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The Somerset Club is a private social club in Boston, Massachusetts that opened to members in 1852, but had origins in related associations dating back to 1826. It is a center of Boston Brahmin families - New England's upper class - and is known as one of the big four clubs in the country, the other three being the Knickerbocker Club in New York, the Metropolitan Club in Washington D.C, and the Pacific-Union Club in San Francisco.
The original club was informal, without a clubhouse. By the 1830s this had evolved into a group called the Temple as it was on Temple Street. In 1851 the group purchased the home of Benjamin W. Crowninshield, located at the corner of Beacon and Somerset Streets. Originally called the Beacon Club, it was renamed the Somerset Club in 1852.
During the Civil War, members of the Somerset Club split along political lines. Somerset defectors formed the Union Club of Boston in 1863, which demanded "unqualified loyalty to the constitution and the Union of our United States, and unwavering support of the Federal Government in effort for the suppression of the rebellion."
In 1871 the Somerset Club purchased the David Sears townhouse at 42 Beacon Street on Beacon Hill. Originally designed by Alexander Parris and built in 1819, Sears had added to the house in 1832 and had built the adjacent Crowninshield-Amory house at 43 Beacon Street for his daughter. The land on which the house stood was originally part of an parcel owned by John Singleton Copley, who called it "his farm on Beacon Street." Eventually the Club bought 43 Beacon Street and joined the two houses into one large clubhouse.
A rare public notice of the Club came in 1945, when it caught on fire. The visiting firefighters were requested to use the service entrance.
The club's website discourages inquiries.
See also
List of American gentlemen's clubs
Boston Brahmins
References
External links
The Somerset Club – Website of the Club
David Sears House/Somerset Club
1852 establishments in Massachusetts
Beacon Hill, Boston
Clubs and societies in Boston
Clubs and societies in the United States
Cultural history of Boston
Culture of Boston
Gentlemen's clubs in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset%20Club |
Mark Summers is the English CEO, sound engineer and music producer of Scorccio, a music production company founded in the UK in 1996. A London DJ since 1979, he is a guest lecturer and masterclass presenter on sample replay production, sound engineering, DJ culture, sampling and the music industry. His productions have been featured on hits for Nicki Minaj, Diplo, Sam Smith, the Prodigy, Pitbull, Fatboy Slim, David Penn, Jess Glynne, Disclosure, Steve Aoki, CamelPhat, Swedish House Mafia, the Shapeshifters and many other notable music artists. He is related to Herbie Flowers, one of the UK's best-known session bass players (David Bowie, Lou Reed, T-Rex, Elton John).
First recordings
Starting his musical career as a London club DJ at the age of 15 (playing disco/soul/funk/electro until a transition to house music in 1986), Summers became a UK recording artist and studio engineer in 1989 with his involvement on the underground rave track "Meltdown" by Quartz. Following a dispute over ownership and royalties of "Meltdown" between Summers and the other two Quartz members, Summers decided to release his own first solo work "Melt Your Body" - which was moderately based upon "Meltdown", made in retaliation by Summers after the dispute. By January 1990, "Melt Your Body" had outsold "Meltdown" by 3:1, it entered the UK top 100 sales chart, and in recognition of this, Summers was firmly established as a promising new UK dance music producer.
Due to big responses from playing his own tracks whilst DJing, Summers signed a two-single deal with Island Records' offshoot urban dance label 4th & Broadway, in May 1990. The first single "Party Children" just missed the UK top 75, whereas the second single "Summers Magic" climbed up the UK chart to peak at number 27, in January 1991. "Summers Magic" gained instant recognition as the first ever dance track to heavily feature a sample of music from a children's TV theme tune, in this case the BBC's The Magic Roundabout.
The hardcore/breakbeat/techno-driven kids' TV sampling phenomenon of "Summers Magic" seemingly provided inspiration for many other artists, including the Prodigy (also from East London/Essex), with their first single "Charly". Before entering the UK national charts, some rave followers believed "Charly" was possibly the work of Mark Summers and his follow-up to "Summers Magic". The Prodigy's track eventually charted in July 1991, almost 7 months following the ground-breaking "Summers Magic". This style of breakbeat hardcore came to be known as "toytown techno". "Summers Magic" was later to appear in the opening of the 2013 comedy film The World's End (starring Simon Pegg), although it does not appear on the soundtrack album. During 1991–93, Summers produced and remixed tracks mainly in the musical styles first labelled as "hardcore" and "jungle", which later morphed itself into the breakbeat-driven music genre now commonly known as "drum and bass".
Artist productions
Moving on from "rave" and revisiting his preferred style of house music, Summers released six singles on the Hoochie Coochie label (1993–96) with fellow DJs Ben Howard and Dave Malone. During this time, he was hired as a sound engineer to work in the studios of Air Lyndhurst/Chrysalis Music (now Air Studios), co-owned by Beatles producer Sir George Martin. Summers became the head studio producer within less than 3 months. He went on to produce and remix Chrysalis Music artists, and also for the offshoot dance label Tuch Wood/Tuchwood Records, co-owned by DJ-producer Dave Lee (a.k.a. Joey Negro). By the end of 1995, Summers had gained an immense sound production status to add to his post-DJ and dance artist qualifications, including recording and production work with notable artists such as Malcolm McLaren, Mica Paris, Jocelyn Brown, Aphex Twin, Ashley Beedle, X-Press 2, Gabrielle and Kylie Minogue, amongst many others. Summers worked within various (mainly dance) music styles and genres, from R&B to house, trance to drum and bass and even pop and rock, using his extensive DJ experience as the basis for his knowledge and technical skills acquired from Air Studios in different types of music production.
Scorccio Records
Fully inspired by 1970s disco, '80s hip hop and '90s house music, in 1996 Mark Summers launched his own label, Scorccio Records (pronounced "scor-chee-oh"), with releases that combined elements of those three music genres from the past three decades. The first release was the disco rapped "Inferno" - under Mark's pseudonym Souvlaki. "Inferno" reached top 20 in the UK national chart via the PolyGram offshoot label Wonderboy (coincidentally, it was also their first single release), and "Inferno" also appeared on the 1.5 million-selling Ministry of Sound Annual 2 album mixed by Boy George, becoming a worldwide hit via international licensing. Using the label credit of "Scorccio Remix", the mixing skills and popularity of the "fired-up sound" Mark Summers produced instantly pushed JT Playaz to a UK number 1 dance chart position with "Just Playin", and the follow-up "Let's Get Down". Major label remix work followed, including remixes for Perfecto, Warner Brothers, EMI, Telstar and Universal. Success from the release of over 40 Scorccio tracks and remixes on various dance compilations and singles created a huge fan base for Scorccio, most notably in Japan. Key to success was Mark Summers using up to 10 different pseudonyms for his artist name, one of the most popular and often used being Ultimate Heights. Sony PlayStation 2 and Konami have tracks and remixes by Scorccio featured on their popular Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) console and arcade series of music video games. Dance Dance Revolution Extreme featuring "Highs Off U" by 4 REEEL (produced and mixed by Summers), was the winner of the Video Music Awards in 2005 on MTV for * Best Video Game Soundtrack.
Scorccio Sample Replay Productions
The Scorccio release of "Inferno" in July 1996 originally featured a sample of Dan Hartman's "Relight My Fire", which Summers was told by PolyGram (prior to their release) that the sample either had to be replayed, or that he should pay for the master sample clearance (US$15,000). Avoiding financial loss, Summers decided to replay the sample, the first time he had ever undertaken such a challenge. Summers was determined to make the sample replay as close sounding as possible, and upon first hearing the replayed version PolyGram/Wonderboy believed Summers had simply re-EQ'd the original sample, until he played them all the separate stem parts to prove it had been fully recreated (including a 4 piece string section overdubbed numerous times). Since then, every Scorccio-related release has had replayed and/or revocalled samples.
Quickly establishing the world's first ever 'sample replay' service, in 1996 Mark Summers took his venture into the next stage by working for a large number of major and independent music labels, DJs, producers and recording artists. Ministry of Sound, Defected, Positiva, Universal, Virgin, Sony-BMG (amongst others), soon became regular clients of Scorccio sample replays. In 2004, Positiva released "Lola's Theme" by the Shapeshifters, which featured a Scorccio replay of Johnnie Taylor's "What About My Love". The song went from being hugely popular in clubs to gaining a No. 1 national chart position in the UK, Italy and Germany, followed by a No. 1 spot on the U.S. Hot Airplay Charts. The following year (2005) saw Michael Gray's "The Weekend" reach No. 7 in the UK and No. 1 in Italy, featuring distinctive keyboard riffs played by Summers (initially based upon a re-edited 1980s electro track). Other notable replays have included: "People Hold On", "Blue Monday", "Love to Love You Baby", "Love Sensation", and "One More Time".
In 2009, Summers replayed "Street Player" (originally by Chicago) for the U.S. Billboard No. 2 hit "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" by Pitbull. The Scorccio replay of "Street Player" has since become the most successful usage of any sample replay in history, due to the number of sales and media plays of the Pitbull song worldwide. With over 400 million hits to date on YouTube, the song is now ranked as the third most viewed electronic dance music video in history. Another successful sample recreation in September 2010 was produced by Summers for the U.S. Hot Dance 100 No. 1 artist Duck Sauce, with "Barbra Streisand" featuring a Scorccio sample replay of the 1979 Boney M song "Gotta Go Home". The song reached No. 1 in dance charts worldwide.
Summers replayed four samples on the album The Day Is My Enemy by English electronic music group the Prodigy, two decades after both Summers and the Prodigy had first appeared on the UK rave scene. The album was released on 30 March 2015 and immediately charted at number one in the UK, officially certified by the BPI with a gold disc for sales in excess of 200,000 copies. It was released by Three Six Zero Music/Warner Bros. Records in the United States.
"One Last Song" from the album The Thrill of It All by English singer Sam Smith features Mark Summers' recreation of "Be a Lion" on the intro and throughout "One Last Song". The original recording is a track from The Wiz (1978), produced by Quincy Jones and featuring the vocals of both Diana Ross and Michael Jackson.
Summers was guest speaker on panel discussions at the New Music Seminar in New York, June 2015.
By October 2022, Summers had produced over 4,000 sample replays for Scorccio. During the previous years, 4 tracks featuring his production works had reached number 1 on Beatport's Top 100 chart; Fatboy Slim's "Praise You" (Purple Disco Machine Remix), Roberto Surace's "Joys", Matt Sassari's "Put a Record On" and Martin Ikin's "Hooked".
His replay production of vocals and instrumentation from Rick James's 1981 single "Super Freak" featured on Nicki Minaj's "Super Freaky Girl" debuted at number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, number 1 on US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 1 on UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) during August/September, 2022.
Due to his vast number of successful productions spanning over 25 years, Mark Summers is now widely recognised by the music industry as one of the most prolific and most important contributors to dance music throughout the world.
Discography
Albums
2000: Number One - Billie Godfrey (JVC, Japan)
2001: Scorccio Super Hit Mix (Toshiba-EMI, Japan)
2003: Exotica - Chill-Out Paradise Vol. 1 (Scorccio)
2008: Dreamy - Dreemtime (Dreemtime)
Singles
1989: "Melt Your Body" - Mark Summers : (SMR / Hillbilly House, U.S.)
1990: "Party Children / Wicked in Mombassa" - Mark Summers : (4th & Broadway)
1990: "Bass / Confused About?" - Next Century : (Next Century)
1990: "The Force" - 50K : (white label)
1991: "Summers Magic" / "5p Like A Micro" - Mark Summers : (4th & Broadway)
1991: "Don't Cha Know" - Niteflyte : (Desire)
1993: Overdubb EP - Unit-E : (Contagious)
1993: "Eruption / Ruffplate" - Overdubb : (Impact)
1993: "Take Control" - Interface : (Tuch Wood Records TUCW008)
A Wood Side 1. Take Control (Summers/Kris)
A Wood Side 2. Take Control (Of the Radio) (Summers/Kris)
B Tuch Side 1. Keep It Comin' (Summers/Flippa)
B Tuch Side 2. Questions (Summers)
B2 features soundbyte samples from Blade Runner'''s Roy: "Yes... Questions"
Published by Chrysalis Music, produced by Mark Summers
1994: "Keep It Coming" - Interface : (Tuch Wood)
1994: "CityBeats (Bassline Kickin')" - Hoochie Coochie : (Hoochie Coochie)
1995: "Make It Right" - Interface : (Slamm)
1995: "CityBeats (Bassline Kickin') Remixes" - Hoochie Coochie : (Hoochie Coochie)
1995: "Gonna Get Over" - Hoochie Coochie : (Hoochie Coochie)
1996: "Make You Move" - Eastbase Boogie Boys : (Hoochie Coochie)
1996: "The Business of Booginess" - Disco FX 1 : (Hoochie Coochie)
1996: "Inferno" - Souvlaki : (Polygram/Wonderboy)
1996: "Just Playin" - JT Playaz : (Telstar)
1997: "Friction" - Kornholio : (Scorccio)
1997: "Let's Get Down" - JT Playaz : (Telstar)
1997: "ADP Groove / Ultra Vibe" - Cappuccino / Kornholio : (Scorccio)
1998: "Disco High" - Ultimate Heights : (Scorccio)
1998: "My Time" - Souvlaki : (Polygram/Wonderboy)
1998: "Sunshine Day" - Freakkout : (Scorccio)
1998: "Total Recall" - Ultimate Heights : (Scorccio)
1998: "Go Round Again" - Starbeat 2000 : (Scorccio)
1998: "Fired Up Sound" - Ultimate Heights : (Scorccio)
1999: "Retro Fire" - Maxx 'N Cala : (Scorccio)
1999: "The Source" - Scorccio : (Scorccio)
1999: "Alright 2 Nite"- Ultimate Heights : (Scorccio)
1999: "Good Times" - Mighty High : (Rosenburg)
2000: "Highs Off U" - 4 Reeel : (Scorccio)
2000: "Drop the Vibe" - Ultimate Heights : (Scorccio)
2001: "Pump the Rhythm" - Ultimate Heights : (Scorccio)
2002: "Everybody 2 the Sun" - Ultimate Heights : (Scorccio)
2002: "U Feel It" - 4 Reeel : (Scorccio)
2002: "Jibaro" - ENV : (Scorccio)
2003: "What What" - High Five Kings : (Mash Up Recs)
2003: "Tonight" - High Five Kings : (Mash Up Recs)
2004: "On Fire" - 4 Reeel : (Scorccio)
2009: "Hella Good" - Scorccio : (Gallo Recs)
Remixes
1989: "Meltdown" - Quartz : (ITM)
1991: "Feel the Music (x3 Mixes)" - Control : (CM)
1992: "Protein (Hardcore Innovator Remix)" - Sonic Experience 3: (Strictly Underground)
1992: "Classical in Motion" - Excel D : (Brainiak)
1993: "Here Again" - DGP : (Tuch Wood)
1993: "Whenever I Dream" - Twang Dynasty : (Tuch Wood)
1994: "Together We Can Learn" - Awa : (Tuch Wood)
1994: "Hacker / Auraya" - Repo : (Tuch Wood)
1995: "Generation X" - Kooky Ballerina : (Slamm)
1996: "Movin' Up Movin' On" - Mozaic : (Perfecto)
1997: "No Stoppin'" - Big Band Experience : (Telstar)
1997: "Summerlove" - S-Connection : (Happy One, France)
1998: "Gonna Make Ya Move (Don't Stop)" - Pink : (Activ)
1998: "That's the Way" - X-Treme : (EMI. Italy)
1998: "On the Run" - Known Felons : (Playola)
1998: "We Come to Party" - N-Tyce : (Telstar)
1998: "Lift Me Up" - Jamestown : (Playola)
1999: "Everybody Dance" - X-Rated : (Scorccio)
1999: "I Believe" - Jamestown feat Jocelyn Brown : (Playola)
1999: "Treat Me Right" - TJ Flayerz : (Playola)
2000: "Love Sensation" - Loleatta Holloway : (Toshiba-EMI, Japan)
2000: "The Break" - Skybox : (Rosenburg)
2000: "Transambient" - Galaxy Beyond : (Addictive TV)
2001: "It Only Takes a Minute" - Tavares : (Toshiba-EMI, Japan)
2002: "As Long As I Got U" - Unknown : (Z Records)
2002: "Living on a Love" - WTP : (Scorccio)
2003: "Rhythm Is a Dancer" - Snap : (Ministry of Sound, Germany)
Video games
Scorccio has two songs which appear in the Dance Dance Revolution arcade series. In addition, the song "Total Recall" was to be included in Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix Plus, but the song never appeared in the series. It is available in beatmania 5thMix and newer, and in beatmania III, but not in beatmania IIDX''.
References
External links
Mark Summers Discography at Discogs.com
SCORCCiO Sample Replays website
https://www.facebook.com/LiftoffRecordings/videos/346466883870141/
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6079780/bio
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
DJs from London
English house musicians
English audio engineers
English record producers
Remixers
Electronic dance music DJs
Musicians from London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Summers |
The Independent Union of Maritime and Related Workers (SIMA) is a small, independent trade union centre of Angola.
References
External links
www.itfglobal.org - SIMA at the ITF
Trade unions in Angola
International Transport Workers' Federation
Maritime trade unions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent%20Union%20of%20Maritime%20and%20Related%20Workers |
Liga Mayor de Fútbol may refer to:
Liga Mayor de Futbol de Honduras
Primera División de Republica Dominicana
Salvadoran Primera División | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga%20Mayor%20de%20F%C3%BAtbol |
Jeni may refer to
Jeni Barnett
Jeni Bojilova-Pateva
Jeni Couzyn
Jeni Klugman
Jeni Le Gon
Jeni Mawter
Jeni Mundy
Jeni Tennison
See also
Jennifer (given name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeni |
Sisai is one of the biggest villages in Bihar. It comes under Siwan District, India, located about 42 km by road and 52 km by train route north (U.P. border, absolute corner of Chhapra, Gopalganj and Siwan Districts) of the Chhapra. It is a typical village of Bihar. From September to April, a blanket is necessary during nights. It is the biggest village in Siwan. It has 51 tola. It comes under Goriyakothi Police Station and Sisai Panchayat. There is a famous middle school which built in 1916. It is bounded by Chhitaouli from north, Bishunpur from South, Angya from East and Pahlegpur from West.
In the 2011 census, there were 1877 families with population of 11892 of which 5633 were females while 6259 were males. The population of children age 0-6 was 2202 which was 18.52% of total population. Average sex ratio of Sisai village was 1111 which is higher than Bihar state average of 918. Child sex ratio for the Sisai in the census was 954, higher than Bihar average of 935.
Sisai village has higher literacy rate compared to other villages and average rate of Bihar. In 2011, literacy rate of Sisai village was 66.08% compared to 61.80% of Bihar. In Sisai Male literacy stands at 78.54% while female literacy rate was 55.25%.
As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Sisai village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.
Caste Factor
Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 7.72% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.01% of total population in Sisai village.
Sisai Data
Particulars Total Male Female
Total No. of Houses 1,877 - -
Population 11,892 6,259 5,633
Child (0-6) 2,202 1,127 1,075
Schedule Caste 918 444 474
Schedule Tribe 1 0 1
Literacy 66.08% 78.54% 55.25%
Total Workers 3,602 2,306 1,296
Main Worker 1,616 0 0
Marginal Worker 1,986 1,011 975
Villages in Saran district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisai |
Tarik Benhabiles (born 5 February 1965) is an Algerian-born French former tennis player. He achieved his highest ATP-ranking on 8 June 1987, when the right-hander was listed as the number 22 player in the world.
Benhabiles's professional career began in 1981, the year he won the junior championship at the French Open, and it ended in 1992. He never won an ATP title, but he reached two finals. He lost to Vitas Gerulaitis at Treviso in 1984, and he lost to Ronald Agénor at Genova in 1990. Benhabiles won the closed French national tournament in 1986. Benhabiles was a member of the French Davis Cup national team, but he played only one match, a 1987 doubles match against South Korea. He ended his professional tennis player career in 1992, when he was 27. His career singles record was 69–107.
After he retired, Benhabiles began a coaching career, first working with Nicolas Escudé until 1997 and then relocating to the United States to coach a young Andy Roddick. He built a strong relationship with Roddick and helped guide him to the ATP Top 10. They parted company after Roddick's loss to Sargis Sargsian at the 2003 French Open. With his new coach, Brad Gilbert, Roddick won the U.S. Open and was ranked by the ATP as the top player in the world before the end of 2003.
After Roddick, Benhabiles coached Richard Gasquet (until January 2004), Tatiana Golovin (in 2006), Benjamin Becker, and Vania King.
External links
1965 births
Living people
Algerian emigrants to France
French expatriate sportspeople in the United States
French male tennis players
French Open junior champions
French tennis coaches
Sportspeople from Algiers
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarik%20Benhabiles |
Caruso St John is a London-based architectural firm established in 1990 by Adam Caruso and Peter St John.
Practice
Caruso St John gained international recognition for its designs of public spaces. The practice came to public attention with The New Art Gallery Walsall, a commission won in an international competition in 1995. From these origins in the visual arts, the firm now works on a broad range of public and private projects.
Clients
Current and past clients include Tate Britain, the V&A, English Heritage and the Arts Council of England, as well as European housing developers Trudo, the SBB (Swiss National Railways), and the Gagosian Gallery. Caruso St John aims to have a wide range of work at a variety of scales and wants to resist the trend of increased size and specialisation that dominates contemporary architecture.
Works
Royale Belge, Brussels (2023)
Chiswick House Cafe (2010)
Thomas Demand, Nationalgalerie (2009)
Nottingham Contemporary (2009)
Frieze Art Fair (2008–10)
Downing College, Cambridge (2009)
The Victoria and Albert Museum of Childhood (2007)
Spike Island Artists' Studios (2006)
Gagosian Gallery Rome (2006)
Gagosian Gallery Davies St (2006)
Stephen Friedman Gallery (2005)
Hallfield Primary School (2005)
Brick House (2005)
Gagosian Gallery Britannia St (2005)
Stortorget, Kalmar (2004)
Coate House (2001)
Barbican Concert Hall (2001)
New Art Gallery Walsall (2000)
Bankside Directional Signage System (1999)
House in Lincolnshire (1994)
Awards
The firm won the RIBA Stirling Prize in 2016 for Newport Street Gallery, which was built to house the private art collection of artist Damien Hirst, after being shortlisted for the prize in 2000 and 2006 for Walsall Art Gallery and Brick House, respectively.
Both the New Art Gallery, Walsall (2000) and the Brick House, London (2006) have been short listed for the Stirling Prize, the UK’s most prestigious architecture award, in recognition of this ambition.
Teaching
Both Adam Caruso and Peter St John have taught in architecture schools consistently throughout the lifetime of Caruso St John. Adam Caruso taught at the University of North London from 1990 to 2000 and was Professor of Architecture at the University of Bath from 2002 to 2005. He has been visiting professor at the Academy of Architecture in Mendrisio, at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, at ETH Zürich, and on the LSE Cities Programme at the London School of Economics. In 2011 Adam Caruso was appointed Professor of Architecture and Construction at ETH Zürich.
Peter St John taught at the University of North London from 1990 to 2000. He was a Visiting Professor at the Academy of Architecture in Mendrisio, Switzerland from 1999 to 2001, and Visiting Professor in the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering at the University of Bath from 2001 to 2004. In 2005 he was a visiting critic at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University. From 2007 to 2009, he was a visiting professor at ETH Zürich. He is currently an external examiner at the Scott Sutherland School of Architecture in Aberdeen and Cardiff School of Architecture and running a design unit at London Metropolitan University (previously University of North London)
References
External links
Practice website
The New Art Gallery Walsall
Digital edition of Caruso St John monograph published by El Croquis magazine
Architecture firms based in London
Design companies established in 1990
1990 establishments in England
Stirling Prize laureates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caruso%20St%20John |
James Patrick "Mash" Dutton, Jr. (born November 20, 1968) is an engineer, former NASA astronaut pilot of the Class of 2004 (NASA Group 19), and a former test pilot in the US Air Force with the rank of colonel.
Education
Dutton was born November 20, 1968, in Eugene, Oregon, where he received his early education; he attended Cal Young Middle School then graduated from Sheldon High School. He joined the Air Force and graduated first in his class from the United States Air Force Academy in 1991 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Astronautical Engineering. Along with being awarded the top cadet in order of graduation, in an unprecedented feat, he also received the top military cadet, top academic cadet, top pilot and top engineering student awards. He has subsequently earned in 1994 a Master of Science degree in Aeronautics & Astronautics from the University of Washington.
Career
Air Force Career
Dutton is a member of the U.S. Air Force Academy Class of 1991. During this period he was a member of the intercollegiate Cadet Competition Flying Team. Dutton's pilot training was at Sheppard AFB, Texas.
In 1993–1994, Dutton completed his master's degree at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
In 1995 Dutton undertook F-15C training at Tyndall AFB, Florida, then flew as an operational F-15C pilot with the 493d Fighter Squadron "Grim Reapers" at RAF Lakenheath, United Kingdom, from October 1995 to May 1998. During this time he was deployed over Iraq and flew over 100 combat hours providing air superiority in support of Operation Provide Comfort and Operation Northern Watch over northern Iraq. In May 1998, Dutton joined the 422d Test and Evaluation Squadron at Nellis AFB, Nevada, and flew operational test missions in the F-15C.
He was selected to attend the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School (TPS) and graduated with the Class 00A (the "Dawgs") in December 2000. Dutton served with the 416th Flight Test Squadron flying the F-16 until June 2002.
He joined the F-22 Combined Test Force flying the Raptor with the 411th Flight Test Squadron at Edwards AFB, California, logging over 350 flight hours from August 2002 to June 2004.
After retiring from the US Air Force in 2014 as a Colonel. Dutton has over 3,300 flight hours in over 30 different aircraft.
NASA career
Dutton was selected by NASA as an astronaut candidate in May 2004 and received his astronaut pin (qualification) on February 10, 2006, with his classmate of the Group 19th. Dutton was initially assigned to the Exploration Branch working on the development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), latter named Orion. He served as Ascent and Entry CAPCOM for Space Shuttle mission STS-122 and STS-123.
Dutton was officially assigned to his first space flight as pilot for STS-131 in December 2008.
After his flight, he served as Deputy Chief, Astronaut Office Shuttle Branch from August 2010 to August 2011 and then Chief of Astronaut Office Exploration Branch from August 2011 until his retirement from NASA in June 2012.
STS-131
STS-131 (April 5–20, 2010) was a resupply mission to the International Space Station performed by Space Shuttle Discovery. Dutton flew as the pilot. He launched with Shuttle Commander Alan Poindexter and Mission Specialists Richard Mastracchio, Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, Stephanie Wilson, Naoko Yamazaki from JAXA and Clay Anderson. Once in orbit, they joined ISS Expedition 23 crew members.
He assisted Poindexter during rendezvous and landing and maneuver the orbiter during undocking and the fly-around. In addition, he served as lead shuttle robotic arm operator for the mission, responsible for airlock operations in preparation for EVAs and he assisted Wilson with the station robotic arm operations. The STS-131 mission was accomplished in 15 days, 2 hours, 47 minutes and 10 seconds and traveled 6,232,235 statute miles in 238 orbits.
Post NASA and Air Force Career
After his retirement for the Air Force, he became an airline pilot with Southwest Airlines. In June 2020, Dutton joined Dynetics, Inc. as a technical advisor on their design for NASA's Human Landing System (HLS) supporting the Artemis program.
Family and interests
Dutton is married to the former Erin Ruhoff, also from Eugene, and they have four boys. Jp, Will, Joey, and Ryan (the drip master). They currently live in Colorado Springs, Colorado
He is a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and the Officers' Christian Fellowship.
See also
List of astronauts by name
List of astronauts by selection
Timeline of astronauts by nationality
References
Living people
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force officers
People from Eugene, Oregon
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
1968 births
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
United States Air Force astronauts
Sheldon High School (Eugene, Oregon) alumni
Commercial aviators
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Military personnel from Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Dutton%20%28astronaut%29 |
Good Fences is a 2003 American comedy-drama television film directed by Ernest Dickerson and written by Trey Ellis, based on the 1997 novel of the same name by his wife Erika Ellis. The film is about the stresses of prejudice on an upwardly mobile black family in 1970s Greenwich, Connecticut. Danny Glover plays the overworked, stressed husband and Whoopi Goldberg plays his steadfast wife.
Good Fences was produced by Spike Lee's 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks. It premiered at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival, and aired on Showtime on February 2, 2003. Goldberg won an Image Award for her role.
Cast
Whoopie Goldberg as Mabel Spader
Danny Glover as Tom Spader
Mo'Nique as Ruth Crisp
Ashley Archer as Stormy (age 13)
Ryan Michelle Bathe as Stormy (age 17)
Vincent McCurdy-Clark as Tommy-Two (age 12)
Zachary Simmons Glover as Tommy-Two (age 17)
Reception
The New York Times reviewed the film positively, as did Dove.
References
External links
2003 television films
2003 films
2003 comedy-drama films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks films
African-American comedy-drama films
American comedy-drama television films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Ernest Dickerson
Films set in the 1970s
Films set in Connecticut
Showtime (TV network) films
Television films based on books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20Fences |
Edward Ambrose Baber (April 23, 1793 – March 19, 1846) was a U.S. doctor and diplomat. He was the U.S. chargé d'affaires in Italy from 1841 to 1844.
Baber was born in Buckingham County, Virginia. As an adult, he lived in Macon, Georgia, where he had a medical practice. He married the former Mary Sweet in 1829; they had two sons and three daughters.
Baber died due to an accidental ingestion of cyanide. His remains are buried in Macon.
Baber's Macon home is a registered historic landmark and was formerly the home to the law firm of Chambless, Higdon, Richardson, Katz & Griggs, LLP which has now relocated.
Sources
"Ambrose Baber" entry of the Baber family tree
List of U.S. Chiefs of Mission to Italy
1793 births
1846 deaths
19th-century American diplomats
People from Buckingham County, Virginia
Physicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Accidental deaths in Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths by cyanide poisoning
People from Macon, Georgia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose%20Baber |
The miswak is a teeth-cleaning twig made from the Salvadora persica tree. The miswak's properties have been described thus: "Apart from their antibacterial activity which may help control the formation and activity of dental plaque, they can be used effectively as a natural toothbrush for teeth cleaning. Such sticks are effective, inexpensive, common, available, and contain many medical properties".
The miswak is predominant in Muslim-inhabited areas. It is commonly used in the Arabian peninsula, the Horn of Africa, North Africa, parts of the Sahel, the Indian subcontinent, and Central Asia.
Science
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the use of the miswak in 1986, but in 2000, an international consensus report on oral hygiene concluded that further research was needed to document the effect of the miswak. Some of this further research has been done on a population of 203, and concluded, "that the periodontal status of miswak users in this Sudanese population is better than that of toothbrush users". Yet another comparative study conducted on a sampling of 480 Saudi Arabian adults found that "the level of need for periodontal care in the sample chosen is low when compared with the findings of similar studies undertaken in other countries. The frequent use of the 'Miswak' was associated with a lower need for treatment".
Miswak extract vs. oral disinfectants
Studies indicate that Salvadora persica extract exhibits low antimicrobial activity compared to other oral disinfectants and anti-plaque agents like triclosan and chlorhexidine gluconate.
However, the benefits of triclosan were discounted by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2016 and its safety is uncertain as a hygiene product ingredient. Chlorhexidine gluconate was also linked to serious allergic reactions, albeit rarely.
Chemical composition
Salvadorine and benzylisothiocyanate appear to be responsible for the antibacterial activity of Miswak. The plant also contains insoluble fluoride in high concentration, calcium, salicylic acid, and some antioxidants of unclear function.
Other considerations
A 2016 paper has been published comparing human DNA left on used miswak and toothbrushes, including the effect of time, to determine whether miswak is a reasonable source of DNA when found at crime scenes. The conclusion was that miswak contains a high enough quantity of DNA, and retained good DNA profiling; and when compared to toothbrushes, miswak is a reasonable source of DNA for forensic profiling. In addition, time of storage up to four months had no or little effects on results.
Religious prescriptions
The use of the miswak is frequently advocated in the hadith (the traditions relating to the life of Muhammad). Situations where the miswak is recommended to be used include before or during wudu (ablution), on waking up in the morning, before going to the mosque, before entering one's house, before and after going on a journey, on Fridays, before sleeping and after waking up, when experiencing hunger or thirst and before entering any good gathering.
In addition to strengthening the gums, preventing tooth decay and eliminating toothaches, the miswak is said to halt further decay that has already set in. Furthermore, it is reputed to create a fragrance in the mouth, eliminate bad breath, improve sensitivity of taste-buds and promote cleaner teeth.
Hadiths concerning the miswak
It is often mentioned that the Islamic prophet Muhammad recommended the miswak'''s use. He is quoted in various hadith extolling its virtues:"Siwak" at searchtruth.com.
Alternative forms
Modern uses of arāk'' wood in oral hygiene expands beyond miswak itself. Extracts containing its active components have been added to mouthwash and toothpaste. There is also a German patent for similar formulations in pets.
References
Further reading
Islamic Research on Miswak (Dr. Al Sahli)
Khan, Tehmeena, Toothbrush (Miswak), in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014.
External links
Article on Miswak
The Miswaak Page - Guidelines and Information
IslamWeb
Dental equipment
Traditional medicine
Islamic culture
Islamic terminology
Preventive Dentistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miswak |
There are numerous codes of football in Victoria.
For Australian rules football see Australian rules football in Victoria. The main organising body is the Victorian Football League.
For Association football see Association football in Victoria. The main organising body is Football Federation Victoria.
For Rugby league football see the main organising body, the Victorian Rugby League. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20in%20Victoria |
A Corliss steam engine (or Corliss engine) is a steam engine, fitted with rotary valves and with variable valve timing patented in 1849, invented by and named after the US engineer George Henry Corliss of Providence, Rhode Island.
Engines fitted with Corliss valve gear offered the best thermal efficiency of any type of stationary steam engine until the refinement of the uniflow steam engine and steam turbine in the 20th century. Corliss engines were generally about 30 percent more fuel efficient than conventional steam engines with fixed cutoff. This increased efficiency made steam power more economical than water power, allowing industrial development away from millponds.
Corliss engines were typically used as stationary engines to provide mechanical power to line shafting in factories and mills and to drive dynamos to generate electricity. Many were quite large, standing many metres tall and developing several hundred horsepower, albeit at low speed, turning massive flywheels weighing several tons at about 100 revolutions per minute. Some of these engines have unusual roles as mechanical legacy systems and because of their relatively high efficiency and low maintenance requirements, some remain in service into the early 21st century. See, for example, the engines at the Hook Norton Brewery and the Distillerie Dillon in the list of operational engines.
Corliss engine mechanisms
Corliss engines have four valves for each cylinder, with steam and exhaust valves located at each end. Corliss engines incorporate distinct refinements in both the valves themselves and in the valve gear, that is, the system of linkages that operate the valves.
The use of separate valves for steam admission and exhaust means that neither the valves nor the steam passages between cylinders and valves need to change temperature during the power and exhaust cycle, and it means that the timing of the admission and exhaust valves can be independently controlled. In contrast, conventional steam engines have a slide valve or piston valve that alternately feeds and exhausts through passages to each end of the cylinder. These passages are exposed to wide temperature swings during engine operation, and there are high temperature gradients within the valve mechanism.
Clark (1891) commented that the Corliss gear "is essentially a combination of elements previously known and used separately, affecting the cylinder and the valve-gear". The origins of the Corliss gear with regard to previous steam valve gear was traced by Inglis (1868).
Corliss valve gear
George Corliss received for his valve gear on March 10, 1849. This patent covered the use of a wrist-plate to convey the valve motion from a single eccentric to the four valves of the engine, and it covered the use of trip valves with variable cutoff under governor control that characterize Corliss Engines. Unlike later engines, most of which were horizontal, this patent describes a vertical cylinder beam engine, and it used individual slide valves for admission and exhaust at each end of the cylinder.
The inlet valves are pulled open with an eccentric-driven pawl; when the pawl trips, the rapid closure is damped using a dashpot. In many engines, the same dashpot acts as a vacuum spring to pull the valves closed, but Corliss's early engines were slow enough that it was the weight of the dashpot piston and rod that closed the valve.
The speed of a Corliss engine is controlled by varying the cutoff of steam during each power stroke, while leaving the throttle wide open at all times. To accomplish this, the centrifugal governor is linked to a pair of cams, one for each admission valve. These cams determine the point during the piston stroke that the pawl will release, allowing that valve to close.
As with all steam engines where the cutoff can be regulated, the virtue of doing so lies in the fact that most of the power stroke is powered by the expansion of steam in the cylinder after the admission valve has closed. This comes far closer to the ideal Carnot cycle than is possible with an engine where the admission valve is open for the length of the power stroke and speed is regulated by a throttle valve.
The Corliss valve gearing allowed more uniform speed and better response to load changes, making it suitable for applications like rolling mills and spinning, and greatly expanding its use in manufacturing.
Corliss valves
Corliss valves open directly into the cylinder. The valves connect the cylinder to separate steam and exhaust plenums. Initially, Corliss used slide valves with linear actuators, but by 1851, Corliss had shifted to semi-rotary valve actuators, as documented in U.S. Patent 8253. In this engine, the wrist plate was moved to the center of the cylinder side, as on later Corliss engines. This was still a beam engine, however, and the semi-rotary valve actuators operated linear slide valves inside the four valve chests of the engine.
Corliss valves are in the form of a minor circular segment, rotating inside a cylindrical valve-face. Their actuating mechanism is off along the axis of the valve, thus they have little "dead space" such as the stem of a poppet valve and the entire port area can be used efficiently for gas flow.
As the area of a Corliss valve is small compared to the port area, the effects of gas flow generate relatively little torque on the valve axle compared to some other sorts of valve. These advantages have led to the Corliss form of valve being used in other roles, apart from steam engines with Corliss gear.
The Rolls-Royce Merlin aero-engine used a rectangular butterfly valve as a throttle. Gas-flow forces acting asymmetrically on this butterfly could lead to poor control of the power in some circumstances. Late models, from the 134, used a Corliss throttle valve instead to avoid this problem.
Barring and barring engines
A common feature of large Corliss engines is one or two sets of narrow gear teeth in the rim of the flywheel. These teeth allow the flywheel to be barred, that is, turned with the aid of a crowbar. This may be needed during engine maintenance, for example, to set the cutoff and admission valve timing, and it may be needed during engine starting.
The need for barring the engine during starting is most obvious on single-cylinder engines, where a careless engine operator might stop the engine with the piston in or near dead center. Once stopped in this state, the engine cannot be started under its own power, so it must be barred to a more favorable position for starting.
Large Corliss engines cannot be safely started cold, so it is common to admit low-pressure steam to both sides of the cylinder to warm up the metalwork. Turning the engine slowly during this process ensures that the entire engine is uniformly warmed, and it ensures that oil is uniformly distributed through the mechanism before applying power. Again, barring may be used to do this, although operators sometimes do this by careful manual manipulation of the valves.
For large engines, muscle powered barring is sufficiently difficult that barring engines are frequently installed. These are small engines with gear teeth cut to mate with the teeth on the flywheel. Generally, the drive gears of the barring engine are designed to automatically disengage if the engine begins running under its own power while the barring gears are engaged.
Company history
The Corliss Steam Engine Company was originally known as Fairbanks, Clark & Co. in the 1830s. In 1843 it was renamed Fairbanks, Bancroft & Co. when Edward Bancroft joined the company. In 1846 it was renamed Bancroft, Nightingale & Co. when George H. Corliss joined the company, and in 1847 it was renamed Corliss, Nightingale and Co. In 1848 the company moved to the Charles Street Railroad Crossing in Providence, Rhode Island.
In 1857 the company was renamed for the last time to Corliss Steam Engine Company. By 1864 Corliss bought out his partners and was the sole owner of the company. In 1900 the Corliss Steam Engine Company was purchased by the International Power Company. In 1905 it was purchased by the American and British Manufacturing Company. In 1925 the company merged into Franklin Machine Company. By then Franklin Machine Company was already owned by the William A. Harris Steam Engine Company.
By 1859, all of the key features of what we now know as the Corliss engine were in place. Patents granted to Corliss and others incorporated rotary valves and crank shafts in-line with the cylinders. See, for example, Corliss' U.S. Patent 24,618, granted July 5, 1859. Competing inventors worked hard to invent alternatives to Corliss' mechanisms; they generally avoided Corlis's use of a wrist plate and adopted alternative releasing mechanisms for the steam valves, as in Jamieson's U.S. Patent 19,640, granted March 16, 1858.
Corliss' 1849 patent expired in 1870; the term of this patent had been extended by U.S. Patent reissue 200 on May 13, 1851, and U.S. Patent reissues 758 and 763 on July 12, 1859. B. Hick and Son were first to introduce the Corliss engine into the United Kingdom about 1864. After 1870, numerous other companies began to manufacture Corliss engines. Among them, the William A. Harris Steam Engine Company, the Worthington Pump and Machinery Company, and Allis-Chalmers. In general, these machines were referred to as Corliss engines regardless of who made them.
Centennial Engine
The Corliss Centennial Engine was an all-inclusive, specially built rotative beam engine that powered virtually all of the exhibits at the United State Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876 through shafts totaling over a mile in length. Switched on by President Ulysses S. Grant and Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, the engine was in public view for the duration of the fair.
The engine was configured as two cylinders side by side. Each cylinder was bored to with a stroke of . The Centennial Engine was tall, had a flywheel in diameter, and produced . After the fair it was disassembled and shipped back to Corliss's plant in Providence. Seven years later it was sold and powered a Chicago factory owned by George Pullman until 1910, when it was sold as scrap.
This engine became a cultural icon, so much so that to many modern historians the term Corliss Engine (or Corliss Steam Engine) refers to this specific engine and not to the broad class of engines fitted with Corliss valve gear.
List of operational engines
Notable people
William Wright (engineer)
See also
Corliss Steam Engine (Pawnee, Oklahoma)
Piston valve
Poppet valve
Sleeve valve
Slide valve
Steam locomotive nomenclature
Trip valve gear
Valve gear
Variable valve timing
References
Popular Mechanics Monthly Magazine of April 1907, commented on page 416, near the bottom right of the page, the Corliss Engine can be made to do more work by raising the boiler pressure, increasing the speed or giving less laps to the steam valves.
External links
Chapter 14 of Audel's Engineer's and Mechanic's Guide by Frank D. Graham.
Corliss History from the New England Wireless and Steam Museum.
Corliss Steam Engine Basics from the Stationary Steam Preservation web pages of the Camp Creek Threshers.
Corliss Steam Engine Co. Centennial Engine images at the New England Wireless and Steam Museum website.
Denton Farm Park, Denton North Carolina
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT NO. 286 NEW YORK, JUNE 25, 1881: 1000 hp Corliss Engine The Saltaire Engine, a Hick Hargreaves engine with illustrations.
Engine valves
Stationary steam engines
Steam engines
History of the steam engine
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corliss%20steam%20engine |
International standard ISO/IEC 11801 Information technology — Generic cabling for customer premises specifies general-purpose telecommunication cabling systems (structured cabling) that are suitable for a wide range of applications (analog and ISDN telephony, various data communication standards, building control systems, factory automation). It is published by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25/WG 3 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). It covers both balanced copper cabling and optical fibre cabling.
The standard was designed for use within commercial premises that may consist of either a single building or of multiple buildings on a campus. It was optimized for premises that span up to 3 km, up to 1 km2 office space, with between 50 and 50,000 persons, but can also be applied for installations outside this range.
A major revision was released in November 2017, unifying requirements for commercial, home and industrial networks.
Classes and categories
The standard defines several link/channel classes and cabling categories of twisted-pair copper interconnects, which differ in the maximum frequency for which a certain channel performance is required:
Class A: Up to 100 kHz using Category 1 cable and connectors
Class B: Up to 1 MHz using Category 2 cable and connectors
Class C: Up to 16 MHz using Category 3 cable and connectors
Class D: Up to 100 MHz using Category 5e cable and connectors
Class E: Up to 250 MHz using Category 6 cable and connectors
Class EA: Up to 500 MHz using category 6A cable and connectors (Amendments 1 and 2 to ISO/IEC 11801, 2nd Ed.)
Class F: Up to 600 MHz using Category 7 cable and connectors
Class FA: Up to 1000 MHz using Category 7A cable and connectors (Amendments 1 and 2 to ISO/IEC 11801, 2nd Ed.)
Class BCT-B: Up to 1000 MHz using with coaxial cabling for BCT applications. (ISO/IEC 11801-1, Edition 1.0 2017-11)
Class I: Up to 2000 MHz using Category 8.1 cable and connectors (ISO/IEC 11801-1, Edition 1.0 2017-11)
Class II: Up to 2000 MHz using Category 8.2 cable and connectors (ISO/IEC 11801-1, Edition 1.0 2017-11)
The standard link impedance is 100 Ω. (The older 1995 version of the standard also permitted 120 Ω and 150 Ω in Classes A−C, but this was removed from the 2002 edition.)
The standard defines several classes of optical fiber interconnect:
OM1*: Multimode, 62.5 μm core; minimum modal bandwidth of 200 MHz·km at 850 nm
OM2*: Multimode, 50 μm core; minimum modal bandwidth of 500 MHz·km at 850 nm
OM3: Multimode, 50 μm core; minimum modal bandwidth of 2000 MHz·km at 850 nm
OM4: Multimode, 50 μm core; minimum modal bandwidth of 4700 MHz·km at 850 nm
OM5: Multimode, 50 μm core; minimum modal bandwidth of 4700 MHz·km at 850 nm and 2470 MHz·km at 953 nm
OS1*: Single-mode, maximum attenuation 1 dB/km at 1310 and 1550 nm
OS1a: Single-mode, maximum attenuation 1 dB/km at 1310, 1383, and 1550 nm
OS2: Single-mode, maximum attenuation 0.4 dB/km at 1310, 1383, and 1550 nm
*Grandfathered
OM5
OM5 fiber is designed for wideband applications using SWDM multiplexing of 4–16 carriers (40G=4λ×10G, 100G=4λ×25G, 400G=4×4λ×25G) in the 850–953 nm range.
Category 7
Class F channel and Category 7 cable are backward compatible with Class D/Category 5e and Class E/Category 6. Class F features even stricter specifications for crosstalk and system noise than Class E. To achieve this, shielding was added for individual wire pairs and the cable as a whole. Unshielded cables rely on the quality of the twists to protect from EMI. This involves a tight twist and carefully controlled design. Cables with individual shielding per pair such as Category 7 rely mostly on the shield and therefore have pairs with longer twists.
The Category 7 cable standard was ratified in 2002, and primarily introduced to support 10 gigabit Ethernet over 100 m of copper cabling. It contains four twisted copper wire pairs, just like the earlier standards, terminated either with GG45 electrical connectors or with TERA connectors rated for transmission frequencies of up to 600 MHz.
However, in 2006, Category 6A was ratified for Ethernet to allow 10 Gbit/s while still using the conventional 8P8C connector. Care is required to avoid signal degradation by mixing cable and connectors not designed for that use, however similar. Most manufacturers of active equipment and network cards have chosen to support the 8P8C for their 10 gigabit Ethernet products on copper and not the GG45, ARJ45, or TERA. Therefore, the Category 6 specification was revised to Category 6A to permit this use; products therefore require a Class EA channel (ie, Cat 6A).
some equipment has been introduced which has connectors supporting the Class F (Category 7) channel.
Note, however, that Category 7 is not recognized by the TIA/EIA.
Category 7A
Class FA (Class F Augmented) channels and Category 7A cables, introduced by ISO 11801 Edition 2 Amendment 2 (2010), are defined at frequencies up to 1000 MHz, suitable for multiple applications including CATV (862 MHz).
The intent of the Class FA was to possibly support the future 40 gigabit Ethernet: 40GBASE-T. Simulation results have shown that 40 gigabit Ethernet may be possible at 50 meters and 100 gigabit Ethernet at 15 meters. In 2007, researchers at Pennsylvania State University predicted that either 32 nm or 22 nm circuits would allow for 100 gigabit Ethernet at 100 meters.
However, in 2016, the IEEE 802.3bq working group ratified the amendment 3 which defines 25GBASE-T and 40GBASE-T on Category 8 cabling specified to 2000 MHz. The Class FA therefore does not support 40G Ethernet.
As of 2017 there is no equipment that has connectors supporting the Class FA (Category 7A) channel.
Category 7A is not recognized in TIA/EIA.
Category 8
Category 8 was ratified by the TR43 working group under ANSI/TIA 568-C.2-1. It is defined up to 2000 MHz and only for distances up to 30 m or 36 m, depending on the patch cords used.
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25/WG 3 developed the equivalent standard ISO/IEC 11801-1:2017/COR 1:2018, with two options:
Class I channel (Category 8.1 cable): minimum cable design U/FTP or F/UTP, fully backward compatible and interoperable with Class EA (Category 6A) using 8P8C connectors;
Class II channel (Category 8.2 cable): F/FTP or S/FTP minimum, interoperable with Class FA (Category 7A) using TERA or GG45.
Category 8 cabling was designed primarily for data centers where distances between switches and servers are short and is not intended for general office cabling.
Abbreviations for twisted pairs
Annex E, Acronyms for balanced cables, provides a system to specify the exact construction for both unshielded and shielded balanced twisted pair cables. It uses three letters - U for unshielded, S for braided shielding, and F for foil shielding - to form a two-part abbreviation in the form of xx/xTP, where the first part specifies the type of overall cable shielding, and the second part specifies shielding for individual cable elements.
Common cable types include U/UTP (unshielded cable); U/FTP (individual pair shielding without the overall screen); F/UTP, S/UTP, or SF/UTP (overall screen without individual shielding); and F/FTP, S/FTP, or SF/FTP (overall screen with individual foil shielding).
2017 edition
In November 2017, a new edition was released by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25 "Interconnection of information technology equipment". It is a major revision of the standard which has unified several prior standards for commercial, home, and industrial networks, as well as data centers, and defines requirements for generic cabling and distributed building networks.
The new series of standards replaces the former 11801 standard and includes six parts:
Versions
ISO/IEC 11801:1995 (Ed. 1)
ISO/IEC 11801:2000 (Ed. 1.1) – Edition 1, Amendment 1
ISO/IEC 11801:2002 (Ed. 2)
ISO/IEC 11801:2008 (Ed. 2.1) – Edition 2, Amendment 1
ISO/IEC 11801:2010 (Ed. 2.2) – Edition 2, Amendment 2
ISO/IEC 11801-1:2017, -1:2017/Cor 1:2018, -2:2017, -3:2017, -3:2017/Amd 1:2021, -3:2017/Cor 1:2018, -4:2017, -4:2017/Cor 1:2018, -5:2017, -5:2017/Cor 1:2018, -6:2017, -6:2017/Cor 1:2018 ( this set is current.)
See also
Ethernet over twisted pair
Twisted pair
TIA/EIA-568
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25
References
Further reading
International standard ISO/IEC 11801: Information technology — Generic cabling for customer premises''.
European standard EN 50173: Information technology — Generic cabling systems. 1995.
11801
Telecommunications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC%2011801 |
Ulf Stenlund (born 21 January 1967) is a former tennis player from Sweden, who won one single (1986, Palermo) and one doubles (1987, Bari) title during his professional career. The right-hander reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 23 in April 1987.
Career finals
Singles (1 title)
Doubles (1 title)
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
Swedish male tennis players
Sportspeople from Falun | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulf%20Stenlund |
Rawlins Cross is a Celtic band that formed in 1988 in Atlantic Canada. With members from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Ontario, the band took its name from an intersection in St. John's, Newfoundland.
Formation and early history
Rawlins Cross was formed in St. John's in the late 1980s by songwriting brothers Dave Panting (guitar and mandolin), Geoff Panting (keyboards and accordion) and Ian McKinnon (highland pipes and tin whistle). They then added drummer Pamela Paton and bassist Lorne Taylor to the band.
The band started in the East Coast recording scene in late 1989 with its first independently released recording, A Turn of the Wheel; a video for the single "Colleen" was released the same year. after its release, "Colleen" had a top ten radio slot on Toronto's CFNY station. In 1991, Lorne Taylor left the band, with Derek Pelley briefly replacing Taylor on bass. Prior to the recording of their sophomore album, Crossing The Border, Pamela Paton left in late 1991, to be replaced by Tom Roach. Bassist Derek Pelley left in early 1992, and was replaced by Brian Bourne.
Popularity and mainstream success
In 1992, the band released Crossing The Border, which further developed the fusion of highland bagpipes, mandolin and accordion with a rhythm section. A year later, after Rawlins Cross brought in drummer Howie Southwood, the band recorded Reel 'n' Roll, which would be its best-selling album and launch a national radio hit with the title track. Prior to the recording of Reel 'n' Roll, Prince Edward Island singer Joey Kitson joined the band as the new lead singer. Prior to Kitson joining the band, guitarist Dave Panting sang lead vocals for the band on the albums, A Turn of the Wheel and Crossing The Border.
Rawlins Cross released Living River in 1996, which garnered two Juno Award nominations. The band toured Canada three times that year and signed a licensing deal for its music in Europe.
Rawlins Cross performed live on the nationally televised East Coast Music Awards and performed at the ninth annual St. Patrick's Day Celebration Festival in Germany and also represented Canada at the Expo Cumbre de las Americas in Santiago, Chile.
Two more albums followed: Celtic Instrumentals in 1997, a retrospective collection, and the 1998 studio album Make It On Time, which would prove to be the band's last album for more than a decade.
Following a six-year hiatus, Rawlins Cross reunited in the fall of 2008 and released its seventh recording, Anthology. In November 2010, they released their eighth album, Heart Head Hands. Their next recording, Rock Steady, was recorded at Codapop Studios (in Halifax, Nova Scotia) and released in December 2017 with the single, "Hold You Tonight".
Style
Rawlins Cross mixed Scottish, Irish, Celtic, and rock 'n' roll elements. Their style ranged from Celtic-instrumental to blues to folk, always with a strong rhythmic feeling, and combined contemporary song stylings with traditional instrumentation and story elements. The principal songwriters were brothers Dave and Geoff Panting.
After vocalist Joey Kitson joined the band in 1993, a number of the songs on the first two CDs, including "Turn Of the Wheel", "MacPherson's Lament", "Colleen" and "Open Road" were recorded again with Kitson singing lead, and released on subsequent recordings.
Band members
Joey Kitson — lead vocals, harmonica (1993–present)
Dave Panting — mandolin, guitar, banjo, harmonica, bouzouki, background vocals, songwriting (1988–present), lead vocals (1988-1993)
Geoff Panting — accordion, keyboard, background vocals, songwriting (1988–present)
Ian McKinnon — bagpipe, tin whistle, bodhran, trumpet, percussion, jaw harp (1988–present)
Brian Bourne — Chapman Stick, bass, background vocals (1992–present)
Howie Southwood — drums (1993–present)
Former band members
Pamela Paton — drums (1988-1991)
Lorne Taylor —bass (1988-1991)
Derek Pelley — bass (1991-1992)
Tom Roach — drums (1991-1993)
Discography
Albums
Singles
Awards and nominations
1997 Juno Awards
Nominations
Best Roots/Traditional Album - Living River
Best Album Design - Living River
1999 East Coast Music Awards
Winner
Best Roots/Traditional
Nominations
Entertainer of the Year
Best Group of the Year
References
External links
Rawlins Cross Official Website
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
Musical groups reestablished in 2008
Musical groups from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Canadian folk rock groups
Canadian Celtic music groups
Celtic rock groups
1988 establishments in Newfoundland and Labrador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawlins%20Cross |
The Vassil Levski National Sports Academy (), commonly referred to as the NSA, is Bulgaria's premiere higher education institution specializing in teaching physical education. It is named after national hero Vasil Levski.
History
The academy was established in 1942 by a decree of Tsar Boris III as the Higher School for Physical Education (). It was named Higher Institute for Physical Education and Sport () from 1953 to 1995.
In 1995, by decision of the National Assembly, the VIF was renamed the National Sports Academy. Discover a new, modernly-equipped educational building in the Student Town of Darvenica. A high-mountain training base at the Vitosha National Academy was created during that time.
Academics
The university offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in a wide variety of sports-related disciplines. Curricula are distributed among three faculties:
Faculty of Coaching
Faculty of Physical Education
Faculty of Kinesiotherapy, Tourism, and Sports Animation
Careers
The alumni of the National Sports Academy have found professional realization as:
Coaches of club or national teams, as well as trainers in youth sports academies;
Teachers and lecturers in physical education and sports at kindergartens, schools, and universities;
Kinesitherapists or physiotherapists in hospitals, sanatoriums, and rehabilitation centers;
Instructors in fitness and SPA centers;
Sport Animators in sports and leisure centers;
Trainers of people with disabilities and special educational needs;
Sports Psychologists of elite athletes and teams;
Managers of sports clubs, fitness centers, sports facilities, sports federations, and associations;
Sports journalists and commentators in electronic and print media;
Specialists in physical and martial applied training in the system of Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Defense.
Basketball
National Sports Academy men's basketball team won Bulgarian Cup in 1964.
Cricket
In September 2020, the ground was selected to host the first official T20I matches played in Bulgaria.
References
National Institutes of Sport
Universities and colleges in Sofia
Sports academies
Sports universities and colleges
Educational institutions established in 1942
1942 establishments in Bulgaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Sports%20Academy%20%22Vasil%20Levski%22 |
Tobermore (), ) is a small village in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland named after the townland of Tobermore. The village, which has a predominantly Protestant population, lies south-south-west of Maghera and north-west of Magherafelt. Tobermore is within the civil parish of Kilcronaghan and is part of Mid-Ulster District. It was also part of the former barony of Loughinsholin.
Tobermore has won the Best Kept Small Village award four times and the Best Kept Large Village award in 1986. In September 2011, Tobermore won the Translink Ulster in Bloom village category for the third year in a row.
Etymology
Tobermore is named after the townland of Tobermore which is an anglicisation of the Irish words tobar meaning "well" and mór meaning "big/great", thus Tobermore means "big/great well". During the seventeenth century, Tobermore was also known as Tobarmore and Tubbermore, with Tubbermore being the preferred usage of the Masonic Order even to this day.
Topography
Tobermore lies on the descending slope of Slieve Gallion. Prominent hills are: Calmore Hill (in Calmore), ; and Fortwilliam (in Tobermore), high.
A large oak tree called the Royal Oak grew near Calmore Castle in Tobermore. Until it was destroyed in a heavy storm, the Royal Oak was said to have been so large that horsemen on horseback could not touch one another with their whips across it. From this vague description, it is conjectured that the Royal Oak was about in diameter or in circumference. Another oak tree that once grew near Tobermore was so tall and straight that it was known as the Fishing Rod. Tradition is that all of the townlands were once covered with magnificent oak trees.
The Moyola River runs from west to east half a mile to the north of Tobermore village, heading through the townlands of Ballynahone Beg and Ballynahone More. In these two townlands lies Ballynahone Bog, one of the largest lowland raised bogs in Northern Ireland.
History
Origins
The earliest reference to the actual settlement of Tobermore is in the mid-18th century of a house built in 1727 that belonged to a James Moore. At some point in the 18th century, the fair that was held at the Gort of the parish church was relocated to Tobermore, which is described as consisting of only Moore's house and a few mud huts. The development and growth of the village can be traced back to this period.
Pre-modern history
Fortwilliam Hill
Fortwilliam Hill is situated between the Fortwilliam, Lisnamuck, and Maghera roads in Tobermore, overlooking the River Moyola. Upon it lies Fortwilliam rath, which was built c. 700–1000 AD, and Fortwilliam House, a listed building, built in 1795 by John Stevenson Esq of "The Stevensons the Linen People". The rath was historically known under variations of Donnagrenan, which is most likely derived from the Irish Dún na Grianán, meaning "fort of the eminent place". Its modern name like that of the adjacent house were bestowed upon them by Mr. Jackson, who named it after Fort William, Scotland, which was named in honour of King William III in 1690. A contradictory reason mentioned by John O'Donovan is that the O'Hagans of Ballynascreen claimed it was built and named for Sir William O'Hagan, however, O'Donovan discounts their claims due to other claims they make that are contrary to reality.
Fortwilliam rath is presently described as a well-preserved semi-defensive high status monument, built to withstand passing raids, being relatively large at 30 meters in diameter. It is also declared a monument of regional importance giving it statutory protective status. Fortwilliam House was described by John MacCloskey in 1821 as having a commanding position and being amongst the most pleasing of buildings and the most prominent in the district.
Kilcronaghan parish church
Presbyterian congregation
The first Presbyterian congregation that serviced Tobermore and the general Loughinsholin barony area was founded in Knockloughrim in 1696.
In 1736, an application was made to the Presbyterian Synod of Ulster to create a congregation in Tobermore. This initial request was denied as it would have depleted the congregation in neighbouring Maghera. In 1737 a renewed application was made with "such a strong case" put forward it was accepted by the Synod.
It was requested that some of the people who would fall under the new congregation be at least eight miles from Maghera.
The boundaries between the congregations of Maghera and Tobermore were to be the Moyola River, from Newforge Bridge to Corrin Bridge. In 1743 however, nineteen families from Ballynahone, which straddles the Moyola River, were transferred from Maghera into the Tobermore congregation. The fourth minister of the Tobermore congregation, the Reverend William Brown, saw the need for the formation of a new congregation in Draperstown and facilitated its development in 1835 despite meaning losing around 70 families from his Tobermore congregation.
Volunteers and yeomanry
In November 1780, a meeting was convened of the Tobermore Volunteer company, commanded by John Stevenson, at which the Reverend James Whiteside preached.
At several points during the 19th century, the British parliament commissioned reports listing the Yeomanry officers of Ireland. For Tobermore the following are listed:
1804 report - Kilcronaghan division of the Loughinsholin Battalion: Captain James Stephenson, commissioned 5 November 1803; Lieutenant Robert Bryan, commissioned 13 March 1804; and Samuel M'Gown (McGowan), also commissioned on 13 March 1804.
1825 report - Tobermore corps: Captain James Stevenson, commissioned 18 November 1808. No lieutenants are listed.
1834 report - "Tobbermore" corps: Captain James Stevenson, commissioned 18 November 1808; Lieutenant John Stevenson, commissioned 5 March 1831; and Lieutenant H. Stevenson.
Non-payment of rents
During the early nineteenth century, the inhabitants of Tobermore are recorded as having displayed a very unruly disposition towards the payment of their rents towards their landlord Mr. Miller of Moneymore. It is stated that the inhabitants resisted the "pounding of their cattle, executed by him, with pitchforks and sundry other primitive implements of warfare". When they found that resistance was useless they employed Mr. Costello, one of the orators of the Corn Exchange to litigate their cause at the Magherafelt sessions, but here they were also unsuccessful.
A chancery lawsuit going on between Ball and Co. of Dublin and Sir George Hill operated as an obstruction to the improvement of the village as it stood upon the estate disputed with non-payment of rents. The main reason for the non-payment was that the tenants didn't believe they had sufficient security in their rent receipts to prevent repetition for the same year's rent.
During the same period, it is noted that there was no illicit distillation of alcohol and no outrages for many years in the village except for a few assaults in the street on those who came to collect the rent. After the repayment of rents resumed it was remarked that "they were so long free of rent, none of them became in the end, the least degree richer", this may have been because as it was also remarked "their rent money which if saved every year would have secured some of them a comfortable competence found its way to the whiskey shops of the village and neighbourhood".
Orange and Temperance Hall
Tobermore Orange and Temperance Hall was built in 1888 by Andrew Johnston of Aghagaskin, Magherafelt. It is used for band practices and also by several organisations: Orange Order lodges 131 and 684; Royal Black Preceptory lodge 390; the Tobermore Walker Club of the Apprentice Boys of Derry; and Tobermore Masonic Lodge.
Modern history
Home Rule
The major issue in Ireland at the end of the nineteenth century and the start of the twentieth century was Irish Home Rule. In 1893 Viscount Templeton formed the first Unionist Clubs to coordinate opposition against Home Rule. Hiram Parkes Wilkinson the son of Sir Hiram Shaw Wilkinson would found the Tobermore Unionist Club.
The Rev. J. Walker Brown in 1912 released an anti-Home Rule pamphlet titled The Siege of Tobermore, where he details how best to defend Tobermore should "the enemy" march upon the village in a manner similar to that of the Siege of Derry.
Tobermore also receives a mention in the third verse of the anti-Home Rule ballad titled The Union Cruiser.
World War I
During World War I, 121 inhabitants of Tobermore, out of a population of around 350, enlisted with the Ulster Division, with the Mid Ulster Mail reporting that "This loyal little village has a war record that is perhaps unique". Of those who enlisted, 24 were killed and 33 were wounded.
The names of those who volunteered are preserved on a Roll of Honour painted by local man, Samuel Nelson, and was unveiled by Denis Henry, MP for South Londonderry. This Roll of Honour resides in Tobermore Orange & Temperance Hall.
In Tobermore's Presbyterian graveyard lies the headstone of Bobbie Wisner, who died of natural causes at home in 1915. As he had trained and drilled with his adult comrades in the 36th Ulster Division, and was held in such high esteem, he was buried with full military honours.
Victory Day
In 1946, Tobermore held a World War II Victory Fete. The Constitution newspaper states: "It was the first venture of its kind held in South Derry, and it was also among the first organised 'Victory Day' celebrations to take place in the Province. Not only that, but Tobermore's 'Victory Salute' to that great achievement which crowned the Allied arms so magnificently little over a year ago, was availed of to give practical expression to the pride which the people of South Derry generally take..." The Constitution also states: "In the preparatory arrangements nothing was left undone to ensure that it would prove a resounding success and certainly Tobermore's Victory Fete will long be regarded as one of the most memorable ventures in the district."
The Victory Fete was attended by Sir Ronald Ross, MP for the City and County of Londonderry, the band of the 1st Battalion Royal Ulster Rifles and the local units of the Maghera and Tobermore Army Cadet Force.
The Troubles
Before the modern Troubles, during the period of the Belfast Troubles (1920–1922), there was an attempt on Wednesday, 2 April 1921, to blow up the bridge over the Moyola River outside Tobermore.
During the modern Troubles, Tobermore came under an area known by some as the Murder triangle. All of the people killed in the Tobermore area were Protestant:
Samuel Porter (30), killed 22 November 1972 by the IRA, Nelson was a member of the Ulster Defence Regiment, and was shot dead outside his home in Ballynahone while off-duty.
Noel Davis (22), killed 24 May 1975 by the INLA. Davis was a member of the Royal Ulster Constabulary. He was murdered by a booby trapped bomb in an abandoned car in Ballynahone, outside Tobermore.
Alexander Watters (62), killed 16 March 1977 - A civilian, Watters was shot dead whilst cycling along the road between Tobermore and Draperstown. It is not known what group killed him or for what reason.
On 7 September 1968, divisions of the Ulster Protestant Volunteers, paraded through Tobermore. It consisted of eight bands and around 450 people, most of whom wore Ulster Constitution Defence Committee sashes. Ian Paisley and Free Presbyterian ministers featured prominently in the parade.
In October 1972, an Ulster Vanguard political rally was held in Tobermore, where Ulster Unionist Party deputy leader, John Taylor, made a speech on the use of violence stating: "We should make it clear that force means death and fighting, and whoever gets in our way, whether republicans or those sent by the British government, there would be killings".
There were four bomb hoaxes in Tobermore during 2010 the most recent on 29 July 2010 and 19 August 2010, both found in the centre of the village causing a lot of traffic disruption and resulting in people being evacuated from their homes.
21st century
On 29 July 2006, Ronald Mackie, who was visiting from Scotland to attend a loyalist band parade in nearby Maghera, was kicked and beaten before being run over and killed after a row flared during a disco held at Tobermore United Football Club. Four men were charged and two; John Richard Stewart, from Maghera, and Paul Johnston, from Castledawson, were later convicted of manslaughter.
On 16 August 2008, over twelve hours of torrential rain caused the Moyola River to burst its banks and saw the flooding of the main Tobermore-Maghera road, the neighbouring football club buildings and pitch of Tobermore United F.C. and Tobermore Golf Driving Range.
Local culture
Every seven years the 12 July Orange Order parade for the region is held in Tobermore, the most recent being 2022. In 2005, The Twelfth in Tobermore saw the participation of the Birmingham Sons of William LOL 1003 from Birmingham, Alabama. As with many other settlements in Northern Ireland, Tobermore has what is known as the Eleventh night, the night before the 12 July Orange Order celebrations. The traditional activities of the Eleventh Night include the playing of Lambeg drums, the parading of the town by the local blood and thunder band and the lighting of a bonfire.
Local bands
Tobermore also contains two flute bands; Tobermore Loyal F.B. and Blackhill F.B., both of which partake in the Unionist Marching Season. Previous bands include Tobermore Flute Band which was founded shortly after 1855 and was in existence until 1914 when it disbanded due to World War I. It reformed after the war in 1918 and played until 1934. In 1934 the Duke of York Accordion Band was formed. In 1981 an 85-year-old ticket for "A Grand Ball" in connection with Tobermore Flute Band was sent to the Mid-Ulster Mail for publication. This ball was held on Friday evening, 23 October 1896.
Millrow Flute Band was a former Tobermore blood and thunder band, founded in the early 1970s, disbanding in 2000. It was during the 70s that the blood and thunder style became popular with loyalist bands. Millrow used the style to quickly become one of the biggest and most famous loyalist bands of the 1970s/80s. In 1977, Millrow F.B. released an LP and also featured on a CD titled Ulster's Greatest Bands Meet, featuring three other flute bands, where Millrow contributed more tunes to the CD than any of the other three bands did on their own.
Parades
According to the Parades Commission there were nine parades or processions in Tobermore in 2011, twelve in 2012, which included the regional Twelfth celebrations, and eight in 2013. They range from the local flute band Tobermore Loyal, the Tobermore branch of the Walker Club of the Apprentice Boys of Derry, the Royal British Legion, the Royal Black Institution, the Boy's Brigade, and the local Orange Order lodge.
Masonic order
Tobermore has its own Masonic Order lodge with the lodge name of Eureka and lodge number 309. At the time of its founding, Tobermore was commonly referred to as Tubbermore and lodge 309 is still referred to by the Masonic Order as being situated in Tubbermore.
In 1747, a warrant was issued for the creation of a Dublin Masonic Lodge, lodge number 169. On 5 September 1765, this warrant was cancelled, however by 7 March 1811, the 169 lodge had resurfaced in Magherafelt. On 1 December 1825, the 169 lodge was removed from Magherafelt to Tobermore where, by 1838, it had moved onto Moneymore. The 169 lodge since 1895 has been situated in Belfast.
Politics
Tobermore lies within the Tobermore electoral ward of Magherafelt District Council's Sperrin electoral region. Tobermore ward being the only ward in Sperrin with a Protestant majority is regarded as the main base of support for the sole Unionist councillor elected for Sperrin since its inception (except in 1977 when two Unionist councillors were elected). Between 1985 and 2005, the sole Unionist councillor elected for Sperrin was a Tobermore resident; 1985–1989 W. Richardson (Ulster Unionist Party); 1989–2005 R. Montgomery (UUP, Independent).
Tobermore has belonged to the following constituencies:
UK Parliament constituencies
Londonderry - 1801–85 (abolished and divided into North and South Londonderry)
South Londonderry - 1885–1922 (abolished and merged with North Londonderry)
Londonderry - 1922–85
(abolished and divided into Foyle and East Londonderry)
East Londonderry - 1985–95 (boundary change)
Mid Ulster - 1995–present
Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies
Londonderry - 1921–29 (abolished)
South Londonderry - 1929–73 (abolished)
Northern Ireland Assembly constituencies
Mid-Ulster - 1998–present
Northern Ireland local government
Magherafelt Poor Law Union - 1838–98
Magherafelt Rural Sanitary District - 1878–98
Magherafelt Rural District (Ireland) - 1898–1921
Magherafelt Rural District (Northern Ireland) - 1921–73
Magherafelt District Council - 1973–2015
Mid-Ulster District Council - 2015
Demography
As of the 2011 census, Tobermore had a population of 827 people. 5.1% were from a Catholic background and 90.5% were from a Protestant background.
Notable people
Dr. Adam Clarke (1762–1832) – British Methodist theologian and Biblical scholar born in the townland of Moybeg north of Tobermore village.
Alexander Carson (1776–1844) – Irish Baptist pastor and author of Baptism, Its Mode and Subjects. In dedication to Alexander Carson, his church in Tobermore, founded in 1814, was named the Carson Memorial, and a housing estate opposite it named Carson Court.
Harry Gregg MBE (1932-2020) – Former Manchester United and Northern Ireland goalkeeper. Gregg was born in Tobermore though grew up in Coleraine.
Hiram Parkes Wilkinson, BCL, KC (1866–1935) – Son of Sir Hiram Shaw Wilkinson (see below), who served as Crown Advocate in Shanghai from 1897 to 1925 and as a Judge of the High Court of Weihaiwei from 1916 to 1925. Upon his retirement in 1925, Wilkinson moved to Moneyshanere. He founded the Tobermore Unionist Club, which later became a branch of the Ulster Volunteers. He returned to China in 1932 and died in Shanghai in 1935.
Sir Hiram Shaw Wilkinson, JP, DL (1840–1926) – British judge and diplomat, who served as Crown Advocate in Shanghai from 1881 to 1897. He was appointed Judge of the British Court for Japan in 1897 and, in 1900, became Chief Justice of the British Supreme Court for China and Corea. After retirement, he moved to the townland of Moneyshanere, outside Tobermore, where he died in 1926.
Education
Before the establishment of national primary schools, education lay mainly in the hands of the church. In Tobermore the Church of Ireland parish of Kilcronaghan has records of its school masters going as far back as Mr. Alex Trotter in 1686. The Parish School was originally built in the townland of Granny on the leading road between Tobermore and Draperstown. Despite being a Church of Ireland Parish School, it was open to children of all denominations. In 1836, there were 70 children recorded on the roll with 28 being described as Church of Ireland, 20 Presbyterian, 2 Roman Catholic, and 20 "other denominations". Secular education such as arithmetic was taught as well as English. The local Presbyterian Church would also found its own school held in the Session House at the rear of the Presbyterian meeting house. Private session classes for adults would also be held twice a week in the Presbyterian Session House.
Tobermore's first public school was established in 1817 in a room that was formerly a public house. It received an income from the London Hibernian Society as well as books published by them such as Thompson and Gough's Arithmetic and Murray's English Grammar. This school is now the present-day Tobermore Primary School. In 1826, Killytoney National School was established. It was built on the old leading road between Tobermore and Desertmartin and has been connected to the National Board since 1833. During this time, there were also another seven schools in Kilcronaghan Parish; four female schools, one of which in the townland of Brackagh Rowley (sic) was an Irish speaking school; an Irish male school; and two national schools. By 1967, Kilcronaghan Parish School had closed and was amalgamated with Black Hill School and Sixtowns School to become the present-day Kilross Primary School.
There are two schools in the Tobermore area, both within the North Eastern Education and Library Board area. These include Tobermore Primary School and Kilross Primary School.
For secondary education, students from the Tobermore electoral ward mainly attend schools in Magherafelt and to a lesser degree Draperstown. Tobermore ward also has the highest education performance of any ward within Magherafelt District Council, with 88.8% of students achieving 5 or more GCSEs at grades of C+ or higher in 2008. This is compared to averages of: 71.8% for Magherafelt District Council; 70.1% for Mid-Ulster parliamentary constituency; and 66.9% for Northern Ireland.
Sport
Tobermore United F.C. is the local association football club. As of 2022, the club were playing in the NIFL Premier Intermediate League. Tobermore United are known as the only club George Best played competitively for in Northern Ireland. The match, in which he played, took place in February 1984.
The village has a dart team, the Diamond Bar Dart Team. In the 2004/05 season they won the South Derry Darts 2nd Division League and South Derry 2nd Division League Cup.
The Tobermore Golf Driving Range, which opened in 1995, is a two-tier structure containing 34 bays.
See also
List of villages in Northern Ireland
List of towns in Northern Ireland
References
Villages in County Londonderry
Civil parish of Kilcronaghan
Mid-Ulster District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobermore |
Damir Keretić (born 26 March 1960) is a ex-professional tennis player who represented West Germany in Davis Cup in the 1980s.
Biography
The only title he won during his career was the Challenger tournament in Naples, Italy in 1981. By getting to the round of 16 at the Australian Open in December 1982 the right-hander reached a high singles ATP-ranking on 7 February 1983, when he became number 58 in the world. In 1986 he also reached the round of 16 at the French Open.
He made his Davis Cup debut for West Germany in 1983 during the Europe Zone quarterfinals against Belgium. All his Davis Cup matches were during 1983 and he won 4 of the 6 singles matches that he played.
In 2020 Keretić, as part of the consortium DAFC Fussball GMBH began proceedings to buy a controlling stake in the Scottish football club Dunfermline Athletic.
Challenger titles
Singles: (1)
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
German people of Croatian descent
Tennis players from Zagreb
West German male tennis players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damir%20Kereti%C4%87 |
Patricia A. "Pat" Davidson (born June 30, 1946 in Petrolia, Ontario) was a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 2006 until 2015 representing the riding of Sarnia—Lambton and is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada.
Davidson previously served as mayor of Wyoming (1991–2000) and Plympton-Wyoming, Ontario (2001–2006) and warden of Lambton County. She first won her seat in the 2006 federal election by defeating incumbent Liberal Roger Gallaway by more than 4,000 votes. Davidson was re-elected on May 2, 2011. She did not stand in the October 19, 2015 election.
She is married to Bill Davidson and has one son.
Davidson has publicly declared her opposition to the Canadian asbestos industry, which put her in disagreement with her party and then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
Electoral record
Sarnia—Lambton
Source: Elections Canada
Source: Elections Canada
Source: Elections Canada
External links
Official website
1946 births
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Living people
Mayors of places in Ontario
Women mayors of places in Ontario
Women members of the House of Commons of Canada
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia%20Davidson%20%28Canadian%20politician%29 |
David Sears II (October 8, 1787 – January 14, 1871) was a prominent 19th-century Boston philanthropist, merchant, real estate developer, and landowner.
Early life
Sears was born on October 8, 1787, in Boston, Massachusetts. A son of David Sears and Ann Winthrop, a direct descendant of the first governor of Massachusetts, John Winthrop. Through his father, he was a descendant of Richard Sears, who settled in the Plymouth Colony in 1630.
He graduated from Harvard College in 1807, where he was a member of the Porcellian Club.
Career
Upon the death of his father, David Sears, in 1816, he inherited a large fortune, the result of a career in the China trade.
About 1820, Sears purchased some in Brookline, Massachusetts, which he developed into the village of Longwood, now a historic district. He also built Christ's Church Longwood there, in the crypt of which he and many of his family members are buried. He established it as an ecumenical house of worship to promote Christian unity, in accordance with his personal beliefs, which have been termed "outspoken and peculiar". He also purchased a large tract to the north of Longwood, where he built a house for his son Frederick in 1844. Sears sold the area in 1850 and the purchasers developed Cottage Farm, another historic district.
For about fifteen years beginning in 1849, he promoted a plan for the development of Boston's Back Bay neighborhood that would increase the value of his real estate investments at the expense of the state government. As it evolved before its final rejection, his proposal included a large lake or a long narrow channel as well as seven block-sized parks.
Sears purchased some , which he developed into the village of Longwood.
Personal life
In 1809, he married Miriam Clarke Mason (1789–1870), daughter of U.S. Representative and Senator Jonathan Mason. They had nine children, one of whom was called David Sears Jr.
Gilbert Stuart painted his portrait twice and one of those, painted about 1815 and entirely in Stuart's hand, is in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
David Sears died at his Beacon Street home on January 14, 1871.
Philanthropy and legacy
He helped fund the construction and decoration of St. Paul's Cathedral on Boston Common in 1819.
He donated a large telescope that served as the central feature of the Harvard Astrononimical Observatory at its founding in 1843.
In 1844 his gift of $10,000 rescued Amherst College during a difficult time and marks the beginning of the Sears Foundation of Literature and Benevolence.
Sears spent summers at a vacation home in Maine where local residents, in the hope of attracting his patronage, named a new municipality Searsport in his honor. He donated $1000 for the construction of a town hall, denounced the design of the one they built, and made no further donations.
In 1819, he had a house designed by Alexander Parris and built on Beacon Hill at 42–43 Beacon Street that is believed to be the first granite structure in Boston and the finest residence of his day. He doubled its size in 1831. Sears was enamored of Napoleon Bonaparte, naming several of his properties "Longwood" for the French emperor's last home on St. Helena, and his Beacon Street home paid tribute in adopting the empire style for its decor with a liberal use of golden eagles and the initial "N". It was purchased by the Somerset Club in 1871.
Sears Island and Searsport, Maine, are named for him.
Descendants
His great-great-grandson was John W. Sears, a Republican politician active in the 1960s and 1970s. He was not related to Richard Warren Sears, who along with Alvah Curtis Roebuck founded the well-known department store chain and catalog Sears, Roebuck, & Co.
See also
Sears Tower – Harvard Observatory
Searsport, Maine
Somerset Club
Notes
References
Additional sources
External links
Longwood and Cottage Farm, Brookline, Massachusetts
Longwood Mall, a National Historic Site
David Sears House/Somerset Club
Businesspeople from Boston
1787 births
1871 deaths
19th century in Boston
People from Beacon Hill, Boston
Harvard College alumni
19th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Sears%20%28businessman%29 |
Henryk Sucharski (1898–1946) was a Polish military officer and a major in the Polish Army. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of the commanders of the Westerplatte position in Gdańsk, which troops under his command defended for seven days against overwhelming odds. Sucharski survived the war.
Early life and career
Sucharski was born on November 12, 1898, in Gręboszów, a village near Tarnów, to a peasant family. He finished a local bi-yearly trade school and then a similar school in Otfinów. In early 1917 he graduated from the 2nd KuK Gymnasium in Tarnów and on February 13 he volunteered for service with the Austro-Hungarian Army. During his service in the March Battalion of the Bochnia-based 32nd Landwehr Regiment, he passed his matura exams and in February 1918 graduated from an officers school in Opatów. Dispatched with his regiment to the Italian front of the Great War, Sucharski was infected with malaria and spent the remainder of the war in various hospitals in San Stino di Livenza and then Celje.
Upon his return to Poland, on February 7, 1919 he joined the Polish Army and the Tarnów-based 16th Infantry Regiment, in part composed of his former Austro-Hungarian unit. In March he took part in the defence of Cieszyn Silesia against the Czechoslovakian invasion and in June he was promoted to the rank of Corporal. By the end of October he was transferred to the North-Eastern sector of the front of the brief Polish-Bolshevik War where he took part in fighting along the Lithuanian border during the brief Polish-Lithuanian War for the region around Suwałki. On January 14, 1920 he was promoted to the rank of 2nd Lieutenant and voluntarily joined the storming battalion of the 6th Infantry Division. For his bravery (and wounds) in the battle for Potnica and Bogdanówka on August 30, 1920, Sucharski was awarded the Order of Virtuti Militari, the highest Polish military decoration. He also received the Cross of the Valorous and was promoted to 1st Lieutenant after the war.
In the interbellum Henryk Sucharski remained in active service. He graduated from a variety of courses for various branches of the military and on March 19, 1928 he was promoted to the rank of Captain. An instructor in the Infantry NCO School in Ostrów Mazowiecka, in October 1930 he joined the Brześć nad Bugiem-based 35th Infantry Regiment. After graduating from additional courses at the Centre for Infantry Training in Rembertów near Warsaw, on March 19, 1938 Sucharski was again promoted, this time to the rank of Major.
Westerplatte
On December 3, 1938 Sucharski became the commanding officer of the Military Transit Depot in Westerplatte, a Polish military outpost in the Free City of Danzig. A skilled organizer, Sucharski focused on improving the defences of the area under his command, a tiny ex–territorial area within the German-dominated city. He strengthened the fortifications of the Westerplatte peninsula and increased the number of soldiers serving there.
After Westerplatte
After short stays in various German transit camps where the sabre was removed from his possession, on October 26, 1939 Sucharski was imprisoned in Oflag IV-A in the Hohnstein castle. He spent the remainder of the war in various German prisoner of war camps, including Oflag II-B in Arnswalde from June 25, 1940 and Oflag II-D in Gross-Born from May 12, 1942. During the evacuation of Gross-Born in March 1945 he suffered a serious accident from which he never fully recovered.
After being liberated from the Schwerin sub-camp of the Oflag X-C Lübeck by the Americans, on May 28, 1945 Sucharski joined the Polish II Corps and was transferred to Italy, where he briefly served as a commander of the 6th Karpaty Rifles Battalion following January 25, 1946. On August 19, 1946, he was sent to a British military hospital in Naples where he was interviewed by Melchior Wańkowicz, who made Sucharski the main protagonist in his 1948 short story Westerplatte. Henryk Sucharski died from peritonitis several days after the interview, on August 30, 1946. The following day he was buried in the Polish war cemetery in Casamassima near Bari. On September 1, 1971 his ashes were returned to Poland and buried with military honours at Westerplatte, where he was posthumously decorated with the Commanders' Cross of the Virtuti Militari.
During the post-war years, Wańkowicz's mythologised account of Sucharski as a brave commander enduring under hopeless odds became the main source of information on Westerplatte action. The myth was propagated in numerous books and films. It is often thought that the Communist authorities preferred to maintain the myth of Sucharski, a heroic son of a peasant and shoemaker, rather than support his deputy, Franciszek Dąbrowski who was born into a szlachta family. It was not until the 1990s that the truth about Sucharski and Westerplatte started to become more widely known.
Places named for him
A street in Gdynia is named for him (located at 54°33'30.99"N and 18°30'24.21"E) and also another in Ostroleka, called Sucharskiego, with seven apartment blocks along it.
Honours and awards
Commander's Cross of the Virtuti Militari, previously awarded the Silver Cross
Cross of Valour - twice
Gold Cross of Merit
See also
Franciszek Dąbrowski
Karol Szwedowski
Polish Military Cemetery at Casamassima
Westerplatte (movie 1967)
Notes
Though Sucharski was posthumously promoted to the rank of Generał brygady, he remains a Major in the popular culture of Poland. In fact he is referred to as Major Sucharski much more often than as Henryk Sucharski.
1898 births
1946 deaths
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Polish generals
Polish military personnel of World War II
Commanders of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Polish prisoners of war
Deaths from peritonitis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk%20Sucharski |
The coat of arms of Bucharest is the heraldic symbol of the capital city of Romania. The present-day coat of arms was adopted by Domnitor (Ruling Prince) Alexandru Ioan Cuza, and changed under the Communist regime. In 1994, it was renewed again with minor alterations.
The saint, who is the city's patron, is commonly referred to as simply Saint Dimitrie (Demetrius), thus bearing the same name as the 4th century Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki—today's arms seem to represent the latter, as the person depicted is dressed in a Roman uniform.
Description
The official description is as follows:
A red shield depicting Saint Dumitru, haloed and standing on foot, wearing clothes distinctive of Roman legionaries and bearing attributes of a warrior saint: spear and cross.
The shield is placed on the chest of a golden eagle bearing a cross in the beak and with an open crown on the head.
The eagle’s beak and claws are colored in red, bearing in the claws in dexter a silver sword with golden hilt, and in the sinister a scepter of the same tincture.
In the lower part of the shield is a tricolor sash on which this motto is written: PATRIA ȘI DREPTUL MEU ("My Country and My Right").
The whole is placed on a blue shield; above it rests a silver mural crown consisting of 7 crenellated towers.
Above the crown is a cross-bearing eagle, the wings open.
History
An early heraldic symbol for Bucharest was first used on seals of the town's judet (mayor) and pârgari (town council) as early as the 16th century: it usually featured images of the Madonna and Child or the Annunciation, and was accompanied by an inscription in either Church Slavonic or Romanian, which were simply variations of the phrase "this is the seal of Bucharest".
Under the Organic Statute rule of Pavel Kiselyov, the city was awarded the new symbol of a standing woman wearing a shoulder sash and carrying the Scales of Justice (in 1862, the woman was seated, carrying both the scales and, in her left hand, flowers and ears of wheat).
According to Constantin C. Giurescu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza changed the seal to depict the patron saint and an image of the mythical shepherd Bucur. However, it appears that St Dimitrie Basarabov (or St Demetrius) was introduced as a symbol during Cuza's reign (in 1864, as attested by Monitorul Oficial). The arms were enlarged after World War I, when the mural crown and all other present-day elements were added, while the image of Bucur was removed.
No symbol was in use between 1948 and Nicolae Ceaușescu's reforms of 1970. Then a new coat of arms was adopted, which lasted until the Romanian Revolution of 1989; it represented "the most characteristic elements of historical traditions and of political, economic and social relations".
The 1970 coat of arms consisted of an escutcheon divided party per fess; chief, landscaped, an eagle, or, wings displayed, facing sinister, over the image of the Palace of the Patriarchate, argent, on an azure field; over a cogwheel, or, with an open book with the lettered motto CIVITAS (verso) and NOSTRA (recto) (reading "Civitas Nostra" (Latin for "Our City"), or, on a field, gules; with an inescutcheon divided party per pale, dexter a hammer and sickle (symbol of the Romanian Communist Party)) on a field, gules, sinister the flag of Romania, the inescutcheon charged with the crest of Communist Romania.
See also
History of Bucharest
Notes
References
Decree nr. 503 16/12/70 regarding the establishment of county and municipality seals, at the Chamber of Deputies of Romania site, retrieved July 4, 2007
Mic Dicționar Enciclopedic, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1978
Constantin C. Giurescu, Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre, Editura Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966
Gheorghe Vasilescu, Sfântul Cuvios Dimitrie, ocrotitorul spiritual al Bucureștiului, at the Romanian Patriarchy Site, retrieved July 4, 2007
1994 establishments in Romania
History of Bucharest
Culture in Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20Bucharest |
Andreas Linger (born 31 May 1981 in Hall in Tirol) is an Austrian former luger who competed internationally since 2000. He and his younger brother Wolfgang began luging at a very young age, and did their first doubles run when they were 14. Linger has won five medals at the FIL World Luge Championships with three golds (Men's doubles: 2003, 2011 and 2012) and two bronzes (Mixed team: 2003 and men's doubles: 2013). He also earned seven medals at the FIL European Luge Championships with a gold (Men's doubles: 2010), three silvers (Men's doubles: 2008, Mixed team: 2008, 2010), and three bronzes (Men's doubles: 2004 and 2014, Mixed team: 2004). The Lingers were overall Luge World Cup men's doubles champions in 2011-12 and scored 15 World Cup race victories. They were two time Olympic champions in the men's doubles event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They won in 2006 despite Wolfgang having broken his leg in a luge crash the previous year. In 2010, they successfully defended their gold medal against another team of brothers, Andris and Juris Šics of Latvia.
Athletic career
Introduction to luge
Andreas competed in a number of sports as a child, including skiing and soccer. He was ten years old when he tried an artificial Iuge track for the first time, on a track that had been used for Olympic events in 1964 and 1976. His brother was one of the few other members of their local luge club who tried it. Even at that young age, Andreas did not think of Iuge as being a particularly dangerous sport. Five years later, when they were both 14, they were allowed to try doubles Iuge for the first time. Despite competing as individuals or in mixed doubles in some events, the Wolfgang and Andreas have seen their most significant success as a doubles team.
2002–2004
The Linger brothers placed 8th in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah. Their runs were relatively consistent, at 43.330 seconds and 43.354 seconds, but they would still trail their countrymen Tobias and Markus Schiegl. By the following, season, however, the Lingers challenged the Schiegls as the best doubles luge team in Austria, beating the latter at the inaugural Krombacher Challenge Cup and setting a course record there.
2006 Winter Olympics
Linger's brother Wolfgang was injured when he and his brother crashed in an Olympic test run in 2005, breaking the ankle and fibula in Wolfgang's left leg. Only a year after the crash, Linger and his brother competed in their second Winter Olympics, the 2006 Games in Turin, Italy. The doubles competition there saw crashes by three different teams, one of which resulted in a Ukrainian competitor being taken to a hospital in an ambulance. As a result, the event was described in the media as being 'plagued' by crashes. The Lingers managed to win the gold medal, defeating defending 2002 champions André Florschütz and Torsten Wustlich of Germany.
2010 Winter Olympics
The Linger brothers entered the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada defending their 2006 gold medal and as strong favorites to be medal contenders. Controversy surrounded the luge competitions at the 2010 Games following the death of Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili in a crash during a training run prior to the opening of the Games. After Kumaritashvili's death, changes were made in the ice profile of the turn where he crashed, padding was added to support columns like the one he hit, and the start of the doubles competition was moved up to what had previously been the junior start. This meant that competitors only had six training runs on the altered course in which to develop an entirely new strategy for their runs. After the first run, the Linger brothers led their closest competitors, brothers Andris and Juris Šics of Latvia, by a razor-thin margin of .088 seconds. However, they expanded their lead in the second run, winning the gold medal by a cumulative .264 seconds. Their victory prevented the German team at the Games from sweeping all three luge medals, as German competitors had previously won both the men's and women's singles events. Linger told reporters after the victory that it had been more difficult than the medal in Turin four years earlier, given the pressure of being defending champions and the favorite to win.
2014 Winter Olympics
The Linger brothers were unable to make it a hat-trick of golds at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, finishing second to the German duo of Tobias Wendl and Tobias Arlt, whose lead of .522 seconds over the Lingers was the largest winning margin in the history of the Olympic doubles competition. However the silver medal made them the second most successful pairing in Olympic doubles luge, behind Stefan Krauße and Jan Behrendt. Less than six weeks later the Linger brothers announced their retirement from the sport.
Personal life
Linger lives in Absam, Austria, and serves in the Austrian army.
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Austrian male lugers
Lugers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic lugers for Austria
Olympic gold medalists for Austria
Olympic silver medalists for Austria
Olympic medalists in luge
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
People from Hall in Tirol
Sportspeople from Tyrol (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Linger |
Wolfgang Linger (born 4 November 1982 in Hall in Tirol) is an Austrian former luger who competed internationally since 2000. As young children, he and his older brother Andreas learned to luge on a former Olympic luge track, and at age 14 began competing as a doubles team for the first time. Linger has won five medals at the FIL World Luge Championships with three golds (Men's doubles: 2003, 2011 and 2012) and two bronzes (Mixed team: 2003 and men's doubles: 2013). He also earned seven medals at the FIL European Luge Championships with a gold (Men's doubles: 2010), three silvers (Men's doubles: 2008, Mixed team: 2008, 2010), and three bronzes (Men's doubles: 2004 and 2014, Mixed team: 2004). The Lingers were overall Luge World Cup men's doubles champions in 2011-12 and scored 15 World Cup race victories. In 2005, he broke his leg in a crash, but the next year at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy won the gold medal in doubles luge. He repeated this feat at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada, defeating another team of brothers, Andris and Juris Šics of Latvia.
Athletic career
Introduction to luge
Wolfgang was nine years old when he tried an artificial luge track for the first time, on a track that had been used for Olympic events in 1964 and 1976. His brother was one of the few other members of their local luge club who tried it. Five years later, when they were both 14, they were allowed to try doubles luge for the first time. Despite competing as individuals or in mixed doubles in some events, the Wolfgang and Andreas have seen their most significant success as a doubles team.
2002–2004
The Linger brothers placed 8th in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah. Their runs were relatively consistent, at 43.330 seconds and 43.354 seconds, but they would still trail their countrymen Tobias and Markus Schiegl. By the following, season, however, the Lingers challenged the Schiegls as the best doubles luge team in Austria, beating the latter at the inaugural Krombacher Challenge Cup and setting a course record there.
2005 crash and injury
Linger was injured when he and his brother crashed in an Olympic test run in 2005. The track had a reputation for being fast, and the accident occurred on the 17th of 19 turns. He fractured the ankle and fibula in his left leg, and metal pins were inserted to help it heal. Despite this, he later told reporters that while he found the track to be challenging, he liked luging on it.
2006 Winter Olympics
Only a year after his injury and with metal pins still inserted in his left leg, Linger and his brother were selected to compete in their second Winter Olympics, the 2006 Games in Turin, Italy. The doubles competition there saw crashes by three different teams, one of which resulted in a Ukrainian competitor being taken to a hospital in an ambulance. As a result, the event was described in the media as being 'plagued' by crashes. The Lingers managed to win the gold medal, defeating defending 2002 champions André Florschütz and Torsten Wustlich of Germany.
2010 Winter Olympics
The Linger brothers entered the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada defending their 2006 gold medal and as strong favorites to be medal contenders. Controversy surrounded the luge competitions at the 2010 Games following the death of Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili in a crash during a training run prior to the opening of the Games. After Kumaritashvili's death, changes were made in the ice profile of the turn where he crashed, padding was added to support columns like the one he hit, and the start of the doubles competition was moved up to what had previously been the junior start. This meant that competitors only had six training runs on the altered course in which to develop an entirely new strategy for their runs. After the first run, the Linger brothers led their closest competitors, brothers Andris and Juris Šics of Latvia, by a razor-thin margin of .088 seconds. However, they expanded their lead in the second run, winning the gold medal by a cumulative .264 seconds. Their victory prevented the German team at the Games from sweeping all three luge medals, as German competitors had previously won both the men's and women's singles events.
2014 Winter Olympics
The Linger brothers were unable to make it a hat-trick of golds at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, finishing second to the German duo of Tobias Wendl and Tobias Arlt, whose lead of .522 seconds over the Lingers was the largest winning margin in the history of the Olympic doubles competition. However the silver medal made them the second most successful pairing in Olympic doubles luge, behind Stefan Krauße and Jan Behrendt. Less than six weeks later the Linger brothers announced their retirement from the sport.
Personal life
Linger lives in Absam, Austria, and serves in the Austrian army.
References
FIL-Luge profile
Official website
External links
1982 births
Living people
Austrian male lugers
Lugers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Austria
Olympic silver medalists for Austria
Olympic lugers for Austria
Olympic medalists in luge
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
People from Hall in Tirol
Sportspeople from Tyrol (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Linger |
Petronas (; died November 11, 865) was a notable Byzantine general and leading aristocrat during the mid-9th century. Petronas was a brother of Empress Theodora and hence brother-in-law of Emperor Theophilos, under whom he advanced to the high court rank of and the post of commander of the guard regiment. After Theophilos' death, he played a role in the ending of Iconoclasm, but was sidelined along with his brother Bardas during the minority of his nephew, Michael III, when power was held by the regent Theoktistos. In 855, Petronas and Bardas encouraged Michael III to seize control of the government: Theoktistos was murdered, Theodora banished to a monastery, Bardas became Michael's chief minister, and Petronas was tasked with the war against the Arabs. In 863, he scored a crushing victory at the Battle of Lalakaon, a feat which marked the gradual beginning of a Byzantine counter-offensive in the East. Promoted to the rank of and the office of Domestic of the Schools, he died in 865.
Biography
Petronas was born to the Marinos and Theoktiste, and was the younger brother of Bardas and Empress Theodora, the wife of Emperor Theophilos. Three other sisters, Kalomaria, Sophia, and Irene, are recorded by Theophanes Continuatus.
Under Theophilos, he was appointed commander ( of the guard regiment () of the , and raised to the high court rank of . In 842, as Theophilos lay dying, Petronas and the eunuch Theoktistos carried out the execution of the Theophobos, a former Khurramite convert and general, whose troops had rebelled and proclaimed him emperor at Sinope some years before. Despite his kinship with Theophilos, the tale is told that the Emperor once had Petronas stripped naked and flogged in public because he had built a palace that overshadowed the house of a widow, in contravention of the law. The palace itself was then torn down, and both the building materials and the plot were left to the widow.
When Theophilos died in 842, Theodora was left as regent to her infant son, Michael III. A regency council was set up headed by Theodora, along with Petronas and Bardas and their relative Sergios Niketiates. Petronas is said to have urged Theodora to rescind Theophilos's iconoclastic policies, which eventually resulted in the restoration of the veneration of images in the so-called "Triumph of Orthodoxy" on 11 March 843. Soon after that, Petronas and Bardas were successfully sidelined by the Theoktistos, while Niketiates was killed in an expedition against the Cretan Saracens, leaving the eunuch minister the dominant figure throughout Theodora's regency.
In 855, however, Michael III turned fifteen and thus came nominally of age. The young ruler began resenting the dominance of his mother and of Theoktistos, especially after they selected Eudokia Dekapolitissa as his bride, disregarding Michael's attachment to his mistress, Eudokia Ingerina. Supported by his uncles Bardas and Petronas, Emperor Michael had Theoktistos seized and killed in late 855, while Petronas undertook the confinement of the empress and her daughters into a monastery. Bardas was now raised to the rank of and became the effective governor of the Byzantine Empire. In this position, he displayed remarkable energy and ability, and amongst the most important of his policies was a more aggressive stance against the Arabs in the East. Consequently, Petronas was appointed of the powerful Thracesian Theme. On his first campaign, against the Paulicians of Tephrike in 856, he plundered his way through the emirate of Melitene and the Paulician lands to Samosata and Amida in Upper Mesopotamia. After penetrating deeper into Arab territory than any Byzantine commander since the beginning of the Muslim conquests, he returned victorious with many captives.
In 863, an Arab army, led by the emir of Melitene, Umar al-Aqta (), raided deep into Byzantine territory, reaching the Black Sea coast at Amisos. Petronas was placed in charge of all Byzantine troops assembling to confront the invasion, and through a brilliant coordination effort, three separate forces managed to converge on the Arab army, encircle it, and destroy it at the Battle of Lalakaon on September 3, 863. Petronas carried his defeated enemy's head to Constantinople, where he was honored with a triumphal entrance by his nephew. Soon after, he was raised to the supreme court rank of and the position of Domestic of the Schools (commander-in-chief of the army).
The defeat of the Arabs and their Paulician allies became a turning point in the Arab–Byzantine wars. With this victory, Petronas and Bardas were able to secure their eastern borders, strengthen the Byzantine state, and set the stage for the Byzantine conquests of the 10th century. The Byzantine chroniclers add that the victorious general did not survive for long after his victory. A hagiography, written by a contemporary, claims that Petronas died on the same day as his spiritual father Saint Anthony the Younger, two years and two months after routing the Arab armies. He was buried in the Gastria Monastery, where his stone sarcophagus was placed opposite those of his sister, the Empress Theodora, and his nieces.
References
Sources
Byzantine generals
Byzantine officials
9th-century Byzantine people
865 deaths
Patricii
Year of birth unknown
Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
Phrygian dynasty
Domestics of the Schools
Magistroi
Burials at the Monastery of Gastria
Governors of the Thracesian Theme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas%20%28general%29 |
Apex Aircraft was a French company devoted to light aeroplane manufacture. It markets three ranges of light aircraft which it brands Robin, Alpha and CAP. The "Robin" range is the former Avions Robin DR400 4-seater aircraft of wooden construction, the "Alpha" range is the former Avions Robin R2000 all-metal 2-seater aircraft series, and the "CAP" range is the former Mudry/CAP Aviation's (Constructions Aéronautiques Parisiennes) CAP-10 training and CAP-232 single seater high performance aerobatic aircraft.
The Robin R2000 type certificates and manufacturing equipment have been transferred to Alpha Aviation in New Zealand together with marketing rights outside Europe. The aircraft is marketed by them as the Alpha 2000 and they continue to supply the aircraft and parts to Apex.
In September 2008 Apex went into liquidation. Apex Aircraft was acquired by CEAPR (Centre-Est Aéronautique Pierre Robin) in late 2008. Supplies of spares resumed in March 2009. Aircraft manufacturing resumed in 2012 under the name Robin Aircraft.
Aircraft
Mudry CAP 10
Mudry CAP 20
Mudry CAP 230
References
External links
Company web site (on archive.org)
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex%20Aircraft |
"Hips Don't Lie" is a song by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira featuring Haitian rapper Wyclef Jean, released by Epic Records in 2006 as the second single from Shakira's seventh studio album, Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 (2005). Shakira and Jean wrote the lyrics and jointly composed the music with additional co-writing by Shakira's percussionist Archie Pena. The song was produced by Shakira and Jean with additional co-production by Jerry Duplessis. "Hips Don't Lie" is a reworking of Jean's earlier single "Dance Like This", therefore it features additional composing credits by Omar Alfanno, Duplessis, Luis Días, and LaTavia Parker. The song incorporates samples from "Amores Como el Nuestro" written by Alfanno, and "Carnaval (Baile En La Calle)" written by Días.
Upon its release, "Hips Don't Lie" received generally favorable reviews from music critics. It received several accolades, including a People's Choice Award, an MTV Latin America Video Music Award, and an MTV Video Music Award. "Hips Don't Lie" became a global success, reaching number one in seventeen countries, including the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, becoming Shakira's first and only number one hit to date in the United States. It also broke the record for the most radio plays in a single week and the fastest-selling digital download song in the United States. The song was eventually certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), where it has sold over 4 million digital copies and 2 million ringtones. It also topped the charts in Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, among other countries. The song had amassed an estimated 13 million downloads by 2017, making it one of the best-selling singles of all time.
In 2018, the song was selected as one of the greatest songs by 21st-century women, by National Public Radio, ranked at 65.
Background and release
After attaining international success with her fifth studio effort, Laundry Service, in 2001, Shakira opted to create a two-part follow-up record. Having co-written nearly sixty tracks for Laundry Service, she put herself "on the mission of selecting [her] favorite ones" to record for Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 and its predecessor, the Spanish-language Fijación Oral, Vol. 1. While recording the project, Shakira worked with previous collaborators, and newer partners including Jerry Duplessis and Wyclef Jean.
After the moderate success of "Don't Bother" and of the album, her label Epic Records asked Wyclef Jean, in early 2006, to remake his song "Dance Like This" with Shakira, attempting to revive sales of the album. After that, "Hips Don't Lie" was released as the second single from the album (the first from the reissue) on 28 March 2006. The song debuted on the Los Angeles-based radio station KIIS-FM (on the Ryan Seacrest Morning Show) on 14 February 2006. A Spanish version of the same name was also released. Shakira also sang another version (produced by RedOne) titled "Hips Don't Lie - Bamboo" at the closing ceremony of the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Berlin, Germany. Two versions of the "Hips Don't Lie - Bamboo" remix were officially released, one in English and one in Spanish.
Recording
"Hips Don't Lie" was initially written and recorded by Wyclef Jean, Lauryn Hill and Pras for the Fugees reunion. The song was titled "Lips Don't Lie" at that point, but was never completed due to Hill's dissatisfaction with it. Charlie Walk, who at the time was the President of Epic Records, called Pras to state he wanted to do a remix of the song with Shakira. Following the call, Hill left the group and the Fugee's reunion was over. The song was then given to Shakira and along with Jean and long-time partner Jerry 'Wonder' Duplessis, they produced "Hips Don't Lie". According to another version of events, Jean was asked by Shakira's label to record a remix of "La Tortura" but refused stating he already had a record that Shakira would be perfect for. The record was Jean's own song "Dance Like This", which he recorded with Claudette Ortiz for the Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights soundtrack.
Shakira co-wrote the song with Wyclef Jean, Jerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno and LaTavia Parker, whilst production was handled by Shakira, Jean and Duplessis. Jean also served as the song's guitarist and programmer alongside Ramón Stagnaro (who also provided guitar), Hermides Benitez, Richard Bravo, Archie Pena and Roberto Cuao who all contributed the song's percussion, whilst Gustavo Celis and Jerry Duplessis added further programming. The song's recording took place at various studios including Hit Factory Criteria, Miami, FL; La Marimonda Studios, Nassau, Bahamas; Olympic Studios, London, England; Platinum Sound Recording Studio, New York, NY; Sonido Azulado, Bogota, Colombia and The Warehouse, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Composition
"Hips Don't Lie" reimagines Wyclef Jean's 2004 song "Dance Like This" as a Latin pop song with a reggaeton beat. This song, like "Dance Like This" before it, uses a sampled salsa trumpet line from Jerry Rivera's 1992 Omar Alfanno-written song "Amores Como el Nuestro", a song previously sampled on "Deja Vu (Uptown Baby)" by Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz. The use of the opening trumpets caused a small controversy, when Rivera openly accused Shakira of plagiarizing the opening trumpets without his knowing, unaware that rights had already been obtained from his former label Sony Discos.
According to EMI Music Publishing's digital sheet music for the song, "Hips Don't Lie" is set in common time signature, is in the key of B♭ minor, and has a moderate Latin groove of 100 beats per minute. Shakira's vocals span from the low note of A♭3 to the note of B♭4.
During an interview, Shakira explained that the song's lyrics were inspired by her ability to determine the release-readiness of a song by whether or not it motivates her to dance. She states that she used to tell her musicians, "My hips don't lie! Are they moving? They're not moving! So this is not ready."
Commercial performance
Since it has been digitally available in June 2006, the song has sold 4,100,000 downloads, and 685 million streams and two million ringtones in the US alone. The song had at least twice the weekly Hot 100 points of the runner-up title, "Ridin'" by Chamillionaire featuring Krayzie Bone.
The song debuted at number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the United States, based on airplay alone. For its 11th week in the chart, "Hips Don't Lie" reached number 9 based on heavy airplay rotation on American radio and received the "airplay gainer" title. On the chart issue dated 17 June 2006, "Hips Don't Lie" reached number one on the chart, becoming Shakira's first and to date, only number-one hit in the U.S. and aided by 267,000 digital copies sold in its first week of availability in the digital stores. That sum also marks the biggest opening-week digital sales for a single in 2006, as well as the highest-selling song in its first week for a female artist in 2006. "Hips Don't Lie" spent two consecutive weeks in the chart, and was the 5th most successful song of 2006, the second highest ranked song for a female artist behind Nelly Furtado's "Promiscuous". To date, it is Shakira's most successful single in the United States.
In the UK, it spent a total of five weeks at number one. After its initial one-week reign at number one, it returned to the top in its 8th week preventing Christina Aguilera's "Ain't No Other Man", Rihanna's "Unfaithful", as well as Cascada's "Everytime We Touch" and Chamillionaire's "Ridin' from going to No. 1 until it was replaced by Beyoncé's "Déjà Vu". "Hips Don't Lie" broke the record for the most weeks for a song in a second run, staying four weeks during its second reign at number one, a record it now shares with "Somebody That I Used to Know" by Belgian-Australian singer Gotye. The song remained in the top 10 for 16 weeks and then stayed within the top 75 for an additional 38 weeks. "Hips Don't Lie" finished the 2000s decade as the 11th best selling single by a female artist in the 21st century in the UK, and also the 10th best-selling collaboration. It is also the 46th best-selling single of the 2000s decade in the UK.
In Australia, the song debuted at No. 1 and remained at the top of the chart for 9 weeks. The song has been certified as six times platinum in the country, becoming one of the best selling 2000s singles. In Ireland, the single remained at the number one spot for a total of nine weeks throughout the summer. "Hips Don't Lie" was the most successful song of 2006 worldwide and it reached No. 1 in the majority of charting countries and territories around the world. It also reached number one on the US Billboard Pop 100 and Hot Latin Tracks charts, in Colombia, the Czech Republic, Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latin America, Lebanon, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Switzerland. The song peaked inside the top ten in Austria, Canada (on the Canadian Airplay Chart), Finland, Norway, Denmark and Russia. Furthermore, it reached the 94 position on the Japan International Singles chart. In Sweden, it peaked at number forty-five. "Hips Don't Lie" was the number-two-year-end song in the Netherlands; it also finished number three in Germany and the UK, and in the US it was number five. In Germany, it is the fourth best-selling pop duet ever. It was the best selling song of 2006 in Europe.
Music video
The music video was directed by British director Sophie Muller and filmed in Los Angeles. The video begins with Shakira against a black background dancing while Wyclef and a couple of other men are watching her. When Wyclef raps his first rap verse, it shows him following Shakira with pink curtains everywhere. It also shows them on the street along with different people. When the second verse begins, she is seen sitting in a chair while singing. It then cuts to an arena-like environment, where Shakira is dancing with other people. It ends with Shakira against the black background. The majority of the costumes and outfits featured in the video belong to the Carnaval de Barranquilla, some of which include the white dress Shakira dances in, and the colorful flags.
"Hips Don't Lie" proved successful on LAUNCHcast's top-hundred most-watched videos of the week, where it spent four months at number one. Yahoo! had fans submit videos of themselves dancing to the song, which were edited into a "fans only" version, which has also proved to be one of the most popular videos on LAUNCH. The video for "Hips Don't Lie" ran in the number-one spot on iTunes (along with the single) for several weeks. As of 27 July 2022, it has received over 1.1 billion views on YouTube. The video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography on 31 August 2006, and the MTV Latin Award for Song of the Year on 19 October 2006. The video also placed at number two on VH1's "Top 40 Videos of 2006".
Live performances
On 9 June 2006, Shakira and Wyclef Jean performed "Hips Don't Lie" at the opening ceremony of the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Munich, and also a month later at the short ceremony preceding the final game in Berlin, to worldwide TV audiences of over 500 million and 700 million people, respectively. On 31 August 2006, it was performed by the duo on the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards. Shakira was given dancing lessons for the performance of the song by Indian choreographer Farah Khan. They also performed the song on the 49th Grammy Awards in 2007.
On 2 February 2020, Shakira performed the song, along with a medley of her other hits, during the Super Bowl LIV halftime show which she headlined with Jennifer Lopez.
On 12 September 2023, Shakira performed a medley of her hits which includes "Hips Don't Lie" at 2023 MTV Video Music Awards, which she is the recipient of Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award.
Critical reception and legacy
When it was released in 2006, according to Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, "Hips Don't Lie" was the most-played pop song in a single week in American radio history. It was played 9,637 times in one week. Shakira became the first artist in the history of the Billboard charts to earn the coveted number one spots on both the Top 40 Mainstream and Latin Chart in the same week doing so with "Hips Don't Lie". Additionally, she is the only artist from South America to reach the number-one spot on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, the Australian ARIA chart, and the UK Singles Chart.
According to Billboard, "Hips Don't Lie" is one of the 23 most dominant Billboard Hot 100 number ones of the last 30 years, since it occupied the top spot with 2x the points of the weekly No. 2 song on 17 June 2006 chart.
In 2006, fan-made videos directed into one became the second most streamed song on Yahoo only after Shakira's own video of it. Los Angeles Times credits the song for starting a shock wave, and called the action the "Hips Don't Lie Impact" starting a new era of fan-artist interactions. Furthermore, the song became the most streamed video of the year reported by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems tripling the views of the video in second place, which was Beyoncé's "Check on It".
The song also appeared in the 2016 video game Just Dance 2017.
In 2017, the song ranked 93rd on Billboards Greatest Pop Songs of All Time list.
In 2018, "Hips Don't Lie" was selected as one of the greatest songs by 21st-century women, by National Public Radio, ranking at 65.
In 2021, Time Out New York picked "Hips Don't Lie" as the 11th best pop song of all time.
Track listings
CD single:
"Hips Don't Lie" (featuring Wyclef Jean) [Jean, Duplessis, Shakira, Parker, Alfanno] – 3:41
"Dreams for Plans" [Shakira, Buckley] – 4:02
"Hips Don't Lie" (featuring Wyclef Jean) (Wyclef's Mixshow Mix) – 4:09
Maxi CD single:
"Hips Don't Lie" (featuring Wyclef Jean) – 3:41
"Hips Don't Lie" (Wyclef Remix) (featuring Wyclef Jean) – 3:59
"Hips Don't Lie" (Wyclef Mix Show Mix) (featuring Wyclef Jean) – 4:09
"Hips Don't Lie" (Wyclef Remix Instrumental) (featuring Wyclef Jean) – 3:57
"Hips Don't Lie/Bamboo" (2006 FIFA World Cup Version) – 3:24
"Será Será (Las Caderas No Mienten)" (Spanish version) – 3:35
2-tracks maxi single:
"Hips Don't Lie"
"Dreams for Plans"
Japanese release:
"Hips Don't Lie" (featuring Wyclef Jean) – 3:41
"Hips Don't Lie/Bamboo" (2006 FIFA World Cup Mix) (featuring Wyclef Jean)
"Será Será (Las Caderas No Mienten)" (Spanish version) (featuring Wyclef Jean) – 3:41
"Hips Don't Lie" (DJ Kazzanova Remix) (featuring Wyclef Jean)
Ringle:
"Hips Don't Lie" (featuring Wyclef Jean) – 3:41
"Hips Don't Lie" (featuring Wyclef Jean) (Wyclef's Show Mix) – 4:09
"Será Será (Las Caderas No Mienten)" (Spanish Version) (featuring Wyclef Jean) – 3:41
Awards and nominations
"Hips Don't Lie" was a critical success and was nominated for various awards; the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) awarded the song the accolades of Ascap Latin Award – Pop/Ballad Winning Song and Ascap Pop Music Award – Most Performed Songs. At the Billboard Music Awards the song was nominated for three awards; Pop Single of the Year, Top Hot 100 Single and Top Pop 100 Airplay Track. In 2007, the song won at the Best Latin/Reggaeton Track at the International Dance Music Awards.
|-
| rowspan="18"|2006
| rowspan="3" |Billboard Music Awards
| Pop Single of the Year
|
|-
| Top Pop 100 Airplay Track
|
|-
| Top Hot 100 Single
|
|-
| BMI Awards
| BMI Urban Award – Billboard No. 1s
|
|-
| Echo Awards
| Best International Single
|
|-
| Grammy Awards
| Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals
|
|-
| Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica
| Song of the Year
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Latin Billboard Music Awards
| Hot Latin Song of the Year-Vocal Duet or Collaboration
|
|-
| Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year – Duo or Group
|
|-
| Hot Latin Songs of the Year
|
|-
| MTV Europe Music Awards
| Best Song
|
|-
| MTV Video Music Awards
| Best Female Video
|
|-
| rowspan="6"|MTV Video Music Awards
| Best Pop Video
|
|-
| Best Dance Video
|
|-
| Video of the Year
|
|-
| Viewer's Choice Awards
|
|-
| Best Choreography in a Video
|
|-
| Best Art Direction in a Video
|
|-
| 2007
| International Dance Music Awards
| Best Latin/Reggaeton Track
|
|-
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
All-time charts
Certifications and sales
|-
Release history
See also
List of Romanian Top 100 number ones of the 2000s
List of best-selling singles in Australia
List of million-selling singles in the United Kingdom
List of best-selling singles of the 2000s (decade) in the United Kingdom
References
Further reading
2005 songs
2006 singles
Shakira songs
Wyclef Jean songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Number-one singles in Australia
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Number-one singles in Germany
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in Italy
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
Number-one singles in the Netherlands
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Number-one singles in Romania
Number-one singles in Scotland
Number-one singles in Switzerland
Record Report Pop Rock General number-one singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Ultratop 50 Singles (Wallonia) number-one singles
Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles
Epic Records singles
Sony Music singles
Music videos directed by Sophie Muller
Songs written by Shakira
Songs written by Wyclef Jean
Song recordings produced by Jerry Duplessis
Song recordings produced by Wyclef Jean
FIFA World Cup songs
Reggaeton songs
Songs about dancing
Spanglish songs
Songs involved in plagiarism controversies
Salsa songs
Sampling controversies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hips%20Don%27t%20Lie |
Hans Gildemeister Bohner (born Juan Pedro Gildemeister Bohner on 9 February 1956), is a Chilean former tennis player of German ancestry , who won four singles and 23 doubles titles during his professional career. He is the brother of Heinz and Fritz Gildemeister, tennis players and was brother in law of Laura Gildemeister, who was also a tennis player. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP ranking on 22 February 1980, when he became world No. 12.
He is a former captain of the Chilean Davis Cup team.
Grand Slam finals
Doubles (1 loss)
Career finals
Singles: 6 (4 wins, 2 losses)
Doubles: 34 (23 wins, 11 losses)
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
Chilean male tennis players
Chilean people of German descent
Peruvian emigrants to Chile
Tennis players from Santiago
Tennis players from Lima
Tennis players at the 1991 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Chile
20th-century Chilean people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Gildemeister |
Octyl acetate, or octyl ethanoate, is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)7O2CCH3. It is classified as an ester that is formed from 1-octanol (octyl alcohol) and acetic acid. It is found in oranges, grapefruits, and other citrus products.
Octyl acetate can be synthesized by the Fischer esterification of 1-octanol and acetic acid:
CH3(CH2)7OH + CH3CO2H → CH3(CH2)7O2CCH3 + H2O
Uses
Because of its fruity odor, octyl acetate is used as the basis for artificial flavors and in perfumery. It is also a solvent for nitrocellulose, waxes, oils, and some resins.
References
Acetate esters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octyl%20acetate |
Dragon Ball Z: Lord Slug, also known by its Japanese title , is a 1991 Japanese animated science fiction martial arts film and the fourth Dragon Ball Z feature film. It was originally released in Japan on March 9 between episodes 81 and 82 at the Toei Anime Fair as part of a double feature with the first Magical Tarurūto-kun film.
Plot
Gohan visits Piccolo and shows him a new tune he has learned to whistle. Due to his advanced Namekian hearing, this causes Piccolo pain so he angrily orders Gohan to stop when they both sense an approaching threat incoming from outer space. Bulma and her father discover that a meteor harboring lifeforms is heading toward the Earth and will destroy the planet upon impact. Amidst mass panic, Goku and Krillin rush to intercept the meteor and hope to push it away by blasting it with Kamehameha waves but they are both rendered unconscious by the force of the meteor but it seemingly explodes in orbit. A spaceship then lands in one of Earth's cities.
An army of humanoid alien soldiers exit the ship and declare the Earth under the rule of their leader, Lord Slug. The soldiers attack a group of civilians but Gohan arrives to defend them. From the ship, Lord Slug observes that Gohan has a magical Dragon Ball sewn onto his hat which he loses during the scuffle. After his henchmen render Gohan unconscious and reveal the plan to convert the planet into a biological spaceship, Slug appears and uses telepathy to read Bulma's mind and learns about her radar used for tracking the Dragon Balls. Slug's men successfully gather the Dragon Balls and summon the eternal dragon Shenron who grants Slug his wish for eternal youth. Slug's forces begin transforming the Earth which begins to cause life to perish across the planet. Goku and Krillin are revived by Yajirobe who gives them each a healing Senzu bean. Gohan meanwhile resumes his assault against Slug's army and is rescued by Piccolo. Piccolo kills the henchman Wings and Gohan is overwhelmed by Medamatcha leading to Piccolo being injured when he jumps in front of an energy blast intended to kill Gohan. Goku and Krillin arrive and Goku easily kills Medamatcha and Angila. Slug appears and is attacked by Krillin who is quickly dispatched. Goku fights Slug but is overwhelmed; in a moment of rage, Goku is seemingly able to access a portion of the Super Saiyan form.
Goku pummels Slug and breaks his arm. Before Goku's eyes, Slug rips his arm off and regrows it, and removes his helmet, revealing that he is actually a Namekian. Through telepathy, King Kai warns Goku that Slug is a Super Namekian, a bloodline of violent warriors obsessed with power who were banished from their home world. Slug assumes a giant form and begins to crush Goku between his massive hands. Piccolo intervenes to rescue Goku and before he is also crushed, tears off his own ears and calls out for Gohan to start whistling. The whistling deafens and weakens Slug, allowing Piccolo to transfer his remaining energy to Goku who powers up and manages to fly straight through Slug's abdomen and incapacitates him. Goku then ascends into the sky and begins preparing a Spirit Bomb in order to destroy the pods transforming the planet, but Slug manages to pursue him. Goku launches the Spirit Bomb at Slug which sends him hurtling into his own machines, killing him and saving the planet. Yajirobe heals everyone with Senzu beans as they celebrate their victory.
Cast
Music
OP (Opening Theme):
"Cha-La Head-Cha-La"
Lyrics by Yukinojō Mori
Music by
Arranged by Kenji Yamamoto
Performed by Hironobu Kageyama
IN (Insert Song):
Lyrics by Dai Satō
Music by
Arranged by Kenji Yamamoto
Performed by Hajime Ueshiba
ED (Ending Theme):
Lyrics by Dai Satō
Music by
Arranged by Kenji Yamamoto
Performed by Hironobu Kageyama with Shines
English dub soundtrack
The following songs were present in Funimation's in-house English adaptation of Lord Slug.
Finger Eleven - "First Time"
Dust for Life - "Dragonfly"
Dust for Life - "Step Into the Light"
American Pearl - "Free Your Mind"
Deftones - "Elite"
Boy Hits Car - "I'm a Cloud"
Finger Eleven - "Drag You Down"
Dust for Life - "Seed"
American Pearl - "Automatic"
Disturbed - "Fear"
Boy Hits Car - "The Rebirth"
Disturbed - "Stupify"
Breaking Point - "Coming of Age"
Bruce Faulconer produced an alternate opening theme for this version (which would be replaced in the 2008 remastered version with another original track composed by Mark Menza) and the remaining pieces of background music were composed by Faulconer and Evan Jones. The Double Feature release contains an alternate audio track containing the English dub with original Japanese background music by Shunsuke Kikuchi, an opening theme of "Cha-La Head-Cha-La", and an ending theme of "There's a Genki-Dama in Bad Things!!".
Box office
At the Japanese box office, the film sold tickets and grossed ().
Releases
It was released on VHS in North America on August 7, 2001, and on DVD on September 4, 2001. It was later released in Double Feature set along with The Tree of Might (1990) for Blu-ray and DVD on September 16, 2008, both feature full 1080p format in HD remastered 16:9 aspect ratio and an enhanced 5.1 surround mix. The film was re-released to DVD in remastered thinpak collection on November 1, 2011, containing the first 5 Dragon Ball Z films.
Reception
Other companies
A third English version produced and released exclusively in Malaysia by Speedy Video, features an unknown voice cast.
Other English dubs were also made by French company AB Groupe. This company done for European markets which was released under the misspelt title Super Saiya Son Goku, and another one for a Malaysian VCD release by Speedy Video which had the title Super Saiya People, Goku. While the Malaysian dub's cast remains unknown, the AB Groupe dub was revealed to have been recorded by English-speaking actors based in France who have also done voices for animated television series such as Code Lyoko and Chris Colorado.
References
External links
Official anime website of Toei Animation
MyFavoriteGames - Movie Summary
Lord Slug
1991 anime films
1991 films
Animated films based on animated series
Funimation
Films scored by Shunsuke Kikuchi
Toei Animation films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%20Ball%20Z%3A%20Lord%20Slug |
The Musa connector (for Multiple Unit Steerable Array/Antenna) is a type of coaxial ("coax") connector, originally developed for the manual switching of radio signals. It has a characteristic impedance of 75 Ω, and was adopted for use in the emerging television broadcast industry.
History
"Multiple Unit Steerable Antenna" refers to an array of rhombic antennas used for high frequency (3–30 MHz) trans-Atlantic communication, "steerable" by the act of connecting several antennas together via a phasing circuit, thus achieving maximum antenna gain in the required direction. The Musa connector was developed by the British Post Office, as a reliable and readily deployed means of achieving the desired configuration.
Some time after commercial television appeared around 1936, the Musa connector came to be used as a standard video connector; its distinctive feature being that unlike most other types of coaxial connector, it is engaged and disengaged by a straight push-pull action, making it ideal for patch bays. In such professional telecommunications and video applications, the connector performed well until the end of analogue (525 or 625 line) television.
The Musa connector was designed as to be rugged and reliable, typically using solid sterling silver contacts, and turned silver-plated brass or phosphor bronze bodies.
In consumer products, much less expensive connectors, such as the Belling Lee coax connector, have performed the same function.
Modern use
Use of 75 Ω impedance as the standard for video broadcast equipment may be largely due to the better wideband performance obtainable from 75 Ω than 50 Ω cable of similar physical size, and is generally less expensive. The historical choice of 75 Ω has turned out to be advantageous with the latest technology.
Often, 75 Ω BNC connectors are used, however these are not freely pluggable like MUSA connectors, due to the bayonet locking action, except for specially engineered patch panels which omit the bayonet function, just relying upon the friction of the connector's mating surfaces.
References
RF connectors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa%20connector |
The Brantford Alexanders were a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League and Ontario Hockey League from 1978 to 1984. The team was based in Brantford, Ontario, Canada.
History
The Hamilton Fincups were relocated in 1978 becoming the Brantford Alexanders. The OMJHL junior team took the name of the OHA senior team which had played for two years prior, which in themselves were named for Brantford's most famous former resident, telephone pioneer Alexander Graham Bell. After two years in the OMJHL, the league changed names to the OHL and the Alexanders played four more seasons in Brantford, before moving back to Hamilton as the Steelhawks.
The Alexanders made the playoffs for five straight years after missing out its first year in Brantford. The team narrowly missed out on winning its division in 1980–81 by a single point.
Brantford developed close rivalries with the London Knights and the Niagara Falls Flyers. Their playoff nemeses were the Windsor Spitfires and the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds. Two years in a row they were eliminated by the Spitfires, followed by three years in a row at the hands of the Greyhounds.
The Brantford Alexanders also had an official theme song recorded by County Line, called "Cowboys of the Ice".
There have been 29 alumni of the Alexanders to play in the NHL. In 1982–83, Dave Gagner was awarded the Bobby Smith Trophy for the OHA's Scholastic Player of the Year.
Coaches
NHL alumni
Season-by-season results
Regular season
Playoffs
1978–1979 Out of playoffs.
1979–1980 Defeated Toronto Marlboros 4 games to 0 in quarter-finals. Lost to Windsor Spitfires 4 games to 3 in semi-finals.
1980–1981 Lost to Windsor Spitfires 8 points to 4 in division semi-finals
1981–1982 Defeated London Knights 6 points to 2 in first round. Lost to S.S. Marie Greyhounds 8 points to 6 in quarter-finals.
1982–1983 Defeated London Knights 6 points to 0 in first round. Lost to S.S. Marie Greyhounds 8 points to 2 in quarter-finals.
1983–1984 Earned first round bye. Lost to S.S. Marie Greyhounds 8 points to 4 in quarter-finals.
Arena
The Brantford Alexanders played home games at the Brantford Civic Centre from 1978 to 1984. The OHL All-Star game was hosted here in 1982.
Brantford Civic Centre - The OHL Arena & Travel Guide
Sport in Brantford
Defunct Ontario Hockey League teams
1978 establishments in Ontario
1984 disestablishments in Ontario
Ice hockey clubs established in 1978
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford%20Alexanders |
Henrik Sundström (born 29 February 1964) is a former professional male tennis player from Sweden. He is nicknamed Henke. Sundström was at his best on clay and achieved his strongest results on this surface, with his solid and heavy topspin groundstrokes from the baseline. He reached a career-high singles ranking of World No. 6.
Tennis career
Sundström turned professional in 1981 and in 1982 he went on to make his first final at the Swedish Open in Båstad losing to countryman and reigning French Open champion Mats Wilander.
In 1983 Sundström won his first ATP title in Nice over Manuel Orantes and made the final of Madrid, losing to Yannick Noah who later went on to win the French Open that year. Sundström also made his Davis Cup debut against New Zealand in the quarter-finals played at Eastbourne on grass. He lost both of his matches, but Sweden still won the tie and make the final that year against Australia.
1984 was the best year of Sundström's career as he compiled a record of 54–21. In 3 weeks between 2 April and 22 April he won 14 out 15 matches, winning titles in Bari over Pedro Rebolledo without losing a set, and proceeded to make the final in Nice also without losing a set before losing to Andrés Gómez. He then won the biggest tournament of his career, the Monte Carlo Open, against Mats Wilander. After victory Sundström made the final of the German Open in Hamburg defeating Mats Wilander again on the way before losing a 5 set match against Juan Aguilera. He then made it to the quarterfinals at the French Open by defeating Álvaro Fillol, Joakim Nyström, Hans Gildemeister and Francesco Cancellotti, before being defeated by Jimmy Connors.
After the French Open Sundström won the title in Båstad and made the final of Geneva, losing to Aaron Krickstein.
Sundström competed for the victorious Swedish Davis Cup team that year. He came into the Swedish team in the quarterfinals and composed a 6–0 record in singles for the year. All of these matches were on clay; his opponents included the reigning French Open champion Ivan Lendl who was still playing for Czechoslovakia at the time. Sundström turned around a 2-sets-to-love and 0–3 (0–40) deficit in the third set, and won the match in 5, which gave the Swedes the edge and they made the final against the United States. The US team included John McEnroe who had lost only 2 matches for the season, Jimmy Connors, and Peter Fleming, John McEnroe's long-term doubles partner.
Mats Wilander defeated Jimmy Connors in the first match, and Sundström faced McEnroe in the second match. He defeated John McEnroe in straight sets 13–11 6–4, 6–3 to inflict his third defeat for 1984. This match turned the Davis Cup final in the Swedes' favor and they won the Davis Cup by taking the doubles as well. Sundström also won his second singles match against Jimmy Arias, but Sweden had already clinched the Davis Cup by taking an unassailable 3–0 lead.
Sundström never reached the same heights again after 1984. He played Davis Cup only once more after that and he only won one more title in 1986 at Athens, defeating Francisco Maciel. Sundström had injury problems with his back and retired in 1989 after playing only 21 matches in 3 years.
Sundström now lives in Monaco where he works. He has two children.
Career finals
Singles: 13 (5 wins, 8 losses)
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Swedish male tennis players
Sportspeople from Lund
Swedish expatriates in Monaco | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik%20Sundstr%C3%B6m |
Colloquium may refer to:
An academic seminar usually led by a different lecturer and on a different topic at each meeting or similarly to a tutorial led by students as is the case in Norway.
A form of testing and assessing students' knowledge in the education system, mainly in universities.
The Parliament of Scotland, called a "colloquium" in Latin records
Any musical piece celebrating birth or distribution of good news, a hymn (antonyms: requiem, coronach)
The part of a complaint for defamation in which the plaintiff avers that the defamatory remarks related to him or her
See also
Symposium (disambiguation)
Colloquy (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquium |
Ivan Bjerre Damgård (born 1956) is a Danish cryptographer and currently a professor at the Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Denmark.
Academic background
In 1983, he obtained a master's degree in mathematics (with minors in music and computer science) at Aarhus University. He began his PhD studies in 1985 at the same university, and was for a period a guest researcher at CWI in Amsterdam in 1987. He earned his PhD degree in May, 1988, with the thesis Ubetinget beskyttelse i kryptografiske protokoller (Unconditional protection in cryptographic protocols) and has been employed at Aarhus University ever since. Damgård became full professor in 2005.
Research
Damgård co-invented the Merkle–Damgård construction, which is used in influential cryptographic hash functions such as SHA-2, SHA-1 and MD5. He discovered the structure independently of Ralph Merkle and published it in 1989.
Ivan Damgård is one of the founders of the Cryptomathic company. In 2010, he was selected as IACR Fellow.
In 2020, he received the Public Key Cryptography (PKC) conference Test of Time Award for the paper "A Generalisation, a Simplification and Some Applications of Paillier's Probabilistic Public-Key System", which was published in PKC 2001 by Damgård and Jurik.
In 2021, Damgård received the ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC) Test of Time Award for the paper "Multiparty unconditionally secure protocols", which was published in STOC 1988 by Chaum, Crépeau, and Damgård.
References
External links
Home page of Ivan Damgård
A list of publications of Ivan Damgård
Danish scientists
Danish computer scientists
Modern cryptographers
Living people
1956 births
International Association for Cryptologic Research fellows
Academic staff of Aarhus University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Damg%C3%A5rd |
The Hidden Land is the eighth studio album and twelfth album overall released by Béla Fleck and the Flecktones, released in 2006. It was recorded before the band's year-long hiatus during 2005 and released afterward. The Hidden Land won the 2007 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album.
Reception
In his Allmusic review, music critic Thom Jurek was lukewarm about the album, writing, "It's not that complexity and a multiplicity of ideas is a bad thing; quite the opposite, but knowing when to and make the music sing is another thing. This record sings only in a couple of places. The rest is 'serious Flecktones.' Perhaps this determination is simply not for most of us. It's easy to accept that, especially when those serious Flecktones fans will be debating individual musical passages until the next album is released." Devin Grant of No Depression wrote: "Fleck keeps things centered, wielding his banjo in directions the instrument wasn’t originally envisioned to go."
Track listing
All songs by Béla Fleck unless otherwise noted.
"Fugue from Prelude/Fugue No. 20 in A minor, BWV 889" (J.S. Bach, arr. The Flecktones) – 1:51
"P'Lod In The House" (Future Man/B. Fleck) – 3:46
"Rococo" – 3:46
"Labyrinth" – 6:21
"Kaleidoscope" (The Flecktones) – 5:08
"Who's Got Three?" – 5:22
"Weed Whacker" – 7:44
"Couch Potato" – 3:03
"Chennai" (Jeff Coffin/B. Fleck) – 5:48
"Subterfuge" – 4:04
Interlude (The Flecktones) – 0:39
"Misunderstood" – 7:27
"The Whistle Tune" – 4:54
Personnel
Béla Fleck - 1937 Style 75 Gibson Mastertone banjo (tracks 1, 7, 8, 13), 1936 Style 18 Gibson Top Tension gut string banjo (track 3), 2004 Deering Tenbrooks banjo (track 5), 1932 Vega-Vox Deluxe banjo (track 6), Deering Crossfire electric banjo (tracks 2, 9), 1967 Rickenbacker 5-string electric banjo (track 10, 11), Deering 6-String bantar (tracks 11, 12), Paradis stereo guitar (track 4), synth (track 9)
Jeff Coffin - Soprano saxophone (tracks 2, 5, 7, 8, 11), tenor saxophone (tracks 4, 10, 12), alto saxophone (track 1), flute (tracks 3, 9), clarinet (track 6), D whistle (tracks 4, 13), low-D whistle (track 13), conch shell (track 8), singing bowl (track 9), sleigh bells (tracks 8, 9), synthesizer (tracks 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13), synth (track 10), high throat singing (track 9)
Roy "Future Man" Wooten - Synth-Axe Drumitar, acoustic percussion, Zendrum (track 1), vocals (tracks 4, 12), throat singing (track 9)
Victor Wooten - Fodera 4 string electric bass (tracks 1–5, 7, 8, 10, 13), Compito 5 string fretless electric bass, (tracks 6, 9, 11, 12), synth pedal (tracks 4, 7)
Production notes
Béla Fleck with the Flecktones
Robert Battaglia – engineer, mixing
Richard Dodd – mastering
Frank Ockenfels – photography
Christopher Austopchuk – art direction
Giulio Turturro – design
Chart positions
References
Béla Fleck and the Flecktones albums
2006 albums
Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hidden%20Land |
Smuttynose Island (formerly "Smutty-nose") is a 27-acre island in the Isles of Shoals, a group of small islands and tidal ledges located off the coast of New Hampshire and off the coast of Maine, United States. Smuttynose and some of the other islands in the Isles of Shoals are part of the town of Kittery in York County, Maine.
The island was named by fishermen who thought the profuse seaweed at one end made it look like the "smutty nose" of some vast sea animal.
Smuttynose Island is the source of the name of the Smuttynose Brewing Company of Hampton, New Hampshire.
Smuttynose murders
The island is best known for the Smuttynose murders (also known as the Isles of Shoals murders), a sensational crime which occurred on March 6, 1873.
The crime
Three Norwegian immigrant women (Maren Hontvet, her sister Karen Christensen and their brother's wife, Anethe Christensen) were alone overnight in the only occupied house on the island, which belonged to Maren and her husband John. Shortly after 1 a.m., the three women were awakened by an intruder who beat and strangled Karen to death and used the Hontvets' own axe to kill Anethe. Maren was able to escape through a window and hid among rocks until daybreak, when she made her way over a breakwater and signaled to a neighboring island for help.
Arrest and trial
Maren Hontvet identified Louis Wagner, a German-born fisherman who had once worked on her husband's fishing boat and been a boarder in their home, as the killer.
In addition to Maren's eyewitness identification, there was a great deal of circumstantial evidence against Wagner:
Wagner's boots matched the bloody prints found on Smuttynose Island and a bloody shirt was found hidden in the outhouse of his Portsmouth boarding house the morning after the murders. His landlady, Mrs. Johnson, and her daughter both testified they had seen Wagner carrying a bundle to the outhouse, and Mrs. Johnson identified the bloody shirt as one she had often laundered and pressed for Wagner.
Mrs. Johnson also testified that another man had spent the night on the boarding house's downstairs sofa where Wagner claimed to have slept that night and that she had seen Wagner arrive home at about 7 a.m., wet and disheveled.
Wagner purchased new clothing later that day with the same amount of cash ($15) stolen from the Hontvet house, although he had been too broke to pay his rent the day before.
Among coins found in his pocket when he was arrested the day after the murders was a button which Maren testified she had given Karen from her sewing-box and seen Karen place in her coin purse.
Witnesses testified they had seen him rowing a wooden dory several hours after the murders, and a stolen dory that was found on shore near where he had been seen had its newly-replaced thole pins worn down, as if it had been rowed for hours
John Hontvet, his brother Matthew and Anethe's husband, Even, all stated that they had seen Wagner in Portsmouth the afternoon before the murders and he had asked three times if they would be returning home to Smuttynose Island that night or if the women would be alone, and that Wagner had agreed to come help them set traps on John's fishing boat that evening but never arrived.
Wagner was unable to name the fishing boat or even the location of the pier where he claimed he had been working that night instead, nor could he give the name or location of the saloon he said he went to afterward.
Wagner was tried, convicted and (after briefly escaping) hanged for the crime by the state of Maine on June 25, 1875. While awaiting execution, he told visitors that Maren herself was the real killer and her husband had paid witnesses to frame him for the crime. Some found his professions of innocence so compelling that they came to believe he was not guilty.
An axe said to be the one that Wagner used to kill Anethe Christensen is on display at the Portsmouth Athenaeum.
In media
Writer Celia Thaxter, a resident of neighboring Appledore Island who had employed Karen Christensen at her island hotel until shortly before the murders, published an account of the crime in Atlantic Monthly magazine in 1875 titled A Memorable Murder.
John Perrault, poet laureate of Portsmouth from 2003 to 2005, first heard the story of the murders from Celia Thaxter's granddaughter in the early 1970s. He composed a murder ballad about the crime titled The Ballad of Louis Wagner and released it on his 1981 album New Hampshire.
J. Dennis Robinson recounted the crime and the evidence against Louis Wagner in his 2019 book Mystery on the Isles of Shoals: Closing the Case on the Smuttynose Ax Murders of 1873, in which he concluded that there was overwhelming proof the correct person had been executed for the murders. Among other evidence, Robinson pointed out that Maren named Wagner as the killer immediately upon being rescued from the island early the next morning and that if she had been lying, she would have been taking a great risk of her story being exposed, as she had no way of knowing how many people might have seen him on the mainland at the time of the murders.
Anita Shreve fictionalized the story of the murders in her 1997 novel The Weight of Water, in which she depicted Maren as the killer. It was later made into a film of the same name starring Sean Penn and Elizabeth Hurley.
The murders were also featured on the Strange and Unusual Podcast, episode 11, titled "Wolf in Sheep's Clothes".
References
External links
"A Memorable Murder" by Celia Thaxter
The Strange and Unusual Podcast: ep. 11 "Wolf In Sheep's Clothes"
Islands of York County, Maine
Former populated places in Maine
Kittery, Maine
Geography of York County, Maine
Islands of Maine
Coastal islands of Maine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuttynose%20Island |
The Trial () is a 1962 drama film written and directed by Orson Welles, based on the 1925 posthumously published novel of the same name by Franz Kafka. Welles stated immediately after completing the film: "The Trial is the best film I have ever made". The film begins with Welles narrating Kafka's parable "Before the Law" to pinscreen scenes created by the artists Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker.
Anthony Perkins stars as Josef K., a bureaucrat who is accused of a never-specified crime, and Jeanne Moreau, Romy Schneider and Elsa Martinelli play women who become involved in various ways in Josef's trial and life. Welles plays the Advocate, Josef's lawyer and the film's principal antagonist.
The Trial has grown in reputation over the years, and some critics, including Roger Ebert, have called it a masterpiece. It is often praised for its scenic design and cinematography, the latter of which includes disorienting camera angles and unconventional use of focus.
Plot
Josef K. is sleeping in his bedroom, in an apartment he shares with other lodgers. He is awakened when a man in a suit opens his bedroom door. Josef assumes the glib man is a policeman, but the intruder does not identify himself and ignores Josef's demand to produce police ID. Several detectives enter and tell Josef he is under open arrest. In another room Josef K. sees three co-workers from his place of employment; they are there to provide evidence regarding some unstated crime. The police refuse to inform Josef K. of his misdeeds, or if he is even being charged with a crime, and they do not take him into custody.
After the detectives leave, Josef converses with his landlady, Mrs. Grubach, and neighbor, Miss Bürstner, about the strange visit. Later he goes to his office, where his supervisor thinks he has been having improper relations with his teenaged female cousin. That evening, Josef attends the opera, but is abducted from the theater by a police inspector and taken to a courtroom, where he attempts in vain to confront the still-unstated case against him.
Josef returns to his office and discovers the two police officers who first visited him being whipped in a small room. Josef's uncle Max suggests that Josef consult with Hastler, a law advocate. After brief encounters with the wife of a courtroom guard and a roomful of condemned men awaiting trial, Josef is granted an interview with Hastler, which proves unsatisfactory.
Hastler's mistress suggests that Josef seek the advice of the artist Titorelli, but this also proves unhelpful. Seeking refuge in a cathedral, Josef very briefly discusses his case with a priest. Hastler abruptly appears at the cathedral to confirm the priest's assertion.
On the evening before his thirty-first birthday, Josef is apprehended by two executioners and taken to a quarry pit, where he is ordered to remove some of his clothing. The executioners pass a knife back and forth, apparently deliberating on who will do the deed, before handing the knife to the condemned man, who refuses to commit suicide. The executioners leave Josef in the quarry and toss dynamite in the pit. Josef laughs at his executioners and picks up the dynamite. From a distance one can hear an explosion and smoke billows into the air.
Cast
Anthony Perkins – Josef K.
Jeanne Moreau – Marika Bürstner
Romy Schneider – Leni
Elsa Martinelli – Hilda
Suzanne Flon – Miss Pittl
Orson Welles – Albert Hastler, The Advocate
Akim Tamiroff – Bloch
Madeleine Robinson – Mrs. Grubach
Paola Mori – Court archivist
Arnoldo Foà – Inspector A
Fernand Ledoux – Chief Clerk of the Law Court
Michael Lonsdale – Priest
Max Buchsbaum – Examining Magistrate
Max Haufler – Uncle Max
Maurice Teynac – Deputy Manager
Wolfgang Reichmann – Courtroom Guard
Thomas Holtzmann – Bert the law student
Billy Kearns – First Assistant Inspector
Jess Hahn – Second Assistant Inspector
Naydra Shore – Irmie, Joseph K.'s cousin
Carl Studer – Man in Leather
Jean-Claude Rémoleux – Policeman #1
Raoul Delfosse – Policeman #2
William Chappell – Titorelli
Peter Sallis - Dubbing (Voice)
Production
In 1960, Welles was approached by producer Alexander Salkind to make a film from a public domain literary work. Salkind had originally wanted Welles to make a film of Nikolai Gogol's novella Taras Bulba. When Salkind found out that producer Harold Hecht was already making a version of Taras Bulba with Yul Brynner in the lead, he offered Welles a list of 82 other film titles to choose from. From that selection, Welles decided The Trial would be the most feasible film to make. (Earlier that year, Michael Lindsay-Hogg—who may have been Welles's son—had casually mentioned an idea to Welles about adapting The Trial as a stage play, prompting Welles to state that The Trial was an important book and that he, Welles, should re-read it.) Salkind promised that Welles would have total artistic freedom and he would not interfere with Welles' creation. They later discovered that the book was not yet in the public domain and that they needed to obtain the rights to the property.
Salkind committed 650 million French francs (U.S.$1.3 million in 1962 currency) to the budget for The Trial and secured backing from West German, French and Italian investors.
Welles took six months to write the screenplay. In adapting the work, he rearranged the order of Kafka's chapters. In this version, the chapter line-up read 1, 4, 2, 5, 6, 3, 8, 7, 9, 10. However, the order of Kafka's chapters was arranged by his literary executor, Max Brod, after the writer's death, and this order is not definitive. Welles also modernized several aspects of the story, introducing computer technology and changing Miss Bürstner's profession from a typist to a cabaret performer. Welles also opened the film with a fable from the book about a man who is permanently detained from seeking access to the Law by a guard. To illustrate this allegory, he used the pin screen animation of Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker, who created animated prints using thousands of pins.
Welles also changed the manner of Josef K.'s death. Kafka originally had the executioners pass the knife over the head of Josef K., thus giving him the opportunity to take the weapon and kill himself, in a more dignified manner—Josef K. does not; instead he is fatally stabbed by his executioners in the heart, and as he dies Josef K. says "like a dog." In the film, whilst the executioners still offer him the knife, Josef K. refuses to take it, and goads the executioners by yelling "You'll have to do it!" The film ends with the smoke of the fatal dynamite blast forming a mushroom cloud in the air while Welles reads the closing credits on the soundtrack.
Another notable change is that of Josef's relationships with the numerous women in the film. Although Josef seems to be interested in Miss Bürstner, his later interactions with Hilda and Leni are dispassionate and awkward. In the film, Josef shows little romantic attention to Leni, and she often touches him sexually without him asking her to. Henry Jaglom, a friend of Welles's, claimed that Welles confided in him, saying that he knew Perkins was gay "and used that quality in Perkins to suggest another texture in Joseph K, a fear of exposure. The whole homosexuality thing—using Perkins that way—was incredible for that time. It was intentional on Orson's part: He had these three gorgeous women (Jeanne Moreau, Romy Schneider, Elsa Martinelli) trying to seduce this guy, who was completely repressed and incapable of responding." Jaglom went on to say, "The closetedness of Perkins' homosexuality... he thought that brought a whole wonderful subtext. I remember him saying that they never talked about it, but he felt that Perkins definitely knew what he was doing." Film critic Roger Ebert theorized that this "could be interpreted as a nightmare in which women make demands [Josef] K is uninterested in meeting." This has led some to believe that The Trial might have queer undertones.
Welles initially hoped to cast U.S. comic actor Jackie Gleason as Hastler, but he took the role himself when Gleason rejected the part. Welles also dubbed the dialogue for 11 actors in The Trial. Welles reportedly dubbed a few lines of Anthony Perkins’ dialogue and challenged Perkins to identify the dubbing. Perkins was unable to locate the lines where Welles dubbed his voice. British actor Peter Sallis was brought in to dub Max Haufler's dialogue, which had been delivered in Hungarian, into American-accented English.
Welles began the production in Yugoslavia. To create Josef K.’s workplace, he created a set in an exposition hall just outside Zagreb, where 850 secretaries banged typewriters at 850 office desks. Other sequences were later shot in Dubrovnik, Rome, Milan and Paris. Welles was not able to film The Trial in Kafka’s home city of Prague, as his work was seen as decadent by the communist government in Czechoslovakia.
In Paris, Welles planned to shoot the interiors of his film at the Boulogne Studios, but Salkind had difficulties collecting promised capital to finance the film. Instead, he used the Gare d'Orsay, an abandoned Parisian railway station. Welles rearranged his set design to accommodate this new setting, and he later defended his decision to film at Gare d'Orsay in an interview with Cahiers du cinéma, where he stated: "Everything was improvised at the last moment, because the whole physical concept of my film was quite different. It was based on the absence of sets. And the gigantic nature of the sets, which people have objected to, is partly due to the fact that the only setting I had was that old abandoned station."
Welles edited The Trial in Paris while technically on vacation; he commuted in on weekends from Málaga, Spain, where he was taking time to film sequences (reported as being "the prologue and epilogue") for his self-financed film adaptation of Don Quixote, to oversee the post-production work.
In a later interview with Peter Bogdanovich, Anthony Perkins stated that Welles gave him the direction that The Trial was meant to be seen as a black comedy. Perkins would also state his greatest professional pride came in being the star of a Welles-directed feature.
While filming in Zagreb, Welles met 21-year-old Croatian actress Olga Palinkaš. He renamed her Oja Kodar, and she became Welles' companion and occasional artistic collaborator during the latter years of his career.
Release
Welles initially planned to premiere The Trial at the Venice Film Festival in September 1962, but the film was not completed in time. The festival organizers showed the Academy Award winning musical West Side Story instead.
Welles continued to edit the film up until its December 1962 premiere in Paris. In an interview with the BBC, he mentioned that on the eve of the premiere he jettisoned a ten-minute sequence (it is actually about six minutes long) where Josef K. meets with a computer scientist (played by Greek actress Katina Paxinou) who uses her technology to predict his fate. Welles explained the last-minute cut by noting: "I only saw the film as a whole once. We were still in the process of doing the mixing, and then the premiere fell on us... [The scene] should have been the best in the film and it wasn't. Something went wrong, I don't know why, but it didn't succeed."
Ultimately, the US theatrical release of The Trial came in 1963.
Box office
The film earned US $1,403,700 in North America, the UK and the British Commonwealth. It did not make a profit.
Critical reception
The Trial polarized critics upon release. Immediately after its completion, Welles said, "Say what you like, but The Trial is the best film I have ever made." The film was reacted to more positively in France, where it won the Best Film award of the French Syndicate of Cinema Critics in 1963.
Charles Higham's 1970 biography of Welles dismissed the film as "an agonizing experience [...] a dead thing, like some tablet found among the dust of forgotten men, speaking a language that has much to say to us, but whose words have largely been rubbed away."
The film has continued to polarize film critics and scholars. The film has its detractors, but contemporary analysis is more positive. In his 1996 biography of Welles, David Thomson said the film was "an astonishing work, and a revelation of the man... a stunning film". Today, the film enjoys enthusiastic reviews; on Rotten Tomatoes, 84% of 44 critical reviews awarded the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7.7/10. Film critic Roger Ebert called the film "an exuberant use of camera placement and movement and inventive lighting," awarding it a full four stars.
Film critic Leonard Maltin gave The Trial a rating of 3 and a half out of 4 stars and described it as "[g]ripping, if a bit confusing" and "not for all tastes."
In the British Film Institute's 2002 Sight & Sound poll, Argentine film critic and historian Fernando Martín Peña voted The Trial one of his 10 favorite films.
Post-release history
In 1981, Welles planned to create a documentary on the making of The Trial. Cinematographer Gary Graver was hired to film Welles addressing a University of Southern California audience on the film's history. The footage was shot with a 16mm camera on color reversal stock, but Welles never completed the proposed documentary. The footage is now in the possession of Germany’s Filmmuseum Munich, and has since been restored.
No copyright was ever filed on The Trial, which resulted in the film being a public domain title in the US. Although it is possible that the copyright was restored by the URAA, no "Notice of Intent to Enforce" was filed with the US Copyright Office.
In 2000, a restored version based on the long-lost original 35mm negative was released on DVD by Milestone Films. As of 2015, a 2K restoration by Rialto Pictures is playing in DCP format in various North American cities. A 4K restoration of the film was released by the Criterion Collection on September 19, 2023.
See also
Trial film
References
External links
PopMatters article on The Trial
1962 films
1962 drama films
1962 independent films
1962 LGBT-related films
English-language French films
English-language German films
English-language Italian films
French LGBT-related films
German LGBT-related films
Italian LGBT-related films
Films about lawyers
Films based on Czech novels
Films based on works by Franz Kafka
Films directed by Orson Welles
Films shot in Croatia
Films shot in Yugoslavia
Films with screenplays by Orson Welles
French black comedy films
French black-and-white films
French drama films
French independent films
French neo-noir films
German black comedy films
German black-and-white films
German courtroom films
German drama films
German independent films
German neo-noir films
Italian black comedy films
Italian black-and-white films
Italian drama films
Italian independent films
Jadran Film films
West German films
Existentialist films
1960s Italian films
1960s French films
1960s German films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Trial%20%281962%20film%29 |
Tristana is a 1970 drama film co-written, directed and produced by Luis Buñuel, and starring Catherine Deneuve, Fernando Rey, and Franco Nero. The screenplay by Buñuel and Julio Alejandro adapts an 1892 realist novel of the same name by Benito Pérez Galdós. It is a Spanish-French-Italian co-production filmed in Toledo, Buñuel's one-time home, and represents his return to his native country after several years living and working abroad. It earned positive acclaim from critics, and was nominated for Best Foreign-Language Film at the 43rd Academy Awards.
Plot
The story is set in the late 1920s to early 1930s in the city of Toledo. Tristana is a young woman who, following the death of her mother, becomes a ward of notorious nobleman don Lope Garrido. Despite his advancing age, Don Lope refuses to change his playboy lifestyle, while maintaining strong yet increasingly-antiquated attitudes about honor, chivalry, and women. Claiming to defend the weak from corrupt institutions (while expressing support for leftist politics), Don Lope nonetheless preys on his new ward, entranced by her beauty and innocence. He thus treats her as wife as well as daughter from the age of 19, unbeknownst to the outside world.
While Tristana initially accepts the arrangement, by age 21 she starts finding her voice, to demand to study music, art and other subjects with which she wishes to become independent, chafing under Don Lope, who thinks women are untrustworthy and should be kept at home. While sneaking out of the house against Lope's wishes, she meets Horacio, a young artist from Catalonia. The two fall in love and Horacio asks her to come live with him in Barcelona, but she remains apprehensive because of the Don's inescapable presence. Horacio confronts Don Lope outside his apartment, Lope slaps him and challenges him to a duel, and Hoarcio responds by simply punching him in the face. He and Tristana leave the following day.
Five years later, Tristana returns, having suddenly fallen ill. She demands to be remanded to Don Lope's house so she can die there. Tristana survives but loses a leg in the process, which changes her prospects. She breaks up with Horacio and seemingly reinstates the previous relationship with Don Lope, but is now much more independent and openly defiant. Don Lope, whose health problems have only worsened, suddenly inherits money from his sister, which Tristana covets. She agrees to have a marriage of convenience with Lope in order to, as a local priest describes, "correct a previously sinful situation," but makes it clear she has no desire for a romantic or sexual relationship, taking up the housemaid's deaf-mute son Saturno as a lover.
One night, Lope suffers a heart attack in bed. Tristana pretends to get help until he's fallen unconscious, and finishes him off by opening the window to the winter cold. The film ends with a montage of scenes playing back in reverse, ending at the moment Don Lope first seduced Tristana.
Cast
Production
Buñuel first began working on Tristana in 1962 after Spanish censors rejected his script Secuestro. Buñuel suggested adapting Benito Pérez Galdós's novel instead to his producers at Epoca and was paid $30,000 to write the screenplay. Buñuel and Julio Alejandro wrote the script in December 1962 and updated the novel's setting to the period between the late 1920s to early 1930s. Buñuel and Epoca submitted their script to the Spanish censors in the spring of 1963, hoping to begin shooting in the summer. At the last minute, the Ministry of Culture rejected the script because of its depiction of duelling and Buñuel made Diary of a Chambermaid instead.
In December 1968, Buñuel decided to return to Spain after being allowed back into the Catholic Church. When he returned, producers from Epoca approached him about reviving Tristana. Buñuel was initially uninterested and wanted to instead film his script for The Monk, which would have starred Jeanne Moreau, Peter O'Toole and Omar Sharif. But producers at Epoca managed to find funding from Italian and French investors and secure the newly built Siena Studios in Madrid, convincing Buñuel to agree to the project. Buñuel and Alejandro quickly finished their fourth draft of the screenplay.
Buñuel wanted Tristana to be his triumphant return to Spain after living in Mexico for several decades and worked hard on the film. Buñuel travelled to Spain in the spring of 1969 to begin work on the film, and was immediately sidetracked by the Spanish censors. Spain's Franco government made it difficult for the notorious and outspoken atheist Buñuel to get his films approved. However, Minister of Information Manuel Fraga Iribarne was known to be more liberal than past Ministers and told Buñuel that he would approve the script only if Buñuel promised to not change the script during the film's shooting. Buñuel refused, stating that the script was merely a blueprint. Eventually Buñuel got his and Fraga's mutual friend Rafael Mendez to act as a go-between and convince Fraga to approve the script.
Buñuel's French investors insisted that Catherine Deneuve be cast as Tristana and his Italian investors wanted young heartthrob Franco Nero to play Horacio. Filming began in September 1969. Actress Vanessa Redgrave was often on the film's set after recently divorcing Tony Richardson for Nero, which caused Nero to often be late or distracted during filming. The film's plot has many similarities to Buñuel's earlier film Viridiana and the character of Don Lope is partially based on Buñuel's father, who was also a "señorito (an adult who never worked a day in his life but lives comfortably, or even luxuriously, thanks to an inheritance). Buñuel based much of Tristana's schoolgirl innocence on memories of his younger sister Conchita.
Differences from the novel
Buñuel was quite critical of Pérez Galdós' novel despite being a fan of the author, finding it kitschy, predictable, and among the author's worst works. Nonetheless, he believed that it would make an excellent film adaptation, though made some notable changes.
In the novel, Tristana resignedly marries don Lope in order for him to receive his inheritance. Also different from the novel is Saturno's increased role—barely mentioned in the novel, he is Tristana's third love interest in the film.
Release
The film premiered in Madrid on March 18, 1970, and opened in theatres on March 29. It opened in France on April 28 after a screening at the Hyères Film Festival, and in Italy in June. In the United States, it screened at the New York Film Festival in September and had a limited release in New York City and Los Angeles later that year. It also screened out of the main competition at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival.
Reception
Tristana has an approval rating of 97% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 33 reviews, and an average rating of 8.6/10. Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 93 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".
Awards and nominations
See also
List of submissions to the 43rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Spanish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
1970 films
1970 drama films
1970s French films
1970s Italian films
1970s Spanish films
1970s Spanish-language films
Films based on Spanish novels
Films based on works by Benito Pérez Galdós
Films directed by Luis Buñuel
Films produced by Robert Dorfmann
Films set in the 1920s
Films set in the 1930s
Films set in Toledo, Spain
Films shot in Madrid
Films shot in the province of Toledo
French drama films
Italian drama films
Spanish drama films
Spanish-language French films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristana%20%28film%29 |
Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior is a 2006 Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM) starring Brenda Song and Shin Koyamada. The voice of Hadley Hudson is also featured. Koyamada plays a Chinese monk who visits the title character. Wendy is a Chinese-American teenager played by Song, claimed to be the reincarnation of a powerful female warrior. She is also the only person who can prevent a spirit of an ancient and evil Chinese dragon named Yan-Lo, voiced by Hudson, from destroying the world.
This film had more than 5.7 million viewers on the night of its premiere making Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior the fifth highest viewed DCOM at the time. It also received the highest rating in the history of Disney Channel Japan. The film also broke records in the United Kingdom and Europe, making Disney Channel the highest rated kids’ channel in Europe.
The film was shot almost entirely in Auckland, New Zealand. Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior was the second DCOM to be added on the iTunes Store. Disney released several products to promote the film. A sequel was scheduled to begin filming in early 2008,<ref name="ShinWWHW2">[http://www.movieweb.com/news/NEKV7NPLKvOwPK "Shin Koyamada Joins the Cast of Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior 2]. Variety. Retrieved on Sunday, October 14, 2007.</ref> but was eventually cancelled.
Plot
Wendy Wu is a popular Chinese-American teenager whose life is turned upside down by a visit from Shen, a young Buddhist monk. He claims that Wendy is the reincarnation of a mighty female warrior and the only one who can prevent an evil spirit from destroying the world. Shen begs Wendy to wear a powerful amulet, which will protect her from evil until he can fully train her in martial arts.
Wendy is too busy campaigning for Homecoming Queen against Jessica Dawson, her school rival, to be concerned about saving the world. Wendy's traditional grandmother knows that Shen is speaking the truth; her own mother (Wendy's great-grandmother) was the previous Yin Warrior who defeated Yan-Lo in China ninety years earlier. However, the other members of Wendy's family have lost touch with their Chinese heritage. Shen's discussion of Chinese culture inspires Wendy's mother, a researcher at Fair Springs National History Museum. Shen's mooncakes do the same for Wendy's father. However, faced with the choice between fighting evil and going shopping, Wendy chooses to go to the mall with her best friends Tory and Lisa.
Yan-Lo soon materializes and sets out to destroy Wendy before she can attain her full Yin Warrior powers. In quick succession, Yan-Lo possesses a security guard at the museum, Wendy's brother, her dog, her principal, her teachers, her best friend Tory, and even Jessica Dawson. Wendy breaks up with her boyfriend Austin after noticing how toxic and self-absorbed he is. She then starts to bond more with Shen. With Shen's help, Wendy's teachers are possessed by the souls of the Five Animals of Chinese martial arts to help teach Wendy. Mr. Medina becomes the Tiger; coach Gibbs becomes the Snake; Mr. Tobias becomes the Crane; Mr. Garibay becomes the Leopard; and Shen himself becomes the Dragon.
Wendy completes her training and learns that she has become Homecoming Queen. She then discovers that her battle takes place the same night of the Homecoming Dance. Feeling betrayed, she opts out of the battle. On the night of Homecoming her grandmother insists that Wendy fulfill her destiny, but Wendy refuses. She finally changes her mind upon learning from the monks that Shen has gone to the battle alone. Wendy and the monks arrive to save Shen just in time. Wendy's martial arts training unleashes her inner heroine for a final fight with Yan-Lo. In the last scene, Jessica thanks Wendy for lending her the Homecoming crown and Queen status, and the conflict between the two is put to rest. The heroes are about to leave when Yan-Lo returns in his true form, and the battle continues. Shen attempts to sacrifice himself, as it is his destiny, but Wendy saves him by changing his destiny. Wendy and Shen attack Yan-Lo together, destroying him forever. The monks tell Shen this is his last life, and they ascend. In the end, Wendy and Shen leave to get cappuccinos and chocolate, which Shen said he loved earlier in the movie. This implies that the two might be dating.
Cast
Release
The premiere of Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior aired at 8 p.m. Eastern Time on June 16, 2006, including a telecast hosted by Brenda Song and the movie's cast. The movie premiered on Toon Disney on May 12, 2008. The film aired on ABC Family on June 20, 2006, as part of its Jetix block, making the film the only Disney Channel Original Movie to be aired on that channel.
On Saturday, August 18, Disney Channel aired "Wendy Wu: Homecoming Chat". The stars of the movie answered questions posed by fans.
The "Kick'in" version of the film first aired on February 19, 2007, in United States and on April 14, 2008, in Canada. This version includes new footage of the cast and 5 never-before-seen scenes. The "Remixed" version aired on September 8, 2007 in which the cast answered questions and taught the viewers kung-fu moves. The "Pop-Up" version of the film aired on November 23, 2007 in which movie trivia appeared throughout the film in boxes at the bottom of the screen. A similar "What's What" version of the film aired on March 7, 2008, on Disney Channel Asia.
Ratings Wendy Wu had more than 5.7 million viewers on the night of its premiere, making it the fifth highest viewed DCOM at the time. The film was originally set to air on June 2, 2006, but was pushed back by Disney Channel due to technical difficulties involving film's official website. The film exceeded its competition on basic cable channels, ranking No. 1 with children 6-11 (2.1 million/9.5 rating) and adolescents 9-14 (2.1 million/8.6 rating) at the time. The movie also gained 1.2 million viewers start-to-finish, with 6.0 million Total Viewers watching the movie's final quarter-hour (4.8 million to 6.0 million).Wendy Wu exceeded year-ago time period numbers, delivering triple-digit gains in total viewers (178%, 5,649,000 vs. 2,050,000), Kids 6-11 (132%, 8.8/2,129,000 vs. 3.8/933,000) and Tweens 9-14 (187%, 8.6/2,120,000 vs. 3.0/731,000).
Reception
UltimateDisney.com said that the movie relies on stereotypes, but also that Song shone as the title character. The San Francisco Asian American Film Festival considered the character a strong protagonist and good role model. In an interview with Asiance magazine, Song described how she identified with the character struggling to keep her heritage.Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior Review. RevolutionSF.com. Accessed 2007-08-08. A BellaOnline review commended Disney for the strong Asian cast and noted that it is rare to see a female martial arts star with a black belt.
Production
Filming locations
The movie was set in California, and some scenes were filmed in Disney Studios, United States. However, much of it was shot on location in Auckland, New Zealand to accommodate action unit director Koichi Sakamoto, who also choreographed Power Rangers in Auckland, primarily at Studio West in West Auckland. Parts of it were shot at Long Bay College, a high school in Auckland. Many drama students from Long Bay College were used as extras, and they can be seen chiefly in the school scenes. It took 24 days to shoot the movie in New Zealand according to Brenda Song. The cast then promoted the movie and the trailer to Disney Channel fans. Disney promoted the movie in various countries including Malaysia, Japan and Australia.
Casting
The film was shot on a budget of $5 million. Song trained for more than 2 weeks, 16 hours each day. Although Song had stunt doubles for some scenes, she did most of her own stunt work for the film with guidance from Koichi Sakamoto, executive producer for the Power Rangers franchise. Song was inspired to endure the stunt training by the way her mother dealt with breast cancer in 2005.
Several actors from this movie had previously appeared in the Power Rangers series. Sally Martin and Anna Hutchison both portrayed actual Rangers: Martin was the Blue Ranger (also named Tori Hanson) in 2003's Ninja Storm, and Hutchison was the Yellow Ranger in 2008's Jungle Fury. Additional actors in this film that appeared in Power Rangers include James Gaylyn (Ninja Storm, Dino Thunder, S.P.D, Operation Overdrive, and RPM), Geoff Dolan (Mystic Force, Samurai, and Megaforce), Sally Stockwell (Mystic Force), and Shin Koyamada (Wild Force).
This film contains so many martial arts sequences that Disney had to rate it TV-PG. Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior is the eighth DCOM to receive a TV-PG rating; before it were Tiger Cruise, Don't Look Under the Bed, Halloweentown, Halloweentown II: Kalabar's Revenge, Jett Jackson: The Movie, Mom's Got A Date With A Vampire, and Twitches.
Song commuted during film breaks to film the second season of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody.
Setting
The movie takes place in the fictional city of Fair Springs, California. According to a local weather report that Wendy sees on TV, Fair Springs is located around the actual city of Modesto, California. The evil spirit Yan Lo is named after Yamarāja, the lord of death in Buddhist and Hindu philosophy. The name Yan Lo is a shortened Chinese transliteration of Yamarāja's name.
Home media Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior was released on DVD on October 24, 2006.
It is the third DCOM on DVD to be certified Platinum in DVD sales; the first is The Cheetah Girls. The Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior sold more than 13,933 in DVD on amazon.com making the DVD the #14 most popular Kids DVD ever sold on Amazon.com. Despite being filmed in the 16:9 aspect ratio, the original and Kickin Edition DVD releases featured a 4:3 "full screen" version (though not pan and scan as the camera stays directly in the center of the image), the format of the film as shown on the Disney Channel.
Soundtrack
Go (Jump! Mix)" Performed by Jupiter Rising
"Will it Go 'Round in Circles? Performed by Orlando Brown
"Dance Alone" Performed by Sweet James
"Keepin It" Performed by Drew Seeley
Awards Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior won the "Best TV Movie" award at the Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2006. It also won the Golden Icon Award for "Outstanding Cast Ensemble", the award was presented by The Travolta Family Entertainment. The movie also won the "Best Asian American Cast Ensemble" at the "San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival". The movie was voted number 1 by Asiance magazine for favorite teen movie of the year.
Merchandise
Clothing and dolls
In 2006, Claire's and Disney released necklaces and hairbrushes on the face of Wendy Wu and Shen. They later released a full line of accessories. Postcards and coloring books were also released. Brenda Song and Shin Koyamada got the opportunity to design some items in the line. A calendar for the movie was released in 2006 and 2007.
Asian toy distributors teamed with Disney to release a line of Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior dolls exclusively released only in Malaysia, Japan and South America.
Most of the merchandise lines are mainly available in Asian retailers in Asia though some postcards and coloring booklets are available in the United States and in Europe. The merchandise depended on the film's popularity in states. A video game was also released in various countries.
In Japan, Bandai (The movie's sponsor in Japan) made Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior toys, with a Gashapon series released on the day of the DCOM's release.
Legacy
In Malaysia, TV3 created a small parody of the movie, the plot was the same though the channel joked about the monsters and villains in the movie.
MADtv had a small parody about Wendy Wu and Shen losing their virginity and having to lose their supernatural powers and Yan Low attends to reappear in the scene battling Wendy and Shen.
Also TV ONE in New Zealand launched a reality show for the Next Homecoming Queen which has some references to the movie and to the cast. In a Halloween-themed episode of The View, Barbara Walters referenced to Yan Low and Wendy Wu.
In Costa Rica, Disney created a search for Wendy Wu and Shen for a small stage production airing on Disney Channel. The production did not include stunt doubles or moves since the actors were not trained that professionally.
Song and Koyamada attended the Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade in Disneyland as Wendy Wu and Shen doing a small sketch and battle scene. Song was one of the co-hosts in the parade before her appearance. The April 13, 2008 comic of comic series, Marvin featured Brenda Song in kid form promoting a fictional Dizney Preshcool Karate.
Cancelled sequel
In October 2007, Variety reported a sequel to Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior. It was hinted in the DVD's alternate ending where Yan-Lo is revealed to be possessing the Wu family's dog, unbeknownst to everyone else. Filming would have been shot in early 2008, but the sequel was eventually cut from the schedule, and no further announcements have been made. The sequel to Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior'' has since been cancelled.
References
External links
2006 films
2006 comedy films
2006 television films
2000s children's comedy films
2000s children's fantasy films
2000s fantasy comedy films
2000s teen comedy films
American children's comedy films
American children's fantasy films
American comedy television films
American fantasy comedy films
American teen comedy films
Films about Chinese Americans
Disney Channel Original Movie films
American fantasy television films
Films scored by Nathan Wang
Films set in California
Films shot in Los Angeles County, California
Films shot in New Zealand
Kung fu films
Films directed by John Laing
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy%20Wu%3A%20Homecoming%20Warrior |
Francesco Cancellotti (born 27 February 1963) is a former tennis player from Italy.
Cancellotti won two singles titles during his professional career. He reached his career-high ATP singles ranking on 15 April 1985 as world No. 21.
Career finals
Singles (2 wins, 5 losses)
Doubles (1 runner-up)
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Italian male tennis players
Sportspeople from Perugia
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in tennis
Competitors at the 1983 Mediterranean Games
20th-century Italian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Cancellotti |
CHAB is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting on an assigned frequency of 800 kHz. It is licensed to Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, and serves the southcentral portion of the province. The station first began broadcasting in 1922 at 1200 AM as 10AB before becoming CHAB on December 17, 1933, before moving to 1220 AM in 1941 and to its current dial position at 800 AM in 1946. The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting which also owns sister stations CJAW-FM and CILG-FM. CHAB's studios are located at 1704 Main Street North in Moose Jaw.
According to CRTC, https://crtc.gc.ca/ownership/eng/cht131.pdf this radio station is not owned by Golden West Broadcasting, but is owned by 101142236 Saskatchewan Ltd, a subsidiary of Elmer Hildebrand Ltd. Elmer Hildebrand Ltd is majority shareholder of Golden West Broadcasting Ltd., but the radio stations under 101142236 Saskatchewan Ltd. are operated separately from Golden West Broadcasting Ltd, just like the radio stations under 629112 Saskatchewan Ltd, which operate under the name Saskatoon Media Group.
CHAB broadcasts with a power of 10,000 watts day and night, with a directional three-tower antenna during nighttime hours and a non-directional antenna during the daytime.
The station was an affiliate of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission from 1933 to 1936 when it affiliated with the newly formed Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. In 1944, it became an affiliate for the CBC's Dominion Network until 1962 when the Dominion Network folded and CHAB became an independent station.
Prior to its current classic hits format, CHAB has been a top 40 station from the early 1960s until the mid-1990s. Although in the late 1980s, the station aired a few classic hits into their playlist, though it continued to air a top 40 station until the mid-1990s. In the mid-1990s, the station switched to a country format station rebranded as Country 800. On July 23, 2002, the station switched to its former oldies format with its current slogan "The Greatest Hits Of All Time". It became a mix of oldies and classic hits station on May 15, 2006.
References
External links
800 CHAB
CHAB history - Canadian Communications Foundation
Hab
Hab
Hab
Radio stations established in 1922
1922 establishments in Saskatchewan
HAB
Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHAB%20%28AM%29 |
Charles Amédée de Noé, known as Cham (26 January 1818 – 6 September 1879), was a French caricaturist and lithographer.
He was born in Paris and raised by a family who wished for him to attend a polytechnic school. He instead attended painting workshops hosted by Nicolas Charlet and Paul Delaroche and began work as a cartoonist. He eventually took up the pseudonym of "Cham".
In 1839, he published his first book, Monsieur Lajaunisse, which began a career that would span 40,000 drawings. In 1843, he began to have his illustrations published in newspapers like Le Charivari, a publication where he was on staff for thirty years. Later works included Proudhon en voyage and Histoire comique de l'Assemblée Nationale. He wrote a number of comic plays towards the end of his life. He died in Paris in 1879.
Depiction of people of colour
Cham was known for his racist portrayal of French people of colour. He was specifically targeting black women and drew them as animal-like, stereotyped caricatures. One example is his caricature of Alexander Dumas crossed dressed like a wet nurse, which was a popular profession for black women in the post-slavery era in 19th-century France. In a different caricature, he referred to the milk of a black wet-nurse as "black shoe polish".
References
External links
Lambiek Comiclopedia article.
Les folies de la Commune, a fully digitized work by "Cham"
Blog
1818 births
1879 deaths
Writers from Paris
French caricaturists
French editorial cartoonists
French satirists
French lithographers
French comics artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e%20de%20No%C3%A9 |
The Brazilian telephone numbering plan uses a two-digit area code plus eight-digit local phone numbers for landlines and nine digits for mobile lines. Public utility services use short phone numbers (usually three digits), always starting with 1.
Local dialing
As established by ANATEL, the Brazilian federal telecommunications regulatory agency, the format for a local phone number is nnnn-nnnn (eight digits) for landlines, and nnnnn-nnnn (nine digits) for mobile lines. The first digits of the local number identify the service associated with the phone number:
1: special short public utility numbers (see below)
2 to 5: landlines
6 to 8: Unused (iDEN was disestablished in 2018)
91000 to 99999: mobile phones
0 is reserved for long-distance calls and cannot be used as a local initial digit (see below). 901 to 909 have been reserved for automated system of national collect calls (see below) since 1982 and cannot be used a local initial digits. 900 was used to premium-rate telephone numbers in the 1990s, but is not in use now.
Until the 1990s, there were also certain regions in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul with three-digit area codes and five (n-nnnn) or six-digit (nn-nnnn) phone numbers. In the city of São Paulo, although the area code has two digits, there were still six-digit telephone in use; 3X-nnnn phone numbers (with X=4 to 7) changed to 60X-nnnn and then to 310X-nnnn, 9X-nnnn phone numbers (with X=2 or 3) changed to 69X-nnnn and then to 669X-nnnn (today 269X-nnnn), and 6n-nnnn phone numbers which were changed directly to the eight-digit format (nnnn-nnnn) at that time. Even shorter numbers used to exist in previous decades, especially in small towns and before direct distance dialing became universal.
In the late 1990s, the 7-digit landline numbers beginning with 9 in the area of DDD 11 also had their prefixes changed, and their numbers were replaced in most cases by prefixes beginning with 69 (now 29) or 64 (now 24) in the cities of São Paulo and Guarulhos respectively.
Landlines using prefixes beginning with 8 and 7 had their prefixes changed up to 2000 and 2001 respectively for 8-digit numbers, and new area codes 22, 28, 64, 66, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 97 and 99 are included at this time.
Until 2005, some localities still used seven-digit local numbers (nnn-nnnn), such numbers being changed to eight digits (nnnn-nnnn).
Except in the case of the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the numbers of 7-digit landlines were given the number 3 preceding the old number, and the numbers of 7-digit mobile phones were given the number 9 preceding old number between late 90's until the inclusion of the ninth digit.
In the state of Rio de Janeiro, only the 7-digit numbers beginning with 3 and 8 received the 3 preceding the old number, while the other numbers received the number 2 preceding the old number.
In the interior and litoral of the state of São Paulo, in many cases the old prefix of 7-digit numbers have been completely changed, but this numbers standardized with an 8-digit number starting at 3 in landlines and 9 in mobiles until the inclusion of the ninth digit.
In the Greater São Paulo and neighborhood cities using DDD 11, the cities today uses numbers initializing with 2, 3, 4 or 5, with the prefixes started in 2 are used mainly in São Paulo and Guarulhos, started in 3 mainly in São Paulo and Osasco, started in 4 used mainly in the metropolitan region and started in 5 used exclusively in numbers allocated to the city of São Paulo except 57 numbers, allocated for rural landline numbers.
Numbers beginning with 8 are reserved for mobile phones and numbers beginning with 7 after change of prefixes started for this number in 2001 were initially reserved for trunking, however they were later also intended for mobile phones.
Until 2008, the initial digit 6 was used for landlines in some parts of São Paulo and neighbouring cities in area code 11, but Anatel required that 6 be released for mobile use. Fixed-line numbers starting with 6 in that area were gradually changed during 2008 to new prefixes starting with 2. In other areas of Brazil, the initial digit 6 was not in use at that time, so no change was necessary because at this time landlines used prefixes beginning with 2, 3 or 4 outside the Greater São Paulo region.
Exceptionally, at the beginning of the 2010s, cell phones with a prefix starting at 5 were enabled in Greater São Paulo, and in this transition period, which anticipated the inclusion of the ninth digit (9) preceding the old cell phone numbers, the telephony used intercept messages to indicate that calls to such numbers were being directed to mobile phone numbers.
Today, landline numbers usually use the number 3 at the beginning of the number. The use of the initial digit 2 is occasional except in Greater São Paulo and the state of Rio de Janeiro. The use of initial digit 4 is also occasional except in Greater São Paulo and digit 5 is only used in São Paulo and rural landlines using 57 prefix.
Numbers in the 300n and 400n format are commonly used by companies to provide customer service using local numbers. (see below)
Numbers starting with 1500 and 1700 are used by some Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to provide dial-up Internet access. Those ISPs have special pricing agreements with local landline operators and customers are charged less than the price of regular local calls when calling such dial-up access numbers.
Local directory assistance can be obtained by dialing 102, but the service is charged as a regular local call in most instances except from payphones. However, all local landline telephone companies offer on-line directory inquiries on their Web sites. Mobile lines are not available for inquiry, for privacy and security reasons.
Mobile telephony
Mobile phone numbers in Brazil are assigned the same geographic area codes as fixed lines, according to the subscriber's place of residence or most frequent use. Until the inclusion of the ninth digit, mobile phone numbers start with the digits 6, 7, 8 or 9. These initial digits are known to the public, so one always knows beforehand if one is calling a fixed or a mobile line.
After replacing the landline numbers that started in 7 in 2001 (with 7 or 8-digits in Greater São Paulo and 7-digits in other regions), these numbers were initially reserved exclusively for radiophone use (iDEN technology), but soaring demand for new mobile numbers eventually forced unused number ranges starting with 7 to be released for general mobile use.
Historically, at the time mobile numbers had seven or eight digits, the higher ranges of the 9 initial digit (96-99) were originally assigned to the old state monopolies before the privatization of Brazil's telephony system, and later to their privatized direct successors. In order to create a competitive market, later the Brazilian government auctioned further mobile service licenses, filling the available number ranges backwards - first with the lower ranges of 9 (91-95), then 8, and so on.
As a consequence, in the beginning 9 (today 99) was more commonly assigned to mobile operators that used older technologies such as AMPS (analog), TDMA and CDMA, while for some time 8 (today 98) was specifically reserved for all new GSM licenses. Now GSM is universally adopted by Brazilian mobile operators and, combined with number portability and the inclusion of a ninth digit to the left (see below), this distinction is no longer observed or meaningful.
Ninth digit for mobile numbers
Brazilian mobile phone numbers always have nine digits now, but seven digits were usual in the first years, then eight digits became the standard for several years. The last area code to convert fully from seven to eight digits was 61 (comprising the national capital city, Brasília, and neighbouring areas), in 2005.
However, the popularity of multiple-SIM mobile phones in Brazil makes the country have more active mobile lines than inhabitants (as of November 2016, 248 million vs. 206 million), and by 2010 the country's most populous and economically important area code, 11 of metropolitan São Paulo (an area where over 20 million people live), was getting close to exhausting its available mobile numbers. Overlays and extra area codes were considered, but deemed confusing and impractical for local conditions.
So, on 10 December 2010, ANATEL announced the inclusion of a ninth digit (in the format 9nnnn-nnnn) to mobile phone numbers used in the São Paulo metropolitan region (area code 11). This change was meant to increase the numbering capacity in metropolitan São Paulo from 44 million to 370 million, thereby eliminating the perennial shortage of available numbers in that area.
Telecom providers would have 24 months to implement the ability to dial a new digit to the left of all cell phone numbers of area code 11, but the measure ended up being implemented a few months ahead of that initial schedule, on 29 July 2012. On that date, the digit 9 was added to the left of all existing mobile numbers in the 11 area code, regardless of their former initial digits. So, for example, mobile number (11) 6010-2030 became (11) 96010-2030.
In order to standardize the mobile numbering plan in Brazil, ANATEL started gradually rolling out the change to nine digits in other area codes and states as well. The last three states to implement the ninth digit in mobile numbers (the Southern states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, corresponding to area codes 41 through 55) did so on 6 November 2016. Initial digits 6 through 8 remain reserved for mobile lines, but as of September 2020 all mobile numbers in Brazil still start with 9 after the ninth digit was added, and it was not yet necessary to use the other reserved initial digits.
Landline numbers (starting with 2, 3, 4 or 5) and trunked radio mobile telephony (iDEN) numbers were not changed and remained with eight digits. As iDEN numbers had the same format as the former 8-digit regular mobile numbers, and some old 8-digit standard mobile numbers also used the initial digit 7 of iDEN numbers, some confusion happened for some time, with people adding an initial 9 when calling iDEN numbers, which would not allow the call to be placed. This is no longer a problem, as iDEN service was discontinued on 31 May 2018. On that date, users who still had iDEN phones had to replace them with standard phones with GSM/3G/4G network support, and the number with one in 9-digit format.
Despite this fact, mobile phones registered outside the 11-19 (São Paulo), 21, 22, 24 (Rio de Janeiro) and 27-28 (Espírito Santo) areas are usually displayed on WhatsApp (widely used by Brazilians to send text, voice and video messages due to the privileged access granted by mobile operators, in contrast to the assumption of network neutrality present in the Marco Civil da Internet) with the old 8-digit number.
Public utility
The format for public utility service phone numbers is 1nn. It includes all emergency (as well as some non-emergency) services, such as:
100: Human Rights Secretariat
112: universal emergency number for all GSM phones (redirects to 190)
128: standard emergency number in Mercosul (in Brazil, redirects to 190)
136: Ministry of Health hotline
147: Digital television transition hotline (2010–2023)
153: Municipal Guards
181: anonymous crime reporting (some areas only, others may use different, more miscellaneous numbers)
188: Centro de Valorização da Vida (Suicide prevention helpline)
190: Military Police
191: Federal Highway Police
192: ambulance
193: firefighters
194: Federal Police Department
197: Civil Police
198: state Highway Patrol
199: Civil Defense
911: emergency number in the United States (redirects to 190)
Most citizens only know the 190 (Military Police) number for emergencies, but 192 (ambulance), 193 (firefighters) and 199 (civil defense) are also commonly known. Usually a call to 190 (military police) describing an emergency with a non-criminal nature will be redirected to the proper number or provide assistance if they are qualified to (as in cases of choking children).
By law, 136 is printed on the packaging of all tobacco products sold in Brazil, so it is usually thought to be just a smoking cessation help hotline. That hotline does exist and can be accessed by this number, but 136 is actually a more comprehensive contact channel between citizens and the Ministry of Health.
In 2013, a law was approved that added two new numbers, 112 and 911, to mimic the emergency numbers from European countries and United States, respectively. A call to those numbers is redirected to the same lines as 190. The law was made because of the large number of foreign tourists expected for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, so the redirecting numbers were initially reachable only from the 12 World Cup host cities, but later the change was extended to the entire country.
Some states and municipalities may have additional short 1nn public utility numbers for other services. For example, in many cities, such as São Paulo, one can get information, make requests and complaints about most services and issues with the municipal administration by dialing 156. Regional utilities for services such as electricity and water supply may also have short access numbers starting with 1. In contrast to emergency numbers, which are always toll-free, calls to such services may or may not be charged.
Landline telephone companies' customer service numbers have been normalized as 103, followed by a two-digit code. For example, Embratel customers contact the company's customer service dialing 103-21. For most mobile carriers, the number is 105, followed by a one-digit code (e.g., 105-2 for Claro).
For cable and satellite television operators, the number is 106, followed by a two-digit code (e.g., 106-21 for Net and 106-11 for SKY Brasil).
Long-distance dialing
The Brazilian system for long-distance dialing is relatively unusual and somewhat confusing, insofar as the choice of long-distance carrier determines the actual digit sequence to be dialed.
The standard format for writing down — but not for calling since 1999 — a long-distance phone number in Brazil is (aa) nnnn-nnnn, where aa is the area code and nnnn-nnnn is the local phone number. Due to persistence of old habits from the time when carrier codes were not used (see below), the format (0aa) nnnn-nnnn is still commonly seen, but this usage is discouraged, since it may confuse customers when actually calling, despite the mobile carriers give the option to complete the call with the old dialing (0aa) nnnn-nnnn with their own code in the configuration of the GSM/UMTS/HSPA/LTE SIM cards sold in the country. Area codes are distributed geographically. See the list of Brazilian area codes for a full list.
For billing purposes, calls from mobile telephones are considered local when destined to a number belonging to the area where the cell phone is operating, while in the case of fixed telephones, such area is divided into a series of subdivisions into local areas, where only calls destined to the same city or metropolitan area are billed as local.
For other calls from landlines and mobiles, it is necessary to use the provider selection code, known as CSP, a two-digit number where none of the digits can be zero and is generally limited to one number per provider.
In such cases, it is usually necessary to dial a 0 followed by the CSP and area code before the phone number.
The need for carrier code placement began in 1999 for landlines and around 2004 for older TDMA/CDMA networks. In GSM networks, the use of the CSP was mandatory from the beginning and in the old iDEN networks and in some VOIP networks, the CSP is not used.
iDEN is discontinued, but in exceptional cases of VOIP networks that do not work with the CSP, dialing in the old mode (0 followed by the area code before the phone number) or in the international mode (+55 followed by the area code before the phone number) is the applicable mode.
Carrier selection
To dial a long-distance number within Brazil, one needs to use a carrier selection code, in order to choose which long-distance carrier will be used. The carrier selection code is specified before the area code; so, to actually place a call, one should dial 0-xx-aa-nnnn-nnnn, where xx is the two-digit carrier selection code. Because of that, sometimes long-distance phone numbers are written down as (0xxaa) nnnn-nnnn, with two actual letters x as placeholders, which the caller will replace by a carrier code.
For example, to call the number 2345-6789 in Rio de Janeiro (area code 21) using the long-distance carrier TIM (selection code 41), one would dial 0 41 21 2345 6789.
The use of carrier selection codes can be very confusing, because of the obvious added complexity, the different rates charged by different carriers, and even which long-distance carriers can be used to place the call, since not all of them service the entire Brazilian territory, and some are only available from mobile or from VoIP lines. For example, Claro (selection code 21) is available from any telephone line in all of Brazil, but Sercomtel (code 43) only in Londrina and some neighbouring cities.
Some examples of carrier selection codes are:
12 Algar Telecom
14 Oi (formerly Brasil Telecom)
15 Vivo
21 Claro (formerly Embratel)
23 Intelig Telecom
25 GVT
31 Oi (formerly Telemar)
41 TIM
43 Sercomtel
65 CGB Voip Informática e Comunicação
Area codes in Brazil are popularly known as "DDD codes" (códigos DDD) or simply "DDD", from the initials of "direct distance dialing" (discagem direta à distância in Portuguese). This was how the service was first advertised when it first appeared in the late 1960s, and the name stuck.
As of January 2009, Embratel is the only carrier offering operator-assisted long-distance calls, by dialing 0800-703-2110. Long-distance directory inquiries can be made dialing 0800-703-2100. However, subscriber numbers can also be obtained by a search at the destination telephone company's website. See the "External links" section below for a useful site with links to Brazilian directory assistance pages.
Collect calls
In Brazil, collect calls are automated. The phone number to be called is prefixed with a special code. Then, as the person being called answers the telephone, they listen to a short standard recording informing them that it is a collect call. Next, the call is established and the caller is supposed to say their name and location within the next six seconds. If the person being called hangs up within those six initial seconds, nothing is charged. Otherwise, the remaining time of the call is charged to the recipient's phone line.
This used to cause problems with answering machines and faxes, but the switch to digital voice mailboxes operated by the telephone companies largely eliminated that problem. Also, the widespread use of caller ID combined with the easily recognizable electronic tune played before the collect-call warning makes many people hang up immediately if they hear the tune and the number has not been recognized.
Local collect calls are dialed with the 9090 prefix; so, to call nnnn-nnnn collect, one would dial 9090-nnnn-nnnn.
To collect calls for long-distance numbers, one should dial 9 before 0-xx-aa-nnnn-nnnn, but not all numbers receipt this calls.
For example, to call the mobile number 98999-6666 registered in Ribeirão Preto region (area code 16) outside of this area using the long-distance carrier Vivo (selection code 15), one would dial 9 0 15 16 98999 6666.
International collect calls, for countries for which it is available, are not automated and must be placed through Embratel's international operator, dialing 0800-703-2111. One can also call an English-speaking AT&T operator directly by dialing 0800-890-0288.
Non-geographic numbers
Non-geographic numbers usually have a three-digit prefix and a 7-digit number, preceded by the number 0 used for long distance calls. The second digit of non-geographic number prefixes is the number 0, and the number is usually disclosed for national calls in the form 0a0b-nnn-nnnn and is occasionally disclosed in the international format for whatsapp contacts in the form +55 a0b-nnn-nnnn.
Some 0800 numbers are 6-digit only, being that such lines generally have high user traffic. Because of this fact, despite having activated a new 7-digit number, it still keeps the 6-digit number initially assigned active. For example, Ministry of Education has 0800-61-6161/0800-061-6161.
The currently allocated prefixes are:
0300: premium-rate telephone numbers initially with higher rates than local calls, but with lower rates than the long distance calls of the basic plan, charged separately from the call package.
0303: Initially used for televoting, it had a fee similar to 0300. Today it is used for identifying telemarketing calls.
0304: Telephone numbers intended to identify collection centers.
0500: premium-rate telephone numbers for charity donations, with a maximum of R$ 30.00 per donation (the telephone number is assigned to a donation value) + R$ 0.50 for call costs.
0800: toll-free telephone numbers.
0801: Telecard - Call service where the charge for a call from a payphone was charged to the account of a landline subscriber traveling. Service commonly used in the 90s, but discontinued, although when dialing from payphones, the four digits of the password related to the telecard still appear hidden in the device after dialing the prefix and the two digits assigned to the operator with which the Telecard was related.
0900: premium-rate telephone numbers at rates much higher than those charged on national calls. After problems due to charges considered abusive by consumers in the 90s and early 2000s, the service is rarely used today.
"3/400n-nnnn" numbers
A special case of non-geographic numbers are eight-digit numbers in the form 3/400n-nnnn. They are dialed as local numbers, without any trunk, carrier or area codes, and calls to them are always charged as local, regardless of where the answering call center physically is. In spite of this, there are some 300x/400x prefixes that direct calls as locations only in a specific geographic area within the area of operation of the company operating the service, or may even be used as typical local numbers.
Such numbers differ from 0300 numbers in that the latter in the past were not charged as local calls and had their own rates (not always really flat and sometimes more like premium-rate numbers), which by law must be informed when advertising the number. 0300 numbers are often used, for example, by low-cost airlines' reservation systems, whereas 400n-nnnn numbers are used by large but cost-conscious companies that do not wish to bear the full cost of a nationwide toll-free system, yet still do not want their customers to be put away by having to pay long-distance rates, and the "national" number system in these cases is based on the same number being contracted in all DDD areas of the country or eventually only in the areas where the company has the focus of its activity.. 3/400n-nnnn numbers are also often used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) for standard dial-up access.
As of January 2009, 3/400n-nnnn numbers are not yet available for access from all area codes or localities due to the division of the cities in the DDD areas into local subareas generally limited to the municipality or the conurbated metropolitan area, requiring the typing of 0-xx-aa to call the number from landlines in the municipalities outside the local subarea to which the number special is associated. As a result, these numbers are associated with state capitals and their metropolitan regions or the largest city in the area. The company (especially in the case of ISPs) may also specify localities where the service will or will not be available, providing an alternative long-distance or toll-free number for such cases. For example, the country's largest bank, Banco do Brasil, offers the number 4004-0001 for its clients to access its home banking services in major cities (where most clients are) paying local rates, and the toll-free number 0800-729-0001 for clients elsewhere in the country.
Example: In area 19 the prefix 4001 was located to Metropolitan Region of Campinas, therefore:
To call the number (19) 4001-2234 from a landline in Vinhedo (part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas): 4001 2234
To call the number (19) 4001-3579 from a payphone in Piracicaba (within area 19, but outside the metropolitan region of Campinas): 0 XX 19 4001 3579
To call the number (19) 4001-3456 from a cell phone working in Rio Claro (also outside the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, but also in area 19): 4001 3456
As explained, it is not necessary to dial the prefix 0-XX-AA from cell phones in the same area with which the destination number is associated, but it may be necessary to dial such prefix from landlines and payphones.
International calls
Outbound
Outbound international calls use a 00 trunk prefix, followed by the carrier selection code (same as in domestic long-distance calls) and the international telephone number. So, to call the international telephone number +cc-aa-nnnn-nnnn (where cc is the country code and aa the area code), one would dial 00-xx-cc-aa-nnnn-nnnn, where xx is the carrier selection code. Since international telephone numbers can have up to 15 digits, the maximum number of digits to be dialed is 19.
For example, to call the number 555-0123 in Washington, D.C. (area code 202), United States (country code 1), using TIM as the chosen carrier (selection code 41), one would dial 00 41 1 202 555 0123.
Again, selecting a carrier can be tricky, since they charge different rates, not all of them operate in all of Brazil, not all forward international calls, and some do not put calls through to some remote or rarely called countries.
There is a special exception for foreign visitors who are using international roaming in Brazil. They can use the standard dialing format to call abroad from Brazil (+cc-aa-nnnn-nnnn).
As of August 2016, Embratel was the only carrier offering operator-assisted international calls, by dialing 0800-703-2111. International telephone number inquiries can be made dialing 0800-703-2100 (same number as for domestic directory inquiries). Embratel also offers radio calls to sea vessels in Brazilian waters by dialing 0800-701-2141, in addition to INMARSAT service, which works like any regular international call and can be placed through any major long-distance carrier.
Inbound
Inbound international calls use +55 aa nnnn nnnn as the international telephone number, where aa is the two-digit Brazilian area code and nnnn nnnn is the 8-digit local number (9 digits for mobile numbers). This must be preceded by an international call prefix specific to the country where the call is being placed from (e.g., 011 from the U.S. and Canada, 00 from most other countries, or the actual "+" sign from many mobile networks). If the number in Brazil was supplied with an initial 0 and/or carrier selection codes, those must be omitted.
For example, to call the number 3210-9876 in São Paulo (area code 11) from the United States, one would dial 011 55 11 3210 9876.
Number portability
In September 2008, ANATEL started the use of number portability in Brazilian territory, but the existing rules of the numbering plan were kept. Fixed-line customers can keep their numbers when moving their address and/or when switching telephone companies within the same municipality, and mobile lines customers can keep their numbers provided they stay within the same local area (i.e., the portion of the area code where calls are charged as local).
See also
List of dialling codes in Brazil
References
ITU allocations list
External links
Anatel - Brazilian National Telecommunications Agency (in Portuguese)
List of all area codes (DDD codes) in Brazil (in Portuguese)
Brazil
Brazil communications-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20numbers%20in%20Brazil |
The Sonar is a one design trailerable racing sailboat that was designed by Canadian naval architect Bruce Kirby and first built in 1980.
The design was initiated as a commission from the members of the Noroton Yacht Club of Darien, Connecticut, United States.
The Sonar was inducted into the American Sailboat Hall of Fame in 2004.
The design was developed into the more cruising-oriented Blazer 23, using the same hull, but a larger cabin.
Production
The design was first built by Seidelmann Yachts in Berlin, New Jersey, although the company went out of business in 1986. Other companies that have previously produced the boat include C. E. Ryder and Shumway Marine in the US, as well as Ontario Yachts and DS Yachts in Canada, with a few built by Carbon Index in the United Kingdom. Since 2015 the boat has been built by Rondar Raceboats in the UK and distributed in North America by Shumway Marine. A total of 860 boats have been built.
Design
The Sonar is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig with aluminum spars, including a tapered boom, a raked stem, a reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller with an extension and a fixed fin keel. It displaces and carries of lead ballast.
The boat has a draft of with the standard keel.
The design has a cockpit long, with space for eight people. It has a small cuddy cabin that is used for stowage and can also house a portable head. The cuddy can also be fitted with two berths for sleeping accommodation.
The boat can plane downwind. For sailing the design is equipped with internal boom slab reefing, a 4;1 mechanical advantage mainsheet block, a backstay and a boom vang. Hiking is not permitted under the class sailing rules.
The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick DP-N racing average handicap of 82.5 and is normally raced with a crew of two to three sailors.
Operational history
The Sonar is used for sail training as well as racing.
The Sonar is an accepted World Sailing international class and was selected for Paralympic sailing at the 1996 Paralympic Games and has remained a Paralympic class since then.
The boat is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the Sonar Class Association.
In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "the Sonar was designed for the same market as the Etchells 22, Soling, Tempest, and Ensign. The basic concept was generated by a committee of the Noroton Yacht Club (Connecticut), then designed by Bruce Kirby. The cockpit is huge ... Only three sails are allowed — main, jib, and spinnaker."
The boat was inducted into the American Sailboat Hall of Fame in 2004. The citation noted, "the brainchild of Bruce Kirby (who also designed the Laser, which was inducted into the American Sailboat Hall of Fame in 1997), the Sonar was designed to a specific set of parameters determined through a survey of club sailors. All were looking for the same thing—a boat that was exciting to race, easy to handle by sailors of varying ages and abilities, trailerable, self-bailing and reasonably comfortable. Basically, Kirby said, "we wanted a boat that could be sailed without breaking your neck." "I think it’s the best boat I ever designed in that it met all the criteria," Kirby said."
Events
See also
List of sailing boat types
References
External links
Sonar (keelboat)
Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Bruce Kirby
Trailer sailers
Sailboat types built by Seidelmann Yachts
Sailboat types built by Ontario Yachts
Sailboat types built by C. E. Ryder
Sailboat types built by DS Yachts
Sailboat types built by Shumway Marine
Sailboat types built by Rondar Raceboats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar%20%28keelboat%29 |
Nada Personal is a song written by Armando Manzanero that was the theme song for the telenovela of 1996 Nada personal directed by Antonio Serrano.
The song was included in the album of the same name and again in 1993 in the album Mis Canciones Favoritas both of Manzanero. The first is still considered one of the most successful albums of Azteca Music. The song was recorded a third time in the 2005 album Esencial of Spanish singer Ana Torroja, ex lead singer for Mecano. The song is a duet with Manzanero.
The song talks about a man who has a relationship with someone he lives with but there is "nothing personal". The reason that there is nothing personal in the relationship is because the two share so much.
Footnotes
External links
Song lyrics at the telenovela database
1993 songs
Telenovela theme songs
Spanish-language songs
Male–female vocal duets
Songs written by Armando Manzanero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nada%20personal%20%28song%29 |
Vittoria Aleotti (c. 1575 – after 1620), believed to be the same as Raffaella Aleotta (c. 1570 – after 1646) was an Italian Augustinian nun, a composer and organist.
Early life
She was born in Ferrara to the prominent architect Giovanni Battista Aleotti, and was mentioned in his will, written in 1631. According to her father, Vittoria became interested in music after listening to her older sister being taught music. Within a year, Vittoria had mastered instruments, mainly the harpsichord, and voice so well that she was sent to train with Alessandro Milleville and Ercole Pasquini. At the age of 6 or 7, after working with Pasquini, it was suggested that Vittoria be sent to Ferrara’s San Vito, a convent famous for fostering musical talents. By the age of 14, Vittoria chose to enter the convent and dedicate her life to service.
Identity controversy
Giovanni Battista Aleotti is said to have had five daughters. Although there is no record of a daughter named Raffaella, it has been assumed that Vittoria changed her name once she dedicated herself to service. There are many accounts that suggest that Vittoria and Raffaella are two different sisters while others that assert that the two are the same woman.
This confusion of identity arises from Giovanni, who wrote the dedication for Vittoria, in her only published book of music. In it he suggests that while his oldest daughter was being prepared to become a nun and trained in music, his younger daughter, Vittoria, overheard and took a liking to music. With this knowledge, some suggest that Vittoria and Raffaella are two different women. To support this assertion, many have written that it was almost impossible and highly unlikely that the same woman would publish two books of different music under two different names. In addition, it is said that while Vittoria entrusted the dedication of her works to her father, Raffaella took full responsibility of writing her own dedication, thus insinuating the stark personality differences as well.
After 1593, Vittoria is never heard of again while Raffaella gained tremendous fame for her musical abilities to perform and to lead.
Works
In 1591, Vittoria published a single madrigal (Di pallide viole), in a musical anthology: Il giardino de musici ferraresi. Two years later, she set music to eight poems by Giovanni Battista Guarini, which her father later sent to Count del Zaffo, who had them printed in Venice by Giacomo Vincenti. This book of madrigals was entitled Ghirlanda de madrigali a quatro voci. Aleotti was the first of at least 19 composers to set the text "T'amo mia vita" to music.
In the same year as Vittoria published her book of madrigals, Raffaella published a book of motets. Printed by Amadino in 1593, Sacrae cantiones quinque, septem, octo, & decem vocibus decantande, was the first book of sacred music by a woman to appear in print, and contains eighteen motets; thirteen quintets, two septets, two octets, and one motet for ten voices. Aleotti wrote and arranged the motets in Latin.
Style
Raffaella was renowned for her skills at the organ and also well known in playing other instruments such as the harpsichord, the trombone, and other wind instruments. She was relentlessly praised by Ercole Bottrigari as having the talent and the skills to lead an ensemble of twenty-three nuns; she was also the Maestra at the convent until her death. Raffaella enjoyed complex music and would often use harmony and dissonance to heighten the text. However, she was at times criticized because some thought that as the music became more complex by utilizing more voices, the holiness of the music disappeared and gave way to pleasure.
Extant works
Motet: Angelus ad pastores ait (text of Luke 2:10-11)
Motet: Ego flos campi (a 7 vv), R. Aleotti
Il giardino de musici ferraresi (1591)
Sacrae cantiones quinque, septem, octo, & decem vocibus decantande (1593) Book of Motets for five, seven, eight, and ten voices.
Ghirlanda de madrigali a quatro voci (1593). Book of Madrigals for four voices
Renditions of her songs are available on many CDs including O Dulcis Amor.
References
Pendle, Karin Swanson. Women and Music: a History. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2001. Print.
Bowers, Jane M., and Judith Tick. Women Making Music: the Western Art Tradition, 1150-1950. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1986. Print.
Monson, Craig A. -- “Putting Bolognese Nun Musicians in Their Place” in Women’s Voices Across Musical Worlds, Jane Bernstein, ed, Northeastern University press, 2004
O dulcis amor: Women composers of the Seicento, La Villanella Basel (ensemble), Ramee (label), 2011. Web. accessed 09 Feb. 2011. <http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/c/Aleotti>.
External links
modern performance notes on Aleotti
commercial CD recording of Alleotti's music
Italian classical composers
Italian women classical composers
Augustinian nuns
Italian classical organists
Italian Baroque composers
16th-century Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
1570s births
17th-century deaths
Musicians from Ferrara
Renaissance composers
17th-century Italian composers
Italian organists
Women organists
17th-century women composers
17th-century keyboardists
Women keyboardists
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittoria%20Aleotti |
Rank theory is an evolutionary theory of depression, developed by Anthony Stevens and John Price, and proposes that depression promotes the survival of genes. Depression is an adaptive response to losing status (rank) and losing confidence in the ability to regain it. The adaptive function of the depression is to change behaviour to promote survival for someone who has been defeated. According to rank theory, depression was naturally selected to allow us to accept a subordinate role. The function of this depressive adaptation is to prevent the loser from suffering further defeat in a conflict.
In the face of defeat, a behavioural process swings into action which causes the individual to cease competing and reduce their ambitions. This process is involuntary and results in the loss of energy, depressed mood, sleep disturbance, poor appetite, and loss of confidence, which are typical characteristics of depression. The outward symptoms of depression (facial expressions, constant crying, etc.) signal to others that the loser is not fit to compete, and they also discourage others from attempting to restore the loser's rank.
This acceptance of a lower rank would serve to stabilise an ancestral human community, promoting the survival of any individual (or individual's genes) in the community through affording protection from other human groups, retaining access to resources, and to mates. The adaptive function of accepting a lower rank is twofold: first, it ensures that the loser truly yields and does not attempt to make a comeback, and second, the loser reassures the winner that yielding has truly taken place, so that the conflict ends, with no further damage to the loser. Social harmony is then restored.
Development
Rank theory of depression, initially known as the 'social competition hypothesis', is based on ethological theories of signalling: in order to avoid injury, animals will perform 'appeasement displays' to demonstrate their subordination and lack of desire to engage in further competition. Additionally, rank theory attempts to explain the link between low socioeconomic status and depression through a psychosocial lens.
John Price formulated rank theory after noticing that monkeys became uncommunicative following a competitive loss (e.g. relating to food, allies, or mates). He proposed that humans similarly submit in competitive situations to induce reconciliation. By submitting to their opponent, losers allow a new hierarchy to form, strengthening social cohesion. Depression is therefore a ritualistic behaviour which fulfils an adaptive function: the loser is able to escape physical injury by signalling that they are no longer a threat. This adaptive strategy has been called "Involuntary Defeat Strategy" (IDS) to clarify that losers may demonstrate submissiveness to victors using other strategies, which have not been linked to depression. Although, historically, the Involuntary Defeat Strategy may have also prevented the loss of further material resources (e.g. food, shelter), evolutionary psychologists argue that this explanation is still applicable to modern societies, where humans compete on resources such as attractiveness and competency.
Application to symptoms
Unlike other evolutionary explanations of depression, rank theory is able to explain why depression is incapacitating: by functioning as a substitute for physical damage, incapacitation prevents the 'loser' from posing a threat to the competitor they challenged. Moreover, rank theory aligns with Beck's cognitive triad, which proposes that depressed individuals suffer cognitive distortions which result in pessimistic beliefs. Rank theory explains this pessimism by arguing that 'losers' with low expectations about their abilities are less likely to engage in competition, because they are pessimistic about their chances. The explanation also accounts for common symptoms (e.g. apathy, loss of interest, anhedonia) by arguing they evolved as a form of harm-avoidance.
Psychologists such as Paul Gilbert have sought to explain the differences between depressive states following competition and major depression. Gilbert has suggested that depression resulting from the Involuntary Defeat Strategy is a short-term condition, which becomes more serious due to external events (e.g. victor ignores the attempt at reconciliation) or internal events (e.g. excessive rumination). Rank theorists argue that depression, like vomiting, can become maladaptive when the defence mechanism, designed for the short-term, is overused (see Fig. 1).
Arrested Flight
One factor which may make IDS develop into major depression is arrested flight. When individuals are unable to flee from dangerous situations, this 'entrapment' may intensify the depressive symptoms, making the condition long-term. If the 'de-escalation strategies' used by the loser are overexaggerated, this may result in symptoms such as social anxiety and excessively low self-esteem.
Childhood Attachment
Another factor which may explain why certain individuals are more prone to major depression is the degree of childhood attachment security. Children with insecure attachments, for instance due to being raised in an abusive household, may have experienced a more frequent triggering of the Involuntary Defence Strategy. This results in an overly sensitive IDS, which requires significantly less stimulation to engage in submissive behaviours. Unlike securely attached children, whose IDS functions adaptively by allowing them to accept defeat, insecurely attached children will back down too early, lose confidence in their ability to win competitions, and therefore may be more prone to developing long-term depression.
Prevalence in Adolescence
Rank theorists has also suggested an explanation to account for high depression rates in teenagers. As competition for social approval is particularly salient in teenage peer relations, adolescents may emphasise social comparison more. Rank theorists propose that children with insecure attachments enter the highly socially competitive dynamic of adolescence feeling more submissive or craving a dominant role. Due to fixating on social rank, these adolescents are more sensitive to social competition and are more likely to overuse the IDS, resulting in a higher likelihood of depression.
Therapeutic implications
Although not intended to become a new 'school of therapy', rank theorists have proposed changes to existing therapeutic interventions for depression such as cognitive behavioral therapy and psychodynamic treatment:
Status-changing: Treating depressed individuals as high-status may reduce their self-perception of inferiority
Preventing rumination: Assisting clients in recognising their virtues by magnifying their achievements can reduce the likelihood of IDS developing into maladaptive cycles
Assertiveness: Teaching individuals to stand up for themselves may prevent accumulations of rage and encourage coping with anger more healthily
Strategy-switching: Showing clients that they submit too quickly or not quickly enough (because they don't recognise the vulnerability of their position) may help individuals avoid misusing the IDS
Goal-setting: setting small, achievable goals to build up the client's confidence may prevent a loss of confidence and help clients avoid reinforcing maladaptive cycles
Criticism
The largest limitation of evolutionary explanations of depression, which include rank theory, is the lack of falsifiability. While these theories provide "reasonably parsimonious" explanations, they are not grounded in empirical research, which severely affects their real-world application.
Anger
As rank theory suggests that depression functions to inhibit aggression and stimulate submissive behaviours, one criticism is rank theory's inability to account for higher levels of anger found in depressed individuals than in controls. However, rank theorists have weakened this argument by arguing that hostility in depressed individuals is just redirected towards 'lower-ranking' individuals in the social hierarchy (e.g. children) or objects (e.g. furniture).
Power
Another criticism of rank theory is that it may not account for depressed individuals who are socially powerful and exert manipulation over others, despite supposedly engaging in submissive behaviour. To combat this criticism, rank theorists have suggested that depressed individuals only use manipulation on their supporters in order to switch support from being agonistic (i.e. intended to help the individual win in a competition by boasting) to being nurturing (i.e. accepting the individual has lost and also backing down).
Mood
As individuals at the top of hierarchies may suffer from depression, and not all those on the low end of the hierarchy exhibit depressive symptoms, critics of rank theory have also argued that the mismatch between rank and mood weakens this explanation for depression. However, this argument may over-simplify rank theory, as it does not take into account the social comparison element of rank theory, which suggests that dissatisfaction with one's rank may be due to comparison with peers who have achieved higher social ranks. Moreover, rank theorists have argued that the stress of a low rank may also depend on factors such as lower-rank individuals attempting to usurp you and higher-rank individuals bullying you.
Further reading
Evolutionary Psychiatry: A New Beginning by Anthony Stevens, John Price (published 2000, )
References
Evolutionary psychology
Depression (mood) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank%20theory%20of%20depression |
The Pelișor Castle (Romanian: Castelul Pelișor, ) is a castle in Sinaia, Romania, part of the same complex as the larger castle of Peleș.
History
The castle was built in 1899–1902 by order of King Carol I, as the residence for his nephew and heir, the future King Ferdinand (son of Carol's brother Leopold von Hohenzollern) and Ferdinand's consort Queen Marie.
In 2006, it was decided that the entire complex, including Pelișor, long a museum and tourist site, is the legal property of the King Michael I of Romania. The royal family was to assume legal possession of it and lease it to the Romanian state, so that it will remain in its current status. The main castle of Peleș is already under lease, but negotiations for other villas and chateaus are on going. King Michael I of Romania maintained that Pelișor would remain a private residence for the royal family.
Architecture
Pelișor was designed by the Czech architect Karel Liman in the Art Nouveau style; the furniture and the interior decorations were designed mostly by the Viennese Bernhard Ludwig. There are several chambers, working cabinets, a chapel, and "the golden room". Queen Marie herself, an accomplished artist, made many of the artistic decisions about the design of the palace, and participated in its decoration, including as a painter. Queen Marie considered Art Nouveau a weapon against sterile historicism, creating a personal style combining Art-Nouveau elements with Byzantine and Celtic elements.
The hall of honour is very simple with the walls covered with oak-timber and a glass ceiling.
Museum
Opening hours at Pelișor Castle:
Summer (15 May - 15 September): Monday closed, Closed, Wednesday - Sunday 09.00–17.00
Winter (16 September - 14 May): Monday, Tuesday - closed, Wednesday 11.15–16.15, Thursday - Sunday 09.15–16.15
In the period 15 October - 30 November the Castle is closed for works of preservation. Admission fee is 20 RON.
See also
Tourism in Romania
List of castles in Romania
Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania
References
Sinaia
Royal residences in Romania
Castles in Romania
Buildings and structures in Prahova County
Museums in Prahova County
Historic monuments in Prahova County
Historic house museums in Romania
Art Nouveau architecture in Romania
Art Nouveau houses
Houses completed in 1903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peli%C8%99or%20Castle |
Thomas Hutchins (Monmouth County, NJ 1730 – April 18, 1789, Pittsburgh) was an American military engineer, cartographer, geographer and surveyor. In 1781, Hutchins was named Geographer of the United States. He is the only person to hold that post.
Biography
Hutchins was born in New Jersey."When only sixteen years of age he went to the western country, and obtained an appointment as an ensign in the British Army." "He joined the militia during the French and Indian War and later took a regular commission with British forces. "...he fought in the French and Indian War (1754–1763). By late 1757, was commissioned a lieutenant in the colony of Pennsylvania, and a year later he was promoted to quartermaster in Colonel Hugh Mercer’s battalion and was stationed at Fort Duquesne near Pittsburgh."
"In 1763 General Henry Bouquet, a British officer then in command at Philadelphia, was ordered to the relief of Fort Pitt, now Pittsburgh, and setting out with 500 men, mostly Highlanders, found the frontier settlements greatly alarmed on account of savage invasions. He has some fighting with the Indians along the way, but succeeded in reaching Fort Pitt with supplies, losing, however, eight officers and one hundred and fifteen men. Hutchins was present at this point, and distinguished himself as a soldier, while he laid out the plan of new fortifications, and afterwards executed it under the directions of General Bouquet."
In 1766, he started working for the British army as an engineer. That year, Hutchins joined George Croghan, deputy Indian agent, and Captain Henry Gordon, chief engineer in the Western Department of North America, on an expedition down the Ohio River to survey territory acquired by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. Hutchins worked in the Midwestern territories on land and river surveys for several years until he was transferred to the Southern Department of North America in 1772. He spent about five years working on survey projects in the western part of Florida. During this time he also occasionally traveled north, often to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His advancements in the fields of topography and geography led him to be elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in the spring of 1772. In 1771 he submitted an account of the Illinois country by letter. In 1773 he gave information on the Chester and Middle rivers of Florida.
In 1774, he participated in a survey of the Mississippi river from Manchac to the Yazoo River. This was a mapping expedition led by George Gauld, with Dr. John Lorimer and Captain Thomas Davey, Captain of HMS Sloop Diligence. Also along on part of the expedition was Major Alexander Dickson, commander of the 16th Regiment in West Florida. Much of the data used by Hutchins in preparing his 1784 book, "Historical, Narrative and Topographical Description of Louisiana and West Florida" came from his experiences on this expedition.
Despite his years of service with the British Army, he sympathized with the American cause during the American Revolution. One Journal of these events, written in his handwriting in three different versions, was likely meant for the planned biography that was never finished. It indicates that Hutchins accompanied his old 60th Royal American Regiment for a brief time during the invasion of Georgia in December 1778. Similar to other anonymous journals attributed to Hutchins, he describes the countryside while serving beside a fellow New Jersey acquaintance Lieut. Col. Mark Prevost, brother of the Gen. Augustine Prevost. Captain Hutchins apparently accompanied his regiment just days before the Battle of Brier Creek which was fought on March 3, 1779 in Georgia. He may have served in one of his previous capacities with the Prevost's during the French and Indians War as a recorder and observer of the battle. Hutchins, although not directly in the fighting himself, witnessed and recorded cruelties that may have cemented his anti-war stance toward hostilities against the Americans. Hutchins' veteran observations recorded some of the most vivid descriptions of the battle as the light infantry regiment, led by the infamous Capt. James "Bloody" Baird of the 71st Fraser Highlanders, started bayoneting Georgia Continentals after their surrender. Hutchins descriptions of the 71st Highlanders seem to give hint of what may have been commonly held prejudices held by British Regular officers serving alongside Scottish Regiments. Some days after the event, Hutchins likely sailed for Great Britain from Savannah, Georgia to print cartography materials of frontier America. Sometime during the preceding weeks, a secret investigation of the activities of Hutchins was apparently set in motion. An agent had discovered that Hutchins had been using a secret mailing address and sending coded dispatches. Some mention of Hutchins' activities and letters were made by Thomas Digges in letters exchanged with Benjamin Franklin. It is not clear if this was espionage or his continued attention to land speculation activities he was involved in back in America. Since Capt. Hutchins was considered one of Britain's leading authorities on the western frontier lands, this left him in the unusual position of being an important consultant about lucrative future Native American land acquisitions. Some American and British leaders were involved in these activities so when news of his investigation surfaced, many recognized this as a potentially scandalous affair. Some such individuals were the Prevost family members who all but represented the heart of the command for the 60th Regiment. One such connection was in the messy affair of the George Croghan lands of Western Pennsylvania. The potential may have been viewed as serious enough to have the American 60th Regiment moved from the states to Jamaica by the end of 1779. Likely suspecting his investigation, Hutchins tried to sell his captaincy in the Regiment. Hutchins resigned from his position in 1780. He was arrested, charged with treason, and imprisoned in a mostly secretive set of events. In 1780, he escaped to France and contacted Benjamin Franklin in the United States with a request to join the American army. In December 1780, Hutchins sailed to Charleston, South Carolina. Very little is known of his service with the Americans during the remainder of the war. Hutchins is believed to be the only British Regular Officer to have switched to the American side during the war.
"By resolution on May 4, 1781, Congress appointed him geographer of the southern army. On July 11, the title was changed to 'Geographer of the United States.'" Hutchins was the first and only Geographer of the United States (see Department of the Geographer to the Army, 1777-1783). He became an early advocate of Manifest Destiny, proposing that the United States should annex West Florida and Louisiana, which were then controlled by Spain.
In May 1781, Hutchins was appointed geographer of the southern army, and shared duties with Simeon DeWitt, the geographer of the main army. Just a few months later, a new title was granted to both men, geographer of the United States. When DeWitt became the surveyor-general of New York in 1784, Hutchins held the prestigious title alone.
"Although Congress balked at the idea of a postwar establishment with an engineering department, it did see the need for a geographer and surveyors. Thus, in 1785, Thomas Hutchins became geographer general and immediately began his biggest assignment- surveying "Seven Ranges" townships in the Northwest Territory as provided by the Land Ordnance Act of 1785. For two years Josiah Harmar's troops offered Hutchins and his surveyors much needed protection from Indians."
Hutchins died on assignment while surveying the Seven Ranges. "The Gazette of the United States concluded a commendary memorial notice by the remark, 'he has measured the earth, but a small space now contains him.'" He was interred at the cemetery of the First Presbyterian Church of Pittsburgh.
References
Citations
Sources
The Lewis and Clark Journal of Discovery
"Thomas Hutchins", Ohio History Central: An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History, Ohio Historical Society, 2005.
"Thomas Hutchins." The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. NY: White & Co. 1899. Volume IX, page 267.
"Thomas Hutchins." Dictionary of American Biography. NY: Scribner's Sons. 1932. Volume IX, pages 435–436.
Bibliography
Hutchins, Thomas. "Experiments on the Dipping Needle, Made by Desire of the Royal Society." Read before the Society, on February 16, 1775. Royal Society. Philosophical Transactions Volume 65 (1775), pages 129-138.
Hutchins, Thomas. Historical, Narrative and Topographical Description of Louisiana and West Florida, containing the River Mississippi with its Principal Branches and Settlements, and the Rivers Pearl, Pascagoula, Mobile, Perdido, Escambia, Chacta-Hatcha, &c. Philadelphia: Robert Aiken. 1784.
Hutchins, Thomas. A Topographical Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina, 1778. Reprint with biographical sketch and list of Hutchins’s works by Frederick Charles Hicks. Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers, 1904.
Smith, William. "Account of Bouquet's Expedition. Philadelphia. 1765. Hutchins supplied the maps and plates for this publication.
External links
The Thomas Hutchins Papers, spanning the bulk of Hutchins's career from the 1750s to the 1780s, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
American cartographers
American geographers
People of New Jersey in the American Revolution
People of New Jersey in the French and Indian War
1730 births
1789 deaths
American surveyors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Hutchins |
Andrew William Langmanis Diey (; born 31 October 1973, Islington, London, England) is an English electronic musician, sound designer and record producer. As a solo artist, he is best known as Black Faction, or his previous moniker Foreign Terrain.
Diey first came to prominence as a musician on the Skam Records Manchester, offshoot label MASK 300, under his Foreign Terrain moniker, and later afterwards he moved onto using the more known Black Faction name for various labels.
His career as a sound designer is also noteworthy: his works have appeared in many high-profile computer games and UK television broadcasts, and also on BBC radio.
Diey is the owner and senior creative director at Radium Audio. He has designed the interior sounds of a Bentley Continental GT car. Designed the audio for Ferrari California launch site, and has worked on many high-profile adverts and digital projects.
Andrew Diey in 2011 announces his return to music with a new project Dalston Ponys a live production and dj set which is contains live interactive prototypes created by Radium Audio.
History
Diey first became involved in electro acoustic music, at the age of 18. He attended the Electronic Music Studio in Stockholm, Sweden in 1993.
He moved back from Sweden in 1995, to study for an HND in Music Technology at City College in Manchester, England. In 1997 he attended Salford University, on the Electro Acoustics BEng undergraduate course. In 1998 he attended IRCAM in Paris, as a sound designer, and working with IRCAM software.
Professional work
His career within sound can be split into three periods.
Game audio development, music for broadcast and sound for advertising
His works have been released on CDs for critical acclaim, he
received a 5-album contract from his first demo tapes with Soleilmoon Portland, Oregon, he has created audio
content for over 25 Game Development titles, produced hundreds of hours of
broadcast music and sound including BAFTA nominated material. His most recent
works have been for National Geographic HD Channel – Inside the Ultimate,
producing the music and sound design using surround sound techniques.
Diey currently owns and operates Emmy Award Winning Radium Audio Ltd, in London. A music & sound design company.
BBC Sound Designer
In 2006 Diey won the position of New Talent BBC Sound Designer competition, which was open to UK residents.
Working in-house as a BBC sound designer.
BBC New Talent Winner 2006 – Interview & Article
BBC Sound Design Article – Advice for sound designers
2007 Diey has been working with D&AD, and also developing a series of productions for various interactive companies, brand agencies within sound branding, and sonification.
2007 Big Chip Award WINNER: Best Micro Business Big Chip Award.
On 24 May Diey and his team at radium audio ltd won at The Big Chip awards.
Judged by a distinguished panel of experts from organisations such as New Media Age, the BBC, Trevor Beattie's new agency and The Chase, the Big Chips are the top awards for ICT and new media outside London, attracting entries from the region's best over the last 9 years.
2007 Best of Manchester Music Award WINNER: Best of Manchester Music 2007 URBIS Best of Manchester
Andrew Diey was presented with the Award by Manchester Graphic Designer Peter Saville, at URBIS Center in Manchester
2007 Roses Design Awards Nomination 2 Categories – Emerging Designer of 2007 & Best Animation [Sound & Music] Roses 2007 Nominations
The prestigious design awards took place in Manchester on 18 October 2007
Creating bespoke audio in for manufactured products for Bentley Motors Plc, Sony, and Microsoft.
2008 Diey and Radium Audio Ltd are known for audio and global brands including Ferrari, Honda, Rolex, Universal, Ford, Nissan, Toyota, Philips, LG, Warner Brothers – Harry Potter brand see Radium Audio Ltd
2006: Bentley Motors Plc
Creation of in car Sound Design for Continental GT car range.
2007: Sonic Interaction Design: Nomination as a UK representative to the Management Committee of COST Action IC0601.
EU funded | European network, of 18 delegates from 14 countries to research and the exploitation of sound as one of the principal channels conveying information, meaning, and aesthetic/emotional qualities in interactive contexts.
tags: Interaction Design, Auditory Display and Sonification, Sound and Music Computing, Sound Modeling, Sound Perception and Cognition.
2007: Diey is currently involved with a research project on product sound and its uses beyond interface and usability.
His work is directed towards, Brand and Differentiation for online commerce and experience.
Television
Aug 2005: My Child Won’t Stop Eating
ITV: 1 x 60 Min program of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / ITV
Apr 2005: I Survived- Series 1
Granada / Discovery Channel / C5: 4 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / Discovery Channel / C5
Aug 2004: Dirtbusters
Granada / ITV: 8 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / ITV
Jun – Aug 2004: Building the Ultimate- Series 2
Granada / Discovery Channel / C5: 6 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / Discovery Channel / C5
2003–2004: Tonight – With Trevor McDonald
Granada / ITV / ITN: Creation of Music / Original sound design / Several programs. Transmission: Granada / ITN
Nov 2003: Russell Crowe's -"Greatest Fights"
Granada / Channel 4: 1 x 60 Min program of original sound design. Transmission: Granada / Channel 4 /
Oct – Dec 2003: Building the Ultimate- Series 1
Granada / Discovery Channel / C5: 8 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Granada / Discovery Channel / C5
Sep 2003: "Who Got Marc Bolan’s Missing Millions?"
Granada / Channel 4: 1 x 60 Min program of original sound design. Transmission: Granada / Channel 4
Aug – Sep 2003: "The History of British Sculpture [with Loyd Grossman]"
Polar Pictures / Channel 5: 6 x 30 Min programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Channel 5
Jul 2003: "Behind the Scenes [Hulk, Charlie’s Angels, Terminator 3]"
Endemol TV/ Channel 5: 3 x 60 Min program of original sound design. Transmission: Endemol / Channel 5
Jul 2003: Risky Business
BBC / BBC Three: 3 × 1 hour programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: BBC Three
May 2003: "Secrets of the Dark Ages [Barbarians]"
Granada Television / Channel 4: 3 × 1 hour programs of original music and sound design. Transmission: Channel 4
Commercials or adverts
2005: [Online & CD Media] Brother Corp Japan
DCP Inkjet products. 3 × 6 Mins Creation of Music / Original sound design / for several programs. Transmission: Online www.brother.com / March 2005 – Ongoing
2005: [Radio] Imperial War Museum
Smooth FM Network. 2 × 2 Mins sec original sound design. Transmission: Smooth FM / Sept 2004 – Jan 2005
2004: [Online & CD Media] Brother Corp Japan
Multifunction Inkjet products. 5 × 6 Mins Creation of Music / Original sound design / for several programs. Transmission: Online www.brother.com / Sept 2004 – Ongoing
2003: [Radio] Gleeson Homes
Jazz FM Network. 1 x 40 sec original sound design. Transmission: Jazz FM / Dec 2003
2003: [Television] Electrolux "Things are changing".
Various TV European Networks. 1 × 3 Min original music & sound design. Transmission: Various TV European Networks / Oct 2003
Radio
2006: In-House Sound Designer – BBC
Current position of sound design creating and sound treatment for radio drama
2003: Various SFX – Jazz FM
Additional Sound Effects / Sound Design Idents. Transmission: Jazz FM
2003: "The Tuner" by Kev Fegan
BBC Radio 4. 1 hour of original music and sound design. Transmission: BBC Radio 4 / Jan 2001
2003: "Fireface" by Marius von Mayenburg
BBC Radio 3's season of new drama, The Wire. Soundtrack and sound design. Transmission: BBC Radio 3 / Dec 2001
2003: TT [Isle of Man] Racing SFX
BBC Radio 4. Additional Sound Effects – Source material supplied by Alchemy Audio Lab. Transmission: BBC Radio 4
Computer games
Sound design
2002: Twin Caliber / Rage Software / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2
2002: Gun Metal / Rage Software / Format Xbox
2002: Automobili Lamborghini / Rage Software / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2
2002: Lucky & Wilde / Eutechnyx Software / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 [Canned by publisher].
2003: Street Racing Syndicate / Eutechnyx Software / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2
2003: Juiced / Juice Games / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 / PC
2004: Crash n Burn / Climax Group LTD / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 / PC
2005: Test Drive Unlimited / Eden Games / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 / PC
2005: LA Rush / Midway Games / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 / PC
2005: Evolution GT / Milestone Games Italy / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 / PC
FMV [In-Game Full Motion Video]
2003: Street Racing Syndicate / Eutechnyx Software / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2
2003: Thief III / Eidos Interactive / Format Xbox / PlayStation 2 / PC
2004: The Punisher / Full Sound Design Post Production 5.1 Surround Sound / THQ / Volition Software
2007: Resistance Fall of Man / Sound Design Post Production / Maverick media / Indigo Games / SCEE
Sound design and music for shorts
2004: Hells Corner
Yorkshire TV. 1 x 60 Min program of original Sound Design & Music. Transmission: ITV / TBA
2003: Domestic
BBC Two / Hurricane Films. 1 x 10 Min program of original Sound Design. Transmission: BBC Two / BBC Three / TBA. Credited as: Music by Alchemy Audio Lab
2003: Interloper
Feature Short by Interloper Films, directed by Robert Ford, Manchester. Credited as: Music by Alchemy Audio Lab
Other credits and appointments
2005: Manchester Metropolitan University & Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope [Cosmic Composer Project] in collaboration with NESTA [National Endowment for Science, Technology & Arts]. Creation sounds gathered from Space for use in schools with Interactive Whiteboards.
2005: Manchester Metropolitan University [Sound Design 2 Picture series II].
2006: Bentley Motors Plc
Creation of in car Sound Design for Continental GT car range.
2004: Reflex Communications [Clever Molecule project]
Original Music and Sound Design – Winner of "Best Digital Media Project" – Audio Visual Awards
2004: Manchester Metropolitan University [Sound Design 2 Picture series I]
2004: Co-Ordination – International Festival of Electronic Music and Audiovisual Arts
Working with Native Instruments, Propellerheads, TC Electronic, Korg, M-Audio, Ableton. Manchester, United Kingdom. [27 April to 8 May 2004]
2004: Showreel – [Quarterly Magazine for Film & TV professionals]
3 Page Article: An insiders guide to Sound Design for Games & Film. Showreel: Vol 1 :Issue: 03 [Jan 2004]
2004: Manchester Metropolitan University- [Sound Design | Sonic Arts Course].
Appointed Lecturer: Sound Design | Creative Audio | Sonic Art [Dec 2003].
2003: MacUser – [Bi- Monthly Magazine].
3 Page Audio: Workshops on MetaSynth – A Macintosh Audio Application. MacUser: Vol 19 :Issue: 24 [Nov 2003] – & MacUser CD Examples
2003: The Cornerhouse Manchester
Andrew Diey appointed Lecturer on Sound Design for films – teach discuss and build workshops on sound design.
2003: The Game Plan – EU
Andrew Diey appointed Lecturer on Sound Design for Computer Games, Part of the Game on Expo 2003. Europe wide.
External links
Radium Audio Ltd – Radium Audio Ltd
Full Discography – Full Discography at Kompaktliste in Germany
Polish Record Label Vivo – Vivo Records Poland
Andrew Diey article – on TC Electronic's Powercore
Diey recording Jump Jet Harriers- on TC Electronic's Powercore
BBC Experimental Music Pages BBC Review of Black Faction
Creative Match Article – Andrew Diey & Sound Effects
Sound Design Article – Andrew Diey – Young Sound Designers
Creative Review – Designing a Sonic Experience for Bentley Motors
Richard Wand Blog – Article on Sound Branding within Gestural Surfaces
English electronic musicians
1973 births
Living people
Musicians from Islington (district)
Alumni of the University of Salford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Diey |
Our Delaware is a poem written by George Beswick Hynson, published in 1904. It comprises three verses, each honoring one of Delaware's three counties, with the fourth verse added by Donn Devine commemorating the American Revolution Bicentennial in 1976. It became the state song in 1925 by an act of the General Assembly. The musical score was composed by Will M. S. Brown specifically for the poem.
Lyrics
Verse 1
Oh the hills of dear New Castle,
And the smiling vales between,
When the corn is all in tassel,
And the meadowlands are green;
Where the cattle crop the clover,
And its breath is in the air,
While the sun is shining over
Our beloved Delaware.
Chorus
Oh, our Delaware!
Our beloved Delaware!
For the sun is shining over
Our beloved Delaware,
Oh! our Delaware!
Our beloved Delaware!
Here's the loyal son that pledges,
Faith to good old Delaware.
Verse 2
Where the wheat fields break and billow,
In the peaceful land of Kent,
Where the toiler seeks his pillow,
With the blessings of content;
Where the bloom that tints the peaches,
Cheeks of merry maidens share,
And the woodland chorus preaches
A rejoicing Delaware.
(repeat chorus)
Verse 3
Dear old Sussex visions linger,
Of the holly and pine,
Of Henlopen's Jeweled finger,
Flashing out across the brine;
Of the gardens and hedges,
And the welcome waiting there,
For the loyal son that pledges
Faith to good old Delaware.
(repeat chorus)
Verse 4
From New Castle's rolling meadows,
Through the fair rich fields of Kent,
To the Sussex shores hear echoes,
Of the pledge we now present:
"Liberty and Independence",
We will guard with loyal care,
And hold fast to freedom's presence,
In our home state Delaware.
(repeat chorus)
References
Delaware
Music of Delaware
Symbols of Delaware
1906 songs
Songs about Delaware | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Delaware |
John Raymond Hubbell (June 1, 1879 – December 13, 1954) was an American writer, composer and lyricist. He is best known for the popular song, "Poor Butterfly".
Life and career
Hubbell was born in Urbana, Ohio. He attended schools in Urbana and studied music in Chicago, where he formed a dance band.
He worked for Charles K. Harris Publishers as a staff arranger and pianist. His first compositions for stage musicals were the songs for Chow Chow (lyrics and book by Addison Burkhardt), which ran for 127 performances in Chicago in 1902. Renamed and revised as The Runaways in 1903, the show ran for 167 days in New York and then toured for several years. Hubbell began composing music for the Ziegfeld Follies in 1911 and eventually scored seven editions.
In 1915 he was hired as musical director for the New York Hippodrome after the previous music director, Manuel Klein, left abruptly after a disagreement with Lee Shubert and Jacob J. Shubert. Hubbell also wrote the score for "Good Times", which ran for 456 performances at the New York Hippodrome. He continued composing for the theater until 1923. The song he is most remembered for, "Poor Butterfly", was written for one of the first shows he wrote for the Hippodrome, The Big Show. According to his obituary, he thought his best song was "The Ladder of Roses", written for the 1915 Hippodrome hit, Hip-Hip-Hooray.
His last Broadway work was the score for the 1928 musical Three Cheers, starring Will Rogers. In reviewing the show, Brooks Atkinson wrote "Most of the music is unpretentiously melodious." Soon after he retired to Miami, Florida.
He was one of the nine founding members of ASCAP in 1914. For 23 years he was head of the membership committee, and for 7 years was its treasurer. At the age of 50, Hubbell opted for retirement
Death
Hubbell suffered a mild stroke on March 7, 1947. He suffered a serious stroke on November 28, 1954, and died on December 13. He was survived by his wife Estelle, whom he married in about 1914.
Partial list of works
The Runaways (1903) (first played as Chow Chow in Chicago)
Fantana (1905)
A Knight for a Day (1907)
The Midnight Sons (1909)
The Bachelor Belles (1910)
The Jolly Bachelors (1910)
Ziegfeld Follies for 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, and 1917
A Winsome Widow (1912)
The Man from Cook's (1912), lyrics by Henry Blossom
Hip! Hip! Hooray! (1915)
Ladder of Roses (1915) (with R. H. Burnside)
For the Honor of the Flag (1916) (with R. H. Burnside)
The Big Show (1916) (featuring the song Poor Butterfly)
Cheer Up, Liza (1917) (with John L. Golden)
I'll Be Somewhere in France (1917) (with Gene Buck & George V. Hobart)
Melody Land (1917) (with John L. Golden)
Follow the Flag (1918) (with John L. Golden & R. H. Burnside)
The Kiss Burglar (1918)
Everything (1918)
We'll Stand by Our Country (1918) (with John L. Golden)
Happy Days (1919)
I Want to Go Back to the War (1919) (with Henry Blossom)
Good Times (1920)
Better Times (1922)
Yours Truly (1927)
Three Cheers (1928)
References
External links
1879 births
1954 deaths
American musical theatre composers
American musical theatre lyricists
Male musical theatre composers
Songwriters from Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Hubbell |
The falx cerebelli is a small sickle-shaped fold of dura mater projecting forwards into the posterior cerebellar notch as well as projecting into the vallecula of the cerebellum between the two cerebellar hemispheres.
The name comes from two Latin words: falx, meaning "curved blade or scythe", and cerebellum, meaning "little brain".
Anatomy
The falx cerebelli is a small midline fold of dura mater projecting anterior-ward from the skull and into the space between the cerebellar hemispheres. It generally measures between 2.8 and 4.5 cm in length, and approximately 1–2 mm in thickness.
Attachments
Superiorly, it (with its upwardly directed base) attaches at the midline to the posterior portion of the inferior surface of the tentorium cerebelli.
Posteriorly, it attaches to the internal occipital crest; the inferior-most extremity of its posterior attachment frequently divides into two small folds that terminate at either side of the foramen magnum.
Anatomical relations
The occipital sinus is contained within the posterior extremity of the falx cerebelli where it attaches to the internal occipital crest.
Anatomical variation
In its lower portion the falx cerebelli diminishes very rapidly in height and as it descends, it can divide into two smaller folds or diverging limbs, which are lost on the sides of the foramen magnum. Other variations such as duplication, triplication, absence, and fenestration are much less common. As dural venous sinuses are concurrent with the development of dural folds, duplication of the falx cerebelli is usually associated with duplicated occipital sinus. Knowledge of these variations is important in preventing iatrogenic injuries in this region.
See also
Falx (disambiguation) — other parts of the anatomy with names including "falx"
References
External links
Meninges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falx%20cerebelli |
Toeplitz or Töplitz may refer to:
Places
Töplitz, the German name of Toplița, a city in Romania
Toplița, Hunedoara, a commune in Romania
Teplice (archaic German: Töplitz), Czech Republic
People
Jerzy Toeplitz (1909–1995), co-founder of the Polish Film School
Kasper T. Toeplitz (born 1960), Polish-French composer
Otto Toeplitz (1881–1940), German Jewish mathematician
See also
Dolenjske Toplice, a settlement in southeastern Slovenia
Toeplitz matrix, a structured matrix with equal values along diagonals
Toeplitz operator, the compression of a multiplication operator on the circle to the Hardy space
Toeplitz algebra, the C*-algebra generated by the unilateral shift on the Hilbert space
Toeplitz Hash Algorithm, used in many network interface controllers
Hellinger–Toeplitz theorem, an everywhere defined symmetric operator on a Hilbert space is bounded
Silverman–Toeplitz theorem, characterizing matrix summability methods which are regular
Toplița (disambiguation)
Teplice (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toeplitz |
The Ford Indigo is a concept car developed by American automobile manufacturer Ford for the 1996 auto show circuit and designed by Ford's design and technical director Claude Lobo. Only two examples were built, of which only one was actually functional. It took Ford six months from the original computer designs to the finished show car. The functional concept is still owned by Ford. The non-functioning show car was auctioned off.
History
The Indigo was developed to showcase Ford's Indy car technologies, including new materials and construction techniques as well as powertrain and aerodynamic enhancements. The monocoque chassis was developed in conjunction with Reynard Motorsport as a single piece tub made of a carbon fiber composite material, to which the suspension is directly attached. The suspension was a direct copy, in both design and materials, to Reynard's various Indy cars, needing only slight modifications to allow for a two-passenger layout.
Specifications and performance
The working Indigo had a 6.0 L V12 48 valve DOHC engine which uses the pistons, rings, rods and the valve train from Ford's Duratec V6 engine found in the Taurus and Mercury Sable. The engine has no relation to the V12 used in the GT90 concept unveiled a year earlier (using parts from the Modular V8), despite both having the same displacement. The engine has a power output of at 6,100 rpm and of torque at 5,250 rpm. This engine would later go on to power many cars manufactured by Aston Martin which was owned by Ford until 2007. The engine was bolted directly to the chassis, and is a load-bearing member for some suspension components, as is found with most Indy cars. The transaxle is a 6 speed unit with a manual clutch, and steering wheel mounted push button gear shifting, developed by Reynard for its Indy cars. Ford claimed that the engine was so efficient that it should be capable of on the highway. Five of these engines were built by Cosworth as commissioned by Ford are kept by the company.
The Indigo uses Fikse three-piece modular wheels (measuring 17x11.5-inch at the front and 18x12.5-inch at the rear) wrapped in wide tires supplied by Goodyear. The steering is a modified rack and pinion power assisted unit borrowed from the Taurus. The brakes are from Brembo, with the rotors measuring 13.2-inch at the front and 14.0-inch at the rear. The Indigo was estimated to accelerate to in 4 seconds and could attain a theoretical top speed of .
Design and features
The carbon fiber and fibreglass body of the car has scissor style doors for easy access to the car, High-intensity discharge lamps mounted on the rear view mirrors, deep leather bucket seats, a premium stereo, air-conditioning, and a four-point racing harness enhanced the road friendly character of the car. The interior employed an LCD screen behind the steering wheel to display the vital information of the car to the driver. The low, wedge shaped design of the car incorporates a shark nose at the front with an attached front spoiler and an integrated rear spoiler in the bodywork for improved aerodynamics. The front spoiler also houses the LED turn indicators while the rear spoiler houses the neon-tube tail light assembly. The car does away with front and rear fenders with small fenders covering the exposed wide tires. The static show car had a visor for protection of the occupants from wind while the working prototype did away with the visor.
Other media
The car was featured in the PC/PlayStation arcade racing game Need for Speed II as a class B car, in Ford Racing 2, Ford Racing 3 and also in the Xbox 360 game Project Gotham Racing 3 as the "Ford Super Car Concept".
References
External links
Ford Press Release: Indigo Concept
Ford Indigo Concept Pictures
Indigo
Cars introduced in 1996
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%20Indigo |
Guy Lee Hovis, Jr. (born September 24, 1941), is an American singer, who, along with his former wife, Ralna English, a native of West Texas, was one of the featured acts on both the ABC and syndicated versions of The Lawrence Welk Show.
Background
Born and reared in Tupelo, Mississippi, Hovis was the son of an officer from the Mississippi Highway Patrol. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Mississippi at Oxford. After a two-year stint in the United States Army, Hovis decided to try a career as a musical performer in Hollywood.
Hovis had his first break with an appearance on the CBS House Party television program hosted by Art Linkletter; thereafter, he teamed with David Blaylock as the singing duo of Guy & David, which led to a recording contract with ABC Records.
After the duo disbanded, Hovis was a soloist again, performing in Los Angeles nightclubs such as The Horn in Santa Monica, California; it was there he met his future wife and singing partner Ralna English. The couple wed in January 1969.
Later in 1969, Ralna joined The Lawrence Welk Show as a solo singer; by the time the Christmas episode was filmed, Ralna convinced Welk to have Hovis on the show to sing a duet with her. He agreed, and the initial appearance, singing Little Toy Trains, led to Hovis becoming a regular member of the cast.
On October 30, 1977, Ralna and Guy adopted (mentioned on an episode of Tattletales) their daughter, Julie, who was to become an elementary schoolteacher.
For the next twelve years, Guy & Ralna were one of the most popular acts on the show. Part of the appeal of their act was the portrayal of Guy and Ralna as a happily married couple. After the series ended in 1982, Hovis continued to perform and added the duties of songwriter and record producer.
Hovis and English divorced in 1984 after fifteen years of marriage, but they still perform together occasionally in concert venues.
Hovis also performed with such entertainers as Dinah Shore and Jim Nabors and was a guest on the Johnny Carson, Merv Griffin, Joey Bishop, and Mike Douglas programs. In 1986, he launched a Christian music ministry and performed throughout the country in churches and other public gatherings.
Hovis sang the title song Too Many Yesterdays for the Disney film Benji the Hunted (1987).
From 1990 to 2007, Hovis served as state director for former U.S. Senator Trent Lott. Hovis and Lott have been friends since their college days at Ole Miss.
Hovis still performs at the Lawrence Welk Resort in Branson, Missouri, for pledge specials on PBS, or with Ralna at state fairs, concert halls, and casinos.
In 2002, Hovis married Sarah "Sis" Lundy, and the couple resides in the capital city of Jackson, Mississippi.
On 20 January 2005, Hovis sang Let the Eagle Soar, a song written by then United States Attorney General John Ashcroft of Missouri, at the second inaugural of U.S. President George W. Bush.
See also
Ralna English
References
External links
1941 births
Living people
American male singer-songwriters
Big band singers
Musicians from Jackson, Mississippi
People from Tupelo, Mississippi
Singers from Los Angeles
American gospel singers
American country singer-songwriters
Mississippi Republicans
University of Mississippi alumni
Lawrence Welk
American male jazz musicians
Singer-songwriters from California
Singer-songwriters from Mississippi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Hovis |
Sir Leonard Lyell, 1st Baron Lyell, Bt (21 October 1850 – 18 September 1926), was a Scottish Liberal politician.
The eldest son of Colonel Henry Lyell and Katharine Murray Lyell, he was a nephew of Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, the geologist.
He served as Liberal Member of Parliament for Orkney and Shetland from 1885 to 1900, and was commissioned a deputy lieutenant for Forfarshire in December 1901.
He was created a baronet in 1894 and raised to the peerage as Baron Lyell of Kinnordy in the County of Forfar, on 8 July 1914.
He married Mary Stirling in 1874, and had one son, Charles Henry (1875–1918) and two daughters, Mary Leonora (Nora), born 1877, and Helen (Nelly), born 1878.
His only son Charles Henry Lyell was also a Liberal MP but as he died in 1918 his son Charles Anthony Lyell succeeded to both the baronetcy and barony.
References
External links
1850 births
1926 deaths
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Deputy Lieutenants of Forfarshire
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Orkney and Shetland
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Place of birth missing
Barons created by George V | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20Lyell%2C%201st%20Baron%20Lyell |
Rey Paz Contreras (August 31, 1950-March 23, 2021) is a prominent Filipino sculptor working with urban refuse and environmental materials as artistic media. He is inspired by the indigenous Filipino culture and creates visual forms of contemporary images that explore a distinct Filipino aesthetics.
Life and work
Rey Paz Contreras was born in Parañaque, south of Manila, and grew up in a house by the railway tracks in the crowded urban district of Tayuman. When the railway company decided to replace the old wooden railroad sleepers, some of them 100 years old and severely damaged, Contreras bought the wood and began using it to create wooden objects. At first these were functional objects such as bowls, often reflecting irregularities in the wood. Contreras' sculpture often still has a functional aspect.
Through the years, Contreras has experimented on non-traditional art materials in his quest for contemporary Filipino art. Aside from the travieza, he explored using logging refuse (roots and branches) in order to pave way for reforestation efforts and to help organize backyard industry to onion farmers who supplied and eventually were trained to use the hardwood refuse salvaged from the river as art material. After the devastating Mount Pinatubo eruption, Contreras experimented on using the volcanic rocks and lahar to sculpt human figures reminiscent of the indigenous Aeta and lowland communities who were displaced by the volcanic eruption; these stone sculptures were exhibited at the Cultural Center of the Philippines, paving way for further exploration of the volcanic materials as art media.
As an artist, Contreras is also a pioneering spirit in the development of community-based people's art. He has conducted workshops in the provinces and has organized self-sustaining community craft-based art groups such as Cadaclan Carvers in Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija, Malasiqui carvers in Pangasinan and more recently the Banglos Art Group in Quezon Province; he has taught woodcarving on other provinces such as Capiz, Rizal and Abra. He has also been supportive of progressive religious organizations, most notable is his partnership with the Missionaries of Jesus (MJ). Some of the more popular public art of Contreras can be found on chapels like Calaruega and Chapel on the Hill in Batulao, Batangas (near Tagaytay); his work in Sagada, Mountain Province is found inside the Episcopalian Church.
Contreras currently has his studio near the railroad tracks in Tondo, Manila, where he conducts his community-based art training to promote a socially-responsive 'people's art' that has developed into the Daambakal Sculptors Collective. Contreras' pioneered the use of travieza or hardwood railroad tracks during the late 70s.
Activism
An activist during the repressive Marcos regime, Contreras employs his art as a form of agency. Using local and available materials, he critiques the local artists' dependence on foreign art, not only in media but also in concept and form. This rejection of the western cultural hegemony as form of anti-colonial, anti-fascist sentiment was part of the broader Social Realism art movement in the Philippines and is a central part of the continuing recognition of the importance of the Social Realist movement.
Recognition
Contreras' significant contribution to the development of contemporary Filipino/Philippine art has been recognized by various art organizations and cultural institutions since the early 1990s. He was conferred the prestigious Patnubay ng Lahi Award by the City of Manila in 1992. That same year, he was awarded the Grand Prize at the Art Association of the Philippines Annual Art Competition - Sculpture Category. In 1994, he was the recipient of the 1st Bonifacio Art Foundation Inc. Public Art Competition, his sculptural monument entitled The Trees is the first permanent structure unveiled at the Bonifacio Global City in Taguig, Metro Manila.
Institutions that have the work of Contreras in its permanent collection includes the National Museum, Cultural Center of the Philippines, GSIS Museo ng Sining (GSIS Museum of Art), GMA Network and BAFI. He has conducted sculptural training workshop in the regions and has been invited to exhibit in Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Canada, Cuba, Brazil, Australia and the United States.
References
Filipino sculptors
Living people
1950 births
People from Parañaque
People from Tondo, Manila
Artists from Metro Manila | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey%20Paz%20Contreras |
Toome or Toomebridge () is a small village and townland on the northwest corner of Lough Neagh in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It lies in the civil parish of Duneane in the former barony of Toome Upper, and is in the Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council area. It had a population of 781 in the 2011 census.
History
In the 5th and/or 6th centuries, there was a woman in the parish of Dún dá Én (Duneane) known as Ercnat ingen Dáire. In 800 she was remembered as a saint but her cult was forgotten.
Roddy McCorley, a Presbyterian radical, was a local of the parish of Duneane. He fought as a United Irishman in the Rebellion of 1798 against British rule in Ireland but was captured. He was hanged on 28 February 1800 "near the bridge of Toome", which had been partially destroyed by rebels in 1798 to prevent the arrival of reinforcements from west of the River Bann. His body was then dissected by the British and buried under the road that went from Belfast to Derry. In 1852, when the road was being reconstructed, a nephew had McCorley's body exhumed and given a proper burial in an unmarked grave in Duneane. A memorial in honour of McCorley now stands in Toome as you enter the village from County Londonderry. His story became the subject of a popular song written in 1898 by Ethna Carbery.
Economy
The largest industry in Toome is eel fishing, supplying the European market. The eel fisheries have been commemorated in a number of poems by Seamus Heaney.
Within the last century, mining for diatomite has developed as extensive deposits are found in the Toome area. This mineral was used as an absorbent for gelignite and for toothpaste.
Sport
The local Gaelic Athletic Association club in the area is Erins Own, Cargin.
Some of the most thrilling motor boat (hydroplane) racing ever seen in Ireland took place at Toombridge on the River Bann in 1930. Hydroplanes from Ulster, the Irish Free State and England took part in the 'Bann 100'. The main trophies was The Belfast Newsletter Challenge trophy. Hydroplanes reached speeds of 34.77 mph.
Transport
Toome had long been a bottleneck to traffic on the main Belfast to Derry road route. Construction of a bypass began in May 2002 and was completed in March 2004, shortening journey times and relieving congestion in the village.
Toome Bridge railway station was opened on 10 November 1856, shut for passenger traffic on 28 August 1950 and shut altogether on 1 October 1959.
Population
2011 census
In the 2011 census, Toome had a population of 781 (263 households); 91% were from a Catholic background and 6.3% were from a Protestant background.
2001 census
Toome is classified as a small village or hamlet by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (i.e. with population between 500 and 1,000).
On census day (29 April 2001) there were 722 people living in Toome. Of these:
27.2% were aged under 16 years and 10.9% were aged 60 and over
48.8% were male and 51.3% were female
96.3% were from a Catholic background and 2.9% were from a Protestant background
6.2% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed
1911 census
In the 1911 census, Toome had a population of 194. Of these:
72.7% were Catholic and 27.3% were Protestant
Notable people
Motorcycle road racers Michael, John and Eugene Laverty are from Toome.
Willie John McBride (born 1940), Rugby union player, is a native of Toome who lives in Ballyclare.
Robin John Bailie (born 1937), solicitor, businessman and former Ulster Unionist Party and Alliance politician.
Deirdre Madden (born 1960), writer, was born in Toome.
See also
List of towns and villages in Northern Ireland
References
Notes
Sources
Toome By-Pass
Palaeoenvironmental Investigations at Toome By-pass
Culture Northern Ireland
External links
River Bann, Ireland - Toome visitor information (archived)
Landscapes Unlocked - Aerial footage from the BBC Sky High series explaining the physical, social and economic geography of Northern Ireland.
Villages in County Antrim
Townlands of County Antrim
Civil Parish of Duneane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toome |
Aram Shah () (died in June 1211, r. 1210–1211) was the second Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. He briefly held the throne from Lahore after the unexpected death of Qutb ud-Din Aibak before being defeated and dethroned by Iltutmish who began ruling from Delhi.
Origins
Aram Shah is an obscure figure, and his relationship to his predecessor Qutb al-Din Aibak is not certain. In some manuscripts of Minhaj-i-Siraj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri, the words "bin Aibak" ("son of Aibak") appear after his name in a chapter heading, and later writers believed him to be a son of Aibak. However, the words "bin Aibak" in the headline may have been an erroneous addition made by a scribe. Minhaj-i-Siraj refers to only three daughters of Aibak elsewhere in the text, and Ata-Malik Juvayni's Tarikh-i Jahangushay explicitly states that Aibak did not have any son. What is known is that he succeeded Aibak in city of Lahore.
Reign
In 1210, Qutb al-Din Aibak died unexpectedly in Lahore during a sport game, without having named a successor. To prevent instability in the kingdom, the Turkic nobles (maliks and amirs) in Lahore appointed Aram Shah as his successor at Lahore. However, the Turkic nobles in different parts of the Sultanate opposed his ascension, and some of them - such as the Khalji nobles of Bengal - rebelled against him. According to the 16th century historian Firishta, the kingdom also suffered an invasion from the neighbouring ruler Nasir ad-Din Qabacha of Multan.
A group of nobles, led by the military justiciar (Amir-i Dad) Ali-yi Ismail, invited Iltutmish to occupy the throne. Iltutmish, a former slave of Aibak and the governor of Badaun, had a distinguished record of service and was called a son by Aibak, because of which the nobles considered him as a good candidate for the throne. Iltutmish marched to Delhi, where he seized the power, and later defeated Aram Shah's forces at Bagh-i Jud. According to the Tabaqat-i Nasiri, Aram Shah was "martyred": it is not clear if he was killed on the battlefield, or put to death as a prisoner of war. Two of his important officers - Aqsanqar and Farrukh Shah - were killed on the battlefield. Iltutmish subsequently consolidated his power and began ruling from Delhi.
References
Bibliography
Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
13th-century Indian monarchs
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown
13th-century Indian Muslims | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram%20Shah |
Ivan Lendl defeated John McEnroe in the final, 3–6, 2–6, 6–4, 7–5, 7–5 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1984 French Open. It was his first major title. It was also McEnroe's first defeat of the season, and his only final appearance at the clay courts of the French Open.
Yannick Noah was the defending champion, but lost to Mats Wilander in the quarterfinals in a rematch of the previous year's final.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Ivan Lendl is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
John McEnroe (final)
Ivan Lendl (champion)
Jimmy Connors (semifinals)
Mats Wilander (semifinals)
Jimmy Arias (quarterfinals)
Yannick Noah (quarterfinals)
Andrés Gómez (quarterfinals)
José Luis Clerc (second round)
Henrik Sundström (quarterfinals)
Guillermo Vilas (first round)
Anders Järryd (fourth round)
José Higueras (fourth round)
Juan Aguilera (fourth round)
Tomáš Šmíd (second round)
Tim Mayotte (first round)
Chris Lewis (first round)
Draw
Key
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild card
LL = Lucky loser
r = Retired
Finals
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1984 French Open Men's Singles draw
1984 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1984 Grand Prix (tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles |
The Dave Andreychuk Mountain Arena & Skating Centre is a recreation complex in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It includes a figure skating rink and a 2,500-seat ice hockey arena. Originally it was built in 1966, known as the Mountain Arena until it was renovated in 2005 and renamed in honour of Dave Andreychuk, a former ice hockey player from Hamilton.
Tenants
On two brief occasions, the arena was home to Hamilton teams in the Ontario Hockey League, the Fincups (1977–1978) and the Steelhawks (1984–1985). From 1973 to 2015 it was home to Hamilton Red Wings of the Ontario Junior Hockey League and is the home of the Hamilton Jr. B Bengals lacrosse.
Currently the senior Hamilton Steelhawks and Jr. B Hamilton Kilty B's play out of the arena.
External links
The OHL Arena & Travel Guide - Mountain Arena
Indoor arenas in Ontario
Indoor ice hockey venues in Canada
Ontario Hockey League arenas
Sports venues in Hamilton, Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Andreychuk%20Mountain%20Arena%20%26%20Skating%20Centre |
Long Stratton is a town and civil parish in Norfolk, England. It historically consisted of two villages; the larger, Stratton St. Mary, is to the south, and the other, Stratton St. Michael, is to the north. It had a population of 4,424 in the 2011 Census. South Norfolk Council are based in the town.
Location
The town is situated halfway between Norwich and Diss; along a Roman built road, now known as the A140 (it was originally known as Pye Road) – which runs from Cromer (North Norfolk) to Ipswich (Suffolk).
Long Stratton borders five other parishes: Tharston and Hapton, Tasburgh, Morningthorpe and Fritton, Pulham Market, and Wacton.
History
The name 'Stratton' means 'farm/settlement on a Roman road'.
Stratton St Mary & St Michael is recorded in the Domesday Book with 127 households belonging to nine different landowners.
One of the ancient parishes that make up the modern town of Long Stratton was served by St Michael's church, whose rector from 1779 to 1823, Francis Wickham Swanton, was an Oxford contemporary of the celebrated Parson James Woodforde. The Blennerhasett family, later prominent in the Plantation of Ulster, were Lords of the Manor in the sixteenth century.
The church contains a rare example of a Sexton's wheel. The only other example in the country is claimed to be at Yaxley, Suffolk.
Long Stratton has two Church of England churches (St Mary and St Michael), as well as a Methodist church. The church of Long Stratton St Mary (see right) is one of 124 existing round-tower churches in Norfolk.
The town was struck by an F1/T2 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day.
Between 1330 and 1340 GMT on 14 December 1989 a tornado caused damage along a track of at least 5 km in length by 100 metres in width through the south Norfolk villages of North Moulton, Wacton and Long Stratton. As many as 100 buildings were damaged in Long Stratton by this T4 intensity tornado but only one person was injured. The tornado formed from a fast-moving storm cell which developed behind a slowly-moving occluded front around the time that a secondary low was progressing along the front. The tornado developed at the forward edge of the storm suggesting it was triggered either by shearing instability along the leading edge of the thunderstorm outflow (gust front) or as a consequence of interaction of gust fronts from adjacent storm cells.
Demographics
According to the 2001 United Kingdom Census, Long Stratton CP was home to 3,701 people, who resided in a total of 1,598 dwellings. The statistics further confirm that Long Stratton is used as a commuter town, with the average employed person travelling 17.25 miles to their place of work. The population increased to 4,424 by 2011.
Governance
Long Stratton is part of the electoral ward of Stratton. This ward had a population of 5,519 at the 2011 census.
Town status
There is a parish council and it was granted town status in 2018. with the first elections to the new 13-member town council on 2 May 2019. The Area Action Plan, a planning document, envisages a town centre to develop together with the planned increase in residents and the completion of a by-pass.
Facilities and amenities
The town has three schools: Long Stratton High School, Manor Field Infant school and St. Mary's church of England junior school.
Shopping facilities are located along the main street which runs through the town as well as in two small shopping centres (South Norfolk Shopping Precinct and The Icehouse Precinct). There are also two public houses (The Queen's Head and The Swan). Long Stratton also has a doctors surgery, as well as a leisure centre operated by South Norfolk Council.
Transport
Bypass proposals
There has been cause for the building of a bypass around Long Stratton for over 60 years. Builders of the new "Churchfields" housing estate to the east of the town proposed to build a bypass as part of the submission for planning permission in the mid-1990s, though this was rejected by the Highways Agency on the grounds that the planned road was not of a sufficiently high standard to redesignate it as part of the main A140 trunk road.
2006 was supposed to bring about the construction of the new bypass by Norfolk County Council, who had assumed responsibility for the A140 from the Highways Agency in 2001.
There was considerable opposition to the bypass on either side of the A140, by residents of the village of Tharston to the west, and those of the hamlet of Wood Green Common to the east. Eventually, it was decided that a bypass to the east would have less environmental impact.
The total cost of the three miles stretch of dual carriageway, with a roundabout at either end, was estimated to be £21.8m (2004) – compared to earlier estimates of £6m to £16m (2002).
Following the May 2005 elections, the planning suffered a one-year delay, when changes to the planning permission laws meant that the application for the permission of the bypass had to be resubmitted.
Subsequent changes to the way in which local road building projects are prioritised and funded have led to a decision to suspend construction of the bypass until 2016 at the earliest, despite Norfolk County Council already having spent over £1m on site preparation and legal fees. This led local resident Jason Bunn to establish an online petition on the Prime Minister's website calling for the funding to be made available immediately. Local MP Richard Bacon also joined in the campaign, lobbying Transport Secretary Alistair Darling and Roads Minister Stephen Ladyman for a change in the decision.
As of 2018 construction has still not begun, but new house building proposals are set to include a single carriageway by-pass road to the east of the town.
Bus services
Several operators run bus services to Norwich and Diss.
Railway station proposal
The Great Eastern Main Line passes to the western edge of the town, but there have been no railway stations in the area since Forncett station closed in 1966. Railfuture East Anglia is campaigning for a new station to be opened, which would be five minutes away by car from the town centre.
Notable residents
Charles Henville Bayly, cricketer and rector of Stratton St Michael between 1839 and 1873
Margaret Lumley Brown, occult figure and leader of the Fraternity of the Inner Light from 1946
Sir Owen Wansbrough-Jones, army officer, leading academic chemist, and Chief Scientist to the Ministry of Supply between 1953 and 1959
References
External links
St Mary's on the European Round Tower Churches website
Long Stratton Council
Information from Genuki Norfolk on Long Stratton.
Towns in Norfolk
Civil parishes in Norfolk
South Norfolk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20Stratton |
Nicholas Castle is an American screenwriter, film director, and actor. He is known for playing Michael Myers in John Carpenter's horror film Halloween (1978). He reprised the role in Halloween (2018), and its sequels Halloween Kills (2021) and Halloween Ends (2022). Castle also co-wrote Escape from New York (1981) with Carpenter. After Halloween, Castle became a director, taking the helm of films such as The Last Starfighter (1984), The Boy Who Could Fly (1986), Dennis the Menace (1993), and Major Payne (1995).
Career
Castle's film credits include Dark Star where he played the beach ball alien, Major Payne, Dennis the Menace, The Last Starfighter, and Connors' War as a director. He wrote the screenplays for the films Escape from New York and Hook. He was the writer and director of the film Tap.
In 1978, he played the iconic starring role of Michael Myers in the classic horror film Halloween, directed by former USC classmate John Carpenter, and was paid 25 dollars a day. Castle's subsequent collaborations with Carpenter included his name being used as one of the main characters' names in The Fog, co-writing the script of Escape From New York, and performing the title song of Big Trouble in Little China as part of the band The Coup De Villes, alongside Carpenter and another friend, Tommy Lee Wallace. After Halloween, Castle had his directorial debut in Tag: The Assassination Game, followed by taking the helm of films such as The Last Starfighter, The Boy Who Could Fly, Dennis the Menace, and Major Payne.
Castle wrote August Rush, a musical-drama directed by Kirsten Sheridan and starring Freddie Highmore, Jonathan Rhys-Meyers, Robin Williams, and Keri Russell, which was released in 2007. He also stars as himself in the 2010 documentary Halloween: The Inside Story by Filipino filmmaker Nick Noble.
In 2018, Castle reprised his role as Michael Myers in the direct sequel, Halloween, directed by David Gordon Green, becoming the third actor to play Michael Myers more than once. The announcement of Nick Castle's participation was widely reported as his retaking the role of Michael Myers he originated, with stunt performer James Jude Courtney only doing additional work as the character. However, an interview with Courtney revealed that Castle's screentime was minimal and that the great majority of the work under the mask was done by Courtney himself, which led to the question of whether the return of Castle had been misrepresented by the production. While Courtney was involved in every scene featuring Myers, including those of Castle, who was only involved for a minimal amount of filming, which Castle described to the journalists on set as a cameo appearance, Castle reprises his role in one scene with Jamie Lee Curtis and did all of Michael Myers' breathing sounds in post-production. Courtney referred to collaborating with Castle as an "honor", while Castle described it as a "passing of the torch". On July 26, 2019, it was confirmed that Castle would return for the sequels to the 2018 film, Halloween Kills (2021) and Halloween Ends (2022) for some scenes as Michael Myers, with James Jude Courtney again playing Myers for a majority of the films.
Castle won a Saturn Award for Best Writing for The Boy Who Could Fly, a Silver Raven (for Delivering Milo), a Grand Prize (for The Last Starfighter), a Bronze Gryphon, and a Gold Medal of the Regional Council.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
Male actors from Los Angeles
Living people
Film directors from California
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Screenwriters from Los Angeles
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Castle |
The Belgian Navy, officially the Naval Component (, ; , ; , ) of the Belgian Armed Forces, is the naval service of Belgium.
History
Early history
The Belgian Navy was created as the Marine Royale () in 1831. This force has operated in various forms throughout Belgian history.
When the country became independent after the Belgian Revolution of 1830, a Dutch squadron blocked the Scheldt estuary. To deal with this threat the Belgian Congress ordered two brigantines to be built, which bore the names Congrès and Les Quatre Journées. After the French Army, led by Marshal Count Gérard, captured the citadel of Antwerp in 1832, the captured Dutch gun boats were pressed into Belgian service. In 1840 the Belgian government bought the schooner Louise Marie and in 1845 the brig Duc de Brabant. Louise Marie participated in the Rio Nuñez Incident in 1849. In 1862, the Belgian government discarded its navy and pursued a minimalistic naval policy.
Disbandment
In April 1862 the existing royal navy was disbanded as an economy measure. The navy's personnel were transferred to a "state navy force" manning small vessels and employed in non-military functions such as the provision of ferry services, inspection of incoming vessels and charting research. The need for a proper naval service to provide coastal and port defence was raised periodically but did not progress beyond the retention as a reserve of four lightly armed gunboats, moored in the Port of Antwerp and crewed by members of the Belgian Army's Engineering Corps.
World War I
At the outbreak of World War I, Belgium had no navy (an impromptu force was assembled at the Battle for Lake Tanganyika) but the war caused this policy to change and a Corps of Destroyers and Sailors was created in 1917. The Belgian naval personnel served onboard French minesweepers and provided the artillerymen for Belgian merchant ships. The Treaty of Versailles allocated Belgium 11 torpedo boats and 26 minesweepers. For budgetary reasons, Belgium again abolished its navy in 1927.
World War II
In 1939, against the looming threat of a new war with Germany, Belgium once again resurrected its navy as the Naval Corps. This new navy, consisting mostly of small patrol vessels and coastal artillery units, lasted barely a year until the German invasion of May 1940. During the 18 days campaign, the trawler A4 evacuated much of the government's gold reserve to Britain, while several others helped at the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk.
During World War II many members of the Naval Corps, together with Belgian fishermen and merchant sailors, escaped to Britain with the explicit wish of fighting the German occupiers. The Royal Navy took advantage of this opportunity to enlist the Belgians into separate groups of more or less entirely Belgian-crewed ships. From 1940 to 1946, the Belgian Section of the British Royal Navy crewed two corvettes, (Buttercup and ), a squadron of MMS minesweepers and three patrol boats (, Electra and Kernot). In 1946, Britain donated the ships to Belgium. These vessels became the backbone of the new Belgian Navy.
Cold War
Post-Cold War
In the beginning of the nineties, the end of the Cold War caused the Belgian government to restructure the Belgian Armed Forces in order to cope with the changed threats. This led to a reduction in the size of the Armed Forces. With regards to the Belgian navy, these cutbacks meant that one was taken out of service and that three s were sold to France. In 2002, the government decided to impose a "single structure" on the armed forces in which the independent Belgian Marine Royale ceased to exist. The former Navy became the Belgian Naval Component (COMOPSNAV) of the Armed Forces; it is also generally referred to as the Belgian Navy.
On 20 July 2005, the Belgian government decided to buy two of the remaining six Dutch M-class frigates to replace the two remaining frigates of the Wielingen class (Wielingen and Westdiep) currently still in service with the Belgian Navy, which in turn might be sold to Bulgaria. On 21 December 2005, the Dutch government sold Karel Doorman (F827) and Willem Van Der Zaan (F829) to Belgium. The two ships were sold for about 250 million Euros. These two M-class frigates entered service with the Belgian Navy where they were renamed Leopold I and Louise-Marie. In October 2005, the Wielingen-class frigate Wandelaar was officially handed over to the Bulgarian Navy, which christened the ship as Drăzki ('The Bolds'). The remaining ships of the class were transferred to Bulgaria as well, after completing modernization in Belgium. A Tripartite-class minehunter, Myosotis, which was renamed Tsibar was transferred to Bulgaria soon after.
The current Commander of the Naval Component is Rear Admiral Jan De Beurme (since September 2020).
In February 2013 it was announced that Belgium had ordered two patrol vessels from the French shipyard SOCARENAM, to be delivered within two years. Both were received, P901 Castor in 2014 and P902 Pollux in early 2015. The two vessels are to remain in service until 2044–2045
Mission
In times of crisis and war the Belgian Naval Component will manage, with the support of its allies, the crises rising from the infringements to the principles of International law and/or from the Humans right and exercise the Belgian sovereignty in the maritime zones where the Naval Component is qualified, defend the underwater communication lines, main roads and allied, and protect the ports against any air, surface or underwater attack.
In times of peace the Belgian Naval Component has the following roles:
To ensure the presence of Belgium at sea.
To give a support for our diplomacy and our foreign trade.
Technical and military collaboration with the allied countries.
Participation in humane actions.
Contribute to the nation in the maritime zones for which Belgium is responsible:
Contribution to oceanographic search.
Control of fishing
Contribution to the control of pollution at sea.
Participation in the plan of assistance in territorial waters
Support for the customs and police operations
Detection of wrecks of boats.
Participation in rescues at sea.
Contribution to the training of the commercial naval officers
Control of territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone.
If necessary, opening of the centre of hyperbare medicine to the population.
Destruction of explosive devices at sea
Preparation with the tasks to be carried out in times of crisis and war.
Contribution to dissuasion at sea by the means of permanent allied squadrons.
Organisation
Leadership
Ranks
Officer ranks
Other ranks
Current fleet list
Frigates
Minesweepers and minehunters
Patrol boats
Aircraft
Aircraft operated by 40th Squadron Heli, from the Belgium Air Component.
Past fleet list
Belgian Navy ships since 1945:
F910 Victor Billet, Tacoma-class frigate (decommissioned 1959, scrapped)
[[Belgian frigate Wielingen (F910)|F910 Wielingen]], Wielingen-class frigate (decommissioned in the summer of 2007 and sold to Bulgaria)
F911 Westdiep, Wielingen-class frigate (decommissioned on 5 October 2007 and sold to Bulgaria)
F912 Wandelaar, Wielingen-class frigate (decommissioned and sold to Bulgaria in 2005)
F913 Westhinder, Wielingen-class frigate (decommissioned 1993, scrapped)
M915 Aster, Tripartite minehunter
M918 Dianthus, Tripartite minehunter (sold to France 1993)
M919 Fuchsia, Tripartite minehunter (sold to France 1993)
M920 Iris, Tripartite minehunter (sold to France 1993)
M922 Myosotis, Tripartite minehunter (sold to Bulgaria 2007)
M900 Adrien de Gerlache (ex HMS Liberty, acquired 1949 – decommissioned 1969)
M901 Georges Lecointe (i) (ex HMS Cadmus, acquired 1950 – decommissioned 1959)
M901 Georges Lecointe (ii) (ex HMCS Wallaceburg, acquired 1959 – decommissioned 1969)
M902 Van Haverbeke (i) (ex HMS Ready – acquired 1951 – decommissioned 1960)
M903 Dufour (i) (ex HMS Fancy – acquired 1951 – decommissioned 1959)
F903 Dufour (ii) (ex HMCS Winnipeg – acquired 1959 – decommissioned 1966)
M904 De Brouwer (i) (ex HMS Spanker – acquired 1953 – decommissioned 1966)
M905 De Moor (ex HMS Rosario – acquired 1953 – decommissioned 1966)
MSO-class minesweeper ()
M902 Van Haverbeke (ii) (ex USN MSO522 – acquired 1960 – decommissioned)
M903 Dufour (ex USN AM498 – ex USN MSO522 – ex Norwegian Navy M951 Lagen – acquired 1966 – decommissioned 1985)
M904 Debrouwer (ex USN AM499 – ex USN MSO499 – ex Norwegian Navy M952 Namsen – acquired 1966 – decommissioned 1993)
M906 Breydel (ex USN AM504, ex USN MSO504, acquired 1956 – decommissioned 1993)
M907 Artevelde (ex USN AM503, ex USN MSO503, acquired 1955 – decommissioned 1985)
M908 Truffaut (ex USN AM515, ex USN MSO515, acquired 1956 – decommissioned 1993)
M909 Bovesse (ex USN AM516, ex USN MSO516, acquired 1957 – decommissioned 1993)
Pico (ex USN AM497 – ex USN MSO497 – ex Portuguese Navy M418 Pico – acquired 1974 for spares, subsequently stripped and abandoned, never commissioned)
MSC-class coastal minesweeper (including 26 Adjutant-class minesweepers provided through US MDAP)
M910 Diest (sold to Taiwan 1969)
M911 Eeklo (sold to Taiwan 1969)
M912 Lier (sold to Taiwan 1969)
M913 Maaseik (sold to Taiwan 1969)
M914 Roeselare (sold to Norway 1966)
M915 Arlon (sold to Norway 1966)
M916 Bastogne (sold to Norway 1966)
M917 Charleroi (sold to Taiwan 1969)
M918 Sint-Niklaas (sold to Taiwan 1969)
M919 Sint-Truiden (sold to Greece 1969)
M920 Diksmuide (sold to Taiwan 1969)
M921 Herve (sold to Greece 1969)
M922 Malmedy (sold to Greece 1969)
M923 Blankenberge (sold to Greece 1969)
M924 Laroche (sold to Greece 1969)
M925 De Panne (retired from service 1969)
M926 Mechelen (converted to research ship – decommissioned)
M927 Spa (converted to munition transport and renumbered A963 – decommissioned and sold to a Dutch foundation, re-commissioned as museum ship AMS60 Bernisse)
M928 Stavelot (decommissioned 1987)
M929 Heist (decommissioned 1992)
M930 Rochefort (decommissioned 1992)
M931 Knokke (decommissioned 1976)
M932 Nieuwpoort (decommissioned 1991)
M933 Koksijde (decommissioned 1991)
M934 Verviers (ex USN MSC259 – converted to minehunter 1972 – decommissioned 1988)
M935 Veurne (ex USN MSC260 – converted to minehunter 1972 – decommissioned 1987)
MSI-class inshore minesweepers (similar to the British Ham or Ley classes)
M470 Temse (sold to South Korea 1970)
M471 Hasselt (decommissioned 1989; transferred to Belgian Sea Cadet Corps in 1993)
M472 Kortrijk (decommissioned 1989)
M473 Lokeren (decommissioned 1987)
M474 Turnhout (decommissioned 1991)
M475 Tongeren (decommissioned 1991)
M476 Merksem (decommissioned 1992)
M477 Oudenaarde (decommissioned 1989; stored on dry land in Antwerp)
M478 Herstal (decommissioned 1991)
M479 Huy (decommissioned 1990)
M480 Seraing (decommissioned 1990)
M481 Tournai (sold to South Korea 1970)
M482 Visé (decommissioned 1991)
M483 Ougrée (decommissioned 1992; she is in civilian ownership on the River Medway in Chatham, Kent, England (2007))
M484 Dinant (decommissioned 1992)
M485 Andenne (decommissioned 1991)
Motorminesweeper 105 class
M940 (decommissioned 1954)
M941 (decommissioned 1954)
M942 (decommissioned 1954)
M943 (decommissioned 1954)
M944 (decommissioned 1954)
M945 (decommissioned 1954)
M946 (decommissioned 1954)
M947 (decommissioned 1954)
Miscellaneous combatant vessels
Barcock (Bar-class boom defence vessel); ex-Royal Navy HMS Barcock; acquired 1946; returned 1949)
Bootsman Jonson (minesweeper; ex-Kriegsmarine V1001; acquired 1944; decommissioned 1949)
Bootsman Jonson 2 (minesweeper; ex-Kriegsmarine V1300; acquired 1948; decommissioned 1952)
Patrol boats
P900 Ijzer (decommissioned 1969; fate unknown)
P901 Leie (decommissioned 1983; sold privately; acquired by Royal Belgian Sea Cadet Corps in later sale)
P902 Dender (sold in 1954 without being commissioned)
P902 Liberation (decommissioned 2011; donated to acquired by Royal Belgian Sea Cadet Corps in 2012)
P903 Meuse (decommissioned 1983; on display at Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History, Brussels)
P904 Sambre (decommissioned 1983; donated to Royal Belgian Sea Cadet Corps 1985)
P905 Schelde (decommissioned 1983; stored on dry land in Antwerp)
P906 Semois (decommissioned 1983; sold privately 1985; sunk during storm in Alicante, Spain 1992)
P907 Rupel (decommissioned 1983; sold privately 1985; awaiting overhaul by current owner)
P908 Ourthe (decommissioned 1983; sold privately 1985; fate unknown)
Auxiliary ships
A950 Sub-Lieutenant Valcke (tug; built 1951; decommissioned 1980; sold privately)
A951 Hommel (harbor tug; built in Germany 1953; decommissioned 1999)
A952 Wesp (harbor tug; built in Germany 1953; decommissioned 1984)
A952 Bij (harbour tug; built in The Netherlands 1959; decommissioned 1986)
A955 Eupen (decommissioned 1966)
A956 Krekel (harbour tug; built in Belgium 1961; decommissioned 1986)
A957 Kamina (former German U-boat tender Herman von Wissmann; also wore pennant numbers AP907 and AP957; decommissioned 1967)
A959 Mier (harbour tug; decommissioned 1984)
A960 Godetia (MCM Logistics & Command ship, decommissioned 2021)
A961 Zinnia (supply ship; decommissioned 1993; scrapped 2007)
A962 Mechelen (ex-M926 Mechelen; converted to research ship 1963; decommissioned 1983)
A962 Belgica (decommissioned 2021, gifted to Ukraine)
A963 Spa (ex-M927 Spa; converted to munitions transport ship 1978; decommissioned and sold 1993)
A963 Stern, (ex-Swedish coastguard ship, laid down 1979, in Belgian service 2000, decommissioned 2014) Ready Duty Ship
A964 Heist (ex-M929 Heist; converted to auxiliary ship 1978; reconverted to M929 Heist 1985)
A983 Quatuor (royal yacht; sold 2013)
A996 Albatros (ready duty ship; decommissioned 2014)
A999 Barbara, hovercraft (decommissioned 2009)
Avila (royal yacht; on display at Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History, Brussels)
Inga 1 (tug; built 1959; abandoned in Belgian Congo 1960)
MTL551 (motor transport launch; ex-US Navy MTL551; acquired 1947; sold 1953)
Inland waterways barges
A998 Ekster'' (munitions transport barge; acquired 1953; decommissioned 1979)
FN1 (abandoned in Belgian Congo 1960)
FN2 (abandoned in Belgian Congo 1960)
FN3 (abandoned in Belgian Congo 1960)
FN4 (decommissioned 1982)
FN5 (decommissioned 1982)
FN6 (decommissioned 1982)
Belgian naval aircraft since 1945
See Belgian aircraft registration and serials
Future projects
In 2012–2015 the two Belgian Armed Forces frigates were upgraded, followed by the two frigates of the Dutch Navy.
In 2013 the first NH-90 Helicopter was delivered and introduced into service replacing the Westland Sea King and Alouette III from 2014 onwards.
In the strategic defense vision report of the Belgian government, it was stated that by 2030 the Belgian Naval component will have invested in two new frigates and six new minehunters.
The Belgian Armed Forces and Royal Netherlands Navy will replace their M-class frigates with the Future Surface Combatant.
In March 2019 the Belgian Armed Forces and the Royal Netherlands Navy announced that they will replace their Tripartite-class minehunters with six new minehunters each to be built by a consortium led by France's Naval Group.
In 2023 Belgium decided to get a third patrol ship to patrol the Belgian sector of the North Sea.
See also
Royal Belgian Sea Cadet Corps
References
Further reading
External links
official website of the Naval Component
http://zm-fn.blogspot.com/, non-official blog of pictures of our old ships, in French.
1831 establishments in Belgium
Navies by country
Belgium and NATO | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian%20Navy |
A meiocyte is a type of cell that differentiates into a gamete through the process of meiosis. Through meiosis, the diploid meiocyte divides into four genetically different haploid gametes. The control of the meiocyte through the meiotic cell cycle varies between different groups of organisms.
Yeast
The process of meiosis has been extensively studied in model organisms, such as yeast. Because of this, the way in which the meiocyte is controlled through the meiotic cell cycle is best understood in this group of organisms. A yeast meiocyte that is undergoing meiosis must pass through a number of checkpoints in order to complete the cell cycle. If a meiocyte divides and this division results in a mutant cell, the mutant cell will undergo apoptosis and, therefore, will not complete the cycle.
In natural populations of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, diploid meiocytes produce haploid cells that then mainly undergo either clonal reproduction, or selfing (intratetrad mating) to form progeny diploid meiocytes. When the ancestry of natural S. cerevisiae strains was analyzed, it was determined that formation of diploid meiocytes by outcrossing (as opposed to inbreeding or selfing) occurs only about once every 50,000 cell divisions. These findings suggest that the principal adaptive function of meiocytes may not be related to the production of genetic diversity that occurs infrequently by outcrossing, but rather may be mainly related to recombinational repair of DNA damage (that can occur in meiocytes at each mating cycle).
Animal
The animal meiotic cell cycle is very much like that of yeast. Checkpoints within the animal meiotic cell cycle serve to stop mutant meiocytes from progressing further within the cycle. Like yeast meiocytes, if an animal meiocyte differentiates into a mutant cell, the cell will undergo apoptosis.
Plant
The meiotic cell cycle in plants is very different from that of yeast and animal cells. In plant studies, mutations have been identified that affect meiocyte formation or the process of meiosis. Most meiotic mutant plant cells complete the meiotic cell cycle and produce abnormal microspores. It appears that plant meiocytes do not undergo any checkpoints within the meiotic cell cycle and can, thus, proceed through the cycle regardless of any defect. By studying the abnormal microspores, the progression of the plant meiocyte through the meiotic cell cycle can be investigated further.
Mammalian infertility
Researching meiosis in mammals plays a crucial role in understanding human infertility. Meiosis research within mammal populations is restricted due to the fundamental nature of meiosis. In order to study mammalian meiosis, a culture technique that would allow for this process to be observed live under a microscope would need to be identified. By viewing live mammalian meiosis, one can observe the behavior of mutant meiocytes that may possibly compromise infertility within the particular organism. However, because of the size and small number of meiocytes, collecting samples of these cells has been difficult and is currently being researched.
References
Cell cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiocyte |
The Flora family (adj. Florian; ; also known as Ariadne family) is a prominent family of stony asteroids located in the inner region of the asteroid belt. It is one of the largest families with more than 13,000 known members, or approximately 3.5% of all main-belt asteroids.
The origin and properties of this family are relatively poorly understood. It is a very broad family which gradually fades into the surrounding background population. While the largest members, 8 Flora and 43 Ariadne, are located near the edge, there are several distinct groupings within the family, possibly created by later, secondary collisions. Due to this complex internal structure and the poorly defined boundaries, the Flora family has also been described as an asteroid clan. Only few interlopers have been identified. This family may be the source of the impactor that formed the Chicxulub crater, the likely culprit in the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Characteristics
The largest member is 8 Flora, which measures 140 km in diameter and comprises about 80% of the total family mass. Nevertheless, the parent body was almost certainly disrupted by the impact/s that formed the family, and Flora is probably a gravitational aggregate of most of the pieces. 43 Ariadne makes up much of the remaining mass (about a further 9%). Because of the family's poorly defined boundaries, and the location of Flora itself near the edge, it has also been called the "Ariadne family", when Flora did not make it into the group during an analysis (e.g. the WAM analysis by Zappalà, 1995). The remaining family members are fairly small, below 30 km in diameter.
A noticeable fraction of the parent body has been lost from the family since the original impact, presumably due to later processes such as secondary collisions. For example, it has been estimated that Flora contains only about 57% of the parent body's mass (Tanga 1999), but about 80% of the mass in the present family.
The Flora family is very broad and gradually fades into the background population (which is particularly dense in this part of space) in such a way that its boundaries are very poorly defined. There are also several non-uniformities or lobes within the family, one cause of which may have been later secondary collisions between family members. Hence, it is a classical example of a so-called asteroid clan. Curiously, the largest members, 8 Flora and 43 Ariadne, are located near the edge of the family. The reason for this unusual mass distribution within the family is unknown at present.
951 Gaspra, a medium-sized core family member, was visited by the Galileo spacecraft on its way to Jupiter, and is one of the most extensively studied asteroids. Studies of Gaspra suggests that the family's age is of the order of 200 million years (indicated by the crater density), and that the parent body was at least partially differentiated (indicated by the high abundance of olivine) (Veverka 1994).
The Flora family members are considered good candidates for being the parent bodies of the L chondrite meteorites (Nesvorny 2002), which contribute about 38% of all meteorites impacting of the Earth. This theory is supported by the family's location close to the unstable zone of the ν6 secular resonance, and because the spectral properties of family members are consistent with being the parent bodies of this meteorite type.
The Flora family was one of the five original Hirayama families that were first identified. It has a high number of early discovered members both because S-type asteroids tend to have high albedo, and because it is the closest major asteroid grouping to Earth.
Location and size
A HCM numerical analysis by Vincenzo Zappalà in 1995 determined a large group of 'core' family members, whose proper orbital elements lie in the approximate ranges
The boundaries of the family are, however, very indistinct. At the present epoch, the range of osculating orbital elements of these core members is
Zappalà's 1995 analysis found 604 core members, and 1027 in a wider group. A search of a recent proper element database (AstDys)for 96944 minor planets in 2005 yielded 7438 objects lying within the rectangular-shaped region defined by the first table above. However, this also includes parts of the Vesta and Nysa families in the corners so that a more likely membership estimate is 4000–5000 objects (by eye). This means that the Flora family represents 4–5% of all main belt asteroids.
Interlopers
Because of the high background density of asteroids in this part of space, one might expect that a great number of interlopers (asteroids unrelated to the collision that formed the family) would be present. However, few have been identified. This is because interlopers are hard to distinguish from family members because the family is of the same spectral type (S) that dominates the inner main belt overall. The few interlopers that have been identified are all small (Florczak et al. 1998, and also by inspection of the PDS asteroid taxonomy data set for non S-type members.) They include 298 Baptistina, 422 Berolina, 2093 Genichesk, 2259 Sofievka (the largest, with a 21 km diameter), 2952 Lilliputia, 453 Tea, 3533 Toyota, 3850 Peltier, 3875 Staehle, 4278 Harvey, 4396 Gressmann, and 4750 Mukai.
References
Zappalà, Vincenzo; Bendjoya, Philippe; Cellino, Alberto; Farinella, Paolo; and Froeschlé, Claude; Asteroid Families: Search of a 12,487-Asteroid Sample Using Two Different Clustering Techniques, Icarus, Volume 116, Issue 2 (August 1995), pages 291–314
Florczak, M., et al.; A Visible Spectroscopic Survey of the Flora Clan, Icarus Vol. 133, p. 233 (1998).
PDS asteroid taxonomy data set
Bus, Schelte J.; and Binzel, Richard P.; Phase II of the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey, Icarus Vol. 158, p. 106 (2002). Data set online here.
Nesvorný, D., et al.; The Flora Family: A Case of the Dynamically Dispersed Collisional Swarm?, Icarus, Vol. 157, p. 155 (2002).
AstDys site. Proper elements for 96944 numbered minor planets.
Tanga, P., et al.; On the Size Distribution of Asteroid Families: The Role of Geometry, Icarus, Vol. 141, p. 65 (1999).
Veverka, J., et al.; Galileo's Encounter with 951 Gaspra: Overview, Icarus, Vol. 107, p. 2 (1994).
Asteroid groups and families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20family |
CHAB may refer to:
CHAB (AM), a radio station (800 AM) licensed to Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada
CHAB-TV, a defunct television station in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHAB |
The Ridgewood Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district serving students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from suburban Ridgewood, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of 10 schools, had an enrollment of 5,613 students and 432.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.0:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "J", the highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Awards, recognition and rankings
Benjamin Franklin Middle School was awarded the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive, during the 1998-99 school year.
For the 1993-94 school year, George Washington Middle School was named a "Star School" by the New Jersey Department of Education, the highest honor that a New Jersey school can achieve. For the 1995-96 school year, Benjamin Franklin Middle School was named a "Star School".
The district's high school was the 28th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 28th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 20th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Pre-school
Glen School with 60 students in PreK and Private Day Care Center
Elementary schools
Henrietta Hawes Elementary School with 593 students in grades K-5
Dr. Paul Semendinger, principal
Orchard Elementary School with 299 students in grades K-5
Mary K. Ferreri, principal
Ridge Elementary School with 443 students in grades K-5
Dr. Jean H. Schoenlank, principal
Irwin B. Somerville Elementary School with 383 students in grades K-5
Dr. Lorna Oates-Santos, principal
Ira W. Travell Elementary School with 377 students in grades K-5
Brian Ross, principal
Willard Elementary School with 461 students in grades K-5
Caroline Hoffman, principal
Middle schools
Benjamin Franklin Middle School with 698 students in grades 6-8
Anthony Orsini, principal
George Washington Middle School with 666 students in grades 6-8
Dr. Katie Kashmanian, principal
High school
Ridgewood High School with 1,775 students in grades 9-12
Jeffrey M. Nyhuis, principal
Athletics
Ridgewood High School's sports teams are nicknamed the Maroons. Ridgewood High School is one of 41 public and private high schools from Bergen, Essex and Passaic counties that are members of the Big North Conference.
Administration
Core members of the school district's administration include:
Dr. Thomas A. Gorman, superintendent
Scott T. Bisig, business administrator and board secretary
Superintendent search
The Ridgewood Board of Education had been searching for a new superintendent since July 1, 2006, with Dr. Paul Arilotta, previously Principal of Travell School, serving as an interim replacement during the year-long search. The Board hired Martin Brooks as superintendent, effective July 1, 2007. However, in mid-June, Brooks declined the invitation for what the board described as personal reasons, though there was community opposition to Brooks' appointment that was said to have made him "feel unwelcome". This has led to the beginning of another search, and another year of the district hiring an interim superintendent, until a permanent replacement is hired and assumes the position. The New York Times reported that this is the result of a dispute over the district's reform math program.
Dr. Daniel Fishbein, a Ridgewood parent and previous superintendent of the Glen Ridge Public Schools, served as superintendent from 2008 to 2020.
In December 2020, Dr. Thomas Gorman, then principal of Ridgewood High school stepped in as interim superintendent. In March 2021, he was formally appointed to the position of superintendent of schools.
Board of education
The district's board of education, is comprised of five elected trustees, currently President Michael Lembo, Vice President HyunJu Kwak, Sheila Brogan, Saurabh Dani, and Cristopher Kaufman. The board sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats up for election each year held (since 2021) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district.
In a November 2020 referendum, voters supported by a nearly 3-2 margin an initiative that moved both Ridgewood's school elections (from April) and municipal elections (from May) to November .
Global learning
Ridgewood Public Schools participated in the "Rural School Project". The goal of the project is to build a school for children in Cambodia to overcome the challenges their people have faced from the genocide at the hands of the Khmer Rouge, the communist political party, in the 1970s. George Washington Middle School, Benjamin Franklin Middle School, Orchard Elementary School, and Travell Elementary School participated in the student-centered fundraising effort. Ridgewood focused on having students tap into their strengths and talents to make a difference on a global level.
Ridgewood Public Schools began the fundraising effort in the summer of 2007, in collaboration with parents, to participate in the Rural School Project. The Rural School Project is funded through a nonprofit organization, The American Assistance for Cambodia/Japan Relief for Cambodia (AAfC). The project was initiated by two Ridgewood parents, Lisa Summers and Liz Louizedes. Students, parents, teachers, and administrators convened regularly to provide support for students and articulating the effort across the entire district. The goal of the program was to initially raise $21,500 for the school construction. Nominal fundraising efforts would take place after the school's inception to sustain its progress. Ridgewood Schools is raising funds in collaboration with American Assistance for Cambodia/Japan Relief for Cambodia (AAfC). AAfC is a nonprofit organization and has established a proven program. It has led the effort to construct over 300 Cambodian schools with matching funds from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.
The Ridgewood Village School will create a structure for Ridgewood students to communicate with Cambodian students via email and participate in global citizenship and distance learning. Ongoing fundraising efforts will allow the Ridgewood Village School to build a water well, create a vegetable garden, and hire a full-time cook for the school to provide a nutritious breakfast and lunch for Cambodian students.
The fundraising supported the construction cost of a rural school (includes the building, desks, chairs), a full-time trained English/computer teacher for 2 years, 3 solar panels to provide basic electric for lighting and computers, and books.
In February 2009, several representatives from Ridgewood, including students, parents, teachers, and administrators, visited the Ridgewood Village School in Cambodia for the ribbon-cutting ceremony. The representatives brought gifts for students and contributed to the improvement of the village.
References
External links
School Data for the Ridgewood Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
Village of Ridgewood Math -- concerned parent group
Ridgewood, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group J
School districts in Bergen County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgewood%20Public%20Schools |
TAB New Zealand (TAB NZ), formerly the New Zealand Racing Board (NZRB) and the Racing Industry Transition Agency (RITA), now the TAB again, is a statutory monopoly for New Zealand sports betting, including betting on horse racing and greyhound racing. It was established under the Racing Act 2003 to operate the TAB, promote the racing industry and maximise the profits of the industry. It broadcasts racing on two television channels TAB Trackside 1 and TAB Trackside 2.
The Board has an obligation under the Racing Act to regulate and improve the New Zealand racing industry. It must schedule the racing calendar to maximise profit. It must promote wider ownership of racehorses and greyhounds, and best practice amongst racing clubs and racing events. It must also aim to improve the technology and efficiency of the industry, improve the atmosphere of race day events and improve the facilities of racing venues.
TAB
The NZ Racing Board's income comes from TAB betting revenue. The NZ Racing Board operates around 675 TAB outlets throughout New Zealand as well as On-course Tote Terminals, Internet, Phonebet and Touch Tone wagering channels. TAB Touch Tone, Phonebet and Internet wagering channels service more than 170,000 TAB account holders.
The TAB offers a wide range of totalisator and fixed-odds betting products. Just over 80 percent of the totalisator betting dollar is returned to the customer. The rest is returned to the racing and sporting codes, after tax and NZ Racing Board costs.
TAB wagering channels
The TAB has several different wagering channels, tailored to meet the requirements of its vastly varying customers:
Betting at racetracks on race day
A national network of street front and social venue betting shops, one of New Zealand's largest retail networks
A national chain of call centres. The Phonebet centres handle more operator-assisted calls than any other New Zealand call centre
New Zealand's only betting website, www.tab.co.nz
A Touch Tone phone betting service
A mobile application on Android and iOS
Other betting channels exploiting emerging new technologies are in development.
Wagering channels are constantly evolving to provide a premium standard of customer service.
TAB wagering products
The TAB initiated the world's first Government-run totalisator wagering service in 1951. Today a growing range of tote bet types is on offer, from win, place and each way to Poker and All Up bets, Easybets where the computer picks the runners, weighted towards the favorites, and Percentage betting to cut the cost of placing a bet.
In 1996 it added fixed-odds betting to its stable when the TAB began sports betting. Now 31 sporting codes are covered including matches and fixtures around the world, from rugby football, soccer and cricket to sheep shearing. As with race betting, a proportion of every betting dollar is returned to the New Zealand sporting code on which the bet is taken. The choice of sports betting products included head to head, half / full-time double, winning team and margin, and more.
Fixed odds betting is also available on racing, through Futures books, and Final Field.
In June, 2007 Australian racing product became available to New Zealand customers through the commingling of the Australian Super TAB and New Zealand totalisator pools. More recently the Tabcorp agreement has been extended to include Australian wagering on New Zealand racing product. Commingled pools and the expansion of the New Zealand and Australian race programs provide increased wagering opportunities for customers in both countries. The New Zealand TAB now also take betting on a selection of races from America, England, Hong Kong, Japan, France and Singapore.
Spam complaint
In August 2011, the TAB was subject to a spam complaint with the Department of Internal Affairs.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic
On 26 May 2020, the TAB announced that 230 staff, or approximately 30 percent of its workforce, would be made redundant as a result of the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand.
Responsible gambling
The New Zealand Racing Board, under the Racing Act 2003 and associated Regulations, is required to report on programs relating to problem gambling, to provide information and advice on problem gambling and to provide problem gambling training. Since its establishment the NZ Racing Board has taken a proactive stance in meetings its responsibilities for harm prevention and minimisation. Initiatives include:
Self exclusion programs
Problem gambling awareness workshops for drug addicts
Staff intervention policies
Tools such as maximum bet and loss limits for account holders
Racing
Racing is a long-established sport in New Zealand, with a tradition stretching back to colonial times. Today, the New Zealand racing industry is a major contributor to the New Zealand economy as well as local communities across New Zealand. Racing generates more than $1.4 billion in economic activity each year and creates the equivalent of 18,300 full-time jobs. More than 40,000 people derive their livelihoods from the New Zealand racing industry, not to mention accommodation, travel, fashion and entertainment providers who all benefit from the industry's economic well-being. More than one million people have attended race meetings across New Zealand and spent in excess of $55 million on wagering, food, beverages, transport and accommodation in a year.
There are 69 thoroughbreds, 51 harness and 12 greyhound clubs licensed to race in New Zealand. Racecourses are situated in 59 locations throughout New Zealand. In the racing year from 1 August 2009 to 31 July 2010, 10,106 races were held throughout New Zealand. Further to this the New Zealand Racing Board carried 35,323 overseas races on their network, for a total of 45,439 races covered for the year, an increase of approximately 27% over the previous year.
The bloodstock industry is of international importance to New Zealand, with the export sale of horses – mainly to Australia and Asia – generating more than $120 million a year. New Zealand-bred runners compete very well overseas and regularly win major races, with a particularly good record in Australian distance races.
A major source of funding for the racing industry is returns from betting on racing and sports, which is conducted by the New Zealand TAB, the retail arm of the New Zealand Racing Board.
The New Zealand Racing Board is a co-ordination point for the three racing codes. They are operated by the three governing bodies, New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing (gallops), Harness Racing New Zealand (trotting and pacing) and New Zealand Greyhound Racing.
The Judicial Control Authority (JCA), established in 1996, is the legal body that administers the rules of racing and conducts inquiries into breaches of the rules, for all three racing codes. The JCA ensures that judicial and appeal proceedings in racing are heard and decided fairly, professionally, efficiently, and in a consistent and cost-effective manner. The current focus of the JCA is on contributing to consumer confidence in the racing products.
Board members
The management of the business and affairs of the New Zealand Racing Board takes place under the direction of its governing body, the Board. The seven-member board contains a representative from each of the three codes (greyhound, thoroughbred and harness racing) as well as three independently appointed Board members and the Board Chairman.
Current members are Glenda Hughes (Independent Chair), Rod Croon (Harness Code nominee), Greg McCarthy (Thoroughbred Code nominee), Mauro Barsi (Greyhound Code nominee), Alistair Ryan (Independent Member), Graham Cooney (Independent Member) and Barry Brown (Independent Member).
Governance
The Board has formally constituted three Board committees - the Dates Committee, the Audit and Finance Committee and the Compensation and Development Committee. These committees support the Board by considering relevant issues at a suitably detailed level and reporting back to the Board.
Each committee has written charters setting out their roles and responsibilities, membership, functions, reporting procedures and the how they are to operate. The structure and membership of each committee is reviewed annually.
Dates Committee
The Dates Committee is established by section 42 of the Racing Act 2003, which requires the committee to determine, following consultation with each of the recognized industry organizations, the annual racing calendar that betting will take place on.
Audit and Finance Committee
The Audit and Finance Committee assists the Board in discharging its responsibilities concerning to financial reporting and the financial risk management practices of the NZRB, the work and performance of the internal audit function and the NZ Racing Board's external auditor, Deloitte.
Compensation and Development Committee
The Compensation and Development Committee's purpose is to monitor issues and determine policies and practices related to the remuneration and review of the Chief Executive and the senior management team, as well as overseeing the management development and succession planning process.
Leadership
In late November 2014 the Board of the NZ Racing Board announced the appointment of John Allen as the organisation's new CEO. John Allen commences his role in early March 2015.
See also
Gambling in New Zealand
Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand
References
New Zealand's Department of Internal Affairs 11 November 2005. Retrieved Feb.15 2006
New Zealand Racing Board (2005). Retrieved 15 February 2006.
New Zealand Racing Board Annual Report 2005. Retrieved Feb.15 2006
External links
New Zealand Racing Board
TAB
Racing
Gambling regulators
Gambling in New Zealand
Gambling companies of New Zealand
Horse racing organizations
Regulation in New Zealand
Greyhound racing organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAB%20New%20Zealand |
Yannick Noah defeated the defending champion Mats Wilander in the final, 6–2, 7–5, 7–6(7–3) to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1983 French Open. Noah remains the most recent Frenchman to win the title, and his victory also marked the last time a man won a singles major with a wooden racket.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Yannick Noah is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Jimmy Connors (quarterfinals)
John McEnroe (quarterfinals)
Ivan Lendl (quarterfinals)
Guillermo Vilas (quarterfinals)
Mats Wilander (final)
Yannick Noah (champion)
José Luis Clerc (second round)
José Higueras (semifinals)
Vitas Gerulaitis (first round)
Eliot Teltscher (fourth round)
Jimmy Arias (fourth round)
Brian Gottfried (fourth round)
Wojtek Fibak (first round)
Henrik Sundström (fourth round)
Tomáš Šmíd (second round)
Andrés Gómez (fourth round)
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1983 French Open Men's Singles draw
1983 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1983 Grand Prix (tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles |
Robert Holmes is an English-born guitarist, best known for his work as guitarist/vocalist/writer in the American new wave band 'Til Tuesday, the former band of Aimee Mann. He first moved to America with his family at the age of seven.
From 'til Tuesday to Ultra Blue
In 1988, he formed a bluesy rock quartet called Ultra Blue with his wife Glenda who sang backups for Robert and occasionally sang lead. Ultra Blue won best new artist at the Boston Music Awards in 1989 and made many recordings. Several sessions were paid for by Epic records but a recording contract never materialized.
In 1993, Ultra Blue was put on the back burner when Holmes joined up with Street Magic, an a cappella quintet specializing in Doo Wop. A short article written by Holmes was published on the backside page of the August 1996 Musician magazine called "The Morning After 'Til Tuesday" in which Holmes detailed some of the differences between working with 'Til Tuesday and doing general business work on a local level with Street Magic.
In 1996, he moved to Vermont and formed a function/cover band called "Love Bomb" for which he was the leader and lead guitarist. According to an interview he gave to the Valley Advocate, the band inherited its name from the Lynsey De Paul song "Love Bomb". The band built up a sizable following in the Southern Vermont/ Western Massachusetts area and played numerous weddings and private parties for the next 13 years.
In 2010, Holmes collaborated with Grammy Award-winning producer Bob St. John and former Beat Surender (Sony Records) front man Paul Souza to release Shakin' Not Stirred under Souza's current rock band The Velveteen Playboys, before moving to the UK.
Back to the UK
Holmes is now a freelance guitar player for hire living in the UK.
During late 2011 and spring 2012, Holmes played guitar on the first Wilderspin album Something to Crow About, with songs written by Mark Wilderspin and produced/engineered by Paul Bryant.
Late 2012 sees Holmes again working with producer and bass player Paul Bryant, on the Sarana VerLin and Billy Brandt CD Going Home.
Both Wilderspin and VerLin Brandt albums recorded in Paul Bryant's Cotswold recording studio in the UK.
In 2013, Holmes played on a session with Hugh Padgham producing at British Grove studios in London. The two tracks recorded were written by Holmes and singer-songwriter Lydia Baylis, but they have not been released as of yet. There are also original and cover songs recorded by Holmes at home posted on his Soundcloud page.
In 2017, Holmes joined The Achievers, a touring original Rhythm and Blues act and winners of the sixth UK Blues Challenge in 2019. The band has released two records, Live at the SVA in 2018 and The Lost Arc in 2019.
Personal life
He lives in Gloucestershire with his wife, artist and self portraitist Sheridan Jones.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American people of English descent
English male guitarists
'Til Tuesday members
American new wave musicians
English rock guitarists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Holmes%20%28musician%29 |
is an Italian-Japanese anime television series produced by RAI and Tokyo Movie Shinsha. Based on the character Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle, almost all the characters are depicted as anthropomorphic dogs. The show featured regular appearances of Jules Verne-steampunk style technology, adding a 19th-century science-fiction atmosphere to the series. It consists of 26 episodes and aired between 1984 and 1985.
Production
The series was a joint project between Japan's Tokyo Movie Shinsha and the Italian public broadcasting corporation RAI. Hayao Miyazaki worked on six episodes in 1982 until problems with Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's estate led to a suspension in production. By the time the issues were resolved Miyazaki had turned to other projects, and thus the remaining series was directed by Kyōsuke Mikuriya. The show was finally aired in 1984. The same year, before their television debut, a film version edited together of two of the episodes directed by Miyazaki ("The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle" and "Treasure Under the Sea") was released alongside Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind in Japanese theaters, entitled Meitantei Hōmuzu Gekijouban. Another film, compiling "Mrs. Hudson is Taken Hostage" and "The White Cliffs of Dover" episodes was released in 1986 alongside Laputa: Castle in the Sky. Episode 3 of the series, "A Small Client", actually aired in the United States before it aired in Japan, as it was dubbed into English in 1982 (possibly commissioned by either TMS or RAI) and was broadcast on HBO in November 1983 under the title The Adventure of Sherlock Hound.
Music
Two pieces of theme music are used for the Japanese version: The opening theme is "Sora Kara Koboreta Story" ( "Story Spilled From the Sky") and the ending theme is "Thames Gawa no Dance" ( "Dance of the Thames River"), both performed by the Japanese duo, Da Capo. The series' international versions had a single piece of theme music for the opening and ending credits. The frequent soloists are Joe Farrell on soprano, tenor and alto saxophones and flute (in his final recording) and Milt Jackson on vibes. This English theme is not included on the UK DVD's from Manga Entertainment, instead instrumentals of both the Japanese opening and ending themes were used.
Characters
; Elio Pandolfi (Italian)
Just like his original incarnation, he has a genius intellect and is extremely knowledgeable in multiple fields. He keeps a cool and logical head despite the situation. Unlike his original incarnation, however, his only drug habit is smoking a tobacco pipe. He keeps his apartment a mess and is regularly conducting chemical experiments that lead to clouds of noxious fumes. He also seems to have feelings for Mrs. Hudson, as does the rest of the male cast. He drives a Benz Velo.
; Riccardo Garrone (Italian)
Hound's loyal companion, he is a trained doctor who returned to England shortly before meeting Hound. He tries his best to help Hound as he can, but has difficulty at times keeping up with Hound, both mentally and physically, being a bit overweight.
; Cristina Grado (Italian)
Hound and Watson's landlady. In most adaptations, Holmes's long-suffering landlady is shown as middle-aged or older, but in this version she is a young comely widow and a love interest of many, including Holmes, Watson, and Moriarty (mostly Holmes), and given the first name . Her late husband Jim was a pilot and Hound finds her contacts in the world of aviation useful; many of the local aviators are also former buddies of Mrs. Hudson's late husband and/or have strong romantic feelings for the caring gentle-natured Mrs. Hudson herself, and so they are always eager to assist in any way she asks. Mrs. Hudson displays a serenely-dignified and level-headed personality comparable to Hound's; she can also be quite quick and resourceful herself when need be, plus she appears to be both an experienced high-speed driver and a crack shot with a revolver. Miyazaki actually wanted to present her as the real brains of Baker Street, running rings around both Hound and his enemy Moriarty, but he was overruled.
; Mauro Bosco (Italian)
Hound's archenemy. Unlike the rarely appearing mafia donnish Moriarty in the books, this Moriarty is portrayed as working personally on his plans without any sort of support network and frequently encountering Hound and his allies, being the main antagonist in the majority of the episodes. Still an intellectual, he is a master inventor, often the one responsible for the steam punk technology seen in the show, including his personal "steam car", a tractor and tank combination rather than a car. His plans can occasionally be very complex or outlandish that rely on one questioning or linking together unusual acts, which is often how Hound figures out what Moriarty is up to. Sometimes he acts as a mercenary to other criminals who are after what he normally wouldn't steal.
; Angelo Maggi (Italian)
One of Moriarty's henchmen, created for the show. Smiley is tall, lanky, has something of a limited intellect, a thick Cockney accent and a positive attitude. In the episodes directed by Hayao Miyazaki, he is colored a pea green, while in other episodes, he's medium brown. Before working for Moriarty, he and George/Todd were members of the Bengal Pirates that appeared in the first episode, though they escaped being arrested with the rest of the crew.
; Maurizio Mattioli (Italian)
One of Moriarty's henchmen, created for the show George/Todd is small and squat, has a negative outlook on the situation, and is usually the first to criticize Moriarty or his plans. Early in the series in the English dub he is inconsistently called either George or Todd, sometimes within a single episode, eventually settling on Todd, though in the Japanese version he's only ever called Todd. The two are often used for comic relief. Before they worked for Moriarty, he, along with Smiley, was a member of the Bengal Pirates that appeared in the first episode, though they escaped being arrested with the rest of the crew. Director Hayao Miyazaki modeled the appearance of the character Todd on Kazuhide Tomonaga, the animation director for the series
; Enzo Consoli (Italian)
As Hound's go-to guy in the police force, he's also the first to call on Hound for assistance on a case. Though he is a well-meaning and passionate police officer, he's not the most attentive of people, and he also has a hotheaded and impulsive nature as well. He is usually assisted by several policemen in trying to catch and arrest Moriarty, but they always fail at trying to catch him and they seem to always end up landing themselves into comedic situations similar to that of the Keystone Cops.
Releases
DVD
In 2002, Pioneer Entertainment released the series on DVD (Region 1, NTSC format). 6 volumes or 'Case Files' were released. Each disk was double sided with the Japanese version on one side and the English dubbed version on the other side.
On February 1, 2010, Manga Entertainment released the complete series on DVD (Region 2, PAL format) in the United Kingdom as a HMV exclusive set. It has since become available in other outlets. It only contains the English dubbed version. This release also lacks the episode title cards, though the episodes are listed on the DVD case and menus.
Discotek Media released the series in a complete, unabridged DVD box set with English and Japanese versions on September 30, 2014.
Blu-ray
On November 21, 2014, Bandai Visual released the restored complete series on Blu-ray (Region A, Japanese language only) in Japan as a 4-disc set. On November 29, 2022, Discotek Media released a Blu-ray of the restored series for North American home video based on the Bandai HD transfer, including both the Japanese and English dubs, restored promo clips, and a restored rare English dub of the pilot.
Episodes
Note: B = episode number by broadcast order, Y = episode number by YouTube order. The original air date listed is that of Japan, the first country to air the show.
See also
Sherlock Holmes pastiches
References
External links
1984 anime television series debuts
Animated television series about dogs
Aviation television series
Bandai Visual
Discotek Media
Geneon USA
Italian children's animated action television series
Italian children's animated adventure television series
Japanese children's animated action television series
Japanese children's animated adventure television series
Manga Entertainment
Nautical television series
Sherlock Holmes pastiches
Sherlock Holmes television series
TMS Entertainment
TV Asahi original programming
Steampunk
1986 films
1984 films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock%20Hound |
Black Cat Bones were a British heavy blues rock band that existed with various lineups from 1966 to 1970, when they became Leaf Hound.
The band had English musicians Paul Kossoff and Simon Kirke in its lineup, both of whom later helped form Free in 1968 with Paul Rodgers and Andy Fraser; Kirke and Rodgers then helped found the more successful British rock supergroup Bad Company in 1974. Rod Price was the guitarist on the band's only album, Barbed Wire Sandwich, released in 1970, and went on to play in Foghat. Other members went on to play in Shagrat, Atomic Rooster, Cactus and Fleetwood Mac.
History
Black Cat Bones formed in London in 1966 with members Paul Tiller (lead vocals and harmonica), Paul Kossoff (lead guitar), brothers Derek Brooks (rhythm guitar) and Stuart Brooks (bass guitar) (born January 1951, Hertfordshire), and Terry Sims (drums). The band was named after black cat bones, a Hoodoo charm associated with blues music. There were several personnel changes early on, with Terry Sims being replaced by drummer Frank Perry, who was in turn replaced in early 1968 by drummer Simon Kirke. The band played regularly on the London pub circuit. Paul Tiller was later replaced by vocalist Brian Short. At the suggestion of Mike Vernon, owner of the Blue Horizon blues record label, Kossoff, Kirke and Stuart Brooks backed veteran blues pianist Champion Jack Dupree on his 1968 album When You Feel the Feeling You Was Feeling, and played on his concurrent UK tour. Kossoff and Kirke left the band soon after.
Guitarist Rod Price and drummer Phil Lenoir replaced Kossoff and Kirke. Along with Short and the Brooks brothers, they recorded Barbed Wire Sandwich, the band's only album. It was recorded at Tangerine Studios and Decca Studios, and released in February 1970 on Decca's newly launched Nova label dedicated to progressive rock music. When the album failed to win the band critical acclaim, Short, Price and Lenoir left the band, effectively ending its existence.
Short went on to create a solo album entitled Anything for a Laugh in 1971, which also failed to win critical acclaim. Remaining band members Derek and Stuart Brooks were joined by vocalist Pete French and guitarist Mike Halls from the Brunning Sunflower Blues Band; after adding drummer Keith George Young, the outfit became the hard rock band Leaf Hound in 1970. Also in 1970, Lenoir joined Steve Peregrin Took's band Shagrat. Rod Price later went on to become the guitarist in Foghat from December 1970. Pete French joined Atomic Rooster and later Cactus with the remnants of Vanilla Fudge. Mike Halls played for many years on the British blues circuit and later moved to California. Bob Weston, later of Fleetwood Mac, also spent time in the band.
Discography
Barbed Wire Sandwich (1970)
References
External links
Alex Gatlin's Black Cat Bones page
English blues rock musical groups
Musical groups from London
Musical groups established in 1966
Musical groups disestablished in 1970
1966 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Cat%20Bones |
CILG-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting a country format at 100.7 FM. Licensed to Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, it serves south-central Saskatchewan. It first began broadcasting in 2002. The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting. All three Golden West Broadcasting stations in Moose Jaw share studios at 1704 Main Street North.
CILG serves as the broadcasting home of the Moose Jaw Warriors of the Western Hockey League.
In the 1980s, the 100.7 frequency was assigned to the CKO network, which folded in 1989 before the Regina station had a chance to open.
On March 29, 2010, 101142236 Saskatchewan Ltd. received CRTC approval to acquire Golden West Broadcasting which owns CHAB, and its sister stations CILG-FM and CJAW-FM.
2021- Nominated for CCMA for Radio Station of the Year for small/medium market
References
External links
Country 100
Ilg
Ilg
Ilg
Radio stations established in 2002
2002 establishments in Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CILG-FM |
Foreign Exchange (previously Foreign Exchange with Fareed Zakaria) is an American weekly, half-hour international affairs program that aired on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) public television stations. The program premiered on April 1, 2005, and for three seasons was hosted by author and journalist Fareed Zakaria. Beginning in January 2008, journalist Daljit Dhaliwal became the new host and the title of the program was changed accordingly. The program explores current international issues in conversations with journalists, politicians, and other newsmakers, and examines America's role in an increasingly globalized world. The final episode aired October 9, 2009.
Production
The program was produced by Azimuth Media and Oregon Public Broadcasting, and was distributed by American Public Television. Major funding was provided by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Additional support from the Ford Foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York.
Through a partnership with the citizen journalism website Helium.com, the program offered viewers an opportunity to get their voices heard on the most pressing global issues. The issues were chosen by Foreign Exchange and ranged from Kosovo as an inspiration to other independence movements in the world to the future of socialism in Latin America. Essays were written and rated on Helium.com, and the best essays were featured on the show.
References
External links
2000s American television news shows
2005 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
PBS original programming
Television articles with disputed naming style | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20Exchange%20%28PBS%20TV%20program%29 |
Mats Wilander defeated Guillermo Vilas in the final, 1–6, 7–6(8–6), 6–0, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1982 French Open. He had won the boys’ title only the previous year, and was making his first main-draw French Open appearance. It was his first ATP Tour-level title.
Björn Borg was the four-time reigning champion, but chose not to participate after the Men's Tennis Council ruled he had not played enough tournaments and would have to qualify. World No. 1 John McEnroe withdrew with an ankle injury.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Mats Wilander is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Jimmy Connors (quarterfinals)
Ivan Lendl (fourth round)
Guillermo Vilas (final)
José Luis Clerc (semifinals)
Vitas Gerulaitis (quarterfinals)
Eliot Teltscher (fourth round)
Peter McNamara (quarterfinals)
Yannick Noah (quarterfinals)
Andrés Gómez (fourth round)
Balázs Taróczy (second round)
Brian Gottfried (second round)
n/a
José Higueras (semifinals)
Steve Denton (first round)
Chip Hooper (fourth round)
Mel Purcell (fourth round)
Draw
Final eight
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1982 French Open Men's Singles draw
1982 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1982 Grand Prix (tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles |
Fubini is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
David Fubini, American business lecturer and writer
Eugene Fubini (1913–1997), American defense official
Guido Fubini (1879–1943), Italian mathematician
Sergio Fubini (1928–2005), Italian theoretical physicist
It can also be used to refer to Fubini's theorem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fubini |
Achterberg is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is part of the municipality of Rhenen and it lies about 5 km west of Wageningen.
The village was first mentioned in 1417 as Achterbergh, and means "(settlement) behind the hill". Achterberg developed as an esdorp on the northern flank of a hill near castle Ter Horst. The castle was built in 1160 and demolished in 1528. In 1840, Achterberg was home to 1,043 people. In 1940, the village was the scene of heavy fighting during the Battle of the Grebbeberg. The grist mill Crescendo was built in 1886 and destroyed in 1945 during a battle.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Rhenen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achterberg |
Mary L. Kirchoff is an American author of fantasy and young adult novels.
Biography
Kirchoff was born and raised in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, the city where the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game was invented. "I went to school with Ernie Gygax and a number of people who later worked for TSR... I was vaguely aware of the people who played things like the D&D game at school. Then I went away to college and learned more about roleplaying games. I realized [they] were coming from my home town." Kirchoff graduated from Lawrence University with a B.A. in English. She was hired by TSR as the editor of the Polyhedron newszine in 1982, shortly after its second issue. Kirchoff also did graphic design for Dragon magazine, and worked with Roger Moore on TSR's Ares science-fiction magazine.
Kirchoff's first published book, Light on Quests Mountain, was set in Gamma World for TSR's Endless Quest series. She later wrote other books in the collection. Kirchoff decided to write full-time, supported by her then-boyfriend, TSR game editor and designer Steve Winter. In September 1985, Kirchoff married Steve Winter. She worked on books such as The Art of the Dragonlance Saga and Leaves from the Inn of the Last Home, and later left then rejoined the company as a full-time editor. Meanwhile, Kirchoff began looking for a new Forgotten Realms book to follow Darkwalker on Moonshae: "I went to the slush pile and read the first 30 pages of a book called Echoes of the Third Magic by a guy named Bob Salvatore. The story didn't really fit what we were looking for, but there was something about the writing that grabbed me."
Kirchoff wrote and published a short story and six novels for the Dragonlance series, including Wanderlust, Flint the King, Kendermore, "The Black Wing," and the Defenders of Magic trilogy. She also co-created the Dark Sun setting with Troy Denning and Tim Brown. After Wizards of the Coast purchased TSR, Peter Adkison brought her back as the manager of TSR's division for book publishing. She was eventually promoted to head of the book department: "Every book we published hit numerous bestseller lists -- it was a golden time." After five years of writing Dragonlance novels at night and running the book department by day, she withdrew to spend more time with her children; five years later, she returned as executive editor of the restructured book-publishing program. She rose to Vice President of Marketing, Publishing, and Tabletop Games, with brand and financial responsibility for all that had once been TSR, as well as the Avalon Hill brand of board games.
Kirchoff has been the head of Wizards of the Coast's Book Publishing division. She left Wizards of the Coast in December 2004. She went on to become Chief Marketing Officer at start-up video game company 38 Studios for nearly three years.
Her works have been translated into more than nine languages.
She later became an acquiring editor for TOR Books.
References
External links
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
American book editors
American fantasy writers
American women novelists
Living people
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Kirchoff |
CIMG-FM is a Canadian radio station being licensed to Swift Current, Saskatchewan serving the southwest Saskatchewan area broadcasting at 94.1 FM with a classic hits format branded as The Eagle 94.1. The station is currently owned and operated by Golden West Broadcasting, which also owns sister stations CKFI-FM and CKSW. The station had been broadcasting since October 20, 1979.
In November 2016, CIMG's studios relocated to the top floor of Innovation Credit Union at 198 1st avenue north east in Swift Current.
External links
The Eagle 94.1
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Img
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Radio stations established in 1979
1979 establishments in Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIMG-FM |
Oscar Byrd Lovette (December 20, 1871 – July 6, 1934) was a United States Representative from Tennessee.
Biography
Lovette was born in Greeneville, Tennessee and graduated from Parrottsville High School, and, in 1893, from Tusculum College. He married Lillie Fowler on December 23, 1897, and they had four children.
Career
In 1894 Lovette was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives, serving from 1895 to 1897. During this period he studied law at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, and was admitted to the bar in 1896. A Republican, he was elected District Attorney for the former 1st Judicial District in his native East Tennessee in 1918, serving until 1926. He was also engaged in banking, serving as president of Citizens Savings Bank of Greenville from 1912 to 1918. He served as a trustee of Tusculum College; and was Clerk in the Quartermaster department of the U. S. A., in Cuba during Spanish–American War.
In 1930, Lovette ran as an Independent for United States Representative from the 1st Congressional District against incumbent Carroll Reece and defeated him. He served in the 72nd Congress from March 4, 1931 to March 3, 1933. However, in 1932 Reece again sought the Republican nomination for his former seat and defeated Lovette, who had attempted to return to Congress as a Republican. Lovette contested the November election as an Independent, a practice then permissible under Tennessee law, but this time Reece turned back Lovette's Independent candidacy. Lovette then resumed practicing law until his death.
Death
Lovette died in Greeneville, Greene County, Tennessee on July 6, 1934 (age 62 years, 198 days). He is interred at Oak Grove Cemetery, Greeneville, Tennessee.
References
External links
1871 births
1934 deaths
Tusculum University alumni
Republican Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
People from Greeneville, Tennessee
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Lovette |
Rukn-ud-din Firuz (), also transliterated as Rukn al-Din Firoz (died 19 November 1236), was a ruler of Delhi sultanate for less than seven months in 1236. As a prince, he had administered the Badaun and Lahore provinces of the Sultanate. He ascended the throne after the death of his father Iltutmish, a powerful Mamluk ruler who had established the Sultanate as the most powerful kingdom in northern India. However, Ruknuddin spent his time in pursuing pleasure, and left his mother Shah Turkan in control of the administration. The misadministration led to rebellions against Ruknuddin and his mother, both of whom were arrested and imprisoned. The nobles and the army subsequently appointed his half-sister Razia on the throne.
Early life
Ruknuddin was born to the Delhi Sultan Iltutmish and his wife Khudawanda-i-Jahan Shah Turkan, who was a hand-maid of Turkic origin. As a prince, he was assigned the iqta' of Badaun in 1228. He administered Badaun with the support of Ainul Mulk Husain Ash'ari, a former minister of Iltutmish's rival Nasir ad-Din Qabacha.
Iltutmish had groomed his eldest son Nasiruddin Mahmud to be his successor, but this son died unexpectedly in 1229. While leaving for his Gwalior campaign in 1231, Iltutmish left his daughter Razia as the in-charge of Delhi's administration. Razia handled the administration well, and when Iltutmish returned, he ordered preparation of a decree naming Razia as his heir apparent, despite opposition from the orthodox nobles. Iltutmish declared that his surviving sons were absorbed in pleasurable activities, and were incapable of managing the state affairs after his death. However, shortly before his death, Iltutmish appears to have agreed to appoint Ruknuddin - a son - as his successor. In 1233, he appointed Ruknuddin as the administrator of Lahore. During his last days, when he had become seriously ill, he recalled Ruknuddin from Lahore to Delhi, and Ruknuddin was unanimously accepted as his successor by the nobles.
Reign
After the death of his father Iltutmish, Ruknuddin ascended the throne in April–May 1236. Saifuddin Hasan Qarlugh, who assumed that the Delhi Sultanate would be weakened after Iltutmish's death, invaded India around this time. However, Saifuddin Aibak - a Turkic slave officer appointed as the governor of Uch by Iltutmish, defeated him and forced him to retreat.
Minhaj praises Ruknuddin for three qualities: handsomeness, gentle temperament, and generous nature. According to Minhaj, Ruknuddin greatly enjoyed riding elephants, and greatly favoured mahouts, who became important in his court. Minhaj narrates that Ruknuddin would scatter gold coins in bazaars, while riding intoxicated on an elephant. He used to spend a lot of money on musicians, clowns, and eunuchs. While spending his time and the state funds in pursuing pleasure, Ruknuddin left the control of administration to his mother Shah Turkan.
Rebellions
Shah Turkan was originally reputed for charitable and religious donations, but her nature changed after she gained control of the administration. She mistreated ladies in Iltutmish's harem, and according to Minhaj, "destroyed" several of them. She and Ruknuddin ordered the blinding and killing of Qutubuddin, a young and popular son of Iltutmish, which triggered several rebellions:
In the Awadh region, Malik Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Shah - a son of Iltutmish - rebelled against Ruknuddin. He sacked several towns, and plundered the treasure of Lakhnauti, which was being transferred to Delhi.
Malik Izzuddin Muhammad Salari, who now held the iqta' of Badaun, also rebelled.
Three other iqta-holding nobles collectively rebelled against Ruknuddin: Malik Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz (Multan), Malik Saifuddin Kuchi (Hansi), Malik Alauddin Jani (Lahore).
Ruknuddin sent an army against the rebels, but his wazir (prime minister) Nizamul Mulk Junaidi deserted the army at Kailugarhi, and fled to Koil (modern Aligarh), later joining Salari. The forces of Junaidi and Salari subsequently joined the forces of Kuchi and Jani.
Massacre of Tazik officers
The officers of Ruknuddin's father Iltutmish belonged to two major categories: the Turkic-origin slaves and the Tazik-origin non-slaves. The Tazik officers included the prime minister Junaidi. After the rebellions against Ruknuddin, the Turkic officers, who formed the core of Ruknuddin's army, planned murders of many Tazik officers in the Mansurpur-Tarain region. Several important Tazik officers were killed as a result:
Tajul Mulk Mahmud, dabir
the son of mushrif-i mamalik
Bahauddin Hasan Ash'ari
Karimuddin Zahid
Ziyal Mulk, the son of Junaidi
Nizamuddin Shafurqani
Khwaja Rashiduddin Malikani
Amir Fakhruddin, dabir
Bahram Shah, dizdar
Imprisonment and death
Ruknuddin marched towards Kuhram to fight the rebels. Meanwhile, in Delhi, his half-sister Razia - whom his mother Shah Turkan had planned to execute - instigated the general public against Shah Turkan at a congregational prayer. A mob then attacked the royal palace and detained Shah Turkan. Several nobles and the army pledged allegiance to Razia, and placed her on the throne. Ruknuddin marched back to Delhi, but Razia sent a force to arrest him: he was imprisoned and probably executed on 19 November 1236, having ruled for 6 months and 28 days.
References
Bibliography
Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
13th-century murdered monarchs
Indian Sunni Muslims
13th-century Indian monarchs
Year of birth unknown
1236 deaths
13th-century rulers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruknuddin%20Firuz |
Schmallenberg (Westphalian: Smalmereg) is a town and a climatic health resort in the High Sauerland District, Germany. By area, it is the third biggest of all cities and towns of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the second biggest of the region of Westphalia.
With small Schmallenberg central town and the rural Bad Fredeburg Kneipp health resort the town has two urban settlements. Additionally, 82 villages and hamlets belong to the town's territory. Also being called “the Schmallenberg Sauerland”, the Town of Schmallenberg is famous for its total of five health resorts and nine villages which have been awarded gold for their beauty in the nationwide “” contest.
Geography
Schmallenberg is located in the southeast of the Sauerland mountainous landscape. The Rothaar Mountains make up a part of the town's territory. Through the central town flows the river Lenne.
It is situated (linear distances):
14 miles (22 km) south of Meschede (capital of the High Sauerland District)
20 miles (33 km) southeast of Arnsberg (most populous town of the district and capital of the larger Governmental District of Arnsberg)
44 miles (70 km) southeast of Dortmund (most populous city of the governmental district, of the Ruhr Metropolitan Area and of Westphalia.)
60 miles (96 km) northeast of Cologne (most populous city of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and of the Northern Rhineland)
66 miles (106 km) southeast of Düsseldorf (capital of the state)
238 miles (383 km) southwest of Berlin (capital and most populous city of Germany)
Neighboring towns and municipalities
Schmallenberg in the north borders on the Municipality of Bestwig and the Town of Meschede, in the east on the Town of Winterberg, in the south on the Town of Bad Berleburg, and in the west on the Municipality of Eslohe (Sauerland) and the Town of Lennestadt.
Town divisions
In the 1975 local government reorganization in the Sauerland and Paderborn the already existing Town of Schmallenberg was merged with the Town of Fredeburg (“Bad Fredeburg” today) and with the Municipalities of Berghausen, Bödefeld-Land, Dorlar, Fleckenberg, Freiheit Bödefeld, Grafschaft, Lenne, Oberkirchen, Rarbach and Wormbach which consisted of a total of 82 villages and hamlets.
On December 31, 2019 the modern Town of Schmallenberg had 25,146 inhabitants by main residence in the following 83 places:
Schmallenberg (central town) (6,100)
Bad Fredeburg (3,900)
Fleckenberg (1,545)
Gleidorf (1,378)
Bödefeld (1,126)
Grafschaft (1,096)
Dorlar (879)
Oberkirchen (788)
Westfeld (734)
Holthausen (567)
Bracht (454)
Wormbach (403)
Oberhenneborn (385)
Lenne (348)
Westernbödefeld (338)
Kirchrarbach (277)
Arpe (238)
Niederberndorf (229)
Niedersorpe (227)
Nordenau (226)
Berghausen (218)
Winkhausen (212)
Werpe (209)
Brabecke (204)
Sellinghausen (183)
Latrop (177)
Altenilpe (160)
Huxel (150)
Felbecke (144)
Selkentrop (143)
Harbecke (132)
Mailar (126)
Gellinghausen (118)
Rehsiepen (112)
Sögtrop (106)
Heiminghausen (102)
Menkhausen (96)
Osterwald (91)
Kückelheim (80)
Niederhenneborn (67)
Jagdhaus (66)
Werntrop (66)
Grimminghausen (58)
Hundesossen (56)
Lengenbeck (55)
Ohlenbach (53)
Obersorpe (51)
Oberrarbach (50)
Oberberndorf (49)
Inderlenne (47)
Schanze (42)
Obringhausen (39)
Dornheim (38)
Kirchilpe (36)
Mittelsorpe (33)
Herschede (27)
Nierentrop (27)
Ebbinghof (26)
Mönekind (26)
Walbecke (23)
Sellmecke (16)
Vorwald (16)
Hanxleden (15)
Altenhof (13)
Almert (13)
Nesselbach (13)
Twismecke (11)
Föckinghausen (10)
Berghof (10)
Rellmecke (9)
Hebbecke (9)
Hoher Knochen (9)
Wulwesort (9)
Rotbusch (8)
Sonderhof (7)
Keppel (7)
Rimberg (7)
Lanfert (6)
Landenbeckerbruch (6)
Waidmannsruh (6)
Silberg (4)
Hiege (3)
Störmecke (3)
Twin towns
Schmallenberg twin towns are:
Burgess Hill (United Kingdom)
Wimereux (France)
History
In 1072 a Benedictine monastery of Grafschaft was founded near the Wilzenberg mountain by St. Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne.
The oldest available documents speaking of a “Town of Schmallenberg” are the archbishop's and the town council's deeds from 1243. There were several causes which let the place of “Smalenburg” (old German, “narrow castle”) receive town rights.
Before Schmallenberg received town rights, there had been a castle of Schmallenberg which must have been destroyed around 1240. It was owned by the Archbishop of Cologne Conrad of Hochstadt and the Grafschaft Abbey. The Knight Johann Kolve had the order to protect this castle. At this time, there already must have been some kind of settlement around. The archbishop did not consider the destroyed castle as useful any more. Furthermore, the local settlement was unprotected and in a risky situation because of the castle. That is why the archbishop and the Grafschaft Abbey wanted to fortify the place, leaving the old castle outside the town wall.
In 1244 Schmallenberg received town rights and got a mayor and an own council. Johann Kolve, who had recommended this solution, became the commander of the new fortified town. He got 30 shillings every year on St. Martin’s Day as an indemnity, an own property and a judicial immunity was granted. The new Town of Schmallenberg thanked Kolve for its new protecting wall. He did not have to pay taxes and did not have any civic duties.
There is evidence from 1273 and 1292 of blacksmiths working in Schmallenberg and there have been cutlers and trip hammers for a long time. The town joined alliances with Medebach, Hallenberg and Winterberg and was a member of the Hanseatic League. It used to be a Colognian minting place in the 13th century. After weapon techniques had changed and to the archbishop, Schmallenberg had lost its fortified status, the town went through an economical crisis in the 16th century.
In 1812, the wall and its gates were torn down. In the last of the three big fires of 1732, 1746 and 1822, 131 of 151 houses burnt down and Schmallenberg was rebuilt in the now characteristic structure (“Prussian ladder system”) with its half-timbered houses and slated roofs.
In 1800, the town's iron manufacturing industry was the second largest in the whole Duchy of Westphalia. Major competition and high costs led to the decline of the industry, and a shift towards textile manufacturing in Schmallenberg. By 1871, there were seven companies belonging to textile industry. Textile manufacturing remained the most important business type for the following years.
Economy
Since the 19th century Schmallenberg traditionally was one of the Sauerland's centers of textile industry. The largest company today is the Falke company. That's why the town received the nickname die Strumpfstadt (“the sock town”). Today, 25 per cent of the population work in forest and wood economy or in tourism. In 2016 there were 9,503 jobs based on social insurances.
Major Schmallenberg companies are:
“” (textile industry, 2019: 3,325 employees)
Feldhaus (construction company, 2019: 700 employees)
“” (hidden champions, bathroom furniture manufacturer with headquarters in Bad Fredeburg, 2021: 681 employees)
Fraunhofer Society
The Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) conducts research in the field of applied life sciences from a molecular level to entire ecosystems. The IME has around 140 employees working at its locations in Schmallenberg and Aachen.
Transport
Air transport
Airfield
Schmallenberg’s aerodrome is the Rennefeld motorsport and glider airfield (Motorsport- und Segelflugplatz Rennefeld) between the villages of Wormbach and Werpe. ICAO-Code: EDKR.
Airports
The town is surrounded by the following airports (near to far): Paderborn/Lippstadt (PAD), Dortmund (DTM), Kassel (KSF), Cologne/Bonn (CGN), Münster/Osnabrück (FMO), Düsseldorf (DUS) and Frankfurt am Main (FRA).
Private transport
Federal highways
The federal highways (Bundesstraßen) B 236 and B 511 run through the town's territory.
Autobahn
The Autobahn closest to Schmallenberg is the one in
Meschede, Enste junction (20 mi/33 km for the A 46 to either Arnsberg or Brilon)
Other close junctions to different directions can be found in
Olpe, Olpe junction (27 mi/43 km for the A 45 to either Frankfurt am Main/Cologne or Dortmund)
Wenden (Sauerland), Krombach junction (27 mi/43 km for the A 4 to Cologne/Frankfurt am Main/Dortmund/Olpe/A 4/A 45)
Bad Wünnenberg, Wünnenberg-Haaren interchange (43 mi/69 km for the A 33 to Bielefeld/Paderborn or the A 44 to either Kassel or Dortmund/Airport)
Public transport
Trains
The closest train stations are the ones in Lennestadt-Altenhundem, Meschede and Winterberg.
Buses
Buses of Busverkehr Ruhr-Sieg (BRS) serve the town on the main routes. An association only founded for this purpose voluntarily provides a Bürgerbus (“civic bus”) on the less common routes. It mainly serves the smaller villages.
Media
The Westfalenpost newspaper has editorial offices in Schmallenberg and Meschede and issues a daily local edition from Mondays to Saturdays. It shares its local edition with the Westfälische Rundschau which is another daily newspaper. The free advertising newspaper Sauerlandkurier also has an editorial office in Schmallenberg and is being issued on Wednesdays and Sundays.
Radio and TV news can be received from the West German Broadcasting (WDR). There is a WDR regional studio in Siegen which daily broadcasts news for South Westphalia on WDR 2 radio (on 93.8 FM) and in the Lokalzeit show for South Westphalia on television (WDR Fernsehen). Another local radio channel is Radio Sauerland from Meschede which can be received at 89.1 or 106.5 FM in Schmallenberg and on different frequencies in the whole High Sauerland District.
Education
Schmallenberg has six elementary schools (Grundschulen) and three secondary schools (a Hauptschule, a Realschule and a Gymnasium).
There is also one special school of the High Sauerland District for emotional and social development, elementary and secondary level one (Martinsschule Dorlar), one folk high school (Volkshochschule) a district's school of music (Kreismusikschule) and Music Education Centre Südwestfalen (Musikbildungszentrum Südwestfalen).
Culture
Starting from Schmallenberg central town, trips to the Nordenau Rappelstein castle ruin with great views, the Grafschaft Abbey or to the nearby Kneipp health resort of Bad Fredeburg are always worth to do. There are some local museums like the Slate Mining and Home Region Museum in Holthausen, the Hesse Cutlery Factory in Fleckenberg, the Monastery Museum in Grafschaft or the Jurisdiction Museum in Bad Fredeburg.
Annual events in many places in town are the marksmen's festivals (Schützenfeste) lasting two to four days between April and August. They celebrate the local traditions including parades, traditional music and dance in a local hall or tent and a shooting of a wooden bird. There are 20 marksmen's clubs (Schützenvereine) in town and each has its own Schützenfest. The biggest club is the Schmallenberg Marksmen's Society of 1820 (Schützengesellschaft Schmallenberg 1820). The oldest Schützenverein in the modern Town of Schmallenberg is the Wormbach St. Judoc Marksmen's Fraternity (St.-Jodokus-Schützenbruderschaft Wormbach). It was founded in 1525.
Schmallenberg's town festival is the Schmallenberger Woche (“the Schmallenberg week”) and is being held every two years from a Wednesday to a Sunday in August. This event is celebrated in central Schmallenberg's old town and turns the Marksmen's Square park facility (Parkanlage Schützenplatz) and the Weststraße and Oststraße into a pedestrian area with music, entertainment and several stalls providing food, drinks, other commercial goods and information. Citizens from many of Schmallenberg's places, the twin towns and several associations take part in the festival.
On each Second Sunday of Advent and Friday and Saturday before there is a Christmas market around the central town's Catholic church. Further Christmas markets can be found on different dates in other places of the town.
Sport
Schmallenberg has many hiking trails adding up to approximately 2,500 kilometers, leading through forests, across mountains and through valleys. The Rothaarsteig, a hiking trail along the Rothaar Mountains from Brilon to Dillenburg, leads through the town's territory. Recently, the town at the upper course of the Lenne River has developed into one of Westphalia's winter sport centers. The Nordic Center of North Rhine-Westphalia and the High Sauerland Cross-Country Skiing Center are both located in Westfeld. 250 kilometers of cross-country ski tracks and 30 ski lifts make any kind of skiing possible.
Notable people
Tom Astor (born 1943), is a German singer and composer
Carl Johann Ludwig Dham (1809–1871), was a German lawyer, politician and member of the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848/49
Hans Frankenthal (1926–1999), was a Jew born in Schmallenberg who survived the holocaust and describes his ordeal in The Unwelcome One: Returning Home from Auschwitz
Franziskus Hennemann (1882–1951), was a Titular Bishop in South Africa
Hannah Neise (born 2000), is a German skeleton racer and Olympic gold medalists 2022
Julian Schauerte (born 1988), is a German footballer who plays for K.A.S. Eupen.
Christian Voss (born 1989), is a German motorsport team owner and former racing driver
References
External links
Town administration of Schmallenberg
Schmallenberg Tourism
Sauerland Tourism
Hochsauerlandkreis
Rothaar Mountains
Members of the Hanseatic League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmallenberg |
Achterveld is a village in the central Netherlands. It is a part of the municipality of Leusden, Utrecht and is located about 8 km east of Amersfoort. A small part of the village is located in Barneveld.
The village is a Catholic enclave in a Protestant region. It has a neo-romanesque church.
In 2001, the village of Achterveld had 1616 inhabitants. The built-up area of the village was 0.50 km2, and contained 651 residences.
The statistical area "Achterveld", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 2570.
On 28 to 30 April 1945, Achterveld was the scene of high-ranking talks now known as 'The Achterveld Conference' between the Allied command (among others, General Foulkes of Canada, and General Bedell Smith of the United States), Sir Francis de Guingand of the United Kingdom, Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Ivan Susloparov of the Soviet Union and the occupying German government of the Netherlands, headed by 'Reichskomissar' Arthur Seyss-Inquart, and his aides. They discussed urgent food-help for the starving cities in the west of Holland, which Seyss-Inquart allowed, and which started the day after, 29 April, by plane from England, code-named Operation Manna.
The Allies tried to start negotiations about an unconditional German surrender. Seyss-Inquart did not want to comply there and then, although a general cease-fire was convened. The Germans ceased their resistance only on 5 May following, in Wageningen.
Gallery
Sport
Tour de junior, annual bicycle race
References
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Leusden
Barneveld (municipality) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achterveld |
Hamilton Central railway station serves Hamilton, South Lanarkshire in Scotland, lying on the Argyle Line. It is situated in the town centre, adjacent to the Hamilton bus station, as well as the Regent Shopping Centre, Hamilton's main shopping location. In March 2007, SPT announced a redevelopment of the bus and railway stations into a combined interchange, which was completed in winter 2012.
History
The station (which opened in 1876) used to have four lines running through between two platforms. The western platform (Glasgow bound) is the original one. The other platform with ticket office is a replacement. It was built approximately where the southbound through line ran and then replaced the original. There was a turntable just to the south of the station on the east (Motherwell bound track). The semi-circular retaining wall can still be seen. There was a signal box opposite at John Street level accessed from John Street. The goods yard was to the north of the station, encompassing the whole of the current bus station and car park. The goods yard entrance and main Station entrance was from adjacent to the top cross. There was a large retaining wall that ran from the cross up Quarry Street to about where the Quarry street steps now sit. The entry road ran adjacent to the wall and curved away from the wall as it approached the station and yard entrances. The Quarry street steps replaced an office, at street level, and set of steps leading down to the main Station platform. There is also an entrance to the other platform on the south side of the bridge. It has a grand arched stone portico but is sealed now with an ornate design facing the pavement. The steps are still existing but the archway to the platform is walled up.
In addition there was a line that went from the position of the disused pedestrian bridge opposite South Park Road (site of another signal box. The line then went across Kemp Street and along the line of car parking in Graham Street then crossed Quarry Street to enter the gas works. This line terminate just before Selkirk Street. the line went through still extant gates beside the main line at Kemp Street. The entry gates to the gas works are also still existing. The line terminated just to the south of the larger gas tank that now only exists as a circular concrete pad.
The working part of the gasworks with a vertical bucket line emerging above its roof was more or less where the print works is on Portland Place
The platforms were connected by a covered overbridge. There were stairs on the north and ramps to the south. The "shadow" of the ramps can be seen on the Glasgow bound platform wall.
There was an overall roof. Wooden cladding extended from the supporting walls to the edge of the platforms with only the girders passing across. There was a pair of lifts adjacent to the metal overbridge at the south end of the platforms. The overbridge still matches the original four lines. In July 2021 the old Grey parapets/bridge edges, werereplaced with new taller steel parapets. Although these are taller they are the same length as before and attached to a strengthened edge of the underlying bridge (as per conversation with one of the engineers on the site) The line through the station was electrified in 1974, as part of the wider project to wire the northern end of the West Coast Main Line.
In last 2016, construction began on a new, covered, passenger footbridge between the platforms. The new bridge will be compliant with disability regulations and feature lifts from the platforms to the bridge itself. In order to accommodate this the booking office on platform 2 and the waiting shelter on platform 1 have both been demolished, with tickets currently being sold from a temporary cabin next to the platform 2 entrance. Once the new bridge is completed in 2017, the existing footbridge will be removed and new passenger facilities constructed.
Services
2006/07
Since the re-opening of the Larkhall branch in December 2005, Hamilton Central has been served by four trains per hour towards (north west). Two of these services run from to with a limited stopping pattern until Glasgow, with the other two from the Motherwell direction. In the south east (other) direction, there are two trains per hour to / and two trains per hour to Larkhall.
2016
Following a major recast of the Argyle Line timetable in the wake of the electrification of the Whifflet Line, the service pattern from this station has altered significantly. There are still two trains per hour each to Motherwell and Larkhall, but one of the former now runs to Cumbernauld via Whifflet rather than Lanark. Glasgow-bound services meanwhile now call at all stations to Central Low Level and then proceed to Dalmuir via Clydebank or to . On Sundays, there is a train every half-hour each way to Motherwell and Milngavie and an hourly service each way on the Larkhall to Balloch route.
References
External links
SPT news item on redevelopment
Railway stations in South Lanarkshire
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1876
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Buildings and structures in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%20Central%20railway%20station |
Otepää (formerly Nuustaku) is a town in Valga County, southern Estonia. It is the administrative centre of Otepää Parish. Otepää is a popular skiing resort, popularly known as the "winter capital" of Estonia (in contrast to the "summer capital" Pärnu). During the 2005–2006 season it became the site for FIS Cross-Country World Cup events.
The name "Otepää" means "Ott's Head" in South Estonian, where ott is a euphemism for "bear".
History
The first settlement in Otepää was in 6th century BC. It has been inhabited continuously since the 6th-7th centuries. Otepää was historically important as the site of a Viking hill fort and medieval castle.
The fortress was first mentioned in Russian sources in 1116 when the princes of Novgorod and Pskov undertook an expedition against Tartu and Otepää.
The conquest of Estonia during the Northern Crusades began with an attack on the fortress at Otepää in 1208. The fort was attacked again in 1217, when Christianized southern Estonians stopped the Kievan Rus' advances.
The fort at Otepää was finally conquered in 1224 by German crusaders. Hermann of Dorpat, the first Prince-Bishop of the Bishopric of Dorpat (1224–1248) within the Livonian Confederation, built an episcopal castle at Otepää, which was the first stone fortress built in Estonia.
During the 14th century the importance of Otepää waned as Tartu, which was the seat of the Bishopric, grew in importance. The castle at Otepää was destroyed, but there is no written evidence of when the castle was abandoned. Archaeologist have argued that the castle was inhabited as late as 1477. But it is more commonly believed that the castle was razed by the Livonian Order in 1396 during a conflict with the Bishopric of Dorpat.
The earliest surviving firearm in Europe has been found in the castle of Otepää and it dates to at least 1396.
In 1862, the settlement was named Nuustaku and granted town privileges. In 1876, Tartu Estonian Farmers' Society and Estonian Farmer's Society held the first agricultural fair at Nuustaku church manor. On June 4, 1884, the flag that was to become the national flag of Estonia was dedicated in the Nuustaku Church as the flag of the Estonian Students' Society. The name Nuustaku was changed to Otepää in 1922. Otepää became a town in 1936.
Geography
Otepää is situated in a landscape known as the Otepää Upland. The area is hilly and contains numerous lakes, including Lake Pühajärv.
Demographics
Government and politics
Otepää's municipal status was briefly restored in 1989 when the local government re-emerged in Estonia. In 1999, Otepää City was merged with the Pühajärve rural municipality, which became known as the Otepää Rural Municipality. Otepää Parish is the local government administrative unit that governs Otepää City.
Gallery
See also
Tartu Maraton
Tehvandi Sports Center
References
External links
Cities and towns in Estonia
Ski areas and resorts in Estonia
Castles of the Teutonic Knights
Former municipalities of Estonia
Kreis Dorpat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4 |
Cheekwood is a historic estate on the western edge of Nashville, Tennessee that houses the Cheekwood Estate & Gardens. Formerly the residence of Nashville's Cheek family, the Georgian-style mansion was opened as a botanical garden and art museum in 1960.
History
Christopher Cheek founded a wholesale grocery business in Nashville in the 1880s. His son, Leslie Cheek, joined him as a partner, and by 1915 was president of the family-owned company. Leslie's wife, Mabel Wood, was a member of a prominent Clarksville, Tennessee, family. Meanwhile, Joel Owsley Cheek, Leslie's cousin, had developed an acclaimed blend of coffee that was marketed through Nashville's finest hotel, the Maxwell House Hotel. Cheek's extended family, including Leslie and Mabel Cheek, were investors. In 1928, the Postum Cereals Company (now General Foods) purchased Maxwell House's parent company, Cheek-Neal Coffee, for more than $40 million.
After the sale of the family business, Leslie Cheek bought of woodland in West Nashville for a country estate. He hired New York residential and landscape architect Bryant Fleming to design the house and gardens, and gave him full control over every detail of the project, including interior furnishings. The resulting limestone mansion and extensive formal gardens were completed in 1932. The estate design was inspired by the grand English manors of the 18th century.
Leslie Cheek died just two years after moving into the mansion. Mabel Cheek and their daughter, Huldah Cheek Sharp, lived at Cheekwood until the 1950s, when Huldah Sharp and her husband offered the property as a site for a botanical garden and art museum. The Exchange Club of Nashville, the Horticultural Society of Middle Tennessee and other civic groups led the redevelopment of the property aided by funds raised from the sale of the former building of the defunct Nashville Museum of Art. The new Cheekwood museum opened in 1960.
Art museum
Cheekwood's art collection was founded in 1959 upon the holdings of the former Nashville Museum of Art and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. The core holdings include broad collections of American art; American and British decorative arts; contemporary art, especially outdoor sculpture acquired for the Woodland Sculpture Trail.
Cheekwood's American art collection includes 600 paintings and 5,000 prints, drawings and photographs. The collection, assembled in the 1980s and early 1990s through a multimillion-dollar bequest, spans the history of American art. Its strength centers on The Eight. Other strengths include the world's largest collection of sculptures of William Edmondson, photographs by Louise Dahl-Wolfe, and a vast variety of post-Second World War prints. Recently, the Museum has pursued a consciously focused acquisition process, having added paintings by James Hamilton, William Bradford, and new contemporary sculpture for the Trail.
The core holdings of the decorative arts collection include the third-largest Worcester porcelain in the United States, and a 650-piece silver collection, spanning the 18th-20th centuries.
The Cheek Mansion is itself considered part of the collection. A year-long renovation, completed in June 2017, restored much of the original building, which revealed authentic features (wood and marble floors that had been carpeted), and conserved historical architectural motifs, such as the illusionist murals that line the main corridor.
The Contemporary Art collection, housed in the galleries created out of the estate's original garage and stables, is small but of high quality, including paintings by Larry Rivers, Andy Warhol, Robert Ryman, Red Grooms, and Marylyn Dintenfass. Additionally, seven small galleries were created in the old horse stable stalls to enable Cheekwood to display installation art.
The Ann & Monroe Carell Jr. Family Sculpture Trail, a collection of ten sculptures by international artists, extends the contemporary art collection into nature, focusing on a kind of intimate, outdoor art not commonly found in American museums.
Botanical garden
Extending across the grounds from the Museum of Art, the Botanical Garden encompasses the entire site with an emphasis on display, education, and study. The plant collections include boxwood, conifer, crape myrtle, daffodil, daylily, dogwood, fern, herb, holly, hosta, hydrangea, Japanese maple, magnolia, Southeastern US natives, redbud, and trillium.
Other attractions
In addition to the Museum and the Botanical Garden, Cheekwood operates two gift shops, and a restaurant called the Cafe 1929 which is located in the Frist Learning Center.
See also
List of botanical gardens and arboretums in the United States
References
External links
Cheekwood official site
Art museums and galleries in Tennessee
Botanical art
Botanical gardens in Tennessee
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Museums in Nashville, Tennessee
Decorative arts museums in the United States
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
Parks in Nashville, Tennessee
Art museums established in 1960
National Register of Historic Places in Nashville, Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheekwood%20Botanical%20Garden%20and%20Museum%20of%20Art |
Durward Gorham Hall (September 14, 1910 – March 15, 2001) was a six-term US representative from Missouri's 7th congressional district.
Biography
He was born in Cassville, Missouri, on September 14, 1910, and graduated from Greenwood Laboratory School at Southwest Missouri State Teacher's College in Springfield, Missouri, in 1926. He received his A.B. at Drury College (now Drury University) in Springfield, Missouri in 1930. Hall went on to medical school at Rush Medical College in Chicago, Illinois, where he received his M.D. in 1934. Dr. Hall served as a physician in the United States Army, Office of the Surgeon General and joined the United States Army Reserve in 1955.
Dr. Hall was elected as a Republican to the 87th United States Congress in 1960. He was re-elected for five more terms serving until January 3, 1973. He was appointed as a delegate to the 1964 Republican National Convention.
During his years in the United States Congress, Dr. Hall's critics referred to him as "Dr. No" because of his tendency to vote no on spending bills. He was a fiscal conservative and a social moderate. Hall voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. but in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Dr. Hall decided to retire from elected politics and was not a candidate for reelection to the 93rd United States Congress in 1972. Gene Taylor, also a Republican, replaced Dr. Hall as the congressman from the 7th District.
He was also the co-founder and a member of board of trustees of the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland, from 1973 to 1981. Dr. Hall served on the faculty of Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida. Dr. Hall spent his retirement years in Springfield, Missouri with his wife. He died on March 15, 2001, in Albany, Oregon. He donated his body to medical science.
References
External links
1910 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American politicians
People from Cassville, Missouri
Physicians from Missouri
United States Army officers
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri
Rush Medical College alumni
Drury University alumni
Eckerd College faculty
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durward%20Gorham%20Hall |
Chip Hooper (born October 24, 1958) is a former tennis player from the United States, who won five doubles titles during his professional career.
The right-handed Hooper reached his highest ATP singles ranking of World No. 17 in April 1982
Hooper played collegiately at Memphis State University (now University of Memphis) and the University of Arkansas
Currently, he is working as a private tennis coach in Miami.
Grand Prix career finals
Singles (2 runner-ups)
Doubles (5 titles, 5 runner-ups)
External links
1958 births
Living people
African-American male tennis players
American male tennis players
Arkansas Razorbacks men's tennis players
Tennis people from Washington, D.C.
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Tennis players from Washington, D.C.
Sports coaches from Washington, D.C.
Memphis Tigers men's tennis players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%20Hooper |
Shin Kuhn (12 February 1941 – 24 November 2015) was a Korean lawyer and politician who was the 25th director of the National Intelligence Service of South Korea.
References
Members of the National Assembly (South Korea)
20th-century South Korean lawyers
Seoul National University School of Law alumni
People from Jeonju
1941 births
2015 deaths
Yeongsan Shin clan
Directors of the National Intelligence Service (South Korea)
People of the Agency for National Security Planning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin%20Kuhn |
CKFI-FM is a Canadian radio station licensed to Swift Current, Saskatchewan, serving the southwestern Saskatchewan area broadcasting at 97.1 FM with a hot adult contemporary format branded as Magic 97.
The station is currently owned and operated by Golden West Broadcasting which also sister stations CKSW and CIMG-FM.
The station received approval by the CRTC on February 3, 2005 and began broadcasting later that year. CKFI's studios are located at 134 Central Avenue North in Swift Current, Saskatchewan. In November 2016, the station moved to the top floor of the Innovation Credit Union Building.
References
External links
Magic 97
Kfi
Kfi
Kfi
Kfi
Radio stations established in 2005
2005 establishments in Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKFI-FM |
CKFI may refer to:
CKFI-FM, a radio station (97.1 FM) licensed to Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada
CFOB-FM, a radio station (93.1 FM) licensed to Fort Frances, Ontario, Canada, which held the call sign CKFI from 1944 to 1955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKFI |
Joseph Gallo may refer to:
Joseph Edward Gallo (1919–2007), cheese producer, brother of winemakers Ernest and Julio Gallo
Joseph N. Gallo (1912–1995), American gangster, consigliere of the Gambino crime family
Joe Gallo (1929–1972), also known as "Crazy Joe", American gangster, captain in the Colombo crime family
Joe Gallo (basketball) (born 1980), American basketball coach
Joey Gallo (born 1993), baseball player | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Gallo |
Groenekan is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of De Bilt, and lies about 3 km west of Bilthoven.
History
It was first mentioned in 1607 as De Groene Kan, and is a reference to an inn with a green pot as display. Groenekan was a road village in a peat excavation area to the east of the Vecht. In 1840, it was home to 237 people.
In 1863, Groenekan was cut in two by the Utrecht-Hilversum railway line. Two railway stations were built, but closed in 1922 and 1938. Between 1867 and 1870, two forts were built near Groenekan as part of the Stelling van Amsterdam: Fort Voordorp and Fort Ruigenhoek. Between 1914 and 1918, and 1939 and 1940, bunkers were constructed around the village.
Gallery
See also
Rudolf van Reest
References
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
De Bilt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groenekan |
Eliot Teltscher (born March 15, 1959) is a retired professional American tennis player. He won the 1983 French Open Mixed Doubles. His highest ranking in singles was #6 in the world and in doubles was #38 in the world.
Tennis career
Early years
Teltscher was born in Palos Verdes, California and lives in Irvine, California. His mother was born in Mandatory Palestine, and his father Eric, of Austrian descent, was a Holocaust survivor who immigrated to Mandatory Palestine and joined the British military, ultimately becoming an industrial engineer. He began playing tennis when he was nine, and by the time he was 17, he was ranked in the top ten in the United States junior rankings.
He attended UCLA in 1978 on a tennis scholarship, but dropped out to begin his professional tennis career.
Pro career
In 1979, Teltscher turned pro. A worldwide top 10 player from 1980 to 1982. He reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on May 7, 1982 when he became ranked No. 6 in the world.
He and his partner Terry Moor made it to the finals of the French Open in 1981, and he and Barbara Jordan won the mixed doubles title in 1983. He made it to the quarterfinals at the US Open in 1980, 1981, and 1983, where each time he was defeated by Jimmy Connors. He won 10 singles titles during his professional career, which ended in 1988.
Davis Cup
Teltscher was on the U.S. Davis Cup team in 1982, 1983, and 1985. His team defeated France in the 1982 tournament.
Coaching
He served as a coach for Justin Gimelstob, Richey Reneberg (1997), Jeff Tarango (1995), Pete Sampras, Jim Grabb (1992), Phillip King and others.
Teltscher served as a head men's tennis coach at Pepperdine University for the 1991–92 school season, and as a tennis coach at the Manhattan Beach Country Club from 1992 to 1997.
He was a coach of the US national team from 1998 to 2001, then he became the coach to Taylor Dent.
He was named USTA Director of Tennis Operations in December 2002.
Teltscher was named the 2003 Pan American Games Men's Coach.
Jewish Sports Hall of Fame
Teltscher, who is Jewish, was inducted into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1991, into the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1998, and into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2009.
Grand Slam finals
Doubles
Mixed doubles
ATP Tour finals
Singles 24 (10–14)
Doubles 13 (4–9)
See also
List of select Jewish tennis players
References
External links
USTA
Teltscher v Onny Parun 1978 New Zealand Open final
1959 births
Living people
American male tennis players
French Open champions
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish tennis players
People from Rancho Palos Verdes, California
Sportspeople from Irvine, California
People from Sebring, Florida
Tennis people from California
UCLA Bruins men's tennis players
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
American people of Israeli descent
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot%20Teltscher |
Thomas McCarthy (also Tom and Tommy) may refer to:
Academia
Thomas A. McCarthy (born 1940), American professor of philosophy
Thomas J. McCarthy (born 1956), American professor of polymer chemistry at the University of Massachusetts
J. Thomas McCarthy, American law professor
Arts and entertainment
Thomas McCarthy (poet) (born 1954), Irish poet
J. Thomas McCarthy (born 1937), American educator, author and attorney
Tom McCarthy (director) (born 1966), American director, screenwriter and actor
Tom McCarthy (novelist) (born 1969), English novelist, writer, and artist
Tom McCarthy (sound editor), Academy Award-winning sound editor
Thomas J. McCarthy (actor)
Sports
Baseball
Tommy McCarthy (baseball) (1863–1922), MLB outfielder
Tom McCarthy (1900s pitcher) (1884–1933), Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher, 1908–1909
Tom McCarthy (1980s pitcher) (born 1961), MLB pitcher, 1985–1989
Ice hockey
Tommy McCarthy (ice hockey) (1893–1959), NHL player for the Quebec Bulldogs and Hamilton Tigers
Tom McCarthy (ice hockey, born 1934) (1934–1992), NHL player for the Red Wings and Bruins
Tom McCarthy (ice hockey, born 1960) (1960–2022), NHL player for the North Stars and Bruins
Other sports
Thomas McCarthy (footballer) (1868–?), Welsh footballer
Thomas R. McCarthy (1933–2016), American Thoroughbred racehorse owner & trainer
Tommy McCarthy (hurler) (1906–1968), Irish hurler
Tom McCarthy (sportscaster) (born 1968), sports broadcaster
Tommy McCarthy (boxer) (born 1990), Irish boxer
Others
Thomas McCarthy (Syracuse politician) (1786–1848), businessman and political figure from Syracuse, New York
Thomas McCarthy (Canadian politician) (1832–1870), Quebec businessman and political figure
Tom McCarthy (trade unionist) (died 1899), British Irish trade union leader
Thomas Ignatius McCarthy (1880–1951), architect based in Coalville, Leicestershire
Thomas Joseph McCarthy (1905–1986), Canadian Roman Catholic clergyman and bishop | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20McCarthy |
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