriminatory housing policies of the time, the majority of Filipinos in San Diego lived downtown, around Market. Multiple businesses which catered to the Filipino community, both those who permanently lived in San Diego or who were migratory, existed in the area forming a hub to the Filipino American community, which lasted until at least the 1960s. Prior to World War II, due to anti-miscegenation laws, multi-racial marriages with Hispanic and Latino women were common, particularly with Mexicans.
After World War II, the majority of Filipino Americans in San Diego were associated with the U.S. Navy in one form or another, even in the late 1970s and early 1980's more than half of Filipino babies born in the greater San Diego area were born at Balboa Naval Hospital. In 1949, the first Filipino American building was opened in San Diego by the Filipino American Veteran's Association. In the 1970s, the typical Filipino family consisted of a husband whose employment was connected to the military, and a wife who was a nurse; this continued into the 1990s. Many Filipino American veterans, after completing active duty, would move out of San Diego, to the suburbs of Chula Vista and National City. Filipinos concentrated in the South Bay; more affluent Filipino Americans moved into the suburbs of North County, particularly Mira Mesa (sometimes referred to as "Manila Mesa"). Beginning in the late 1980s, the community experienced growth of gang activity, especially in South San Diego. A portion of California State Route 54 in San Diego is officially named the "Filipino-American Highway", in honor of the Filipino American Community.
Vietnamese
When the "first wave" of Vietnamese immigrants started to arrive in 1981, many settled in the communities adjacent to San Diego State University, such as City Heights and Talmadge, better known as East San Diego. As families and individuals became more affluent however, many relocated to other communities in the city: Linda Vista, Clairemont, Serra Mesa, etc. (Central San Diego) and what was then brand-new tract communities such as Mira Mesa, Rancho Penasquitos, Rancho Bernardo, etc.
In 2013, the Little Saigon Cultural and Commercial District was formed in City Heights on a six-block section of El Cajon Boulevard.
Middle Eastern
The region had an early Middle Eastern presence prior to contemporary US wars in the Middle East. Chaldeans, in particular, built a community in El Cajon in the mid 20th century, with the parish of the St. Peter Chaldean Catholic Cathedral established in 1973.
The first wave of migration from the Middle East to the San Diego region began during the Iraq War, as many Iraqis sought refuge from war-torn Iraq. Many found refuge in El Cajon, where the city has become the center of the region's Middle Eastern community and business, establishing a community informally known as "Little Baghdad". A large proportion of the community is made up of Chaldeans, largely Christian Iraqis, as well as Afghan immigrants escaping from Afghanistan War, and other Arab and Persian groups. The region also received another influx of Syrian refugees escaping from the Syrian civil war throughout the 2010s. Members of this community have become business owners, civic leaders, and city council members in the region.
Another wave of migration came in the mid-2010s, after the Syrian civil war spilled over to Iraq when ISIS stormed into northern Iraq, which brought many more Chaldeans to East County San Diego with most being middle-class Chaldeans hailing from Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. This propelled the region to have the highest concentration of Chaldeans in the United States.
LGBT
As a port city San Diego always had a gay and lesbian community, but it was largely closeted. Beginning in the 1960s the neighborhood of Hillcrest began to attract large numbers of gay and lesbian residents, drawn by low rents, high density, and the possibility of an urban dynamic. In the 1970s gay men founded a Center for Social Services in Hillcrest which became a social and political focus for the gay community. In June 1974 they launched the first Gay Pride Parade, which has been held every year since, and Hillcrest is well recognized as the focal point of the LGBT community. Also in the 1970s several churches, especially the independent Metropolitan Community Church, as well as movements within established denominations like Dignity (Roman Catholic), Integrity (Episcopalian), and Lutherans Concerned, formed a coalition that helped gays reinterpret biblical passages condemning homosexuality, and reconcile their sexual orientation with their religious faith. All of this helped to promote public understanding.
Many LGBT politicians have successfully run for office in San Diego city and county, including Christine Kehoe, former state senator, state assembly member, and city councilmember; Bonnie Dumanis, county district attorney; Toni Atkins, state assemblymember, former city councilmember; Carl DeMaio, former city councilmember; Todd Gloria, city council president, former interim mayor, and current mayor; and Dave Roberts, county supervisor.
In 2011 San Diego was the first city in the country in which active and retired military service members marched openly in a gay pride parade, in anticipation of the imminent removal of the "Don't ask, don't tell" rule for U.S. military personnel. They did not wear military uniforms, but rather T-shirts with the name of their branch of service. The following year, 2012, San Diego again made history when the U.S. Department of Defense granted permission for military personnel to wear their uniforms while participating the San Diego Pride Parade. This was the first time that United States military personnel were permitted to wear their service uniforms in such a parade. Also in 2012, the parade started from Harvey Milk Street, the first street in the nation to be named after gay civil rights icon Harvey Milk, and proceeded past a huge new rainbow flag, which was raised for the first time on July 20, 2012, to kick off the Pride festival.
See also
Timeline of San Diego
Bibliography of California history
References
Further reading
Colvin, Richard Lee. Tilting at Windmills: School Reform, San Diego, and America's Race to Renew Public Education (Harvard Education Press; 2013) 248 pages; Examines the reforms of former prosecutor Alan Bersin as superintendent of the San Diego Unified School District between 1998 and 2005.
Engstrand, Iris H. W. San Diego: California's Cornerstone (1980), excerpt and text search, history by a leading scholar
Garcia, Mario T. "A Chicano Perspective on San Diego History," Journal of San Diego History (1972) 18#4 pp 14–21 online
Linder, Bruce. San Diego's Navy: An Illustrated History (2001)
Lotchin, Roger. The Bad City in the Good War: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oakland, and San Diego (2003) excerpt and text search
Lotchin, Roger. Fortress California, 1910-1961 (2002) excerpt and text search, covers military and industrial roles
Mills, James R. San Diego: Where California Began (San Diego: San Diego Historical Society, 1960), revised edition online
Pourade, Richard. The Explorers (1960); Time of the Bells (1961); The Silver Dons (1963); The Glory Years (1964); Gold in the Sun (1965); The Rising Tide (1967); and City of the Dream (1977), a lavishly illustrated seven volume history by the editor of the San Diego Union newspaper
Pryde, Philip R. San Diego: An Introduction to the Region (4th ed. 2004), a historical geography
Shragge, Abraham. "'A new federal city': San Diego during World War II," Pacific Historical Review (1994) 63#3 pp 333–61 in JSTOR
Starr, Kevin. "Gibraltar of the Pacific: San Diego Joins the Navy," in Starr, The Dream Endures: California Enters the 1940s (1997) pp 90–114, covers 1880s-1940
Starr, Kevin. "Urban Expectations: San Diego Leverages Itself into Big-City Status," in Starr, Golden Dreams: California in an Age of Abundance, 1950-1963 (2011) pp 57–87
Starr, Kevin. "Play Ball: San Diego in the Major Leagues," in Starr, Coast of Dreams: California on the Edge, 1990-2003 (2004) 372-81
External links
San Diego History Center
San Diego | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20San%20Diego |
Pawe or PAWE may mean:
Pawe Special Woreda, a woreda (type of division) of Ethiopia
Paveh, a city in Iran
Performing Arts Workers' Equity, a trade union in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe |
CHVN-FM (95.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, broadcasting a contemporary christian music format. The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting. CHVN's studios are located on St. Mary's Road in south Winnipeg, while its transmitter is located near Springstein.
History
In January 2000, the CRTC approved an application by Christian Radio Manitoba Ltd. for a new specialty FM radio station in Winnipeg, focusing predominantly on Christian music. The group originally planned to broadcast on 107.1 FM, but this was denied by Industry Canada. The station instead chose to broadcast on 95.1 FM instead.
In 2004, Golden West Broadcasting acquired a controlling stake in Christian Radio Manitoba Ltd.
References
External links
CHVN 95.1
Decision CRTC 2000-313
Hvn
Hvn
Hvn
Radio stations established in 2000
2000 establishments in Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHVN-FM |
WAAY-TV (channel 31) is a television station in Huntsville, Alabama, United States, affiliated with ABC and owned by Allen Media Broadcasting. The station's studios and transmitter are located on Monte Sano Boulevard on top of Monte Sano Mountain.
History
The station's first broadcast was on August 1, 1959, as WAFG-TV. It was the second television outlet in the Huntsville region, signing on five years after NBC affiliate WMSL-TV (now WAFF). In addition, WAFG-TV is the longest serving station licensed to Huntsville, as WMSL was still licensed to Decatur at the time.
From its launch, WAFG was Alabama's first primary ABC affiliate, which was an unusual arrangement for a two-station market, especially one as small as Huntsville was at the time. When the station was sold to Smith Broadcasting (owners of WAAY radio, now WLOR) in 1963, the call sign was changed to WAAY-TV. At the time Smith Broadcasting held a permit from the FCC to put a new station on the air broadcasting on UHF channel 25, but when the Smith family received the offer to purchase WAFG, they decided to take that instead of building a new facility. (Channel 25 was later licensed to Alabama Public Television station WHIQ.)
WAAY-TV switched its network affiliation to NBC on September 2, 1968, but returned to ABC nine years later, on December 11, 1977, citing ABC's higher network ratings at that time and the lack of a duplicate ABC affiliate in Florence (where WOWL, now WHDF, was then an NBC affiliate) as reasons. Despite ABC's fall from first place in the 1980s in favor of a renewed NBC, WAAY still routinely came in first or second place in the ratings during the 1980s and 1990s. However, despite having left full NBC affiliation behind back in 1977, WAAY would once again clear some NBC programming during the 1980s, most notably Late Night with David Letterman and Friday Night Videos, which WAFF preempted in favor of evangelist Jimmy Swaggart's daily program at 11:30 p.m. It was only when Swaggart had to discontinue his weekday show in the aftermath of his sexual scandal in 1988 that WAFF resumed carrying Letterman and FNV. Since that time, WAAY has remained an exclusive ABC affiliate, clearing most if not all of its programs.
WAAY-TV was an early adopter of weather radar systems for its weather coverage in the early 1970s. During the 1974 tornado outbreak, the station was able to track the storms in real time using its radar system, while other media outlets had to rely on telephoned reports of visual sightings, as had been done traditionally. In 1995, the station decided to expand its internal data network to become the Internet service provider now known as HiWAAY Information Services. The service survived a period of intense local competition in the Huntsville area in the 1990s and 2000s, and remains in business as an independent regional provider.
Smith Broadcasting sold WAAY-TV to GOCOM Broadcasting (originally Grapevine Communications, later renamed Piedmont Communications) in 1999. The Smith family, who previously owned broadcasting properties in Birmingham before coming to Huntsville, was the last local owner of a Huntsville television station as rivals WHNT-TV and WAFF had been sold to larger corporations years before. WZDX, which was the first station in northern Alabama not affiliated with the traditional networks or the educational television system, has always belonged to outside interests. The Smith family also, at various times, owned radio stations in Fort Walton Beach, Florida and South Pittsburg, Tennessee. Between 1969 and 1982, all three of Huntsville's major-network affiliates (WAAY included) had studios located beside its transmitters and towers on Monte Sano.
After a 1982 fire gutted the building of WAFF, that station and later WHNT moved offices and production facilities into the city itself employing microwave relays to send signals to the transmitters. Only WAAY continues to maintain its full operations on Monte Sano Boulevard. WHIQ-TV, which is a PBS member station, serves as a translator relay of Alabama Public Television with programming originating from Birmingham, not Huntsville. On September 4, 2003, the broadcasting tower leased by WAAY collapsed, killing three people.
In 2006, Piedmont Broadcasting agreed to sell WAAY to Calkins Media, a Pennsylvania-based company that owned several small newspapers in Pennsylvania and two other television stations, (WWSB in Sarasota, Florida and WTXL in Tallahassee, Florida). The sale to Calkins became official on February 1, 2007. WAAY was Calkins' only broadcasting property outside of Florida.
On April 11, 2016, it was reported that Calkins would exit the broadcasting industry and sell its stations to Raycom Media. As Raycom already owned WAFF, WAAY's license was instead to be sold to American Spirit Media, with Raycom operating the station under a shared services agreement. However, on August 26, 2016, Calkins agreed to instead sell WAAY to Heartland Media, through its USA Television MidAmerica Holdings joint venture with MSouth Equity Partners. The sale was completed on April 30, 2017, making WAAY a sister station to adjacent market station WTVA in Tupelo, Mississippi. In October 2019, Allen Media Broadcasting announced that it would acquire eleven of Heartland Media's television stations, including WAAY and WTVA, for $290 million.
News operation
In the Spring 2007 ratings period, all of the station's newscasts ranked in third place. This is in contrast from the 1970s through the early 1990s, when WAAY was still family-owned. On July 16, 2007, WAAY unveiled a new set and graphics package similar to that of sister stations WWSB and WTXL. Beginning September 13, 2010, its news title became WAAY 31 FirstNews. The station was the first to air a 4:30 a.m. newscast in the market and is the only station in the area airing local news weekday at 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. The channel produced a prime time newscast at 9 p.m. for UPN affiliate WHDF during the early 2000s. On September 20, 2010, through a new news share agreement, a second WAAY-produced broadcast at 9 began airing every night on Fox affiliate WZDX. In addition to its main studios, WAAY maintains news bureaus in Decatur (on Lee Street Northeast) and Florence (on North Pine Street within the University of North Alabama campus). The station operates its own weather radar at the main studios called "Live Storm Force 31 Doppler Max".
On December 12, 2011, WAAY began broadcasting its news programming in high definition, making it the third station in the Huntsville television market to do so behind WAFF and WHNT. The WZDX broadcasts were included in the upgrade.
In mid-2014, the station launched three websites, SpaceAlabama.com, RedstoneAlabama.com, and TechAlabama.com to cover the space, military, and technology industries in the Northern Alabama area. As of 2021, though, the websites are defunct.
In late-September 2014, the StormForce 31 Weather Team launched a 24/7 weather channel for Northern Alabama called StormForce 31 WeatherNation. The channel featured regional and national weather from WeatherNation TV with local forecasts from the WAAY weather team, every 10 minutes on the 5's. The channel was seen on digital channel 31.2 until August 2017.
In August 2017, WAAY-TV announced that Ion Television would replace WeatherNation on 31.2.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
WAAY-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 31, on February 17, 2009, to conclude the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 32, using PSIP to display WAAY-TV's virtual channel as 31 on digital television receivers.
References
External links
WAAY-TV 31 Alumni website
Entertainment Studios
ABC network affiliates
Ion Television affiliates
Dabl affiliates
This TV affiliates
AAY-TV
Television channels and stations established in 1959
1959 establishments in Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAAY-TV |
is a novel by Japanese author Yasunari Kawabata which first appeared in serialised form between 1949 and 1951 and was published as a book in 1952.
Plot
The novel consists of five chapters, titled "Thousand Cranes", "The Grove in the Evening Sun", "Figured Shino", "Her Mother's Lipstick" and "Double Star".
28-year-old Tokyo office worker Kikuji attends the tea ceremony lesson of Miss Chikako Kurimoto, with whom his deceased father once had a short-lived affair. He still vividly remembers a large naevus on her chest, which he once saw as a child. Kikuji is impressed by the beauty of one of Miss Kurimoto's pupils, Yukiko Inamura, who carries a furoshiki which bears a pattern of the thousand cranes of the novel's title. The tea ceremony lesson is also attended by Mrs. Ota, a 45-year-old widow and long-time mistress of his father, and her daughter Fumiko. Miss Kurimoto speaks disparagingly of Mrs. Ota, while at the same trying to awaken Kikuji's interest in Miss Inamura.
Kikuji and Mrs. Ota spend a passionate night together, and Kikuji wonders if Mrs. Ota sees his father in him. When she visits him again after a long pause, he learns that her daughter Fumiko tried to keep her from meeting him. Despite her deep sense of shame, she sleeps with Kikuji again. Late that night, Fumiko rings him to tell him that her mother committed suicide. He agrees to help Fumiko with covering up her mother's suicide to maintain her reputation.
Miss Kurimoto repeatedly shows up in Kikuji's house, speaking badly of Mrs. Ota while at the same time reminding him of Miss Inamura. Kikuji, annoyed by her intrusiveness, replies that he is not interested in the young woman. Fumiko bequests him a shino ware jar of her mother, and later a shino tea bowl, which allegedly bears an unremovable trace of her mother's lipstick. Kikuji develops an interest in Fumiko, asking himself if he sees her mother in her.
When Kikuji returns from a trip to Lake Nojiri, Miss Kurimoto brings him the news that both Miss Inamura and Fumiko have married another man in his absence. He learns that her story was a lie when Fumiko rings him to inform him that she will start a job and move into a flat farther away from him. Fumiko visits him later that evening and insists that her mother's tea bowl is of little value and should be destroyed. Kikuji places his father's tea bowl next to Mrs. Ota's, and they both are aware that these were the bowls his father and her mother drank from while they had their affair. Fumiko eventually shatters her mother's bowl on a stone plate. Later, Kikuji and Fumiko spend the night together.
The next day, Kikuji tries to ring Fumiko at her work, but she hasn't shown up. He goes to see her at her new flat, where he is told that she announced to go on a holiday with a friend. Kikuji speculates if Fumiko committed suicide like her mother.
Characters
Kikuji, the protagonist
Chikako Kurimoto, a former mistress of Kikuji's father
Mrs. Ota, a former mistress of Kikuji's father
Fumiko, Mrs. Ota's daughter
Yukiko Inamura, a pupil of Miss Kurimoto
Themes
In his 2015 review for The Japan Times, Stephen Mansfield pointed out the novel's "beautiful language, obsessive sexuality and contempt for the era", and the repeated juxtaposition of the "ugly and venal" with images of beauty, calling it "a work suffused with loneliness and disorientation at the failure of art, literature and even the tea ceremony to create a more ideal world". Boyd Tonkin in The Independent found "chaotic passions" at work behind "a lyrical and understated surface", with the rituals and vessels of the tea ceremony symbolically enacting "the guilt, grief and longing" of the protagonists.
In his analysis of Thousand Cranes, David Pollack drew parallels between Kawabata and French writer Marguerite Duras, finding "a similar sense of fated destinies, of dreamlike and inchoate realities, of lyrical resignation to some steadily encroaching fate in terms of which […] life seems to take on its most important meaning". Commenting on the character of Miss Kurimoto, he sees the tea ceremony in her hands having become "perverted and grotesque" and "a ritual of power and revenge". For Pollack, the thoroughly negative portrayal of Miss Kurimoto is a sign of Kawabata's, and most male Japanese writers', antagonism to the idea of "a woman with 'masculine' interests and the willingness and ability to act on them".
Kawabata himself rejected the idea to see his novel as "an evocation of the formal and spiritual beauty of the tea ceremony", explaining, it was "a negative work, and expression of doubt about and warning against the vulgarity into which the tea ceremony has fallen".
Awards
Thousand Cranes is one of three novels cited by the Nobel Committee in awarding Yasunari Kawabata the Nobel Prize for Literature, the other two being Snow Country and The Old Capital. The novel was selected for translation and inclusion in the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works.
Adaptations
Thousand Cranes was adapted into a feature film in 1953 by Kōzaburō Yoshimura and in 1969 by Yasuzo Masumura.
References
Bibliography
1952 novels
Japanese-language novels
20th-century Japanese novels
Novels by Yasunari Kawabata
Novels set in Japan
Japanese novels adapted into films
Novels first published in serial form | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand%20Cranes |
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